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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/19346-0.txt b/19346-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa89c0f --- /dev/null +++ b/19346-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8689 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of New Word-Analysis, by William Swinton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: New Word-Analysis + Or, School Etymology of English Derivative Words + +Author: William Swinton + +Release Date: September 22, 2006 [EBook #19346] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + + + + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +NEW WORD-ANALYSIS: + +OR, + +SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS. + +_WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES_ + +IN + +SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND +THE USE OF WORDS. + +BY WILLIAM SWINTON, + +GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF +"SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S +HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC. + +NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO + +AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY + + +_Copyright_, 1879, + +BY WILLIAM SWINTON + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's +_Word-Analysis_, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large +amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a +manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work +for pupils. + +This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old +_methods_; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new _matter_. + +Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives, +with the exercises thereon, have been retained--under "Part II.: The Latin +Element"--as simply a _method of study_.[1] There have then been added, in +"Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred +and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In +order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of +new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the +English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section, +pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to +class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it +not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been +misplaced. + +To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives, +the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots +are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the _present +infinitive_,--the present indicative and the supine being, of course, +added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the +present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always +given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a +curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative +should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the +accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into +conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will +probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies. + +In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition +of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative +sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of +Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr. +James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and +Anglo-Saxon sections. + +W.S. + +NEW YORK, 1879. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PART I. + + INTRODUCTION. PAGE + + I. ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 1 + II. ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS 5 + III. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 5 + IV. RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS 6 + + + PART II. + + THE LATIN ELEMENT. + I. LATIN PREFIXES 9 + II. LATIN SUFFIXES 12 + III. DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES 21 + LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 23 + DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY 23 + DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES 50 + + + PART III. + + THE GREEK ELEMENT. + + I. GREEK PREFIXES 105 + II. GREEK ALPHABET 106 + GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 107 + DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS 107 + DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR + DERIVATIVES 120 + + + PART IV. + + THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. + I. ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES 125 + II. ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES 125 + ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 127 + SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON 132 + SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH 135 + ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH 136 + + + PART V. + + MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. + I. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS 142 + 1. NOUNS 142 + 2. ADJECTIVES 144 + II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES 146 + III. ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES 149 + 1. TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY 149 + 2. TERMS IN GRAMMAR 150 + 3. TERMS IN ARITHMETIC 154 + + + + +WORD-ANALYSIS. + + + + +PART I.--INTRODUCTION. + + +I.--ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY. + +1. ETYMOLOGY[2] is the study which treats of the derivation of words,--that +is, of their structure and history. + +2. ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English +words. + +3. The VOCABULARY[3] of a language is the whole body of words in that +language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the +English language. + + I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct + inquiries,--the study of the _grammar_ of the language, and the study + of its _vocabulary_. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the + vocabulary. + + II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully + distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. + Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in + words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical + etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words. + Thus the relation of _loves, loving, loved_ to the verb _love_ is a + matter of grammatical etmology; but the relation of _lover, lovely_, + or _loveliness_ to _love_ is a matter of historical etymology. + + III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact + that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words. + But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary + purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains + 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary + is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no + more than 15,000 words. + +4. The PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS of the English vocabulary are words of +Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or _French-Latin_ origin. + +5. ANGLO-SAXON is the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of +our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are +Anglo-Saxon. + + I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German[4] division of the Teutonic + stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe--all + of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of + languages--may be seen from the following table:-- + + / CELTIC STOCK..........................as Welsh, Gaelic. + | SLAVONIC STOCK........................as Russian. + INDO- | / Greek / Italian. + EUROPEAN < CLASSIC STOCK \ Latin < Spanish. + FAMILY. | \ French, etc. + | / Scandinavian:.......as Swedish. + | TEUTONIC STOCK< / High Ger:.as Modern German. + \ \ German < + \ Low Ger....as Anglo-Saxon. + + + II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names _Angles_ and + _Saxons_, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., + invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves + of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons + spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British + words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language. + +6. The LATIN element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number +of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods. + + The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly + into English are:-- + + 1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin + Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596. + + 2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century. + + 3. By modern writers. + +7. The FRENCH-LATIN element in the English language consists of French +words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who +conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D. + + I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially + Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and + by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with + them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two + centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the + native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with + an immense infusion of French words. + + II. French-Latin words--that is, Latin words introduced through the + French--can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed + in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language. + Thus-- + + LATIN. FRENCH. ENGLISH. + + inimi'cus ennemi enemy + pop'ulus peuple people + se'nior sire sir + +8. OTHER ELEMENTS.--In addition to its primary constituents--namely, the +Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin--the English vocabulary contains a +large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, +Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from +miscellaneous sources. + + The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; + that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and + Greek:-- + + _Hebrew_: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph. + + _Arabic_: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan, + chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, + sultan. + + _Turkish_: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip. + + _Persian_: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, + orange, paradise, pasha, turban. + + _Hindustani_: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy. + + _Malay_: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango. + + _Chinese_: nankeen, tea. + + _Polynesian_: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo. + + _American Indian_: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco, + tomahawk, tomato, wigwam. + + _Celtic_: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey. + + _Scandinavian_: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap, + plough. + + _Dutch, or Hollandish_: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop, + yacht. + + _Italian_: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta, + soprano, stucco, vista. + + _Spanish_: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee, + mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra. + + _Portuguese_: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver. + +9. PROPORTIONS.--On an examination of passages selected from modern English +authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon +origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined +furnish the remaining five. + + By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon + origin in the English vocabulary,--probably two and a half times as + many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much + more employed--owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions, + prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon + origin)--that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they + greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, + they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing + Anglo-Saxon words, see p. 136. + + +II.--ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS. + +10. CLASSES BY ORIGIN.--With respect to their origin, words are divided +into two classes,--primitive words and derivative words. + +11. A PRIMITIVE word, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more +simple form in the language to which it is native: as, _man, good, run_. + +12. A DERIVATIVE word is one made up of a root and one or more _formative +elements_: as, man_ly_, good_ness_, run_ner_. + +The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See §§ 16, 17.) + +13. BY COMPOSITION.--With respect to their composition, words are divided +into two classes,--simple and compound words. + +14. A SIMPLE word consists of a single significant term: as, _school, +master, rain, bow_. + +15. A COMPOUND word is one made up of two or more simple words united: as, +_school-master, rainbow_. + + In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen + as _school-master_; in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms + a single (though not a _simple_) word, as _rainbow_. + + +III.--PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. + +16. A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined +with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = _not_ safe; remove = move +_back_; circumnavigate = sail _around_. + +17. A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined +with a word to modify its meaning: as, safeLY = in a safe _manner_; movABLE += that may be moved; navIGATION = _act_ of sailing. + +The word _affix_ signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb _to +affix_ means to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word. + + +EXERCISE. + +Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also +whether simple or compound:-- + + 1 grace + 2 sign + 3 design + 4 midshipman + 5 wash + 6 sea + 7 workman + 8 love + 9 lovely + 10 white + 11 childhood + 12 kingdom + 13 rub + 14 music + 15 musician + 16 music-teacher + 17 footstep + 18 glad + 19 redness + 20 school + 21 fire + 22 watch-key + 23 give + 24 forget + 25 iron + 26 hardihood + 27 young + 28 right + 29 ploughman + 30 day-star + 31 large + 32 truthful + 33 manliness + 34 milkmaid + 35 gentleman + 36 sailor + 37 steamboat + 38 wooden + 39 rich + 40 hilly + 41 coachman + 42 warm + 43 sign-post + 44 greenish + 45 friend + 46 friendly + 47 reform + 48 whalebone + 49 quiet + 50 quietude + 51 gardener + 52 form + 53 formal + 54 classmate + 55 trust + 56 trustworthy + 57 penknife + 58 brightness + 59 grammarian + 60 unfetter + + +IV.--RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE +WORDS. + +Rule 1.--_Final "e" followed by a Vowel._ + +Final _e_ of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with +a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = +coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity. + + EXCEPTION 1.--Words ending in _ge_ or _ce_ usually retain the _e_ + before a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_, for the reason that _c_ and + _g_ would have the hard sound if the _e_ were dropped: as, peace + able + = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous. + + EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _oe_ retain the _e_ to preserve the sound + of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The _e_ is + retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar + words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with + singing). + +Rule II.--_Final "e" followed by a Consonant._ + +Final _e_ of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with +a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely. + + EXCEPTION 1.--When the final _e_ is preceded by a vowel, it is + sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = + wholly. + + EXCEPTION 2.--A few words ending in _e_ drop the _e_ before a suffix + beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = + lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment. + +Rule III.--_Final "y" preceded by a Consonant._ + +Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally +changed into _i_ on the addition of a suffix. + + EXCEPTION 1.--Before _ing_ or _ish_, the final _y_ is retained to + prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, pity + ing = pitying. + + EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _ie_ and dropping the _e_, by Rule I. + change the _i_ into _y_ to prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, die + + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying. + + EXCEPTION 3.--Final _y_ is sometimes changed into _e_: as, duty + ous = + duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous. + +Rule IV.--_Final "y" preceded by a Vowel._ + +Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be +changed into an _i_ before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless. + +Rule V.--_Doubling._ + +Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end +with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after +_qu_, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, +rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + +ing = prefer'ring. + + EXCEPTIONS.--_X_ final, being equivalent to _ks_, is never doubled; and + when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final + consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence. + +Rule VI.--_No Doubling._ + +A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the +accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an +additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur ++ ing = murmuring. + + + + +PART II.--THE LATIN ELEMENT. + +I.--LATIN PREFIXES. + +Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition. + +A- a-vert to turn _from_. +ab- = _from_ ab-solve to release _from_. +abs- abs-tain to hold _from_. + +AD- ad-here to stick _to_. +a- a-gree to be pleasing _to_. +ac- ac-cede to yield _to_. +af- af-fix to fix _to_. +ag- ag-grieve to give pain _to_. +al- = _to_ al-ly to bind _to_. +an- an-nex to tie _to_. +ap- ap-pend to hang _to_. +ar- ar-rive to reach _to_. +as- as-sent to yield _to_. + +NOTE.--The forms AC-, AF-, etc., are euphonic variations of AD-, and follow +generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to +the initial letter of the root. + +AM- = _around_ am-putate to cut _around_. +amb- amb-ient going _around_. + +ANTE- = _before_ ante-cedent going _before_. +anti- anti-cipate to take _before_. + +BI- = _two_ or bi-ped a _two_-footed animal. +bis- _twice_ bis-cuit _twice_ cooked. + +CIRCUM- = _around_ circum-navigate to sail _around_. +circu- circu-it journey _around_. + +CON- con-vene to come _together_. +co- co-equal equal _with_. +co- = _with_ or co-gnate born _together_. +col- _together_ col-loquy a speaking _with_ another. +com- com-pose to put _together_. +cor- cor-relative relative _with_. + +NOTE.--The forms CO-, COL-, COM-, and COR-, are euphonic variations of +CON-. + +CONTRA- contra-dict to speak _against_ +contro- = _against_ contro-vert to turn _against_ +counter- counter-mand to order _against_ + +DE- = _down_ or de-pose; to put _down_; + _off_ de-fend fend _off_. + +DIS- _asunder_ dis-pel to drive _asunder_. +di- = _apart_ di-vert to turn _apart_. +dif- _opposite of_ dif-fer to bear _apart_; disagree. + +NOTE.--The forms DI- and DIF- are euphonic forms of DIS-; DIF- is used +before a root beginning with a vowel. + +EX- ex-clude to shut _out_. +e- = _out_ or e-ject to cast _out_. +ec- _from_ ec-centric _from_ the center. +ef- ef-flux a flowing _out_. + +NOTE.--E-, EC-, and EF- are euphonic variations of EX-. When prefixed to +the name of an office, EX- denotes that the person formerly held the office +named: as, _ex_-mayor, the former mayor. + +EXTRA- = _beyond_ extra-ordinary _beyond_ ordinary. + +IN- (in nouns and in-clude to shut _in_. +il- verbs) il-luminate to throw light _on_. +im- = _in, into, on_ im-port to carry _in_. +ir- ir-rigate to pour water _on_. +en-, em- en-force to force _on_. + +NOTE.--The forms IL-, IM-, and IR- are euphonic variations of IN-. The +forms EN- and EM- are of French origin. + +IN- (in adjectives in-sane _not_ sane. +i(n) and nouns.) i-gnoble _not_ noble. +il- = _not_ il-legal _not_ legal. +im- im-mature _not_ mature. +ir- ir-regular _not_ regular. + +INTER- = _between_ or inter-cede to go _between_. +intel- _among_ intel-ligent choosing _between_. + +INTRA- = _inside of_ intra-mural _inside of_ the walls. + +INTRO- = _within, into_ intro-duce to lead _into_ + +JUXTA- = _near_ juxta-position a placing _near_ + +NON- = _not_ non-combatant _not_ fighting. + +NOTE.--A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between _non-_ and +the root. + +OB- ob-ject to throw _against_. +o- _in the way_, o-mit to leave _out_. +oc- = _against_, oc-cur to run _against_; + or _out_ hence, to happen. +of- of-fend to strike _against_. +op- op-pose to put one's self + _against_. + +PER- = _through_, per-vade; to pass _through_; +pel- _thoroughly_ per-fect _thoroughly_ made. + pel-lucid _thoroughly_ clear. + +NOTE.--Standing alone, PER- signifies _by_: as, _per annum_, _by_ the year. + +POST- = _after_, post-script written _after_. + _behind_ + +PRE- = _before_ pre-cede to go _before_. + +PRETER- = _beyond_ preter-natural _beyond_ nature. + +PRO _for_, pro-noun _for_ a noun. + = _forth_, or pro-pose to put _forth_. + _forward_ + +NOTE.--In a few instances PRO- is changed into PUR-, as _pur_pose; into +POR-, as _por_tray; and into POL-, as _pol_lute. + +RE- = _back_ or re-pel to drive _back_. +red- _anew_ red-eem to buy _back_. + +RETRO- = _backwards_ retro-grade going _backwards_. + +SE- = _aside_, se-cede to go _apart_. + _apart_ + +SINE- = _without_ sine-cure _without_ care. + +SUB- sub-scribe to write _under_. +suc- suc-ceed to follow _after_. +suf- suf-fer to _undergo_. +sug- = _under_ or sug-gest to bring to mind from + _after_ _under_. +sum- sum-mon to hint from _under_. +sup- sup-port to bear by being _under_. +sus- sus-tain to _under_-hold. + +NOTE.--The euphonic variations SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, result from +assimilating the _b_ of SUB- to the initial letter of the root. In +"sustain" SUS- is a contraction of _subs-_ for _sub-_. + +SUBTER- = _under_ or subter-fuge a flying _under_. + _beneath_ + +SUPER- = _above_ or super-natural _above_ nature. + _over_ super-vise to _over_-see. + +NOTE.--In derivatives through the French, SUPER- takes the form SUR-, as +_sur-_vey, to look over. + +TRANS- _through_, trans-gress to step _beyond_. +tra- = _over_, tra-verse to pass _over_. + or _beyond_ + +ULTRA- = _beyond_, or ultra-montane _beyond_ the mountain + _extremely_ (the Alps). + ultra-conservativ _extremely_ conservative. + + +II.--LATIN SUFFIXES. + +SUFFIX. SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION. + + +-ABLE = _that may be_; cur-able _that may be_ cured. +-ible _fit to be_ possi-ble _that may be_ done. +-ble solu-ble _that may be_ dissolved. + +-AC _relating to_ cardi-ac _relating to_ the heart. + = or demoni-ac _like_ a demon. + _resembling_ + +NOTE.--The suffix -AC is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin. + +-ACEOUS _of_; sapon-aceous _having the quality of_ + = _having the_ soap. +-acious _quality of_ cap-acious _having the quality of_ + holding much. + + _condition of_ celib-acy _condition of being_ +-ACY = _being_; single. + _office of_ cur-acy _office of_ a curate. + +-AGE _act_, marri-age _act of_ marrying. + = _condition_, or vassal-age _condition of_ a vassal. + _collection of_ foli-age _collection of_ leaves. + +NOTE.--The suffix -AGE is found only in French-Latin derivatives. + + adj. ment-al _relating to_ the mind. +-AL = _relating to_ remov-al _the act of_ removing. + n. _the act of_; capit-al _that which_ forms the + _that which_ head of a column. + +-AN adj. _relating hum-an _relating to_ mankind. +-ane to_ hum-ane _befitting_ a man. + = or _befitting_ artis-an _one who_ follows a trade. + n. _one who_ + +-ANCE _state or_ vigil-ance _state of being_ watchful. +-ancy = _quality_ eleg-ance _quality of being_ + _of being_ elegant. + +-ANT = adj. _being_ vigil-ant _being_ watchful. + n. _one who_ assist-ant _one who_ assists. + +-AR = _relating to; lun-ar _relating to_ the moon. + like_ circul-ar _like_ a circle. + + adj. _relating epistol-ary _relating to_ a letter. +-ARY to_ mission-ary _one who is_ sent out. + = n. _one who_; avi-ary _a place where_ birds + _place where_ are kept. + + n. _one who is_ deleg-ate _one who is_ sent by + adj. _having_ others. +-ATE = _the quality of_ accur-ate _having the quality of_ + v. _to perform_ accuracy. + _the act of_, navig-ate _to perform the act of_ + or _cause_ sailing. + +-CLE = _minute_ vesi-cle a _minute_ vessel. +-cule animal-cule a _minute_ animal. + +-EE = _one to whom_ refer-ee _one to whom_ something + is referred. + +NOTE.--This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-EER engin-eer _one who_ has charge of + = _one who_ an engine. +-ier brigad-ier _one who_ has charge of + a brigade. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-ENE = _having relation terr-ene _having relation to_ the + to_ earth. + +-ENCE _state of being_ pres-ence _state of being_ present. +-ency = or _quality of_ tend-ency _quality of_ tending + towards. + +-ENT n. _one who_ stud-ent _one who_ studies. + = or _which_ equival-ent _being_ equal to, + adj. _being_ equal_ing_. + or _-ing_ + +-ESCENCE = _state of conval-escence _state of becoming_ well. + becoming_ + +-ESCENT = _becoming_ conval-escent _becoming_ well. + +-ESS = _female_ lion-ess a _female_ lion. + +NOTE.--This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-FEROUS = _producing_ coni-ferous _producing_ cones. + +-FIC = _making, sopori-fic _causing_ sleep. + causing_ + +-FICE = _something done_ arti-fice _something done_ with + or _made_ art. + +-FY = _to make_ forti-fy _to make_ strong. + + rust-ic _one who_ has countrified +-IC n. _one who_ manners. + +-ical = adj. _like_, hero-ic _like_ a hero. + _made of_, metall-ic _made of_ metal. + _relating to_ histor-ical _relating to_ history. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, +namely, adjectives in -IKOS. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in +-IC denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: +as _nitric_ acid. + +-ICE _that which_ just-ice _that which_ is just. + +-ICS _the science of_ mathemat-ics _the science of_ quantity. +-IC arithmet-ic _the science of_ number. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin. + +-ID = _being_ or acr-id; flu-id _being_ bitter; flow_ing_. + _-ing_ + +_-ile_ = _relating to_; puer-ile _relating to_ a boy. + _apt for_ docile _apt for_ being taught. + +-INE = _relating to; femin-ine _relating to_ a woman. + like_ alkal-ine _like_ an alkali. + + _the act of_, expuls-ion _the act of_ expelling. +-ION = _state of corrupt-ion _state of being_ corrupt. + being_, frict-ion rubb_ing_. + or _-ing_ + +-ISH = _to make_ publ-ish _to make_ public. + +-ISE = _to render_, or fertil-ize _to render_ fertile. +-ize _perform the act + of_ + +NOTE.--The suffix -ISE, -IZE, is of French origin, and is freely added to +Latin roots in forming English derivatives. + +-ISM = _state or act hero-ism _state of_ a hero. + of_; _idiom_ Gallic-ism a French _idiom_. + +NOTE.--This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words +of Greek origin. + + _one who_ art-ist _one who practices_ +-IST = _practices_ or an art. + _is devoted to_ botan-ist _one who is devoted to_ + botany. + +-ITE = n. _one who is_ favor-ite _one who is_ favored. +-yte adj. _being_ defin-ite _being_ well defined. + prosel-yte _one who is_ brought + over. + +NOTE.--The form -YTE is found only in words of Greek origin. + +-ITY = _state or security _state of being_ secure. +-ty quality_ ability _quality of being_ able. + _of being_ liber-ty _state of being_ free. + + n. _one who is_ +-IVE = or _that which_ capt-ive _one who is_ taken. + adj. _having_ cohes-ive _having power_ to stick. + _the power_ + _or quality_ + +-IX = _feminine_ testatr-ix a _woman_ who leaves + a will. + +IZE (See ISE.) + +-MENT _state of being_ excite-ment _state of being_ excited. + = or _act of_; induce-ment _that which_ induces. + _that which_ + +-MONY _state or_ matri-mony _state of_ marriage. + = _quality of_; testi-mony _that which_ is testified. + _that which_ + + _one who_; audit-or _one who_ hears. +-OR = _that which_; mot-or _that which_ moves. + _quality of_ err-or _quality of_ erring. + + adj. _fitted_ or preparat-ory _fitted_ to prepare. +-ORY = _relating to_ + n. _place armor-y _place where_ arms are + where_; kept. + _that which_ + +-OSE = _abounding in_ verb-ose _abounding in_ words. +-ous popul-ous _abounding in_ people. + +-TUDE = _condition or_ servi-tude _condition of_ a slave. + _quality of_ forti-tude _quality of_ being brave. + +-TY (See -ITY.) + +-ULE = _minute_ glob-ule a _minute_ globe. + +-ULENT = _abounding in_ op-ulent _abounding in_ wealth. + +-URE = _act or state depart-ure _act of_ departing. + of_; creat-ure _that which_ is created. + _that which_ + +CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS. + + -an -ent + -ant -ier + -ary -ist = _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._ + -ate -ive + -eer -or + + -ate -ite = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that + -ee -ive which is._ + + -acy -ism + -age -ity + -ance -ment +NOUN SUFFIXES -ancy -mony = _state; condition; quality; act._ + -ate -tude + -ence -ty + -ency -ure + -ion + + -ary = _place where._ + -ory + + -cle + -cule = _diminutives._ + -ule + +II. + + -ac -ic + -al -ical + -an -id = _relating to; like; being_. + -ar -ile + -ary -ine + -ent -ory + + -ate + -ose = _abounding in; having the quality_. + -ous + +ADJECTIVE -able -ible = _that may be_. +SUFFIXES. -ble -ile + + -ive = _having power_. + + -ferous = _causing_ or _producing_. + -fic + + -aceous = _of; having the quality_. + -acious + + -escent = _becoming_. + +III. + + -ate +VERB SUFFIXES -fy = _to make; render; perform an act_. + -ise + -ize + + +EXERCISE. + +I. + +a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from +the following:-- + +1. Nouns. + +MODEL: _art + ist = artist, one who practices an art._[5] + + 1 art + 2 cash + 3 humor + 4 history + 5 vision + 6 tribute + 7 cure + 8 engine + 9 auction + 10 cannon + 11 flute + 12 drug + 13 tragedy + 14 mutiny + 15 grammar + 16 credit + 17 note + 18 method + 19 music + 20 flower (_flor_-) + +2. Verbs. + + 1 profess + 2 descend + 3 act + 4 imitate + 5 preside + 6 solicit + 7 visit + 8 defend + 9 survey + 10 oppose (_oppon_-) + +3. Adjectives. + + 1 adverse + 2 secret + 3 potent + 4 private + +b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) +from the following:-- + + 1 assign + 2 bedlam + 3 _captum_ (taken) + 4 devote + 5 favor + 6 lease + 7 _natus_ (born) + 8 patent + 9 refer + 10 relate + +c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from +the following:-- + +1. Nouns. + + 1 _magistr_ate + 2 parent + 3 cure + 4 _priv_ate + 5 pilgrim + 6 hero + 7 despot + 8 judge + 9 vassal + 10 vandal + +2. Verbs. + + 1 conspire + 2 marry + 3 forbear + 4 repent + 5 ply + 6 abase + 7 excel + 8 prosper + 9 enjoy + 10 accompany + 11 depart + 12 abound + 13 abhor + 14 compose + 15 deride (_deris_-) + +3. Adjectives. + + 1 _accur_ate + 2 _delic_ate + 3 _dist_ant + 4 _excell_ent + 5 _curr_ent + 6 parallel + 7 prompt (_i_-) + 8 similar + 9 docile + 10 moist + +d. Write and define nouns denoting place WHERE from the following words:-- + + 1 grain + 2 deposit + 3 penitent + 4 arm + 5 observe + +e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:-- + + 1 part + 2 globe + 3 animal + 4 verse + 5 _corpus_ (body) + +II. + +a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from +the following nouns:-- + + 1 parent + 2 nation + 3 fate + 4 elegy + 5 demon + 6 republic + 7 Rome + 8 Europe + 9 Persia + 10 presbytery + 11 globule + 12 _luna_ (the moon) + 13 _oculus_ (the eye) + 14 consul + 15 _sol_ (the sun) + 16 planet + 17 moment + 18 element + 19 second + 20 parliament + 21 honor + 22 poet + 23 despot + 24 majesty + 25 ocean + 26 metal + 27 nonsense + 28 astronomy + 29 botany + 30 period + 31 tragedy + 32 _ferv_or + 33 _splend_or + 34 infant + 35 _puer_ (a boy) + 36 _canis_ (a dog) + 37 _felis_ (a cat) + 38 promise + 39 access + 40 transit + +b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality +of, from the following nouns:-- + + 1 passion + 2 temper + 3 _oper_- (work) + 4 fortune + 5 _popul_- (people) + 6 affection + 7 _aqua_- (water) + 8 verb (a word) + 9 beauty + 10 courage + 11 plenty + 12 envy + 13 victory + 14 joy + 15 globe + +c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, +from the following verbs:-- + + 1 blame + 2 allow + 3 move + 4 admit (_miss_-) + 5 collect + 6 abuse + 7 _aud_- (hear) + 8 divide (_vis_-) + 9 vary + 10 _ara_- (plough) + +Write and define the following adjectives denoting-- + +(_causing_ or _producing_) 1 terror, 2 _sopor_- (sleep), 3 _flor_ (a +flower), 4 _pestis_ (a plague); (_having the quality of_) 5 _farina_ +(meal), 6 crust, 7 _argilla_ (clay), (_becoming_), 8 effervesce. + +III. + +Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, +from the following words:-- + + 1 authentic + 2 person + 3 captive + 4 _anima_ (life) + 5 _melior_ (better) + 6 ample + 7 just + 8 _sanctus_ (holy) + 9 pan + 10 false + 11 _facilis_ (easy) + 12 _magnus_(great) + 13 equal + 14 fertile + 15 legal + +III.--DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES. + +1. A LATIN PRIMITIVE, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number +of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb _du'cere_, to +draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed _educe_, +_education_, _deduction_, _ductile_, _reproductive_, and several hundred +other English words. + +2. LATIN ROOTS consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. + +3. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES from Latin words are generally formed not from the +root itself but from a part of the root called the _radical_. Thus, in the +word "education," the _root-word_ is _ducere_, but the _radical_ is DUC- +(education = e + DUC + ate + ion). + +4. A RADICAL is a word or a part of a word used in forming English +derivatives. + +5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the +different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the +root-word. + +6. VERB-RADICALS are formed principally from two parts of the verb,--the +first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the +_supine_, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in +-ing. Thus:-- + + _1st pers. sing. pres. ind._ duco (I draw) + _Root_ DUC- + _Derivative_ _educe_ + _Supine_ ductum (drawing, or to draw) + _Root_ DUCT- + _Derivative_ _ductile_ + +I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of +the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first +person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine--the second +and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the +infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. +Thus as we say that _loved_, _loving_, etc., are parts of the verb "to +love," so we say that _a'mo_ (present ind.) and _ama'tum_ (supine) are +parts of the verb _ama're_. + +II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate _amo_, _amatum_, +by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which +is _amare_. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great +utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the +Dictionary. + +7. NOUN-RADICALS and ADJECTIVE RADICALS are formed from the nominative and +from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of +speech. Thus:-- + +NOM. CASE. ROOT. DERIVATIVE. +iter (a journey) ITER-. re_iter_ate + +GEN. CASE. ROOT DERIVATIVE. +itineris (of a journey) ITINER- _itiner_ant +felicis (nom. _felix_, happy) FELIC- _felic_ity + + NOTE.--These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by + way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no + knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from + Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the + _radicals actually used_ in word-formation, are given. + +Pronunciation of Latin Words. + +1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or +diphthongs: as _miles_ (= _mi'les_). + +2. _C_ is pronounced like _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_; and like _s_ before +_e_, _i_, _y_, and the diphthongs _æ_ and _œ_: as _cado_, pronounced +_ka'do_; _cedo_, pronounced _se'do_. + +3. _G_ is pronounced hard before _a_, _o_, _u_, and soft like _j_ before +_e_, _i_, _y_, _æ_, _œ_: as _gusto_, in which _g_ is pronounced as in +_August_; _gero_, pronounced _je'ro_. + +4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as _bene_, +pronounced _be'ne_. + +5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as _mille_, +pronounced _mil'le_. + +6. The diphthongs _æ_ and _œ_ are sounded like _e_: as _cædo_, pronounced +_ce'do_. + +7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as _ager_, pronounced +_a'jer_. + +8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in _a_, the _a_ should be +sounded like _ah_: as _musa_, pronounced _mu'sah_. + +9. _T_, _s_, and _c_, before _ia_, _ie_, _ii_, _io_, _iu_, and _eu_, +preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change +into _sh_ and _zh_: as _fa'cio_, pronounced _fa'sheo_; _san'cio_, +pronounced _san'sheo_; _spa'tium_, pronounced _spa'sheum_. + + NOTE.--According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels + _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ are pronounced as in _baa_, _bait_, _beet_, + _boat_, _boot_; _ae_, _au_, _ei_, _oe_ as in _aisle_, _our_, _eight_, + _oil_; _c_ always like _k_; _g_ as in _get_; _j_ as _y_ in _yes_; _t_ + as in _until_; _v_ as _w_. See any Latin grammar. + + + + +LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + + +DIVISION I.--METHOD OF STUDY. + + +1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, _to do_, _to drive_. + +Radicals: AG- and ACT-. + +1. ACT, _v._ ANALYSIS: from _actum_ by dropping the termination _um_. +DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The _noun_ "act" is formed in the same way. +DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance. + +2. AC'TION: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done. + +3. ACT'IVE: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, +constantly engaged in action. + +4. ACT'OR: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in +anything done; (2) a stage player. + +5. A'GENT: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts +business for another. + +6. AG'ILE: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk. + +7. CO'GENT: from Latin _cogens_, _cogentis_, pres. part, of _cog'ere_ (= +_co + agere_, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, +forcible. + +8. ENACT': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree. + +9. TRANSACT': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?--Write a sentence containing this +word as a verb; another as a noun.--Give a synonym of "act." _Ans. +Deed._--From what is "deed" derived? _Ans._ From the word _do_--hence, +literally, something _done_.--Give the distinction between "act" and +"deed." _Ans_. "Act" is a _single_ action; "deed" is a _voluntary_ action: +thus--"The _action_ which was praised as a good _deed_ was but an _act_ of +necessity." + +(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.--Combine and define in + +action. + +(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.--What +is the _negative_ of "active"? _Ans. Inactive_.--What is the _contrary_ of +"active"? _Ans. Passive_. + +(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: +"Washington and Greene were prominent _actors_ in the war of the +Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English _actor_, was born in +1716."--What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player? + +(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.--What is the distinction between +"active" and "agile"? _Ans_. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; +"agile" denotes a readiness to move the _limbs_.--Give two synonyms of +"agile." _Ans. Brisk_, _nimble_.--Give the opposite of "agile." _Ans. +Sluggish_, _inert_. + +(7.) Explain what is meant by a "_cogent_ argument."--What would be the +contrary of a _cogent_ argument? + +(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.--What is meant by the "_enacting_ +clause" of a legislative bill?--Write a sentence containing the word +"enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament _enacted_ the stamp-law in 1765." + +(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.--What derivative from "perform" is +a synonym of "transaction"? + + +2. ALIE'NUS, _another_, _foreign_. + +Radical: ALIEN-. + +1. AL'IEN: from _alienus_ by dropping the termination _us_. DEFINITION: a +foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is +living. + +2. AL'IENATE: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to +another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to +estrange, to withdraw. + +3. INAL'IENABLE: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Combine and define alien + age.--Can an alien be elected President of +the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause +5.]--What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is +changed from an _alien_ to a _citizen_? + +(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.--Give a synonym of "alienate" in +its _second_ sense. _Ans._ To _estrange_.--What is meant by saying that +"the oppressive measures of the British government gradually _alienated_ +the American colonies from the mother country"? + +(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the +word "inalienable." + + +3. AMA'RE, _to love_, AMI'CUS, _a friend_. + +Radicals: AM- and AMIC-. + +1. A'MIABLE: am(i) + able = fit to be loved. + + OBS.--The Latin adjective is _amabilis_, from which the English + derivative adjective would be _amable_; but it has taken the form + am_i_able. + +2. AM'ITY: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; +good-will. + +3. AM'ICABLE: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; +peaceable. + +4. INIM'ICAL: through Lat. adj. _inimi'cus_, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al += inimical, relating to an enemy. + +5. AMATEUR': adopted through French _amateur_, from Latin _amator_, a +lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without +pursuing it professionally. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? _Ans. Lovable_.--Show how they +are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: +"The _amiable_ qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply +regretted by all Americans."--What noun can you form from "amiable," +meaning the quality of being amiable?--What is the negative of "amiable"? +_Ans. Unamiable_.--The contrary? _Ans. Hateful_. + +(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." _Ans. +Friendship_.--State the distinction between these words. _Ans._ +"Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to +societies or nations.--Write a sentence containing the word "amity." +MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of _amity_ with the +Indians."--What is the opposite of "amity"? + +(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." _Ans. Friendly_.--Which is the stronger? +_Ans. Friendly_.--Why? _Ans._ "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of +regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.--Write a sentence +containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by +the United States and Great Britain made an _amicable_ settlement of the +Alabama difficulties." + +(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? _Ans. +Enemy_.--Give its origin. _Ans._ It comes from the Latin _inimicus_, an +enemy, through the French _ennemi_.--What preposition does "inimical" take +after it? _Ans._ The preposition _to_--thus, "_inimical_ to health," "to +welfare," etc. + +(5.) What is meant by an _amateur_ painter? an _amateur_ musician? + + +4. AN'IMUS, _mind_, _passion_; AN'IMA, _life_. + +Radical: ANIM-. + +1. AN'IMAL: from Lat. n. _anima_ through the Latin _animal_: literally, +something having life. + +2. ANIMAL'CULE: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can +be seen only by the microscope. + +3. AN'IMATE, _v._: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or +infuse courage. + +4. ANIMOS'ITY: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) +passion: hence, violent hatred. + +5. UNANIM'ITY: un (from _unus_, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of +one mind: hence, agreement. + +6. REAN'IMATE: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse +fresh vigor. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science +has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between +an _animal_ and a vegetable." + +(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? _Ans. Animalcules_ or +_animalculæ_.--Write a sentence containing this word. + +(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?--What is the +negative of the adjective "animate?" _Ans. Inanimate._--Define it.--Combine +and define animate + ion.--Explain what is meant by an "_animated_ +discussion." + +(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity." + +(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of _one +mind_, is not this "unanimity"?--What is the adjective corresponding to the +noun "unanimity"?--What is the _opposite_ of "unanimity"?--Write a sentence +containing the word "unanimity." + +(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the +signification of each.--Has "reanimate" any other than its literal +meaning?--Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense. +MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' +_reanimated_ the courage of the American sailors."--What does "_animated_ +conversation" mean? + + +5. AN'NUS, _a year_. + +Radical: ANN-. + +1. AN'NALS: from _annus_, through Lat. adj. _annalis_, pertaining to the +year: hence, a record of things done from year to year. + +2. AN'NUAL: through _annuus_ (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly +or performed in a year. + +3. ANNU'ITY: through Fr. n. _annuité_ = a sum of money payable yearly. + +4. MILLEN'NIUM: Lat. n. _millennium_ (from _annus_ and _mille_, a +thousand), a thousand years. + +5. PEREN'NIAL: through Lat. adj. _perennis_ (compounded of _per_ and +_annus_), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." _Ans. History._--What is the distinction +between "annals" and "history"? _Ans._ "Annals" denotes a mere +chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition +to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.--Write a +sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence: +"The _annals_ of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible +statements." + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual." + +(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium." + +(5.) What is the meaning of a "_perennial_ plant" in botany? _Ans._ A plant +continuing more than two years.--Give the contrary of "perennial." _Ans. +Fleeting, short-lived._ + + +6. ARS, ar'tis, _art, skill._ + +Radical: ART-. + +1. ART: from _artis_ by dropping the termination _is_. DEFINITION: 1. +cunning--thus, an animal practices _art_ in escaping from his pursuers; 2. +skill or dexterity--thus, a man may be said to have the _art_ of managing +his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession--as the _art_ of +building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which +are called the "fine arts." + +2. ART'IST: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who +occupies himself with one of the fine arts. + + OBS.--A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not + properly be so called. The French word _artiste_ is sometimes used to + denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not + one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an + _artiste_. + +3. AR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _artisan_, one who practices an art: hence, one +who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative. + +4. ART'FUL: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning. + +5. ART'LESS: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple, +ingenuous. + +6. AR'TIFICE: through Lat. n. _artificium_, something made (_fa'cere_, to +make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from +Shakespeare, "There is no _art_ to read the mind's construction in the +face"? + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."--Would it be proper to +call a famous hair-dresser an _artist_?--What might he be called?--Combine +and define artist + ic + al + ly.--What is the negative of "artistic"? + +(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"? + +(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." _Ans. Ingenuous, natural._--Give the +opposite of "artless." _Ans. Wily._--Combine and define artless + ly; +artless + ness. + +(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."--Combine artifice + er.--Does +"artificer" mean one who practices artifice?--Write a sentence containing +this word.--Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give +the opposite of "artificial." + + +7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, _to hear_. + +Radicals: AUDI-, and AUDIT-. + +1. AU'DIBLE: audi + ble = that may be heard. + +2. AU'DIENCE: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an +assemblage of hearers, an _auditory_. + +3. AU'DIT: from _audit(um)_ = to hear a statement: hence, to examine +accounts. + +4. AU'DITOR: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer. + + OBS.--This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who + examines accounts. + +5. OBE'DIENT: through _obediens, obedient(is)_, the present participle of +_obedire_ (compounded of _ob_, towards, and _audire_): literally, giving +ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it +to form a word denoting what can _not_ be heard?--What is the adverb from +the adjective "audible"?--Write a sentence containing this word. + +(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving _audience_? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL--"The committee +which had to _audit_ the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."--How +do you spell the past tense of "audit"?--Why is the _t_ not doubled? + +(5.) What is the _noun_ corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?--What is +the _verb_ corresponding to these words?--Combine and define dis + +obedient. + + +8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, _the head_. + +Radical: CAPIT-. + +1. CAP'ITAL, _a._ and _n._: capit + al = relating to the _head_: hence, +chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it +means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;--as +a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in +trade. + +2. CAPITA'TION: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted: +hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person. + +3. DECAP'ITATE: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to +behead. + +4. PREC'IPICE: through Lat. n. _præcipitium_: literally, a headlong +descent. + +5. PRECIP'ITATE: from Lat. adj. _præcipit(is)_, head foremost. DEFINITION: +(1) (_as a verb_) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten; +(2) (_as an adjective_) headlong, hasty. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.--Write a +sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of _city_.--Write a +sentence containing "capital" in the sense of _stock_.--Is the _capital_ of +a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state +or country?--What is the _capital_ of New York state?--What is the +_metropolis_ of New York State? + +(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.--Can you name an English king who +was _decapitated_?--Can you name a French king who was _decapitated_? + +(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the +_precipice_ of time it goes"? + +(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.--Write a sentence containing the +adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for +never having made any _precipitate_ movements."--Explain the meaning of the +verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo +Wellington _precipitated_ the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was +divided", "The Romans were wont to _precipitate_ criminals from the +Tarpeian rock." + + +9. CI'VIS, _a citizen_. + +Radical: CIV-. + +1. CIV'IC: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of +a city. + + OBS.--The "_civic_ crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves + and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in + battle. + +2. CIV'IL: Lat adj. _civilis_, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of +the state, political, (3) polite. + +3. CIV'ILIZE: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having +a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous +state. + +4. CIVILIZA'TION: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized. + +5. CIVIL'IAN: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil +life--not a soldier. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?--Give a synonym of +this word.--Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? _Ans._ +"Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil" +without being "polite."--What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in +the sense of "polite"?--Combine and define civil + ity.--Do you say +_un_civility or _in_civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?--Give a +synonym of "uncivil." _Ans. Boorish._--Give another synonym. + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."--Give a participial +adjective from this word.--What compound word expresses _half_ +civilized?--What word denotes a state of society between savage and +civilized? + +(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." _Ans. Culture, refinement._--What +is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient +Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of +_civilization_"?--Compose a sentence of your own, using this word. + + +10. COR, cor'dis, _the heart_. + +Radical: CORD-. + +1. CORE: from _cor_ = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing. + +2. COR'DIAL, _a._: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence, +hearty, sincere. The _noun_ "cordial" means literally something having the +quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a +figurative sense, something cheering. + +3. CON'CORD: con + cord = heart _with (con)_ heart: hence, unity of +sentiment, harmony. + + OBS.--_Concord_ in music is harmony of sound. + +4. DIS'CORD: dis + cord = heart _apart from (dis)_ heart: hence, +disagreement, want of harmony. + +5. RECORD': through Lat. v. _recordari_, to remember (literally, to get by +_heart_): hence, to register. + +6. COUR'AGE: through Fr. n. _courage_: literally, _heartiness_: hence, +bravery, intrepidity. + + OBS.--The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative + sense of courage. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) "The quince was rotten at the _core_"; "The preacher touched the +_core_ of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its +_literal_, in which in its _figurative_, sense? + +(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?--Would you +say a "_cordial_ laugh" or a "_hearty_ laugh"?--What is the opposite of +"cordial"?--Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.--Write a +sentence containing the _noun_ "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: +"Washington's victory at Trenton was like a _cordial_ to the flagging +spirits of the American army." + +(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." _Ans. Accord._--Supply the proper word: +"In your view of this matter, I am in (_accord?_ or _concord?_) with you." +"There should be ---- among friends." "The man who is not moved by ---- of +sweet sounds." + +(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among +brethren?--Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Strife._--State the +distinction. _Ans._ "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there +must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" +consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action. + +(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?--When the accent is placed on the +first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?--Combine and +define record + er; un + record + ed. + +(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout--what?--Give a synonym. _Ans. +Fortitude._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Courage" enables us to meet +danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.--Would you say "the +Indian shows _courage_ when he endures torment without flinching"?--Would +you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed _fortitude_ in opposing +the entire Persian army"?--What is the contrary of "courage"?--Combine and +define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly. + + +11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, _the body_. + +Radical: CORPOR-. + +1. COR'PORAL: corpor + al = relating to the _body_. + + OBS.--The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from + _corpus_: it comes from the French _caporal_, of which it is a + corruption. + +2. COR'PORATE: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body +or corporation. + +3. INCOR'PORATE: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to +form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another. + +4. CORPORA'TION: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body: +hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person. + +5. COR'PULENT: through Lat. adj. _corpulentus_, fleshy: hence, stout in +body, fleshy. + +6. COR'PUSCLE: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle +of matter. + +7. CORPS: [pronounced _core_] through Fr. n. _corps_, a body. DEFINITION: +(1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one +profession. + +8. CORPSE: through Fr. n. _corps_, the body; that is, _only_ the body--the +spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." _Ans. Corporeal_ and +_bodily_.--What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"? +_Ans._ "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies +material, as opposed to spiritual.--Would you say a _corporal_ or a +_corporeal_ substance? _corporal_ or _corporeal_ punishment? Would you say +_corporal_ strength or _bodily_ strength? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its _first_ +sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was _incorporated_ +in 1606, and received a charter from King James I." + +(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what +corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence +about that.] + +(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and +synonymous with "stoutness"?--Give two synonyms of "corpulent." _Ans._ +_Stout_, _lusty_.--What is the distinction? _Ans._ "Corpulent" means fat; +"stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame. + +(6.) What is meant by an "army _corps_"? _Ans_. A body of from twenty to +forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions. + +(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? _Ans. Corps._ How pronounced? +_Ans. Cores._--What is meant by the "diplomatic _corps_"? + +(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? _Ans_. The form _corse_ +is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John +Moore: + + "Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, + As his _corse_ to the ramparts we hurried." + + +12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, _to believe_. + +Radicals: CRED- and CREDIT-. + +1. CREED: from the word _credo_, "I believe," at the beginning of the +Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief. + +2. CRED'IBLE: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief. + +3. CRED'IT: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2) +reputation; (3) trust given or received. + +4. CRED'ULOUS: through the Lat. adj. _credulus_, easy of belief: credul + +ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily. + +5. DISCRED'IT: dis + credit = to _dis_believe. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King +of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be +walked on, he declared that the statement was not _credible_."--What single +word will express _not credible_?--Combine and define credible + ity.--Give +a synonym of "credible." _Ans. Trustworthy._--State the distinction. _Ans_. +"Credible" is generally applied to things, as "_credible_ testimony"; +"trustworthy" to persons, as "a _trustworthy_ witness." + +(3.) What is the meaning of _credit_ in the passage, + + "John Gilpin was a citizen + Of _credit_ and renown"? + +Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Trust._--What is the distinction? _Ans_. +"Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back--we _credit_ what has happened; +we _trust_ what is to happen.--What other part of speech than a noun is +"credit"?--Combine and define credit + ed.--Why is the _t_ not doubled? + +(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage, + + "So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud + Led Eve, our _credulous_ mother"?--MILTON. + +What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the +quality of believing too easily?--What is the negative of +"credulous"?--What is the distinction between "incredible" and +"incredulous"?--Which applies to persons? which to things? + +(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?--Write a sentence +containing this word as a _noun_; another as a _verb_. + + +13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, _to run_. + +Radicals used: CURR- and CURS-. + +1. CUR'RENT, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to +person, as a "_current_ report"; (2) now in progress, as the "_current_ +month." + +2. CUR'RENCY: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as +"the report obtained _currency_": hence circulation. + + OBS.--As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or + passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value. + +3. CUR'SORY: curs + ory = runn_ing_ or pass_ing_: hence, hasty. + +4. EXCUR'SION: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an +expedition or jaunt. + +5. INCUR'SION: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion. + +6. PRECUR'SOR: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?--What is now +the _current_ year? + +(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? _Ans_. Because there are two in +the root _currere_.--Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money." +_Ans._ The "circulating medium."--What was the "currency" of the Indians in +early times?--Compose a sentence using this word. + +(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "_cursory_ glance" at a +subject, what does he mean?--Combine and define cursory + ly. + +(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly +or a hostile sense? + +(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly +or a hostile sense?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Invasion._--Which implies a +hasty expedition?--Compose a sentence containing the word _incursion_. +MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid _incursions_ into the +territory of their enemies." + +(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the _precursor_ of +Christ?--What is meant by saying that black clouds are the _precursor_ of a +storm? + + +14. DIG'NUS, _worthy_. + +Radical: DIGN-. + +1. DIG'NIFY: dign + (_i_)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor. + +2. DIG'NITY: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior +fitted to inspire respect. + +3. INDIG'NITY: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an +unworthy (_indignus_) manner: hence, insult, contumely. + +4. CONDIGN': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved. + + OBS.--The prefix _con_ is here merely intensive. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? _Ans. +Dignified._--Give a stronger word. _Ans. Majestic._--Give a word which +denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. _Ans. +Pompous._ + +(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the +dignity of his behavior?--Compose a sentence containing this word. + +(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."--What is meant by saying that +"indignities were heaped on" a person? + +(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? _Ans._ In +connection with punishment: thus we speak of "_condign_ punishment," +meaning richly deserved punishment. + + +15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, _to teach_. + +Radicals: DOC- and DOCT-. + +1. DOC'ILE: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable. + +2. DOC'TOR: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the +highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach. + +4. DOC'TRINE: through Lat. n. _doctrina_, something taught; hence, a +principle taught as part of a system of belief. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.--Give the opposite of "docile." _Ans. +Indocile._--Mention an animal that is very docile.--Mention one remarkable +for its want of docility. + +(2.) What is meant by "_Doctor_ of Medicine"?--Give the abbreviation.--What +does LL.D. mean? _Ans._ It stands for the words _legum doctor_, doctor of +laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun. + +(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." _Ans. Precept, tenet._--What does +"tenet" literally mean? _Ans._ Something _held_--from Lat. v. _tenere_, to +hold.--Combine and define doctrine + al. + + +16. DOM'INUS, _a master or lord_. + +Radical: DOMIN-. + +1. DOMIN'ION: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule; +(2) a territory ruled over. + +2. DOM'INANT: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence, +prevailing. + +3. DOMINEER': through Fr. v. _dominer_; literally, to "_lord_ it" over one: +hence, to rule with insolence. + +4. PREDOM'INATE: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master _before_ +another: hence, to be superior, to rule. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off +the _dominion_ of Great Britain"? + +(2.) What is meant by the "_dominant_ party"? a "_dominant_ race"? + +(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The +blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, _domineered_ for several years over +the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the +accession of King William." + +(4.) "The Republicans at present _predominate_ in Mexico": what does this +mean? + + +17. FI'NIS, _an end or limit_. + +Radical: FIN-. + +1. FI'NITE: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence, +limited in quantity or degree. + +2. FIN'ISH: through Fr. v. _finir_; literally, to bring to an end: hence, +to complete. + +3. INFIN'ITY: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence, +unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity. + +4. DEFINE': through Fr. v. _definer_; literally, to bring a thing down to +its limits: hence, to determine with precision. + +5. CONFINE': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds: +hence, to restrain. + +6. AFFIN'ITY: af (a form of prefix _ad_) + fin + ity = close agreement. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are _finite_"? + +(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. +Limited._--What participial adjective is formed from the verb to +"finish"?--What is meant by a "_finished_ gentleman"? + +(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." _Ans. Boundlessness._--"The microscope +reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an _infinity_ of +animalculæ." What is the sense of _infinity_ as used in this sentence? + +(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.--Analyze the word +"definition."--Compose a sentence containing the word "define." + +(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.--What other part of speech than a +verb is "confine"? _Ans._ A noun.--Write a sentence containing the word +"confines." + +(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical _affinity_." + + +18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, _to flow_. + +Radicals: FLU- and FLUX-. + +1. FLUX: from flux_um_ = a flowing. + +2. FLU'ENT: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to +language it means _flowing_ speech: hence, voluble. + +3. FLU'ID, _n._: flu + id = Flow_ing_: hence, anything that flows. + +4. FLU'ENCY: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language). + +5. AF'FLUENCE: af (form of _ad_) + flu + ence = a flowing _to_: hence, an +abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc. + +6. CON'FLUENCE: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the +flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union. + +7. IN'FLUX: in + flux = a flowing in or into. + +8. SUPER'FLUOUS: super + flu + ous = having the quality of _over_flowing: +hence, needless, excessive. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?--What word would denote a speaker +who is the reverse of "fluent"? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid." + +(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style? + +(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "_affluence_ of +ideas," means what? + +(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York +City stands at the ---- of two streams." + +(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."--Compose +a sentence containing the word "superfluous."--What is its opposite? _Ans. +Scanty, meager._ + + +19. GREX, gre'gis, _a flock or herd_. + +Radical: GREG-. + +1. AG'GREGATE, _v._: ag (for _ad_) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought +into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble. + +2. EGRE'GIOUS: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. _egre'gius_, chosen +from the herd: hence, remarkable. + + OBS.--Its present use is in association with inferiority. + +3. CON'GREGATE: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together: +hence, to assemble. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?--Why is this +word spelled with a double _g_? + +(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.--What does an "_egregious_ blunder" +mean?--Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious." + +(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating _together_?--Combine and +define congregate + ion. + + +20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, _to go_. + +Radical: IT-. + +1. AMBI'TION: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around. +DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power. + + OBS.--This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in + Rome _going around_ to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and + finally, aspiration in general. + +2. INI'TIAL, _a._: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the _in_going: hence, +marking the commencement. + +3. INI'TIATE: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to +introduce, to commence. + +4. SEDI'TION: sed (_aside_) + it + ion = the act of going _aside_; that is, +going to a separate and insurrectionary party. + +5. TRANS'IT: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing; +(2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy. + +6. TRAN'SITORY: trans + it + ory = pass_ing_ over: hence, brief, fleeting. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's +_ambition_ was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his +country."--What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"? +"literary ambition"?--What adjective means _possessing ambition_?--Combine +and define un + ambitious. + +(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? _Ans. Final, closing._--What part +of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?--What is meant by "initials"? + +(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was _initiated_ by +an attack on the British in Boston"?--Give the opposite of "initiate" in +the sense of "commence." + +(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." _Ans. Insurrection._--Give +another.--Compose a sentence containing this word. + +(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in _transit_."--Explain what is meant +by the "Nicaragua _transit_."--When you speak of the _transit_ of Venus," +you are using a term in what science? + +(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."--Give its opposite. _Ans. Permanent, +abiding._ + + +21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, _a stone_. + +Radical: LAPID-. + +1. LAP'IDARY: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, +polishes, and engraves precious stones. + +2. DILAP'IDATED: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a +building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, +decayed. + +3. DILAPIDA'TION: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in +which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay. + + +EXERCISE. + +Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted +the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous _lapidary_ in Holland." + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At +Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a _dilapidated_ mill, which some +writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the +twelfth century."--If we should speak of a "_dilapidated_ fortune," would +the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense? + +(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." _Ans. Ruin, decay._ + + +22. LEX, le'gis, _a law or rule_. + +Radical: LEG-. + +1. LE'GAL: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful. + +2. ILLE'GAL: il (for _in_, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful. + +3. LEG'ISLATE: from _legis_ + _latum_ (from Lat. v. _fer're, latum_, to +bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws. + +4. LEGIT'IMATE: through Lat. adj. _legitimus_, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = +made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law. + +5. PRIV'ILEGE: Lat. adj. _privus_, private; literally, a law passed for the +benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the +_legal_ profession" and "a _legal_ right."--Combine and define legal + +ize. + +(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." _Ans. Unlawful._--Show that +they are synonyms. _Ans_. il (_in_) = un; _leg_ = law; and al = +ful.--Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."--Combine and define +illegal + ity. + +(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making +power?--Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive. + +(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate." + +(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?--Define the meaning of this word in +the passage,-- + + "He claims his _privilege_, and says 't is fit + Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit." + + +23. LIT'ERA, _a letter_. + +Radical: LITER-. + +1. LIT'ERAL: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact +to the letter. + +2. LIT'ERARY: liter + ary = pertaining to _letters_ or learning. + +3. OBLITERATE: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence, +to rub out, in general. + +4. LIT'ERATURE: through Lat. n. _literatura_ = the collective body of +literary works. + +5. ILLIT'ERATE: il (for _in_, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who +does not know his letters. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Define what is meant by a "_literal_ translation." + +(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."--Compose a sentence +containing the terms "literary society." + +(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. _Ans._ To +_erase_.--If we should speak of _obliterating_ the memory of a wrong, +would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense? + +(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?--Can you mention +a great poem in Greek "literature"?--Compose a sentence containing the word +"literature." + +(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." _Ans. Unlearned_.--What is the +opposite of "illiterate"? _Ans. Learned_. + + +24. MORS, mortis, _death_. + +Radical: MORT-. + +1. MOR'TAL: mort + a = relating to death. + +2. MOR'TIFY: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy +vital functions; (2) to humble. + +3. IMMOR'TALIZE: im (for _in_, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject +to death: hence, to perpetuate. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this +_mortal_ coil"?--Combine and define mortal + ity.--What is the opposite of +"mortal"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Deathless_. + +(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."--What noun is derived from this +verb? _Ans. Mortification_.--When a surgeon speaks of "mortification" +setting in, what does he mean?--What is meant by "mortification" when we +say that the British felt great _mortification_ at the recapture of Stony +Point by General Anthony Wayne? + +(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton +_immortalized_ his name by the production of Paradise Lost." + + +25. NOR'MA, _a rule_. + +Radical: NORM-. + +1. NOR'MAL: norm + al = according to rule. + +2. ENOR'MOUS: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule: +hence, excessive, huge. + +3. ENOR'MITY: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence, +an excessive degree--generally used in regard to bad qualities. + +4. ABNOR'MAL: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being _away_ from the +usual rule: hence, unnatural. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the _normal_ condition of +things"?--"What is the meaning of the term a "_normal_ school"? _Ans._ It +means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for +imitation; a school for the education of teachers. + +(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." _Ans. Immense_.--Give another.--"What is +meant by "_enormous_ strength"? an "_enormous_ crime?"--Combine and define +enormous + ly. + +(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence. + + +26. OR'DO, or'dinis, _order_. + +Radical: ORDIN-. + +1. OR'DINARY: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things. + +2. EXTRAOR'DINARY: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary. + +3. INOR'DINATE: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within +the usual order of things: hence, excessive. + +4. SUBOR'DINATE: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the +usual order: hence, inferior, secondary. + +5. OR'DINANCE: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a +law. + +6. INSUBORDINA'TION: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being +under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by "_ordinary_ language"? an "_ordinary_ man"? + +(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.--Compose a sentence using the +word "extraordinary."--Give a synonym of "extraordinary." _Ans. Unusual._ + +(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had +"_inordinate_ vanity."--Is "inordinate" used with reference to +praiseworthy things? + +(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?--What is +meant by "a _subordinate_"?--What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, +"We must _subordinate_ our wishes to the rules of morality"?--Combine and +define subordinate + ion. + +(5.) What does the expression "the _ordinances_ of the Common Council of +the City of New York" mean? + +(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."--Give the +opposite of "insubordination"? _Ans. Subordination, obedience._ + + +27. PARS, par'tis, _a part or share_. + +Radical: PART-. + +1. PART: from part_is_ = a share. + +2. PAR'TICLE: part + (_i_)cle = a small part. + +3. PAR'TIAL: part + (_i_)al = relating to a part rather than the whole: +hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing. + +4. PAR'TY: through Fr. n. _partie_: a set of persons (that is, a part of +the people) engaged in some design. + +5. PAR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _partisan_ = a party man. + +6. DEPART': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?--Write a sentence +containing this word as a noun; another as a verb. + +(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and +"particular." _Ans_. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or +_particles_ of a given subject. + +(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? _Ans. Impartial._--Define it. + +(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political _party_." + +(6.) Combine and define depart + ure. + + +28. PES, pe'dis, _a foot_. + +Radical: PED-. + +1. PED'AL: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot. + +2. BI'PED: bi + ped = a two-footed animal. + +3. QUAD'RUPED: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (_Quadru_, from +_quatuor_, four.) + +4. PED'DLER: literally, a trader who travels on foot. + +5. EXPEDITE': ex + ped + ite (_ite_, equivalent to _ate_) = literally, to +free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten. + +6. EXPEDI'TION: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1) +the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the +execution of some object of importance. + +7. IMPED'IMENT: through Lat. n. _impedimentum_; literally, something which +_impedes_ or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped." + +(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped." + +(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?--In what other +way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? _Ans._ It is sometimes spelled with but +one _d_--thus, _pedler_. + +(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?--Give the +opposite of "expedite." _Ans._ To _retard_. + +(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following +sentences: "With winged _expedition_, swift as lightning."--_Milton_. "The +_expedition_ of Cortez miserably failed."--_Prescott._ + +(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."--What is meant by +"_impediment_ of speech"?--Is the word here used in its literal or its +figurative sense? + + +29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_. + +Radical: RUPT-. + +1. RUP'TURE: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a +_breach_ of friendly relations. + +2. ERUP'TION: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out. + +3. ABRUPT': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden +termination. + +4. CORRUPT': cor (for _con_) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence, +decomposed, depraved. + +5. INTERRUPT': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder. + +6. BANK'RUPT: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts, +an insolvent debtor. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? _Ans._ A +verb.--Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a +noun.--What does the "_rupture_ of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the +literal sense of the word?--The "_rupture_ of friendly relations" between +Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense? + +(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption." + +(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.--When we speak of an +"_abrupt_ manner," what is meant?--When we speak of an "_abrupt_ descent," +what is meant? + +(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "_corrupt_ +judge."--Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + +ible.--What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?--What part +of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications _corrupt_ good +manners"? + + +30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, _time_. + +Radical: TEMPOR-. + +1. TEM'PORAL: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting. + +2. TEM'PORARY: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time. + +3. CONTEM'PORARY: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with +another. + +4. TEM'PERANCE: through Fr. n. _tempérance_; literal meaning, the state of +being _well timed_ as to one's habits: hence, moderation. + +5. EXTEMPORA'NEOUS: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time. + +6. TEM'PORIZE: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the +current of opinion. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." _Ans. Eternal._ Illustrate these two +words by a sentence from the Bible. _Ans._ "The things which are seen are +_temporal_; but the things which are not seen are _eternal_." + +(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." _Ans. Permanent._--What is meant by +the "_temporary_ government of a city"?--Give a synonym of "temporary." +_Ans. Transitory._--Would you say that man is a "_temporary_ being" or a +"_transitory_ being"? + +(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word +"contemporary."--What adjective corresponds to this adjective? + +(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."--Write a +sentence showing the use of the two words. + +(5.) What is meant by an "_extemporaneous_ speech?" + +(6.) What is one who _temporizes_ sometimes called? _Ans_. A _time_-server. + + +DIVISION II.--ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES. + + NOTE--In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are + given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the + particular _radicals_, from which the several groups of derivatives are + formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type--thus., + ACR-, ACERB-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin + roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are + required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus + forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in + writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words + not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference + to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus, + acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter, + bitterness. + + +1. A'CER, a'cris, _sharp_; Acer'bus, _bitter_; Ac'idus, _sour_; Ace'tum, +_vinegar_. + +ACR: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. _acrimo'nia_, sharpness of temper); +acrimo'nious. + +ACERB: -ity; exac'erbate, _to render bitter_; exacerba'tion. + +ACID: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. _acid'ulus_, slightly sour); +acid'ulous; subac'id, _slightly acid_. + +ACET: -ate, _a certain salt; _-ic, _pertaining to a certain acid; _-ify, +-ification, -ose, -ous. + + +2. AE'DES, _a house_. + +ED: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. _edifi'cium_, a large +building); e'dile (Lat. n. _aedi'lis_, a Roman magistrate who had charge of +buildings). + + +3. Æ'QUUS, _equal_: Æqua'lis, _equal, just_. + +EQU: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v. +_adequa're_, _adequa'tum_, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; +iniq'uity (Lat. n. _iniq'uitas_, want of equal or just dealing); +iniq'uitous. + +EQUAL: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual. + + +4. Æ'VUM, _an age_; Æter'nitas, _eternal_. + +EV: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. _lon'gus_, long); prime'val (Lat. adj. +_pri'mus_, first). + +ETERN: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal. + + +5. A'GER, a'gri, _a field, land_. + +AGRI: agra'rian (Lat. adj. _agrarius_, relating to land); agra'rianism; +ag'riculture (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation), agricult'ural, +agricult'urist. + +Per'egrinate (Lat. v. _peregrina'ri_, to travel in foreign lands); +peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. _pélérin_, a wanderer); pil'grimage. + +AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.) + + +6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum _or_ al'tum, _to nourish_; ALES'CERE: +ales'co _to grow up_. + +AL: al'iment (Lat. n. _alimen'tum_, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony +(Lat. n. _alimo'ma_, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support). + +ALIT: coali'tion (-ist). + +ALESC: coalesce' (-ence, -ent). + +ALIENUS. (See p. 25.) + + +7. AL'TER, _another_; Alter'nus, _one after another_. + +ALTER: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered; +alterca'tion (Lat. n. _alterca'tio_, a contention). + +ALTERN: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, _a subordinate officer_. + +AMARE; AMICUS. (See p. 25.) + +ANIMUS; ANIMA. (See p. 26.) + +ANNUS. (See p. 27.) + + +8. ANTI'QUUS, _old, ancient_. + +ANTIQU: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. _antique_), _old, +ancient_. + + +9. AP'TUS, _fit, suitable_. + +APT: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or). + + +10. A'QUA, _water_. + +AQUE: -duct (_du'cere_, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat. +n. _terra_, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. _aquat'icus_, relating to water); +aqua'rium (Lat. n. _aqua'rium_, a reservoir of water), _a tank for +water-plants and animals_. + + +11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, _a judge or umpire_. + +ARBITER: ar'biter, _a judge or umpire_. + +ARBITR: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. _arbitramen'tum_, +decision). + + +12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, _a tree_. + +ARBOR: ar'bor, _a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower_; -et, _a +little tree_; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, _a place where specimens +of trees are cultivated_; arboricult'ure (-ist). + + +13. AR'MA, _arms, weapons_. + +ARM: arm (n. and v.); arms, _weapons_; -or, _defensive weapons_; ar'morer; +ar'mory; armo'rial, _belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a +family_; ar'mistice (_sis'tere_, to cause to stand still); disarm'; +unarmed'. + +Arma'da (Span, n.), _a naval warlike force_; ar'my (Fr. n _armée_); +ar'mament (Lat. n. _armamen'ta_, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), _an +animal armed with a bony shell_. + +ARS. (See page 28.) + + +14. ARTIC'ULUS, _a little joint_. + +ARTICUL: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly _jointed_ syllables), -ate (adj. +formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. _article_). + + +15. AS'PER, _rough_. + +ASPER: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration. + +AUDIRE. (See page 29.) + + +16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, _to increase_. + +AUG: augment' (v.); augmentation. + +AUCT: -ion, _a sale in which the price is increased by bidders_; -ioneer. +Author (Lat. n. _auc'tor_, one who increases knowledge); author'ity; +au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. _auxil'ium_, help). + + +17. A'VIS, _a bird_; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, _a soothsayer_. + +AUGUR: au'gur (n.), _one who foretells future events by observing the_ +_flight of birds_, (v.) _to foretell_; au'gury, _an omen_; inau'gurate, _to +invest with an office by solemn rites_; inaugura'tion; inau'gural. + +AUSPICI: -ous, _favorable_; inauspi'cious; aus'pices. + + +18. BAR'BARUS, _savage, uncivilized_. + +BARBAR: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous. + + +19. BIS, _twice or two_. + +BI: bi'ennial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); big'amy (Greek n. _gamos_, +marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. _mil'lio_, a million; literally, twice a +million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n. +_pes, pe'dis_, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. _cuit_, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. +_sec'tum_, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. _val'væ_, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. +adj. _bi'ni_, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. _oc'ulus_, the eye); +combine'; combina'tion. + + +20. BO'NIS, _good_; Be'ne, _well_. + +BONUS: bonus (something to the _good_ of a person in addition to +compensation), bounty (Fr. n. _bonté_, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful. + +BENE: ben'efice (Lat. v. _fac'ere, fac'tum_, to do), literally, _a benefit, +an ecclesiastical living_; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; +ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. _dic'ere, +dic'tum_, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. _vel'le_, to will). + +EXERCISE. + +_In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed +in italic_: The _equator_ divides the globe into two _equal_ parts. Good +_agriculturists_ read _agricultural_ papers. In the _primeval_ ages the +_longevity_ of man was very great. The _pilgrims_ have gone on a +_pilgrimage_ to the Holy Land. The _subaltern_ had no _alternative_ but to +obey. To remove the stain a powerful _acid_ must be used. The _alimony_ +which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered _adequate_. The +discourse, though learned, was not _edifying_. God is an _eternal_ and +unchangeable being. The handsome _edifice_ was burned to the ground. The +plants and animals in the _aquarium_ were brought from abroad. Though the +style is _antiquated_, it is not inelegant. The _arbitrary_ proceedings of +the British Parliament _exasperated_ the Americans. God is the _bountiful_ +Giver of all good. The President made a short _inaugural_ address. By +_combined_ effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The +_Antiquary_. It is _barbarous_ needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody +was noted for his _benevolence_. The Romans were famous for their great +_aqueducts_. + + +21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, _to fall_. + +CAD: -ence, _a falling of the voice_; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence. + +CIDE: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; +oc'cident, _the place of the falling or setting sun, the west_. + +CASE: case, _the state in which a thing happens or falls to be_; casual +(Lat. n. _ca'sus_, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, _one who studies cases of +conscience_; cas'uistry; occa'sion. + +Chance (Fr. v. _choir_, to fall), _something that befalls without apparent +cause_; decay (Fr. v. _déchoir_, to fall away). + + +22. CÆD'ERE: cæ'do, cæ'sum, _to cut, to kill_. + +CIDE: decide', _to cut off discussion, to determine_; frat'ricide, _the +killing of a brother_ (Lat. n. _fra'ter_, a brother); hom'icide (_ho'mo_, a +man); infan'ticide (_in'fans_, an infant); mat'ricide (_ma'ter_, a mother); +par'ricide (_pa'ter_, a father); reg'icide (_rex, re'gis_, a king); +su'icide (Lat. pro. _sui_, one's self). + +CISE: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion, +incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion. + + +23. CAL'CULUS, _a pebble_. + +CALCUL: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles +anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; +miscal'culate. + + +24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, _to be white, to shine +(literally, to burn, to glow)_; Can'didus, _white_. + +CAND: -id, _fair, sincere_; -or, _openness, sincerity_; incandes'cent. + +CAN'DID: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore _white_ robes). + +Cen'ser, _a vessel in which incense is burned_; in'cense (n.), _perfume +given off by fire_; incense' (v.), _to inflame with anger_; incen'diary +(Lat. n. _incen'dium_, a fire); can'dle (Lat. _cande'la_, a _white_ light +made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); +chandelier'; candel'abra. + + +25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, _to sing_; Fr chanter, _to sing_. + +CANT: cant, _hypocritical sing-song speech_; canta'ta, _a poem set to +music_; can'ticle; can'ticles, _the Song of Solomon_; can'to, _division of +a poem_; discant'; incanta'tion, _enchantment_; recant', literally, _to +sing back, to retract_. + +CHANT: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'. + +Ac'cent (Lat. _ad._ and _cantus_, a song), literally, _a modulation of the +voice_; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. _præcan'ere_, to sing before). + + +26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, _to take_. + +CAP: -able, -ability; inca'pable. + +CIP: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. _ma'nus_, hand), literally, _to take +away from the hand of an owner, to free_; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. +_municip'ium_, a free town; _mu'nia_, official duties, and _cap'ere_, to +take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); par'ticiple; prince +(Lat. n. _prin'ceps_,--Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first: hence, taking the +_first_ place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe +(imperative of _recip'ere_; literally, "take thou," being the first word of +a medical prescription). + +CEIVE (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'. + +CAPT: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure. + +CEPT: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive; +except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept; +precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible. + +CEIT (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'. + +Capa'cious (Lat. adj. _ca'pax_, _capa'cis_, able to hold: hence large); +capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate. + +CAPUT. (See page 30.) + + +27. CA'RO, carnis, _flesh_. + +CARN: -age, _slaughter_; -al, -ation, _the flesh-colored flower_; +incar'nate; incarna'tion. + +Carne'lian (Lat. adj. _car'neus_, fleshy), _a flesh-colored stone_; +car'nival (Lat. v. _vale_, farewell), _a festival preceding Lent_; +carniv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. _charnel_, +containing flesh). + + +28. CAU'SA, _a cause_. + +CAUS: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. _cause_), n. and v. + +Accuse' (Fr. v. _accuser_, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; +excuse' (Fr. v. _excuser_, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v. +_recusa're_, to refuse). + + +29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, _to beware_. + +CAUT: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution. + +Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), _an +intimation to stop proceedings_. + + +30. CA'VUS, _hollow_. + +CAV: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate. + +Cave (Fr. n. _cave_), literally, _a hollow, empty space_; con'cave (Lat. +adj. _conca'vus_, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. _cavil'la_, a jest). + + +31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, _to go, to yield_. + +CEDE: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede'; +unprecedented. + +CEED: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-). + +CESS: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, _a collection of matter gone away, or +collected in a cavity_; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; +conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; +proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive). + + +32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, _to weigh, to estimate, to tax_. + +CENS: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion. + +Cen'sus (Lat. n. _census_, an estimate). + + +33. CEN'TRUM, _the middle point_. + +CENTR: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. _fu'gere_, to flee); centrip'etal +(Lat. v. _pet'ere_, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric; +eccen'tric; eccentric'ity. + +Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. _centre_), n. and v.; cen'tered. + + +34. CEN'TUM, _a hundred_. + +CENT: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. _centena'rius_); centena'rian; +centen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. _gra'dus_, a +degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. _pes_, _pe'dis_, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. +adj. _centu'plex_, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. _centu'rio_, a captain +of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. _centu'ria_, a hundred years); +percent'age. + + +35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, _to sift, to see, to judge_; Discrimen, +discrim'inis, _distinction_. + +CERN: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment. + +CRET: decre'tal, _a book of decrees_; discre'tion; discre'tionary; +excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary. + +DISCRIMIN: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate. + +Decree' (Fr. n. _decret_); discreet' (Fr. adj. _discret_); discrete' +(literally, sifted apart), _separate_. + + +36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, _to contend, to vie_. + +CERT: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'. + + +37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, _to gird_. + +CINCT: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, _girded or tucked up, +compressed, concise_; succinct'ness. + + +38. CIR'CUS, _a circle_; cir'culus, _a little circle_. + +CIRC: cir'cus, _an open space for sports_; cir'clet. + +CIRCUL: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory. + +Cir'cle (Fr. n. _cercle_); encir'cle; sem'icircle. + + +39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, _to stir up, to rouse_. + +CITE: cite, _to summon or quote_; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite' +(-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. _suscita're_, to raise). + +CITAT: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', _a species of musical +recitation_. + +CIVIS. (See p. 31.) + + +40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, _to cry out, to shout_; Clam'or, +_a loud cry_. + +CLAIM: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, +re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble. + +CLAMAT: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion; +exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion. + +CLAMOR: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous. + +EXERCISE. + +The _decay_ of the tree was caused by the _incisions_ which had +_accidentally_ been made in the bark. The _captives_ will be set at +liberty, but the _precise_ time of their _emancipation_ has not been fixed. +The harbor is _capacious_, and can _receive_ vessels of the largest size. +The merits of the _candidates_ were _discriminated_ with great _candor_. We +were _enchanted_ with the _carnival_ at Rome. This _recitation_ is +satisfactory. Have you ever seen a _centigrade_ thermometer? Nothing is so +_successful_ as _success_. The number of _concentric circles_ in the trunk +marked the age of the tree. No _censer_ round our altar beams. The heat +being _excessive_, we took shelter in the _recesses_ of a _cave_. +_Precision_ is the _principal_ quality of good writing. Franklin's father +was a tallow _chandler_. Last _century_ there was great _carnage_ in +America. _Infanticide_ is much practiced in China. The _proclamation_ was +widely _circulated_. The president was _inaugurated_ on the 4th of March. +The _census_ is taken every ten years. _Conceit_ is worse than +_eccentricity_. Have you filed your _caveat_? + + +41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, _to shut, to close_. + +CLUD: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'. + +CLUS: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse'; +seclu'sion. + +CLOSE: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose' +(-ure). + +Clause (Fr. n. _clause_); clois'ter (old Fr. n. _cloistre_). + + +42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, _to bend_; Cli'vus, _a slope or hill_. + +CLINAT: inclina'tion. + +CLINE: de-, in-, re-. + +CLIV: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity. + + +43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, _to till, to cultivate_ (_Low Lat._ +Cultiva're, _to cultivate_). + +CULT: cult'ure (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n. +_a'ger_, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. _ar'bor_, a tree); flor'iculture +(Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. _hor'tus_, a +garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. _ausculta'tio_, a listening; hence, a test +of the lungs). + +CULTIV: -ate, -ation, -ator. + +Col'ony (Lat. n. _colo'nia_, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; +col'onize. + +COR. (See page 32.) + +CORPUS. (See page 33.) + +CREDERE. (See page 35.) + + +44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, _to create_. + +CREAT: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-). + + +45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, _to grow_. + +CRESC: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'. + +CRET: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion. + +Accrue' (Fr. n. _accrue_, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. _incremen'tum_, +increase); recruit' (Fr. v. _recroitre_, _recru_, to grow again). + + +46. CRUX, cru'cis, _a cross_. + +CRUC: cru'cial (Fr. adj. _cruciale_, as if bringing to the cross: hence, +severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot--Lat. n. _crucib'ulum_--marked +in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. _for'ma_, a shape); +cru'cify (Lat. v. _fig'ere_, _fix'um_, to fix); crucifix'ion; +excru'ciating. + +Cross (Fr. n. _croix_); cro'sier (Fr. n. _crosier_); cruise (Dan. v. +_kruisen_, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. _croisade_, +in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of +the cross); crusad'er. + + +47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (_in compos, _cumbo__), cub'itum, _to lie down_. + +CUB: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator. + +CUMB: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent; +succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent. + +Cu'bit (Lat. n. _cub'itus_, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon); +in'cubus (Lat. n. _in'cubus_), the nightmare. + + +48. CU'RA, _care_. + +CUR: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate; +proc'urator. + +Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from _proc'uracy_). _authority to act for +another_; secure' (Lat. adj. _secu'rus_, from _se_ for _si'ne_, without, +and _cu'ra_, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. _si'ne_, +without--an office without duties). + +CURRERE. (See page 36.) + + +49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, _to give_. + +DAT: date (originally the time at which a public document was +given--_da'tum_); da'ta (Lat. plural of _da'tum_), _facts or truths given +or admitted_; da'tive. + +DIT: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion; +extradi'tion. + +Add (Lat. v. _ad'dere_, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da), +_something to be added_. + + +50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, _to owe_. + +DEBT: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.). + + +51. DE'CEM, _ten_; Dec'imus, _the tenth_. + +DECEM: Decem'ber (formerly the _tenth_ month); decem'virate (Lat. n. _vir_, +a man), _a body of ten magistrates_; decen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year). + +DECIM: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. _duodec'imus_, twelfth), +_a book having twelve leaves to a sheet_. + + +52. DENS, den'tis, _a tooth_. + +DENT: dent, _to notch_; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. _frica're_, to rub); +den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. _denti'tio_, a cutting of the teeth); +eden'tate (Lat. adj. _edenta'tus_, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; +tri'dent (Lat. adj. _tres_, three), _Neptune's three-pronged scepter_; +dan'delion (Fr. _dent-de-lion_, the lion's tooth), _a plant_. + + +53. DE'US, _a God_; Divi'nus, _relating to God, divine_. + +DE: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity. + +DIVIN: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. _divina'tio_, a foretelling the aid of +the gods); divin'ity. + + +54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, _to say_. + +DICT: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n. +_dictiona'rium_, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), _positive opinion_; +addict' (Lat. v. _addic'ere_, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. _be'ne_, +well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to proclaim), _to +charge with a crime_; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. _jus_, +_ju'ris_, justice), _relating to the distribution of justice_; maledic'tion +(Lat. adv. _ma'le_, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v. +_va'le_, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true). + +Dit'to, _n_. (Ital. n. _det'to_, a word), _the aforesaid thing_; indite' +(Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to dictate), _to compose_. + + +55. DI'ES, _a day_; _French_ jour, _a day_. + +DIES: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. _diur'nus_, daily); +merid'ian (Lat. n. _merid'ies_ = _me'dius di'es_, midday); merid'ional; +quotid'ian (Lat. adj. _quotidia'nus_, daily). + +JOUR: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ; +so'journer. + +DIGNUS (See page 37.) + + +56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, _to divide, to separate_. + +DIVID: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, _one not to +be divided, a single person_. + +DIVIS: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or. + +Device' (Fr. n. _devis_, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v. +_deviser_, to form a plan). + +DOCERE. (See page 38.) + + +57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, _to grieve_. + +Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally, +not grieving or caring), _lazy_. + +DOMINUS. (See page 38.) + + +58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, _to lead, to bring forward_. + +DUC: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion; +induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce'; +superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer. + +DUCT: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive); +induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive); +reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); +vi'aduct (Lat. n. _vi'a_, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. _conduit_), a channel +for conveying water. + + +59. DU'O, _two_. + +DU: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. _plica're_, to fold); +dupli'city (Lat. n. _duplic'itas_, double dealing). + +Dubi'ety (Lat. n. _dubi'etas_, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. _du'bius_, +uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. _dubita're_, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. +_double_, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. _doubt_), -ful, -less; undoubt'ed. + + +60. DU'RUS, _hard, lasting_; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, _to last_. + +DUR: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, _state of being held hard and +fast_; duresse, _hardship, constraint_; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy. + +DURAT: dura'tion; in'durate, _to grow hard_; indura'tion; ob'duracy. + +EXERCISE. + +When the speech, was _concluded_ loud acclamation _arose_. In many parts of +the _colony_ much of the waste land has been _reclaimed_, and +_agricultural_ operations now _receive_ the due attention of the +_colonists_. The patient declined to undergo _auscultation_. Fishing is a +healthful _recreation_. Many of the _crusaders_ were inspired with great +courage. _Security_ was offered, but it was not _accepted_. The _incumbent_ +could not stand the _crucial_ test, and hence _succumbed_. A _curious +excrescence_ was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his _trident_ the +Greeks ascribed _divine_ power. A French _journalist_ has been _indicted_. +The _valedictory_ was pronounced in _December_. What is the difference +between _addition_ and _division_? We may easily _predict_ the ruin of an +_indolent debtor_. How many _maledictions_ are heaped on _dentists_! The +_reduction_ of the public _debt_ is desirable. The prisoner was _doleful_ +because he was in _duresse_ vile. An educated man is known by his +_accurate_ use of language. The _dandelion_ is a _productive_ plant. The +_pilgrims received_ the priest's _benediction_ before setting out on their +_journey_. The _decimal_ system _conduces_ to the saving of time. + + +61. EM'ERE: E'MO, EMP'TUM, to buy or take. + +EMPT: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. _perempto'rius_, wholly taken +away), _decisive_, _final_; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, _the right of buying +before others_; redemp'tion. + +Redeem' (Lat. v. _redim'ere_, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj. +_promp'tus_ = _pro-emp'tus_, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er; +prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. _in promp'tu_, in readiness). + + +62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, _to wander_. + +ERR: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. _er'ror_); erro'neous (Lat. adj. +_erro'neus_, erring). + +ERRAT: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), _a mistake in printing_; +aberra'tion. + + +63. ES'SE, _to be_; en, en'tis, _being_. + +ENT: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj. +_om'nis_, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative); +misrepresent'. + +Es'sence (Lat. n. _essen'tia_, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj. +_quin'tus_, fifth), _the highest essence; in'terest_ (3d pers. sing. pres. +indic. of _interes'se_ = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested. + + +64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, _to do or make_; _French_ Faire. + +FAC: face'tious (Lat. adj. _face'tus_, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj. +_fa'cilis_, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n. +_facul'tas_, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. _sim'ilis_, like), +literally, _make like_, _an exact copy_; facto'tum (Lat. adj. _to'tum_, the +whole; literally, do the whole), _a servant of all work_. + +FIC: ben'efice (see _bene_); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), _a lack_; +defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. _diffic'ilis_, arduous); +ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. _ef'ficax_, _effica'cis_, powerful); effi'cient, +_causing effects_; of'fice (Lat. n. _offic'ium_, a duty); of'ficer; +offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, _to make up what +is wanting_; suffi'cient. + +FACT: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, _a party acting in opposition_; fac'tious; +facti'tious (Lat. adj. _facti'tius_, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture +(Lat. n. _ma'nus_, the hand). + +FECT: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, _made_ +_with sugar_ (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual; +infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, _thoroughly made_ (-ion); +imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory. + +FAIRE (past participle _fait_): fash'ion (Fr. n. _façon_, the make or form +of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. _faisible_, that may be done); feat; +affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, _to make again_, _to imitate_; for'feit, +(Fr. v. _forfaire_, to misdo), _to lose by some fault_; sur'feit, v., _to +overdo in the way of eating_. + + +65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, _to deceive_; _French_ Faillir, _to fall +short or do amiss_. + +FALL: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible. + +FALS: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial +voice). + +FAIL: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. _faulte_); fault'y; fal'ter; default' +(-er). + + +66. FA'NUM, _a temple_. + +FAN: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. _fanat'icus_, literally, one inspired by +divinity--the god of the fane), _a wild enthusiast_; fanat'ical; +fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the +temple), _to desecrate_; profane', adj., _unholy_; profana'tion; +profan'ity. + + +67. FA'RI, fa'tus, _to speak_. + +FAT: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory. + +Affable (Lat. adj. _affab'ilis_, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity; +inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, _in'fans_, _infan'tis_, literally, +not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. _nefa'rius_, +impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. _préface_), _something spoken or written by way +of introduction_. + + +68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (_in comp._ fes'sus), _to acknowledge, to +show_. + +FESS: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or). + + +69. FELIX, feli'cis, _happy_. + +FELIC: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, _to make happy by +congratulation._ + + +70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, _to keep off, to strike_.[6] + +FEND: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er). + +FENS: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v., +abbreviated from defence);[7] fencer; fencing. + + +71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, _to bear, to carry_. + +FER: fer'tile (Lat. adj. _fer'tilis_, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; +fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, _a measure carried around anything_; +confer', _to consult_; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; +dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, +-ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); +transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. _co'nus_, a cone); +florif'erous (Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. +_fruc'tus_, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. _lux_, _lucis_, light), _the morning +or evening star, Satan_; pestif'erous (Lat. n. _pes'tis_, pest, plague). + +LAT: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); +collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, _flattened at the poles_; +obla'tion, _an offering_; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, _elongated at the +poles_; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; +translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb _delayer_, to +put off). + + +72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, _to boil_; Fermen'tum, _leaven_. + +FERV: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', _to bubble or froth up_; +efferves'cence. + +FERMENT: fer'ment, -ation. + + +73. FES'TUS, _joyful, merry_. + +FEST: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. _feste_, a joyous meal); +fête (modern Fr. equivalent of _feast_), _a festival_; festoon (Fr. n. +_feston_, originally an ornament for a festival). + + +74. FID'ERE: fi'do, _to trust_; Fi'des, _faith_; Fide'lis, _trusty_. + +FID: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; +per'fidy (per = through and hence _away from_ good faith); perfid'ious. + +FIDEL: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity. + +Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. _féalté_ = Lat. _fidel'itas_), _loy'alty_; fidu'cial +(Lat. n. _fidu'cia_, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, _to pledge faith_, _to +betroth_; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), _a +declaration on oath_; defy' (Fr. v. _défier_, originally, to dissolve the +bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave). + + +75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, _to join, fix, pierce_. + +FIX: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. _crux_, _cru'cis_, a cross); cru'cify; +fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below +or on; hence, appended); transfix', _to pierce through_. + + +76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, _to form, to feign_; Figu'ra, _a shape_. + +FICT: fic'tion; ficti'tious. + +FIGUR: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure; +transfig'ure. + +Feign (Fr. v. _feindre_, _feignant_, to pretend); feint (_feint_, past +part. of _feindre_); ef'figy (Lat. n. _effig'ies_, an image or likeness); +fig'ment (Lat. n. _figmen'tum_, an invention). + +FINIS. (See page 40). + + +77. FIR'MUS, _strong, stable_. + +FIRM: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, _firm +foundation_; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative). + + +78. FLAM'MA, _a stream of fire_. + +FLAM: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory). + +Flambeau' (Fr. n. _flambeau_ from v. _flamber_, to blaze); flamin'go (Span. +n. _flamenco_), _a bird of a flaming red color_. + +EXERCISE. + +Age does not always _exempt_ one from _faults_. _Peremptory _orders were +given that all the princes should be _present_ at the _diet_. Many +_beneficial_ results must come from the _introduction_ of drawing into the +public schools. The lady is _affable_ and _perfectly_ free from +_affectation_. The field is _fertile_ and _produces_ abundant crops. The +_professor's_ lecture _related_ to _edentate_ animals. Men sometimes +_feign_ a _fealty_ they do not feel. The lady _professed_ that her +_felicity_ was ineffable. The King seized a _flambeau_ with zeal to +destroy. It is a _nefarious_ act to make a _false affidavit_. _Fanaticism_ +is often _infectious_. The _confirmed offender_ had issued many +_counterfeits_. Dickens gives us the _quintessence_ of the _facetious_. In +_figure_ the earth is an _oblate_ spheroid. + + +79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, _to bend_. + +FLECT: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion); reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or). + +FLEX: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; +flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex. + + +80. FLOS, flo'ris, _a flower_. + +FLOR: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, _the goddess of flowers_; flor'iculture +(Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to +bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour +(literally, the _flower_ or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); +flour'ish (Lat. v. _flores'cere_, to begin to blossom, to prosper); +efflores'cence; efflores'cent. + +FLUERE. (See page 41.) + + +81. FŒ'DUS, fœd'eris, _a league or treaty_. + +FEDER: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the party +that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate; +confed'eracy; confedera'tion. + + +82. FO'LIUM, _a leaf_. + +FOLI: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of _fo'lium_, a leaf), _a +book made of sheets folded once_; exfo'liate, _to come off in scales_; +foil, _a thin leaf of metal_; tre'foil, _a plant with three (tres) leaves_; +cinque'foil (Fr. _cinque_, five). + + +83. FOR'MA, _shape, form_. + +FORM: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); deform' (-ity); +inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); reform' (-ation, +-atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. _for'mula_, pl. +_for'mulæ_, a little form, a model); for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. +_mul'tus_, many); u'niform (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one). + + +84. FOR'TIS, _strong_. + +FORT: fort; for'tress, _a fortified place_; for'tify; fortifica'tion; +for'titude; com'fort, n., _something that strengthens or cheers_ (-able, +-er, -less); discom'fort; effort, _a putting forth of one's strength_; +force (Fr. n. _force_, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' +(-ment). + + +85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, _to break_; Fra'gilis, _easily +broken_. + +FRANG, FRING: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; infringe' (-ment); +refran'gible. + +FRACT: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); refract' (-ion, +-ory). + +Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; _fraile_ = Lat. _fra'gilis_); +frail'ty. + + +86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, _a brother_; Frater'nus, _brotherly_. + +FRATR: frat'ricide (Lat. v. _cæd'ere_, to kill). + +FRATERN: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity. + +Fri'ar (Fr. n. _frère_, a brother); fri'ary. + + +87. FRONS, fron'tis, _the forehead_. + +FRONT: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; effront'ery; +fron'tier (Fr. n. _frontière_); front'ispiece (Lat. n. _frontispi'cium_, +from _frons_ and _spic'ere_, to view; literally, that which is seen in +front). + + +88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, _to enjoy_; Fru'ges, _corn_; French Fruit, _fruit_. + +FRUCT: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear). + +FRUG: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear). + +FRUIT: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion. + + +89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, _to flee_. + +FUG: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, the center); feb'rifuge +(Lat. n. _fe'bris_, fever); fugue (Lat. n. _fu'ga_, a flight), _a musical +composition_; ref'uge (-ee); sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. _ver'mis_, a +worm). + +FUGIT: fu'gitive (adj. and n.). + + +90. FU'MUS, _smoke_. + +FUM: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear), _producing +smoke_; fu'matory, _a plant with bitter leaves_; per'fume (-er, -ery). + +Fu'migate (Lat. v. _fumiga're_, _fumiga'tum_, to smoke), _to disinfect_; +fumiga'tion; fu'migatory. + + +91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, _to pour_. + +FUND: refund'; found (Fr. v. _fondre_ = Lat. _fun'dere_), _to form by +pouring into a mould_ (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. v. _confondre_, +literally, to pour together; hence, to confuse). + +FUS: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, -ive); effuse' +(-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' (-al); suffuse' +(-ion); transfuse' (-ion). + + +92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, _to bear or carry_. + +GER: ger'und, _a Latin verbal noun_; bellig'erent (Lat. n. _bel'lum_, war); +con'geries (Lat. n. _conge'ries_, a collection); vicege'rent (Lat. _vi'ce_, +in place of), _one bearing rule in place of another_. + +GEST: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. _gestic'ulus_, a mimic gesture); +gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', literally, _to carry +apart_: hence, _to dissolve food in the stomach_ (-ible, -ion, -ive); +suggest', literally, _to bear into the mind from below_, that is, +_indirectly_ (-ion, -ive); reg'ister (Lat. v. _reger'ere_, to carry back, +to record); reg'istrar; registra'tion; reg'istry. + + +93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, _to beget_; Gens, gen'tis, _a clan or +nation_, Ge'nus, gen'eris, _a kind_. + +GENIT: gen'itive, _a case of Latin nouns_; congen'ital, _born with one_; +primogen'itor (Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first), _an ancestor_; primogen'iture, +_ state of being first born_; progen'itor, _an ancestor_. + +GENT: genteel' (Lat. adj. _genti'lis_, pertaining to the same clan; hence, +of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle (_genti'lis_, of good birth), +_mild, refined_; gen'try (contracted from gentlery), _a class in English +society_; gen'tile, _belonging to a nation other than the Jewish_. + +GENER: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. _genera're, genera'tum_, to +produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; gen'erous; generos'ity; +con'gener, _of the same kind_; degen'erate, _to fall off from the original +kind_; degen'eracy. + +Gen'der (Fr. n. _genre_ = Lat. _ge'nus, gen'eris_), _the kind of a noun as +regards the sex of the object_; gen'ial (Lat. adj. _genia'lis_, cheerful); +gen'ius (Lat. n. _ge'nius_, originally, the divine nature innate in +everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. _genui'nus_, literally, proceeding from +the original stock; hence, natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many +species; engen'der (Fr. v. _engendrer_, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. +_ingenio'sus_, acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. _ingen'uus_, frank, +sincere). + + +94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, _to walk_. + +GRAD: grada'tion; gra'dient (_gra'diens, gradien'tis_, pres. part. of v. +_gradi_), _rate of ascent, grade_; grad'ual (Lat. n. _gradus_, a step); +grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); ingre'dient (Lat. part. _ingre'diens_, +entering); ret'rograde. + +GRESS: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' (-ion); +e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; transgress' +(-ion, -or). + +Grade (Fr. n. _grade_ = Lat. _gra'dus_, degree or rank); degree' (Fr. n. +_degré_ = _de_ + _gradus_). + + +95. GRA'TUS, thankful, _pleasing_. + +GRAT: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. _gra'tiis_, by favor, for nothing) +grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); congrat'ulate +(-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate. + +Grace (Fr. _grâce_ = Lat. _gra'tia_, favor, grace); grace'ful; gra'cious; +grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. _agréer_, to receive kindly), -able, +-ment; disagree'. + + +96. GRA'VIS, _heavy_. + +GRAV: _grave_, literally, _heavy_: hence, _serious_; grav'ity; +gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion). + +Grief (Fr. _grief_ = Lat. _gra'vis_), literally, _heaviness of spirit, +sorrow_; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous. + +GREX. (See page 41.) + + +97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, _to have or hold_; HABITA'RE, +hab'ito, habita'tum, _to use frequently, to dwell_. + +HABIT: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, _the natural +abode of an animal or a plant_; habita'tion; cohab'it; inhab'it (-able, +-ant). + +HIBIT: exhib'it, literally, _to hold out, to show_ (-ion, -or); inhib'it +(-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory). + +Hab'it (Lat. _hab'itus_, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. +_habillement_, from v. _habiller_, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. _hab'ilis_, +literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, apt, skillful.) + + +98. HÆRE'RE: hæ'reo, hæ'sum, _to stick_. + +HER: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); inhere (-ent). + +HES: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive. + +Hes'itate (Lat. v. _hæsita're, hæsita'ium, _to be at a stand, to doubt); +hes'itancy; hesita'tion. + + +99. HÆRES, hære'dis, _an heir or heiress_; French Hériter, _to be heir +to_. + +HERED: hered'itary, _descending to heirs_. + +HERIT: her'itable; her'itage; inher'it (-ance); disinher'it. + +Heir (Old Fr. _heir_ = Lat. _hæ'res_); heir'ess; heir'loom (Anglo-Saxon +_geloma_, goods). + + +100. HO'MO, hom'inis, _a man_; Huma'nus, _human_. + +HOM: hom'age (Fr. _hommage_, literally, acknowledgment by a _man_ or vassal +to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. _cæd'ere_, to kill) + +HUMAN: hu'man, _belonging to a man_; humane', _having the feelings proper +to a man, kind_; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man. + +EXERCISE. + +_Floral devices_ were tastefully _introduced_. The _friar_ gives himself to +_reflection_, and does not care a _florin_ for worldly pleasures. The tree +is covered with _foliage_, but bears no _fruit_. The rights of the +_fraternity_ have been _infringed_. The metal was _fused_ in iron pans. By +the law of _primogeniture_ the eldest son will _succeed_ to the estate. +_Congress_ met, and a _general_ of the army was chosen president. The +_gradient_ is _gentle_, and the _access_ easy. The _reform_ of the +_refractory_ was in the highest _degree genuine_. We _received_ our +_frugal_ meal with _gratitude_. Many of the _inhabitants_ perished in the +_flames_. Hamilton and Jay were leading _federalists_. To err is _human_; +to forgive, _divine_. The boy _gesticulated_ violently, but it was a mere +_subterfuge_. Your words _infuse comfort_ into my heart. May one not be +_human_ without being _humane_? Do you know the _difference_ between the +_genitive_ and the _ablative case_? + + +101. HU'MUS, _the earth_; Hu'milis, _on the ground, lowly_. + +HUM: exhume' (-ation); inhume. + +HUMIL: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. _humble_ = Lat. +_hu'milis_). + +IRE. (See page 41.) + + +102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, _to throw or cast_. + +JECT: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; dejec'tion; eject' +(-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); object' (-ion, -ionable, +-ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' (-ion); subject' (-ion, +-ive); traject'ory. + +Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. _ejacula're, ejacula'tum_, to hurl or throw); +ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. _jéter = ja'cere_); jet'ty; jut. + + +103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, _to join_; Ju'gum, _a yoke_. + +JUNCT: junc'tion; junct'ure, _a point of time made critical by a joining of +circumstances_; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; disjunc'tion; +disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined subordinately to +something else). + +JUG: con'jugal, _relating to marriage; _conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate +(-ion). + +Join (Fr. v. _joindre_ = Lat. _jun'gere_); adjoin'; conjoin'; disjoin'; +enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, _joint_ = Lat. _junc'tum_); +joint'ure, _property settled on a wife_, _to be enjoyed after her husband's +death_; jun'ta (Spanish _junta_ = Lat. _junc'tus_, joined), _a grand +council of state in Spain; _jun'to (Span, _junt_), _a body of men united +for some secret intrigue_. + + +104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, _to swear_. + +JUR: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, _to effect +something as if by an oath of magic_; con'jurer; per'jure, _to forswear_; +per'jurer; per'jury. + + +105. JUS, ju'ris, _right law_; Jus'tus, _lawful_; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, +_a judge_. + +JUR: jurid'ical (Lat. v. _dica're_, to pronounce), _relating to the +administration of justice_; jurisdic'tion, _legal authority_; +jurispru'dence, _science of law_; ju'rist; in'jure; in'jury. + +JUST: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; justifica'tion. + +JUDIC: ju'dicature, _profession of a judge_; judi'cious, _according to +sound judgment_; prej'udice, n., _judgment formed beforehand_; +prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. _juge_ = Lat. _ju'dex_); judg'ment; prejudge'. + + +106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, _to gather, to read_. + +LEG: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be read--_legen'da_--in +church); leg'endary; leg'ible; le'gion (originally, a body of troops +_gathered_ or levied--_le'gio_); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege +(originally, the gathering or stealing of something sacred--_sa'crum_). + +LIG: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, assiduous): el'igible; +intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; neg'ligent (literally, +not--_neg_ = _nec_ = not--picking up). + +LECT: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' (-ion); +eclec'tic (Greek _ec_ = _ex_); elect' (-ion, -or, -oral); in'tellect; +neglect'; predilec'tion, _a liking for_; select' (-ion); les'son (Fr. n. +_leçon_ = Lat. _lec'tio_, a reading). + + +107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, _to raise_; Le'vis, _easily raised, light_; +_French_ Lever, _to rise or raise_. + +LEV: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); rel'evant, +literally, _raising up_: hence, _pertinent, applicable_; rel'evancy; +irrel'evant. + +LEVER: leav'en (Fr. _levain_, yeast); Levant', literally, _the place of the +rising sun--the countries near the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea_; +lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y. + +LEX. (See page 43.) + + +108. LI'BER, _free_. + +LIBER: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty. + +Deliv'er (Fr. v. _délivrer_ = Lat. _delibera're_, to set free); +deliv'erance; deliv'ery. + +LITERA. (See page 43.) + + +109. LO'CUS: _a place_. + +LOC: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. _move're_, to move); +al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion). + + +110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, _to speak_. + +LOQU: loqua'cious; loqua'city; col'loquy; collo'quial; el'oquent; +magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. _mag'nus_, big, pompous); ob'loquy; solil'oquy +(Lat. adj. _so'lus_, alone); ventril'oquist (Lat. n. _ven'ter_, the +stomach). + +LOCUT: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor. + + +111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, _to play or deceive_. + +LUD: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. _lu'dicrus_, sportive, laughable); allude', +literally, _to play at, to refer to indirectly_; delude'; elude'; prelude'. + +LUS: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; illu'sion; prelu'sive; +prelu'sory. + + +112. LUX, lu'cis, _light_; Lu'men, lu'minis, _light_. + +LUC: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate; +translu'cent. + +LUMIN: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine. + + +113. MAG'NUS, _great_; Ma'jor, _greater_; Magis'ter, _master_. + +MAGN: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. _an'imus_, soul); mag'nate, _a man of rank_; +mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make), _showing +grandeur_; mag'nitude. + +MAJ: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty. + +MAGISTER: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old Fr. +_maistre_ = Lat. _magis'ter); _mis'tress (Old Fr. _maistresse_ = Lat +_magis'tra_, fem. of _magis'ter_). + + +114. MA'NUS, _the hand_; _French_ Main, _the hand_. + +MAN: man'acle (Lat. n. _man'ica_, a fetter); manip'ulate, _to work with the +hand_ (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); +manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. _mit'tere_, to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. +_scrib'ere, scrip'tum_, to write); amanuen'sis (= _ab_ + _ma'nus), one who +does handwriting for another_; eman'cipate (Lat. v. _cap'ere_, to take); +quadru'manous (Lat. _quatuor_, four). + +MAIN: man'ner (Fr. n. _manière_, originally, the mode in which a thing is +_handled_); maneu'ver (Fr. n. _manœuvre_, literally, hand work; Fr. n. +_œuvre = o'pus_, work); manure', _v_. (contracted from Fr. _manœuvrer_, to +cultivate by manual labor). + + +115. MA'RE, _the sea_. + +Marine' (Lat. adj. _mari'nus_, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; mar'itime +(Lat. adj. _mariti'mus_ = _mari'nus_); submarine'; transmarine'; +ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. _mer_ = Lat. _ma're_). + + +116. ME'DIUS, _the middle_. + +Mediæ'val (Lat. n. _æ'vum_, age), _relating to the Middle Ages_; me'diate +(-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. _medio'cris_, middling; hence inferior); +medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _ter'ra_, land); me'dium (Lat. n. +_me'dium_, the middle); imme'diate (prefix _in_ = not), _with nothing +intervening_; interme'diate. + + +117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, _to remember_; Me'mor, _mindful_; MEMORA'RE +mem'oro, memora'tum, _to remember, to mention_. + +MEMINISSE: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, _remember thou), a reminder, a +memorial_. + +MEMOR: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. _memoran'dus_, p. part. of +_memora're_; literally, something to be remembered); commem'orate (-ion, +-ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. _memo'ria_); memo'rial (-ize); immemo'rial. + +Mem'oir (Fr. n. _mémoire_ = Lat. _memoran'dum_); men'tion (Fr. n. _mention_ += Lat. _men'tio_, a speaking of); remem'ber (Old Fr. v. _remembrer = Lat. +remem'orare_); remem'brance; remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. +_réminiscence_, from Lat. v. _reminis'ci_, to recall to mind). + + +118. MENS, men'tis, _the mind_. + +MENT: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, _insanity_; ve'hement (Lat. adj. +_ve'hemens = ve_, not, and _mens_; literally, not reasonable), _furious, +ardent_. + +EXERCISE. + +We _reject_ insincere _homage_. When the body was _exhumed_ the _jury +decided_ that poison had been administered. _Legendary_ stories were +_related_ by the _friar_. The _lessons_ were _selected_ with _intelligence. +Levity_ and _gravity_ are _different_ qualities. The _mayor's_ speech was +more _ludicrous_ than _facetious_. The _magistrate_ claimed _jurisdiction_ +in the _locality_. We heard Hamlet's _soliloquy_ finely _delivered_. Do you +_recollect_ the _magnificent_ lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? +The _lecturer_ was _lucid_ in his _allusions_. In _mediæval_ times _homage_ +was exacted of all vassals. The _mariners maneuvered_ beautifully. Your +_magnificent donation_ will be _gratefully remembered_. The _mermaid_ is a +mere _delusion. Illegible manuscript_ is a _decided nuisance_. The eastern +part of the _Mediterranean_ is called the _Levant_. Franklin's _memoirs_ +are very interesting. + + +119. MER'CES, _hire_; Merx, mer'cis, _merchandise_. + +MERC: mer'cantile (Lat. part. _mer'cans, mercan'tis_); mer'cenary (Lat. +adj. _mercena'rius_); mer'cer (Fr. n. _mercier_), _one who deals in silks +and woolens_; mer'chant (Lat. part, _mer'cans_); mer'chandise; com'merce +(Fr. n. _commerce_); commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. _merca'tus_, a place of +public traffic). + + +120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, _to dip, to sink_. + +MERG: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, _that which arises suddenly_; submerge'. + +MERS: emer'sion; immerse'. + + +121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, _to remove_. + +MIGR: em'igrant (Lat. part. _mi'grans, migran'tis_). + +MIGRAT: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion); +transmigra'tion, _the passage of the soul into another body after death_. + + +122. MI'LES, mil'itis, _a soldier_. + +MILIT: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, _to act against_; mili'tia, _enrolled +soldiers not in a standing army_. + + +123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, _to hang over_. + +MIN. em'inent (Lat. part, _em'inens, _standing out); em'inence; im'minent, +literally, _threatening to fall_; pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; +prom'inence; superem'inent. + + +124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, _to lessen_; Mi'nor, _less_; +Mi'nus, _less_. + +MINUT: minute'; minu'tiæ (pl. of Lat. n. _minu'tia_, a very small object); +min'uend (Lat. part, _minuen'dus_, to be lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. +_minuet_ = Lat. adj. _minu'tus, _small), _a dance of small steps_; +dimin'ish (Lat. v. _diminu'ere_, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive. + +MINOR: mi'nor, _n_. and a.; minor'ity. + +MINUS: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. super, +deg., least); min'im. + + +125. MINIS'TER, _a servant or attendant_. + +MINISTER: min'ister; ministe'rial; min'istry; admin'ister; +administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor. + + +126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, _to wonder_. + +MIR: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. _mirac'ulum_, a wonderful +thing); mirac'ulous. + +Mirage' (Fr. n. _mirage_, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. _miroir_, from v. +_mirer_, to view). + + +127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, _to mingle_. + +MISC: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous. + +MIXT: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'. + + +128. MI'SER, _wretched_. + +MISER: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion). + + +129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, _to send or cast_. + +MIT: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; intermit' (-ent); +manumit' (Lat. n. _manus_, the hand), _to release from slavery_; omit'; +permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. +_we send_), _a warrant of commitment to prison_. + +MISS: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, _an +officer who furnishes provisions for an army_; commissa'riat; commis'sion +(-er); com'promise; demise', _death_; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; +permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); +submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible. + + +130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, _to keep within bounds_; +Mo'dus, _a measure or manner_. + +MODERAT: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate. + +MOD: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; accom'modate (-ion); +commode' (Lat. adj. _com'modus_, convenient). _a small sideboard_; +commo'dious, literally, _measured with_; commod'ity, literally, _a +convenience_; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. adv. _mo'do_, lately, just now); +mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. _mod'ulus_, a measuring of tones); +modula'tion. + + +131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, _to remind, to warn_. + +MON: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. _monumen'tum_); premon'ish; sum'mon +(Lat. v. _summone're_ = _sub_ + _mone're_, to remind privily), _to call by +authority_. + +MONIT: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; +premon'itory. + + +132. MONS, mon'tis, _a mountain_. + +MOUNT: mount, n. _a high hill_; v. _to rise or ascend_; moun'tain (-eer, +-ous); mount'ebank (It. n. _banco_, a bench); amount'; dismount'; +par'amount (Fr. _par_ = Lat. _per_, exceedingly), _of the highest +importance_; prom'ontory (literally, the _fore_-part or projecting part of +a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. _tan'tus_, +so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian +side). + + +133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, _to point out, to show_. + +MONSTR: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, _to show +up_, _to display_. + +MONSTRAT: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; remon'strance. + + +134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, _to bite_. + +MORD: mor'dant, _biting_, _serving to fix colors_; morda'cious (Lat. adj. +_mor'dax_, _morda'cis_, biting), _severe_, _sarcastic_. + +MORS: mor'sel, literally, _a little bite_; remorse', _the biting of +conscience_ (-ful, -less). + +MORS. (See page 44.) + + +135. MOS, mo'ris, _manner, custom_; _pl._ Mo'res, _manners or morals_. + +MOR: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize (-ation). + + +136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, _to move_. + +MOV: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al). + +MOT: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. n. +_lo'cus_; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness). + +Mob (Lat. adj. _mob'ilis_, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); momen'tum, _the +force of a moving body_, _impetus_. + + +137. MUL'TUS, multi, _many, much_. + +MULTI: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; mul'tiple +(Lat. adj. _mul'tiplus_ for _mul'tiplex_, manifold); mul'tiply (Lat. adj. +_mul'tiplex_); mul'tiplicate (-ion); multiplic'ity. + + +138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, _a gift, a service_. + +MUN. munic'ipal (Lat. n. _municip'ium_, a free town), _pertaining to a +corporation_; municipal'ity; munif'icent; munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. +_commu'nis_ = _con_ + _munus_; literally, ready to be of service); +commune', _v._ literally, _to share (discourse) in common_; commun'ion, +commu'nity; com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); +commu'nicant; excommu'nicate; immu'nity (_in_ + _munus_; literally, absence +of service). + +MUNER: remunerate (-ion, -ive). + + +139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, _to change_. + +MUT: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' (-able). + +MUTAT: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion. + + +140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, _na'tus, to be born, to grow_; Natu'ra, _nature_. + +NASC: nas'cent, _growing_; renaissance' (a style of decorative art +_revived_ by Raphael). + +NAT: na'tal; na'tion, originally, _a distinct race or stock_ (-al, -ality, +-ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate. + +NATUR: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; supernat'ural. + + +141. NA'VIS, _a ship_. + +NAV: nave, _the middle or body of a church_; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. +adj. _nau'ticus_, from _nauta_ or _nav'ita_, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. +_naviga're_ = _na'vis_ + _ag'ere_); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; +circumnavigate. + + +142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, _to tie or bind_. + +NECT: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion). + +NEX: annex'; annexation. + +EXERCISE. + +The _administration_ of affairs is in the hands of her _majesty's +ministers_. A _miscellaneous collection_ of goods was sold on _commission_. +The _merchant remitted_ the money called for in the _emergency_. The +_suggestion_ to _modify_ the plan was _tantamount_ to its _rejection_. Do +you _admire_ Bunker Hill _Monument_? A _miser_ is an object of +_commiseration_ to all who know him. _Remuneration_ will be allowed +according to the _amount_ of labor. The _major_ has been _promoted_ to the +rank of colonel. All who were _connected_ with the _movement_ were +_excommunicated_. As the _annexed_ territory is chiefly _maritime_ it will +greatly _increase_ the _commerce_ of the _nation_. The _monitor admonished_ +the pupils with great _gentleness_. The _committee_ said the _master_ had +done his work in an _admirable_ manner. The _Pilgrim_ Fathers _emigrated_ +to this country in 1620. A _minute missile moved_ towards us. What is the +_subjunctive mood_ or _mode_? A _multitude_ of _communists_ appeared in +Paris. + + +143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, _to deny_. + +NEGAT: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, _an apostate_. + +Deny' (Fr. v. _dénier_ = Lat. _de_ + _nega're_, to contradict); deni'al; +undeni'able. + + +144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, _neither of the two_. + +NEUTR: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize). + + +145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, _to hurt_. + +NOC: no'cent, _hurtful_; in'nocent; in'nocence; innoc'uous. + +Nox'ious (Lat. adj. _nox'ius_, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance (Fr. v. +_nuire_ = Lat. _noce're_). + + +146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, _a name_. + +NOMEN: nomenclat'ure, _a list of technical names_; cogno'men, _a surname_. + +NOMIN: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or); +ig'nominy (Lat. _i(n)_ + _gnomen_, old form of _nomen_, a deprivation of +one's good name); ignomin'ious. + +Noun (Fr. n. _nom_ = Lat. _no'men_); pro'noun; misno'mer (Old Fr. _mes_ = +wrong, and _nommer_, to name), _a wrong name_. + +NORMA. (See page 45.) + + +147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, _to know_; No'ta, _a mark_. + +NOT: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notifica'tion; +noto'rious (Lat. adj. _noto'rius_, making known), _known in a bad sense_; +notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'. + +No'ble (Lat. adj. _no'bilis_, deserving to be known); noblesse' (Fr. n. +_noblesse_ = Lat. _nobil'itas_); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Lat. prefix +_i(n)_ + _gnobilis_, old form of _nobilis_); cog'nizance (Old Fr. +_cognizance_ = Lat. _cognoscen'tia_, notice or knowledge), _judicial +observation_; connoisseur' (Fr. n. _connoisseur_, a critical judge); +incog'nito (Italian _incognito_, from Lat. part. _incog'nitus_, unknown), +_unknown, in disguise_; rec'ognize (Lat. _re_, again, and _cognos'cere_, to +know); recog'nizance, _a term in law_; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. +reconnoitre), _to survey, to examine_. + + +148. NO'VUS, _new_. + +NOV: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or). + +Nov'el (Lat. adj. _novel'lus_, diminutive of _no'vus_); adj. _something +new, out of the usual course_; n., literally, _a story new and out of the +usual course_; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, _a beginner_; novi'tiate, +_time of being a novice_. + + +149. NU'MERUS, _a number_. + +NUMER: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Lat. v. +_enumera're_, _enumera'tum_, to count or tell of), _to reckon up singly_; +enumera'tion; innu'merable (= _in_ + _nu'mer_ + _able_, that may not be +counted); supernu'merary, _one above the necessary number_; num'ber (Old +Fr. n. _numbre_ = Lat. _nu'merus_). + + +150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, _to announce_; Nun'cius, _a +messenger_. + +NUNCIAT: enun'ciate, _to utter_ (-ion); denuncia'tion; pronuncia'tion; +renuncia'tion, _disavowal, relinquishment_. + +Nun'cio (Sp. n. _nuncio_ = Lat. _nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope_; +announce' (Fr. v. _annoncer_ = Lat. _ad_ + _nuncia're_), _to proclaim_; +announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. _dénoncer_ = Lat. _de_ + _nuncia're_), _to +accuse publicly_; pronounce' (Fr. v. _prononcer_ = Lat. _pro_ + +_nuncia're_); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. _renoncer_ = Lat. _re_ + +_nuncia're_), _to disclaim_; renounce'ment. + + +151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, _to nourish_. + +NUTRI: nu'triment, _that which nourishes_; nutri'tion; nutri'tious; +nu'tritive. + +Nour'ish (Fr. v. _nourrir_ = Lat. _nutri'ere_); nurse (Fr. v. _nourrice_; a +nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, _a little one who is nursed_; nurt'ure. + + +152. O'PUS, op'eris, _a work or deed_; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, _to work_. + +OPER: operose, _requiring labor_, _tedious_. + +OPERAT: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, -or). + +Op'era (It. _op'era_ = _opera_, pains, pl. of _o'pus_), _a musical drama_; +operat'ic. + +ORDO. (See page 45.) + + +153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, _and_ pas'sum, _to spread_; Pas'sus, +_a step_. + +PAND: expand', _to spread out_. + +PANS: expanse' (-ion, -ive). + +PASS: pass; pass'able, _that may be passed_, _tolerable_; pas'sage; +com'pass, v. _to stretch round_; encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (_tres_ = +_trans_), _to pass beyond due bounds_. + +Pace (Fr. n. _pas_ = Lat. _pas'sus_); pas'senger (Old Eng. _passager_); +pass'over, _a Jewish festival_;[8] pass'port (= pass + port, literally, a +permission to leave a port or to sail into it.) + + +154. PAR, _equal_. + +PAR: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, _to injure by comparison of +unequals_; dispar'agement. + +Pair (Fr. adj. _paire_ = Lat. _par_), _two of a kind_; peer (Old Fr. _peer_ +or _pair_ = Lat. _par_), _an equal_, _a nobleman_; peer'age; peer'less; +compeer'; non'pareil (Fr. _non_, not, and _pareil_, equal), _a peerless +thing or person_. + + +155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, _to make ready, to prepare_; SEPARA'RE: +sep'aro, separa'tum, _to separate_. + +PARAT: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; repara'tion. + +SEPAR: sep'arate, literally, _to prepare aside_: hence, _to disjoin_; +separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable. + +Parade' (Fr. n. _parade_, literally, a parrying), _military display_; pare +(Fr. v. _parer_, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. v. _parer_, to ward +off); appara'tus (Lat. _appara'tus_ = _ad_ + _paratus_, literally, +something prepared for a purpose); appar'el (Fr. n. _appareil_, +preparation); compare' (Fr. v. _comparer_ = Lat. _compara're_), _to set +things together to see how far they resemble each other_; prepare' (Fr. v. +_preparer_ = Lat. _prepara're_); repair' (Fr. v. _réparer_ = Lat. +_repara're_), literally, _to prepare again_, hence, _to restore after +injury_; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. _sevrer_ = Lat. _separa're_), _to +render asunder_; sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. _several_ = Lat. _separa'lis_, +separate); sev'erance; dissev'er. + +PARS. (See page 46.) + + +156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, _a father_; Pa'tria, _one's native country_. + +Pater'nal (Lat. adj. _pater'nus_, pertaining to a father); pater'nity (Lat. +n. _pater'nitas_, Fr. _paternité_), _fathership_; patri'cian (Lat. adj. +_patri'cius_, from _pa'tres_, fathers or senators), _a Roman nobleman_; +pat'rimony (Lat. n. _patrimo'nium_), _an estate inherited from one's +ancestors_; pa'tron (Lat. n. _patro'nus_, a protector), _one who +countenances or supports_; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. n. +_pattern_, something to be copied), _a model_; expatriate, _to banish_; +expatria'tion. + + +157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, _to bear, to suffer_. + +PATI: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, _consistent with_; +compat'ibility; incompat'ible. + +PASS: pas'sion, _strong agitation of the mind_; pas'sive; impas'sive, +_insensible_; compas'sion, _sympathy_; compas'sionate. + + +158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, _to drive_. + +PEL (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-). + +PULS: pulse, _the beating of an artery as blood is driven through it_; +pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion; +repulse'; repul'sive. + + +159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, _to hang_. + +PEND: pen'dant, _a long, narrow flag_; pend'ing, _not decided, during_; +append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); independ'ent; +independ'ence; suspend'. + +PENS: pen'sile, _hanging_; suspense'(-ion). + +Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. _pen'dulus_, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. +_pen'dulus)_; appen'dix (Lat. n. _appen'dix_, an addition). + + +160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, _to weigh, to pay_. + +PEND: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n. +_compen'dium_, that which is weighed, saved, shortened); compen'dious +(Lat. adj. _compendio'sus_, brief, succinct); expend'; expen'diture; +sti'pend (Lat. n. _stipen'dium_, literally, the pay of soldiers); +stipendiary. + +PENS: pen'sive, _thoughtful_; pen'sion, _an allowance for past services_ +(-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', _to deal out_ (-ary); dispensa'tion; +indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense. + +PES. (See page 47.) + + +161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, _to attack, to seek_. + +PET: centrip'etal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, center); compete'; com'petent, _fit, +suitable_; com'petence, _sufficiency_; incom'petent. + +PETIT: peti'tion, _a request_ (-er); compet'itor; compet'itive; +repeti'tion. + +Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. _petulant_, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. _appétit_), _a +seeking for hunger_; impet'uous (Lat. adj. _impetuo'sus_, vehement); +impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. _im'petus_, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. +_répéter_ = Lat. _repet'ere_). + +EXERCISE + +_Numerous objections_ were _submitted_ against the _innovations_ about to +be _introduced_. The _obnoxious_ articles have been _removed_. The +_nominee_ by his _ludicrous_ speech _neutralized_ all that his friends did +for him. _Part_ of the _apparatus prepared_ for the _occasion_ was damaged +in _transmission_. The _patronage_ of the _nobility_ and _gentry connected_ +with the neighborhood was asked. Many _parts_ of the _edifice_ are highly +_ornate_. Christ had _compassion_ on the _multitude_, for they had been a +long time without food. The _petitioner's application_ for a _pension_ was +not _repeated_. How can an _acid_ be _neutralized_? The _renegade_ was +brought to _ignominy_. The _prince_ was travelling _incognito_. The young +lady seems _pensive_ rather than _petulant_. Here is a new _edition_ of the +_novel_, with _annotations_ by the _author_. The _opera_ seems to be well +_patronized_ this winter. Webster had a _compendious mode_ of stating great +truths. What is meant by _centripetal motion_? What is the _difference_ +between the _numerator_ and the _denominator_? + + +162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, _to twist_; PLICA'RE: pli'co, +plica'tum, _and_ plic'itum, _to fold_. + +PLEX: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; complex'ity; +perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly--_per_: hence, to puzzle or +embarrass); perplex'ity. + +PLIC: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable. + +PLICAT: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; im'plicate (-ion); +replica'tion, _an answer in law_; sup'plicate, _to entreat earnestly_; +supplica'tion. + +PLICIT: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly stated); +implic'it, _implied_. + +Ply (Fr. v. _plier_ = Lat. _plica're_), _to work diligently_; pli'able, +_easily bent_; pli'ant; pli'ancy; accom'plice, _an associate in crime_; +apply' (Old Fr. _applier_ = Lat. _applica're_); appli'ance, _the thing +applied_; comply' (Fr. v. _plier_), _to fold with_: hence, _to conform or +assent_; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. _desployer_, to unfold); doub'le +(Fr. adj. _double_ = Lat. _du'plex_, twofold); du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. +_duplic'itas_, from _du'plex_, double); employ' (Fr. v. _employer_ = Lat. +_implica're_), _to keep at work_; employé; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' +(Fr. n. _exploit_ = Lat. _explic'itum_, literally, something unfolded, set +forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, _to infold_: +hence _to involve_, _to signify_; mul'tiply (Fr. v. _multiplier_ = Lat. +_mul'tus_ much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. _qua'tuor_, four); reply' (Old Fr. +v. _replier_ = Lat. _replica're_, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. _simplex_, gen. +_simplicis_), _not compounded_, _artless_; sim'pleton (compare It. +_simplicione_, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. _simplic'itas_); +sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. _souple_ = Lat. _sup'plex_, bending the knee, +from _sub_ and _plica're_); sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, +kneeling down); treb'le (Old Fr. adj. _treble_ = Lat. _tri'plex_, +threefold); trip'le (Lat. _tri'plex_); trip'let, _three lines rhyming +alternately_. + + +163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, _to place_. + +PON: compo'nent, _forming a compound_; depone', _to bear testimony_; +depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment). + +POSIT: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, _a system of philosophy_; +pos'itivist, _a believer in the positive philosophy_; ap'posite, _adapted +to_; compos'ite, _compound_; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; +depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, _the giving testimony under +oath_; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; +juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; +suppositi'tious; transposi'tion. + +Pose (Fr. v. _poser_ = Lat. _pon'ere_), _to bring to a stand by questions_; +post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. _posture_ = Lat. _positu'ra_, position); +compose' (Fr. v. _composer_ = Lat. _compon'ere_); compos'ure; com'pound +(Lat. v. _compon'ere_); com'post, _a mixture_, _a manure_; depot' (Fr. n. +_dépôt_ = Lat. _depos'itum_); dispose' (Fr. v. _disposer_); dispo'sal; +expose' (Fr. v. _exposer_); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. _imposer_); im'post, +_a tax placed on imported goods_; impos'tor, _one guilty of fraud_; +impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. _provost_, +from Lat _præpos'itus_, placed before, a chief), _the principal of a +college_; pur'pose (Old Fr. n. _purpos_, _propos_ = Lat. _propos'itum_), +_an end set before one_; repose' (Fr. v. _reposer_); suppose' (Fr. v. +_supposer_); transpose' (Fr. v. _transposer_). + + +164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, _to carry_. + +PORT: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, -er); +im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, _design_; report' (-er); support'; +insupport'able; transport' (-ation). + +Portfo'lio (Lat. n. _fo'lium_, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. _manteau_, a +cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. _importu'nus_, unseasonable); import'unate; +importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. _opportu'nus_, literally, at or before +the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune. + + +165. POS'SE, _to be able_; Po'tens, poten'tis, _powerful, mighty_. + +POSSE: pos'sible (Lat. adj. _possib'ilis_); possibil'ity; impos'sible. + +POTENT: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent +(Lat. adj. _om'nis_, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. _ple'nus_, full). + + +166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, _to lay hold of, to +seize_. + +PREHEND: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'. + +PREHENS: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; comprehen'sible; +comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible. + +Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. _apprentis_, from v. _apprendre_, to learn); +apprise' (Fr. v. _apprendre_, part. _appris_, to inform); comprise' (Fr. v. +_comprendre, compris_), _to include_; en'terprise (Fr. n. _entrepise_, +something undertaken); impreg'nable (Fr. adj. _imprenable_, not to be +taken); pris'on (Fr. n. _prison_); prize (Fr. n. _prise_, something taken, +from _prendre, pris_, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. _repreuver_, to +condemn), _to grant a respite_; repri'sal; surprise'. + + +167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, _to press_. + +PRESS: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); express' (-ion, +-ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; oppress' ('-ion, -ive, +-or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion). + +Print (abbreviated from _imprint_, from Old Fr. v. _preindre_ = Lat. +_prem'ere_); im'print, _the name of the publisher and the title page of a +book_; imprima'tur (Lat. _let it be printed_), originally, _a license to +print a book, the imprint of a publisher_. + + +168. PRI'MUS, _first_; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, _chief, original_. + +PRIM: prime; pri'mate, _the highest dignitary of a church_; pri'macy; +prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. _æ'vum_, an age); prim'itive; +primogen'itor (Lat. n. _gen'itor_, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n. +_genitu'ra_, a begetting), _the exclusive right of inheritance which in +English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter_; primor'dial (Lat. v. +_ordi'ri_, to begin), _existing from the beginning_; prim'rose (Lat. n. +_ro'sa_); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. _prince_ = Lat. _prin'ceps_); +prin'cipal; prin'ciple. + +Pre'mier (Fr. adj. _premier_, first), _the prime minister_; pri'or (Lat. +adj. _prior_, former); pri'oress, _the female superior of a convent_; +pri'ory, _a convent_; prior'ity, _state of being first_; pris'tine (Lat. +adj. _pristi'nus_, primitive), _original, ancient_. + + +169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, _to try, to prove_. + +PROB: prob'able, _likely, credible_; probabil'ity; improb'able; pro'bate, +_the proof of a will_; proba'tion, _the act of trying_; proba'tioner; +proba'tionary; probe, _to try by an instrument_; prob'ity, _tried +integrity_; approba'tion, _commendation_; rep'robate (adj. literally, +proved against), _base, condemned_. + +Prove (Old Fr. _prover_, New Fr. _prouver_ = Lat. _proba're_); proof (Old +Fr. n. _prove_ = Lat. _pro'ba_, proof); approve' (Fr. v. _approuver_ = Lat. +_approba're_); approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; +reproof'. + + +170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, _to prick_; Punc'tum, _a point_. + +PUNG: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', _to mark out_. + +PUNCT: punctil'io (Sp. _punctillo_, from Lat. _punc'tum_, a point), _a nice +point of exactness in conduct_, etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); +punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; compunc'tion, _remorse_. + +Punch (abbreviated from _puncheon_, from Lat. n. _punc'tio_, a pricking), +_an instrument for cutting holes_; point (Fr. n. _pointe_ = Lat. +_punc'tum)_; poign'ant (Fr. part. _poignant_, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. +_poignard_), _a small dagger_. + + +171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, _to think, to prune, to count or reckon_. + +PUT: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. _deputa're_, to allot), _to +empower to act_; dep'uty; dispute' (-ant); indis'putable; impute' +(literally, to reckon in), _to charge_; repute'; disrepute' (-able). + +PUTAT: pu'tative, _supposed_; am'putate, _to cut off the limb from an +animal_; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion. + +Count (Fr. v. _compter_ = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; recount'. + + +172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, _to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry +away_. + +RAP: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. _ra'pax, rapa'cis_, greedy); rapac'ity; rap'id +(Lat. adj. _rap'idus_, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; rap'ine (Lat. n. +_rapi'na_, robbery). + +RAPT: rapt, _transported_; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; surrepti'tious +(Lat. v. _surrip'ere, surrep'tum_, to take away secretly), _done by +stealth_. + +Rav'age (Fr. v. _ravager_ = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. _ravir_ = Lat. +_rap'ere_). + + +173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, _to rule_; Rec'tus, _straight_. + +REG: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. _reg'imen_, that by which one +guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. _regimen'tum_); re'gion +(Lat. _re'gio, regio'nis_, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ = +_con_ + _reg'ere_); incor'rigible. + +RECT: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ += _con_ + _reg'ere), to remove faults_; direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; +insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion. + +Re'gal (Lat. n. _rex, re'gis_, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. v. +_cæd'ere_, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. _reg'ula_, a rule); reg'ulate; realm +(Old Fr. _realme_, from Lat. adj. _rega'lis_, royal); reign (Fr. n. _règne_ += Lat. _reg'num); _corrigen'da (sing. _corrigen'dum_), _things to be +corrected_; dress (Fr. v. _dresser_ = Lat _dirig'ere_); address' (Fr. v. +_adresser_, to direct); redress' (Fr. v. _redresser_ = Lat. _re_ + +_dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair_; source (Fr. n. _source_, from Lat. +_sur'gere_, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. _insur'gere_). + + +174. RI'VUS, _a river_. + +RIV: ri'val (Lat. n. _riva'lis_, one who used a brook in common with +another); ri'valry; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. _riv'ulus_, diminutive of +_ri'vus_); derive' (literally, to receive as from a source); deriva'tion; +deriv'ative. + + +175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, _to ask_. + +ROG: ar'rogant, _proud, overbearing_; ar'rogance; prorogue' (Fr. v. +_proroger_ = Lat. _proroga're_). + +ROGAT: ab'rogate; _to repeal_; ar'rogate, _to assume_; arroga'tion; +derog'atory, _detracting_; inter'rogate (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative +(literally, that is asked before others for an opinion: hence, preference), +_exclusive or peculiar right or privilege_; proroga'tion, _prolonga'tion_; +superer'ogate (Lat. _super_ + _eroga're_, to spend or pay out over and +above), _to do more than is necessary_; supereroga'tion. + + +176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_. + +RUPT: rupt'ure, _to part violently_; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); bank'rupt (It. +n. _banco_, a merchant's place of business); bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, +-ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion; interrupt' (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive. + + +177. SA'CER, sa'cri, _holy_. + +SACR: sac'rament (Lat. n. _sacramen'tum_, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred +(orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. _sacre_, to consecrate); sac'rifice +(Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that steals--properly +gathers, picks up, _leg'ere_--sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat. +_sacrista'nus)_, a church officer. + +SECR: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrate (-ion); +ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. _sacer'dos, sacerdo'tis_, priest), +_pertaining to the priesthood_. + + +178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, _health_; Sal'vus, _safe_. + +SALUT: sal'utary, _promoting health_; salu'tatory, _giving salutation_; +salute' (-ion). + +SALV: sal'vage, _reward for saving goods_; sal'vo, _a volley_; salva'tion. + +Safe (through Old Fr. _salf_ or _sauf_); safe'ty; save; sav'ior salu'brious +(Lat. adj. _salu'bris_, health-giving); salu'brity. + + +179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (_in comp._ scen'do), scan'dum (_in comp._ +scen'sum), _to climb_. + +SCEND: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' (-ing); +transcend' (-ent); transcendental. + +SCENS: ascen'sion; ascent'; condescen'sion. + + +180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, _to write_. + +SCRIB: ascribe', _to impute to_; circumscribe', _to draw a line around, to +limit_; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', _to order or appoint_; +pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), _to interdict_; subscribe'; +superscribe'; transcribe'. + +SCRIPT: script, _type in imitation of handwriting_; script'ure; +ascrip'tion; con'script, _one taken by lot and enrolled for military +service_; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see +_manus_); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription; +superscrip'tion; tran'script. + +Scribe (Fr. n. _scribe_); scrib'ble; escritoire'. + + +181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, _to cut_. + +SEC: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. _se'cans_, _secan'tis_), _a line that cuts +another_. + +SECT: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others by peculiar +doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. _bis_, two); +dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose body is apparently cut +in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to feed); intersect' +(-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. _vena_, a vein). + +Seg'ment (Lat. n. _segmen'tum_), _a part cut off_. + + +182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (_in comp._ se'do), ses'sum, _to sit_. + +SED: sed'entary (Lat. adj. _sedenta'rius_, accustomed to sit); sed'iment +(Lat. n. _sedimen'tum_, a settling or sinking down); sedimen'tary; +sed'ulous (Lat. adj. _sed'ulus_, sitting close to an employment); +supersede'. + +SID: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting in wait +against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); pres'ident; +presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; subsidiary. + +SESS: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a person or +thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. _possid'ere, posses'sum_, +to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); posses'sion; +possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', _to take possession of beforehand, to +prejudice_. + + +183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, _to feel, to think_. + +SENT: scent (Old English _sent_), _odor_; sen'tence (Lat. n. _senten'tia_); +senten'tious (Lat. adj. _sententio'sus_, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. +n. _sentiment_); sentimen'tal; assent', _to agree to_; consent' (literally, +to think or feel together), _to acquiesce, to permit_; dissent' (-er); +dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel back), _to take +ill_; resent'ment. + +SENS: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; non'sense; sen'sual +(Lat. adj. _sensua'lis_); sen'sualist; sen'suous. + + +184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, _to follow_. + +SEQU: se'quence, _order of succession_; consequent; con'sequence; +consequential; ob'sequies, _formal rites_; obse'quious (literally, +following in the way of another), _meanly condescending_; sub'sequent +(-ly). + +SECUT: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute (-ion). + +Se'quel (Lat. n. _seque'la_, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. _suire_, +New Fr. _suivre = se'qui), to follow at law_; suit; suit'able; suit'or; +suite (Fr. n. _suite_), _a train or set_; ensue' (Fr. v. _ensuivre_, to +follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. v. _poursuivre_, to follow hard, to +chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; pursuit'; pur'suivant, _a state messenger_; +ex'ecute (Fr. v. _executer_ = Lat. _ex'sequi_); execu'tion; exec'utor; +exec'utrix. + + +185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, _to save, to keep, to bind_. + +SERV: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); reserve'; +unreserved'. + +SERVAT: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; observ'atory; +preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion. + +Res'ervoir (Fr. n. _réservoir_ = Lat. _reservato'rium_, a place where +anything is kept in store). + +EXERCISE. + +The puzzle is _complicated_ and _displays_ much _ingenuity_ on the _part_ +of the inventor. A _reply_ may be _explicit_ without showing _duplicity_. +It was urged that the _election_ of _delegates_ be _postponed_. The +_portmanteau_ containing _important_ papers was left at the _merchant's +office_. An _impostor_ is sure to show _opposition_ to the course of +_justice_. Coleridge holds that it is _possible_ to _apprehend_ a truth +without _comprehending_ it. The _bankrupt_ was so _arrogant_ that his +_creditors_ were not _disposed_ to be lenient with him. Most of the +questions _proposed_ by the _rector_ were answered in the _negative_. What +is the origin of the word _derivation_? The _region_ is _described_ as +healthful. The _manuscript_ was _transcribed_ and _subscribed_ by the +_author_. It is _salutary_ to be _rivals_ in all worthy _ambitions_. + + +186. SIG'NUM, _a sign_. + +SIGN: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance; +significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. _assigna're_, to designate); assignee'; +consign' (Lat. v. _consigna're_, to seal) _to intrust to another_; +consign'ment; coun'tersign, _to sign what has already been signed by +another_; design', _to plan_; design'er; des'ignate, _to name_, _to point +out_; designa'tion; en'sign, _the officer who carries the flag of a +regiment_; insig'nia, _badges of office_; resign' (-ation); sig'nature +(Lat. n. _signatu'ra_, a sign or stamp). + + +187. SIM'ILIS, _like_. + +SIMIL: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, _a formal likening or comparison_; +simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true); dissim'ilar; +assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. _v. fac'ere_, to make), an exact copy; +sim'ulate (Lat. v. _simula're_, _simula'tum_, to make like). + +Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. _dissimula're_, _dissimula'tum_, to feign); +dissem'ble (Fr. v. _dissembler_ = Lat. _dissimula're_); resem'ble (Fr. v. +_ressembler_). + + +188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, _to cause to stand, to stand_. + +SIST: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for +ex-sist), _to stand out_: hence, _to be, to live_; exist'ence; co-exist'; +pre-exist'; insist', _to stand upon, to urge firmly_; persist' (-ent, +-ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence). + + +189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, _to loosen_. + +SOLV: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; resolve'. + +SOLUT: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); res'olute (-ion). + +Sol'uble (Lat. adj. _solu'bilis_); solubil'ity. + + +190. SPEC'ERE _or_ SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio _or_ spi'cio, spec'tum, _to behold_; +Spe'cies, _a kind_. + +SPIC: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of birds); +auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. _conspic'uus_, wholly visible); +conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. _despicab'ilis_, deserving to be despised); +perspic'uous (Lat. adj. _perspic'uus_, that may be seen through); +perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious. + +SPECT: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); inspect' +(-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. n. +_prospec'tus_, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look again: hence, +to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; re'tro-spect (-ive); +suspect'. + +SPECIES: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; spec'ify (-ic, +-ication); spe'cious, _showy_. + +Spec'imen (Lat. n. _spec'imen_, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. +_spectac'ulum_, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. +_specta'tor_, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. _spec'trum_, an image); +spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), _an image_; spec'troscope (Gr. v. +_skopein_, to view), _an instrument for analysing light_; spec'ulate (Lat. +n. _spec'ula_, a lookout), _to contemplate_, _to traffic for great profit_; +specula'tion; spec'ulative. + + +191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, _to breathe_; Spir'itus, _breath, +spirit_. + +SPIR: spir'acle, _a breathing pore_; aspire' (-ant); conspire' (-acy); +expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; transpire'. + +SPIRAT: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; perspira'tion; +respira'tion; respir'atory. + +SPIRITUS: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous. + +Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of +spirit). + + +192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, _to promise_. + +SPOND: correspond', _to answer one to another_; correspond'ence; +correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: hence, to give up, to +despond); despond'ency; respond'. + +SPONS: spon'sor, _a surety_; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive); +irrespon'sible. + +Spouse (Old Fr. n. _espous_, _espouse_ = Lat. _spon'sus_, _spon'sa_); +espouse' (Old Fr. v. _espouser_ = Lat. _sponsa're_, to betroth, from +_spondere_). + + +193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (_in comp._ sti'tum, _to stand; pres. part._ +stans, stan'tis, _standing_); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, _to +cause to stand_; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, _to station, +to fix, to place_. + +STANT: cir'cumstance (from part. _circumstans'_, _circumstan'tis_, through +Lat. n. _circumstan'tia_, Fr. _circonstance_), _the condition of things +surrounding or attending an event_; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; +con'stant; con'stancy; dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, +remote, reserved); dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; +transubstan'tiate, _to change to another substance_. + +STAT: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; states'man; +stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure. + +STIT: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if awe-struck); +supersti'tious. + +STATUT: stat'ute (-ory). + +STITU: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: hence, to +establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency; +des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, in want of); +in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to commence); +restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion). + +Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. _stab'ilis_, standing firmly); stab'lish; estab'lish +(-ment); stay, literally, _to keep standing_; ar'mistice (Lat. n. _ar'ma_, +arms), _a temporary stand-still of war_; arrest' (Old Fr. _arrester_ = Lat. +_ad_ + _restare_, to stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. _contra_ + +_sta're_, to stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice +(Lat. n. _sol_, the sun). + + +194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, _to bind; to draw tight_. + +STRING: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency. + +STRICT: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, _a defined portion of a country_; +restrict' (-ion). + +Strain (Old Fr. _straindre_ = Lat. _strin'gere_); constrain'; dis-train'; +restrain'; restraint'. + + +195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, _to build, to place in order_. + +STRUCT: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; destruc'tion; +instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); superstruct'ure. + +Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. _instrumen'tum_); +instrumental'ity. + + +196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, _to take_; Sump'tus, _cost, expense_. + +SUM: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'. + +SUMPT: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. _sumptuo'sus_, expensive); sumpt'uary, +_relating to expense_; assumption; consumption; consump'tive; presump'tion; +presump'tive; presump'tuous. + + +197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, _to touch_. + +TANG: tan'gent, _a straight line which touches a circle or curve_; +tan'gible. + +TACT: tact, _peculiar faculty or skill_; con'tact; intact'. + +Attain' (Fr. v. _attaindre_, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, +_communication of disease by contact or touch_; contam'inate, _to defile, +to infect_; contig'uous; contin'gent. + +TEMPUS. (See page 48.) + + +198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum _or_ ten'tum, _to stretch_. + +TEND: tend, _to aim at, take care of_; tend'ency; attend' (-ance, -ant); +contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to stretch to), _to +purpose, to design_; portend' (literally, to stretch forward), _to presage, +to betoken_; pretend' (literally, to stretch forth), _to affect, feel_; +subtend', _to extend under_; superintend' (-ence, -ent). + +TENS: tense (adj.), _stretched_; ten'sion; intense' (-ify); osten'sible +(Lat. v. _osten'dere_, to stretch out or spread before one), _apparent_; +pretense'. + +TENT: tent, literally, _a shelter of stretched canvas_; tentac'ula, _the +feelers of certain animals_; atten'tion; atten'tive; conten'tion; +conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; +por'tent, _an ill omen_. + +199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, _to hold_; _French_ Tenir (_radical_ tain), +_to hold_. + +TEN: ten'able; ten'ant, _one who holds property under another_; ten'antry; +ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. _tenet_, literally, "he holds"), _a doctrine held +as true_; ten'ure. + +TIN (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; incon'tinent; +per'tinent; imper'tinent. + +TENT: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; reten'tion; +reten'tive; sus'tenance. + +TAIN: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' (-ment); +pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'. + +Tena'cious (Lat. adj. _te'nax, tena'cis_, holding firmly); tenac'ity; +appur'tenance, _that which belongs to something else_; contin'ue (Fr. v. +_continuer_ = Lat. _contine're_); contin'ual; contin'uance; continua'tion; +continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance (literally, the contents of a body: +hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. n. _lieu_, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. +_main_, the hand), literally, _to hold by the hand_: hence, _to support, to +uphold_; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, _a train of +attendants_. + + +200. TER'RA, _the earth_. + +TERR: ter'race (Fr. n. _terrasse_); terra'queous (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); +terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, _a small dog that goes into the +ground after burrowing animals_; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _me'dius_, +middle); subterra'nean. + +Inter, _to put in the earth, to bury_; inter'ment; disinter'. + + +201. TES'TIS, _a witness_. + +TEST: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); protest' +(-ation, -ant); prot'estantism. + +Tes'tament (Lat. n. _testamen'tum_, a will); testamen'tary; testa'tor; +tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, _not having left a will_. + + +202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, _to twist_. + +TORT: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' (-ion, -ionate); +retort'. + +Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. _tortuo'sus_, very twisted); tortuos'ity; torment' +(Lat. n. _tormen'tum_, extreme pain). + + +203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, _to draw_; _Fr._ Trair, _past part._ +Trait. + +TRACT: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' (-ion, -ive); +contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, -or); +protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion). + +Trace (Fr. n. _trace_); track (Old Fr. n. _trac_); train; trait; treat +(-ise, -ment, -y). + + +204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, _to allot, to give_. + +TRIBUT: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); distrib'ute (-ion, +-ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive. + + +205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, _to thrust_. + +TRUD: detrude', _to thrust down_; extrude'; intrude' (-er); obtrude'; +protrude'. + +TRUS: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be +understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion. + + +206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus _or_ tu'tus, _to watch_. + +TUIT: tui'tion, _instruction_; intui'tion, _the act or power of the mind by +which it at once perceives the truth of a thing without argument_; +intu'itive. + +TUT: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage. + + +207. UN'DA, _a wave_. + +UND: abun'dance, literally, condition of overflowing--(_abunda're_, to +overflow); abun'dant; superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant +(literally, running back or over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); +redundance; redun'dancy. + +Un'dulate (Lat. n. _un'dula_, a little wave); undula'tion; un'dulatory; +abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. _redonder_ = Lat. _redunda're_, +to roll back as a wave or flood). + + +208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, _to use_. + +UT: uten'sil (Lat. n. _uten'sile_, something that may be used); util'ity +(Lat. n. _util'itas_, usefulness); u'tilize. + +US: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. _usua'lis_, of +frequent use); u'sury, _illegal interest paid for the use of money_; +u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'. + + +209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, _to go_. + +VAD: evade'; invade'; pervade'. + +VAS: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive. + + +210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, _to be strong, to be of value_; Val'idus, +_strong_; Va'le, _farewell_. + +VAL: valedic'tory, _bidding farewell_; valetudina'rian (Lat. n. +_valetu'do_, state of health), _a person in ill-health_; val'iant, _brave_, +_heroic_; val'or (-ous); val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, +_regaining health_; equiv'alent (Lat. adj. _e'quus_, equal); prev'alent, +_very common or general_; prevalence. + +VAIL: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'. + +VALID: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid. + + +211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, _to come, to go_. + +VENT: vent'ure, literally, _something gone upon_; vent'uresome; ad'vent; +adventi'tious, _accidental, casual_; advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; +contraven'tion; con'vent, _a monastery, a nunnery_; conven'ticle, _a place +of assembly_; conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' +(literally, to come upon), _to find out, to contrive_; inven'tion; +invent'ive; invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive). + +Av'enue (Fr. n. _avenue_, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; +conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, _conve'niens, convenien'tis_, literally, +coming together), _suitable_; conven'ience; cov'enant _an agreement between +two parties_; intervene'; rev'enue; supervene', _to come upon, to happen_. + + +212. VER'BUM, _a word_. + +VERB: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb. + +Verba'tim (Lat. adv. _verba'tim_, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. n. +_verbiage_, wordiness). + + +213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, _to turn_. + +VERT: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind to), +_heedless_; ad'vertise, _to turn public attention to_; adver'tisement; +animadvert' (Lat. n. _an'imus_, the mind), _to turn the mind to, to +censure_; avert'; controvert', _to oppose_; convert', _to change into +another form or state_; divert'; invert', literally, _to turn the outside +in_; pervert', _to turn from the true purpose_; retrovert'; revert'; +subvert'. + +VERS: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, _the yearly_ +(Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year) _celebration of an event_; averse', _having a +dislike to_; aver'sion; con'troversy; converse' (-ant, -ation); +conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); +retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); subver'sion; subversive; +tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. _ter'gum_, the back), _a subterfuge_; transverse', +_lying or being across_; u'niverse (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one), _the system of +created things_; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, _a universal school in +which are taught all branches of learning_. + +Verse (Lat. n. _ver'sus_, a furrow), _a line in poetry_; ver'sify; +versifica'tion; ver'sion, _that which is turned from one language into +another, a statement_; ver'satile (Lat. adj. _versat'ilis_, turning with +ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), _the summit_; vertical; vertebra (pl. +ver'tebræ); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. _vor'tex_, a +whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. _divorce_), _a separation_. + + +214. VE'RUS, _true_; Ve'rax, vera'cis, _veracious_. + +VER: ver'dict (Lat. n. _dic'tum_, a saying), _the decision of a jury_; +ver'ify, _to prove to be true; _verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. _ver'itas_, +truth); ver'itable; verisim'ilar, _truth-like_; verisimil'itude; aver', _to +declare truer_; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y. + +VERAC: v'era'cious; verac'ity. + + +215. VI'A, _a way_. + +VIA: vi'aduct (Lat. v. _du'cere, duc'tum_, to lead); viat'icum (Lat. n. +_viat'icum_, literally, traveling money), _the sacrament administered to a +dying person_; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; ob'viate, _to meet in the way, to +remove_; ob'vious; per'vious, _affording a passage through_; imper'vious. + +Voy'age (Fr. n. _voyage_); convoy', _to escort_; en'voy (Fr. v. _envoyer_, +to send), _one sent on a special mission_; triv'ial (Lat. n. _triv'ium_, a +cross road), _trifling_; trivial'ity. + + +216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, _to see_. + +VID: ev'ident, _clearly seen; _ev'idence; invid'ious, literally, _looking +against_: hence, _likely to provoke envy_; provide', _to look out for, to +supply_; prov'idence; prov'ident. + +VIS: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, _expedient_; +im'provise, _to compose and recite without premeditation_; provis'ion; +revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or. + +View (Fr. v. _voir_, to see, _vu_, seen); review'; in'terview; vis'age (Fr. +n. _visage_, the countenance); vis'it (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, _part of +a helmet perforated to see through; _vis'ta (It. n. _vista_, sight), _a +prospect as seen through an avenue of trees _; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. +_envie_ = Lat. _invid'ia_, from _invide're_, to see against); in'voice (It. +n. _avviso_, notice), _a priced list of goods_; peruse' (Lat. v. +_pervide're, pervi'sum_, to look through); provi'so, _a stipulation_; +pru'dent (Lat. adj. _pru'dens _from _prov'idens_); pru'dence; purvey', _to +look out for in the way of buying provisions_; purvey'or; survey' (-or). + + +217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, _to conquer_. + +VINC: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', _to show clearly_ + +VICT: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', _to prove guilty of crime_; +evict', _to dispossess_; evic'tion. + +Vanquish (Fr. v. _vaincre, vaincu_ = Lat. _vin'cere_); prov'ince (Fr. n. +_province_ = Lat. _provin'cia_, literally, a conquered country). + + +218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, _to call_; Vox, vo'cis, _the voice_. + +VOCAT: voca'tion, literally, _calling, occupation_; voc'ative, _the case of +a noun in which the subject is called, or addressed_; ad'vocate _to plead +for_; convoca'tion, _an assembly, a meeting_; equivocate (Lat. adj. +_e'quus_, equal), _to use words of doubtful meaning_; equivoca'tion; +evoca'tion, _act of calling forth_; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; +provo'cative; revoca'tion. + +VOC: vo'cable (Lat. n. _vocab'ulum_, that which is sounded with the voice), +_a word_; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, _to cry with a loud +voice_; ad'vocacy, _a pleading for, a defense_; irrev'ocable. + +Voice (Fr. n. _voix_ = Lat. _vox), sound uttered by the mouth_; vouch, _to +call out, or affirm strongly_; vow'el (Fr. n. _vouelle_, a voice-sound); +advow'son, _right of perpetual calling to a benefice_; convoke', _to call +together_; evoke'; invoke'; revoke'. + + +219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, _to roll_. + +VOLV: circumvolve'; convolve', _to roll together_; devolve'; evolve'; +involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist). + +VOLUT: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, -ize). + +Vol'ume (Lat. n. _volu'men_, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled +up), _a single book_; volute', _a kind of rolled or spiral scroll_; +vol'uble, literally, _rolling easily_: hence, _having great fluency of +speech_; convol'vulus, _a genus of twining plants_; revolt'. + + +220. VUL'GUS, _the common people_. + +VULG: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, _a Latin version of the +Scriptures_. + +Divulge', _to make known something before kept secret_; divulge'ment; +promulgate (-ion). + + + + +PART III.--THE GREEK ELEMENT. + + +I.--GREEK PREFIXES. + +PREFIX SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION + + +a- = _without_; a-pathy state of being _without_ +an- _not_ an-omalous feeling. + _not_ similar. + +amphi- = _around_; amphi-theater place for seeing all + _both_ amphi-bious _around_. + living in _both_ land and + water. + +ana- = _back_, ana-logy reasoning _back_. + _throughout_ ana-lysis loosening _throughout_. + +anti- = _against_; anti-pathy a feeling _against_. +ant- _opposite_ ant-arctic _opposite_ the Arctic. + +apo- = _away_; apo-stle one sent _out_. +ap- _out_ ap-helion _away_ from the sun. + +cata- = _down_ or cata-ract a rushing _down_. +cat- _against_ cat-arrh a flowing _down_. + +dia- = _through_ or dia-meter measure _through_ the + _across_ dia-logue center. + speaking _across_ (from + one another). + +dis- = _two_, dis-syllable word of _two_ syllables. +di- _double_ di-lemma a _double_ assumption. + +dys- = _ill_ dys-pepsia _ill_ digestion. + +ec- = _out of_ ec-centric _out of_ the center. +ex- ex-odies an _outgoing_. + +Note--EX- is used before a root beginning with a vowel. + +en- = _in_ or en-ergy power _in_ one. +em- _on_ em-phasis stress _on_. + +epi- = _upon_; epi-dermis skin _upon_ skin. +ep- _for_ ep-hemeral lasting _for_ a day. + +Note--EP- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a _h_ aspirate + +eu- = _well_ or eu-phonic sounding _well_. +ev- _good_ ev-angel _good_ news. + +hemi- = _half_ hemi-sphere _half_ a sphere + +hyper- = _over_ or hyper-critical _over_-critical. + _beyond_ hyper-borean _beyond_ the North. + +hypo- = _under_ hypo-thesis a placing _under_ (= Lat. + supposition.) + +meta- = _beyond_; meta-physics science _beyond_ physics. +met- _transference_ met-onymy _transference_ of name. + +para- = _by the_ par-helion mock sun _by the side of_ +par- _side of_ the real. + +peri- = around peri-meter the measure _around_ + anything. + +pro- = before pro-gramme something written + _before_. + +pros- = to pros-elyte one coming _to_ a new + religion. + +syn- _with_ syn-thesis placing _together_. +sy- = or sy-stem part _with_ part. +syl- _together_ syl-lable letters taken _together_. +sym- sym-pathy feeling _together_. + +NOTE.--The form SY- is used before _s_; SYL- before _l_, SYM- before _b, p_ +or _m_. + + +II.--GREEK ALPHABET. + +Α α a _Alpha._ +Β β * b _Beta._ +Γ γ g _Gamma._ +Δ δ d _Delta._ +Ε ε e as in _met_ _Epsilon._ +Ζ ζ z _Zeta._ +Η η e as in _me_ _Eta._ +Θ θ * th _Theta._ +Ι ι i _Iota_ +Κ κ k _Kappa._ +Λ λ l _Lambda._ +Μ μ m _Mu._ +Ν ν n _Nu._ +Ξ ξ x _Xi._ +Ο ο o as in _not_ _Omicron._ +Π π * p _Pi_ +Ρ ρ r _Rho._ +Σ ς, ς final s _Sigma._ +Τ τ t _Tau._ +Υ υ u, or y _Upsilon._ +Φ φ ph _Phi._ +Χ χ ch _Chi._ +Ψ ψ ps _Psi._ +Ω ω o as in _no_ _Omega._ + +Pronunciation of Greek Words. + +_Gamma_ has always the hard sound of _g_, as in _give_. + +_Kappa_ is represented by _c_ in English words, although in Greek it has +but one sound, that of our _k_. + +_Upsilon_ is represented by _y_ in English words; in Greek it has always +the sound of _u_ in mute. + +_Chi_ is represented in English by _ch_ having the sound of _k_; as in +_chronic_. + +In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there +are vowels and diphthongs. + +An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our _h_ +precedes that letter. + + +GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + +DIVISION I.--PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS. + + +1. A'ER (αηρ), _the air_. + +A'ERATE, _to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid_. + +A-E'RIAL, _belonging to the air_. + +A'ERIFORM, _having the form of air_. + +A'EROLITE (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _a meteoric stone_. + +A'ERONAUT (Gr. n. _nau'tēs_, a sailor), _a balloonist_. + +AEROSTA'TION, _aerial navigation_. + +AIR, _the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a person_. + +AIR'Y, _open to the air; gay, sprightly_. + + +2. AG'EIN (αγειν), _to lead_. + +APAGO'GE, _a leading away; an indirect argument_ + +DEM'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _a misleader of the people_. + +PARAGO'GE (literally, a leading or extension beyond), _the addition of a +letter or syllable to the end of a word_. + +PED'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _pais_, a child), _a schoolmaster; a pedantic person_.. + +SYN'AGOGUE, _a Jewish place of worship_. + + +3. A'GON (αγων), a contest. + +AG'ONY, _extreme pain_. + +AG'ONIZE, _to be in agony_. + +ANTAG'ONISM, _direct opposition_. + +ANTAG'ONIST, _or_ ANTAGONIS'TIC, _contending against_. + + +4. ANG'ELLEIN (αγγελλειν), _to bring tidings_; ANG'ELLOS (αγγελλος), +_a messenger_. + +AN'GEL, _a spiritual messenger_. + +ANGEL'IC, _relating to an angel_. + +ARCHAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _archi-_, chief), _an angel of the highest order_. + +EVAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _eu_, well), _good tidings; the gospel_. + +EVAN'GELIST, _one of the writers of the four gospels_. + + +5. AR'CHE (αρχη), _beginning, government, chief_. + +AN'ARCHY, _want of government_. + +AR'CHITECT (Gr. n. _tek'tōn_, workman), literally, _a chief builder, one +who devises plans for buildings_. + +AR'CHIVES, _records_. + +HEP'TARCHY (Gr. _hepta_, seven), _a sevenfold government_. + +HI'ERARCHY (Gr. adj. _hi'eros_, sacred), _dominion in sacred things; a +sacred body of rulers_. + +MON'ARCH (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _one who rules alone, a sovereign_. + +MON'ARCHY, _government by one person, a kingdom_. + +OLIGARCHY (Gr. adj. _ol'igos_, few), _government by a few, an aristocracy_. + +PA'TRIARCH (Gr. n. _pat'ēr_, a father), _the father and ruler of a family_. + +PATRIAR'CHAL, _relating to patriarchs_. + + +6. AS'TRON (αστρον), _a star_. + +AS'TERISK, _a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes +to mark an omission of words_. + +AS'TEROID (Gr. adj. _ei'dos_, like), _one of the numerous small planets +between Mars and Jupiter_. + +AS'TRAL, _belonging to the stars_. + +ASTROL'OGY, _the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars_. + +ASTRON'OMY (Gr. n. _nom'os_, a law), _the science that treats of the +stars_. + +ASTRON'OMER, _one skilled in astronomy_. + +DISAS'TER, _calamity, misfortune_. + +DISAS'TROUS, _unlucky; calamitous_. + + +7. AU'TOS (αυτος), _one's self_. + +AUTOBIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life, _graph'ein_, to write), _the life of +a person written by himself_. + +AU'TOCRAT (Gr. n. _krat'os_, power), _an absolute ruler_. + +AUTOCRAT'IC, _like an autocrat_. + +AU'TOGRAPH, _one's own handwriting_. + +AUTOM'ATON (Gr. _mema'otes_, striving after), _a self-acting machine_. + +AUTHEN'TIC, _genuine, true_. + +AUTHENTIC'ITY, _genuineness_. + + +8. BAL'LEIN (βαλλειν), _to throw or cast_. + +EM'BLEM, _a representation; a type_. + +EMBLEMAT'ICAL, _containing an emblem_. + +HYPER'BOLE, _a figure of speech which represents things greater or less +than they are_. + +PAR'ABLE, _a story which illustrates some fact or doctrine_. + +PARAB'OLA, _one of the conic sections_. + +PROB'LEM, _a question proposed for solution_. + +SYM'BOL, _a sign; a representation_. + +SYMBOLICAL, _representing by signs_. + + +9. BAP'TEIN (βαπτειν), _to wash, to dip_. + +BAP'TISM, _a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which the individual +is sprinkled with or immersed in water_. + +BAPTIZE', _to sprinkle with or immerse in water_. + +BAPTISMAL, _pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows_. + +BAP'TIST, _one who approves only of baptism by immersion_. + +ANABAP'TIST, _one who believes that only adults should be baptized_. + +CATABAP'TIST, _one opposed to baptism_. + +PEDOBAP'TISM (Gr. _pais_, _paidos_, a child), _infant baptism_. + + +10. CHRON'OS (χρονος), time. + +CHRON'IC, _lasting a long time_; _periodical_. + +CHRON'ICLE, _a record of events in the order of time_; _a history recording +facts in order of time_. + +CHRONOL'OGY, _the science of computing the dates of past events_. + +CHRONOM'ETER (Gr. n. _me'tron_, a measure), _an instrument for measuring +time_. + +ANACH'RONISM, _an error in computing time_. + +SYN'CHRONAL, SYN'CHRONOUS, _existing at the same time_. + + +11. GRAM'MA (γραμμα), _a letter_ + +GRAM'MAR, _the science of language_. + +GRAMMA'RIAN, _one skilled in or who teaches grammar_. + +GRAMMAT'ICAL, _according to the rules of grammar_. + +AN'AGRAM, _the change of one word into another by transposing the letters_. + +DI'AGRAM, _a writing or drawing made for illustration_. + +EP'IGRAM, _a short poem ending with a witty thought_. + +MON'OGRAM (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _a character composed of several +letters interwoven_. + +PRO'GRAMME, _order of any entertainment_. + +TEL'EGRAM (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _a message sent by telegraph_. + + +12. GRAPH'EIN (γραφειν), _to write_. + +GRAPH'IC, _well delineated; giving vivid description_. + +AU'TOGRAPH. See _au'tos_. + +BIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life), _the history of a life_. + +CALIG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _beautiful writing_. + +GEOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _gē_, the earth), _a description of the earth_. + +HISTORIOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _histo'ria_, history), _one appointed to write +history_. + +HOL'OGRAPH (Gr. adj. _hol'os_, whole), _a deed or will wholly written by +the grantor or testator_. + +LEXICOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _lex'icon_, a dictionary), _the compiler of a +dictionary_. + +LITH'OGRAPH (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _an impression of a drawing made +on stone_. + +LITHOG'RAPHY, _the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone_. + +ORTHOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _or'thos_, correct), _the correct spelling of +words_. + +PHO'NOGRAPH (Gr. n. _pho'ne_, sound), _an instrument for the mechanical +registration and reproduction of audible sounds_. + +PHONOG'RAPHY, _a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using +the phonograph_. + +PHOTOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _phos, phot'os_, light), _the art of producing +pictures by light_. + +STENOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _sten'os_, narrow), _the art of writing in +short-hand_. + +TEL'EGRAPH (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _an apparatus for conveying +intelligence to a distance by means of electricity_. + +TOPOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _top'os_, a place), _the description of a particular +place_. + +TYPOGRAPHY (Gr. n. _tu'pos_, a type), _the art or operation of printing_. + + +13. HOD'OS ('οδος), _a way_. + +EP'ISODE, _an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative_. + +EX'ODUS, _departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament_. + +METH'OD, _order, system, way, manner_. + +METH'ODIST, _the followers of John Wesley_. (The name has reference to the +strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians). + +PE'RIOD (Gr. n. _period'os_, a passage round), _the time in which anything +is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark_. + +SYN'OD, _a meeting of ecclesiastics_. + + +14. HU'DOR ('υδορ), _water_. + +HY'DRA, _a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules_. + +HYDRAN'GEA, _a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water_. + +HY'DRANT, _a water-plug_. + +HYDRAU'LIC (Gr. n. _au'los_, a pipe), _relating to the motion of water +through pipes; worked by water_. + +HYDRAU'LICS, _the science which treats of fluids in motion_. + +HYDROCEPH'ALUS (Gr. n. _keph'ale_, the head), _dropsy of the head_. + +HY'DROGEN (Gr. v. _gen'ein_, to beget), _a gas which with oxygen produces +water_. + +HYDROG'RAPHY, _the art of maritime surveying and mapping_. + +HYDROP'ATHY (Gr. n. _path'os_, feeling), _the water-cure_. + +HYDROPHO'BIA (Gr. n. _phob'os_, fear), literally, _dread of water; canine +madness_. + +HY'DROPSY, _a collection of water in the body_. ("Dropsy" is a contraction +of _hydropsy_). + +HYDROSTAT'ICS, _the science which treats of fluids at rest_. + + +15. KRAT'OS (χρατος), _rule, government, strength_. + +ARISTOC'RACY (Gr. adj. _aris'tos_, best), _government by nobles_. + +ARIS'TOCRAT, _one who favors aristocracy_. + +AU'TOCRAT. See _au'tos_. + +DEMOC'RACY (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _government by the people_. + +DEM'OCRAT, _one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of +the democratic party_. + +THEOC'RACY, _government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient +Jewish state_. + + +16. LOG'OS (λογος), _speech, ratio, description, science_. + +LOG'IC, _the science and art of reasoning_. + +LOGI'CIAN, _one skilled in logic_. + +LOG'ARITHMS (Gr. n. _arith'mos_, number), _a class of numbers that abridge +arithmetical calculations_. + +ANAL'OGY, _a resemblance of ratios_. + +AP'OLOGUE, _a moral fable_. + +APOL'OGY, _a defense, an excuse_. + +CAT'ALOGUE, _a list of names in order_. + +CHRONOL'OGY. (See _chronos_.) + +CONCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _kon'chos_, a shell), _the science of shells_. + +DEC'ALOGUE (Gr. _dek'a_, ten), _the ten commandments_. + +DOXOL'OGY (Gr. n. _doxa_, glory), _a hymn expressing glory to God_. + +EC'LOGUE, _a pastoral poem_. + +ENTOMOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ento'ma_, insects, and v. _tem'nein_, to cut), _the +natural history of insects_. + +EP'ILOGUE, _a short poem or speech at the end of a play_. + +ETYMOL'OGY (Gr. _et'umon_, true source), _a part of grammar; the science of +the derivation of words_. + +EU'LOGY, _praise, commendation_. + +GENEAL'OGY (Gr. n. _gen'os_, birth), _history of the descent of families_. + +GEOL'OGY (Gr. n. _gē_, the earth), _the science which treats of the +internal structure of the earth_. + +MINERAL'OGY, _the science of minerals_. + +MYTHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _mu'thos_, a fable), _a system or science of fables_. + +ORNITHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _or'nis, or'nithos_, a bird), _the natural history of +birds_. + +PATHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _path'os_, suffering), _that part of medicine which +treats of the causes and nature of diseases_. + +PHILOL'OGY (Gr. _phil'os_, loving, fond of), _the science which treats of +languages_. + +PHRENOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phrén_, the mind), _the art of reading the mind from +the form of the skull_. + +PHYSIOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phu'sis_, nature), _the science which treats of the +organism of plants and animals_. + +PRO'LOGUE, _verses recited as introductory to a play_. + +PSYCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _psu'che_, the soul), _mental philosophy; doctrine of +man's spiritual nature_. + +SYL'LOGISM, _a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions_. + +TAUTOL'OGY (Gr. _tau'to_, the same), _a repetition of the same idea in +different words_. + +TECHNOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tech'ne_, art), _a description of the arts_. + +THEOL'OGY. See _theos_. + +TOXICOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tox'icon_, poison) _the science which treats of +poisons and their effects_. + +ZOOL'OGY (Gr. n. _zo'on_, an animal), _that part of natural history which +treats of animals_. + + +17. MET'RON (μετρον) _a measure_. + +ME'TER, _arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length_. + +MET'RIC, _denoting measurement_. + +MET'RICAL, _pertaining to meter_. + +ANEMOM'ETER (Gr. n. _an'emos_, the wind), _an instrument measuring the +force and velocity of the wind_. + +BAROM'ETER (Gr. n. _ba'ros_, weight), _an instrument that indicates changes +in the weather_. + +DIAM'ETER, _measure through anything_. + +GEOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a branch of mathematics_. + +HEXAM'ETER (Gr. _hex_, six), _a line of six poetic feet_. + +HYDROM'ETER (Gr. n. _hu'dor_, water), _an instrument for determining the +specific gravities of liquids_. + +HYGROM'ETER (Gr. adj. _hu'gros_, wet), _an instrument for measuring the +degree of moisture of the atmosphere_. + +PENTAM'ETER (Gr. _pen'te_, five), _a line of five poetic feet_. + +PERIM'ETER, _the external boundary of a body or figure_. + +SYM'METRY, _the proportion or harmony of parts_. + +THERMOM'ETER (Gr. adj. _ther'mos_, warm), _an instrument for measuring the +heat of bodies_. + +TRIGONOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _trigo'non_, a triangle), _a branch of mathematics_. + + +18. MON'OS (μονος), _sole, alone_. + +MON'ACHISM, _the condition of monks; a monastic life_. + +MON'AD, _something ultimate and indivisible_. + +MON'ASTERY, _a house of religious retirement_. + +MONK (Gr. n. _mon'achos_), _a religious recluse_. + +MONOG'AMY (Gr. n. _gam'os_, MARRIAGE), _the marriage of one wife only_. + +MON'OLOGUE (Gr. n. _log'os_), _a speech uttered by a person alone_. + +MONOMA'NIA (Gr. n. _ma'nia_, madness), _madness confined to one subject_. + +MONOP'OLY (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), _the sole power of selling anything_. + +MONOSYL'LABLE, _a word of one syllable_. + +MON'OTHEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the belief in the existence of only +one God_. + +MON'OTONE, _uniformity of tone_. + +MONOT'ONY, _sameness of sound; want of variety_. + + +19. O'DE (ωδε), _a song_. + +ODE, _a lyric poem_. + +MEL'ODY (Gr. n. _mel'os_, a song), _an agreeable succession of musical +sounds_. + +PAR'ODY, _the alteration of the works of an author to another subject_. + +PROS'ODY, _the study of versification_. + +PSAL'MODY, _the practice of singing psalms_. + +TRAG'EDY (Gr. n. _trag'os_, a goat[9]), _a dramatic representation of a sad +or calamitous event_. + +EXERCISE. + +The _periods_ of _astronomy_ go far beyond any _chronology_. The +_phonograph_ and the _telegraph_ are both American inventions. By the aid +of a _diagram_ the _problem_ was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the _Autocrat_ +of the Breakfast Table, has written many _parodies_. In the struggle +between _monarchy_ and _democracy_ Mexico has often been in a state of +_anarchy_. His _antagonist_ suffered great _agony_ from the _disaster_ that +occurred. The _eulogy_ pronounced on the great _zoölogist_ Agassiz was well +deserved. What is the _etymological_ distinction between _geography_ and +_geology_? The _aeronaut_ took with him a _barometer_, a _thermometer_, and +a _chronometer_. I owe you an _apology_ for not better knowing your +_genealogy. Typography_ has been well called "the art preservative of all +the arts." Who is called the great American _lexicographer? Tautology_ is +to be avoided by all who make any pretence to _grammar_. One may be a +_democrat_ without being a _demagogue_. You cannot be an _architect_ +without knowing _geometry. Zoology_ shows that there is great _symmetry_ in +the structure of animals. The pretensions of _astrology_ are now dissipated +into thin _air_. Many persons skilled in _physiology_ do not believe in +hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in _hexameter_, and +Milton's "Paradise Lost" in _pentameter_. + + +20. ON'OMA (ονομα), _a name_. + +ANON'YMOUS, _without a name_. + +METON'YMY, _a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another_. + +ON'OMATOPOE'IA, _the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense_. + +PARON'YMOUS, _of like derivation_. + +PATRONYM'IC (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _a name derived from a parent or +ancestor_. + +PSEU'DONYM (Gr. adj. _pseu'des_, false), _a fictitious name_. + +SYN'ONYM, _a word having the same meaning as another in the same language_. + + +21. PAN (παν, παντος), _all; whole_. + +PANACE'A (Gr. v. _ak'eomai_, I cure), _a universal cure_. + +PAN'CREAS (Gr. n. _kre'as_, flesh), _a fleshy gland situated at the bottom +of the stomach_. + +PAN'DECT, _a treatise which combines the whole of any science_. + +PANEGYR'IC (Gr. n. _ag'ora_, an assembly), _an oration in praise of some +person or event_. + +PAN'OPLY (Gr. n. _hop'la_, armor), _a complete suit of armor_. + +PANORA'MA (Gr. n. _hor'ama_, a sight or view), _a large picture gradually +unrolled before an assembly_. + +PAN'THEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the doctrine that nature is God_. + +PAN'THEON, _a temple dedicated to all the gods_. + +PAN'TOMIME, _a scene or representation in dumb show_. + + +22. PA'THOS (παθος), _suffering, feeling_. + +PATHET'IC, _affecting the emotions_. + +PATHOL'OGY, _the science of diseases_. + +ALLOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_. + +ANTIP'ATHY, _dislike, aversion_. + +AP'ATHY, _want of feeling_. + +HOMEOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_. + +HYDROP'ATHY. See _hudor_. + +SYM'PATHY, _fellow-feeling_. + + +23. PHIL'OS (φιλος), _a friend, a lover_. + +PHILADEL'PHIA (Gr. n. _adel'phos_, a brother), literally, _the city of +brotherly love_. + +PHILANTHROPY (Gr. n. _anthro'pos_, a man), _love of mankind_. + +PHILHARMON'IC (Gr. n. _harmo'nia_, harmony), _loving harmony or music_. + +PHILOS'OPHY (Gr. n. _sophi'a_, wisdom), _the general laws or principles +belonging to any department of knowledge_. + +PHILOS'OPHER, _one versed in philosophy or science_. + +PHILOSOPH'IC, PHILOSOPH'ICAL, _relating to philosophy_. + + +24. PHA'NEIN (φαινειν), _to cause to appear_; PHANTA'SIA (φαντασια), +_an image, an idea_. + +DIAPH'ANOUS, _translucent_. + +EPIPH'ANY, _the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by +the star of Bethlehem_. + +FAN'CY, _a pleasing image; a conceit or whim_. + +FAN'CIFUL, _full of fancy; abounding in wild images_. + +FANTA'SIA, _a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary +musical rules_. + +PHAN'TOM, _a specter, an apparation_. + +PHASE, _an appearance_. + +PHENOM'ENON, _anything presented to the senses by experiment or +observation; an unusual appearance_. + +SYC'OPHANT (Gr. n. _sukon_, a fig, and, literally, an informer against +stealers of figs), _a mean flatterer_. + + +25. PHO'NE (φωνη), _a sound_. + +PHONET'IC, PHON'IC _according to sound_. + +EU'PHONY, _an agreeable sound of words_. + +SYM'PHONY, _harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full +band of instruments_. + + +26. PHOS (φως, φωτος), _light_. + +PHOS'PHORUS (Gr. v. _pherein_, to bear), _a substance resembling wax, +highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark_. + +PHOS'PHATE, _a salt of phosphoric acid_. + +PHOSPHORES'CENT, _luminous in the dark_. + +PHOSPHOR'IC, _relating to or obtained from phosphorus_. + +PHOTOG'RAPHY. See _graphein_. + + +27. PHU'SIS (φυσις), _nature_. + +PHYS'IC, _medicines_. + +PHYS'ICAL, _natural; material; relating to the body_. + +PHYSI'CIAN, _one skilled in the art of healing_. + +PHYS'ICIST, _a student of nature_. + +PHYS'ICS, _natural philosophy_. + +PHYSIOG'NOMY (Gr. n. _gno'mon_, a judge), _the art of discerning the +character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of +features or countenance_. + +PHYSIOL'OGY. See _logos_. + +METAPHYS'ICS, literally, _after or beyond physics_; hence, _the science of +mind_. + +METAPHYSI'CIAN, _one versed in metaphysics_. + + +28. POL'IS (πολις), _a city_. + +POLICE', _the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a +city_. + +POL'ICY, _the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public +affairs; prudence_. + +POL'ITIC, _wise, expedient_. + +POLIT'ICAL, _relating to politics_. + +POLITI'CIAN, _one devoted to politics_. + +POL'ITICS, _the art or science of government; struggle of parties_. + +POL'ITY, _the constitution of civil government_. + +ACROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _ak'ros_, high), _a citadel_. + +COSMOP'OLITE (Gr. n. _kos'mos_, the world), _a citizen of the world_. + +METROP'OLIS (Gr. n. _me'ter_, a mother), _the chief city of a country_. + +NECROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _nek'ros_, dead), _a burial-place; a city of the +dead_. + + +29. RHE'O ('ρεω), _I flow, I speak_. + +RHET'ORIC, _the art of composition; the science of oratory_. + +RHETORI'CIAN, _one skilled in rhetoric_. + +RHEU'MATISM, _a disease of the limbs_ (so called because the ancients +supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors). + +RES'IN, _a gum which flows from certain trees_. + +CATARRH', _a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head_. + +DIARRHOE'A, _purging_. + +HEM'ORRHAGE (Gr. n. _haima_, blood), _a flowing of blood_. + + +30. SKOP'EIN (σκοπειν), _to see, to watch_. + +SCOPE, _space, aim, intention_. + +BISH'OP (Gr. n. _epis'kopos_, overseer), _a clergyman who has charge of a +diocese_. + +EPIS'COPACY, _church government by bishops_. + +EPIS'COPAL, _relating to episcopacy_. + +KALEI'DOSCOPE (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _an optical instrument in +which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of +position_. + +MI'CROSCOPE (Gr. adj. _mik'ros_, small), _an instrument for examining small +objects_. + +MICROS'COPIST, _one skilled in the use of the microscope_. + +STETH'OSCOPE (Gr. n. _steth'os_, the breast), _an instrument for examining +the state of the chest by sound_. + +TEL'ESCOPE (Gr. _te'le_, afar off), _an instrument for viewing objects far +off_. + + +31. TAK'TOS (τακτος), _arranged_; TAX'IS (ταξις), _arrangement_. + +TAC'TICS, _the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces_; +_the science or art which relates to these_. + +TACTI'CIAN, _one skilled in tactics_. + +SYN'TAX, _the arrangement of words into sentences_. + +SYNTAC'TICAL, _relating to syntax_. + +TAX'IDERMY (Gr. n. _der'ma_, skin), _the art of preparing and arranging the +skins of animals in their natural appearance_. + +TAX'IDERMIST, _one skilled in taxidermy_. + + +32. TECH'NE (τεχνη), _art_. + +TECH'NICAL, _relating to an art or profession_. + +TECHNICAL'ITY, _a technical expression_; _that which is technical_. + +TECHNOL'OGY, _a treatise on or description of the arts_. + +TECHNOL'OGIST, _one skilled in technology_. + +POLYTECH'NIC (Gr. adj. _pol'us_, many), _comprising many arts_. + +PYR'OTECHNY (Gr. n. _pur_, fire), _the art of making fireworks_. + + +33. THE'OS (θεος), _God_. + +THE'ISM, _belief in the existence of a God_. + +THEO'CRACY. (See _kratos_.) + +THEO'LOGY. (See _logos_.) + +APOTHEO'SIS, _glorification, deification_. + +A'THEISM, _disbelief in the existence of God_. + +A'THEIST, _one who does not believe in the existence of God_. + +ENTHU'SIASM, _heat of imagination_; _ardent zeal_. + +PAN'THEISM. (See _pan_.) + +POL'YTHEISM (Gr. adj. _polus_, many), _the doctrine of a plurality of +Gods_. + + +34. TITH'ENI (τιθεναι), _to place, to set_. + +THEME, _a subject set forth for discussion_. + +THE'SIS, _a proposition set forth for discussion_. + +ANATH'EMA, _an ecclesiastical curse_. + +ANTITHESIS, _opposition or contrast in words or deeds_. + +HYPOTH'ESIS, _a supposition_. + +PAREN'THESIS, _something inserted in a sentence which is complete without +it_. + +SYN'THESIS, _a putting together, as opposed to analysis_. + + +35. TON'OS (τονος), _tension, tone_. + +TONE, _tension, vigor, sound_. + +TON'IC, adj. _increasing tension or vigor_; n. _a medicine which increases +strength_. + +TUNE, _a series of musical notes on a particular key_. + +ATTUNE', _to make musical_; _to make one sound agree with another_. + +BAR'YTONE (Gr. adj. _ba'rus_, heavy), _a male voice_. + +DIATON'IC, _proceeding by tones and semitones_. + +IN'TONATE, _to sound; to modulate the voice_. + +INTONE', _to give forth a slow, protracted sound_. + +SEM'ITONE, _half a tone_. + + +REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES. + +1. Derivation of "antithesis"?--Compose an example of an antithesis.--Point +out the antithesis in the following:-- + + "The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself." + "A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits." + "Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull, + Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full." + +2. Derivation of "hypothesis."--Give an adjective formed from this +noun.--What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? _Ans. +Supposition_.--Show this. _Ans_. Supposition is composed of sub = hypo +(under), and position (from _ponere_, to place) = thesis, a placing--What +adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? _Ans. +Supposititious._ + +3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?--Compose a parenthetical sentence. + +4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?--Give the distinction _Ans. +Analysis_ is taking apart, _synthesis_ is putting together--What adjective +is derived from the noun "synthesis"? + +5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? _Ans. Demagogic_ or +_demagogical_--Define it--Compose a sentence containing the word +"demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of +a _demagogue_." + +6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? _Ans. Pedagogic_--What would +the "_pedagogic_ art" mean?--Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a +complimentary sense?--Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense. + +7. Derivation of "anarchy"?--Compose a sentence containing this word. +MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by +_anarchy_." + +8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? _Ans. Monarchical_--Define +it.--Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical +government?--What is the ruler of a monarchy called? + +9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the +Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under +the rule of an _oligarchy_." + +10. From what root is "democracy" derived?--What adjective is formed from +"democracy"?--Is Russia at present a _democracy_?--Can you mention any +ancient governments that for a time were democracies? + +11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?--What noun will denote one +who believes in aristocracy? _Ans. Aristocrat_--What does "aristocrat" +ordinarily mean? _Ans._ A proud or haughty person who holds himself above +the common people. + +12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"? + +13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence. + +14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? _Ans. Diametrical_--What +adverb is formed from "diametrical"?--What is meant by the expression +"_diametrically_ opposed"? + +15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? _Ans. Astrology_--Give +the derivative of this word.--What word denotes one who is skilled in +astronomy?--Form an adjective from "astronomy."--Compose a sentence +containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of +_astronomy_ are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton." + +16. From what root is "telescope" derived?--Combine and define telescop + +ic.--Compose a sentence using the word "telescope." + +17. From what root is "microscope" derived?--Combine and define microscop + +ic.--What single word denotes microscopic animals? _Ans. +Animalculæ_.--Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL: +"As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the _microscope_ +reveals the infinitely little." + +18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we +sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in +the lines: + + 'The reason why I cannot tell, + I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'" + +19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"? + +20. Derivation of "sympathy"?--Give a synonym of this Greek derivative. +_Ans. Compassion_.--Show why they are literal synonyms. _Ans._ Sym = con or +com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.--Give an English +derivative expressing the same thing. _Ans. Fellow-feeling._ + +21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?--Form an adjective from +"autocrat."--Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?--Could the +Queen of England be called an _autocrat_?--Why not? + +22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are +only two or three _autographs_ of Shakespeare in existence." + +23. Derivation of "automaton"?--Illustrate the signification of the word by +a sentence. + +24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir +to"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea." + +25. Derivation of "panoply"?--In the following sentence is "panoply" used +in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian +_panoply_, to put on the whole armor of God." + +26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?--What word is used to +denote one who believes in pantheism? + +27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many +gods?--Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would +designate a temple dedicated to _all_ the gods? + +28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."--Compose a sentence +using the word "panorama." + +29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?--Illustrate its meaning by a +sentence.--Form an adjective from "eulogy." + +30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?--Give an example of a pseudonym. + + +DIVISION II.--ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR +DERIVATIVES. + +ACH'OS, _pain_--ache, headache. +AINIG'MA, _a riddle_--enigma. +AK'ME, _a point_--acme. +AKOU'EIN, _to hear_--acoustics. +AK'ROS, _high_--_acropolis (polis)._ +ALLEL'ON, _each other_--parallel, parallelogram. +AN'ER, _a man_--Andrew, Alexander. +AN'THOS, _a flower_--anther, anthology, polyanthus. +ANTHRO'POS, _a man_--anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, + philanthropist, philanthropy. +ARK'TOS, _a bear_--arctic, antarctic. +AR'GOS, _idle_--lethargy, lethargic. +ARIS'TOS, _best_--aristocrat _(kratos)_, aristocracy, aristocratic. +ARITH'MOS, _number_--arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic. +ARO'MA, _spice, odor_--aromatic. +ARTE'RIA, _a bloodvessel_--artery, arterial. +ASK'EIN, _to discipline_--ascetic, asceticism. +ASPHAL'TOS, _pitch_--asphalt. +ATH'LOS, _a contest_--athlete, athletic. +AT'MOS, _vapor, smoke_--atmosphere, atmospheric. +AU'LOS, _a pipe_--hydraulic. + +BAL'SAMON, _balsam_--balm, embalm. +BA'ROS, _weight_--barometer, barytes. +BA'SIS, _the bottom_--base, baseless, basement, basis. +BIB'LION, _a book_--bible, biblical. +BI'OS, _life_--biography, biology. +BO'TANE, _a plant_--botanic, botanical, botanist, botany. +BRON'CHOS, _the throat_--bronchial, bronchitis. +BUS'SOS, _bottom_--abyss. + +CHA'LUPS, _steel_--chalybeate. +CHARAS'SEIN, _to stamp_--character, characterize, characteristic. +CHA'RIS, _grace_--eucharist. +CHEIR, _the hand_--surgeon (short for _chirurgeon_), surgical. +CHLO'ROS, _green_--chloride, chlorine +CHOL'E, _bile_--choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy. +CHOR'DE, _a string_--chord, cord, cordage. +CHRIS'TOS, _anointed_--chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, + antichrist. +CHRO'MA, _color_--chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic. +CHRU'SOS, _gold_--chrysalis, chrysolite. +CHU'LOS, _the milky juice formed by digestion_--chyle, chylifaction. +CHU'MOS, _juice_--chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist. + +DAI'MON, _a spirit_--demon, demoniac, demonology. +DE'MOS, _the people_--demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic. +DEN'DRON, _a tree_--dendrology, rhododendron. +DER'MA, _the skin_--epidermis. +DES'POTES, _a ruler_--despot, despotic, despotism. +DIAI'TA, _manner of life_--diet, dietary, dietetic. +DIDO'NI, _to give_--dose, antidote, anecdote. +DOG'MA, _an opinion_--dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism. +DOX'A, _an opinion, glory_--doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox. +DRAM'A, _a stage-play_--drama, dramatic, dramatist. +DROM'OS, _a course_--dromedary, hippodrome. +DRUS, _an oak_--dryad. +DUNA'THAI, _to be able_--dynamics, dynamical, dynasty. +DUS, _ill, wrong_--dysentery (_entera_, the bowels), dyspepsia (_peptein_, + to digest). + +EKKLE'SIA, _the church_--ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical. +E'CHEIN, _to sound_--echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen. +EKLEI'PEIN, _to fail_--eclipse, ecliptic. +ELEK'TRON, _amber_--electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype. +EM'EIN, _to vomit_--emetic. +EP'OS, _a word_--epic, orthoepy. +ER'EMOS, _desert, solitary_--hermit, hermitage. +ER'GON, _a work_--energy, energetic, surgeon (_cheir_, the hand). +ETH'NOS, _a nation_--ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology. +ETH'OS, _custom, manner_--ethics, ethical. +EU, _good, well_--eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical. + +GAM'OS, _marriage_--bigamy, polygamy, misogamist. +GAS'TER, _the stomach_--gastric, gastronomy. +GE, _the earth_--geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, + perigee. +GEN'NAEIN, _to produce_--genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, + hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen. +GIGNOS'KEIN, _to know_--diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate. +GLOS'SA, GLOT'TA, _the tongue_--glossary, glottis, polyglot. +GLU'PHEIN, _to carve_--hieroglyphics. +GNO'MON, _an indicator_--gnomon, physiognomy (_phusis_). +GO'NIA, _a corner_--diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry. +GUM'NOS, _naked_--gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics. + +HAI'REIN, _to take or choose_--heresy, heretic, heretical. +HARMO'NIA, _a fitting together_--harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium. +HEK'ATON, _a hundred_--hecatomb. +HE'LIOS, _the sun_--heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion. +HE'MERA, _a day_--ephemeral. +HEP'TA, _seven_--heptagon, heptarchy. +HE'ROS, _a hero_--hero, heroic, heroine, heroism. +HET'EROS, _another, unlike_--heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous. +HEX, _six_--hexagon, hexangular. +HI'EROS, _sacred_--hierarchy, hieroglyphics (_glyphein_, to carve). +HIP'POS, _a horse_--hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic. +HOL'OS, _all_--holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity. +HOM'OS, _like, the same_--homogeneous (_gennaein_, to produce). +HOR'OS, _a boundary_--horizon, aphorism. +HU'MEN, _the god of marriage_--hymeneal. +HUM'NOS, _a song of praise_--hymn, hymnal, hynmology. + +ICH'THUS, _a fish_--ichthyology. +ID'EA, _a form or pattern_--idea, ideal. +ID'IOS, _peculiar_--idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic. +IS'OS, _equal_--isothermal. + +KAI'EIN, _to burn_--caustic, cauterize, holocaust (_holos_, whole). +KA'KOS, _bad_--cacophony. +KA'LOS, _beautiful_--caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (_skopein_). +KAL'UPTEIN, _to conceal_--apocalypse. +KAN'ON, _a rule_--canon, canonical, canonize. +KAR'DIA, _the heart_--cardiac, pericardium. +KEN'OS, _empty_--cenotaph. +KEPH'ALE, _the head_--acephalous, hydrocephalus (_hydor_). +KER'AS, _a horn_--rhinoceros. +KLE'ROS, _a portion_--clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship. +KLI'MAX, _a ladder_--climax. +KLI'NEIN, _to bend_--clinical, recline. +KO'MOS, _a merry feast_--comedy, (_odè_), comedian, comic, encomium. +KO'NEIN, _to serve_--deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate. +KO'NOS, Lat. CONUS, _a cone_--cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform. +KOP'TEIN, _to cut_--coppice, copse, syncope. +KOS'MOS, _the world_--cosmography, cosmopolitan. +KRI'TES, _a judge_--crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, + hypocrite. +KRUP'TEIN, _to conceal_--crypt, apocrypha. +KRUSTAL'LOS, _ice_--crystal, crystallize. +KUK'LOS, _a circle_--cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia. +KULIN'DROS, _a roller_--cylinder. + +LAM'BANEIN, _to take_--syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable. +LAM'PEIN, _to shine_--lamp. +LA'OS, _the people_--layman, laity. +LATREI'A, _worship_--idolatry, heliolatry. +LITH'OS, _a stone_--litharge, lithograph, aërolite. +LU'EIN, _to loosen_--analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy. + +MAN'IA, _madness_--mania, maniac. +MAR'TUR, _a witness_--martyr, martyrdom, martyrology. +MEL'AS, _black_--melancholy, Melanesia. +ME'TER, _a mother_--metropolis. +MIK'ROS, _small_--microcosm, microscope, microscopic. +MI'MOS, _an imitator_--mimic, mimicry, pantomime. +MOR'PHE, _shape_--amorphous, metamorphosis. +MU'RIAS, _ten thousand_--myriad. +MU'THOS, _a fable_--myth, mythology. + +NAR'KE, _torpor_--narcissus, narcotic. +NAUS, _a ship_--nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aëronaut. +NEK'ROS, _dead_--necropolis. +NE'SOS, _an island_--Polynesia. +NOM'OS, _a law_--astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (_oikos_, a house), + economic. + +OL'IGOS, _few_--oligarchy (_arche_). +OR'PHANOS, _deserted_--orphan, orphanage. +OR'THOS, _right, straight_--orthodox, orthoepy, orthography. + +PAIDEI'A, _instruction_--cyclopædia. +PAIS, _a child_--pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist. +PAP'AS, Lat. PAPA, _a father_--papacy, pope, popedom, popery. +PARADEI'SOS, _a pleasant garden_--paradise. +PAT'EIN, _to walk_--peripatetic. +PEN'TE, _five_--pentagon, pentecost. +PET'RA, _a rock_--Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter. +PHOB'OS, _fear_--hydrophobia (_hudor_, water). +PHRA'SIS, _speech_--phrase, phraseology, paraphrase. +PHREN, _the mind_--phrenology, frantic, frenzy. +PHU'TON, _a plant_--zoophyte. +PLA'NAEIN, _to wander_--planet, planetary. +PLAS'SEIN, _to mould_--plaster, plastic. +PLEU'RA, _the side_--pleurisy. +PNEU'MA, _breath_, _spirit_--pneumatic. +PO'LEIN, _to sell_--bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize. +POL'US, _many_--polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic. +POR'OS, _a passage_--pore, porosity, porous, emporium. +POT'AMOS, _a river_--hippopotamus. +POUS, _the foot_--antipodes, polypus, tripod. +PRAS'SEIN, _to do_--practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable. +PRESBU'TEROS, _elder_--presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism. +PRO'TOS, _first_--protomartyr. +PSAL'LEIN, _to touch_, _to sing_--psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter. +PUR, _fire_--pyramid, pyrotechny. + +RHIN, _the nose_--rhinoceros. +RHOD'ON, _a rose _--rhododendron. + +SARX, _flesh_--sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus. +SCHED'E, _a sheet_--schedule. +SCHE'MA, _a plan_--scheme. +SCHIS'MA, _a division_--schism, schismatic. +SIT'OS, _corn_--parasite, parasitical. +SKAN'DALON, _disgrace_--scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, + slanderous. +SKEPTES'THAI, _to consider_--sceptic, sceptical, scepticism. +SKEP'TRON, _an emblem of office_--scepter. +SOPH'IA, _wisdom_--sophist, sophistry, philosopher (_philos_), philosophy. +SPHAI'RA, _a globe_--sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere. +STAL'AEIN, _to drop_--stalactite, stalagmite. +STEL'LEIN, _to send_--apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary. +STEN'OS, _narrow_--stenography. +STHEN'OS, _strength_--calisthenics. +STIG'MA, _a mark_--stigma, stigmatize. +STRAT'OS, _an army_--stratagem, strategy, strategist. +STROPH'E, _a turning_--apostrophe, catastrophe. + +TA'PHOS, _a tomb_--epitaph, cenotaph. +TAU'TO, _the same_--tautology. +TEK'TON, _a builder_--architect. +TE'LE, _far off_--telegraph, telescope. +TEM'NEIN, _to cut_--atom, anatomy, anatomist. +TET'RA, _four_--tetragon, tetrarch. +THER'ME, _heat_--thermal. +THRON'OS, _a throne_--throne, enthrone. +TOP'OS, _a place_--topography. +TREP'EIN, _to turn_--trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope. +TU'POS, _a stamp_--type, typography, prototype. +TURAN'NOS, _a ruler_--tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny. + +ZEIN, _to boil_--zeal, zealous. +ZEPHU'ROS, _the west wind_--zephyr. +ZO'ON, _an animal_--zodiac, zoology, zoological, zoöphyte. + + + + +PART IV.--THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. + + +I.--ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES. + +A--(corrupted from A.-S. _on_) signifies _in_, _on_, _at_: as abed, aboard, +aside, aback; and gives the adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, +aboard. + +BE--gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is sometimes +intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, as in +bedim. _Be_, as a form of _by_, also denotes proximity, as in beside: as +bystander. + +FOR[10]--means privation, or opposition: as forbear, forbid, forget. + +FORE--_before_: as foretell, forebode. + +MIS--_error_, _wrongness_: as mistake, misstate, misinform. + +N--has a negative signification, as in many languages: thus, never, +neither, none. + +OFF--from offspring. + +OUT--_beyond_: as outdo, outlaw. + +OVER--_above_: as overhang, overflow, overturn. + +TO--in to-day, to-morrow. + +UN--_not_, _the reverse_: as, unskilled, unlearned. + +UNDER--_beneath_: as undermine. + +WITH--_against_ (German _wider_): as withstand. + + +II.--ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES. + +AR, ARD, ER, YER, STER[11]--signifying _agent_ or _doer_; as in beggar, +drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. _Er_ forms verbs of adjectives, as +lower, from low, and also forms the comparatives of adjectives. + +ESS, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French. + +DOM, SHIP, RIC, WIC--from _dom_, judgment; _ship_, shape or condition; +_ric_, _rice_, power; _wic_, a dwelling--signify state, condition, quality, +etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick. + +EL, KIN (= _chen_, German), LET (from French), LING, OCK--have a +_diminutive_ effect, as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, +cockerel. + +EN--adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also converts +adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep. + +FOLD--from _fealdan_, to fold; a numeral termination, like _ple_, from the +Latin _plico_, I fold. + +FUL--full; truthful. + +HOOD, NESS--of uncertain derivation, signify state, etc., as in priesthood, +righteousness. + +ISH--_isc_ (Saxon), _isch_ (German), denotes a quality; like rakish, +knavish, churlish, Danish. _Ish_ is also employed as a +diminutive--blackish. + +LESS--_loss_: as penniless, hopeless. + +LIKE and LY--_like_; _lic_ (A.-S.): as warlike, manly. + +SOME--_sum_ (A.-S.), _sam_ (German), lonesome, handsome. + +TEEN--ten, as in fourteen. + +TY--from _tig_ (A.-S ), ten; _zig_ (German), as in six-_ty_. _Teen_ adds +ten--_ty_ multiplies by ten. + +WARD--_weard_, _wärts_ (German), _versus_ (Latin), against, direction, +towards; downward, eastward. + +WISE--_wisa_, manner; likewise. + +Y--_ig_, an adjective termination; _dreorig_ (A.-S.), dreary. + + +ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + +The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern German or +the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern English. + +The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: _j_, _k_, _q_, _v_, +and _z_. _K_ is commonly represented by _c_; thus, _cyning_ (king) is +pronounced _kining_; _cyrtel_, _kirtle_; _qu_ is represented by _cw_, as +_cwic_, _quick_; _cwen_, _queen_; _cwellan_, to _quell_; _th_ is +represented by two peculiar characters, one of which in its reduced form +resembles _y_, as in _ye olden times_, where _ye_ should be pronounced +_the_, and not _ye_, as is often ignorantly done. + +Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long +vowels are _a_ as _far_, _ae_ as in _fare_, _e_ as in _they_, _i_ as in +_pique_, _o_ as in _bone_, _u_ as in _rule_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). Short +vowels are _a_ as in _fast_, _ae_ as in _man_, _e_ as in _men_, _i_ as in +_pin_, _o_ as in _God_, _u_ as in _full_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). + +In the diphthongs _ea_, _eo_, and _ie_, the first element receives the +stress; the second is pronounced very lightly. + +There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The vowel +of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of +consonants, as in _hlud_, loud, _cniht_, knight, _cnif_, knife, each +consonant has its distinct sound. + +_E_ before _a_ and _o_ has the sound of _y_ as a consonant; _i_ before _e_ +and _u_ has the same sound: thus, _Earl_ = _yarl_; _eow_ = _you_; _iett_ = +_yett_; and _iúgoth_ = _yúgoth_, youth. + +AC, _an oak_--oak, oaken. +ACSIAN, _to inquire_--ask. +ÆCER, _a field_--acre, acreage. +ÆR, _before_--early, ere, erelong, erst. +AFT, _hind-part_--after, abaft. +ÁGAN, _to have_--owe, own, owner, ought, disown. +ARISAN, _to arise_--raise, rise, rouse. + +BÁCAN, _to bake_--baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch. +BÆC, _back_--backbite, backslide, backward, aback. +BÆLG, _a bag_. +BALD, _bold, brave_--bold, boldness. +BÁNA, _death_--bane, baneful, henbane. +BANC, _a bank or raised place_--bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, + embankment. +BEACNIAN, _to beckon_--beck, beckon, beacon. +BELLAN, _to roar_--bawl, bellow. +BEORGAN, _to protect_--borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, + harbor, berth. +BEORHT, _bright_--bright. +BERAN, _to bear, to bring forth_--barrow, bear, bier, birth. +BIDAN, _to wait_--abide. +BIDDAN, _to pray_, _to bid_--bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, + unbidden. +BINDAN, _to bind_--band, bond, bondage, bundle. +BLÆC, _pale_--bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness. +BLAWAN, _to blow_--blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, + blow, blush, bluster. +BLETSIAN, _to bless_--bless, blessing. +BRÁD, _broad_--broad, breadth, board, aboard. +BRÉCAN, _to break_--bray (_to pound_), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, + broken. +BREOST, _the breast_--breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast. +BREÓWAN, _to brew_--brew, brewer, brewery. +BRUCAN, _to use_--broker, brokerage, brook (_to endure_). +BUAN, _to cultivate_--boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood. +BUGAN, _to bow or bend_--bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow. +BYLDAN, _to design_, _to make_--build, builder, building. +BYRNAN, _to burn_--brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, + auburn, firebrand. + +CÆLAN, _to cool_--chill, chilblain. +CEAPIAN, _to buy_--cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman. +CÉNNAN, _to produce_--kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind. +CEORL, _a churl_--carle, churlish. +CLÆNE, _clean_--clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean. +CLÁTH, _cloth_--clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad. +CLEÓFAN, _to cleave_; CLIFIAN, _to adhere_--cleaver, cliff, clover, club. +CNAFA, _a boy_--knave, knavery. +CNÁWAN, _to know_--knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown. +CNYLL, _a loud noise_--knell. +CNYTTAN, _to knit_--knitting, knot, knotty, net, network. +CRACIAN, _to crack_; CEARCIAN, _to creak_--crack, crackle, creak, cricket, + croak, screech, shriek. +CUMAN, _to come_--comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome. +CUNNAN, _to know_, _to be powerful_--can, con, cunning, keen. +CWELLAN, _to slay_--kill, quell. + +DÆG, _a day_--dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye. +DǼL, _a part_--deal, dole, ordeal. +DÉMAN, _to think_--deem. +DEOR, _a wild animal_--deer. +DEORE, _dusky or black_--dark, darken, darkly, darkness. +DIC, _a dyke_--dig, ditch, ditcher. +DISC, _a plate_--desk, disc, dish. +DÓM, _judgment_--doom, doomsday. +DÓN, _to do_--doer, deed, undo. +DRAGAN, _to draw_--drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray. +DRIFAN, _to drive_--drift, driver, drove. +DRIGAN, _to dry_--drysalter, drought, drug (originally _dried plants_), + druggist. +DRINCAN, _to suck in_--drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken. +DRYPAN, _to drip or drop_--drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel. +DWINAN, _to pine_--dwindle, dwine. +DYN, _a noise_--din, dun. + +EAGE, _the eye_--eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid. +EALD, _old_--alderman, earl. +EFEN, _just_--even, evenness. +ERIAN, _to plough_, _to ear_--earth, earthy, earthquake. + +FAEGER, _bright_--fair, fairness. +FÁER, _fear_--fearful, fearless. +FARAN, _to go_--fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer. +FEDAN, _to feed_--feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly. +FEOND, _an enemy_--fiend, fiendish. +FLEÓGAN, _to fly_--flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight. +FLEÓTAN, _to float_--float, fleet. +FLÓWAN, _to flow_--flood, flow. +FOLGIAN, _to go after_--follow. +FÓN, _to seize _--fang, finger. +FÓT, _the foot_--foot, fetter, fetlock. +FREÓN, _to love_--free, freedom, friend, friendship. +FRETAN, _to gnaw_--fret, fretful. +FUGEL, _a bird_--fowl, fowler, fowling-piece. +FÚL, _unclean_--filth, filthy, foul, fulsome. +FULLIAN, _to whiten_--full (_to scour and thicken cloth in a mill_), + fuller, fuller's-earth. +FÝR, _fire_--fiery, fireworks, bonfire. + +GABBAN, _to mock_--gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber. +GALAN, _to sing_--nightingale. +GANGAN, _to go_--gang, gangway. +GÁST, _a ghost_--gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast. +GEARD, _an enclosure _--garden, orchard, yard. +GEOTAN, _to pour_--gush, gut. +GEREFA, _a governor_--grieve (_an overseer_), sheriff, sheriffdom. +GETAN, _to get_--get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful. +GIFAN, _to give_--give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven. +GLOWAN, _to glow_--glow, glowing. +GÓD, _good_--gospel, gossip. +GRÆS, _grass_--grass, graze, grazier. +GRAFAN, _to dig_--grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave. +GRAPIAN, _to grapple_; GRÍPAN, _to gripe_; GROPIAN, _to grope_--grapple, + grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel. +GREOT, _dust_--gritty, groats. +GRÓWAN, _to grow_--grow, growth. +GRÚND, _the ground_--ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork. + +HABBAN, _to have_--have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave. +HÆGE, _a hedge_--haw, hawthorn. +HÆL, _sound_, _whole_--hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, + holiness, whole, wholesome. +HÁM, _a dwelling_--hamlet, home, homely, homeliness. +HANGIAN, _to hang_--hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang. +HÁT, _heat_--heat, heater, hot. +HEALDAN, _to hold_--halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, + withhold. +HEARD, _hard_--harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy. +HEBBAN, _to lift_--heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval. +HÉDAN, _to heed_--heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness. +HEORTE, _the heart_--hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, + dishearten. +HLÁF, _bread_--loaf. +HLEAPAN, _to leap_--leap, overleap, elope, elopement. +HOL, _a hole_--hole, hold (_of a ship_), hollow, hollowness. +HRISTLAN, _to make quick sounds_--rustle, rustling. +HUNTIAN, _to rush_--hunt, hunter, huntsman. +HÚS, _house_--housewife, husband, hustings. +HWEORFAN, _to turn_--swerve, wharf. +HÝRAN, _to hear_--hear, hearer, hearsay. + +LǼDAN, _to lead_--lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead. +LÆFAN, _to leave_--left, eleven, twelve. +LǼRAN, _to teach_--learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned. +LANG, _long_--long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger. +LECGAN, _to lay_--lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, + ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw. +LEOFIAN, LYBBAN, _to live_--live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, + outlive. +LEOHT, _light_--lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten. +LÍC, _like_--like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike. +LOCIAN, _to stretch forward_--look. +LOMA, _utensils_, _furniture_--loom, hand-loom, power-loom. +LOSIAN, _to lose_--lose, loser, loss. +LÚF, _love_; LUFIAN, _to love_--lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, + unlovely. +LYFAN, _to permit_--leave (_permission_), belief, believe, believer, + misbelieve. +LYFT, _the air_--loft, lofty, aloft. + +MACIAN, _to make_--make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate. +MÆNGAN, _to mix_--among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel. +MAGAN, _to be able_--may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay. +MEARC, _a boundary_--mark, marksman, marches, remark. +METAN, _to measure_--meet, meeting, meet (_fit_), meetness. +MUND, _a defence_--mound. +MURNAN, _to murmur_--mourn, mourner, mournful. +MYND, _the mind_--mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind. + +NÆS, _a nose_--naze, ness. +NAMA, _a name_--name, nameless, namesake, misname. +NEAD, _need_--need, needful, needless, needs, needy. +NEAH, _nigh_--near, next, neighbor. +NIHT, _night_--night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade. + +OGA, _dread_--ugly, ugliness. + +PÆTH, _a path_--pathless, pathway, footpath. +PLEGAN, _to exercise_, _to sport_--play, player, playful, playmate. + +RÆCAN, _to reach_--reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent. +RǼDAN, _to read_--read, readable, reader, reading, riddle. +READ, _red_--red, redden, ruddy. +REAFIAN, _to seize_--bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, + robber, robbery, rove, rover. +RECAN, _to heed_--reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning. +RÍDAN, _to ride_--ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead. +RINNAN, _to run_--run, runner, runaway, outrun. +RIPAN, _to reap_--reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe. +RUH, _rough_--rough, roughness. + +SÆGAN, _to say_--say, saying, hearsay, unsay. +SAR, _painful_--sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry. +SCACAN, _to shake_--shake, shaky, shock, shocking. +SCEADAN, _to shade_--shade, shady, shadow, shed (_a covered enclosure_). +SCEDAN, _to scatter_, _to shed_--shed (_to spill_), watershed. +SCEOFAN, _to push_--shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf. +SCEÓTAN, _to shoot_--shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, + undershot, upshot. +SCÉRAN, _to cut_--scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire. +SCÍNAN, _to shine_--sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine. +SCREOPAN, _to creak_--scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book. +SCROB, _a bush_--shrub, shrubbery. +SCYPPAN, _to form_--shape, shapeless, landscape. +SELLAN, _to give_--sale, sell, sold. +SEON, _to see_--see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze. +SETTAN, _to set_; SITTAN, _to sit_--set, setter, settle, settler, + settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset. +SÍDE, _side_--side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside. +SINGAN, _to sing_--sing, singer, song. +SLÆC, _slack_--slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish. +SLEÁN, _to slay_--slay, slaughter, sledge (_a heavy hammer_). +SLIDAN, _to slide_--slide, sled, sledge. +SLIPAN, _to glide_--slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod. +SMITAN, _to smite_--smite, smiter, smith, smithy. +SNICAN, _to creep_--snake, sneak. +SOCC, _a shoe_--sock, socket. +SOFT, _soft_--soften, softly, softness. +SOTH, _true_--sooth, soothsayer. +SPECAN, _to speak_--speak, speaker, speech, bespeak. +SPELL, _a message_--spell (_discourse_), gospel. +SPINNAN, _to spin_--spinner, spider. +STÁN, _a stone_--stony, stoneware. +STANDAN, _to stand_--standard, understand, understanding, withstand. +STEALL, _a place_--stall, forestall, install, pedestal. +STEORFAN, _to die_--starve, starvation, starveling. +STICIAN, _to stick_--stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, + stock, stockade, stocking. +STIGAN, _to ascend_--stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty. +STRECCAN, _to stretch_--stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, + straightness, outstretch, overstretch. +STÝRAN, _to steer_--steer, steerage, steersman, stern (_the hind part of a + ship_), astern. +STÝRIAN, _to stir_--stir, bestir. +SÚR, _sour_--sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness. +SWERIAN, _to swear_--swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered. +SWÉT, _sweet_--sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness. + +TÁECAN, _to show, to teach_--teach, teachable, teacher. +TELLAN, _to count_--tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell. +THINCAN, _to seem_; pret. thuh-te, _methinks_, _methought_. +THRINGAN, _to press_--throng. +THYR, _dry_--thirst, thirsty. +TREOWE, _true_--true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, + trusty. +TWA, _two_--twice, twine, twist, between, entwine. +TYRNAN, _to turn_--turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, + return, upturn. + +WACAN, _to awake_--wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, + watchfulness, watchman. +WARNIAN, _to defend_, _to beware_--warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, + aware, beware. +WEARM, _glowing_--warm, warmth. +WEGAN, _to move_--wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, + weighty. +WEORDH, _worth_--worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy. +WERIAN, _to cover_--wear, wearable, weary, wearisome. +WINNAN, _to labor_--win, won. +WITAN, _to know_--wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty. +WRINGAN, _to twist_--wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle. +WRITHAN, _to twist_--wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, + wrong. +WUNIAN, _to dwell_--wont, wonted. +WYRM, _a worm, a serpent_--worm. + +Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally +translated into Modern English. + + +_EXTRACT FROM CÆDMON'S PARAPHRASE._ + +_Cædmon: died about 680._ + +Nu we sceolan herian | Now we shall praise +heofon-rices weard, | the guardian of heaven, +metodes mihte, | the might of the creator, +and his mod-ge-thonc, | and his mind's thought, +wera wuldor-fæder! | the glory-father of men! +swa he wundra ge-hwæs, | how he of all wonders, +ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, +oord onstealde. | formed the beginning. +He ærest ge-scéop | He first created +ylda bearnum | for the children of men +heofon to hrófe, | heaven as a roof, +halig scyppend! | the holy creator! +tha middan-geard | them the world +mon-cynnes weard, | the guardian of mankind +ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, +æfter teode, | produced afterwards, +firum foldan, | the earth for men, +frea ælmihtig! | the almighty master! + +_PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED._ + +_Bede: died 735._ + +For tham ned-fere | Before the necessary journey +neni wirtheth | no one becomes +thances suotera | more prudent in thought +thonne him thearf sy, | than is needful to him, +to ge-hicgeune | to search out +er his heonon-gange | before his going hence +hwet his gaste | what to his spirit +godes othe yveles | of good or of evil +efter deathe heonon | after his death hence +demed weorthe. | will be judged. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE--Tenth Century._ + +Tha feng Ælfred Æthelwulfing to | Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf +West-Seaxna rice; and thæs ymb ænne | to the West Saxon's kingdom; and +monath gefeaht Ælfred cyning with | that after one month fought Alfred +ealne thone here lytle werode æt | king against all the army with a +Wiltoune, and hine lange on dæg | little band at Wilton, and them long +geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton | during the day routed and then the +wæl-stowe geweald. And thæs geares | Danes obtained of the battle-field +wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten | possession. And this year were nine +with thone here on tham cyne-rice be | great battles fought with the army +suthan Temese, butan tham the him | in the kingdom to the south of the +Ælfred, and ealdormen, and cyninges | Thames, besides those in which +thegnas oft rada onridon the man na | Alfred, and the alder-men, and the +ne rimde. And thæs geares wæron | king's thanes oft inrode--against +of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an | which one nothing accounted. And +cyning; and thy geare namon | this year were slain nine earls and +West-Seaxan frith with thone here. | one king; and this year made the + | West-Saxons peace with the army. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS--Eleventh Century._ + +LUCÆ, Cap. I. v. 5-10. | LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10. + | +5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, | 5. In the days of Herod the king of +wæs sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, of| Judea, there was a certain priest by +Abian tune: and his wif wæs of | name Zacharias, of the course of +Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama wæs | Abia: and his wife was of the +Elizabeth. | daughters of Aaron, and her name was + | Elizabeth. + +6. Sothlice hig wæron butu rihtwise | 6. And they were both righteous +beforan Gode, gangende on eallum his | before God, walking in all the +bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan | commandments and ordinances of the +wrohte. | Lord without blame. + +7. And hig næfdon nan bearn, fortham | 7. And they had no child, because +the Elizabeth wæs unberende; and hig | that Elizabeth was barren; and they +on heora dagum butu forth-eodon. | in her days were both of great age. + +8. Sothlice wæs geworden tha | 8. And it befell that when Zacharias +Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on | should do the office of the +his gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan | priesthood in the order of his +Gode, | course before God, + +9. Æfter gewunan thæs sacerdhades | 9. After the custom of the +hlotes, he eode that he his offrunge | priesthood he went forth by lot, to +sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode. | burn incense when he into God's + | temple went. + +10. Eall werod thæs folces wæs ute | 10. And all the multitude of the +gebiddende on thære offrunge timan. | people were without praying at the + | time of incense. + +_THE LORD'S PRAYER._ + +Fæder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; | Father our, thou who art in heaven; +si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume thin| be thine name hallowed; let come +rice; geweordhe thin willa on | thine kingdom; let be done thine +eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge| will on earth, so as in the heavens. +dæghwamlican hlaf syle us to-dæg; and| Our also daily bread give thou us +forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we | to-day; and forgive thou to us our +forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne | debts, so as we forgive our debtors; +gelæde thu us on costnunge, ac alys | and not lead thou us into +us of yfle, etc. | temptations, but deliver thou us + | from evil, etc. + +SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON--About 1180._ + +He nom tha Englisca boc | He took the English book +Tha makede Seint Beda; | That Saint Bede made; +An other he nom on Latin, | Another he took in Latin, +Tha makede Seinte Albin, | That Saint Albin made, +And the feire Austin, | And the fair Austin, +The fulluht broute hider in. | That baptism brought hither in. +Boc he nom the thridde, | The third book he took, +Leide ther amidden, | _And_ laid there in midst, +Tha makede a Frenchis clerc, | That made a French clerk, +Wace was ihoten, | Wace was _he_ called, +The wel couthe writen, | That well could write, +And he hoc yef thare aethelen | And he it gave to the noble +Allienor, the wes Henries quene, | Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen, +Thes heyes kinges. | The high king's. + +_EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.--1258._ + +Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on | Henry, through God's support, King +Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloand, | of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of +Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on | Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of +Anjou, send I greting, to alle hise | Anjou, sends greeting to all his +holde, ilærde and ilewede on | subjects, learned and unlearned, of +Huntindonnschiere. Thæt witen ge wel | Huntingdonshire. This know ye well +alle, hæt we willen and unnen thæt | all, that we will and grant what our +ure rædesmen alle, other the moare | counsellors all, or the more part of +del of heom, thæt beoth ichosen thurg| them, that be chosen through us and +us and thurg thæt loandes-folk on ure| through the landfolk of our kingdom, +kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen| have done, and shall do, to the +don in the worthnes of God, and ure | honor of God, and our allegiance, +treowthe, for the freme of the | for the good of the land, etc. +loande, etc. | + +Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English. + +That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the employment of +Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have some clue to +direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following extracts, +embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to his +attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in _Italics_. + +MILTON. + + Of man's first _disobedience_, and the _fruit_ + Of that forbidden tree, whose _mortal taste_ + Brought death into the world, and all our woe, + With loss of _Eden_, till one greater man + _Restore_ us and _regain_ the blissful seat-- + Sing, heavenly _Muse_. + + With thee _conversing_, I forget all time, + All _seasons_, and their _change_; all _please_ alike. + Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, + With _charm_ of earliest birds; _pleasant_ the sun + When first on this _delightful_ land he spreads + His _orient_ beams on _herb_, tree, _fruit_, and _flower_, + Glistering with dew; _fragrant_ the _fertile_ earth, + After soft showers; and sweet the coming on + Of _grateful_ evening mild; then _silent_ night + With this her _solemn_ bird, and this fair moon, + And these the _gems_ of heaven, her starry _train_. + +SHAKESPEARE. + + To be, or not to be, that is the _question_; + Whether 't is _nobler_ in the mind to _suffer_ + The stings and arrows of _outrageous fortune_, + Or to take _arms_ against a sea of _troubles_, + And, by _opposing_, end them? To die, to sleep; + No more;--and by a sleep to say we end + The heart_ache_ and the thousand _natural_ shocks + That flesh is _heir_ to! 't were a _consummation_ + _Devoutly_ to be wished. To die; to sleep; + To sleep?--_perchance_ to dream! + + All the world's a _stage_, + And all the men and women _merely_ players. + They have their _exits_ and their _entrances_, + And one man in his time plays many _parts_; + His _acts_ being seven _ages_. At first the _infant_, + Mewling and puking in his _nurse's arms_. + And then the whining _school_-boy, with his _satchel_ + And shining morning _face_, creeping like snail + Unwillingly to _school_. And then the lover, + Sighing like _furnace_, with a woeful _ballad_ + Made to his _mistress'_ eyebrow. Then a _soldier_, + Full of _strange_ oaths, and bearded like the _pard_, + _Jealous_ in _honour_, _sudden_ and quick in _quarrel_; + Seeking the bubble _reputation_ + Even in the _cannon's_ mouth. + +TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE. + +In the beginning God _created_ the heaven and the earth. And the earth was +without _form_, and _void_; and darkness was upon the _face_ of the deep: +and the _Spirit_ of God _moved_ upon the _face_ of the waters. And God +said, Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw the light, that +it was good; and God _divided_ the light from the darkness. And God called +the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the +morning were the first day.--_Genesis_ i. 1-6. + +And it came to _pass_, that when _Isaac_ was old, and his eyes were dim, so +that he could not see, he called _Esau_, his eldest son, and said unto him, +My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here am I. And he said, Behold now, I +am old, I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I _pray_ thee, +thy weapons, thy _quiver_ and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me +some _venison_; and make me _savoury_ meat, such as I love, and bring it to +me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And _Rebekah_ +heard when _Isaac_ spake to _Esau_ his son. And _Esau_ went to the field to +hunt for _venison_, and to bring it. And _Rebekah_ spake unto _Jacob_ her +son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto _Esau_ thy brother, +saying, Bring me _venison_, and make me _savoury_ meat, that I may eat, and +bless thee before the Lord before my death.--_Genesis_ xxvii. 1-7. + +THOMSON. + + These as they _change_, Almighty Father! these + Are but the _varied_ God. The _rolling_ year + Is full of thee. Forth in the _pleasing_ spring + Thy _beauty_ walks, thy _tenderness_ and love. + Wide flush the fields; the softening _air_ is _balm_; + _Echo_ the _mountains round_; the _forest_ smiles; + And every _sense_ and every heart is _joy_. + Then comes thy _glory_ in the summer months, + With light and heat _refulgent_. Then thy sun + Shoots full _perfection_ through the swelling year. + +ADDISON. + +I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the night +_insensibly_ fell upon me. I at first _amused_ myself with all the richness +and _variety_ of _colours_ which _appeared_ in the western _parts_ of +heaven. In _proportion_ as they _faded_ away and went out, _several_ stars +and _planets appeared_, one after another, till the whole _firmament_ was +in a glow. The blueness of the _ether_ was _exceedingly_ heightened and +enlivened by the _season_ of the year. + +YOUNG. + + Let _Indians_, and the _gay_, like _Indians_, fond + Of feathered _fopperies_, the sun _adore_: + Darkness has more _divinity_ for me; + It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul + To settle on herself, our _point supreme_. + There lies our _theater_: there sits our _judge_. + Darkness the _curtain_ drops o'er life's dull _scene_: + 'T is the kind hand of _Providence_ stretched out + 'Twixt man and _vanity_; 't is _reason's reign_, + And _virtue's_ too; these _tutelary_ shades + Are man's _asylum_ from the _tainted_ throng. + Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too. + It no less _rescues virtue_, than _inspires_. + +SWIFT. + +Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last _cost_ you the +_pains_ to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer has the +thicker, homelier, and the _coarser coat_; and whereof, to a _judicious +palate_, the _maggots_ are the best. 'Tis a _sack posset_, wherein the +deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But then, lastly, 'tis a nut, +which, unless you choose with _judgment_, may _cost_ you a tooth, and _pay_ +you with nothing but a worm. + +HUME. + +The _beauties_ of her _person_ and _graces_ of her _air combined_ to make +her the most _amiable_ of women; and the _charms_ of her _address_ and +_conversation aided_ the _impression_ which her lovely _figure_ made on the +heart of all beholders. _Ambitious_ and _active_ in her _temper_, yet +_inclined_ to _cheerfulness_ and _society_; of a lofty _spirit_, _constant_ +and even _vehement_ in her _purpose_, yet _politic, gentle_, and _affable_, +in her _demeanor_, she _seemed_ to _par_take only so much of the _male +virtues_ as to _render_ her _estimable_, without _relinquishing_ those soft +_graces_ which _compose_ the _proper ornament_ of her _sex_. + +GIBBON. + +In the _second century_ of the _Christian era_, the _empire_ of _Rome +comprehended_ the fairest _part_ of the earth, and the most _civilized +portion_ of mankind. The _frontiers_ of that _extensive monarchy_ were +guarded by _ancient renown_, and _disciplined valour_. The _gentle_ but +_powerful influence_ of laws and _manners_ had _gradually cemented_ the +_union_ of the _provinces_. Their _peaceful inhabitants enjoyed_ and +_abused_ the _advantages_ of wealth and _luxury_. The _image_ of a free +_constitution_ was _preserved_ with _decent reverence_. + +JOHNSON. + +Of _genius_, that _power_ which _constitutes_ a _poet_; that _quality_ +without which _judgment_ is cold, and knowledge is _inert_; that _energy_ +which _collects_, _combines_, _amplifies_, and _animates_; the +_superiority_ must, with some _hesitation_, be _allowed_ to Dryden. It is +not to be _inferred_ that of this _poetical vigor Pope_ had only a little, +_because_ Dryden had more; for every other writer since Milton must give +_place_ to _Pope_; and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has +brighter _paragraphs_, he has not better _poems_. + +BYRON. + + _Ancient_ of days! _august Athena!_ where, + Where are thy men of might--thy _grand_ in soul? + Gone--glimmering through the dream of things that were. + First in the race that led to _Glory's goal_, + They won, and _passed_ away. Is this the whole? + A _school_-boy's tale--the wonder of an _hour_! + The warrior's-weapon and the _sophist's stole_ + Are sought in _vain_, and o'er each _mouldering_ tower, + Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of _power_. + +SIR WALTER SCOTT. + + The way was long, the wind was cold, + The _Minstrel_ was _infirm_ and old; + His withered cheek and _tresses_ gray + _Seemed_ to have known a better day; + The harp, his _sole remaining joy_, + Was carried by an _orphan_ boy. + The last of all the bards was he + Who sung of border _chivalry_; + For, well-a-day! their _dale_ was fled; + His _tune_ful brethren all were dead; + And he, _neglected_ and _oppressed_, + Wished to be with them and at rest. + +WORDSWORTH. + + Ah! little doth the young one dream, + When full of play and childish cares, + What _power_ is in his wildest scream, + Heard by his mother unawares! + He knows it not, he cannot guess; + Years to a mother bring _distress_; + But do not make her love the less. + + My son, if thou be _humbled_, _poor_, + Hopeless of _honor_ and of _gain_, + Oh! do not dread thy mother's door; + Think not of me with _grief_ and _pain_. + I now can see with better eyes; + And worldly _grandeur_ I _despise_, + And _Fortune_ with her gifts and lies. + +TENNYSON. + + Not wholly in the busy world, nor _quite_ + Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love. + News from the humming _city_ comes to it + In _sound_ of _funeral_ or of _marriage_ bells; + And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear + The windy clanging of the winter clock; + Although between it and the garden lies + A _league_ of grass, washed by a slow broad stream, + That, stirred with _languid pulses_ of the oar, + Waves all its lazy _lilies_, and creeps on, + Barge laden, to three _arches_ of a bridge, + _Crowned_ with the _minster-towers_. + + + + +PART V.--MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. + + +I.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS. + +1.--NOUNS. + +AT'LAS, _a collection of maps bound together_: "Atlas," a fabled giant who, +according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his shoulders. + +ACAD'EMY, _a superior grade school, a society of learned men_: "Academus," +a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught. + +AMMO'NIA, _the pungent matter of smelling salts_: "Jupiter Ammon," near +whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained. + +BAC'CHANAL, _one who indulges in drunken revels_: "Bacchus," the god of +wine. + +BOW'IE KNIFE, _an American weapon_: Colonel "Bowie," the inventor. + +BRAGGADO'CIO, _a vain boaster_: "Braggadochio," a boastful character in +Spenser's Faery Queen. + +BUD'DHISM, _a wide-spread Asiatic religion_: "Buddha," a Hindoo sage who +lived about 1000 B.C. + +CAL'VINISM, _the doctrines of Calvin_: "Calvin," a Swiss theologian of the +16th century. + +CAMEL'LIA, _a genus of evergreen shrubs_: "Camelli," a Spaniard who brought +them from Asia. + +CICERO'NE (sis e-ro'ne or chĭ chĕ-ro'-ne), _a guide_: "Cicero," the Roman +orator. + +CINCHO'NA, _Peruvian bark_: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a Spanish governor +of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she was cured of an +intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she aided in the +diffusion of the remedy. + +DAGUERRE'OTYPE, _a picture produced on a metal plate_: "Daguerre," the +inventor (1789-1851). + +DAHL'IA, _a garden plant_: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist. + +DUNCE, _a dull, slow-witted person_: "Duns Scotus," a subtle philosopher of +the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very popular in the schools +during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful hair-splitter was called a +Dunse, but at last, through the influence of the antagonists of the +philosopher, the word passed into a term of reproach. + +EP'ICURE, _one fond of good living_: "Epicurus," a Greek philosopher who +was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good. + +FAH'RENHEIT, _a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of water at_ 32° +(which is different from both the centigrade and the Reaumur thermometer): +"Fahrenheit," the inventor. + +FUCHSIA (fu'sĭ-a), _a genus of flowering plants_: "Leonard Fuchs," a German +botanist of the 16th century. + +GAL'VANISM, _a branch of the science of electricity_: "Galvani," an Italian +physician, its discoverer. + +GEN'TIAN, _a medicinal root_: "Gentian," king of Illyria, who is said to +have first experienced the virtues of the plant. + +GOB'ELIN, _a rich tapestry_: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish dyer. + +GUILLOTINE', _an instrument for beheading_: "Guillotin," who invented and +brought it into use at the time of the French Revolution, last century. + +HY'GIENE, _the principles and rules of health_: "Hygeia," the goddess of +health in classical mythology. + +JES'UIT, _a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius Loyola in_ +1534: "Jesus." + +LYNCH, _to punish without the usual forms of law_: said to be from "Lynch," +a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own hands. + +MACAD'AMIZE, _to cover a road with small broken stones_: "Macadam," the +inventor. + +MAGNO'LIA, _a species of trees found in the southern parts of the United +States_: "Magnol," a French botanist. + +MEN'TOR, _a faithful monitor_: "Mentor," the counselor of Telemachus. + +MOR'PHIA, _the narcotic principle of opium_: "Morpheus," the god of sleep. + +NE'GUS, _a mixture of wine, water, and sugar_: Colonel "Negus," who +introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne. + +OR'RERY, _an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the heavenly +bodies_: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was made. + +PALLA'DIUM, _something that affords effectual defense, protection, and +safety_: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas Athene," which was kept +hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of the safety of the town +where it was lodged. + +PAN'IC, _a sudden fright_: "Pan," the god of shepherds, who is said to have +caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance. + +PE'ONY, _a plant of the genus_ PÆONIA, _having beautiful showy flowers_: +"Pæon," its discoverer. + +PET'REL, _an ocean bird_: diminutive of Peter, probably so called in +allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea. + +PHA'ETON, _an open carriage_: "Phaethon," the fabled son of Phœbus or the +Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive. + +PINCH'BECK, _an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold_: said to be from +one "Pinchbeck," the inventor. + +QUAS'SIA, _a bitter wood used as a tonic_: "Quassy," a negro who discovered +its qualities. + +RODOMONTADE', _vainbluster_: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero who figures in +Ariosto's poem of the _Orlando Furioso_. + +SILHOUETTE (sil oo et'), _the outline of an object filled in with black +color_: "Silhouette" (see Webster). + +TAN'TALIZE, _to torment or tease_: "Tantalus," according to the poets, an +ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the chin in water with +fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both receded when he wished to +partake. + +TYPHOON', _a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas_: "Typhon," +a fabled giant who was taught to produce them. + +VOLCA'NO, _a burning mountain_: "Vulcan," the god of fire. + + +2.--ADJECTIVES. + +AMER'ICAN, _relating to America_: from "Amerigo (Latin, _Americus_) +Vespucci"--contemporary of Columbus. + +A'RIAN, _relating to Arius_: a theologian of the 4th century who denied the +divinity of Christ. + +ARISTOTE'LIAN, _relating to the deductive method of reasoning set forth by +Aristotle_: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century B.C. + +ARMIN'IAN, _relating to Arminius_: a Dutch theologian of the 16th century, +who opposed the doctrines of Calvin. + +BACO'NIAN, _relating to the inductive method of reasoning set forth by +Bacon_: an English philosopher of the 17th century. + +CARTE'SIAN, _relating to the philosophy of Descartes_: a French philosopher +of the 17th century. + +CE'REAL, _relating to grain_: from "Ceres"--the Roman goddess of corn and +tillage. + +COPER'NICAN, _relating to Copernicus_: a German philosopher of the 16th +century, who taught the theory of the solar system now received, and called +the _Copernican system_. + +ELIZ'ABETHAN, _relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of England_: +(1558-1603). + +EO'LIAN, _relating to the wind_: from "Æolus"--the god of the winds in +classic mythology. + +ERAS'TIAN, _relating to Erastus_:--a German theologian of the 16th century, +who maintained that the Church is wholly dependent on the State for support +or authority. + +ESCULA'PIAN, _relating to the healing art_: from "Esculapius"--the god of +the healing art among the Greeks. + +GOR'DIAN, _intricate, complicated, difficult_: from "Gordius"--king of +Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be untied. + +HERCULE'AN, _very large and strong_: from "Hercules"--a hero of antiquity +celebrated for his strength. + +HERMET'IC, _relating to Hermes_--the fabled inventor of alchemy; adv., +HERMETICALLY, _in a perfectly close manner_. + +HUDIBRAS'TIC, _in the manner of the satirical poem called Hudibras_, by +Samuel Butler (1612-1680). + +JO'VIAL, _gay, merry_: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),--the planet of that name +having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those who were born under +it of a joyous temper. + +LINNÆ'AN, _relating to Linnæus_--the celebrated Swedish botanist. + +LU'THERAN, _relating to the doctrines of Luther_--a German religious +teacher of the 16th century. + +MACHIAVEL'IAN, _cunning and sinister in politics_: from "Machiaveli"--an +Italian writer of the 15th century. + +MERCU'RIAL, _active, sprightly_--having the qualities fabled to belong to +the god "Mercury." + +MOSA'IC, _relating to Moses, his writings or his time_. + +NEWTO'NIAN, _relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his philosophy_. + +PINDAR'IC, _after the style and manner of Pindar_--a lyric poet of Greece. + +PLATON'IC, _relating to the opinions or the school of Plato_,--a +philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C. + +PLUTON'IC, _relating to the interior of the earth, or to the Plutonic +theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire_: from +"Pluto"--in classic mythology, the god of the infernal regions. + +PROCRUS'TEAN, _relating to or resembling the mode of torture employed by +Procrustes_--a celebrated highwayman of ancient Attica, who tied his +victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched out +or cut off their legs to adapt them to its length. + +PROME'THEAN, _relating to Prometheus_--a god fabled by the ancient poets to +have formed men from clay and to have given them life by means of fire +stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, sent Mercury to bind him +to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey upon his liver. + +QUIXOT'IC, _absolutely romantic, like Don Quixote_--described by Cervantes, +a Spanish writer of the 16th century. + +SATUR'NIAN, _distinguished for purity, integrity, and simplicity_; _golden, +happy_: from "Saturn"--one of the gods of antiquity whose age or reign, +from the mildness and wisdom of his government, was called the _golden +age_. + +SOCRAT'IC, _relating to the philosophy or the method of teaching of +Socrates_--the celebrated philosopher of Greece (468-399 B.C.). + +STENTO'RIAN, _very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of Stentor_--a +Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice. + +THES'PIAN, _relating to tragic action_: from "Thespis"--the founder of the +Greek drama. + +TITAN'IC, _enormous in size and strength_: from the "Titans"--fabled giants +in classic mythology. + +UTO'PIAN, _ideal, fanciful, chimerical_: from "Utopia"--an imaginary +island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called "Utopia," as +enjoying the greatest perfection in politics laws, and society. + +VOLTA'IC, _relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity_: from "Volta"--who +first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical +action. + + +II.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES. + +AG'ATE, _a precious stone_: "Achates," a river in Sicily where it is found. + +AL'ABASTER, _a variety of soft marble_: "Alabastrum," in Egypt, where it is +found. + +AR'RAS, _tapestry_: "Arras," in France, where it is manufactured. + +ARTE'SIAN, _applied to wells made by boring into the earth till the +instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure_: "Artois" +(anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells have been +made. + +AT'TIC, _marked by such qualities as characterized the Athenians, as +delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc._: "Attica," the country of +the Athenians. + +BAN'TAM, _a small domestic fowl_: "Bantam," in Java, whence it was brought. + +BARB, _a Barbary horse_: "Barbary," in Africa. + +BAY'ONET, _a dagger fixed on the end of a musket_: "Bayonne," in France, +where it was invented, in 1679. + +BEDLAM, _a lunatic asylum_: "Bethlehem," a monastery in London, afterwards +used as an asylum for lunatics. + +BUR'GUNDY, _a French wine_: "Burgundy," where it is made. + +CAL'ICO, _a kind of cotton cloth_: "Calicut," in India, where it was first +manufactured. + +CANA'RY, _a wine and a bird_: the "Canary" Islands. + +CAN'TER, _an easy gallop_: "Canterbury," in allusion to the easy pace at +which the pilgrims used to ride thither. + +CAR'RONADE, _a short cannon_: "Carron," in Scotland, where it was first +made. + +CASH'MERE, _a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet goat_: "Cashmere," +the country where first made. + +CHALCED'ONY, _a variety of uncrystalized quartz_: "Chalcedon," in Asia +Minor, where obtained. + +CHAMPAGNE', _a wine_: "Champagne," in France, where produced. + +CHER'RY, _a red stoned fruit_: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), in Pontus, Asia +Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy. + +CHEST'NUT, _a fruit_: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it was introduced +into Europe. + +COG'NAC, _a kind of French brandy_: "Cognac," in France, where extensively +made. + +COP'PER, _a metal_: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich mines of the +metal. + +CORD'WAINER, _a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish leather_: +"Cordova," in Spain. + +CURAÇOA', _a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel_: the island of +"Curaçoa," where it was first made. + +CUR'RANT, _a small dried grape_: "Corinth," in Greece, of which "currant" +is a corruption. + +DAM'ASK, _figured linen or silk_: "Damascus," in Syria, where first made. + +DAM'SON, _a small black plum_: (shortened from "Damascene") Damascus. + +DELF, _a kind of earthenware_: "Delft," in Holland, where it was orignally +made. + +DI'APER, _a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, etc._: "Ypres," +in Flanders, where originally manufactured. + +DIM'ITY, _a figured cotton cloth_: "Damietta," in Egypt. + +GAMBOGE', _a yellow resin used as a paint_: "Cambodia, where it is +obtained. + +GING'HAM, _cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven_: "Guincamp," in +France, where it was first made. + +GUIN'EA, _an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one shillings_: +"Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was first struck. + +GYP'SY, _one of a wandering race_: old English "Gyptian," from "Egypt," +whence the race was supposed to have originated. + +HOL'LAND, _a kind of linen cloth_: "Holland," where first made. + +HOL'LANDS, _a spirit flavored with juniper berries_: "Holland," where it is +extensively produced.. + +IN'DIGO, _a blue dye_: "India". + +JAL'AP, _a cathartic medicine_: "Jalapa," in Mexico, whence it was first +imported in 1610. + +JET, _a mineral used for ornament_: "Gagates," a river in Asia Minor, +whence it was obtained. + +LAN'DAU, LAN'DAULET, _a kind of carriage opening at the top_: "Landau," a +town in Germany. + +MADEI'RA, _a wine_: "Madeira," where produced. + +MAGNE'SIA, _a primitive earth_: "Magnesia," in Thessaly. + +MAG'NET, _the loadstone, or Magnesian stone_. + +MALM'SEY, _a wine_: "Malvasia," in the Morea. + +MAR'SALA, _a wine_: "Marsala," in Sicily. + +MEAN'DER, _to flow in a winding course_: "Meander," a winding river in Asia +Minor. + +MIL'LINER, _one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc._: "Milan," in Italy. + +MOROC'CO, _a fine kind of leather_: "Morocco," in Africa, where it was +originally made. + +NANKEEN', _a buff-colored cloth_: "Nankin," in China, where first made. + +PHEAS'ANT, _a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food_: "Phasis," a river +in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe. + +PIS'TOL, _a small hand gun_: "Pistoja," in Italy, where first made. + +PORT, _a wine_: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively shipped. + +SARDINE', _a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring family_: "Sardinia" +around whose coasts the fish abounds. + +SAUTERNE', _a wine_: "Sauterne," in France, where produced. + +SHER'RY, _a wine_: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely manufactured. + +SPAN'IEL, _a dog of remarkable sagacity_: "Hispaniola," now Hayti, where +originally found. + +TAR'IFF, _a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods imported or +exported_: from an Arabic word, _tarif_, information. + +TO'PAZ, _a precious stone_: "Topazos," an island in the Red Sea, where it +is found. + +TRIP'OLI, _a fine grained earth used in polishing stones_: "Tripoli," in +Africa, where originally obtained. + +TURQUOIS', _a bluish-green stone_: "Turkey," whence it was originally +brought. + +WORST'ED, _well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool_: "Worsted," a +village in Norfolk, England, where first made. + + +III.--ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL +SCHOOL STUDIES. + +1.--TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY. + +ANTARC'TIC: Gr. _anti_, opposite, and _arktos_, a bear. See _arctic_. + +ARCHIPEL'AGO: Gr. _archi_, chief, and _pelagos_, sea, originally applied to +the Ægean Sea, which is studded with numerous islands. + +ARC'TIC: Gr. _arktikos_, from _arktos_, a bear and a northern constellation +so called. + +ATLAN'TIC: Lat. _Atlanticus_, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan who was +condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands. + +AX'IS: Lat. _axis_, an axletree. + +BAR'BAROUS: Gr. _barbaros_, foreign. + +BAY: Fr. _baie_, from Lat. _baia_, an inlet. + +CAN'CER: Lat. _cancer_, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the +zodiac). + +CAPE: Fr. _cap_, from Lat. _caput_, head. + +CAP'ITAL: Lat. _capitalis_, from _caput_, head. + +CAP'RICORN: Lat. _caper_, goat, and _cornu_, horn (the name of one of the +signs of the zodiac). + +CAR'DINAL: adj Lat. _cardinalis_, from _cardo, cardinis_, a hinge. + +CHAN'NEL: Lat. _canalis_, from _canna_, a reed or pipe. + +CIR'CLE: Lat. _circus_, from Gr. _kirkos_, a ring. + +CIRCUM'FERENCE: Lat. _circum_, around, and _ferre_, to bear. + +CIT'Y: Fr. _cite_, from Lat. _civitas_, a state or community. + +CIV'ILIZED: Lat. _civilis_, pertaining to an organized community. + +CLI'MATE: Gr. _klima, klimatos_, slope, the supposed slope of the earth +from the Equator to the poles. + +COAST: Old Fr. _coste_ (New Fr. _côte_), from Lat. _costa_, rib, side. + +CON'FLUENCE: Lat. _con_, together, and _fluere_, to flow. + +CON'TINENT: Lat. _con_, together, and _tenere_, to hold. + +CON'TOUR: Lat. _con_, together, and _tornus_, a lathe. + +COUN'TY: Fr. _comte_, from Lat. _comitatus_, governed by a count. + +DEGREE': Lat. _de_, and _gradus_, a step + +DIAM'ETER: Gr. _dia_, through, and _metron_, measure. + +EQUA'TOR: Lat. _equus_, equal. + +ES'TUARY: Lat. _æstuare_, to boil up, or be furious, the reference being to +the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current and the tide. + +FRIG'ID: Lat. _frigidus_, from _frigere_, to be cold. + +GEOG'RAPHY: Gr. _ge_, the earth, and _graphe_, a description. + +GLOBE: Lat. _globus_, a round body. + +GULF: Fr. _golfe_, from Gr. _kolpos_, bosom, bay. + +HAR'BOR: Anglo-Saxon, _hereberga_, from _beorgan_, to shelter. + +HEM'ISPHERE: Gr. _hemi_, half, and _sphaira_, sphere. + +HORI'ZON: Gr. _horizein_, to bound. + +IN'DIAN (ocean): India. + +ISTH'MUS: Gr. _isthmos_, a neck. + +LAKE: Lat. _lacus_, a lake. + +LAT'ITUDE: Lat. _latitudo_, from _latus_, broad. + +LON'GITUDE: Lat. _longitudo_, from _longus_, long. + +MERID'IAN: Lat. _meridies_ (= _medius_, middle, and _dies_, day), noon. + +METROP'OLIS: Gr. _meter_, mother, and _polis_, city. + +MON'ARCHY: Gr. _monarchés_, from _monos_, alone, and _archein_, to rule. + +MOUN'TAIN: Fr. _montagne_, from Lat. _mons_, _montis_, a mountain. + +OB'LATE: Lat. _oblatus_ (_ob_ and past part. of _ferre_, to bring), brought +forward. + +O'CEAN: Gr. _okeanus_, from _okus_, rapid, and _nacin_, to flow. + +PACIF'IC: Lat. _pacificus_, from _pax_, _pacis_, peace, and _facere_, to +make. + +PAR'ALLEL: Gr. _para_, beside, and _allelon_, of one another. + +PENIN'SULA: Lat. _penes_, almost, and _insula_, island. + +PHYS'ICAL: Gr. _physis_ (_phusis_), nature. + +PLAIN: Lat. _planus_, flat. + +PLANE: Lat. _planus_, flat. + +POLE: Gr. _polos_, a pivot. + +POLIT'ICAL: Gr. _polis_, a city or state. + +PROM'ONTORY: Lat. _pro_, before, and _mons_, _montis_, a mountain. + +RELIEF': Fr. _relever_, from Lat. _relevare_, to raise. + +REPUB'LIC: Lat. _res_, an affair, and _publica_, public: that is, a +_commonwealth_. + +RIV'ER: Fr. _rivière_, from Lat. _ripa_, a shore or bank. + +SAV'AGE: Fr. _sauvage_, from Lat. _silva_, a wood. + +SEA: Anglo-Saxon, _sæ_, the sea. + +SOCI'ETY: Lat. _societas_, from _socius_, a companion. + + +2.--TERMS IN GRAMMAR. + +AD'JECTIVE, Lat. _adjectivus_, from _ad_ and _jacere_, to add to: _a word +joined to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning_. + +AD'JUNCT, Lat. _adjunctus_, from _ad_ and _jungere_, to join to: _a +modifier or subordinate element of a sentence_. + +AD'VERB, Lat. _adverbium_, from _ad_, to, and _verbum_, word, verb: _a word +used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb_. + +ANAL'YSIS, Gr. _analusis_, from _ana_ and _luein_, to unloose, to resolve +into its elements: _the separation of a sentence into its constituent +elements_. + +ANTECE'DENT, Lat. _antecedens_, pres. part. of _antecedere_, to go before: +_the noun or pronoun represented by a relative pronoun_. + +APPOSI'TION, Lat. _appositio_, from _ad_, to, and _ponere_, to place +beside: _the state of two nouns put in the same case without a connecting +word between them_. + +AR'TICLE, Lat. _articulus_, a little joint: _one of the three words_, a, +an, _or_ the. + +AUXIL'IARY, Lat. _auxiliaris_, from _auxilium_, help, aid: _a verb used to +assist in conjugating other verbs_. + +CASE, Lat. _casus_, from _cadere_, to fall, to happen: _a grammatical form +denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the +sentence_. + +CLAUSE, Lat. _claudere_, _clausum_, to shut: _a dependent proposition +introduced by a connective_. + +COMPAR'ISON, Lat. _comparatio_, from _comparare_, to liken to: _a variation +in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or +quality_. + +COM'PLEMENT, Lat. _complementum_, from _con_ and _plere_, to fill fully: +_the word or words required to complete the predication of a transitive +verb_. + +COM'PLEX (sentence), Lat. _complexus_, from _con_ and _plectere_, to twist +around: _a sentence consisting of one independent proposition and one or +more clauses_. + +COM'POUND (sentence), Lat. _componere_ (= _con_ and _ponere_), to put +together: _a sentence consisting of two or more independent propositions_. + +CONJUGA'TION, Lat. _conjugatio_, from _con_ and _jugare_, to join together: +_the systematic arrangement of a verb according to its various grammatical +forms_. + +CONJUNCTION, Lat. _conjunctio_, from _con_ and _jungere_, to join together: +_a word used to connect sentences or the elements of sentences_. + +DECLEN'SION, Lat. _declinatio_, from _declinare_, to lean or incline: _the +process of giving in regular order the cases and numbers of a noun or +pronoun_. + +ELLIP'SIS, Gr. _elleipsis_, a leaving or defect: _the omission of a word or +words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence_. + +ETYMOL'OGY, Gr. _etumologia_, from _etumon_, the true literal sense of a +word, and _logos_, a discourse: _that division of grammar which treats of +the classification and grammatical forms of words_. + +FEM'ININE (gender), Lat. _femininus_, from _femina_, woman: _the gender of +a noun denoting a person of the female sex_. + +GEN'DER, Lat. _genus_, _generis_, kind: _a grammatical form expressing the +sex or non-sex of an object named by a noun_. + +GRAM'MAR, Gr. _gramma_, a letter, through Fr. _grammaire_: the science of +language. + +IMPER'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _imperativus_, from _imperare_, to command: _the +mood of a verb used in the statement of a command or request_. + +INDIC'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _indicativus_, from _indicare_, to proclaim: _the +mood of a verb used in the statement of a fact, or of a matter taken as a +fact_. + +INFLEC'TION, Lat. _inflexio_, from _inflectere_, to bend in: _a change in +the ending of a word_. + +INTERJEC'TION, Lat. _interjectio_, from _inter_ and _jacere_, to throw +between: _a word which expresses an emotion, but which does not enter into +the construction of the sentence_. + +INTRAN'SITIVE (verb), Lat. _intransitivus_ = _in_, not, and _transitivus_, +from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to go beyond: _a verb that denotes a state +or condition, or an action not terminating on an object_. + +MAS'CULINE (gender), Lat. _masculus_, male: _the gender of a noun +describing a person of the male sex_. + +MODE. See _mood_. + +MOOD, Lat. _modus_, through Fr. _mode_, manner: _a grammatical form +denoting the style of predication_. + +NEU'TER (gender), Lat. _neuter_, neither: _the gender of a noun denoting an +object without life_. + +NOM'INATIVE (case), Lat. _nominativus_, from _nomen_, a name: _that form +which a noun has when it is the subject of a verb_. + +NOUN, Lat. _nomen_, a name, through Fr. _nom_: _a name-word, the name of +anything_. + +NUM'BER, Lat. _numerus_, through Fr. _nombre_, number: _a grammatical form +expressing one or more than one of the objects named by a noun or pronoun_. + +OB'JECT, Lat. _ob_ and _jacere_, to set before: _that toward which an +activity is directed or is considered to be directed_. + +OBJEC'TIVE (case), Lat. _objectivus_, from _ob_ and _jacere_: _the case +which follows a transitive verb or a preposition_. + +PARSE, Lat. _pars_, a part: _to point out the several parts of speech in a +sentence and their relation to one another_. + +PAR'TICIPLE, Lat. _participium_, from _pars_, part, and _capere_, to take, +to share: _a verbal adjective, a word which shares or participates in the +nature both of the verb and of the adjective_. + +PER'SON, Lat. _persona_, the part taken by a performer: _a grammatical form +which shows whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken to, or the +person spoken of_. + +PHRASE, Gr. _phrasis_, a brief expression, from _phrazein_, to speak: _a +combination of related words forming an element of a sentence_. + +PLE'ONASM, Gr. _pleonasmos_, from _pleion_, more: _the use of more words to +express an idea than are necessary_. + +PLU'RAL (number), Lat. _pluralis_, from _plus_, _pluris_, more: _the number +which designates more than one_. + +POSSESS'IVE (case), Lat. _possessivus_, from _possidere_, to own: _that +form which a noun or pronoun has in order to denote ownership or +possession_. + +POTEN'TIAL (mood), Lat. _potens_, _potentis_, being able: _the mood of a +verb used in the statement of something possible or contingent_. + +PREDICATE, Lat. _prædicatum_, from _præ_ and _dicare_, to proclaim: _the +word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the +subject_. + +PREPOSI'TION, Lat. _præpositio_, from _præ_ and _ponere_, to put before: _a +connective word expressing a relation of meaning between a noun or pronoun +and some other word_. + +PRO'NOUN, Lat. _pronomen_, from _pro_, for, and _nomen_, a noun: _a word +used instead of a noun_. + +PROP'OSITION, Lat. _propositio_, from _proponere_ (_pro_ and _ponere_), to +put forth: _the combination of a subject with a predicate_. + +REL'ATIVE (pronoun), Lat. _relativus_, from _re_ and _ferre_, _latus_, to +bear back: _a pronoun that refers to an antecedent noun or pronoun_. + +SEN'TENCE, Lat. _sententia_, from _sentire_, to think: _a combination of +words expressing a complete thought_. + +SIM'PLE (sentence), Lat. _simplex_, from _sine_, without, and _plica_, +fold: _a sentence having but one subject and one predicate_. + +SUB'JECT, Lat. _subjectus_, from _sub_ and _jacere_, to place under: _that +of which something is predicated_. + +SUBJUNC'TIVE (mood), Lat. _subjunctivus_, from _sub_ and _jungere_, to +subjoin: _the mood used in the statement of something merely thought of_. + +SYN'TAX, Gr. _suntaxis_, from _sun_, together, and _taxis_, arrangement: +_that division of grammar which treats of the relations of words in +sentences_. + +TENSE, Lat. _tempus_, time, through Fr. _temps_: _a grammatical form of the +verb denoting the time of the action or event_. + +TRAN'SITIVE, Lat. _transitivus_, from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to pass +over: _a verb that denotes an action terminating on some object_. + +VERB, Lat. _verbum_, a word: _a word that predicates action or being_. + +VOICE, Lat. _vox_, _vocis_, voice, through Fr. _voix_: _a grammatical form +of the transitive verb, expressing whether the subject names the actor or +the recipient of the action_. + + +3.--TERMS IN ARITHMETIC. + +ADDI'TION, Lat. _additio_, from _addere_, to add. + +AL'IQUOT, Lat. _aliquot_, some. + +ARITH'METIC, Gr. adj. _arithmetike_, numerical, from n. _arithmos_, number. + +AVOIRDUPOIS', Fr. _avoir du pois_, to have [a fixed or standard] weight. + +CANCELLA'TION, Lat. _cancellatio_, from _cancellare_, to make like a +lattice (_cancelli_), to strike or cross out. + +CENT, Lat. _centum_, a hundred. + +CI'PHER, Arabic _sifrun_, empty, zero. + +CUBE, Gr. _kubos_, a cubical die. + +DEC'IMAL, Lat. _decimus_, tenth, from _decem_, ten. + +DENOM'INATOR, Lat. _denominare_, from _de_ and _nominare_ (_nomen_, a +name), to call by name. + +DIG'IT, Lat. _digitus_, a finger. + +DIV'IDEND, Lat. _dividendus_, to be divided, from _dividere_, to divide. + +DIVIS'ION, Lat. _divisio_, from _dividere_, to divide. + +DIVI'SOR, Sp. _divisor_, that which divides, from Lat. _dividere_, to +divide. + +DOL'LAR, Ger. _thaler_, an abbreviation of _Joachimsthaler_, i.e. a piece +of money first coined, about 1518, in the valley (_thal_) of _St. Joachim_, +in Bohemia. + +EQUA'TION, Lat. _æquatio_, from _æquus_, equal. + +EXPO'NENT, Lat. _exponens_, pres. part. of _exponere_, to set forth (= _ex_ +and _ponere_). + +FAC'TOR, Lat. _factor_, that which does something, from _facere_, _factum_, +to do or make. + +FIG'URE, Lat. _figura_, shape, from _fingere_, to form or shape. + +FRAC'TION, Lat. _fractio_, from _frangere_, to break. + +IN'TEGER, Lat. _integer_, untouched, whole. + +IN'TEREST, Lat. _interest_ = it interests, is of interest (3d per. sing. +pres. indic. of _interesse_, to be between, to be of importance). + +MIN'UEND, Lat. _minuendus_, to be diminished, from _minuere_, to lessen. + +MUL'TIPLE, Lat. _multiplex_, from _multus_, much, and _plicare_, to fold. + +MUL'TIPLY, MULTIPLICATION, etc. See _multiple_. + +NAUGHT, Anglo-Sax. _nawhit_, from _ne_, not, and _awiht_ or _auht_, aught, +anything. + +NOTA'TION, Lat. _notatio_, from _notare_, to mark (_nota_, a mark). + +NUMERA'TION, Lat. _numeratio_, from _numerus_, a number. + +QUO'TIENT, Lat. _quoties_, how often, how many times, from _quot_, how +many. + +SUBTRACTION, Lat. _subtractio_, from _sub_ and _trahere_, to draw from +under. + +U'NIT, Lat. _unus_, one. + +ZE'RO, Arabic _çifrun_, empty, cipher. + + * * * * * + +NOTES. + +[1] To teachers who are unacquainted with the original _Word-Analysis_, the +following extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:-- + +"The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and +important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and +organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their primary +meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its relation with +the root, and in fact _makes_ its primary meaning by the very process of +analyzing the word into its primitive and its modifying prefix or suffix. +It presents, also, a marked improvement in the method of approaching the +definition,--a method by which the definition is seen to _grow out of_ the +primary meaning, and by which the analytic faculty of the pupil is +exercised in tracing the transition from the primary meaning to the +secondary and figurative meanings,--thus converting what is ordinarily a +matter of rote into an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another +point of novelty in the method of treatment is presented in the copious +practical exercises on the _use of words_. The experienced instructor very +well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and definitions +without having any realization of the actual living power of words. Such a +realization can only be gained by _using_ the word,--by turning it over in +a variety of ways, and by throwing upon it the side-lights of its synonym +and contrasted word. The method of thus utilizing English derivatives gives +a study which possesses at once _simplicity_ and _fruitfulness_,--the two +desiderata of an instrument of elementary discipline." + +[2] "Etymology," Greek _et'umon_, the true literal sense of a word +according to its derivation, and _log'os_, a discourse. + +[3] "Vocabulary," Latin _vocabula'rium_, a stock of words; from _vox, vocis_, a +voice, a word. + +[4] By the _Low_ German languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat +countries of North Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the +language of Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to _High_ +German, or German proper. + +[5] For the full definition, reference should be had to a dictionary; but +in the present exercise the literal or etymological signification may +suffice. + +[6] _Fen'do_, _fen'dere_, is used in Latin only in composition. + +[7] Another mode of spelling _defense_. + +[8] From _pass_ and _over_, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate +the providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the +first-born of the Egyptians _passed over_ the houses of the Israelites, +which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb. + +[9] For the explanation of the etymology see Webster's _Unabridged_. + +[10] _For_ is different from _fore_, and corresponds to the German _ver_, +different from _vor_. + +_A_, _be_, _for_, _ge_, are often indifferently prefixed to verbs, +especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, as well as to verbal +nouns.--BOSWORTH. + +[11] _Ster_ was the Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once +conducted the work of brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these +words were afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. +_Ster_ is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of New Word-Analysis, by William Swinton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + +***** This file should be named 19346-0.txt or 19346-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/3/4/19346/ + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/19346-0.zip b/19346-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6dd52ca --- /dev/null +++ b/19346-0.zip diff --git a/19346-8.txt b/19346-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eafa9a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/19346-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8687 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of New Word-Analysis, by William Swinton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: New Word-Analysis + Or, School Etymology of English Derivative Words + +Author: William Swinton + +Release Date: September 22, 2006 [EBook #19346] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + + + + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +NEW WORD-ANALYSIS: + +OR, + +SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS. + +_WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES_ + +IN + +SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND +THE USE OF WORDS. + +BY WILLIAM SWINTON, + +GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF +"SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S +HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC. + +NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO + +AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY + + +_Copyright_, 1879, + +BY WILLIAM SWINTON + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's +_Word-Analysis_, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large +amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a +manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work +for pupils. + +This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old +_methods_; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new _matter_. + +Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives, +with the exercises thereon, have been retained--under "Part II.: The Latin +Element"--as simply a _method of study_.[1] There have then been added, in +"Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred +and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In +order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of +new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the +English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section, +pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to +class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it +not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been +misplaced. + +To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives, +the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots +are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the _present +infinitive_,--the present indicative and the supine being, of course, +added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the +present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always +given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a +curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative +should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the +accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into +conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will +probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies. + +In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition +of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative +sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of +Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr. +James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and +Anglo-Saxon sections. + +W.S. + +NEW YORK, 1879. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PART I. + + INTRODUCTION. PAGE + + I. ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 1 + II. ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS 5 + III. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 5 + IV. RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS 6 + + + PART II. + + THE LATIN ELEMENT. + I. LATIN PREFIXES 9 + II. LATIN SUFFIXES 12 + III. DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES 21 + LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 23 + DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY 23 + DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES 50 + + + PART III. + + THE GREEK ELEMENT. + + I. GREEK PREFIXES 105 + II. GREEK ALPHABET 106 + GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 107 + DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS 107 + DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR + DERIVATIVES 120 + + + PART IV. + + THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. + I. ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES 125 + II. ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES 125 + ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 127 + SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON 132 + SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH 135 + ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH 136 + + + PART V. + + MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. + I. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS 142 + 1. NOUNS 142 + 2. ADJECTIVES 144 + II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES 146 + III. ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES 149 + 1. TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY 149 + 2. TERMS IN GRAMMAR 150 + 3. TERMS IN ARITHMETIC 154 + + + + +WORD-ANALYSIS. + + + + +PART I.--INTRODUCTION. + + +I.--ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY. + +1. ETYMOLOGY[2] is the study which treats of the derivation of words,--that +is, of their structure and history. + +2. ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English +words. + +3. The VOCABULARY[3] of a language is the whole body of words in that +language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the +English language. + + I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct + inquiries,--the study of the _grammar_ of the language, and the study + of its _vocabulary_. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the + vocabulary. + + II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully + distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. + Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in + words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical + etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words. + Thus the relation of _loves, loving, loved_ to the verb _love_ is a + matter of grammatical etymology; but the relation of _lover, lovely_, + or _loveliness_ to _love_ is a matter of historical etymology. + + III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact + that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words. + But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary + purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains + 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary + is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no + more than 15,000 words. + +4. The PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS of the English vocabulary are words of +Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or _French-Latin_ origin. + +5. ANGLO-SAXON is the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of +our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are +Anglo-Saxon. + + I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German[4] division of the Teutonic + stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe--all + of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of + languages--may be seen from the following table:-- + + / CELTIC STOCK..........................as Welsh, Gaelic. + | SLAVONIC STOCK........................as Russian. + INDO- | / Greek / Italian. + EUROPEAN < CLASSIC STOCK \ Latin < Spanish. + FAMILY. | \ French, etc. + | / Scandinavian:.......as Swedish. + | TEUTONIC STOCK< / High Ger:.as Modern German. + \ \ German < + \ Low Ger....as Anglo-Saxon. + + + II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names _Angles_ and + _Saxons_, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., + invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves + of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons + spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British + words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language. + +6. The LATIN element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number +of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods. + + The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly + into English are:-- + + 1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin + Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596. + + 2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century. + + 3. By modern writers. + +7. The FRENCH-LATIN element in the English language consists of French +words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who +conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D. + + I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially + Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and + by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with + them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two + centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the + native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with + an immense infusion of French words. + + II. French-Latin words--that is, Latin words introduced through the + French--can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed + in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language. + Thus-- + + LATIN. FRENCH. ENGLISH. + + inimi'cus ennemi enemy + pop'ulus peuple people + se'nior sire sir + +8. OTHER ELEMENTS.--In addition to its primary constituents--namely, the +Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin--the English vocabulary contains a +large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, +Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from +miscellaneous sources. + + The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; + that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and + Greek:-- + + _Hebrew_: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph. + + _Arabic_: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan, + chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, + sultan. + + _Turkish_: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip. + + _Persian_: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, + orange, paradise, pasha, turban. + + _Hindustani_: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy. + + _Malay_: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango. + + _Chinese_: nankeen, tea. + + _Polynesian_: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo. + + _American Indian_: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco, + tomahawk, tomato, wigwam. + + _Celtic_: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey. + + _Scandinavian_: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap, + plough. + + _Dutch, or Hollandish_: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop, + yacht. + + _Italian_: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta, + soprano, stucco, vista. + + _Spanish_: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee, + mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra. + + _Portuguese_: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver. + +9. PROPORTIONS.--On an examination of passages selected from modern English +authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon +origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined +furnish the remaining five. + + By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon + origin in the English vocabulary,--probably two and a half times as + many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much + more employed--owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions, + prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon + origin)--that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they + greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, + they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing + Anglo-Saxon words, see p. 136. + + +II.--ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS. + +10. CLASSES BY ORIGIN.--With respect to their origin, words are divided +into two classes,--primitive words and derivative words. + +11. A PRIMITIVE word, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more +simple form in the language to which it is native: as, _man, good, run_. + +12. A DERIVATIVE word is one made up of a root and one or more _formative +elements_: as, man_ly_, good_ness_, run_ner_. + +The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See 16, 17.) + +13. BY COMPOSITION.--With respect to their composition, words are divided +into two classes,--simple and compound words. + +14. A SIMPLE word consists of a single significant term: as, _school, +master, rain, bow_. + +15. A COMPOUND word is one made up of two or more simple words united: as, +_school-master, rainbow_. + + In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen + as _school-master_; in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms + a single (though not a _simple_) word, as _rainbow_. + +III.--PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. + +16. A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined +with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = _not_ safe; remove = move +_back_; circumnavigate = sail _around_. + +17. A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined +with a word to modify its meaning: as, safeLY = in a safe _manner_; movABLE += that may be moved; navIGATION = _act_ of sailing. + +The word _affix_ signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb _to +affix_ means to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word. + + +EXERCISE. + +Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also +whether simple or compound:-- + + 1 grace + 2 sign + 3 design + 4 midshipman + 5 wash + 6 sea + 7 workman + 8 love + 9 lovely + 10 white + 11 childhood + 12 kingdom + 13 rub + 14 music + 15 musician + 16 music-teacher + 17 footstep + 18 glad + 19 redness + 20 school + 21 fire + 22 watch-key + 23 give + 24 forget + 25 iron + 26 hardihood + 27 young + 28 right + 29 ploughman + 30 day-star + 31 large + 32 truthful + 33 manliness + 34 milkmaid + 35 gentleman + 36 sailor + 37 steamboat + 38 wooden + 39 rich + 40 hilly + 41 coachman + 42 warm + 43 sign-post + 44 greenish + 45 friend + 46 friendly + 47 reform + 48 whalebone + 49 quiet + 50 quietude + 51 gardener + 52 form + 53 formal + 54 classmate + 55 trust + 56 trustworthy + 57 penknife + 58 brightness + 59 grammarian + 60 unfetter + + +IV.--RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS. + +Rule 1.--_Final "e" followed by a Vowel._ + +Final _e_ of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with +a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = +coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity. + + EXCEPTION 1.--Words ending in _ge_ or _ce_ usually retain the _e_ + before a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_, for the reason that _c_ and + _g_ would have the hard sound if the _e_ were dropped: as, peace + able + = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous. + + EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _oe_ retain the _e_ to preserve the sound + of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The _e_ is + retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar + words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with + singing). + +Rule II.--_Final "e" followed by a Consonant._ + +Final _e_ of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with +a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely. + + EXCEPTION 1.--When the final _e_ is preceded by a vowel, it is + sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = + wholly. + + EXCEPTION 2.--A few words ending in _e_ drop the _e_ before a suffix + beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = + lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment. + +Rule III.--_Final "y" preceded by a Consonant._ + +Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally +changed into _i_ on the addition of a suffix. + + EXCEPTION 1.--Before _ing_ or _ish_, the final _y_ is retained to + prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, pity + ing = pitying. + + EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _ie_ and dropping the _e_, by Rule I. + change the _i_ into _y_ to prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, die + + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying. + + EXCEPTION 3.--Final _y_ is sometimes changed into _e_: as, duty + ous = + duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous. + +Rule IV.--_Final "y" preceded by a Vowel._ + +Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be +changed into an _i_ before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless. + +Rule V.--_Doubling._ + +Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end +with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after +_qu_, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, +rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + +ing = prefer'ring. + + EXCEPTIONS.--_X_ final, being equivalent to _ks_, is never doubled; and + when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final + consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence. + +Rule VI.--_No Doubling._ + +A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the +accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an +additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur ++ ing = murmuring. + + + + +PART II.--THE LATIN ELEMENT. + + +I.--LATIN PREFIXES. + +Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition. + +A- a-vert to turn _from_. +ab- = _from_ ab-solve to release _from_. +abs- abs-tain to hold _from_. + +AD- ad-here to stick _to_. +a- a-gree to be pleasing _to_. +ac- ac-cede to yield _to_. +af- af-fix to fix _to_. +ag- ag-grieve to give pain _to_. +al- = _to_ al-ly to bind _to_. +an- an-nex to tie _to_. +ap- ap-pend to hang _to_. +ar- ar-rive to reach _to_. +as- as-sent to yield _to_. + +NOTE.--The forms AC-, AF-, etc., are euphonic variations of AD-, and follow +generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to +the initial letter of the root. + +AM- = _around_ am-putate to cut _around_. +amb- amb-ient going _around_. + +ANTE- = _before_ ante-cedent going _before_. +anti- anti-cipate to take _before_. + +BI- = _two_ or bi-ped a _two_-footed animal. +bis- _twice_ bis-cuit _twice_ cooked. + +CIRCUM- = _around_ circum-navigate to sail _around_. +circu- circu-it journey _around_. + +CON- con-vene to come _together_. +co- co-equal equal _with_. +co- = _with_ or co-gnate born _together_. +col- _together_ col-loquy a speaking _with_ another. +com- com-pose to put _together_. +cor- cor-relative relative _with_. + +NOTE.--The forms CO-, COL-, COM-, and COR-, are euphonic variations of +CON-. + +CONTRA- contra-dict to speak _against_ +contro- = _against_ contro-vert to turn _against_ +counter- counter-mand to order _against_ + +DE- = _down_ or de-pose; to put _down_; + _off_ de-fend fend _off_. + +DIS- _asunder_ dis-pel to drive _asunder_. +di- = _apart_ di-vert to turn _apart_. +dif- _opposite of_ dif-fer to bear _apart_; disagree. + +NOTE.--The forms DI- and DIF- are euphonic forms of DIS-; DIF- is used +before a root beginning with a vowel. + +EX- ex-clude to shut _out_. +e- = _out_ or e-ject to cast _out_. +ec- _from_ ec-centric _from_ the center. +ef- ef-flux a flowing _out_. + +NOTE.--E-, EC-, and EF- are euphonic variations of EX-. When prefixed to +the name of an office, EX- denotes that the person formerly held the office +named: as, _ex_-mayor, the former mayor. + +EXTRA- = _beyond_ extra-ordinary _beyond_ ordinary. + +IN- (in nouns and in-clude to shut _in_. +il- verbs) il-luminate to throw light _on_. +im- = _in, into, on_ im-port to carry _in_. +ir- ir-rigate to pour water _on_. +en-, em- en-force to force _on_. + +NOTE.--The forms IL-, IM-, and IR- are euphonic variations of IN-. The +forms EN- and EM- are of French origin. + +IN- (in adjectives in-sane _not_ sane. +i(n) and nouns.) i-gnoble _not_ noble. +il- = _not_ il-legal _not_ legal. +im- im-mature _not_ mature. +ir- ir-regular _not_ regular. + +INTER- = _between_ or inter-cede to go _between_. +intel- _among_ intel-ligent choosing _between_. + +INTRA- = _inside of_ intra-mural _inside of_ the walls. + +INTRO- = _within, into_ intro-duce to lead _into_ + +JUXTA- = _near_ juxta-position a placing _near_ + +NON- = _not_ non-combatant _not_ fighting. + +NOTE.--A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between _non-_ and +the root. + +OB- ob-ject to throw _against_. +o- _in the way_, o-mit to leave _out_. +oc- = _against_, oc-cur to run _against_; + or _out_ hence, to happen. +of- of-fend to strike _against_. +op- op-pose to put one's self + _against_. + +PER- = _through_, per-vade; to pass _through_; +pel- _thoroughly_ per-fect _thoroughly_ made. + pel-lucid _thoroughly_ clear. + +NOTE.--Standing alone, PER- signifies _by_: as, _per annum_, _by_ the year. + +POST- = _after_, post-script written _after_. + _behind_ + +PRE- = _before_ pre-cede to go _before_. + +PRETER- = _beyond_ preter-natural _beyond_ nature. + +PRO _for_, pro-noun _for_ a noun. + = _forth_, or pro-pose to put _forth_. + _forward_ + +NOTE.--In a few instances PRO- is changed into PUR-, as _pur_pose; into +POR-, as _por_tray; and into POL-, as _pol_lute. + +RE- = _back_ or re-pel to drive _back_. +red- _anew_ red-eem to buy _back_. + +RETRO- = _backwards_ retro-grade going _backwards_. + +SE- = _aside_, se-cede to go _apart_. + _apart_ + +SINE- = _without_ sine-cure _without_ care. + +SUB- sub-scribe to write _under_. +suc- suc-ceed to follow _after_. +suf- suf-fer to _undergo_. +sug- = _under_ or sug-gest to bring to mind from + _after_ _under_. +sum- sum-mon to hint from _under_. +sup- sup-port to bear by being _under_. +sus- sus-tain to _under_-hold. + +NOTE.--The euphonic variations SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, result from +assimilating the _b_ of SUB- to the initial letter of the root. In +"sustain" SUS- is a contraction of _subs-_ for _sub-_. + +SUBTER- = _under_ or subter-fuge a flying _under_. + _beneath_ + +SUPER- = _above_ or super-natural _above_ nature. + _over_ super-vise to _over_-see. + +NOTE.--In derivatives through the French, SUPER- takes the form SUR-, as +_sur-_vey, to look over. + +TRANS- _through_, trans-gress to step _beyond_. +tra- = _over_, tra-verse to pass _over_. + or _beyond_ + +ULTRA- = _beyond_, or ultra-montane _beyond_ the mountain + _extremely_ (the Alps). + ultra-conservativ _extremely_ conservative. + + +II.--LATIN SUFFIXES. + +SUFFIX. SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION. + + +-ABLE = _that may be_; cur-able _that may be_ cured. +-ible _fit to be_ possi-ble _that may be_ done. +-ble solu-ble _that may be_ dissolved. + +-AC _relating to_ cardi-ac _relating to_ the heart. + = or demoni-ac _like_ a demon. + _resembling_ + +NOTE.--The suffix -AC is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin. + +-ACEOUS _of_; sapon-aceous _having the quality of_ + = _having the_ soap. +-acious _quality of_ cap-acious _having the quality of_ + holding much. + + _condition of_ celib-acy _condition of being_ +-ACY = _being_; single. + _office of_ cur-acy _office of_ a curate. + +-AGE _act_, marri-age _act of_ marrying. + = _condition_, or vassal-age _condition of_ a vassal. + _collection of_ foli-age _collection of_ leaves. + +NOTE.--The suffix -AGE is found only in French-Latin derivatives. + + adj. ment-al _relating to_ the mind. +-AL = _relating to_ remov-al _the act of_ removing. + n. _the act of_; capit-al _that which_ forms the + _that which_ head of a column. + +-AN adj. _relating hum-an _relating to_ mankind. +-ane to_ hum-ane _befitting_ a man. + = or _befitting_ artis-an _one who_ follows a trade. + n. _one who_ + +-ANCE _state or_ vigil-ance _state of being_ watchful. +-ancy = _quality_ eleg-ance _quality of being_ + _of being_ elegant. + +-ANT = adj. _being_ vigil-ant _being_ watchful. + n. _one who_ assist-ant _one who_ assists. + +-AR = _relating to; lun-ar _relating to_ the moon. + like_ circul-ar _like_ a circle. + + adj. _relating epistol-ary _relating to_ a letter. +-ARY to_ mission-ary _one who is_ sent out. + = n. _one who_; avi-ary _a place where_ birds + _place where_ are kept. + + n. _one who is_ deleg-ate _one who is_ sent by + adj. _having_ others. +-ATE = _the quality of_ accur-ate _having the quality of_ + v. _to perform_ accuracy. + _the act of_, navig-ate _to perform the act of_ + or _cause_ sailing. + +-CLE = _minute_ vesi-cle a _minute_ vessel. +-cule animal-cule a _minute_ animal. + +-EE = _one to whom_ refer-ee _one to whom_ something + is referred. + +NOTE.--This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-EER engin-eer _one who_ has charge of + = _one who_ an engine. +-ier brigad-ier _one who_ has charge of + a brigade. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-ENE = _having relation terr-ene _having relation to_ the + to_ earth. + +-ENCE _state of being_ pres-ence _state of being_ present. +-ency = or _quality of_ tend-ency _quality of_ tending + towards. + +-ENT n. _one who_ stud-ent _one who_ studies. + = or _which_ equival-ent _being_ equal to, + adj. _being_ equal_ing_. + or _-ing_ + +-ESCENCE = _state of conval-escence _state of becoming_ well. + becoming_ + +-ESCENT = _becoming_ conval-escent _becoming_ well. + +-ESS = _female_ lion-ess a _female_ lion. + +NOTE.--This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-FEROUS = _producing_ coni-ferous _producing_ cones. + +-FIC = _making, sopori-fic _causing_ sleep. + causing_ + +-FICE = _something done_ arti-fice _something done_ with + or _made_ art. + +-FY = _to make_ forti-fy _to make_ strong. + + rust-ic _one who_ has countrified +-IC n. _one who_ manners. + +-ical = adj. _like_, hero-ic _like_ a hero. + _made of_, metall-ic _made of_ metal. + _relating to_ histor-ical _relating to_ history. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, +namely, adjectives in -IKOS. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in +-IC denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: +as _nitric_ acid. + +-ICE _that which_ just-ice _that which_ is just. + +-ICS _the science of_ mathemat-ics _the science of_ quantity. +-IC arithmet-ic _the science of_ number. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin. + +-ID = _being_ or acr-id; flu-id _being_ bitter; flow_ing_. + _-ing_ + +_-ile_ = _relating to_; puer-ile _relating to_ a boy. + _apt for_ docile _apt for_ being taught. + +-INE = _relating to; femin-ine _relating to_ a woman. + like_ alkal-ine _like_ an alkali. + + _the act of,_ expuls-ion _the act of_ expelling. +-ION = _state of corrupt-ion _state of being_ corrupt. + being_, frict-ion rubb_ing_. + or _-ing_ + +-ISH = _to make_ publ-ish _to make_ public. + +-ISE = _to render_, or fertil-ize _to render_ fertile. +-ize _perform the act + of_ + +NOTE.--The suffix -ISE, -IZE, is of French origin, and is freely added to +Latin roots in forming English derivatives. + +-ISM = _state or act hero-ism _state of_ a hero. + of_; _idiom_ Gallic-ism a French _idiom_. + +NOTE.--This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words +of Greek origin. + + _one who_ art-ist _one who practices_ +-IST = _practices_ or an art. + _is devoted to_ botan-ist _one who is devoted to_ + botany. + +-ITE = n. _one who is_ favor-ite _one who is_ favored. +-yte adj. _being_ defin-ite _being_ well defined. + prosel-yte _one who is_ brought + over. + +NOTE.--The form -YTE is found only in words of Greek origin. + +-ITY = _state or security _state of being_ secure. +-ty quality_ ability _quality of being_ able. + _of being_ liber-ty _state of being_ free. + + n. _one who is_ +-IVE = or _that which_ capt-ive _one who is_ taken. + adj. _having_ cohes-ive _having power_ to stick. + _the power_ + _or quality_ + +-IX = _feminine_ testatr-ix a _woman_ who leaves + a will. + +IZE (See ISE.) + +-MENT _state of being_ excite-ment _state of being_ excited. + = or _act of_; induce-ment _that which_ induces. + _that which_ + +-MONY _state or_ matri-mony _state of_ marriage. + = _quality of_; testi-mony _that which_ is testified. + _that which_ + + _one who_; audit-or _one who_ hears. +-OR = _that which_; mot-or _that which_ moves. + _quality of_ err-or _quality of_ erring. + + adj. _fitted_ or preparat-ory _fitted_ to prepare. +-ORY = _relating to_ + n. _place armor-y _place where_ arms are + where_; kept. + _that which_ + +-OSE = _abounding in_ verb-ose _abounding in_ words. +-ous popul-ous _abounding in_ people. + +-TUDE = _condition or_ servi-tude _condition of_ a slave. + _quality of_ forti-tude _quality of_ being brave. + +-TY (See -ITY.) + +-ULE = _minute_ glob-ule a _minute_ globe. + +-ULENT = _abounding in_ op-ulent _abounding in_ wealth. + +-URE = _act or state depart-ure _act of_ departing. + of_; creat-ure _that which_ is created. + _that which_ + +CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS. + + -an -ent + -ant -ier + -ary -ist = _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._ + -ate -ive + -eer -or + + -ate -ite = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that + -ee -ive which is._ + + -acy -ism + -age -ity + -ance -ment +NOUN SUFFIXES -ancy -mony = _state; condition; quality; act._ + -ate -tude + -ence -ty + -ency -ure + -ion + + -ary = _place where._ + -ory + + -cle + -cule = _diminutives._ + -ule + +II. + + -ac -ic + -al -ical + -an -id = _relating to; like; being_. + -ar -ile + -ary -ine + -ent -ory + + -ate + -ose = _abounding in; having the quality_. + -ous + +ADJECTIVE -able -ible = _that may be_. +SUFFIXES. -ble -ile + + -ive = _having power_. + + -ferous = _causing_ or _producing_. + -fic + + -aceous = _of; having the quality_. + -acious + + -escent = _becoming_. + +III. + + -ate +VERB SUFFIXES -fy = _to make; render; perform an act_. + -ise + -ize + + +EXERCISE. + +I. + +a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from +the following:-- + +1. Nouns. + +MODEL: _art + ist = artist, one who practices an art._[5] + + 1 art + 2 cash + 3 humor + 4 history + 5 vision + 6 tribute + 7 cure + 8 engine + 9 auction + 10 cannon + 11 flute + 12 drug + 13 tragedy + 14 mutiny + 15 grammar + 16 credit + 17 note + 18 method + 19 music + 20 flower (_flor_-) + +2. Verbs. + + 1 profess + 2 descend + 3 act + 4 imitate + 5 preside + 6 solicit + 7 visit + 8 defend + 9 survey + 10 oppose (_oppon_-) + +3. Adjectives. + + 1 adverse + 2 secret + 3 potent + 4 private + +b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) +from the following:-- + + 1 assign + 2 bedlam + 3 _captum_ (taken) + 4 devote + 5 favor + 6 lease + 7 _natus_ (born) + 8 patent + 9 refer + 10 relate + +c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from +the following:-- + +1. Nouns. + + 1 _magistr_ate + 2 parent + 3 cure + 4 _priv_ate + 5 pilgrim + 6 hero + 7 despot + 8 judge + 9 vassal + 10 vandal + +2. Verbs. + + 1 conspire + 2 marry + 3 forbear + 4 repent + 5 ply + 6 abase + 7 excel + 8 prosper + 9 enjoy + 10 accompany + 11 depart + 12 abound + 13 abhor + 14 compose + 15 deride (_deris_-) + +3. Adjectives. + + 1 _accur_ate + 2 _delic_ate + 3 _dist_ant + 4 _excell_ent + 5 _curr_ent + 6 parallel + 7 prompt (_i_-) + 8 similar + 9 docile + 10 moist + +d. Write and define nouns denoting place WHERE from the following words:-- + + 1 grain + 2 deposit + 3 penitent + 4 arm + 5 observe + +e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:-- + + 1 part + 2 globe + 3 animal + 4 verse + 5 _corpus_ (body) + +II. + +a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from +the following nouns:-- + + 1 parent + 2 nation + 3 fate + 4 elegy + 5 demon + 6 republic + 7 Rome + 8 Europe + 9 Persia + 10 presbytery + 11 globule + 12 _luna_ (the moon) + 13 _oculus_ (the eye) + 14 consul + 15 _sol_ (the sun) + 16 planet + 17 moment + 18 element + 19 second + 20 parliament + 21 honor + 22 poet + 23 despot + 24 majesty + 25 ocean + 26 metal + 27 nonsense + 28 astronomy + 29 botany + 30 period + 31 tragedy + 32 _ferv_or + 33 _splend_or + 34 infant + 35 _puer_ (a boy) + 36 _canis_ (a dog) + 37 _felis_ (a cat) + 38 promise + 39 access + 40 transit + +b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality +of, from the following nouns:-- + + 1 passion + 2 temper + 3 _oper_- (work) + 4 fortune + 5 _popul_- (people) + 6 affection + 7 _aqua_- (water) + 8 verb (a word) + 9 beauty + 10 courage + 11 plenty + 12 envy + 13 victory + 14 joy + 15 globe + +c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, +from the following verbs:-- + + 1 blame + 2 allow + 3 move + 4 admit (_miss_-) + 5 collect + 6 abuse + 7 _aud_- (hear) + 8 divide (_vis_-) + 9 vary + 10 _ara_- (plough) + +Write and define the following adjectives denoting-- + +(_causing_ or _producing_) 1 terror, 2 _sopor_- (sleep), 3 _flor_ (a +flower), 4 _pestis_ (a plague); (_having the quality of_) 5 _farina_ +(meal), 6 crust, 7 _argilla_ (clay), (_becoming_), 8 effervesce. + +III. + +Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, +from the following words:-- + + 1 authentic + 2 person + 3 captive + 4 _anima_ (life) + 5 _melior_ (better) + 6 ample + 7 just + 8 _sanctus_ (holy) + 9 pan + 10 false + 11 _facilis_ (easy) + 12 _magnus_(great) + 13 equal + 14 fertile + 15 legal + +III.--DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES. + +1. A LATIN PRIMITIVE, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number +of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb _du'cere_, to +draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed _educe_, +_education_, _deduction_, _ductile_, _reproductive_, and several hundred +other English words. + +2. LATIN ROOTS consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. + +3. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES from Latin words are generally formed not from the +root itself but from a part of the root called the _radical_. Thus, in the +word "education," the _root-word_ is _ducere_, but the _radical_ is DUC- +(education = e + DUC + ate + ion). + +4. A RADICAL is a word or a part of a word used in forming English +derivatives. + +5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the +different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the +root-word. + +6. VERB-RADICALS are formed principally from two parts of the verb,--the +first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the +_supine_, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in +-ing. Thus:-- + + _1st pers. sing. pres. ind._ duco (I draw) + _Root_ DUC- + _Derivative_ _educe_ + _Supine_ ductum (drawing, or to draw) + _Root_ DUCT- + _Derivative_ _ductile_ + +I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of +the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first +person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine--the second +and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the +infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. +Thus as we say that _loved_, _loving_, etc., are parts of the verb "to +love," so we say that _a'mo_ (present ind.) and _ama'tum_ (supine) are +parts of the verb _ama're_. + +II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate _amo_, _amatum_, +by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which +is _amare_. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great +utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the +Dictionary. + +7. NOUN-RADICALS and ADJECTIVE RADICALS are formed from the nominative and +from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of +speech. Thus:-- + +NOM. CASE. ROOT. DERIVATIVE. +iter (a journey) ITER-. re_iter_ate + +GEN. CASE. ROOT DERIVATIVE. +itineris (of a journey) ITINER- _itiner_ant +felicis (nom. _felix_, happy) FELIC- _felic_ity + + NOTE.--These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by + way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no + knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from + Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the + _radicals actually used_ in word-formation, are given. + +Pronunciation of Latin Words. + +1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or +diphthongs: as _miles_ (= _mi'les_). + +2. _C_ is pronounced like _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_; and like _s_ before +_e_, _i_, _y_, and the diphthongs __ and _oe_: as _cado_, pronounced +_ka'do_; _cedo_, pronounced _se'do_. + +3. _G_ is pronounced hard before _a_, _o_, _u_, and soft like _j_ before +_e_, _i_, _y_, __, _oe_: as _gusto_, in which _g_ is pronounced as in +_August_; _gero_, pronounced _je'ro_. + +4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as _bene_, +pronounced _be'ne_. + +5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as _mille_, +pronounced _mil'le_. + +6. The diphthongs __ and _oe_ are sounded like _e_: as _cdo_, pronounced +_ce'do_. + +7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as _ager_, pronounced +_a'jer_. + +8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in _a_, the _a_ should be +sounded like _ah_: as _musa_, pronounced _mu'sah_. + +9. _T_, _s_, and _c_, before _ia_, _ie_, _ii_, _io_, _iu_, and _eu_, +preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change +into _sh_ and _zh_: as _fa'cio_, pronounced _fa'sheo_; _san'cio_, +pronounced _san'sheo_; _spa'tium_, pronounced _spa'sheum_. + + NOTE.--According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels + _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ are pronounced as in _baa_, _bait_, _beet_, + _boat_, _boot_; _ae_, _au_, _ei_, _oe_ as in _aisle_, _our_, _eight_, + _oil_; _c_ always like _k_; _g_ as in _get_; _j_ as _y_ in _yes_; _t_ + as in _until_; _v_ as _w_. See any Latin grammar. + + + + +LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + + +DIVISION I.--METHOD OF STUDY. + + +1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, _to do_, _to drive_. + +Radicals: AG- and ACT-. + +1. ACT, _v._ ANALYSIS: from _actum_ by dropping the termination _um_. +DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The _noun_ "act" is formed in the same way. +DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance. + +2. AC'TION: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done. + +3. ACT'IVE: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, +constantly engaged in action. + +4. ACT'OR: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in +anything done; (2) a stage player. + +5. A'GENT: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts +business for another. + +6. AG'ILE: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk. + +7. CO'GENT: from Latin _cogens_, _cogentis_, pres. part, of _cog'ere_ (= +_co + agere_, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, +forcible. + +8. ENACT': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree. + +9. TRANSACT': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?--Write a sentence containing this +word as a verb; another as a noun.--Give a synonym of "act." _Ans. +Deed._--From what is "deed" derived? _Ans._ From the word _do_--hence, +literally, something _done_.--Give the distinction between "act" and +"deed." _Ans_. "Act" is a _single_ action; "deed" is a _voluntary_ action: +thus--"The _action_ which was praised as a good _deed_ was but an _act_ of +necessity." + +(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.--Combine and define in + +action. + +(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.--What +is the _negative_ of "active"? _Ans. Inactive_.--What is the _contrary_ of +"active"? _Ans. Passive_. + +(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: +"Washington and Greene were prominent _actors_ in the war of the +Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English _actor_, was born in +1716."--What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player? + +(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.--What is the distinction between +"active" and "agile"? _Ans_. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; +"agile" denotes a readiness to move the _limbs_.--Give two synonyms of +"agile." _Ans. Brisk_, _nimble_.--Give the opposite of "agile." _Ans. +Sluggish_, _inert_. + +(7.) Explain what is meant by a "_cogent_ argument."--What would be the +contrary of a _cogent_ argument? + +(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.--What is meant by the "_enacting_ +clause" of a legislative bill?--Write a sentence containing the word +"enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament _enacted_ the stamp-law in 1765." + +(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.--What derivative from "perform" is +a synonym of "transaction"? + + +2. ALIE'NUS, _another_, _foreign_. + +Radical: ALIEN-. + +1. AL'IEN: from _alienus_ by dropping the termination _us_. DEFINITION: a +foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is +living. + +2. AL'IENATE: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to +another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to +estrange, to withdraw. + +3. INAL'IENABLE: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Combine and define alien + age.--Can an alien be elected President of +the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause +5.]--What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is +changed from an _alien_ to a _citizen_? + +(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.--Give a synonym of "alienate" in +its _second_ sense. _Ans._ To _estrange_.--What is meant by saying that +"the oppressive measures of the British government gradually _alienated_ +the American colonies from the mother country"? + +(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the +word "inalienable." + + +3. AMA'RE, _to love_, AMI'CUS, _a friend_. + +Radicals: AM- and AMIC-. + +1. A'MIABLE: am(i) + able = fit to be loved. + + OBS.--The Latin adjective is _amabilis_, from which the English + derivative adjective would be _amable_; but it has taken the form + am_i_able. + +2. AM'ITY: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; +good-will. + +3. AM'ICABLE: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; +peaceable. + +4. INIM'ICAL: through Lat. adj. _inimi'cus_, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al += inimical, relating to an enemy. + +5. AMATEUR': adopted through French _amateur_, from Latin _amator_, a +lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without +pursuing it professionally. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? _Ans. Lovable_.--Show how they +are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: +"The _amiable_ qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply +regretted by all Americans."--What noun can you form from "amiable," +meaning the quality of being amiable?--What is the negative of "amiable"? +_Ans. Unamiable_.--The contrary? _Ans. Hateful_. + +(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." _Ans. +Friendship._--State the distinction between these words. _Ans._ +"Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to societies +or nations.--Write a sentence containing the word "amity." MODEL: "The +Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of _amity_ with the +Indians."--What is the opposite of "amity"? + +(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." _Ans. Friendly_.--Which is the stronger? +_Ans. Friendly_.--Why? _Ans._ "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of +regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.--Write a sentence +containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by +the United States and Great Britain made an _amicable_ settlement of the +Alabama difficulties." + +(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? _Ans. +Enemy_.--Give its origin. _Ans._ It comes from the Latin _inimicus_, an +enemy, through the French _ennemi_.--What preposition does "inimical" take +after it? _Ans._ The preposition _to_--thus, "_inimical_ to health," "to +welfare," etc. + +(5.) What is meant by an _amateur_ painter? an _amateur_ musician? + + +4. AN'IMUS, _mind_, _passion_; AN'IMA, _life_. + +Radical: ANIM-. + +1. AN'IMAL: from Lat. n. _anima_ through the Latin _animal_: literally, +something having life. + +2. ANIMAL'CULE: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can +be seen only by the microscope. + +3. AN'IMATE, _v._: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or +infuse courage. + +4. ANIMOS'ITY: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) +passion: hence, violent hatred. + +5. UNANIM'ITY: un (from _unus_, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of +one mind: hence, agreement. + +6. REAN'IMATE: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse +fresh vigor. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science +has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between +an _animal_ and a vegetable." + +(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? _Ans. Animalcules_ or +_animalcul_.--Write a sentence containing this word. + +(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?--What is the +negative of the adjective "animate?" _Ans. Inanimate._--Define it.--Combine +and define animate + ion.--Explain what is meant by an "_animated_ +discussion." + +(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity." + +(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of _one +mind_, is not this "unanimity"?--What is the adjective corresponding to the +noun "unanimity"?--What is the _opposite_ of "unanimity"?--Write a sentence +containing the word "unanimity." + +(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the +signification of each.--Has "reanimate" any other than its literal +meaning?--Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense. +MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' +_reanimated_ the courage of the American sailors."--What does "_animated_ +conversation" mean? + + +5. AN'NUS, _a year_. + +Radical: ANN-. + +1. AN'NALS: from _annus_, through Lat. adj. _annalis_, pertaining to the +year: hence, a record of things done from year to year. + +2. AN'NUAL: through _annuus_ (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly +or performed in a year. + +3. ANNU'ITY: through Fr. n. _annuit_ = a sum of money payable yearly. + +4. MILLEN'NIUM: Lat. n. _millennium_ (from _annus_ and _mille_, a +thousand), a thousand years. + +5. PEREN'NIAL: through Lat. adj. _perennis_ (compounded of _per_ and +_annus_), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." _Ans. History._--What is the distinction +between "annals" and "history"? _Ans._ "Annals" denotes a mere +chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition +to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.--Write a +sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence: +"The _annals_ of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible +statements." + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual." + +(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium." + +(5.) What is the meaning of a "_perennial_ plant" in botany? _Ans._ A plant +continuing more than two years.--Give the contrary of "perennial." _Ans. +Fleeting, short-lived._ + + +6. ARS, ar'tis, _art, skill._ + +Radical: ART-. + +1. ART: from _artis_ by dropping the termination _is_. DEFINITION: 1. +cunning--thus, an animal practices _art_ in escaping from his pursuers; 2. +skill or dexterity--thus, a man may be said to have the _art_ of managing +his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession--as the _art_ of +building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which +are called the "fine arts." + +2. ART'IST: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who +occupies himself with one of the fine arts. + + OBS.--A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not + properly be so called. The French word _artiste_ is sometimes used to + denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not + one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an + _artiste_. + +3. AR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _artisan_, one who practices an art: hence, one +who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative. + +4. ART'FUL: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning. + +5. ART'LESS: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple, +ingenuous. + +6. AR'TIFICE: through Lat. n. _artificium_, something made (_fa'cere_, to +make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from +Shakespeare, "There is no _art_ to read the mind's construction in the +face"? + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."--Would it be proper to +call a famous hair-dresser an _artist_?--What might he be called?--Combine +and define artist + ic + al + ly.--What is the negative of "artistic"? + +(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"? + +(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." _Ans. Ingenuous, natural._--Give the +opposite of "artless." _Ans. Wily._--Combine and define artless + ly; +artless + ness. + +(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."--Combine artifice + er.--Does +"artificer" mean one who practices artifice?--Write a sentence containing +this word.--Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give +the opposite of "artificial." + + +7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, _to hear_. + +Radicals: AUDI-, and AUDIT-. + +1. AU'DIBLE: audi + ble = that may be heard. + +2. AU'DIENCE: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an +assemblage of hearers, an _auditory_. + +3. AU'DIT: from _audit(um)_ = to hear a statement: hence, to examine +accounts. + +4. AU'DITOR: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer. + + OBS.--This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who + examines accounts. + +5. OBE'DIENT: through _obediens, obedient(is)_, the present participle of +_obedire_ (compounded of _ob_, towards, and _audire_): literally, giving +ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it +to form a word denoting what can _not_ be heard?--What is the adverb from +the adjective "audible"?--Write a sentence containing this word. + +(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving _audience_? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL--"The committee +which had to _audit_ the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."--How +do you spell the past tense of "audit"?--Why is the _t_ not doubled? + +(5.) What is the _noun_ corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?--What is +the _verb_ corresponding to these words?--Combine and define dis + +obedient. + + +8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, _the head_. + +Radical: CAPIT-. + +1. CAP'ITAL, _a._ and _n._: capit + al = relating to the _head_: hence, +chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it +means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;--as +a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in +trade. + +2. CAPITA'TION: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted: +hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person. + +3. DECAP'ITATE: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to +behead. + +4. PREC'IPICE: through Lat. n. _prcipitium_: literally, a headlong +descent. + +5. PRECIP'ITATE: from Lat. adj. _prcipit(is)_, head foremost. DEFINITION: +(1) (_as a verb_) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten; +(2) (_as an adjective_) headlong, hasty. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.--Write a +sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of _city_.--Write a +sentence containing "capital" in the sense of _stock_.--Is the _capital_ of +a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state +or country?--What is the _capital_ of New York state?--What is the +_metropolis_ of New York State? + +(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.--Can you name an English king who +was _decapitated_?--Can you name a French king who was _decapitated_? + +(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the +_precipice_ of time it goes"? + +(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.--Write a sentence containing the +adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for +never having made any _precipitate_ movements."--Explain the meaning of the +verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo +Wellington _precipitated_ the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was +divided", "The Romans were wont to _precipitate_ criminals from the +Tarpeian rock." + + +9. CI'VIS, _a citizen_. + +Radical: CIV-. + +1. CIV'IC: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of +a city. + + OBS.--The "_civic_ crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves + and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in + battle. + +2. CIV'IL: Lat adj. _civilis_, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of +the state, political, (3) polite. + +3. CIV'ILIZE: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having +a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous +state. + +4. CIVILIZA'TION: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized. + +5. CIVIL'IAN: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil +life--not a soldier. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?--Give a synonym of +this word.--Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? _Ans._ +"Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil" +without being "polite."--What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in +the sense of "polite"?--Combine and define civil + ity.--Do you say +_un_civility or _in_civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?--Give a +synonym of "uncivil." _Ans. Boorish._--Give another synonym. + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."--Give a participial +adjective from this word.--What compound word expresses _half_ +civilized?--What word denotes a state of society between savage and +civilized? + +(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." _Ans. Culture, refinement._--What +is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient +Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of +_civilization_"?--Compose a sentence of your own, using this word. + + +10. COR, cor'dis, _the heart_. + +Radical: CORD-. + +1. CORE: from _cor_ = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing. + +2. COR'DIAL, _a._: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence, +hearty, sincere. The _noun_ "cordial" means literally something having the +quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a +figurative sense, something cheering. + +3. CON'CORD: con + cord = heart _with (con)_ heart: hence, unity of +sentiment, harmony. + + OBS.--_Concord_ in music is harmony of sound. + +4. DIS'CORD: dis + cord = heart _apart from (dis)_ heart: hence, +disagreement, want of harmony. + +5. RECORD': through Lat. v. _recordari_, to remember (literally, to get by +_heart_): hence, to register. + +6. COUR'AGE: through Fr. n. _courage_: literally, _heartiness_: hence, +bravery, intrepidity. + + OBS.--The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative + sense of courage. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) "The quince was rotten at the _core_"; "The preacher touched the +_core_ of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its +_literal_, in which in its _figurative_, sense? + +(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?--Would you +say a "_cordial_ laugh" or a "_hearty_ laugh"?--What is the opposite of +"cordial"?--Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.--Write a +sentence containing the _noun_ "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: +"Washington's victory at Trenton was like a _cordial_ to the flagging +spirits of the American army." + +(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." _Ans. Accord._--Supply the proper word: +"In your view of this matter, I am in (_accord?_ or _concord?_) with you." +"There should be ---- among friends." "The man who is not moved by ---- of +sweet sounds." + +(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among +brethren?--Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Strife._--State the +distinction. _Ans._ "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there +must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" +consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action. + +(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?--When the accent is placed on the +first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?--Combine and +define record + er; un + record + ed. + +(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout--what?--Give a synonym. _Ans. +Fortitude._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Courage" enables us to meet +danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.--Would you say "the +Indian shows _courage_ when he endures torment without flinching"?--Would +you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed _fortitude_ in opposing +the entire Persian army"?--What is the contrary of "courage"?--Combine and +define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly. + + +11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, _the body_. + +Radical: CORPOR-. + +1. COR'PORAL: corpor + al = relating to the _body_. + + OBS.--The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from + _corpus_: it comes from the French _caporal_, of which it is a + corruption. + +2. COR'PORATE: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body +or corporation. + +3. INCOR'PORATE: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to +form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another. + +4. CORPORA'TION: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body: +hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person. + +5. COR'PULENT: through Lat. adj. _corpulentus_, fleshy: hence, stout in +body, fleshy. + +6. COR'PUSCLE: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle +of matter. + +7. CORPS: [pronounced _core_] through Fr. n. _corps_, a body. DEFINITION: +(1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one +profession. + +8. CORPSE: through Fr. n. _corps_, the body; that is, _only_ the body--the +spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." _Ans. Corporeal_ and +_bodily_.--What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"? +_Ans._ "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies +material, as opposed to spiritual.--Would you say a _corporal_ or a +_corporeal_ substance? _corporal_ or _corporeal_ punishment? Would you say +_corporal_ strength or _bodily_ strength? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its _first_ +sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was _incorporated_ +in 1606, and received a charter from King James I." + +(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what +corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence +about that.] + +(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and +synonymous with "stoutness"?--Give two synonyms of "corpulent." _Ans._ +_Stout_, _lusty_.--What is the distinction? _Ans._ "Corpulent" means fat; +"stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame. + +(6.) What is meant by an "army _corps_"? _Ans_. A body of from twenty to +forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions. + +(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? _Ans. Corps._ How pronounced? +_Ans. Cores._--What is meant by the "diplomatic _corps_"? + +(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? _Ans_. The form _corse_ +is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John +Moore: + + "Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, + As his _corse_ to the ramparts we hurried." + + +12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, _to believe_. + +Radicals: CRED- and CREDIT-. + +1. CREED: from the word _credo_, "I believe," at the beginning of the +Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief. + +2. CRED'IBLE: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief. + +3. CRED'IT: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2) +reputation; (3) trust given or received. + +4. CRED'ULOUS: through the Lat. adj. _credulus_, easy of belief: credul + +ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily. + +5. DISCRED'IT: dis + credit = to _dis_believe. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King +of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be +walked on, he declared that the statement was not _credible_."--What single +word will express _not credible_?--Combine and define credible + ity.--Give +a synonym of "credible." _Ans. Trustworthy._--State the distinction. _Ans_. +"Credible" is generally applied to things, as "_credible_ testimony"; +"trustworthy" to persons, as "a _trustworthy_ witness." + +(3.) What is the meaning of _credit_ in the passage, + + "John Gilpin was a citizen + Of _credit_ and renown"? + +Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Trust._--What is the distinction? _Ans_. +"Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back--we _credit_ what has happened; +we _trust_ what is to happen.--What other part of speech than a noun is +"credit"?--Combine and define credit + ed.--Why is the _t_ not doubled? + +(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage, + + "So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud + Led Eve, our _credulous_ mother"?--MILTON. + +What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the +quality of believing too easily?--What is the negative of +"credulous"?--What is the distinction between "incredible" and +"incredulous"?--Which applies to persons? which to things? + +(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?--Write a sentence +containing this word as a _noun_; another as a _verb_. + + +13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, _to run_. + +Radicals used: CURR- and CURS-. + +1. CUR'RENT, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to +person, as a "_current_ report"; (2) now in progress, as the "_current_ +month." + +2. CUR'RENCY: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as +"the report obtained _currency_": hence circulation. + + OBS.--As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or + passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value. + +3. CUR'SORY: curs + ory = runn_ing_ or pass_ing_: hence, hasty. + +4. EXCUR'SION: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an +expedition or jaunt. + +5. INCUR'SION: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion. + +6. PRECUR'SOR: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?--What is now +the _current_ year? + +(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? _Ans_. Because there are two in +the root _currere_.--Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money." +_Ans._ The "circulating medium."--What was the "currency" of the Indians in +early times?--Compose a sentence using this word. + +(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "_cursory_ glance" at a +subject, what does he mean?--Combine and define cursory + ly. + +(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly +or a hostile sense? + +(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly +or a hostile sense?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Invasion._--Which implies a +hasty expedition?--Compose a sentence containing the word _incursion_. +MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid _incursions_ into the +territory of their enemies." + +(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the _precursor_ of +Christ?--What is meant by saying that black clouds are the _precursor_ of a +storm? + + +14. DIG'NUS, _worthy_. + +Radical: DIGN-. + +1. DIG'NIFY: dign + (_i_)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor. + +2. DIG'NITY: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior +fitted to inspire respect. + +3. INDIG'NITY: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an +unworthy (_indignus_) manner: hence, insult, contumely. + +4. CONDIGN': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved. + + OBS.--The prefix _con_ is here merely intensive. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? _Ans. +Dignified._--Give a stronger word. _Ans. Majestic._--Give a word which +denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. _Ans. +Pompous._ + +(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the +dignity of his behavior?--Compose a sentence containing this word. + +(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."--What is meant by saying that +"indignities were heaped on" a person? + +(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? _Ans._ In +connection with punishment: thus we speak of "_condign_ punishment," +meaning richly deserved punishment. + + +15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, _to teach_. + +Radicals: DOC- and DOCT-. + +1. DOC'ILE: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable. + +2. DOC'TOR: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the +highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach. + +4. DOC'TRINE: through Lat. n. _doctrina_, something taught; hence, a +principle taught as part of a system of belief. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.--Give the opposite of "docile." _Ans. +Indocile._--Mention an animal that is very docile.--Mention one remarkable +for its want of docility. + +(2.) What is meant by "_Doctor_ of Medicine"?--Give the abbreviation.--What +does LL.D. mean? _Ans._ It stands for the words _legum doctor_, doctor of +laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun. + +(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." _Ans. Precept, tenet._--What does +"tenet" literally mean? _Ans._ Something _held_--from Lat. v. _tenere_, to +hold.--Combine and define doctrine + al. + + +16. DOM'INUS, _a master or lord_. + +Radical: DOMIN-. + +1. DOMIN'ION: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule; +(2) a territory ruled over. + +2. DOM'INANT: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence, +prevailing. + +3. DOMINEER': through Fr. v. _dominer_; literally, to "_lord_ it" over one: +hence, to rule with insolence. + +4. PREDOM'INATE: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master _before_ +another: hence, to be superior, to rule. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off +the _dominion_ of Great Britain"? + +(2.) What is meant by the "_dominant_ party"? a "_dominant_ race"? + +(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The +blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, _domineered_ for several years over +the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the +accession of King William." + +(4.) "The Republicans at present _predominate_ in Mexico": what does this +mean? + + +17. FI'NIS, _an end or limit_. + +Radical: FIN-. + +1. FI'NITE: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence, +limited in quantity or degree. + +2. FIN'ISH: through Fr. v. _finir_; literally, to bring to an end: hence, +to complete. + +3. INFIN'ITY: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence, +unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity. + +4. DEFINE': through Fr. v. _definer_; literally, to bring a thing down to +its limits: hence, to determine with precision. + +5. CONFINE': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds: +hence, to restrain. + +6. AFFIN'ITY: af (a form of prefix _ad_) + fin + ity = close agreement. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are _finite_"? + +(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. +Limited._--What participial adjective is formed from the verb to +"finish"?--What is meant by a "_finished_ gentleman"? + +(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." _Ans. Boundlessness._--"The microscope +reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an _infinity_ of +animalcul." What is the sense of _infinity_ as used in this sentence? + +(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.--Analyze the word +"definition."--Compose a sentence containing the word "define." + +(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.--What other part of speech than a +verb is "confine"? _Ans._ A noun.--Write a sentence containing the word +"confines." + +(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical _affinity_." + + +18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, _to flow_. + +Radicals: FLU- and FLUX-. + +1. FLUX: from flux_um_ = a flowing. + +2. FLU'ENT: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to +language it means _flowing_ speech: hence, voluble. + +3. FLU'ID, _n._: flu + id = Flow_ing_: hence, anything that flows. + +4. FLU'ENCY: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language). + +5. AF'FLUENCE: af (form of _ad_) + flu + ence = a flowing _to_: hence, an +abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc. + +6. CON'FLUENCE: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the +flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union. + +7. IN'FLUX: in + flux = a flowing in or into. + +8. SUPER'FLUOUS: super + flu + ous = having the quality of _over_flowing: +hence, needless, excessive. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?--What word would denote a speaker +who is the reverse of "fluent"? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid." + +(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style? + +(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "_affluence_ of +ideas," means what? + +(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York +City stands at the ---- of two streams." + +(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."--Compose +a sentence containing the word "superfluous."--What is its opposite? _Ans. +Scanty, meager._ + + +19. GREX, gre'gis, _a flock or herd_. + +Radical: GREG-. + +1. AG'GREGATE, _v._: ag (for _ad_) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought +into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble. + +2. EGRE'GIOUS: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. _egre'gius_, chosen +from the herd: hence, remarkable. + + OBS.--Its present use is in association with inferiority. + +3. CON'GREGATE: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together: +hence, to assemble. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?--Why is this +word spelled with a double _g_? + +(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.--What does an "_egregious_ blunder" +mean?--Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious." + +(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating _together_?--Combine and +define congregate + ion. + + +20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, _to go_. + +Radical: IT-. + +1. AMBI'TION: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around. +DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power. + + OBS.--This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in + Rome _going around_ to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and + finally, aspiration in general. + +2. INI'TIAL, _a._: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the _in_going: hence, +marking the commencement. + +3. INI'TIATE: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to +introduce, to commence. + +4. SEDI'TION: sed (_aside_) + it + ion = the act of going _aside_; that is, +going to a separate and insurrectionary party. + +5. TRANS'IT: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing; +(2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy. + +6. TRAN'SITORY: trans + it + ory = pass_ing_ over: hence, brief, fleeting. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's +_ambition_ was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his +country."--What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"? +"literary ambition"?--What adjective means _possessing ambition_?--Combine +and define un + ambitious. + +(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? _Ans. Final, closing._--What part +of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?--What is meant by "initials"? + +(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was _initiated_ by +an attack on the British in Boston"?--Give the opposite of "initiate" in +the sense of "commence." + +(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." _Ans. Insurrection._--Give +another.--Compose a sentence containing this word. + +(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in _transit_."--Explain what is meant +by the "Nicaragua _transit_."--When you speak of the _transit_ of Venus," +you are using a term in what science? + +(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."--Give its opposite. _Ans. Permanent, +abiding._ + + +21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, _a stone_. + +Radical: LAPID-. + +1. LAP'IDARY: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, +polishes, and engraves precious stones. + +2. DILAP'IDATED: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a +building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, +decayed. + +3. DILAPIDA'TION: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in +which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay. + + +EXERCISE. + +Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted +the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous _lapidary_ in Holland." + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At +Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a _dilapidated_ mill, which some +writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the +twelfth century."--If we should speak of a "_dilapidated_ fortune," would +the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense? + +(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." _Ans. Ruin, decay._ + + +22. LEX, le'gis, _a law or rule_. + +Radical: LEG-. + +1. LE'GAL: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful. + +2. ILLE'GAL: il (for _in_, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful. + +3. LEG'ISLATE: from _legis_ + _latum_ (from Lat. v. _fer're, latum_, to +bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws. + +4. LEGIT'IMATE: through Lat. adj. _legitimus_, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = +made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law. + +5. PRIV'ILEGE: Lat. adj. _privus_, private; literally, a law passed for the +benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the +_legal_ profession" and "a _legal_ right."--Combine and define legal + +ize. + +(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." _Ans. Unlawful._--Show that +they are synonyms. _Ans_. il (_in_) = un; _leg_ = law; and al = +ful.--Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."--Combine and define +illegal + ity. + +(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making +power?--Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive. + +(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate." + +(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?--Define the meaning of this word in +the passage,-- + + "He claims his _privilege_, and says 't is fit + Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit." + + +23. LIT'ERA, _a letter_. + +Radical: LITER-. + +1. LIT'ERAL: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact +to the letter. + +2. LIT'ERARY: liter + ary = pertaining to _letters_ or learning. + +3. OBLITERATE: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence, +to rub out, in general. + +4. LIT'ERATURE: through Lat. n. _literatura_ = the collective body of +literary works. + +5. ILLIT'ERATE: il (for _in_, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who +does not know his letters. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Define what is meant by a "_literal_ translation." + +(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."--Compose a sentence +containing the terms "literary society." + +(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. _Ans._ To +_erase_.--If we should speak of _obliterating_ the memory of a wrong, +would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense? + +(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?--Can you mention +a great poem in Greek "literature"?--Compose a sentence containing the word +"literature." + +(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." _Ans. Unlearned_.--What is the +opposite of "illiterate"? _Ans. Learned_. + + +24. MORS, mortis, _death_. + +Radical: MORT-. + +1. MOR'TAL: mort + a = relating to death. + +2. MOR'TIFY: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy +vital functions; (2) to humble. + +3. IMMOR'TALIZE: im (for _in_, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject +to death: hence, to perpetuate. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this +_mortal_ coil"?--Combine and define mortal + ity.--What is the opposite of +"mortal"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Deathless_. + +(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."--What noun is derived from this +verb? _Ans. Mortification_.--When a surgeon speaks of "mortification" +setting in, what does he mean?--What is meant by "mortification" when we +say that the British felt great _mortification_ at the recapture of Stony +Point by General Anthony Wayne? + +(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton +_immortalized_ his name by the production of Paradise Lost." + + +25. NOR'MA, _a rule_. + +Radical: NORM-. + +1. NOR'MAL: norm + al = according to rule. + +2. ENOR'MOUS: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule: +hence, excessive, huge. + +3. ENOR'MITY: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence, +an excessive degree--generally used in regard to bad qualities. + +4. ABNOR'MAL: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being _away_ from the +usual rule: hence, unnatural. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the _normal_ condition of +things"?--"What is the meaning of the term a "_normal_ school"? _Ans._ It +means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for +imitation; a school for the education of teachers. + +(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." _Ans. Immense_.--Give another.--"What is +meant by "_enormous_ strength"? an "_enormous_ crime?"--Combine and define +enormous + ly. + +(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence. + + +26. OR'DO, or'dinis, _order_. + +Radical: ORDIN-. + +1. OR'DINARY: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things. + +2. EXTRAOR'DINARY: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary. + +3. INOR'DINATE: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within +the usual order of things: hence, excessive. + +4. SUBOR'DINATE: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the +usual order: hence, inferior, secondary. + +5. OR'DINANCE: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a +law. + +6. INSUBORDINA'TION: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being +under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by "_ordinary_ language"? an "_ordinary_ man"? + +(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.--Compose a sentence using the +word "extraordinary."--Give a synonym of "extraordinary." _Ans. Unusual._ + +(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had +"_inordinate_ vanity."--Is "inordinate" used with reference to +praiseworthy things? + +(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?--What is +meant by "a _subordinate_"?--What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, +"We must _subordinate_ our wishes to the rules of morality"?--Combine and +define subordinate + ion. + +(5.) What does the expression "the _ordinances_ of the Common Council of +the City of New York" mean? + +(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."--Give the +opposite of "insubordination"? _Ans. Subordination, obedience._ + + +27. PARS, par'tis, _a part or share_. + +Radical: PART-. + +1. PART: from part_is_ = a share. + +2. PAR'TICLE: part + (_i_)cle = a small part. + +3. PAR'TIAL: part + (_i_)al = relating to a part rather than the whole: +hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing. + +4. PAR'TY: through Fr. n. _partie_: a set of persons (that is, a part of +the people) engaged in some design. + +5. PAR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _partisan_ = a party man. + +6. DEPART': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?--Write a sentence +containing this word as a noun; another as a verb. + +(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and +"particular." _Ans_. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or +_particles_ of a given subject. + +(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? _Ans. Impartial._--Define it. + +(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political _party_." + +(6.) Combine and define depart + ure. + + +28. PES, pe'dis, _a foot_. + +Radical: PED-. + +1. PED'AL: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot. + +2. BI'PED: bi + ped = a two-footed animal. + +3. QUAD'RUPED: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (_Quadru_, from +_quatuor_, four.) + +4. PED'DLER: literally, a trader who travels on foot. + +5. EXPEDITE': ex + ped + ite (_ite_, equivalent to _ate_) = literally, to +free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten. + +6. EXPEDI'TION: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1) +the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the +execution of some object of importance. + +7. IMPED'IMENT: through Lat. n. _impedimentum_; literally, something which +_impedes_ or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped." + +(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped." + +(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?--In what other +way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? _Ans._ It is sometimes spelled with but +one _d_--thus, _pedler_. + +(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?--Give the +opposite of "expedite." _Ans._ To _retard_. + +(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following +sentences: "With winged _expedition_, swift as lightning."--_Milton_. "The +_expedition_ of Cortez miserably failed."--_Prescott._ + +(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."--What is meant by +"_impediment_ of speech"?--Is the word here used in its literal or its +figurative sense? + + +29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_. + +Radical: RUPT-. + +1. RUP'TURE: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a +_breach_ of friendly relations. + +2. ERUP'TION: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out. + +3. ABRUPT': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden +termination. + +4. CORRUPT': cor (for _con_) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence, +decomposed, depraved. + +5. INTERRUPT': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder. + +6. BANK'RUPT: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts, +an insolvent debtor. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? _Ans._ A +verb.--Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a +noun.--What does the "_rupture_ of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the +literal sense of the word?--The "_rupture_ of friendly relations" between +Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense? + +(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption." + +(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.--When we speak of an +"_abrupt_ manner," what is meant?--When we speak of an "_abrupt_ descent," +what is meant? + +(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "_corrupt_ +judge."--Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + +ible.--What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?--What part +of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications _corrupt_ good +manners"? + + +30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, _time_. + +Radical: TEMPOR-. + +1. TEM'PORAL: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting. + +2. TEM'PORARY: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time. + +3. CONTEM'PORARY: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with +another. + +4. TEM'PERANCE: through Fr. n. _temprance_; literal meaning, the state of +being _well timed_ as to one's habits: hence, moderation. + +5. EXTEMPORA'NEOUS: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time. + +6. TEM'PORIZE: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the +current of opinion. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." _Ans. Eternal._ Illustrate these two +words by a sentence from the Bible. _Ans._ "The things which are seen are +_temporal_; but the things which are not seen are _eternal_." + +(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." _Ans. Permanent._--What is meant by +the "_temporary_ government of a city"?--Give a synonym of "temporary." +_Ans. Transitory._--Would you say that man is a "_temporary_ being" or a +"_transitory_ being"? + +(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word +"contemporary."--What adjective corresponds to this adjective? + +(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."--Write a +sentence showing the use of the two words. + +(5.) What is meant by an "_extemporaneous_ speech?" + +(6.) What is one who _temporizes_ sometimes called? _Ans_. A _time_-server. + + +DIVISION II.--ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES. + + NOTE--In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are + given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the + particular _radicals_, from which the several groups of derivatives are + formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type--thus., + ACR-, ACERB-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin + roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are + required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus + forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in + writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words + not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference + to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus, + acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter, + bitterness. + + +1. A'CER, a'cris, _sharp_; Acer'bus, _bitter_; Ac'idus, _sour_; Ace'tum, +_vinegar_. + +ACR: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. _acrimo'nia_, sharpness of temper); +acrimo'nious. + +ACERB: -ity; exac'erbate, _to render bitter_; exacerba'tion. + +ACID: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. _acid'ulus_, slightly sour); +acid'ulous; subac'id, _slightly acid_. + +ACET: -ate, _a certain salt; _-ic, _pertaining to a certain acid; _-ify, +-ification, -ose, -ous. + + +2. AE'DES, _a house_. + +ED: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. _edifi'cium_, a large +building); e'dile (Lat. n. _aedi'lis_, a Roman magistrate who had charge of +buildings). + + +3. 'QUUS, _equal_: qua'lis, _equal, just_. + +EQU: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v. +_adequa're_, _adequa'tum_, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; +iniq'uity (Lat. n. _iniq'uitas_, want of equal or just dealing); +iniq'uitous. + +EQUAL: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual. + + +4. 'VUM, _an age_; ter'nitas, _eternal_. + +EV: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. _lon'gus_, long); prime'val (Lat. adj. +_pri'mus_, first). + +ETERN: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal. + + +5. A'GER, a'gri, _a field, land_. + +AGRI: agra'rian (Lat. adj. _agrarius_, relating to land); agra'rianism; +ag'riculture (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation), agricult'ural, +agricult'urist. + +Per'egrinate (Lat. v. _peregrina'ri_, to travel in foreign lands); +peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. _plrin_, a wanderer); pil'grimage. + +AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.) + + +6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum _or_ al'tum, _to nourish_; ALES'CERE: +ales'co _to grow up_. + +AL: al'iment (Lat. n. _alimen'tum_, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony +(Lat. n. _alimo'ma_, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support). + +ALIT: coali'tion (-ist). + +ALESC: coalesce' (-ence, -ent). + +ALIENUS. (See p. 25.) + + +7. AL'TER, _another_; Alter'nus, _one after another_. + +ALTER: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered; +alterca'tion (Lat. n. _alterca'tio_, a contention). + +ALTERN: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, _a subordinate officer_. + +AMARE; AMICUS. (See p. 25.) + +ANIMUS; ANIMA. (See p. 26.) + +ANNUS. (See p. 27.) + + +8. ANTI'QUUS, _old, ancient_. + +ANTIQU: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. _antique_), _old, +ancient_. + + +9. AP'TUS, _fit, suitable_. + +APT: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or). + + +10. A'QUA, _water_. + +AQUE: -duct (_du'cere_, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat. +n. _terra_, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. _aquat'icus_, relating to water); +aqua'rium (Lat. n. _aqua'rium_, a reservoir of water), _a tank for +water-plants and animals_. + + +11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, _a judge or umpire_. + +ARBITER: ar'biter, _a judge or umpire_. + +ARBITR: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. _arbitramen'tum_, +decision). + + +12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, _a tree_. + +ARBOR: ar'bor, _a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower_; -et, _a +little tree_; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, _a place where specimens +of trees are cultivated_; arboricult'ure (-ist). + + +13. AR'MA, _arms, weapons_. + +ARM: arm (n. and v.); arms, _weapons_; -or, _defensive weapons_; ar'morer; +ar'mory; armo'rial, _belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a +family_; ar'mistice (_sis'tere_, to cause to stand still); disarm'; +unarmed'. + +Arma'da (Span, n.), _a naval warlike force_; ar'my (Fr. n _arme_); +ar'mament (Lat. n. _armamen'ta_, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), _an +animal armed with a bony shell_. + +ARS. (See page 28.) + + +14. ARTIC'ULUS, _a little joint_. + +ARTICUL: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly _jointed_ syllables), -ate (adj. +formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. _article_). + + +15. AS'PER, _rough_. + +ASPER: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration. + +AUDIRE. (See page 29.) + + +16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, _to increase_. + +AUG: augment' (v.); augmentation. + +AUCT: -ion, _a sale in which the price is increased by bidders_; -ioneer. +Author (Lat. n. _auc'tor_, one who increases knowledge); author'ity; +au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. _auxil'ium_, help). + + +17. A'VIS, _a bird_; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, _a soothsayer_. + +AUGUR: au'gur (n.), _one who foretells future events by observing the_ +_flight of birds_, (v.) _to foretell_; au'gury, _an omen_; inau'gurate, _to +invest with an office by solemn rites_; inaugura'tion; inau'gural. + +AUSPICI: -ous, _favorable_; inauspi'cious; aus'pices. + + +18. BAR'BARUS, _savage, uncivilized_. + +BARBAR: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous. + + +19. BIS, _twice or two_. + +BI: bi'ennial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); big'amy (Greek n. _gamos_, +marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. _mil'lio_, a million; literally, twice a +million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n. +_pes, pe'dis_, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. _cuit_, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. +_sec'tum_, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. _val'v_, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. +adj. _bi'ni_, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. _oc'ulus_, the eye); +combine'; combina'tion. + + +20. BO'NIS, _good_; Be'ne, _well_. + +BONUS: bonus (something to the _good_ of a person in addition to +compensation), bounty (Fr. n. _bont_, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful. + +BENE: ben'efice (Lat. v. _fac'ere, fac'tum_, to do), literally, _a benefit, +an ecclesiastical living_; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; +ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. _dic'ere, +dic'tum_, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. _vel'le_, to will). + +EXERCISE. + +_In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed +in italic_: The _equator_ divides the globe into two _equal_ parts. Good +_agriculturists_ read _agricultural_ papers. In the _primeval_ ages the +_longevity_ of man was very great. The _pilgrims_ have gone on a +_pilgrimage_ to the Holy Land. The _subaltern_ had no _alternative_ but to +obey. To remove the stain a powerful _acid_ must be used. The _alimony_ +which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered _adequate_. The +discourse, though learned, was not _edifying_. God is an _eternal_ and +unchangeable being. The handsome _edifice_ was burned to the ground. The +plants and animals in the _aquarium_ were brought from abroad. Though the +style is _antiquated_, it is not inelegant. The _arbitrary_ proceedings of +the British Parliament _exasperated_ the Americans. God is the _bountiful_ +Giver of all good. The President made a short _inaugural_ address. By +_combined_ effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The +_Antiquary_. It is _barbarous_ needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody +was noted for his _benevolence_. The Romans were famous for their great +_aqueducts_. + + +21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, _to fall_. + +CAD: -ence, _a falling of the voice_; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence. + +CIDE: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; +oc'cident, _the place of the falling or setting sun, the west_. + +CASE: case, _the state in which a thing happens or falls to be_; casual +(Lat. n. _ca'sus_, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, _one who studies cases of +conscience_; cas'uistry; occa'sion. + +Chance (Fr. v. _choir_, to fall), _something that befalls without apparent +cause_; decay (Fr. v. _dchoir_, to fall away). + + +22. CD'ERE: c'do, c'sum, _to cut, to kill_. + +CIDE: decide', _to cut off discussion, to determine_; frat'ricide, _the +killing of a brother_ (Lat. n. _fra'ter_, a brother); hom'icide (_ho'mo_, a +man); infan'ticide (_in'fans_, an infant); mat'ricide (_ma'ter_, a mother); +par'ricide (_pa'ter_, a father); reg'icide (_rex, re'gis_, a king); +su'icide (Lat. pro. _sui_, one's self). + +CISE: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion, +incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion. + + +23. CAL'CULUS, _a pebble_. + +CALCUL: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles +anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; +miscal'culate. + + +24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, _to be white, to shine +(literally, to burn, to glow)_; Can'didus, _white_. + +CAND: -id, _fair, sincere_; -or, _openness, sincerity_; incandes'cent. + +CAN'DID: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore _white_ robes). + +Cen'ser, _a vessel in which incense is burned_; in'cense (n.), _perfume +given off by fire_; incense' (v.), _to inflame with anger_; incen'diary +(Lat. n. _incen'dium_, a fire); can'dle (Lat. _cande'la_, a _white_ light +made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); +chandelier'; candel'abra. + + +25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, _to sing_; Fr chanter, _to sing_. + +CANT: cant, _hypocritical sing-song speech_; canta'ta, _a poem set to +music_; can'ticle; can'ticles, _the Song of Solomon_; can'to, _division of +a poem_; discant'; incanta'tion, _enchantment_; recant', literally, _to +sing back, to retract_. + +CHANT: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'. + +Ac'cent (Lat. _ad._ and _cantus_, a song), literally, _a modulation of the +voice_; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. _prcan'ere_, to sing before). + + +26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, _to take_. + +CAP: -able, -ability; inca'pable. + +CIP: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. _ma'nus_, hand), literally, _to take +away from the hand of an owner, to free_; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. +_municip'ium_, a free town; _mu'nia_, official duties, and _cap'ere_, to +take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); par'ticiple; prince +(Lat. n. _prin'ceps_,--Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first: hence, taking the +_first_ place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe +(imperative of _recip'ere_; literally, "take thou," being the first word of +a medical prescription). + +CEIVE (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'. + +CAPT: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure. + +CEPT: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive; +except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept; +precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible. + +CEIT (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'. + +Capa'cious (Lat. adj. _ca'pax_, _capa'cis_, able to hold: hence large); +capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate. + +CAPUT. (See page 30.) + + +27. CA'RO, carnis, _flesh_. + +CARN: -age, _slaughter_; -al, -ation, _the flesh-colored flower_; +incar'nate; incarna'tion. + +Carne'lian (Lat. adj. _car'neus_, fleshy), _a flesh-colored stone_; +car'nival (Lat. v. _vale_, farewell), _a festival preceding Lent_; +carniv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. _charnel_, +containing flesh). + + +28. CAU'SA, _a cause_. + +CAUS: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. _cause_), n. and v. + +Accuse' (Fr. v. _accuser_, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; +excuse' (Fr. v. _excuser_, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v. +_recusa're_, to refuse). + + +29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, _to beware_. + +CAUT: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution. + +Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), _an +intimation to stop proceedings_. + + +30. CA'VUS, _hollow_. + +CAV: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate. + +Cave (Fr. n. _cave_), literally, _a hollow, empty space_; con'cave (Lat. +adj. _conca'vus_, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. _cavil'la_, a jest). + + +31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, _to go, to yield_. + +CEDE: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede'; +unprecedented. + +CEED: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-). + +CESS: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, _a collection of matter gone away, or +collected in a cavity_; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; +conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; +proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive). + + +32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, _to weigh, to estimate, to tax_. + +CENS: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion. + +Cen'sus (Lat. n. _census_, an estimate). + + +33. CEN'TRUM, _the middle point_. + +CENTR: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. _fu'gere_, to flee); centrip'etal +(Lat. v. _pet'ere_, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric; +eccen'tric; eccentric'ity. + +Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. _centre_), n. and v.; cen'tered. + + +34. CEN'TUM, _a hundred_. + +CENT: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. _centena'rius_); centena'rian; +centen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. _gra'dus_, a +degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. _pes_, _pe'dis_, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. +adj. _centu'plex_, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. _centu'rio_, a captain +of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. _centu'ria_, a hundred years); +percent'age. + + +35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, _to sift, to see, to judge_; Discrimen, +discrim'inis, _distinction_. + +CERN: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment. + +CRET: decre'tal, _a book of decrees_; discre'tion; discre'tionary; +excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary. + +DISCRIMIN: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate. + +Decree' (Fr. n. _decret_); discreet' (Fr. adj. _discret_); discrete' +(literally, sifted apart), _separate_. + + +36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, _to contend, to vie_. + +CERT: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'. + + +37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, _to gird_. + +CINCT: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, _girded or tucked up, +compressed, concise_; succinct'ness. + + +38. CIR'CUS, _a circle_; cir'culus, _a little circle_. + +CIRC: cir'cus, _an open space for sports_; cir'clet. + +CIRCUL: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory. + +Cir'cle (Fr. n. _cercle_); encir'cle; sem'icircle. + + +39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, _to stir up, to rouse_. + +CITE: cite, _to summon or quote_; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite' +(-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. _suscita're_, to raise). + +CITAT: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', _a species of musical +recitation_. + +CIVIS. (See p. 31.) + + +40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, _to cry out, to shout_; Clam'or, +_a loud cry_. + +CLAIM: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, +re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble. + +CLAMAT: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion; +exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion. + +CLAMOR: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous. + +EXERCISE. + +The _decay_ of the tree was caused by the _incisions_ which had +_accidentally_ been made in the bark. The _captives_ will be set at +liberty, but the _precise_ time of their _emancipation_ has not been fixed. +The harbor is _capacious_, and can _receive_ vessels of the largest size. +The merits of the _candidates_ were _discriminated_ with great _candor_. We +were _enchanted_ with the _carnival_ at Rome. This _recitation_ is +satisfactory. Have you ever seen a _centigrade_ thermometer? Nothing is so +_successful_ as _success_. The number of _concentric circles_ in the trunk +marked the age of the tree. No _censer_ round our altar beams. The heat +being _excessive_, we took shelter in the _recesses_ of a _cave_. +_Precision_ is the _principal_ quality of good writing. Franklin's father +was a tallow _chandler_. Last _century_ there was great _carnage_ in +America. _Infanticide_ is much practiced in China. The _proclamation_ was +widely _circulated_. The president was _inaugurated_ on the 4th of March. +The _census_ is taken every ten years. _Conceit_ is worse than +_eccentricity_. Have you filed your _caveat_? + + +41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, _to shut, to close_. + +CLUD: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'. + +CLUS: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse'; +seclu'sion. + +CLOSE: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose' +(-ure). + +Clause (Fr. n. _clause_); clois'ter (old Fr. n. _cloistre_). + + +42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, _to bend_; Cli'vus, _a slope or hill_. + +CLINAT: inclina'tion. + +CLINE: de-, in-, re-. + +CLIV: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity. + + +43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, _to till, to cultivate_ (_Low Lat._ +Cultiva're, _to cultivate_). + +CULT: cult'ure (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n. +_a'ger_, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. _ar'bor_, a tree); flor'iculture +(Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. _hor'tus_, a +garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. _ausculta'tio_, a listening; hence, a test +of the lungs). + +CULTIV: -ate, -ation, -ator. + +Col'ony (Lat. n. _colo'nia_, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; +col'onize. + +COR. (See page 32.) + +CORPUS. (See page 33.) + +CREDERE. (See page 35.) + + +44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, _to create_. + +CREAT: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-). + + +45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, _to grow_. + +CRESC: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'. + +CRET: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion. + +Accrue' (Fr. n. _accrue_, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. _incremen'tum_, +increase); recruit' (Fr. v. _recroitre_, _recru_, to grow again). + + +46. CRUX, cru'cis, _a cross_. + +CRUC: cru'cial (Fr. adj. _cruciale_, as if bringing to the cross: hence, +severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot--Lat. n. _crucib'ulum_--marked +in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. _for'ma_, a shape); +cru'cify (Lat. v. _fig'ere_, _fix'um_, to fix); crucifix'ion; +excru'ciating. + +Cross (Fr. n. _croix_); cro'sier (Fr. n. _crosier_); cruise (Dan. v. +_kruisen_, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. _croisade_, +in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of +the cross); crusad'er. + + +47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (_in compos, _cumbo__), cub'itum, _to lie down_. + +CUB: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator. + +CUMB: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent; +succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent. + +Cu'bit (Lat. n. _cub'itus_, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon); +in'cubus (Lat. n. _in'cubus_), the nightmare. + + +48. CU'RA, _care_. + +CUR: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate; +proc'urator. + +Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from _proc'uracy_). _authority to act for +another_; secure' (Lat. adj. _secu'rus_, from _se_ for _si'ne_, without, +and _cu'ra_, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. _si'ne_, +without--an office without duties). + +CURRERE. (See page 36.) + + +49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, _to give_. + +DAT: date (originally the time at which a public document was +given--_da'tum_); da'ta (Lat. plural of _da'tum_), _facts or truths given +or admitted_; da'tive. + +DIT: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion; +extradi'tion. + +Add (Lat. v. _ad'dere_, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da), +_something to be added_. + + +50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, _to owe_. + +DEBT: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.). + + +51. DE'CEM, _ten_; Dec'imus, _the tenth_. + +DECEM: Decem'ber (formerly the _tenth_ month); decem'virate (Lat. n. _vir_, +a man), _a body of ten magistrates_; decen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year). + +DECIM: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. _duodec'imus_, twelfth), +_a book having twelve leaves to a sheet_. + + +52. DENS, den'tis, _a tooth_. + +DENT: dent, _to notch_; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. _frica're_, to rub); +den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. _denti'tio_, a cutting of the teeth); +eden'tate (Lat. adj. _edenta'tus_, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; +tri'dent (Lat. adj. _tres_, three), _Neptune's three-pronged scepter_; +dan'delion (Fr. _dent-de-lion_, the lion's tooth), _a plant_. + + +53. DE'US, _a God_; Divi'nus, _relating to God, divine_. + +DE: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity. + +DIVIN: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. _divina'tio_, a foretelling the aid of +the gods); divin'ity. + + +54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, _to say_. + +DICT: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n. +_dictiona'rium_, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), _positive opinion_; +addict' (Lat. v. _addic'ere_, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. _be'ne_, +well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to proclaim), _to +charge with a crime_; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. _jus_, +_ju'ris_, justice), _relating to the distribution of justice_; maledic'tion +(Lat. adv. _ma'le_, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v. +_va'le_, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true). + +Dit'to, _n_. (Ital. n. _det'to_, a word), _the aforesaid thing_; indite' +(Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to dictate), _to compose_. + + +55. DI'ES, _a day_; _French_ jour, _a day_. + +DIES: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. _diur'nus_, daily); +merid'ian (Lat. n. _merid'ies_ = _me'dius di'es_, midday); merid'ional; +quotid'ian (Lat. adj. _quotidia'nus_, daily). + +JOUR: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ; +so'journer. + +DIGNUS (See page 37.) + + +56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, _to divide, to separate_. + +DIVID: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, _one not to +be divided, a single person_. + +DIVIS: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or. + +Device' (Fr. n. _devis_, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v. +_deviser_, to form a plan). + +DOCERE. (See page 38.) + + +57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, _to grieve_. + +Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally, +not grieving or caring), _lazy_. + +DOMINUS. (See page 38.) + + +58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, _to lead, to bring forward_. + +DUC: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion; +induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce'; +superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer. + +DUCT: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive); +induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive); +reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); +vi'aduct (Lat. n. _vi'a_, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. _conduit_), a channel +for conveying water. + + +59. DU'O, _two_. + +DU: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. _plica're_, to fold) ; +dupli'city (Lat. n. _duplic'itas_, double dealing). + +Dubi'ety (Lat. n. _dubi'etas_, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. _du'bius_, +uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. _dubita're_, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. +_double_, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. _doubt_), -ful, -less ; undoubt'ed. + + +60. DU'RUS, _hard, lasting_; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, _to last_. + +DUR: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, _state of being held hard and +fast_; duresse, _hardship, constraint_; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy. + +DURAT: dura'tion ; in'durate, _to grow hard_; indura'tion; ob'duracy. + +EXERCISE. + +When the speech, was _concluded_ loud acclamation _arose_. In many parts of +the _colony_ much of the waste land has been _reclaimed_, and +_agricultural_ operations now _receive_ the due attention of the +_colonists_. The patient declined to undergo _auscultation_. Fishing is a +healthful _recreation_. Many of the _crusaders_ were inspired with great +courage. _Security_ was offered, but it was not _accepted_. The _incumbent_ +could not stand the _crucial_ test, and hence _succumbed_. A _curious +excrescence_ was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his _trident_ the +Greeks ascribed _divine_ power. A French _journalist_ has been _indicted_. +The _valedictory_ was pronounced in _December_. What is the difference +between _addition_ and _division_? We may easily _predict_ the ruin of an +_indolent debtor_. How many _maledictions_ are heaped on _dentists_! The +_reduction_ of the public _debt_ is desirable. The prisoner was _doleful_ +because he was in _duresse_ vile. An educated man is known by his +_accurate_ use of language. The _dandelion_ is a _productive_ plant. The +_pilgrims received_ the priest's _benediction_ before setting out on their +_journey_. The _decimal_ system _conduces_ to the saving of time. + + +61. EM'ERE: E'MO, EMP'TUM, to buy or take. + +EMPT: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. _perempto'rius_, wholly taken +away), _decisive_, _final_; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, _the right of buying +before others_; redemp'tion. + +Redeem' (Lat. v. _redim'ere_, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj. +_promp'tus_ = _pro-emp'tus_, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er; +prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. _in promp'tu_, in readiness). + + +62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, _to wander_. + +ERR: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. _er'ror_); erro'neous (Lat. adj. +_erro'neus_, erring). + +ERRAT: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), _a mistake in printing_; +aberra'tion. + + +63. ES'SE, _to be_; en, en'tis, _being_. + +ENT: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj. +_om'nis_, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative); +misrepresent'. + +Es'sence (Lat. n. _essen'tia_, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj. +_quin'tus_, fifth), _the highest essence; in'terest_ (3d pers. sing. pres. +indic. of _interes'se_ = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested. + + +64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, _to do or make_; _French_ Faire. + +FAC: face'tious (Lat. adj. _face'tus_, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj. +_fa'cilis_, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n. +_facul'tas_, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. _sim'ilis_, like), +literally, _make like_, _an exact copy_; facto'tum (Lat. adj. _to'tum_, the +whole; literally, do the whole), _a servant of all work_. + +FIC: ben'efice (see _bene_); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), _a lack_; +defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. _diffic'ilis_, arduous); +ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. _ef'ficax_, _effica'cis_, powerful); effi'cient, +_causing effects_; of'fice (Lat. n. _offic'ium_, a duty); of'ficer; +offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, _to make up what +is wanting_; suffi'cient. + +FACT: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, _a party acting in opposition_; fac'tious; +facti'tious (Lat. adj. _facti'tius_, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture +(Lat. n. _ma'nus_, the hand). + +FECT: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, _made_ +_with sugar_ (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual; +infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, _thoroughly made_ (-ion); +imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory. + +FAIRE (past participle _fait_): fash'ion (Fr. n. _faon_, the make or form +of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. _faisible_, that may be done); feat; +affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, _to make again_, _to imitate_; for'feit, +(Fr. v. _forfaire_, to misdo), _to lose by some fault_; sur'feit, v., _to +overdo in the way of eating_. + + +65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, _to deceive_; _French_ Faillir, _to fall +short or do amiss_. + +FALL: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible. + +FALS: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial +voice). + +FAIL: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. _faulte_); fault'y; fal'ter; default' +(-er). + + +66. FA'NUM, _a temple_. + +FAN: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. _fanat'icus_, literally, one inspired by +divinity--the god of the fane), _a wild enthusiast_; fanat'ical; +fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the +temple), _to desecrate_; profane', adj., _unholy_; profana'tion; +profan'ity. + + +67. FA'RI, fa'tus, _to speak_. + +FAT: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory. + +Affable (Lat. adj. _affab'ilis_, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity; +inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, _in'fans_, _infan'tis_, literally, +not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. _nefa'rius_, +impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. _prface_), _something spoken or written by way +of introduction_. + + +68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (_in comp._ fes'sus), _to acknowledge, to +show_. + +FESS: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or). + + +69. FELIX, feli'cis, _happy_. + +FELIC: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, _to make happy by +congratulation_. + + +70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, _to keep off, to strike_.[6] + +FEND: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er). + +FENS: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v., +abbreviated from defence);[7] fencer; fencing. + + +71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, _to bear, to carry_. + +FER: fer'tile (Lat. adj. _fer'tilis_, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; +fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, _a measure carried around anything_; +confer', _to consult_; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; +dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, +-ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); +transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. _co'nus_, a cone); +florif'erous (Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. +_fruc'tus_, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. _lux_, _lucis_, light), _the morning +or evening star, Satan_; pestif'erous (Lat. n. _pes'tis_, pest, plague). + +LAT: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); +collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, _flattened at the poles_; +obla'tion, _an offering_; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, _elongated at the +poles_; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; +translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb _delayer_, to +put off). + + +72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, _to boil_; Fermen'tum, _leaven_. + +FERV: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', _to bubble or froth up_; +efferves'cence. + +FERMENT: fer'ment, -ation. + + +73. FES'TUS, _joyful, merry_. + +FEST: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. _feste_, a joyous meal); +fte (modern Fr. equivalent of _feast_), _a festival_; festoon (Fr. n. +_feston_, originally an ornament for a festival). + + +74. FID'ERE: fi'do, _to trust_; Fi'des, _faith_; Fide'lis, _trusty_. + +FID: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; +per'fidy (per = through and hence _away from_ good faith); perfid'ious. + +FIDEL: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity. + +Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. _falt_ = Lat. _fidel'itas_), _loy'alty_; fidu'cial +(Lat. n. _fidu'cia_, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, _to pledge faith_, _to +betroth_; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), _a +declaration on oath_; defy' (Fr. v. _dfier_, originally, to dissolve the +bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave). + + +75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, _to join, fix, pierce_. + +FIX: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. _crux_, _cru'cis_, a cross); cru'cify; +fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below +or on; hence, appended); transfix', _to pierce through_. + + +76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, _to form, to feign_; Figu'ra, _a shape_. + +FICT: fic'tion; ficti'tious. + +FIGUR: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure; +transfig'ure. + +Feign (Fr. v. _feindre_, _feignant_, to pretend); feint (_feint_, past +part. of _feindre_); ef'figy (Lat. n. _effig'ies_, an image or likeness); +fig'ment (Lat. n. _figmen'tum_, an invention). + +FINIS. (See page 40). + + +77. FIR'MUS, _strong, stable_. + +FIRM: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, _firm +foundation_; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative). + + +78. FLAM'MA, _a stream of fire_. + +FLAM: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory). + +Flambeau' (Fr. n. _flambeau_ from v. _flamber_, to blaze); flamin'go (Span. +n. _flamenco_), _a bird of a flaming red color_. + +EXERCISE. + +Age does not always _exempt_ one from _faults_. _Peremptory _orders were +given that all the princes should be _present_ at the _diet_. Many +_beneficial_ results must come from the _introduction_ of drawing into the +public schools. The lady is _affable_ and _perfectly_ free from +_affectation_. The field is _fertile_ and _produces_ abundant crops. The +_professor's_ lecture _related_ to _edentate_ animals. Men sometimes +_feign_ a _fealty_ they do not feel. The lady _professed_ that her +_felicity_ was ineffable. The King seized a _flambeau_ with zeal to +destroy. It is a _nefarious_ act to make a _false affidavit_. _Fanaticism_ +is often _infectious_. The _confirmed offender_ had issued many +_counterfeits_. Dickens gives us the _quintessence_ of the _facetious_. In +_figure_ the earth is an _oblate_ spheroid. + + +79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, _to bend_. + +FLECT: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion) ; reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or). + +FLEX: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; +flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex. + + +80. FLOS, flo'ris, _a flower_. + +FLOR: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, _the goddess of flowers_; flor'iculture +(Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to +bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour +(literally, the _flower_ or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); +flour'ish (Lat. v. _flores'cere_, to begin to blossom, to prosper); +efflores'cence; efflores'cent. + +FLUERE. (See page 41.) + + +81. FOE'DUS, foed'eris, _a league or treaty_. + +FEDER: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the party +that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate; +confed'eracy; confedera'tion. + + +82. FO'LIUM, _a leaf_. + +FOLI: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of _fo'lium_, a leaf), _a +book made of sheets folded once_; exfo'liate, _to come off in scales_; +foil, _a thin leaf of metal_; tre'foil, _a plant with three (tres) leaves_; +cinque'foil (Fr. _cinque_, five). + + +83. FOR'MA, _shape, form_. + +FORM: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); deform' (-ity); +inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); reform' (-ation, +-atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. _for'mula_, pl. +_for'mul_, a little form, a model); for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. +_mul'tus_, many); u'niform (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one). + + +84. FOR'TIS, _strong_. + +FORT: fort; for'tress, _a fortified place_; for'tify; fortifica'tion; +for'titude; com'fort, n., _something that strengthens or cheers_ (-able, +-er, -less); discom'fort; effort, _a putting forth of one's strength_; +force (Fr. n. _force_, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' +(-ment). + + +85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, _to break_; Fra'gilis, _easily +broken_. + +FRANG, FRING: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; infringe' (-ment); +refran'gible. + +FRACT: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); refract' (-ion, +-ory). + +Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; _fraile_ = Lat. _fra'gilis_); +frail'ty. + + +86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, _a brother_; Frater'nus, _brotherly_. + +FRATR: frat'ricide (Lat. v. _cd'ere_, to kill). + +FRATERN: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity. + +Fri'ar (Fr. n. _frre_, a brother); fri'ary. + + +87. FRONS, fron'tis, _the forehead_. + +FRONT: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; effront'ery; +fron'tier (Fr. n. _frontire_); front'ispiece (Lat. n. _frontispi'cium_, +from _frons_ and _spic'ere_, to view; literally, that which is seen in +front). + + +88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, _to enjoy_; Fru'ges, _corn_; French Fruit, _fruit_. + +FRUCT: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear). + +FRUG: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear). + +FRUIT: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion. + + +89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, _to flee_. + +FUG: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, the center); feb'rifuge +(Lat. n. _fe'bris_, fever); fugue (Lat. n. _fu'ga_, a flight), _a musical +composition_; ref'uge (-ee); sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. _ver'mis_, a +worm). + +FUGIT: fu'gitive (adj. and n.). + + +90. FU'MUS, _smoke_. + +FUM: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear), _producing +smoke_; fu'matory, _a plant with bitter leaves_; per'fume (-er, -ery). + +Fu'migate (Lat. v. _fumiga're_, _fumiga'tum_, to smoke), _to disinfect_; +fumiga'tion; fu'migatory. + + +91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, _to pour_. + +FUND: refund'; found (Fr. v. _fondre_ = Lat. _fun'dere_), _to form by +pouring into a mould_ (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. v. _confondre_, +literally, to pour together; hence, to confuse). + +FUS: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, -ive); effuse' +(-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' (-al); suffuse' +(-ion); transfuse' (-ion). + + +92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, _to bear or carry_. + +GER: ger'und, _a Latin verbal noun_; bellig'erent (Lat. n. _bel'lum_, war); +con'geries (Lat. n. _conge'ries_, a collection); vicege'rent (Lat. _vi'ce_, +in place of), _one bearing rule in place of another_. + +GEST: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. _gestic'ulus_, a mimic gesture); +gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', literally, _to carry +apart_: hence, _to dissolve food in the stomach_ (-ible, -ion, -ive); +suggest', literally, _to bear into the mind from below_, that is, +_indirectly_ (-ion, -ive); reg'ister (Lat. v. _reger'ere_, to carry back, +to record); reg'istrar; registra'tion; reg'istry. + + +93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, _to beget_; Gens, gen'tis, _a clan or +nation_, Ge'nus, gen'eris, _a kind_. + +GENIT: gen'itive, _a case of Latin nouns_; congen'ital, _born with one_; +primogen'itor (Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first), _an ancestor_; primogen'iture, +_ state of being first born_; progen'itor, _an ancestor_. + +GENT: genteel' (Lat. adj. _genti'lis_, pertaining to the same clan; hence, +of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle (_genti'lis_, of good birth), +_mild, refined_; gen'try (contracted from gentlery), _a class in English +society_; gen'tile, _belonging to a nation other than the Jewish_. + +GENER: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. _genera're, genera'tum_, to +produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; gen'erous; generos'ity; +con'gener, _of the same kind_; degen'erate, _to fall off from the original +kind_; degen'eracy. + +Gen'der (Fr. n. _genre_ = Lat. _ge'nus, gen'eris_), _the kind of a noun as +regards the sex of the object_; gen'ial (Lat. adj. _genia'lis_, cheerful); +gen'ius (Lat. n. _ge'nius_, originally, the divine nature innate in +everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. _genui'nus_, literally, proceeding from +the original stock; hence, natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many +species; engen'der (Fr. v. _engendrer_, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. +_ingenio'sus_, acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. _ingen'uus_, frank, +sincere). + + +94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, _to walk_. + +GRAD: grada'tion; gra'dient (_gra'diens, gradien'tis_, pres. part. of v. +_gradi_), _rate of ascent, grade_; grad'ual (Lat. n. _gradus_, a step); +grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); ingre'dient (Lat. part. _ingre'diens_, +entering); ret'rograde. + +GRESS: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' (-ion); +e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; transgress' +(-ion, -or). + +Grade (Fr. n. _grade_ = Lat. _gra'dus_, degree or rank); degree' (Fr. n. +_degr_ = _de_ + _gradus_). + + +95. GRA'TUS, thankful, _pleasing_. + +GRAT: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. _gra'tiis_, by favor, for nothing) +grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); congrat'ulate +(-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate. + +Grace (Fr. _grce_ = Lat. _gra'tia_, favor, grace); grace'ful; gra'cious; +grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. _agrer_, to receive kindly), -able, +-ment; disagree'. + + +96. GRA'VIS, _heavy_. + +GRAV: _grave_, literally, _heavy_: hence, _serious_; grav'ity; +gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion). + +Grief (Fr. _grief_ = Lat. _gra'vis_), literally, _heaviness of spirit, +sorrow_; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous. + +GREX. (See page 41.) + + +97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, _to have or hold_; HABITA'RE, +hab'ito, habita'tum, _to use frequently, to dwell_. + +HABIT: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, _the natural +abode of an animal or a plant_; habita'tion; cohab'it; inhab'it (-able, +-ant). + +HIBIT: exhib'it, literally, _to hold out, to show_ (-ion, -or); inhib'it +(-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory). + +Hab'it (Lat. _hab'itus_, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. +_habillement_, from v. _habiller_, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. _hab'ilis_, +literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, apt, skillful.) + + +98. HRE'RE: h'reo, h'sum, _to stick_. + +HER: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); inhere' (-ent). + +HES: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive. + +Hes'itate (Lat. v. _hsita're, hsita'ium, _to be at a stand, to doubt); +hes'itancy ; hesita'tion. + + +99. HRES, hre'dis, _an heir or heiress_; French Hriter, _to be heir +to_. + +HERED: hered'itary, _descending to heirs_. + +HERIT: her'itable ; her'itage ; inher'it (-ance); disinher'it. + +Heir (Old Fr. _heir_ = Lat. _h'res_); heir'ess; heir'loom (Anglo-Saxon +_geloma_, goods). + + +100. HO'MO, hom'inis, _a man_; Huma'nus, _human_. + +HOM: hom'age (Fr. _hommage_, literally, acknowledgment by a _man_ or vassal +to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. _cd'ere_, to kill) + +HUMAN: hu'man, _belonging to a man_; humane', _having the feelings proper +to a man, kind_; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man. + +EXERCISE. + +_Floral devices_ were tastefully _introduced_. The _friar_ gives himself to +_reflection_, and does not care a _florin_ for worldly pleasures. The tree +is covered with _foliage_, but bears no _fruit_. The rights of the +_fraternity_ have been _infringed_. The metal was _fused_ in iron pans. By +the law of _primogeniture_ the eldest son will _succeed_ to the estate. +_Congress_ met, and a _general_ of the army was chosen president. The +_gradient_ is _gentle_, and the _access_ easy. The _reform_ of the +_refractory_ was in the highest _degree genuine_. We _received_ our +_frugal_ meal with _gratitude_. Many of the _inhabitants_ perished in the +_flames_. Hamilton and Jay were leading _federalists_. To err is _human_; +to forgive, _divine_. The boy _gesticulated_ violently, but it was a mere +_subterfuge_. Your words _infuse comfort_ into my heart. May one not be +_human_ without being _humane_? Do you know the _difference_ between the +_genitive_ and the _ablative case_? + + +101. HU'MUS, _the earth_; Hu'milis, _on the ground, lowly_. + +HUM: exhume' (-ation); inhume. + +HUMIL: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. _humble_ = Lat. +_hu'milis_). + +IRE. (See page 41.) + + +102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, _to throw or cast_. + +JECT: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; dejec'tion; eject' +(-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); object' (-ion, -ionable, +-ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' (-ion); subject' (-ion, +-ive); traject'ory. + +Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. _ejacula're, ejacula'tum_, to hurl or throw); +ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. _jter = ja'cere_); jet'ty; jut. + + +103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, _to join_; Ju'gum, _a yoke_. + +JUNCT: junc'tion; junct'ure, _a point of time made critical by a joining of +circumstances_; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; disjunc'tion; +disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined subordinately to +something else). + +JUG: con'jugal, _relating to marriage; _conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate +(-ion). + +Join (Fr. v. _joindre_ = Lat. _jun'gere_); adjoin'; conjoin'; disjoin'; +enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, _joint_ = Lat. _junc'tum_); +joint'ure, _property settled on a wife_, _to be enjoyed after her husband's +death_; jun'ta (Spanish _junta_ = Lat. _junc'tus_, joined), _a grand +council of state in Spain; _jun'to (Span, _junt_), _a body of men united +for some secret intrigue_. + + +104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, _to swear_. + +JUR: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, _to effect +something as if by an oath of magic_; con'jurer; per'jure, _to forswear_; +per'jurer; per'jury. + + +105. JUS, ju'ris, _right law_; Jus'tus, _lawful_; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, +_a judge_. + +JUR: jurid'ical (Lat. v. _dica're_, to pronounce), _relating to the +administration of justice_; jurisdic'tion, _legal authority_; +jurispru'dence, _science of law_; ju'rist; in'jure; in'jury. + +JUST: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; justifica'tion. + +JUDIC: ju'dicature, _profession of a judge_; judi'cious, _according to +sound judgment_; prej'udice, n., _judgment formed beforehand_; +prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. _juge_ = Lat. _ju'dex_); judg'ment; prejudge'. + + +106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, _to gather, to read_. + +LEG: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be read--_legen'da_--in +church); leg'endary; leg'ible; le'gion (originally, a body of troops +_gathered_ or levied--_le'gio_); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege +(originally, the gathering or stealing of something sacred--_sa'crum_). + +LIG: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, assiduous): el'igible; +intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; neg'ligent (literally, +not--_neg_ = _nec_ = not--picking up). + +LECT: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' (-ion); +eclec'tic (Greek _ec_ = _ex_) ; elect' (-ion, -or, -oral); in'tellect; +neglect'; predilec'tion, _a liking for_; select' (-ion) ; les'son (Fr. n. +_leon_ = Lat. _lec'tio_, a reading). + + +107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, _to raise_; Le'vis, _easily raised, light_; +_French_ Lever, _to rise or raise_. + +LEV: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); rel'evant, +literally, _raising up_: hence, _pertinent, applicable_; rel'evancy; +irrel'evant. + +LEVER: leav'en (Fr. _levain_, yeast); Levant', literally, _the place of the +rising sun--the countries near the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea_; +lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y. + +LEX. (See page 43.) + + +108. LI'BER, _free_. + +LIBER: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty. + +Deliv'er (Fr. v. _dlivrer_ = Lat. _delibera're_, to set free); +deliv'erance; deliv'ery. + +LITERA. (See page 43.) + + +109. LO'CUS: _a place_. + +LOC: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. _move're_, to move); +al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion). + + +110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, _to speak_. + +LOQU: loqua'cious ; loqua'city ; col'loquy; collo'quial ; el'oquent; +magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. _mag'nus_, big, pompous); ob'loquy; solil'oquy +(Lat. adj. _so'lus_, alone); ventril'oquist (Lat. n. _ven'ter_, the +stomach). + +LOCUT: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor. + + +111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, _to play or deceive_. + +LUD: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. _lu'dicrus_, sportive, laughable); allude', +literally, _to play at, to refer to indirectly_; delude'; elude'; prelude'. + +LUS: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; illu'sion; prelu'sive; +prelu'sory. + + +112. LUX, lu'cis, _light_; Lu'men, lu'minis, _light_. + +LUC: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate; +translu'cent. + +LUMIN: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine. + + +113. MAG'NUS, _great_; Ma'jor, _greater_; Magis'ter, _master_. + +MAGN: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. _an'imus_, soul); mag'nate, _a man of rank_; +mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make), _showing +grandeur_; mag'nitude. + +MAJ: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty. + +MAGISTER: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old Fr. +_maistre_ = Lat. _magis'ter); _mis'tress (Old Fr. _maistresse_ = Lat +_magis'tra_, fem. of _magis'ter_). + + +114. MA'NUS, _the hand_; _French_ Main, _the hand_. + +MAN: man'acle (Lat. n. _man'ica_, a fetter); manip'ulate, _to work with the +hand_ (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); +manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. _mit'tere_, to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. +_scrib'ere, scrip'tum_, to write); amanuen'sis (= _ab_ + _ma'nus), one who +does handwriting for another_; eman'cipate (Lat. v. _cap'ere_, to take); +quadru'manous (Lat. _quatuor_, four). + +MAIN: man'ner (Fr. n. _manire_, originally, the mode in which a thing is +_handled_); maneu'ver (Fr. n. _manoeuvre_, literally, hand work; Fr. n. +_oeuvre = o'pus_, work); manure', _v_. (contracted from Fr. _manoeuvrer_, +to cultivate by manual labor). + + +115. MA'RE, _the sea_. + +Marine' (Lat. adj. _mari'nus_, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; mar'itime +(Lat. adj. _mariti'mus_ = _mari'nus_); submarine'; transmarine'; +ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. _mer_ = Lat. _ma're_). + + +116. ME'DIUS, _the middle_. + +Medi'val (Lat. n. _'vum_, age), _relating to the Middle Ages_; me'diate +(-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. _medio'cris_, middling; hence inferior); +medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _ter'ra_, land); me'dium (Lat. n. +_me'dium_, the middle) ; imme'diate (prefix _in_ = not), _with nothing +intervening_; interme'diate. + + +117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, _to remember_; Me'mor, _mindful_; MEMORA'RE +mem'oro, memora'tum, _to remember, to mention_. + +MEMINISSE: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, _remember thou), a reminder, a +memorial_. + +MEMOR: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. _memoran'dus_, p. part. of +_memora're_; literally, something to be remembered); commem'orate (-ion, +-ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. _memo'ria_); memo'rial (-ize); immemo'rial. + +Mem'oir (Fr. n. _mmoire_ = Lat. _memoran'dum_); men'tion (Fr. n. _mention_ += Lat. _men'tio_, a speaking of); remem'ber (Old Fr. v. _remembrer = Lat. +remem'orare_); remem'brance; remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. +_rminiscence_, from Lat. v. _reminis'ci_, to recall to mind). + + +118. MENS, men'tis, _the mind_. + +MENT: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, _insanity_; ve'hement (Lat. adj. +_ve'hemens = ve_, not, and _mens_; literally, not reasonable), _furious, +ardent_. + +EXERCISE. + +We _reject_ insincere _homage_. When the body was _exhumed_ the _jury +decided_ that poison had been administered. _Legendary_ stories were +_related_ by the _friar_. The _lessons_ were _selected_ with _intelligence. +Levity_ and _gravity_ are _different_ qualities. The _mayor's_ speech was +more _ludicrous_ than _facetious_. The _magistrate_ claimed _jurisdiction_ +in the _locality_. We heard Hamlet's _soliloquy_ finely _delivered_. Do you +_recollect_ the _magnificent_ lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? +The _lecturer_ was _lucid_ in his _allusions_. In _medival_ times _homage_ +was exacted of all vassals. The _mariners maneuvered_ beautifully. Your +_magnificent donation_ will be _gratefully remembered_. The _mermaid_ is a +mere _delusion. Illegible manuscript_ is a _decided nuisance_. The eastern +part of the _Mediterranean_ is called the _Levant_. Franklin's _memoirs_ +are very interesting. + + +119. MER'CES, _hire_; Merx, mer'cis, _merchandise_. + +MERC: mer'cantile (Lat. part. _mer'cans, mercan'tis_); mer'cenary (Lat. +adj. _mercena'rius_); mer'cer (Fr. n. _mercier_), _one who deals in silks +and woolens_; mer'chant (Lat. part, _mer'cans_); mer'chandise; com'merce +(Fr. n. _commerce_); commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. _merca'tus_, a place of +public traffic). + + +120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, _to dip, to sink_. + +MERG: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, _that which arises suddenly_; submerge'. + +MERS: emer'sion; immerse'. + + +121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, _to remove_. + +MIGR: em'igrant (Lat. part. _mi'grans, migran'tis_). + +MIGRAT: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion); +transmigra'tion, _the passage of the soul into another body after death_. + + +122. MI'LES, mil'itis, _a soldier_. + +MILIT: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, _to act against_; mili'tia, _enrolled +soldiers not in a standing army_. + + +123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, _to hang over_. + +MIN. em'inent (Lat. part, _em'inens, _standing out); em'inence ; im'minent, +literally, _threatening to fall_; pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; +prom'inence; superem'inent. + + +124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, _to lessen_; Mi'nor, _less_; +Mi'nus, _less_. + +MINUT: minute'; minu'ti (pl. of Lat. n. _minu'tia_, a very small object); +min'uend (Lat. part, _minuen'dus_, to be lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. +_minuet_ = Lat. adj. _minu'tus, _small), _a dance of small steps_; +dimin'ish (Lat. v. _diminu'ere_, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive. + +MINOR: mi'nor, _n_. and a.; minor'ity. + +MINUS: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. super, +deg., least); min'im. + + +125. MINIS'TER, _a servant or attendant_. + +MINISTER: min'ister ; ministe'rial; min'istry ; admin'ister; +administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor. + + +126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, _to wonder_. + +MIR: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. _mirac'ulum_, a wonderful +thing); mirac'ulous. + +Mirage' (Fr. n. _mirage_, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. _miroir_, from v. +_mirer_, to view). + + +127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, _to mingle_. + +MISC: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous. + +MIXT: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'. + + +128. MI'SER, _wretched_. + +MISER: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion). + + +129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, _to send or cast_. + +MIT: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; intermit' (-ent); +manumit' (Lat. n. _manus_, the hand), _to release from slavery_; omit'; +permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. +_we send_), _a warrant of commitment to prison_. + +MISS: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, _an +officer who furnishes provisions for an army_; commissa'riat; commis'sion +(-er); com'promise; demise', _death_; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; +permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); +submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible. + + +130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, _to keep within bounds_; +Mo'dus, _a measure or manner_. + +MODERAT: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate. + +MOD: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; accom'modate (-ion); +commode' (Lat. adj. _com'modus_, convenient). _a small sideboard_; +commo'dious, literally, _measured with_; commod'ity, literally, _a +convenience_; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. adv. _mo'do_, lately, just now); +mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. _mod'ulus_, a measuring of tones); +modula'tion. + + +131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, _to remind, to warn_. + +MON: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. _monumen'tum_); premon'ish; sum'mon +(Lat. v. _summone're_ = _sub_ + _mone're_, to remind privily), _to call by +authority_. + +MONIT: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; +premon'itory. + + +132. MONS, mon'tis, _a mountain_. + +MOUNT: mount, n. _a high hill_; v. _to rise or ascend_; moun'tain (-eer, +-ous); mount'ebank (It. n. _banco_, a bench); amount'; dismount'; +par'amount (Fr. _par_ = Lat. _per_, exceedingly), _of the highest +importance_; prom'ontory (literally, the _fore_-part or projecting part of +a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. _tan'tus_, +so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian +side). + + +133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, _to point out, to show_. + +MONSTR: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, _to show +up_, _to display_. + +MONSTRAT: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; remon'strance. + + +134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, _to bite_. + +MORD: mor'dant, _biting_, _serving to fix colors_; morda'cious (Lat. adj. +_mor'dax_, _morda'cis_, biting), _severe_, _sarcastic_. + +MORS: mor'sel, literally, _a little bite_; remorse', _the biting of +conscience_ (-ful, -less). + +MORS. (See page 44.) + + +135. MOS, mo'ris, _manner, custom_; _pl._ Mo'res, _manners or morals_. + +MOR: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize (-ation). + + +136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, _to move_. + +MOV: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al). + +MOT: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. n. +_lo'cus_; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness). + +Mob (Lat. adj. _mob'ilis_, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); momen'tum, _the +force of a moving body_, _impetus_. + + +137. MUL'TUS, multi, _many, much_. + +MULTI: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; mul'tiple +(Lat. adj. _mul'tiplus_ for _mul'tiplex_, manifold); mul'tiply (Lat. adj. +_mul'tiplex_); mul'tiplicate (-ion); multiplic'ity. + + +138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, _a gift, a service_. + +MUN. munic'ipal (Lat. n. _municip'ium_, a free town), _pertaining to a +corporation_; municipal'ity; munif'icent; munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. +_commu'nis_ = _con_ + _munus_; literally, ready to be of service); +commune', _v._ literally, _to share (discourse) in common_; commun'ion, +commu'nity; com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); +commu'nicant; excommu'nicate; immu'nity (_in_ + _munus_; literally, absence +of service). + +MUNER: remunerate (-ion, -ive). + + +139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, _to change_. + +MUT: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' (-able). + +MUTAT: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion. + + +140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, _na'tus, to be born, to grow_; Natu'ra, _nature_. + +NASC: nas'cent, _growing_; renaissance' (a style of decorative art +_revived_ by Raphael). + +NAT: na'tal; na'tion, originally, _a distinct race or stock_ (-al, -ality, +-ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate. + +NATUR: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; supernat'ural. + + +141. NA'VIS, _a ship_. + +NAV: nave, _the middle or body of a church_; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. +adj. _nau'ticus_, from _nauta_ or _nav'ita_, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. +_naviga're_ = _na'vis_ + _ag'ere_); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; +circumnavigate. + + +142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, _to tie or bind_. + +NECT: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion). + +NEX: annex'; annexation. + +EXERCISE. + +The _administration_ of affairs is in the hands of her _majesty's +ministers_. A _miscellaneous collection_ of goods was sold on _commission_. +The _merchant remitted_ the money called for in the _emergency_. The +_suggestion_ to _modify_ the plan was _tantamount_ to its _rejection_. Do +you _admire_ Bunker Hill _Monument_? A _miser_ is an object of +_commiseration_ to all who know him. _Remuneration_ will be allowed +according to the _amount_ of labor. The _major_ has been _promoted_ to the +rank of colonel. All who were _connected_ with the _movement_ were +_excommunicated_. As the _annexed_ territory is chiefly _maritime_ it will +greatly _increase_ the _commerce_ of the _nation_. The _monitor admonished_ +the pupils with great _gentleness_. The _committee_ said the _master_ had +done his work in an _admirable_ manner. The _Pilgrim_ Fathers _emigrated_ +to this country in 1620. A _minute missile moved_ towards us. What is the +_subjunctive mood_ or _mode_? A _multitude_ of _communists_ appeared in +Paris. + + +143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, _to deny_. + +NEGAT: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, _an apostate_. + +Deny' (Fr. v. _dnier_ = Lat. _de_ + _nega're_, to contradict); deni'al; +undeni'able. + + +144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, _neither of the two_. + +NEUTR: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize). + + +145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, _to hurt_. + +NOC: no'cent, _hurtful_; in'nocent; in'nocence; innoc'uous. + +Nox'ious (Lat. adj. _nox'ius_, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance (Fr. v. +_nuire_ = Lat. _noce're_). + + +146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, _a name_. + +NOMEN: nomenclat'ure, _a list of technical names_; cogno'men, _a surname_. + +NOMIN: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or); +ig'nominy (Lat. _i(n)_ + _gnomen_, old form of _nomen_, a deprivation of +one's good name); ignomin'ious. + +Noun (Fr. n. _nom_ = Lat. _no'men_); pro'noun; misno'mer (Old Fr. _mes_ = +wrong, and _nommer_, to name), _a wrong name_. + +NORMA. (See page 45.) + + +147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, _to know_; No'ta, _a mark_. + +NOT: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notifica'tion; +noto'rious (Lat. adj. _noto'rius_, making known), _known in a bad sense_; +notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'. + +No'ble (Lat. adj. _no'bilis_, deserving to be known); noblesse' (Fr. n. +_noblesse_ = Lat. _nobil'itas_); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Lat. prefix +_i(n)_ + _gnobilis_, old form of _nobilis_); cog'nizance (Old Fr. +_cognizance_ = Lat. _cognoscen'tia_, notice or knowledge), _judicial +observation_; connoisseur' (Fr. n. _connoisseur_, a critical judge); +incog'nito (Italian _incognito_, from Lat. part. _incog'nitus_, unknown), +_unknown, in disguise_; rec'ognize (Lat. _re_, again, and _cognos'cere_, to +know); recog'nizance, _a term in law_; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. +reconnoitre), _to survey, to examine_. + + +148. NO'VUS, _new_. + +NOV: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or). + +Nov'el (Lat. adj. _novel'lus_, diminutive of _no'vus_); adj. _something +new, out of the usual course_; n., literally, _a story new and out of the +usual course_; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, _a beginner_; novi'tiate, +_time of being a novice_. + + +149. NU'MERUS, _a number_. + +NUMER: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Lat. v. +_enumera're_, _enumera'tum_, to count or tell of), _to reckon up singly_; +enumera'tion; innu'merable (= _in_ + _nu'mer_ + _able_, that may not be +counted); supernu'merary, _one above the necessary number_; num'ber (Old +Fr. n. _numbre_ = Lat. _nu'merus_). + + +150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, _to announce_; Nun'cius, _a +messenger_. + +NUNCIAT: enun'ciate, _to utter_ (-ion); denuncia'tion; pronuncia'tion; +renuncia'tion, _disavowal, relinquishment_. + +Nun'cio (Sp. n. _nuncio_ = Lat. _nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope_; +announce' (Fr. v. _annoncer_ = Lat. _ad_ + _nuncia're_), _to proclaim_; +announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. _dnoncer_ = Lat. _de_ + _nuncia're_), _to +accuse publicly_; pronounce' (Fr. v. _prononcer_ = Lat. _pro_ + +_nuncia're_); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. _renoncer_ = Lat. _re_ + +_nuncia're_), _to disclaim_; renounce'ment. + + +151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, _to nourish_. + +NUTRI: nu'triment, _that which nourishes_; nutri'tion; nutri'tious; +nu'tritive. + +Nour'ish (Fr. v. _nourrir_ = Lat. _nutri'ere_); nurse (Fr. v. _nourrice_; a +nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, _a little one who is nursed_; nurt'ure. + + +152. O'PUS, op'eris, _a work or deed_; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, _to work_. + +OPER: operose, _requiring labor_, _tedious_. + +OPERAT: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, -or). + +Op'era (It. _op'era_ = _opera_, pains, pl. of _o'pus_), _a musical drama_; +operat'ic. + +ORDO. (See page 45.) + + +153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, _and_ pas'sum, _to spread_; Pas'sus, +_a step_. + +PAND: expand', _to spread out_. + +PANS: expanse' (-ion, -ive). + +PASS: pass; pass'able, _that may be passed_, _tolerable_; pas'sage; +com'pass, v. _to stretch round_; encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (_tres_ = +_trans_), _to pass beyond due bounds_. + +Pace (Fr. n. _pas_ = Lat. _pas'sus_); pas'senger (Old Eng. _passager_); +pass'over, _a Jewish festival_;[8] pass'port (= pass + port, literally, a +permission to leave a port or to sail into it.) + + +154. PAR, _equal_. + +PAR: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, _to injure by comparison of +unequals_; dispar'agement. + +Pair (Fr. adj. _paire_ = Lat. _par_), _two of a kind_; peer (Old Fr. _peer_ +or _pair_ = Lat. _par_), _an equal_, _a nobleman_; peer'age; peer'less; +compeer'; non'pareil (Fr. _non_, not, and _pareil_, equal), _a peerless +thing or person_. + + +155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, _to make ready, to prepare_; SEPARA'RE: +sep'aro, separa'tum, _to separate_. + +PARAT: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; repara'tion. + +SEPAR: sep'arate, literally, _to prepare aside_: hence, _to disjoin_; +separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable. + +Parade' (Fr. n. _parade_, literally, a parrying), _military display_; pare +(Fr. v. _parer_, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. v. _parer_, to ward +off); appara'tus (Lat. _appara'tus_ = _ad_ + _paratus_, literally, +something prepared for a purpose); appar'el (Fr. n. _appareil_, +preparation); compare' (Fr. v. _comparer_ = Lat. _compara're_), _to set +things together to see how far they resemble each other_; prepare' (Fr. v. +_preparer_ = Lat. _prepara're_); repair' (Fr. v. _rparer_ = Lat. +_repara're_), literally, _to prepare again_, hence, _to restore after +injury_; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. _sevrer_ = Lat. _separa're_), _to +render asunder_; sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. _several_ = Lat. _separa'lis_, +separate); sev'erance; dissev'er. + +PARS. (See page 46.) + + +156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, _a father_; Pa'tria, _one's native country_. + +Pater'nal (Lat. adj. _pater'nus_, pertaining to a father); pater'nity (Lat. +n. _pater'nitas_, Fr. _paternit_), _fathership_; patri'cian (Lat. adj. +_patri'cius_, from _pa'tres_, fathers or senators), _a Roman nobleman_; +pat'rimony (Lat. n. _patrimo'nium_), _an estate inherited from one's +ancestors_; pa'tron (Lat. n. _patro'nus_, a protector), _one who +countenances or supports_; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. n. +_pattern_, something to be copied), _a model_; expatriate, _to banish_; +expatria'tion. + + +157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, _to bear, to suffer_. + +PATI: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, _consistent with_; +compat'ibility; incompat'ible. + +PASS: pas'sion, _strong agitation of the mind_; pas'sive; impas'sive, +_insensible_; compas'sion, _sympathy_; compas'sionate. + + +158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, _to drive_. + +PEL (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-). + +PULS: pulse, _the beating of an artery as blood is driven through it_; +pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion; +repulse'; repul'sive. + + +159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, _to hang_. + +PEND: pen'dant, _a long, narrow flag_; pend'ing, _not decided, during_; +append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); independ'ent; +independ'ence; suspend'. + +PENS: pen'sile, _hanging_; suspense'(-ion). + +Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. _pen'dulus_, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. +_pen'dulus)_; appen'dix (Lat. n. _appen'dix_, an addition). + + +160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, _to weigh, to pay_. + +PEND: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n. +_compen'dium_, that which is weighed, saved, shortened) ; compen'dious +(Lat. adj. _compendio'sus_, brief, succinct); expend'; expen'diture ; +sti'pend (Lat. n. _stipen'dium_, literally, the pay of soldiers); +stipendiary. + +PENS: pen'sive, _thoughtful_; pen'sion, _an allowance for past services_ +(-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', _to deal out_ (-ary); dispensa'tion; +indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense. + +PES. (See page 47.) + + +161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, _to attack, to seek_. + +PET: centrip'etal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, center); compete'; com'petent, _fit, +suitable_; com'petence, _sufficiency_; incom'petent. + +PETIT: peti'tion, _a request_ (-er); compet'itor; compet'itive ; +repeti'tion. + +Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. _petulant_, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. _apptit_), _a +seeking for hunger_; impet'uous (Lat. adj. _impetuo'sus_, vehement); +impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. _im'petus_, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. +_rpter_ = Lat. _repet'ere_). + +EXERCISE + +_Numerous objections_ were _submitted_ against the _innovations_ about to +be _introduced_. The _obnoxious_ articles have been _removed_. The +_nominee_ by his _ludicrous_ speech _neutralized_ all that his friends did +for him. _Part_ of the _apparatus prepared_ for the _occasion_ was damaged +in _transmission_. The _patronage_ of the _nobility_ and _gentry connected_ +with the neighborhood was asked. Many _parts_ of the _edifice_ are highly +_ornate_. Christ had _compassion_ on the _multitude_, for they had been a +long time without food. The _petitioner's application_ for a _pension_ was +not _repeated_. How can an _acid_ be _neutralized_? The _renegade_ was +brought to _ignominy_. The _prince_ was travelling _incognito_. The young +lady seems _pensive_ rather than _petulant_. Here is a new _edition_ of the +_novel_, with _annotations_ by the _author_. The _opera_ seems to be well +_patronized_ this winter. Webster had a _compendious mode_ of stating great +truths. What is meant by _centripetal motion_? What is the _difference_ +between the _numerator_ and the _denominator_? + + +162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, _to twist_; PLICA'RE: pli'co, +plica'tum, _and_ plic'itum, _to fold_. + +PLEX: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; complex'ity; +perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly--_per_: hence, to puzzle or +embarrass); perplex'ity. + +PLIC: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable. + +PLICAT: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; im'plicate (-ion); +replica'tion, _an answer in law_; sup'plicate, _to entreat earnestly_; +supplica'tion. + +PLICIT: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly stated); +implic'it, _implied_. + +Ply (Fr. v. _plier_ = Lat. _plica're_), _to work diligently_; pli'able, +_easily bent_; pli'ant; pli'ancy; accom'plice, _an associate in crime_; +apply' (Old Fr. _applier_ = Lat. _applica're_); appli'ance, _the thing +applied_; comply' (Fr. v. _plier_), _to fold with_: hence, _to conform or +assent_; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. _desployer_, to unfold); doub'le +(Fr. adj. _double_ = Lat. _du'plex_, twofold); du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. +_duplic'itas_, from _du'plex_, double); employ' (Fr. v. _employer_ = Lat. +_implica're_), _to keep at work_; employ; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' +(Fr. n. _exploit_ = Lat. _explic'itum_, literally, something unfolded, set +forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, _to infold_: +hence _to involve_, _to signify_; mul'tiply (Fr. v. _multiplier_ = Lat. +_mul'tus_ much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. _qua'tuor_, four); reply' (Old Fr. +v. _replier_ = Lat. _replica're_, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. _simplex_, gen. +_simplicis_), _not compounded_, _artless_; sim'pleton (compare It. +_simplicione_, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. _simplic'itas_); +sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. _souple_ = Lat. _sup'plex_, bending the knee, +from _sub_ and _plica're_); sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, +kneeling down); treb'le (Old Fr. adj. _treble_ = Lat. _tri'plex_, +threefold); trip'le (Lat. _tri'plex_); trip'let, _three lines rhyming +alternately_. + + +163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, _to place_. + +PON: compo'nent, _forming a compound_; depone', _to bear testimony_; +depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment). + +POSIT: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, _a system of philosophy_; +pos'itivist, _a believer in the positive philosophy_; ap'posite, _adapted +to_; compos'ite, _compound_; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; +depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, _the giving testimony under +oath_; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; +juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; +suppositi'tious; transposi'tion. + +Pose (Fr. v. _poser_ = Lat. _pon'ere_), _to bring to a stand by questions_; +post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. _posture_ = Lat. _positu'ra_, position); +compose' (Fr. v. _composer_ = Lat. _compon'ere_); compos'ure; com'pound +(Lat. v. _compon'ere_); com'post, _a mixture_, _a manure_; depot' (Fr. n. +_dpt_ = Lat. _depos'itum_); dispose' (Fr. v. _disposer_); dispo'sal; +expose' (Fr. v. _exposer_); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. _imposer_); im'post, +_a tax placed on imported goods_; impos'tor, _one guilty of fraud_; +impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. _provost_, +from Lat _prpos'itus_, placed before, a chief), _the principal of a +college_; pur'pose (Old Fr. n. _purpos_, _propos_ = Lat. _propos'itum_), +_an end set before one_; repose' (Fr. v. _reposer_); suppose' (Fr. v. +_supposer_); transpose' (Fr. v. _transposer_). + + +164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, _to carry_. + +PORT: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, -er); +im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, _design_; report' (-er); support'; +insupport'able; transport' (-ation). + +Portfo'lio (Lat. n. _fo'lium_, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. _manteau_, a +cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. _importu'nus_, unseasonable); import'unate; +importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. _opportu'nus_, literally, at or before +the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune. + + +165. POS'SE, _to be able_; Po'tens, poten'tis, _powerful, mighty_. + +POSSE: pos'sible (Lat. adj. _possib'ilis_); possibil'ity; impos'sible. + +POTENT: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent +(Lat. adj. _om'nis_, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. _ple'nus_, full). + + +166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, _to lay hold of, to +seize_. + +PREHEND: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'. + +PREHENS: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; comprehen'sible; +comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible. + +Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. _apprentis_, from v. _apprendre_, to learn); +apprise' (Fr. v. _apprendre_, part. _appris_, to inform); comprise' (Fr. v. +_comprendre, compris_), _to include_; en'terprise (Fr. n. _entrepise_, +something undertaken); impreg'nable (Fr. adj. _imprenable_, not to be +taken); pris'on (Fr. n. _prison_); prize (Fr. n. _prise_, something taken, +from _prendre, pris_, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. _repreuver_, to +condemn), _to grant a respite_; repri'sal; surprise'. + + +167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, _to press_. + +PRESS: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); express' (-ion, +-ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; oppress' ('-ion, -ive, +-or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion). + +Print (abbreviated from _imprint_, from Old Fr. v. _preindre_ = Lat. +_prem'ere_); im'print, _the name of the publisher and the title page of a +book_; imprima'tur (Lat. _let it be printed_), originally, _a license to +print a book, the imprint of a publisher_. + + +168. PRI'MUS, _first_; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, _chief, original_. + +PRIM: prime; pri'mate, _the highest dignitary of a church_; pri'macy; +prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. _'vum_, an age); prim'itive; +primogen'itor (Lat. n. _gen'itor_, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n. +_genitu'ra_, a begetting), _the exclusive right of inheritance which in +English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter_; primor'dial (Lat. v. +_ordi'ri_, to begin), _existing from the beginning_; prim'rose (Lat. n. +_ro'sa_); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. _prince_ = Lat. _prin'ceps_); +prin'cipal ; prin'ciple. + +Pre'mier (Fr. adj. _premier_, first), _the prime minister_; pri'or (Lat. +adj. _prior_, former); pri'oress, _the female superior of a convent_; +pri'ory, _a convent_; prior'ity, _state of being first_; pris'tine (Lat. +adj. _pristi'nus_, primitive), _original, ancient_. + + +169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, _to try, to prove_. + +PROB: prob'able, _likely, credible_; probabil'ity; improb'able; pro'bate, +_the proof of a will_; proba'tion, _the act of trying_; proba'tioner; +proba'tionary; probe, _to try by an instrument_; prob'ity, _tried +integrity_; approba'tion, _commendation_; rep'robate (adj. literally, +proved against), _base, condemned_. + +Prove (Old Fr. _prover_, New Fr. _prouver_ = Lat. _proba're_); proof (Old +Fr. n. _prove_ = Lat. _pro'ba_, proof); approve' (Fr. v. _approuver_ = Lat. +_approba're_); approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; +reproof'. + + +170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, _to prick_; Punc'tum, _a point_. + +PUNG: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', _to mark out_. + +PUNCT: punctil'io (Sp. _punctillo_, from Lat. _punc'tum_, a point), _a nice +point of exactness in conduct_, etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); +punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; compunc'tion, _remorse_. + +Punch (abbreviated from _puncheon_, from Lat. n. _punc'tio_, a pricking), +_an instrument for cutting holes_; point (Fr. n. _pointe_ = Lat. +_punc'tum)_; poign'ant (Fr. part. _poignant_, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. +_poignard_), _a small dagger_. + + +171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, _to think, to prune, to count or reckon_. + +PUT: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. _deputa're_, to allot), _to +empower to act_; dep'uty; dispute' (-ant); indis'putable; impute' +(literally, to reckon in), _to charge_; repute'; disrepute' (-able). + +PUTAT: pu'tative, _supposed_; am'putate, _to cut off the limb from an +animal_; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion. + +Count (Fr. v. _compter_ = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; recount'. + + +172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, _to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry +away_. + +RAP: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. _ra'pax, rapa'cis_, greedy); rapac'ity; rap'id +(Lat. adj. _rap'idus_, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; rap'ine (Lat. n. +_rapi'na_, robbery). + +RAPT: rapt, _transported_; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; surrepti'tious +(Lat. v. _surrip'ere, surrep'tum_, to take away secretly), _done by +stealth_. + +Rav'age (Fr. v. _ravager_ = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. _ravir_ = Lat. +_rap'ere_). + + +173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, _to rule_; Rec'tus, _straight_. + +REG: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. _reg'imen_, that by which one +guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. _regimen'tum_); re'gion +(Lat. _re'gio, regio'nis_, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ = +_con_ + _reg'ere_); incor'rigible. + +RECT: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ += _con_ + _reg'ere), to remove faults_; direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; +insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion. + +Re'gal (Lat. n. _rex, re'gis_, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. v. +_cd'ere_, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. _reg'ula_, a rule); reg'ulate; realm +(Old Fr. _realme_, from Lat. adj. _rega'lis_, royal); reign (Fr. n. _rgne_ += Lat. _reg'num); _corrigen'da (sing. _corrigen'dum_), _things to be +corrected_; dress (Fr. v. _dresser_ = Lat _dirig'ere_); address' (Fr. v. +_adresser_, to direct); redress' (Fr. v. _redresser_ = Lat. _re_ + +_dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair_; source (Fr. n. _source_, from Lat. +_sur'gere_, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. _insur'gere_). + + +174. RI'VUS, _a river_. + +RIV: ri'val (Lat. n. _riva'lis_, one who used a brook in common with +another); ri'valry ; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. _riv'ulus_, diminutive of +_ri'vus_); derive' (literally, to receive as from a source); deriva'tion; +deriv'ative. + + +175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, _to ask_. + +ROG: ar'rogant, _proud, overbearing_; ar'rogance; prorogue' (Fr. v. +_proroger_ = Lat. _proroga're_). + +ROGAT: ab'rogate; _to repeal_; ar'rogate, _to assume_; arroga'tion; +derog'atory, _detracting_; inter'rogate (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative +(literally, that is asked before others for an opinion: hence, preference), +_exclusive or peculiar right or privilege_; proroga'tion, _prolonga'tion_; +superer'ogate (Lat. _super_ + _eroga're_, to spend or pay out over and +above), _to do more than is necessary_; supereroga'tion. + + +176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_. + +RUPT: rupt'ure, _to part violently_; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); bank'rupt (It. +n. _banco_, a merchant's place of business); bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, +-ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion ; interrupt' (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive. + + +177. SA'CER, sa'cri, _holy_. + +SACR: sac'rament (Lat. n. _sacramen'tum_, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred +(orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. _sacre_, to consecrate); sac'rifice +(Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that steals--properly +gathers, picks up, _leg'ere_--sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat. +_sacrista'nus)_, a church officer. + +SECR: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrate (-ion); +ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. _sacer'dos, sacerdo'tis_, priest), +_pertaining to the priesthood_. + + +178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, _health_; Sal'vus, _safe_. + +SALUT: sal'utary, _promoting health_; salu'tatory, _giving salutation_; +salute' (-ion). + +SALV: sal'vage, _reward for saving goods_; sal'vo, _a volley_; salva'tion. + +Safe (through Old Fr. _salf_ or _sauf_); safe'ty; save; sav'ior salu'brious +(Lat. adj. _salu'bris_, health-giving); salu'brity. + + +179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (_in comp._ scen'do), scan'dum (_in comp._ +scen'sum), _to climb_. + +SCEND: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' (-ing); +transcend' (-ent) ; transcendental. + +SCENS: ascen'sion ; ascent'; condescen'sion. + + +180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, _to write_. + +SCRIB: ascribe', _to impute to_; circumscribe', _to draw a line around, to +limit_; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', _to order or appoint_; +pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), _to interdict_; subscribe'; +superscribe'; transcribe'. + +SCRIPT: script, _type in imitation of handwriting_; script'ure; +ascrip'tion; con'script, _one taken by lot and enrolled for military +service_; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see +_manus_); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription; +superscrip'tion; tran'script. + +Scribe (Fr. n. _scribe_); scrib'ble ; escritoire'. + + +181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, _to cut_. + +SEC: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. _se'cans_, _secan'tis_), _a line that cuts +another_. + +SECT: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others by peculiar +doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. _bis_, two); +dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose body is apparently cut +in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to feed); intersect' +(-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. _vena_, a vein). + +Seg'ment (Lat. n. _segmen'tum), a part cut off_. + + +182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (_in comp._ se'do), ses'sum, _to sit_. + +SED: sed'entary (Lat. adj. _sedenta'rius_, accustomed to sit); sed'iment +(Lat. n. _sedimen'tum_, a settling or sinking down); sedimen'tary; +sed'ulous (Lat. adj. _sed'ulus_, sitting close to an employment); +supersede'. + +SID: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting in wait +against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); pres'ident; +presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; subsidiary. + +SESS: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a person or +thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. _possid'ere, posses'sum_, +to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); posses'sion; +possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', _to take possession of beforehand, to +prejudice_. + + +183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, _to feel, to think_. + +SENT: scent (Old English _sent_), _odor_; sen'tence (Lat. n. _senten'tia_); +senten'tious (Lat. adj. _sententio'sus_, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. +n. _sentiment_); sentimen'tal; assent', _to agree to_; consent' (literally, +to think or feel together), _to acquiesce, to permit_; dissent' (-er); +dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel back), _to take +ill_; resent'ment. + +SENS: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; non'sense; sen'sual +(Lat. adj. _sensua'lis_); sen'sualist ; sen'suous. + + +184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, _to follow_. + +SEQU: se'quence, _order of succession_; consequent; con'sequence; +consequential; ob'sequies, _formal rites_; obse'quious (literally, +following in the way of another), _meanly condescending_; sub'sequent +(-ly). + +SECUT: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute (-ion). + +Se'quel (Lat. n. _seque'la_, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. _suire_, +New Fr. _suivre = se'qui), to follow at law_; suit; suit'able; suit'or; +suite (Fr. n. _suite_), _a train or set_; ensue' (Fr. v. _ensuivre_, to +follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. v. _poursuivre_, to follow hard, to +chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; pursuit'; pur'suivant, _a state messenger_; +ex'ecute (Fr. v. _executer_ = Lat. _ex'sequi_); execu'tion; exec'utor; +exec'utrix. + + +185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, _to save, to keep, to bind_. + +SERV: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); reserve'; +unreserved'. + +SERVAT: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; observ'atory; +preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion. + +Res'ervoir (Fr. n. _rservoir_ = Lat. _reservato'rium_, a place where +anything is kept in store). + +EXERCISE. + +The puzzle is _complicated_ and _displays_ much _ingenuity_ on the _part_ +of the inventor. A _reply_ may be _explicit_ without showing _duplicity_. +It was urged that the _election_ of _delegates_ be _postponed_. The +_portmanteau_ containing _important_ papers was left at the _merchant's +office_. An _impostor_ is sure to show _opposition_ to the course of +_justice_. Coleridge holds that it is _possible_ to _apprehend_ a truth +without _comprehending_ it. The _bankrupt_ was so _arrogant_ that his +_creditors_ were not _disposed_ to be lenient with him. Most of the +questions _proposed_ by the _rector_ were answered in the _negative_. What +is the origin of the word _derivation_? The _region_ is _described_ as +healthful. The _manuscript_ was _transcribed_ and _subscribed_ by the +_author_. It is _salutary_ to be _rivals_ in all worthy _ambitions_. + + +186. SIG'NUM, _a sign_. + +SIGN: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance; +significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. _assigna're_, to designate); assignee'; +consign' (Lat. v. _consigna're_, to seal) _to intrust to another_; +consign'ment; coun'tersign, _to sign what has already been signed by +another_; design', _to plan_; design'er; des'ignate, _to name_, _to point +out_; designa'tion; en'sign, _the officer who carries the flag of a +regiment_; insig'nia, _badges of office_; resign' (-ation); sig'nature +(Lat. n. _signatu'ra_, a sign or stamp). + + +187. SIM'ILIS, _like_. + +SIMIL: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, _a formal likening or comparison_; +simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true); dissim'ilar; +assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. _v. fac'ere_, to make), an exact copy; +sim'ulate (Lat. v. _simula're_, _simula'tum_, to make like). + +Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. _dissimula're_, _dissimula'tum_, to feign); +dissem'ble (Fr. v. _dissembler_ = Lat. _dissimula're_); resem'ble (Fr. v. +_ressembler_). + + +188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, _to cause to stand, to stand_. + +SIST: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for +ex-sist), _to stand out_: hence, _to be, to live_; exist'ence; co-exist'; +pre-exist'; insist', _to stand upon, to urge firmly_; persist' (-ent, +-ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence). + + +189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, _to loosen_. + +SOLV: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; resolve'. + +SOLUT: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); res'olute (-ion). + +Sol'uble (Lat. adj. _solu'bilis_); solubil'ity. + + +190. SPEC'ERE _or_ SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio _or_ spi'cio, spec'tum, _to behold_; +Spe'cies, _a kind_. + +SPIC: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of birds); +auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. _conspic'uus_, wholly visible); +conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. _despicab'ilis_, deserving to be despised); +perspic'uous (Lat. adj. _perspic'uus_, that may be seen through); +perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious. + +SPECT: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); inspect' +(-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. n. +_prospec'tus_, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look again: hence, +to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; re'tro-spect (-ive); +suspect'. + +SPECIES: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; spec'ify (-ic, +-ication); spe'cious, _showy_. + +Spec'imen (Lat. n. _spec'imen_, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. +_spectac'ulum_, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. +_specta'tor_, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. _spec'trum_, an image); +spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), _an image_; spec'troscope (Gr. v. +_skopein_, to view), _an instrument for analysing light_; spec'ulate (Lat. +n. _spec'ula_, a lookout), _to contemplate_, _to traffic for great profit_; +specula'tion; spec'ulative. + + +191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, _to breathe_; Spir'itus, _breath, +spirit_. + +SPIR: spir'acle, _a breathing pore_; aspire' (-ant); conspire' (-acy); +expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; transpire'. + +SPIRAT: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; perspira'tion; +respira'tion; respir'atory. + +SPIRITUS: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous. + +Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of +spirit). + + +192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, _to promise_. + +SPOND: correspond', _to answer one to another_; correspond'ence; +correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: hence, to give up, to +despond); despond'ency; respond'. + +SPONS: spon'sor, _a surety_; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive); +irrespon'sible. + +Spouse (Old Fr. n. _espous_, _espouse_ = Lat. _spon'sus_, _spon'sa_); +espouse' (Old Fr. v. _espouser_ = Lat. _sponsa're_, to betroth, from +_spondere_). + + +193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (_in comp._ sti'tum, _to stand; pres. part._ +stans, stan'tis, _standing_); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, _to +cause to stand_; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, _to station, +to fix, to place_. + +STANT: cir'cumstance (from part. _circumstans'_, _circumstan'tis_, through +Lat. n. _circumstan'tia_, Fr. _circonstance_), _the condition of things +surrounding or attending an event_; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; +con'stant; con'stancy ; dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, +remote, reserved); dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; +transubstan'tiate, _to change to another substance_. + +STAT: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; states'man; +stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure. + +STIT: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if awe-struck); +supersti'tious. + +STATUT: stat'ute (-ory). + +STITU: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: hence, to +establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency; +des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, in want of); +in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to commence); +restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion). + +Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. _stab'ilis_, standing firmly); stab'lish; estab'lish +(-ment); stay, literally, _to keep standing_; ar'mistice (Lat. n. _ar'ma_, +arms), _a temporary stand-still of war_; arrest' (Old Fr. _arrester_ = Lat. +_ad_ + _restare_, to stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. _contra_ + +_sta're_, to stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice +(Lat. n. _sol_, the sun). + + +194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, _to bind; to draw tight_. + +STRING: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency. + +STRICT: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, _a defined portion of a country_; +restrict' (-ion). + +Strain (Old Fr. _straindre_ = Lat. _strin'gere_); constrain'; dis-train'; +restrain'; restraint'. + + +195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, _to build, to place in order_. + +STRUCT: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; destruc'tion; +instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); superstruct'ure. + +Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. _instrumen'tum_); +instrumental'ity. + + +196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, _to take_; Sump'tus, _cost, expense_. + +SUM: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'. + +SUMPT: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. _sumptuo'sus_, expensive); sumpt'uary, +_relating to expense_; assumption; consumption; consump'tive; presump'tion; +presump'tive; presump'tuous. + + +197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, _to touch_. + +TANG: tan'gent, _a straight line which touches a circle or curve_; +tan'gible. + +TACT: tact, _peculiar faculty or skill_; con'tact; intact'. + +Attain' (Fr. v. _attaindre_, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, +_communication of disease by contact or touch_; contam'inate, _to defile, +to infect_; contig'uous; contin'gent. + +TEMPUS. (See page 48.) + + +198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum _or_ ten'tum, _to stretch_. + +TEND: tend, _to aim at, take care of_; tend'ency; attend' (-ance, -ant); +contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to stretch to), _to +purpose, to design_; portend' (literally, to stretch forward), _to presage, +to betoken_; pretend' (literally, to stretch forth), _to affect, feel_; +subtend', _to extend under_; superintend' (-ence, -ent). + +TENS: tense (adj.), _stretched_; ten'sion; intense' (-ify); osten'sible +(Lat. v. _osten'dere_, to stretch out or spread before one), _apparent_; +pretense'. + +TENT: tent, literally, _a shelter of stretched canvas_; tentac'ula, _the +feelers of certain animals_; atten'tion; atten'tive; conten'tion; +conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; +por'tent, _an ill omen_. + + +199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, _to hold_; _French_ Tenir (_radical_ tain), +_to hold_. + +TEN: ten'able; ten'ant, _one who holds property under another_; ten'antry; +ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. _tenet_, literally, "he holds"), _a doctrine held +as true_; ten'ure. + +TIN (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; incon'tinent; +per'tinent; imper'tinent. + +TENT: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; reten'tion; +reten'tive; sus'tenance. + +TAIN: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' (-ment); +pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'. + +Tena'cious (Lat. adj. _te'nax, tena'cis_, holding firmly); tenac'ity; +appur'tenance, _that which belongs to something else_; contin'ue (Fr. v. +_continuer_ = Lat. _contine're_); contin'ual; contin'uance; continua'tion; +continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance (literally, the contents of a body: +hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. n. _lieu_, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. +_main_, the hand), literally, _to hold by the hand_: hence, _to support, to +uphold_; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, _a train of +attendants_. + + +200. TER'RA, _the earth_. + +TERR: ter'race (Fr. n. _terrasse_); terra'queous (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); +terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, _a small dog that goes into the +ground after burrowing animals_; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _me'dius_, +middle); subterra'nean. + +Inter, _to put in the earth, to bury_; inter'ment; disinter'. + + +201. TES'TIS, _a witness_. + +TEST: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); protest' +(-ation, -ant); prot'estantism. + +Tes'tament (Lat. n. _testamen'tum_, a will); testamen'tary; testa'tor; +tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, _not having left a will_. + + +202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, _to twist_. + +TORT: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' (-ion, -ionate); +retort'. + +Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. _tortuo'sus_, very twisted); tortuos'ity; torment' +(Lat. n. _tormen'tum_, extreme pain). + + +203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, _to draw_; _Fr._ Trair, _past part._ +Trait. + +TRACT: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' (-ion, -ive); +contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, -or); +protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion). + +Trace (Fr. n. _trace_); track (Old Fr. n. _trac_); train; trait; treat +(-ise, -ment, -y). + + +204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, _to allot, to give_. + +TRIBUT: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); distrib'ute (-ion, +-ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive. + + +205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, _to thrust_. + +TRUD: detrude', _to thrust down_; extrude'; intrude' (-er); obtrude'; +protrude'. + +TRUS: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be +understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion. + + +206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus _or_ tu'tus, _to watch_. + +TUIT: tui'tion, _instruction_; intui'tion, _the act or power of the mind by +which it at once perceives the truth of a thing without argument_; +intu'itive. + +TUT: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage. + + +207. UN'DA, _a wave_. + +UND: abun'dance, literally, condition of overflowing--(_abunda're_, to +overflow); abun'dant; superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant +(literally, running back or over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); +redundance; redun'dancy. + +Un'dulate (Lat. n. _un'dula_, a little wave); undula'tion; un'dulatory; +abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. _redonder_ = Lat. _redunda're_, +to roll back as a wave or flood). + + +208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, _to use_. + +UT: uten'sil (Lat. n. _uten'sile_, something that may be used); util'ity +(Lat. n. _util'itas_, usefulness); u'tilize. + +US: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. _usua'lis_, of +frequent use); u'sury, _illegal interest paid for the use of money_; +u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'. + + +209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, _to go_. + +VAD: evade'; invade'; pervade'. + +VAS: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive. + + +210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, _to be strong, to be of value_; Val'idus, +_strong_; Va'le, _farewell_. + +VAL: valedic'tory, _bidding farewell_; valetudina'rian (Lat. n. +_valetu'do_, state of health), _a person in ill-health_; val'iant, _brave_, +_heroic_; val'or (-ous); val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, +_regaining health_; equiv'alent (Lat. adj. _e'quus_, equal); prev'alent, +_very common or general_; prevalence. + +VAIL: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'. + +VALID: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid. + + +211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, _to come, to go_. + +VENT: vent'ure, literally, _something gone upon_; vent'uresome; ad'vent; +adventi'tious, _accidental, casual_; advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; +contraven'tion; con'vent, _a monastery, a nunnery_; conven'ticle, _a place +of assembly_; conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' +(literally, to come upon), _to find out, to contrive_; inven'tion; +invent'ive; invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive). + +Av'enue (Fr. n. _avenue_, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; +conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, _conve'niens, convenien'tis_, literally, +coming together), _suitable_; conven'ience; cov'enant _an agreement between +two parties_; intervene'; rev'enue; supervene', _to come upon, to happen_. + + +212. VER'BUM, _a word_. + +VERB: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb. + +Verba'tim (Lat. adv. _verba'tim_, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. n. +_verbiage_, wordiness). + + +213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, _to turn_. + +VERT: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind to), +_heedless_; ad'vertise, _to turn public attention to_; adver'tisement; +animadvert' (Lat. n. _an'imus_, the mind), _to turn the mind to, to +censure_; avert'; controvert', _to oppose_; convert', _to change into +another form or state_; divert'; invert', literally, _to turn the outside +in_; pervert', _to turn from the true purpose_; retrovert'; revert'; +subvert'. + +VERS: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, _the yearly_ +(Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year) _celebration of an event_; averse', _having a +dislike to_; aver'sion; con'troversy; converse' (-ant, -ation); +conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); +retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); subver'sion; subversive; +tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. _ter'gum_, the back), _a subterfuge_; transverse', +_lying or being across_; u'niverse (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one), _the system of +created things_; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, _a universal school in +which are taught all branches of learning_. + +Verse (Lat. n. _ver'sus_, a furrow), _a line in poetry_; ver'sify; +versifica'tion; ver'sion, _that which is turned from one language into +another, a statement_; ver'satile (Lat. adj. _versat'ilis_, turning with +ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), _the summit_; vertical; vertebra (pl. +ver'tebr); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. _vor'tex_, a +whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. _divorce), a separation_. + + +214. VE'RUS, _true_; Ve'rax, vera'cis, _veracious_. + +VER: ver'dict (Lat. n. _dic'tum_, a saying), _the decision of a jury_; +ver'ify, _to prove to be true; _verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. _ver'itas_, +truth); ver'itable; verisim'ilar, _truth-like_; verisimil'itude; aver', _to +declare truer_; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y. + +VERAC: v'era'cious; verac'ity. + + +215. VI'A, _a way_. + +VIA: vi'aduct (Lat. v. _du'cere, duc'tum_, to lead); viat'icum (Lat. n. +_viat'icum_, literally, traveling money), _the sacrament administered to a +dying person_; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; ob'viate, _to meet in the way, to +remove_; ob'vious; per'vious, _affording a passage through_; imper'vious. + +Voy'age (Fr. n. _voyage_); convoy', _to escort_; en'voy (Fr. v. _envoyer_, +to send), _one sent on a special mission_; triv'ial (Lat. n. _triv'ium_, a +cross road), _trifling_; trivial'ity. + + +216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, _to see_. + +VID: ev'ident, _clearly seen; _ev'idence; invid'ious, literally, _looking +against_: hence, _likely to provoke envy_; provide', _to look out for, to +supply_; prov'idence; prov'ident. + +VIS: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, _expedient_; +im'provise, _to compose and recite without premeditation_; provis'ion; +revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or. + +View (Fr. v. _voir_, to see, _vu_, seen); review'; in'terview; vis'age (Fr. +n. _visage_, the countenance); vis'it (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, _part of +a helmet perforated to see through; _vis'ta (It. n. _vista_, sight), _a +prospect as seen through an avenue of trees _; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. +_envie_ = Lat. _invid'ia_, from _invide're_, to see against); in'voice (It. +n. _avviso_, notice), _a priced list of goods_; peruse' (Lat. v. +_pervide're, pervi'sum_, to look through); provi'so, _a stipulation_; +pru'dent (Lat. adj. _pru'dens _from _prov'idens_); pru'dence; purvey', _to +look out for in the way of buying provisions_; purvey'or; survey' (-or). + + +217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, _to conquer_. + +VINC: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', _to show clearly_ + +VICT: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', _to prove guilty of crime_; +evict', _to dispossess_; evic'tion. + +Vanquish (Fr. v. _vaincre, vaincu_ = Lat. _vin'cere_); prov'ince (Fr. n. +_province_ = Lat. _provin'cia_, literally, a conquered country). + + +218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, _to call_; Vox, vo'cis, _the voice_. + +VOCAT: voca'tion, literally, _calling, occupation_; voc'ative, _the case of +a noun in which the subject is called, or addressed_; ad'vocate _to plead +for_; convoca'tion, _an assembly, a meeting_; equivocate (Lat. adj. +_e'quus_, equal), _to use words of doubtful meaning_; equivoca'tion; +evoca'tion, _act of calling forth_; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; +provo'cative; revoca'tion. + +VOC: vo'cable (Lat. n. _vocab'ulum_, that which is sounded with the voice), +_a word_; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, _to cry with a loud +voice_; ad'vocacy, _a pleading for, a defense_; irrev'ocable. + +Voice (Fr. n. _voix_ = Lat. _vox), sound uttered by the mouth_; vouch, _to +call out, or affirm strongly_; vow'el (Fr. n. _vouelle_, a voice-sound); +advow'son, _right of perpetual calling to a benefice_; convoke', _to call +together_; evoke'; invoke'; revoke'. + + +219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, _to roll_. + +VOLV: circumvolve'; convolve', _to roll together_; devolve'; evolve'; +involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist). + +VOLUT: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, -ize). + +Vol'ume (Lat. n. _volu'men_, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled +up), _a single book_; volute', _a kind of rolled or spiral scroll_; +vol'uble, literally, _rolling easily_: hence, _having great fluency of +speech_; convol'vulus, _a genus of twining plants_; revolt'. + + +220. VUL'GUS, _the common people_. + +VULG: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, _a Latin version of the +Scriptures_. + +Divulge', _to make known something before kept secret_; divulge'ment; +promulgate (-ion). + + + + + +PART III.--THE GREEK ELEMENT. + + +I.--GREEK PREFIXES. + +PREFIX SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION + + +a- = _without_; a-pathy state of being _without_ +an- _not_ an-omalous feeling. + _not_ similar. + +amphi- = _around_; amphi-theater place for seeing all + _both_ amphi-bious _around_. + living in _both_ land and + water. + +ana- = _back_, ana-logy reasoning _back_. + _throughout_ ana-lysis loosening _throughout_. + +anti- = _against_; anti-pathy a feeling _against_. +ant- _opposite_ ant-arctic _opposite_ the Arctic. + +apo- = _away_; apo-stle one sent _out_. +ap- _out_ ap-helion _away_ from the sun. + +cata- = _down_ or cata-ract a rushing _down_. +cat- _against_ cat-arrh a flowing _down_. + +dia- = _through_ or dia-meter measure _through_ the + _across_ dia-logue center. + speaking _across_ (from + one another). + +dis- = _two_, dis-syllable word of _two_ syllables. +di- _double_ di-lemma a _double_ assumption. + +dys- = _ill_ dys-pepsia _ill_ digestion. + +ec- = _out of_ ec-centric _out of_ the center. +ex- ex-odies an _outgoing_. + +Note--EX- is used before a root beginning with a vowel. + +en- = _in_ or en-ergy power _in_ one. +em- _on_ em-phasis stress _on_. + +epi- = _upon_; epi-dermis skin _upon_ skin. +ep- _for_ ep-hemeral lasting _for_ a day. + +Note--EP- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a _h_ aspirate + +eu- = _well_ or eu-phonic sounding _well_. +ev- _good_ ev-angel _good_ news. + +hemi- = _half_ hemi-sphere _half_ a sphere + +hyper- = _over_ or hyper-critical _over_-critical. + _beyond_ hyper-borean _beyond_ the North. + +hypo- = _under_ hypo-thesis a placing _under_ (= Lat. + supposition.) + +meta- = _beyond_; meta-physics science _beyond_ physics. +met- _transference_ met-onymy _transference_ of name. + +para- = _by the_ par-helion mock sun _by the side of_ +par- _side of_ the real. + +peri- = around peri-meter the measure _around_ + anything. + +pro- = before pro-gramme something written + _before_. + +pros- = to pros-elyte one coming _to_ a new + religion. + +syn- _with_ syn-thesis placing _together_. +sy- = or sy-stem part _with_ part. +syl- _together_ syl-lable letters taken _together_. +sym- sym-pathy feeling _together_. + +NOTE.--The form SY- is used before _s_; SYL- before _l_, SYM- before _b, p_ +or _m_. + + +II.--GREEK ALPHABET. + +[Greek: A a] a _Alpha._ +[Greek: B b *] b _Beta._ +[Greek: G g] g _Gamma._ +[Greek: D d] d _Delta._ +[Greek: E e] e as in _met_ _Epsilon._ +[Greek: Z z] z _Zeta._ +[Greek: ] e as in _me_ _Eta._ +[Greek: Th th *] th _Theta._ +[Greek: I i] i _Iota_ +[Greek: K k] k _Kappa._ +[Greek: L l] l _Lambda._ +[Greek: M m] m _Mu._ +[Greek: N n] n _Nu._ +[Greek: X x] x _Xi._ +[Greek: O o] o as in _not_ _Omicron._ +[Greek: P p *] p _Pi_ +[Greek: R r] r _Rho._ +[Greek: S s, s] final s _Sigma._ +[Greek: T t] t _Tau._ +[Greek: U u] u, or y _Upsilon._ +[Greek: Ph ph] ph _Phi._ +[Greek: Ch ch] ch _Chi._ +[Greek: Ps ps] ps _Psi._ +[Greek: ] o as in _no_ _Omega._ + +Pronunciation of Greek Words. + +_Gamma_ has always the hard sound of _g_, as in _give_. + +_Kappa_ is represented by _c_ in English words, although in Greek it has +but one sound, that of our _k_. + +_Upsilon_ is represented by _y_ in English words; in Greek it has always +the sound of _u_ in mute. + +_Chi_ is represented in English by _ch_ having the sound of _k_; as in +_chronic_. + +In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there +are vowels and diphthongs. + +An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our _h_ +precedes that letter. + + +GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + +DIVISION I.--PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS. + + +1. A'ER, _the air_. + +A'ERATE, _to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid_. + +A-E'RIAL, _belonging to the air_. + +A'ERIFORM, _having the form of air_. + +A'EROLITE (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _a meteoric stone_. + +A'ERONAUT (Gr. n. _nau'tes_, a sailor), _a balloonist_. + +AEROSTA'TION, _aerial navigation_. + +AIR, _the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a person_. + +AIR'Y, _open to the air; gay, sprightly_. + + +2. AG'EIN, _to lead_. + +APAGO'GE, _a leading away; an indirect argument_ + +DEM'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _a misleader of the people_. + +PARAGO'GE (literally, a leading or extension beyond), _the addition of a +letter or syllable to the end of a word_. + +PED'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _pais_, a child), _a schoolmaster; a pedantic person_.. + +SYN'AGOGUE, _a Jewish place of worship_. + + +3. A'GON, a contest. + +AG'ONY, _extreme pain_. + +AG'ONIZE, _to be in agony_. + +ANTAG'ONISM, _direct opposition_. + +ANTAG'ONIST, _or_ ANTAGONIS'TIC, _contending against_. + + +4. ANG'ELLEIN, _to bring tidings_; ANG'ELLOS, _a messenger_. + +AN'GEL, _a spiritual messenger_. + +ANGEL'IC, _relating to an angel_. + +ARCHAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _archi-_, chief), _an angel of the highest order_. + +EVAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _eu_, well), _good tidings; the gospel_. + +EVAN'GELIST, _one of the writers of the four gospels_. + + +5. AR'CHE, _beginning, government, chief_. + +AN'ARCHY, _want of government_. + +AR'CHITECT (Gr. n. _tek'ton_, workman), literally, _a chief builder, one +who devises plans for buildings_. + +AR'CHIVES, _records_. + +HEP'TARCHY (Gr. _hepta_, seven), _a sevenfold government_. + +HI'ERARCHY (Gr. adj. _hi'eros_, sacred), _dominion in sacred things; a +sacred body of rulers_. + +MON'ARCH (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _one who rules alone, a sovereign_. + +MON'ARCHY, _government by one person, a kingdom_. + +OLIGARCHY (Gr. adj. _ol'igos_, few), _government by a few, an aristocracy_. + +PA'TRIARCH (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _the father and ruler of a family_. + +PATRIAR'CHAL, _relating to patriarchs_. + + +6. AS'TRON, _a star_. + +AS'TERISK, _a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes +to mark an omission of words_. + +AS'TEROID (Gr. adj. _ei'dos_, like), _one of the numerous small planets +between Mars and Jupiter_. + +AS'TRAL, _belonging to the stars_. + +ASTROL'OGY, _the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars_. + +ASTRON'OMY (Gr. n. _nom'os_, a law), _the science that treats of the +stars_. + +ASTRON'OMER, _one skilled in astronomy_. + +DISAS'TER, _calamity, misfortune_. + +DISAS'TROUS, _unlucky; calamitous_. + + +7. AU'TOS, _one's self_. + +AUTOBIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life, _graph'ein_, to write), _the life of +a person written by himself_. + +AU'TOCRAT (Gr. n. _krat'os_, power), _an absolute ruler_. + +AUTOCRAT'IC, _like an autocrat_. + +AU'TOGRAPH, _one's own handwriting_. + +AUTOM'ATON (Gr. _mema'otes_, striving after), _a self-acting machine_. + +AUTHEN'TIC, _genuine, true_. + +AUTHENTIC'ITY, _genuineness_. + + +8. BAL'LEIN, _to throw or cast_. + +EM'BLEM, _a representation; a type_. + +EMBLEMAT'ICAL, _containing an emblem_. + +HYPER'BOLE, _a figure of speech which represents things greater or less +than they are_. + +PAR'ABLE, _a story which illustrates some fact or doctrine_. + +PARAB'OLA, _one of the conic sections_. + +PROB'LEM, _a question proposed for solution_. + +SYM'BOL, _a sign; a representation_. + +SYMBOLICAL, _representing by signs_. + + +9. BAP'TEIN, _to wash, to dip_. + +BAP'TISM, _a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which the individual +is sprinkled with or immersed in water_. + +BAPTIZE', _to sprinkle with or immerse in water_. + +BAPTISMAL, _pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows_. + +BAP'TIST, _one who approves only of baptism by immersion_. + +ANABAP'TIST, _one who believes that only adults should be baptized_. + +CATABAP'TIST, _one opposed to baptism_. + +PEDOBAP'TISM (Gr. _pais_, _paidos_, a child), _infant baptism_. + + +10. CHRON'OS, time. + +CHRON'IC, _lasting a long time_; _periodical_. + +CHRON'ICLE, _a record of events in the order of time_; _a history recording +facts in order of time_. + +CHRONOL'OGY, _the science of computing the dates of past events_. + +CHRONOM'ETER (Gr. n. _me'tron_, a measure), _an instrument for measuring +time_. + +ANACH'RONISM, _an error in computing time_. + +SYN'CHRONAL, SYN'CHRONOUS, _existing at the same time_. + + +11. GRAM'MA, _a letter_ + +GRAM'MAR, _the science of language_. + +GRAMMA'RIAN, _one skilled in or who teaches grammar_. + +GRAMMAT'ICAL, _according to the rules of grammar_. + +AN'AGRAM, _the change of one word into another by transposing the letters_. + +DI'AGRAM, _a writing or drawing made for illustration_. + +EP'IGRAM, _a short poem ending with a witty thought_. + +MON'OGRAM (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _a character composed of several +letters interwoven_. + +PRO'GRAMME, _order of any entertainment_. + +TEL'EGRAM (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _a message sent by telegraph_. + + +12. GRAPH'EIN, _to write_. + +GRAPH'IC, _well delineated; giving vivid description_. + +AU'TOGRAPH. See _au'tos_. + +BIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life), _the history of a life_. + +CALIG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _beautiful writing_. + +GEOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a description of the earth_. + +HISTORIOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _histo'ria_, history), _one appointed to write +history_. + +HOL'OGRAPH (Gr. adj. _hol'os_, whole), _a deed or will wholly written by +the grantor or testator_. + +LEXICOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _lex'icon_, a dictionary), _the compiler of a +dictionary_. + +LITH'OGRAPH (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _an impression of a drawing made +on stone_. + +LITHOG'RAPHY, _the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone_. + +ORTHOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _or'thos_, correct), _the correct spelling of +words_. + +PHO'NOGRAPH (Gr. n. _pho'ne_, sound), _an instrument for the mechanical +registration and reproduction of audible sounds_. + +PHONOG'RAPHY, _a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using +the phonograph_. + +PHOTOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _phos, phot'os_, light), _the art of producing +pictures by light_. + +STENOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _sten'os_, narrow), _the art of writing in +short-hand_. + +TEL'EGRAPH (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _an apparatus for conveying +intelligence to a distance by means of electricity_. + +TOPOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _top'os_, a place), _the description of a particular +place_. + +TYPOGRAPHY (Gr. n. _tu'pos_, a type), _the art or operation of printing_. + + +13. HOD'OS, _a way_. + +EP'ISODE, _an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative_. + +EX'ODUS, _departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament_. + +METH'OD, _order, system, way, manner_. + +METH'ODIST, _the followers of John Wesley_. (The name has reference to the +strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians). + +PE'RIOD (Gr. n. _period'os_, a passage round), _the time in which anything +is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark_. + +SYN'OD, _a meeting of ecclesiastics_. + + +14. HU'DOR, _water_. + +HY'DRA, _a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules_. + +HYDRAN'GEA, _a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water_. + +HY'DRANT, _a water-plug_. + +HYDRAU'LIC (Gr. n. _au'los_, a pipe), _relating to the motion of water +through pipes; worked by water_. + +HYDRAU'LICS, _the science which treats of fluids in motion_. + +HYDROCEPH'ALUS (Gr. n. _keph'ale_, the head), _dropsy of the head_. + +HY'DROGEN (Gr. v. _gen'ein_, to beget), _a gas which with oxygen produces +water_. + +HYDROG'RAPHY, _the art of maritime surveying and mapping_. + +HYDROP'ATHY (Gr. n. _path'os_, feeling), _the water-cure_. + +HYDROPHO'BIA (Gr. n. _phob'os_, fear), literally, _dread of water; canine +madness_. + +HY'DROPSY, _a collection of water in the body_. ("Dropsy" is a contraction +of _hydropsy_). + +HYDROSTAT'ICS, _the science which treats of fluids at rest_. + + +15. KRAT'OS, _rule, government, strength_. + +ARISTOC'RACY (Gr. adj. _aris'tos_, best), _government by nobles_. + +ARIS'TOCRAT, _one who favors aristocracy_. + +AU'TOCRAT. See _au'tos_. + +DEMOC'RACY (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _government by the people_. + +DEM'OCRAT, _one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of +the democratic party_. + +THEOC'RACY, _government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient +Jewish state_. + + +16. LOG'OS, _speech, ratio, description, science_. + +LOG'IC, _the science and art of reasoning_. + +LOGI'CIAN, _one skilled in logic_. + +LOG'ARITHMS (Gr. n. _arith'mos_, number), _a class of numbers that abridge +arithmetical calculations_. + +ANAL'OGY, _a resemblance of ratios_. + +AP'OLOGUE, _a moral fable_. + +APOL'OGY, _a defense, an excuse_. + +CAT'ALOGUE, _a list of names in order_. + +CHRONOL'OGY. (See _chronos_.) + +CONCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _kon'chos_, a shell), _the science of shells_. + +DEC'ALOGUE (Gr. _dek'a_, ten), _the ten commandments_. + +DOXOL'OGY (Gr. n. _doxa_, glory), _a hymn expressing glory to God_. + +EC'LOGUE, _a pastoral poem_. + +ENTOMOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ento'ma_, insects, and v. _tem'nein_, to cut), _the +natural history of insects_. + +EP'ILOGUE, _a short poem or speech at the end of a play_. + +ETYMOL'OGY (Gr. _et'umon_, true source), _a part of grammar; the science of +the derivation of words_. + +EU'LOGY, _praise, commendation_. + +GENEAL'OGY (Gr. n. _gen'os_, birth), _history of the descent of families_. + +GEOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _the science which treats of the +internal structure of the earth_. + +MINERAL'OGY, _the science of minerals_. + +MYTHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _mu'thos_, a fable), _a system or science of fables_. + +ORNITHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _or'nis, or'nithos_, a bird), _the natural history of +birds_. + +PATHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _path'os_, suffering), _that part of medicine which +treats of the causes and nature of diseases_. + +PHILOL'OGY (Gr. _phil'os_, loving, fond of), _the science which treats of +languages_. + +PHRENOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phrn_, the mind), _the art of reading the mind from +the form of the skull_. + +PHYSIOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phu'sis_, nature), _the science which treats of the +organism of plants and animals_. + +PRO'LOGUE, _verses recited as introductory to a play_. + +PSYCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _psu'che_, the soul), _mental philosophy; doctrine of +man's spiritual nature_. + +SYL'LOGISM, _a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions_. + +TAUTOL'OGY (Gr. _tau'to_, the same), _a repetition of the same idea in +different words_. + +TECHNOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tech'ne_, art), _a description of the arts_. + +THEOL'OGY. See _theos_. + +TOXICOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tox'icon_, poison) _the science which treats of +poisons and their effects_. + +ZOOL'OGY (Gr. n. _zo'on_, an animal), _that part of natural history which +treats of animals_. + + +17. MET'RON _a measure_. + +ME'TER, _arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length_. + +MET'RIC, _denoting measurement_. + +MET'RICAL, _pertaining to meter_. + +ANEMOM'ETER (Gr. n. _an'emos_, the wind), _an instrument measuring the +force and velocity of the wind_. + +BAROM'ETER (Gr. n. _ba'ros_, weight), _an instrument that indicates changes +in the weather_. + +DIAM'ETER, _measure through anything_. + +GEOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a branch of mathematics_. + +HEXAM'ETER (Gr. _hex_, six), _a line of six poetic feet_. + +HYDROM'ETER (Gr. n. _hu'dor_, water), _an instrument for determining the +specific gravities of liquids_. + +HYGROM'ETER (Gr. adj. _hu'gros_, wet), _an instrument for measuring the +degree of moisture of the atmosphere_. + +PENTAM'ETER (Gr. _pen'te_, five), _a line of five poetic feet_. + +PERIM'ETER, _the external boundary of a body or figure_. + +SYM'METRY, _the proportion or harmony of parts_. + +THERMOM'ETER (Gr. adj. _ther'mos_, warm), _an instrument for measuring the +heat of bodies_. + +TRIGONOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _trigo'non_, a triangle), _a branch of mathematics_. + + +18. MON'OS, _sole, alone_. + +MON'ACHISM, _the condition of monks; a monastic life_. + +MON'AD, _something ultimate and indivisible_. + +MON'ASTERY, _a house of religious retirement_. + +MONK (Gr. n. _mon'achos_), _a religious recluse_. + +MONOG'AMY (Gr. n. _gam'os_, MARRIAGE), _the marriage of one wife only_. + +MON'OLOGUE (Gr. n. _log'os_), _a speech uttered by a person alone_. + +MONOMA'NIA (Gr. n. _ma'nia_, madness), _madness confined to one subject_. + +MONOP'OLY (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), _the sole power of selling anything_. + +MONOSYL'LABLE, _a word of one syllable_. + +MON'OTHEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the belief in the existence of only +one God_. + +MON'OTONE, _uniformity of tone_. + +MONOT'ONY, _sameness of sound; want of variety_. + + +19. O'DE, _a song_. + +ODE, _a lyric poem_. + +MEL'ODY (Gr. n. _mel'os_, a song), _an agreeable succession of musical +sounds_. + +PAR'ODY, _the alteration of the works of an author to another subject_. + +PROS'ODY, _the study of versification_. + +PSAL'MODY, _the practice of singing psalms_. + +TRAG'EDY (Gr. n. _trag'os_, a goat[9]), _a dramatic representation of a sad +or calamitous event_. + +EXERCISE. + +The _periods_ of _astronomy_ go far beyond any _chronology_. The +_phonograph_ and the _telegraph_ are both American inventions. By the aid +of a _diagram_ the _problem_ was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the _Autocrat_ +of the Breakfast Table, has written many _parodies_. In the struggle +between _monarchy_ and _democracy_ Mexico has often been in a state of +_anarchy_. His _antagonist_ suffered great _agony_ from the _disaster_ that +occurred. The _eulogy_ pronounced on the great _zologist_ Agassiz was well +deserved. What is the _etymological_ distinction between _geography_ and +_geology_? The _aeronaut_ took with him a _barometer_, a _thermometer_, and +a _chronometer_. I owe you an _apology_ for not better knowing your +_genealogy. Typography_ has been well called "the art preservative of all +the arts." Who is called the great American _lexicographer? Tautology_ is +to be avoided by all who make any pretence to _grammar_. One may be a +_democrat_ without being a _demagogue_. You cannot be an _architect_ +without knowing _geometry. Zoology_ shows that there is great _symmetry_ in +the structure of animals. The pretensions of _astrology_ are now dissipated +into thin _air_. Many persons skilled in _physiology_ do not believe in +hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in _hexameter_, and +Milton's "Paradise Lost" in _pentameter_. + + +20. ON'OMA, _a name_. + +ANON'YMOUS, _without a name_. + +METON'YMY, _a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another_. + +ON'OMATOPOE'IA, _the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense_. + +PARON'YMOUS, _of like derivation_. + +PATRONYM'IC (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _a name derived from a parent or +ancestor_. + +PSEU'DONYM (Gr. adj. _pseu'des_, false), _a fictitious name_. + +SYN'ONYM, _a word having the same meaning as another in the same language_. + + +21. PAN, PANTOS, _all; whole_. + +PANACE'A (Gr. v. _ak'eomai_, I cure), _a universal cure_. + +PAN'CREAS (Gr. n. _kre'as_, flesh), _a fleshy gland situated at the bottom +of the stomach_. + +PAN'DECT, _a treatise which combines the whole of any science_. + +PANEGYR'IC (Gr. n. _ag'ora_, an assembly), _an oration in praise of some +person or event_. + +PAN'OPLY (Gr. n. _hop'la_, armor), _a complete suit of armor_. + +PANORA'MA (Gr. n. _hor'ama_, a sight or view), _a large picture gradually +unrolled before an assembly_. + +PAN'THEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the doctrine that nature is God_. + +PAN'THEON, _a temple dedicated to all the gods_. + +PAN'TOMIME, _a scene or representation in dumb show_. + + +22. PA'THOS, _suffering, feeling_. + +PATHET'IC, _affecting the emotions_. + +PATHOL'OGY, _the science of diseases_. + +ALLOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_. + +ANTIP'ATHY, _dislike, aversion_. + +AP'ATHY, _want of feeling_. + +HOMEOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_. + +HYDROP'ATHY. See _hudor_. + +SYM'PATHY, _fellow-feeling_. + + +23. PHIL'OS, _a friend, a lover_. + +PHILADEL'PHIA (Gr. n. _adel'phos_, a brother), literally, _the city of +brotherly love_. + +PHILANTHROPY (Gr. n. _anthro'pos_, a man), _love of mankind_. + +PHILHARMON'IC (Gr. n. _harmo'nia_, harmony), _loving harmony or music_. + +PHILOS'OPHY (Gr. n. _sophi'a_, wisdom), _the general laws or principles +belonging to any department of knowledge_. + +PHILOS'OPHER, _one versed in philosophy or science_. + +PHILOSOPH'IC, PHILOSOPH'ICAL, _relating to philosophy_. + + +24. PHA'NEIN, _to cause to appear_; PHANTA'SIA, _an image, an idea_. + +DIAPH'ANOUS, _translucent_. + +EPIPH'ANY, _the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by +the star of Bethlehem_. + +FAN'CY, _a pleasing image; a conceit or whim_. + +FAN'CIFUL, _full of fancy; abounding in wild images_. + +FANTA'SIA, _a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary +musical rules_. + +PHAN'TOM, _a specter, an apparation_. + +PHASE, _an appearance_. + +PHENOM'ENON, _anything presented to the senses by experiment or +observation; an unusual appearance_. + +SYC'OPHANT (Gr. n. _sukon_, a fig, and, literally, an informer against +stealers of figs), _a mean flatterer_. + + +25. PHO'NE, _a sound_. + +PHONET'IC, PHON'IC _according to sound_. + +EU'PHONY, _an agreeable sound of words_. + +SYM'PHONY, _harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full +band of instruments_. + + +26. PHOS, PHOTOS, _light_. + +PHOS'PHORUS (Gr. v. _pherein_, to bear), _a substance resembling wax, +highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark_. + +PHOS'PHATE, _a salt of phosphoric acid_. + +PHOSPHORES'CENT, _luminous in the dark_. + +PHOSPHOR'IC, _relating to or obtained from phosphorus_. + +PHOTOG'RAPHY. See _graphein_. + + +27. PHU'SIS, _nature_. + +PHYS'IC, _medicines_. + +PHYS'ICAL, _natural; material; relating to the body_. + +PHYSI'CIAN, _one skilled in the art of healing_. + +PHYS'ICIST, _a student of nature_. + +PHYS'ICS, _natural philosophy_. + +PHYSIOG'NOMY (Gr. n. _gno'mon_, a judge), _the art of discerning the +character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of +features or countenance_. + +PHYSIOL'OGY. See _logos_. + +METAPHYS'ICS, literally, _after or beyond physics_; hence, _the science of +mind_. + +METAPHYSI'CIAN, _one versed in metaphysics_. + + +28. POL'IS, _a city_. + +POLICE', _the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a +city_. + +POL'ICY, _the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public +affairs; prudence_. + +POL'ITIC, _wise, expedient_. + +POLIT'ICAL, _relating to politics_. + +POLITI'CIAN, _one devoted to politics_. + +POL'ITICS, _the art or science of government; struggle of parties_. + +POL'ITY, _the constitution of civil government_. + +ACROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _ak'ros_, high), _a citadel_. + +COSMOP'OLITE (Gr. n. _kos'mos_, the world), _a citizen of the world_. + +METROP'OLIS (Gr. n. _me'ter_, a mother), _the chief city of a country_. + +NECROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _nek'ros_, dead), _a burial-place; a city of the +dead_. + + +29. RHE'O, _I flow, I speak_. + +RHET'ORIC, _the art of composition; the science of oratory_. + +RHETORI'CIAN, _one skilled in rhetoric_. + +RHEU'MATISM, _a disease of the limbs_ (so called because the ancients +supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors). + +RES'IN, _a gum which flows from certain trees_. + +CATARRH', _a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head_. + +DIARRHOE'A, _purging_. + +HEM'ORRHAGE (Gr. n. _haima_, blood), _a flowing of blood_. + + +30. SKOP'EIN, _to see, to watch_. + +SCOPE, _space, aim, intention_. + +BISH'OP (Gr. n. _epis'kopos_, overseer), _a clergyman who has charge of a +diocese_. + +EPIS'COPACY, _church government by bishops_. + +EPIS'COPAL, _relating to episcopacy_. + +KALEI'DOSCOPE (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _an optical instrument in +which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of +position_. + +MI'CROSCOPE (Gr. adj. _mik'ros_, small), _an instrument for examining small +objects_. + +MICROS'COPIST, _one skilled in the use of the microscope_. + +STETH'OSCOPE (Gr. n. _steth'os_, the breast), _an instrument for examining +the state of the chest by sound_. + +TEL'ESCOPE (Gr. _te'le_, afar off), _an instrument for viewing objects far +off_. + + +31. TAK'TOS, _arranged_; TAX'IS, _arrangement_. + +TAC'TICS, _the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces_; +_the science or art which relates to these_. + +TACTI'CIAN, _one skilled in tactics_. + +SYN'TAX, _the arrangement of words into sentences_. + +SYNTAC'TICAL, _relating to syntax_. + +TAX'IDERMY (Gr. n. _der'ma_, skin), _the art of preparing and arranging the +skins of animals in their natural appearance_. + +TAX'IDERMIST, _one skilled in taxidermy_. + + +32. TECH'NE, _art_. + +TECH'NICAL, _relating to an art or profession_. + +TECHNICAL'ITY, _a technical expression_; _that which is technical_. + +TECHNOL'OGY, _a treatise on or description of the arts_. + +TECHNOL'OGIST, _one skilled in technology_. + +POLYTECH'NIC (Gr. adj. _pol'us_, many), _comprising many arts_. + +PYR'OTECHNY (Gr. n. _pur_, fire), _the art of making fireworks_. + + +33. THE'OS, _God_. + +THE'ISM, _belief in the existence of a God_. + +THEO'CRACY. (See _kratos_.) + +THEO'LOGY. (See _logos_.) + +APOTHEO'SIS, _glorification, deification_. + +A'THEISM, _disbelief in the existence of God_. + +A'THEIST, _one who does not believe in the existence of God_. + +ENTHU'SIASM, _heat of imagination_; _ardent zeal_. + +PAN'THEISM. (See _pan_.) + +POL'YTHEISM (Gr. adj. _polus_, many), _the doctrine of a plurality of +Gods_. + + +34. TITH'ENI, _to place, to set_. + +THEME, _a subject set forth for discussion_. + +THE'SIS, _a proposition set forth for discussion_. + +ANATH'EMA, _an ecclesiastical curse_. + +ANTITHESIS, _opposition or contrast in words or deeds_. + +HYPOTH'ESIS, _a supposition_. + +PAREN'THESIS, _something inserted in a sentence which is complete without +it_. + +SYN'THESIS, _a putting together, as opposed to analysis_. + + +35. TON'OS, _tension, tone_. + +TONE, _tension, vigor, sound_. + +TON'IC, adj. _increasing tension or vigor_; n. _a medicine which increases +strength_. + +TUNE, _a series of musical notes on a particular key_. + +ATTUNE', _to make musical_; _to make one sound agree with another_. + +BAR'YTONE (Gr. adj. _ba'rus_, heavy), _a male voice_. + +DIATON'IC, _proceeding by tones and semitones_. + +IN'TONATE, _to sound; to modulate the voice_. + +INTONE', _to give forth a slow, protracted sound_. + +SEM'ITONE, _half a tone_. + + +REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES. + +1. Derivation of "antithesis"?--Compose an example of an antithesis.--Point +out the antithesis in the following:-- + + "The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself." + "A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits." + "Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull, + Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full." + +2. Derivation of "hypothesis."--Give an adjective formed from this +noun.--What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? _Ans. +Supposition_.--Show this. _Ans._ Supposition is composed of sub = hypo +(under), and position (from _ponere_, to place) = thesis, a placing--What +adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? _Ans. +Supposititious._ + +3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?--Compose a parenthetical sentence. + +4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?--Give the distinction _Ans. +Analysis_ is taking apart, _synthesis_ is putting together--What adjective +is derived from the noun "synthesis"? + +5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? _Ans. Demagogic_ or +_demagogical_--Define it--Compose a sentence containing the word +"demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of +a _demagogue_." + +6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? _Ans. Pedagogic_--What would +the "_pedagogic_ art" mean?--Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a +complimentary sense?--Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense. + +7. Derivation of "anarchy"?--Compose a sentence containing this word. +MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by +_anarchy_." + +8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? _Ans. Monarchical_--Define +it.--Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical +government?--What is the ruler of a monarchy called? + +9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the +Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under +the rule of an _oligarchy_." + +10. From what root is "democracy" derived?--What adjective is formed from +"democracy"?--Is Russia at present a _democracy_?--Can you mention any +ancient governments that for a time were democracies? + +11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?--What noun will denote one +who believes in aristocracy? _Ans. Aristocrat_--What does "aristocrat" +ordinarily mean? _Ans._ A proud or haughty person who holds himself above +the common people. + +12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"? + +13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence. + +14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? _Ans. Diametrical_--What +adverb is formed from "diametrical"?--What is meant by the expression +"_diametrically_ opposed"? + +15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? _Ans. Astrology_--Give +the derivative of this word.--What word denotes one who is skilled in +astronomy?--Form an adjective from "astronomy."--Compose a sentence +containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of +_astronomy_ are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton." + +16. From what root is "telescope" derived?--Combine and define telescop + +ic.--Compose a sentence using the word "telescope." + +17. From what root is "microscope" derived?--Combine and define microscop + +ic.--What single word denotes microscopic animals? _Ans. +Animalcul_.--Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL: +"As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the _microscope_ +reveals the infinitely little." + +18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we +sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in +the lines: + + 'The reason why I cannot tell, + I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'" + +19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"? + +20. Derivation of "sympathy"?--Give a synonym of this Greek derivative. +_Ans. Compassion_.--Show why they are literal synonyms. _Ans._ Sym = con or +com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.--Give an English +derivative expressing the same thing. _Ans. Fellow-feeling._ + +21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?--Form an adjective from +"autocrat."--Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?--Could the +Queen of England be called an _autocrat_?--Why not? + +22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are +only two or three _autographs_ of Shakespeare in existence." + +23. Derivation of "automaton"?--Illustrate the signification of the word by +a sentence. + +24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir +to"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea." + +25. Derivation of "panoply"?--In the following sentence is "panoply" used +in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian +_panoply_, to put on the whole armor of God." + +26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?--What word is used to +denote one who believes in pantheism? + +27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many +gods?--Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would +designate a temple dedicated to _all_ the gods? + +28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."--Compose a sentence +using the word "panorama." + +29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?--Illustrate its meaning by a +sentence.--Form an adjective from "eulogy." + +30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?--Give an example of a pseudonym. + +DIVISION II.--ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR +DERIVATIVES. + +ACH'OS, _pain_--ache, headache. +AINIG'MA, _a riddle_--enigma. +AK'ME, _a point_--acme. +AKOU'EIN, _to hear_--acoustics. +AK'ROS, _high_--_acropolis (polis)._ +ALLEL'ON, _each other_--parallel, parallelogram. +AN'ER, _a man_--Andrew, Alexander. +AN'THOS, _a flower_--anther, anthology, polyanthus. +ANTHRO'POS, _a man_--anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, + philanthropist, philanthropy. +ARK'TOS, _a bear_--arctic, antarctic. +AR'GOS, _idle_--lethargy, lethargic. +ARIS'TOS, _best_--aristocrat _(kratos)_, aristocracy, aristocratic. +ARITH'MOS, _number_--arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic. +ARO'MA, _spice, odor_--aromatic. +ARTE'RIA, _a bloodvessel_--artery, arterial. +ASK'EIN, _to discipline_--ascetic, asceticism. +ASPHAL'TOS, _pitch_--asphalt. +ATH'LOS, _a contest_--athlete, athletic. +AT'MOS, _vapor, smoke_--atmosphere, atmospheric. +AU'LOS, _a pipe_--hydraulic. + +BAL'SAMON, _balsam_--balm, embalm. +BA'ROS, _weight_--barometer, barytes. +BA'SIS, _the bottom_--base, baseless, basement, basis. +BIB'LION, _a book_--bible, biblical. +BI'OS, _life_--biography, biology. +BO'TANE, _a plant_--botanic, botanical, botanist, botany. +BRON'CHOS, _the throat_--bronchial, bronchitis. +BUS'SOS, _bottom_--abyss. + +CHA'LUPS, _steel_--chalybeate. +CHARAS'SEIN, _to stamp_--character, characterize, characteristic. +CHA'RIS, _grace_--eucharist. +CHEIR, _the hand_--surgeon (short for _chirurgeon_), surgical. +CHLO'ROS, _green_--chloride, chlorine +CHOL'E, _bile_--choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy. +CHOR'DE, _a string_--chord, cord, cordage. +CHRIS'TOS, _anointed_--chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, + antichrist. +CHRO'MA, _color_--chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic. +CHRU'SOS, _gold_--chrysalis, chrysolite. +CHU'LOS, _the milky juice formed by digestion_--chyle, chylifaction. +CHU'MOS, _juice_--chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist. + +DAI'MON, _a spirit_--demon, demoniac, demonology. +DE'MOS, _the people_--demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic. +DEN'DRON, _a tree_--dendrology, rhododendron. +DER'MA, _the skin_--epidermis. +DES'POTES, _a ruler_--despot, despotic, despotism. +DIAI'TA, _manner of life_--diet, dietary, dietetic. +DIDO'NI, _to give_--dose, antidote, anecdote. +DOG'MA, _an opinion_--dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism. +DOX'A, _an opinion, glory_--doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox. +DRAM'A, _a stage-play_--drama, dramatic, dramatist. +DROM'OS, _a course_--dromedary, hippodrome. +DRUS, _an oak_--dryad. +DUNA'THAI, _to be able_--dynamics, dynamical, dynasty. +DUS, _ill, wrong_--dysentery (_entera_, the bowels), dyspepsia (_peptein_, + to digest). + +EKKLE'SIA, _the church_--ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical. +E'CHEIN, _to sound_--echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen. +EKLEI'PEIN, _to fail_--eclipse, ecliptic. +ELEK'TRON, _amber_--electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype. +EM'EIN, _to vomit_--emetic. +EP'OS, _a word_--epic, orthoepy. +ER'EMOS, _desert, solitary_--hermit, hermitage. +ER'GON, _a work_--energy, energetic, surgeon (_cheir_, the hand). +ETH'NOS, _a nation_--ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology. +ETH'OS, _custom, manner_--ethics, ethical. +EU, _good, well_--eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical. + +GAM'OS, _marriage_--bigamy, polygamy, misogamist. +GAS'TER, _the stomach_--gastric, gastronomy. +GE, _the earth_--geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, + perigee. +GEN'NAEIN, _to produce_--genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, + hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen. +GIGNOS'KEIN, _to know_--diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate. +GLOS'SA, GLOT'TA, _the tongue_--glossary, glottis, polyglot. +GLU'PHEIN, _to carve_--hieroglyphics. +GNO'MON, _an indicator_--gnomon, physiognomy (_phusis_). +GO'NIA, _a corner_--diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry. +GUM'NOS, _naked_--gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics. + +HAI'REIN, _to take or choose_--heresy, heretic, heretical. +HARMO'NIA, _a fitting together_--harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium. +HEK'ATON, _a hundred_--hecatomb. +HE'LIOS, _the sun_--heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion. +HE'MERA, _a day_--ephemeral. +HEP'TA, _seven_--heptagon, heptarchy. +HE'ROS, _a hero_--hero, heroic, heroine, heroism. +HET'EROS, _another, unlike_--heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous. +HEX, _six_--hexagon, hexangular. +HI'EROS, _sacred_--hierarchy, hieroglyphics (_glyphein_, to carve). +HIP'POS, _a horse_--hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic. +HOL'OS, _all_--holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity. +HOM'OS, _like, the same_--homogeneous (_gennaein_, to produce). +HOR'OS, _a boundary_--horizon, aphorism. +HU'MEN, _the god of marriage_--hymeneal. +HUM'NOS, _a song of praise_--hymn, hymnal, hynmology. + +ICH'THUS, _a fish_--ichthyology. +ID'EA, _a form or pattern_--idea, ideal. +ID'IOS, _peculiar_--idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic. +IS'OS, _equal_--isothermal. + +KAI'EIN, _to burn_--caustic, cauterize, holocaust (_holos_, whole). +KA'KOS, _bad_--cacophony. +KA'LOS, _beautiful_--caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (_skopein_). +KAL'UPTEIN, _to conceal_--apocalypse. +KAN'ON, _a rule_--canon, canonical, canonize. +KAR'DIA, _the heart_--cardiac, pericardium. +KEN'OS, _empty_--cenotaph. +KEPH'ALE, _the head_--acephalous, hydrocephalus (_hydor_). +KER'AS, _a horn_--rhinoceros. +KLE'ROS, _a portion_--clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship. +KLI'MAX, _a ladder_--climax. +KLI'NEIN, _to bend_--clinical, recline. +KO'MOS, _a merry feast_--comedy, (_od_), comedian, comic, encomium. +KO'NEIN, _to serve_--deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate. +KO'NOS, Lat. CONUS, _a cone_--cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform. +KOP'TEIN, _to cut_--coppice, copse, syncope. +KOS'MOS, _the world_--cosmography, cosmopolitan. +KRI'TES, _a judge_--crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, + hypocrite. +KRUP'TEIN, _to conceal_--crypt, apocrypha. +KRUSTAL'LOS, _ice_--crystal, crystallize. +KUK'LOS, _a circle_--cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia. +KULIN'DROS, _a roller_--cylinder. + +LAM'BANEIN, _to take_--syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable. +LAM'PEIN, _to shine_--lamp. +LA'OS, _the people_--layman, laity. +LATREI'A, _worship_--idolatry, heliolatry. +LITH'OS, _a stone_--litharge, lithograph, arolite. +LU'EIN, _to loosen_--analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy. + +MAN'IA, _madness_--mania, maniac. +MAR'TUR, _a witness_--martyr, martyrdom, martyrology. +MEL'AS, _black_--melancholy, Melanesia. +ME'TER, _a mother_--metropolis. +MIK'ROS, _small_--microcosm, microscope, microscopic. +MI'MOS, _an imitator_--mimic, mimicry, pantomime. +MOR'PHE, _shape_--amorphous, metamorphosis. +MU'RIAS, _ten thousand_--myriad. +MU'THOS, _a fable_--myth, mythology. + +NAR'KE, _torpor_--narcissus, narcotic. +NAUS, _a ship_--nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aronaut. +NEK'ROS, _dead_--necropolis. +NE'SOS, _an island_--Polynesia. +NOM'OS, _a law_--astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (_oikos_, a house), + economic. + +OL'IGOS, _few_--oligarchy (_arche_). +OR'PHANOS, _deserted_--orphan, orphanage. +OR'THOS, _right, straight_--orthodox, orthoepy, orthography. + +PAIDEI'A, _instruction_--cyclopdia. +PAIS, _a child_--pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist. +PAP'AS, Lat. PAPA, _a father_--papacy, pope, popedom, popery. +PARADEI'SOS, _a pleasant garden_--paradise. +PAT'EIN, _to walk_--peripatetic. +PEN'TE, _five_--pentagon, pentecost. +PET'RA, _a rock_--Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter. +PHOB'OS, _fear_--hydrophobia (_hudor_, water). +PHRA'SIS, _speech_--phrase, phraseology, paraphrase. +PHREN, _the mind_--phrenology, frantic, frenzy. +PHU'TON, _a plant_--zoophyte. +PLA'NAEIN, _to wander_--planet, planetary. +PLAS'SEIN, _to mould_--plaster, plastic. +PLEU'RA, _the side_--pleurisy. +PNEU'MA, _breath_, _spirit_--pneumatic. +PO'LEIN, _to sell_--bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize. +POL'US, _many_--polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic. +POR'OS, _a passage_--pore, porosity, porous, emporium. +POT'AMOS, _a river_--hippopotamus. +POUS, _the foot_--antipodes, polypus, tripod. +PRAS'SEIN, _to do_--practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable. +PRESBU'TEROS, _elder_--presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism. +PRO'TOS, _first_--protomartyr. +PSAL'LEIN, _to touch_, _to sing_--psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter. +PUR, _fire_--pyramid, pyrotechny. + +RHIN, _the nose_--rhinoceros. +RHOD'ON, _a rose _--rhododendron. + +SARX, _flesh_--sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus. +SCHED'E, _a sheet_--schedule. +SCHE'MA, _a plan_--scheme. +SCHIS'MA, _a division_--schism, schismatic. +SIT'OS, _corn_--parasite, parasitical. +SKAN'DALON, _disgrace_--scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, + slanderous. +SKEPTES'THAI, _to consider_--sceptic, sceptical, scepticism. +SKEP'TRON, _an emblem of office_--scepter. +SOPH'IA, _wisdom_--sophist, sophistry, philosopher (_philos_), philosophy. +SPHAI'RA, _a globe_--sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere. +STAL'AEIN, _to drop_--stalactite, stalagmite. +STEL'LEIN, _to send_--apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary. +STEN'OS, _narrow_--stenography. +STHEN'OS, _strength_--calisthenics. +STIG'MA, _a mark_--stigma, stigmatize. +STRAT'OS, _an army_--stratagem, strategy, strategist. +STROPH'E, _a turning_--apostrophe, catastrophe. + +TA'PHOS, _a tomb_--epitaph, cenotaph. +TAU'TO, _the same_--tautology. +TEK'TON, _a builder_--architect. +TE'LE, _far off_--telegraph, telescope. +TEM'NEIN, _to cut_--atom, anatomy, anatomist. +TET'RA, _four_--tetragon, tetrarch. +THER'ME, _heat_--thermal. +THRON'OS, _a throne_--throne, enthrone. +TOP'OS, _a place_--topography. +TREP'EIN, _to turn_--trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope. +TU'POS, _a stamp_--type, typography, prototype. +TURAN'NOS, _a ruler_--tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny. + +ZEIN, _to boil_--zeal, zealous. +ZEPHU'ROS, _the west wind_--zephyr. +ZO'ON, _an animal_--zodiac, zoology, zoological, zophyte. + + + + +PART IV.--THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. + + +I.--ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES. + +A--(corrupted from A.-S. _on_) signifies _in_, _on_, _at_: as abed, aboard, +aside, aback; and gives the adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, +aboard. + +BE--gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is sometimes +intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, as in +bedim. _Be_, as a form of _by_, also denotes proximity, as in beside: as +bystander. + +FOR[10]--means privation, or opposition: as forbear, forbid, forget. + +FORE--_before_: as foretell, forebode. + +MIS--_error_, _wrongness_: as mistake, misstate, misinform. + +N--has a negative signification, as in many languages: thus, never, +neither, none. + +OFF--from offspring. + +OUT--_beyond_: as outdo, outlaw. + +OVER--_above_: as overhang, overflow, overturn. + +TO--in to-day, to-morrow. + +UN--_not_, _the reverse_: as, unskilled, unlearned. + +UNDER--_beneath_: as undermine. + +WITH--_against_ (German _wider_): as withstand. + + +II.--ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES. + +AR, ARD, ER, YER, STER[11]--signifying _agent_ or _doer_; as in beggar, +drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. _Er_ forms verbs of adjectives, as +lower, from low, and also forms the comparatives of adjectives. + +ESS, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French. + +DOM, SHIP, RIC, WIC--from _dom_, judgment; _ship_, shape or condition; +_ric_, _rice_, power; _wic_, a dwelling--signify state, condition, quality, +etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick. + +EL, KIN (= _chen_, German), LET (from French), LING, OCK--have a +_diminutive_ effect, as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, +cockerel. + +EN--adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also converts +adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep. + +FOLD--from _fealdan_, to fold; a numeral termination, like _ple_, from the +Latin _plico_, I fold. + +FUL--full; truthful. + +HOOD, NESS--of uncertain derivation, signify state, etc., as in priesthood, +righteousness. + +ISH--_isc_ (Saxon), _isch_ (German), denotes a quality; like rakish, +knavish, churlish, Danish. _Ish_ is also employed as a +diminutive--blackish. + +LESS--_loss_: as penniless, hopeless. + +LIKE and LY--_like_; _lic_ (A.-S.): as warlike, manly. + +SOME--_sum_ (A.-S.), _sam_ (German), lonesome, handsome. + +TEEN--ten, as in fourteen. + +TY--from _tig_ (A.-S ), ten; _zig_ (German), as in six-_ty_. _Teen_ adds +ten--_ty_ multiplies by ten. + +WARD--_weard_, _wrts_ (German), _versus_ (Latin), against, direction, +towards; downward, eastward. + +WISE--_wisa_, manner; likewise. + +Y--_ig_, an adjective termination; _dreorig_ (A.-S.), dreary. + + +ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + +The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern German or +the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern English. + +The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: _j_, _k_, _q_, _v_, +and _z_. _K_ is commonly represented by _c_; thus, _cyning_ (king) is +pronounced _kining_; _cyrtel_, _kirtle_; _qu_ is represented by _cw_, as +_cwic_, _quick_; _cwen_, _queen_; _cwellan_, to _quell_; _th_ is +represented by two peculiar characters, one of which in its reduced form +resembles _y_, as in _ye olden times_, where _ye_ should be pronounced +_the_, and not _ye_, as is often ignorantly done. + +Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long +vowels are _a_ as _far_, _ae_ as in _fare_, _e_ as in _they_, _i_ as in +_pique_, _o_ as in _bone_, _u_ as in _rule_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). Short +vowels are _a_ as in _fast_, _ae_ as in _man_, _e_ as in _men_, _i_ as in +_pin_, _o_ as in _God_, _u_ as in _full_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). + +In the diphthongs _ea_, _eo_, and _ie_, the first element receives the +stress; the second is pronounced very lightly. + +There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The vowel +of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of +consonants, as in _hlud_, loud, _cniht_, knight, _cnif_, knife, each +consonant has its distinct sound. + +_E_ before _a_ and _o_ has the sound of _y_ as a consonant; _i_ before _e_ +and _u_ has the same sound: thus, _Earl_ = _yarl_; _eow_ = _you_; _iett_ = +_yett_; and _igoth_ = _ygoth_, youth. + +AC, _an oak_--oak, oaken. +ACSIAN, _to inquire_--ask. +CER, _a field_--acre, acreage. +R, _before_--early, ere, erelong, erst. +AFT, _hind-part_--after, abaft. +GAN, _to have_--owe, own, owner, ought, disown. +ARISAN, _to arise_--raise, rise, rouse. + +BCAN, _to bake_--baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch. +BC, _back_--backbite, backslide, backward, aback. +BLG, _a bag_. +BALD, _bold, brave_--bold, boldness. +BNA, _death_--bane, baneful, henbane. +BANC, _a bank or raised place_--bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, + embankment. +BEACNIAN, _to beckon_--beck, beckon, beacon. +BELLAN, _to roar_--bawl, bellow. +BEORGAN, _to protect_--borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, + harbor, berth. +BEORHT, _bright_--bright. +BERAN, _to bear, to bring forth_--barrow, bear, bier, birth. +BIDAN, _to wait_--abide. +BIDDAN, _to pray_, _to bid_--bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, + unbidden. +BINDAN, _to bind_--band, bond, bondage, bundle. +BLC, _pale_--bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness. +BLAWAN, _to blow_--blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, + blow, blush, bluster. +BLETSIAN, _to bless_--bless, blessing. +BRD, _broad_--broad, breadth, board, aboard. +BRCAN, _to break_--bray (_to pound_), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, + broken. +BREOST, _the breast_--breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast. +BREWAN, _to brew_--brew, brewer, brewery. +BRUCAN, _to use_--broker, brokerage, brook (_to endure_). +BUAN, _to cultivate_--boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood. +BUGAN, _to bow or bend_--bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow. +BYLDAN, _to design_, _to make_--build, builder, building. +BYRNAN, _to burn_--brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, + auburn, firebrand. + +CLAN, _to cool_--chill, chilblain. +CEAPIAN, _to buy_--cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman. +CNNAN, _to produce_--kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind. +CEORL, _a churl_--carle, churlish. +CLNE, _clean_--clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean. +CLTH, _cloth_--clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad. +CLEFAN, _to cleave_; CLIFIAN, _to adhere_--cleaver, cliff, clover, club. +CNAFA, _a boy_--knave, knavery. +CNWAN, _to know_--knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown. +CNYLL, _a loud noise_--knell. +CNYTTAN, _to knit_--knitting, knot, knotty, net, network. +CRACIAN, _to crack_; CEARCIAN, _to creak_--crack, crackle, creak, cricket, + croak, screech, shriek. +CUMAN, _to come_--comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome. +CUNNAN, _to know_, _to be powerful_--can, con, cunning, keen. +CWELLAN, _to slay_--kill, quell. + +DG, _a day_--dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye. +DL, _a part_--deal, dole, ordeal. +DMAN, _to think_--deem. +DEOR, _a wild animal_--deer. +DEORE, _dusky or black_--dark, darken, darkly, darkness. +DIC, _a dyke_--dig, ditch, ditcher. +DISC, _a plate_--desk, disc, dish. +DM, _judgment_--doom, doomsday. +DN, _to do_--doer, deed, undo. +DRAGAN, _to draw_--drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray. +DRIFAN, _to drive_--drift, driver, drove. +DRIGAN, _to dry_--drysalter, drought, drug (originally _dried plants_), + druggist. +DRINCAN, _to suck in_--drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken. +DRYPAN, _to drip or drop_--drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel. +DWINAN, _to pine_--dwindle, dwine. +DYN, _a noise_--din, dun. + +EAGE, _the eye_--eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid. +EALD, _old_--alderman, earl. +EFEN, _just_--even, evenness. +ERIAN, _to plough_, _to ear_--earth, earthy, earthquake. + +FAEGER, _bright_--fair, fairness. +FER, _fear_--fearful, fearless. +FARAN, _to go_--fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer. +FEDAN, _to feed_--feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly. +FEOND, _an enemy_--fiend, fiendish. +FLEGAN, _to fly_--flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight. +FLETAN, _to float_--float, fleet. +FLWAN, _to flow_--flood, flow. +FOLGIAN, _to go after_--follow. +FN, _to seize _--fang, finger. +FT, _the foot_--foot, fetter, fetlock. +FREN, _to love_--free, freedom, friend, friendship. +FRETAN, _to gnaw_--fret, fretful. +FUGEL, _a bird_--fowl, fowler, fowling-piece. +FL, _unclean_--filth, filthy, foul, fulsome. +FULLIAN, _to whiten_--full (_to scour and thicken cloth in a mill_), + fuller, fuller's-earth. +FR, _fire_--fiery, fireworks, bonfire. + +GABBAN, _to mock_--gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber. +GALAN, _to sing_--nightingale. +GANGAN, _to go_--gang, gangway. +GST, _a ghost_--gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast. +GEARD, _an enclosure _--garden, orchard, yard. +GEOTAN, _to pour_--gush, gut. +GEREFA, _a governor_--grieve (_an overseer_), sheriff, sheriffdom. +GETAN, _to get_--get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful. +GIFAN, _to give_--give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven. +GLOWAN, _to glow_--glow, glowing. +GD, _good_--gospel, gossip. +GRS, _grass_--grass, graze, grazier. +GRAFAN, _to dig_--grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave. +GRAPIAN, _to grapple_; GRPAN, _to gripe_; GROPIAN, _to grope_--grapple, + grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel. +GREOT, _dust_--gritty, groats. +GRWAN, _to grow_--grow, growth. +GRND, _the ground_--ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork. + +HABBAN, _to have_--have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave. +HGE, _a hedge_--haw, hawthorn. +HL, _sound_, _whole_--hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, + holiness, whole, wholesome. +HM, _a dwelling_--hamlet, home, homely, homeliness. +HANGIAN, _to hang_--hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang. +HT, _heat_--heat, heater, hot. +HEALDAN, _to hold_--halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, + withhold. +HEARD, _hard_--harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy. +HEBBAN, _to lift_--heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval. +HDAN, _to heed_--heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness. +HEORTE, _the heart_--hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, + dishearten. +HLF, _bread_--loaf. +HLEAPAN, _to leap_--leap, overleap, elope, elopement. +HOL, _a hole_--hole, hold (_of a ship_), hollow, hollowness. +HRISTLAN, _to make quick sounds_--rustle, rustling. +HUNTIAN, _to rush_--hunt, hunter, huntsman. +HS, _house_--housewife, husband, hustings. +HWEORFAN, _to turn_--swerve, wharf. +HRAN, _to hear_--hear, hearer, hearsay. + +LDAN, _to lead_--lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead. +LFAN, _to leave_--left, eleven, twelve. +LRAN, _to teach_--learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned. +LANG, _long_--long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger. +LECGAN, _to lay_--lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, + ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw. +LEOFIAN, LYBBAN, _to live_--live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, + outlive. +LEOHT, _light_--lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten. +LC, _like_--like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike. +LOCIAN, _to stretch forward_--look. +LOMA, _utensils_, _furniture_--loom, hand-loom, power-loom. +LOSIAN, _to lose_--lose, loser, loss. +LF, _love_; LUFIAN, _to love_--lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, + unlovely. +LYFAN, _to permit_--leave (_permission_), belief, believe, believer, + misbelieve. +LYFT, _the air_--loft, lofty, aloft. + +MACIAN, _to make_--make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate. +MNGAN, _to mix_--among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel. +MAGAN, _to be able_--may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay. +MEARC, _a boundary_--mark, marksman, marches, remark. +METAN, _to measure_--meet, meeting, meet (_fit_), meetness. +MUND, _a defence_--mound. +MURNAN, _to murmur_--mourn, mourner, mournful. +MYND, _the mind_--mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind. + +NS, _a nose_--naze, ness. +NAMA, _a name_--name, nameless, namesake, misname. +NEAD, _need_--need, needful, needless, needs, needy. +NEAH, _nigh_--near, next, neighbor. +NIHT, _night_--night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade. + +OGA, _dread_--ugly, ugliness. + +PTH, _a path_--pathless, pathway, footpath. +PLEGAN, _to exercise_, _to sport_--play, player, playful, playmate. + +RCAN, _to reach_--reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent. +RDAN, _to read_--read, readable, reader, reading, riddle. +READ, _red_--red, redden, ruddy. +REAFIAN, _to seize_--bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, + robber, robbery, rove, rover. +RECAN, _to heed_--reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning. +RDAN, _to ride_--ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead. +RINNAN, _to run_--run, runner, runaway, outrun. +RIPAN, _to reap_--reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe. +RUH, _rough_--rough, roughness. + +SGAN, _to say_--say, saying, hearsay, unsay. +SAR, _painful_--sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry. +SCACAN, _to shake_--shake, shaky, shock, shocking. +SCEADAN, _to shade_--shade, shady, shadow, shed (_a covered enclosure_). +SCEDAN, _to scatter_, _to shed_--shed (_to spill_), watershed. +SCEOFAN, _to push_--shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf. +SCETAN, _to shoot_--shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, + undershot, upshot. +SCRAN, _to cut_--scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire. +SCNAN, _to shine_--sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine. +SCREOPAN, _to creak_--scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book. +SCROB, _a bush_--shrub, shrubbery. +SCYPPAN, _to form_--shape, shapeless, landscape. +SELLAN, _to give_--sale, sell, sold. +SEON, _to see_--see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze. +SETTAN, _to set_; SITTAN, _to sit_--set, setter, settle, settler, + settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset. +SDE, _side_--side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside. +SINGAN, _to sing_--sing, singer, song. +SLC, _slack_--slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish. +SLEN, _to slay_--slay, slaughter, sledge (_a heavy hammer_). +SLIDAN, _to slide_--slide, sled, sledge. +SLIPAN, _to glide_--slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod. +SMITAN, _to smite_--smite, smiter, smith, smithy. +SNICAN, _to creep_--snake, sneak. +SOCC, _a shoe_--sock, socket. +SOFT, _soft_--soften, softly, softness. +SOTH, _true_--sooth, soothsayer. +SPECAN, _to speak_--speak, speaker, speech, bespeak. +SPELL, _a message_--spell (_discourse_), gospel. +SPINNAN, _to spin_--spinner, spider. +STN, _a stone_--stony, stoneware. +STANDAN, _to stand_--standard, understand, understanding, withstand. +STEALL, _a place_--stall, forestall, install, pedestal. +STEORFAN, _to die_--starve, starvation, starveling. +STICIAN, _to stick_--stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, + stock, stockade, stocking. +STIGAN, _to ascend_--stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty. +STRECCAN, _to stretch_--stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, + straightness, outstretch, overstretch. +STRAN, _to steer_--steer, steerage, steersman, stern (_the hind part of a + ship_), astern. +STRIAN, _to stir_--stir, bestir. +SR, _sour_--sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness. +SWERIAN, _to swear_--swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered. +SWT, _sweet_--sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness. + +TECAN, _to show, to teach_--teach, teachable, teacher. +TELLAN, _to count_--tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell. +THINCAN, _to seem_; pret. thuh-te, _methinks_, _methought_. +THRINGAN, _to press_--throng. +THYR, _dry_--thirst, thirsty. +TREOWE, _true_--true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, + trusty. +TWA, _two_--twice, twine, twist, between, entwine. +TYRNAN, _to turn_--turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, + return, upturn. + +WACAN, _to awake_--wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, + watchfulness, watchman. +WARNIAN, _to defend_, _to beware_--warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, + aware, beware. +WEARM, _glowing_--warm, warmth. +WEGAN, _to move_--wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, + weighty. +WEORDH, _worth_--worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy. +WERIAN, _to cover_--wear, wearable, weary, wearisome. +WINNAN, _to labor_--win, won. +WITAN, _to know_--wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty. +WRINGAN, _to twist_--wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle. +WRITHAN, _to twist_--wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, + wrong. +WUNIAN, _to dwell_--wont, wonted. +WYRM, _a worm, a serpent_--worm. + +Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally +translated into Modern English. + + +_EXTRACT FROM CDMON'S PARAPHRASE._ + +_Cdmon: died about 680._ + +Nu we sceolan herian | Now we shall praise +heofon-rices weard, | the guardian of heaven, +metodes mihte, | the might of the creator, +and his mod-ge-thonc, | and his mind's thought, +wera wuldor-fder! | the glory-father of men! +swa he wundra ge-hws, | how he of all wonders, +ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, +oord onstealde. | formed the beginning. +He rest ge-scop | He first created +ylda bearnum | for the children of men +heofon to hrfe, | heaven as a roof, +halig scyppend! | the holy creator! +tha middan-geard | them the world +mon-cynnes weard, | the guardian of mankind +ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, +fter teode, | produced afterwards, +firum foldan, | the earth for men, +frea lmihtig! | the almighty master! + +_PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED._ + +_Bede: died 735._ + +For tham ned-fere | Before the necessary journey +neni wirtheth | no one becomes +thances suotera | more prudent in thought +thonne him thearf sy, | than is needful to him, +to ge-hicgeune | to search out +er his heonon-gange | before his going hence +hwet his gaste | what to his spirit +godes othe yveles | of good or of evil +efter deathe heonon | after his death hence +demed weorthe. | will be judged. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE--Tenth Century._ + +Tha feng lfred thelwulfing to | Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf +West-Seaxna rice; and ths ymb nne | to the West Saxon's kingdom; and +monath gefeaht lfred cyning with | that after one month fought Alfred +ealne thone here lytle werode t | king against all the army with a +Wiltoune, and hine lange on dg | little band at Wilton, and them long +geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton | during the day routed and then the +wl-stowe geweald. And ths geares | Danes obtained of the battle-field +wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten | possession. And this year were nine +with thone here on tham cyne-rice be | great battles fought with the army +suthan Temese, butan tham the him | in the kingdom to the south of the +lfred, and ealdormen, and cyninges | Thames, besides those in which +thegnas oft rada onridon the man na | Alfred, and the alder-men, and the +ne rimde. And ths geares wron | king's thanes oft inrode--against +of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an | which one nothing accounted. And +cyning; and thy geare namon | this year were slain nine earls and +West-Seaxan frith with thone here. | one king; and this year made the + | West-Saxons peace with the army. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS--Eleventh Century._ + +LUC, Cap. I. v. 5-10. | LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10. + | +5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, | 5. In the days of Herod the king of +ws sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, of| Judea, there was a certain priest by +Abian tune: and his wif ws of | name Zacharias, of the course of +Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama ws | Abia: and his wife was of the +Elizabeth. | daughters of Aaron, and her name was + | Elizabeth. + +6. Sothlice hig wron butu rihtwise | 6. And they were both righteous +beforan Gode, gangende on eallum his | before God, walking in all the +bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan | commandments and ordinances of the +wrohte. | Lord without blame. + +7. And hig nfdon nan bearn, fortham | 7. And they had no child, because +the Elizabeth ws unberende; and hig | that Elizabeth was barren; and they +on heora dagum butu forth-eodon. | in her days were both of great age. + +8. Sothlice ws geworden tha | 8. And it befell that when Zacharias +Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on | should do the office of the +his gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan | priesthood in the order of his +Gode, | course before God, + +9. fter gewunan ths sacerdhades | 9. After the custom of the +hlotes, he eode that he his offrunge | priesthood he went forth by lot, to +sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode. | burn incense when he into God's + | temple went. + +10. Eall werod ths folces ws ute | 10. And all the multitude of the +gebiddende on thre offrunge timan. | people were without praying at the + | time of incense. + +_THE LORD'S PRAYER._ + +Fder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; | Father our, thou who art in heaven; +si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume thin| be thine name hallowed; let come +rice; geweordhe thin willa on | thine kingdom; let be done thine +eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge| will on earth, so as in the heavens. +dghwamlican hlaf syle us to-dg; and| Our also daily bread give thou us +forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we | to-day; and forgive thou to us our +forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne | debts, so as we forgive our debtors; +gelde thu us on costnunge, ac alys | and not lead thou us into +us of yfle, etc. | temptations, but deliver thou us + | from evil, etc. + +SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON--About 1180._ + +He nom tha Englisca boc | He took the English book +Tha makede Seint Beda; | That Saint Bede made; +An other he nom on Latin, | Another he took in Latin, +Tha makede Seinte Albin, | That Saint Albin made, +And the feire Austin, | And the fair Austin, +The fulluht broute hider in. | That baptism brought hither in. +Boc he nom the thridde, | The third book he took, +Leide ther amidden, | _And_ laid there in midst, +Tha makede a Frenchis clerc, | That made a French clerk, +Wace was ihoten, | Wace was _he_ called, +The wel couthe writen, | That well could write, +And he hoc yef thare aethelen | And he it gave to the noble +Allienor, the wes Henries quene, | Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen, +Thes heyes kinges. | The high king's. + +_EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.--1258._ + +Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on | Henry, through God's support, King +Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloand, | of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of +Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on | Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of +Anjou, send I greting, to alle hise | Anjou, sends greeting to all his +holde, ilrde and ilewede on | subjects, learned and unlearned, of +Huntindonnschiere. Tht witen ge wel | Huntingdonshire. This know ye well +alle, ht we willen and unnen tht | all, that we will and grant what our +ure rdesmen alle, other the moare | counsellors all, or the more part of +del of heom, tht beoth ichosen thurg| them, that be chosen through us and +us and thurg tht loandes-folk on ure| through the landfolk of our kingdom, +kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen| have done, and shall do, to the +don in the worthnes of God, and ure | honor of God, and our allegiance, +treowthe, for the freme of the | for the good of the land, etc. +loande, etc. | + +Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English. + +That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the employment of +Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have some clue to +direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following extracts, +embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to his +attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in _Italics_. + +MILTON. + + Of man's first _disobedience_, and the _fruit_ + Of that forbidden tree, whose _mortal taste_ + Brought death into the world, and all our woe, + With loss of _Eden_, till one greater man + _Restore_ us and _regain_ the blissful seat-- + Sing, heavenly _Muse_. + + With thee _conversing_, I forget all time, + All _seasons_, and their _change_; all _please_ alike. + Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, + With _charm_ of earliest birds; _pleasant_ the sun + When first on this _delightful_ land he spreads + His _orient_ beams on _herb_, tree, _fruit_, and _flower_, + Glistering with dew; _fragrant_ the _fertile_ earth, + After soft showers; and sweet the coming on + Of _grateful_ evening mild; then _silent_ night + With this her _solemn_ bird, and this fair moon, + And these the _gems_ of heaven, her starry _train_. + +SHAKESPEARE. + + To be, or not to be, that is the _question_; + Whether 't is _nobler_ in the mind to _suffer_ + The stings and arrows of _outrageous fortune_, + Or to take _arms_ against a sea of _troubles_, + And, by _opposing_, end them? To die, to sleep; + No more;--and by a sleep to say we end + The heart_ache_ and the thousand _natural_ shocks + That flesh is _heir_ to! 't were a _consummation_ + _Devoutly_ to be wished. To die; to sleep; + To sleep?--_perchance_ to dream! + + All the world's a _stage_, + And all the men and women _merely_ players. + They have their _exits_ and their _entrances_, + And one man in his time plays many _parts_; + His _acts_ being seven _ages_. At first the _infant_, + Mewling and puking in his _nurse's arms_. + And then the whining _school_-boy, with his _satchel_ + And shining morning _face_, creeping like snail + Unwillingly to _school_. And then the lover, + Sighing like _furnace_, with a woeful _ballad_ + Made to his _mistress'_ eyebrow. Then a _soldier_, + Full of _strange_ oaths, and bearded like the _pard_, + _Jealous_ in _honour_, _sudden_ and quick in _quarrel_; + Seeking the bubble _reputation_ + Even in the _cannon's_ mouth. + +TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE. + +In the beginning God _created_ the heaven and the earth. And the earth was +without _form_, and _void_; and darkness was upon the _face_ of the deep: +and the _Spirit_ of God _moved_ upon the _face_ of the waters. And God +said, Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw the light, that +it was good; and God _divided_ the light from the darkness. And God called +the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the +morning were the first day.--_Genesis_ i. 1-6. + +And it came to _pass_, that when _Isaac_ was old, and his eyes were dim, so +that he could not see, he called _Esau_, his eldest son, and said unto him, +My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here am I. And he said, Behold now, I +am old, I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I _pray_ thee, +thy weapons, thy _quiver_ and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me +some _venison_; and make me _savoury_ meat, such as I love, and bring it to +me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And _Rebekah_ +heard when _Isaac_ spake to _Esau_ his son. And _Esau_ went to the field to +hunt for _venison_, and to bring it. And _Rebekah_ spake unto _Jacob_ her +son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto _Esau_ thy brother, +saying, Bring me _venison_, and make me _savoury_ meat, that I may eat, and +bless thee before the Lord before my death.--_Genesis_ xxvii. 1-7. + +THOMSON. + + These as they _change_, Almighty Father! these + Are but the _varied_ God. The _rolling_ year + Is full of thee. Forth in the _pleasing_ spring + Thy _beauty_ walks, thy _tenderness_ and love. + Wide flush the fields; the softening _air_ is _balm_; + _Echo_ the _mountains round_; the _forest_ smiles; + And every _sense_ and every heart is _joy_. + Then comes thy _glory_ in the summer months, + With light and heat _refulgent_. Then thy sun + Shoots full _perfection_ through the swelling year. + +ADDISON. + +I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the night +_insensibly_ fell upon me. I at first _amused_ myself with all the richness +and _variety_ of _colours_ which _appeared_ in the western _parts_ of +heaven. In _proportion_ as they _faded_ away and went out, _several_ stars +and _planets appeared_, one after another, till the whole _firmament_ was +in a glow. The blueness of the _ether_ was _exceedingly_ heightened and +enlivened by the _season_ of the year. + +YOUNG. + + Let _Indians_, and the _gay_, like _Indians_, fond + Of feathered _fopperies_, the sun _adore_: + Darkness has more _divinity_ for me; + It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul + To settle on herself, our _point supreme_. + There lies our _theater_: there sits our _judge_. + Darkness the _curtain_ drops o'er life's dull _scene_: + 'T is the kind hand of _Providence_ stretched out + 'Twixt man and _vanity_; 't is _reason's reign_, + And _virtue's_ too; these _tutelary_ shades + Are man's _asylum_ from the _tainted_ throng. + Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too. + It no less _rescues virtue_, than _inspires_. + +SWIFT. + +Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last _cost_ you the +_pains_ to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer has the +thicker, homelier, and the _coarser coat_; and whereof, to a _judicious +palate_, the _maggots_ are the best. 'Tis a _sack posset_, wherein the +deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But then, lastly, 'tis a nut, +which, unless you choose with _judgment_, may _cost_ you a tooth, and _pay_ +you with nothing but a worm. + +HUME. + +The _beauties_ of her _person_ and _graces_ of her _air combined_ to make +her the most _amiable_ of women; and the _charms_ of her _address_ and +_conversation aided_ the _impression_ which her lovely _figure_ made on the +heart of all beholders. _Ambitious_ and _active_ in her _temper_, yet +_inclined_ to _cheerfulness_ and _society_; of a lofty _spirit_, _constant_ +and even _vehement_ in her _purpose_, yet _politic, gentle_, and _affable_, +in her _demeanor_, she _seemed_ to _par_take only so much of the _male +virtues_ as to _render_ her _estimable_, without _relinquishing_ those soft +_graces_ which _compose_ the _proper ornament_ of her _sex_. + +GIBBON. + +In the _second century_ of the _Christian era_, the _empire_ of _Rome +comprehended_ the fairest _part_ of the earth, and the most _civilized +portion_ of mankind. The _frontiers_ of that _extensive monarchy_ were +guarded by _ancient renown_, and _disciplined valour_. The _gentle_ but +_powerful influence_ of laws and _manners_ had _gradually cemented_ the +_union_ of the _provinces_. Their _peaceful inhabitants enjoyed_ and +_abused_ the _advantages_ of wealth and _luxury_. The _image_ of a free +_constitution_ was _preserved_ with _decent reverence_. + +JOHNSON. + +Of _genius_, that _power_ which _constitutes_ a _poet_; that _quality_ +without which _judgment_ is cold, and knowledge is _inert_; that _energy_ +which _collects_, _combines_, _amplifies_, and _animates_; the +_superiority_ must, with some _hesitation_, be _allowed_ to Dryden. It is +not to be _inferred_ that of this _poetical vigor Pope_ had only a little, +_because_ Dryden had more; for every other writer since Milton must give +_place_ to _Pope_; and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has +brighter _paragraphs_, he has not better _poems_. + +BYRON. + + _Ancient_ of days! _august Athena!_ where, + Where are thy men of might--thy _grand_ in soul? + Gone--glimmering through the dream of things that were. + First in the race that led to _Glory's goal_, + They won, and _passed_ away. Is this the whole? + A _school_-boy's tale--the wonder of an _hour_! + The warrior's-weapon and the _sophist's stole_ + Are sought in _vain_, and o'er each _mouldering_ tower, + Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of _power_. + +SIR WALTER SCOTT. + + The way was long, the wind was cold, + The _Minstrel_ was _infirm_ and old; + His withered cheek and _tresses_ gray + _Seemed_ to have known a better day; + The harp, his _sole remaining joy_, + Was carried by an _orphan_ boy. + The last of all the bards was he + Who sung of border _chivalry_; + For, well-a-day! their _dale_ was fled; + His _tune_ful brethren all were dead; + And he, _neglected_ and _oppressed_, + Wished to be with them and at rest. + +WORDSWORTH. + + Ah! little doth the young one dream, + When full of play and childish cares, + What _power_ is in his wildest scream, + Heard by his mother unawares! + He knows it not, he cannot guess; + Years to a mother bring _distress_; + But do not make her love the less. + + My son, if thou be _humbled_, _poor_, + Hopeless of _honor_ and of _gain_, + Oh! do not dread thy mother's door; + Think not of me with _grief_ and _pain_. + I now can see with better eyes; + And worldly _grandeur_ I _despise_, + And _Fortune_ with her gifts and lies. + +TENNYSON. + + Not wholly in the busy world, nor _quite_ + Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love. + News from the humming _city_ comes to it + In _sound_ of _funeral_ or of _marriage_ bells; + And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear + The windy clanging of the winter clock; + Although between it and the garden lies + A _league_ of grass, washed by a slow broad stream, + That, stirred with _languid pulses_ of the oar, + Waves all its lazy _lilies_, and creeps on, + Barge laden, to three _arches_ of a bridge, + _Crowned_ with the _minster-towers_. + + + + +PART V.--MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. + + +I.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS. + +1.--NOUNS. + +AT'LAS, _a collection of maps bound together_: "Atlas," a fabled giant who, +according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his shoulders. + +ACAD'EMY, _a superior grade school, a society of learned men_: "Academus," +a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught. + +AMMO'NIA, _the pungent matter of smelling salts_: "Jupiter Ammon," near +whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained. + +BAC'CHANAL, _one who indulges in drunken revels_: "Bacchus," the god of +wine. + +BOW'IE KNIFE, _an American weapon_: Colonel "Bowie," the inventor. + +BRAGGADO'CIO, _a vain boaster_: "Braggadochio," a boastful character in +Spenser's Faery Queen. + +BUD'DHISM, _a wide-spread Asiatic religion_: "Buddha," a Hindoo sage who +lived about 1000 B.C. + +CAL'VINISM, _the doctrines of Calvin_: "Calvin," a Swiss theologian of the +16th century. + +CAMEL'LIA, _a genus of evergreen shrubs_: "Camelli," a Spaniard who brought +them from Asia. + +CICERO'NE (sis e-ro'ne or chi che-ro'-ne), _a guide_: "Cicero," the Roman +orator. + +CINCHO'NA, _Peruvian bark_: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a Spanish governor +of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she was cured of an +intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she aided in the +diffusion of the remedy. + +DAGUERRE'OTYPE, _a picture produced on a metal plate_: "Daguerre," the +inventor (1789-1851). + +DAHL'IA, _a garden plant_: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist. + +DUNCE, _a dull, slow-witted person_: "Duns Scotus," a subtle philosopher of +the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very popular in the schools +during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful hair-splitter was called a +Dunse; but at last, through the influence of the antagonists of the +philosopher, the word passed into a term of reproach. + +EP'ICURE, _one fond of good living_: "Epicurus," a Greek philosopher who +was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good. + +FAH'RENHEIT, _a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of water at_ 32 +(which is different from both the centigrade and the Reaumur thermometer): +"Fahrenheit," the inventor. + +FUCHSIA (fu'si-a), _a genus of flowering plants_: "Leonard Fuchs," a German +botanist of the 16th century. + +GAL'VANISM, _a branch of the science of electricity_: "Galvani," an Italian +physician, its discoverer. + +GEN'TIAN, _a medicinal root_: "Gentian," king of Illyria, who is said to +have first experienced the virtues of the plant. + +GOB'ELIN, _a rich tapestry_: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish dyer. + +GUILLOTINE', _an instrument for beheading_: "Guillotin," who invented and +brought it into use at the time of the French Revolution, last century. + +HY'GIENE, _the principles and rules of health_: "Hygeia," the goddess of +health in classical mythology. + +JES'UIT, _a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius Loyola in_ +1534: "Jesus." + +LYNCH, _to punish without the usual forms of law_: said to be from "Lynch," +a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own hands. + +MACAD'AMIZE, _to cover a road with small broken stones_: "Macadam," the +inventor. + +MAGNO'LIA, _a species of trees found in the southern parts of the United +States_: "Magnol," a French botanist. + +MEN'TOR, _a faithful monitor_: "Mentor," the counselor of Telemachus. + +MOR'PHIA, _the narcotic principle of opium_: "Morpheus," the god of sleep. + +NE'GUS, _a mixture of wine, water, and sugar_: Colonel "Negus," who +introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne. + +OR'RERY, _an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the heavenly +bodies_: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was made. + +PALLA'DIUM, _something that affords effectual defense, protection, and +safety_: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas Athene," which was kept +hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of the safety of the town +where it was lodged. + +PAN'IC, _a sudden fright_: "Pan," the god of shepherds, who is said to have +caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance. + +PE'ONY, _a plant of the genus_ PONIA, _having beautiful showy flowers_: +"Pon," its discoverer. + +PET'REL, _an ocean bird_: diminutive of Peter, probably so called in +allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea. + +PHA'ETON, _an open carriage_: "Phaethon," the fabled son of Phoebus or the +Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive. + +PINCH'BECK, _an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold_: said to be from +one "Pinchbeck," the inventor. + +QUAS'SIA, _a bitter wood used as a tonic_: "Quassy," a negro who discovered +its qualities. + +RODOMONTADE', _vainbluster_: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero who figures in +Ariosto's poem of the _Orlando Furioso_. + +SILHOUETTE (sil oo et'), _the outline of an object filled in with black +color_: "Silhouette" (see Webster). + +TAN'TALIZE, _to torment or tease_: "Tantalus," according to the poets, an +ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the chin in water with +fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both receded when he wished to +partake. + +TYPHOON', _a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas_: "Typhon," +a fabled giant who was taught to produce them. + +VOLCA'NO, _a burning mountain_: "Vulcan," the god of fire. + + +2.--ADJECTIVES. + +AMER'ICAN, _relating to America_: from "Amerigo (Latin, _Americus_) +Vespucci"--contemporary of Columbus. + +A'RIAN, _relating to Arius_: a theologian of the 4th century who denied the +divinity of Christ. + +ARISTOTE'LIAN, _relating to the deductive method of reasoning set forth by +Aristotle_: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century B.C. + +ARMIN'IAN, _relating to Arminius_: a Dutch theologian of the 16th century, +who opposed the doctrines of Calvin. + +BACO'NIAN, _relating to the inductive method of reasoning set forth by +Bacon_: an English philosopher of the 17th century. + +CARTE'SIAN, _relating to the philosophy of Descartes_: a French philosopher +of the 17th century. + +CE'REAL, _relating to grain_: from "Ceres"--the Roman goddess of corn and +tillage. + +COPER'NICAN, _relating to Copernicus_: a German philosopher of the 16th +century, who taught the theory of the solar system now received, and called +the _Copernican system_. + +ELIZ'ABETHAN, _relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of England_: +(1558-1603). + +EO'LIAN, _relating to the wind_: from "olus"--the god of the winds in +classic mythology. + +ERAS'TIAN, _relating to Erastus_:--a German theologian of the 16th century, +who maintained that the Church is wholly dependent on the State for support +or authority. + +ESCULA'PIAN, _relating to the healing art_: from "Esculapius"--the god of +the healing art among the Greeks. + +GOR'DIAN, _intricate, complicated, difficult_: from "Gordius"--king of +Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be untied. + +HERCULE'AN, _very large and strong_: from "Hercules"--a hero of antiquity +celebrated for his strength. + +HERMET'IC, _relating to Hermes_--the fabled inventor of alchemy; adv., +HERMETICALLY, _in a perfectly close manner_. + +HUDIBRAS'TIC, _in the manner of the satirical poem called Hudibras_, by +Samuel Butler (1612-1680). + +JO'VIAL, _gay, merry_: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),--the planet of that name +having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those who were born under +it of a joyous temper. + +LINN'AN, _relating to Linnus_--the celebrated Swedish botanist. + +LU'THERAN, _relating to the doctrines of Luther_--a German religious +teacher of the 16th century. + +MACHIAVEL'IAN, _cunning and sinister in politics_: from "Machiaveli"--an +Italian writer of the 15th century. + +MERCU'RIAL, _active, sprightly_--having the qualities fabled to belong to +the god "Mercury." + +MOSA'IC, _relating to Moses, his writings or his time_. + +NEWTO'NIAN, _relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his philosophy_. + +PINDAR'IC, _after the style and manner of Pindar_--a lyric poet of Greece. + +PLATON'IC, _relating to the opinions or the school of Plato_,--a +philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C. + +PLUTON'IC, _relating to the interior of the earth, or to the Plutonic +theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire_: from +"Pluto"--in classic mythology, the god of the infernal regions. + +PROCRUS'TEAN, _relating to or resembling the mode of torture employed by +Procrustes_--a celebrated highwayman of ancient Attica, who tied his +victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched out +or cut off their legs to adapt them to its length. + +PROME'THEAN, _relating to Prometheus_--a god fabled by the ancient poets to +have formed men from clay and to have given them life by means of fire +stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, sent Mercury to bind him +to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey upon his liver. + +QUIXOT'IC, _absolutely romantic, like Don Quixote_--described by Cervantes, +a Spanish writer of the 16th century. + +SATUR'NIAN, _distinguished for purity, integrity, and simplicity_; _golden, +happy_: from "Saturn"--one of the gods of antiquity whose age or reign, +from the mildness and wisdom of his government, was called the _golden +age_. + +SOCRAT'IC, _relating to the philosophy or the method of teaching of +Socrates_--the celebrated philosopher of Greece (468-399 B.C.). + +STENTO'RIAN, _very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of Stentor_--a +Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice. + +THES'PIAN, _relating to tragic action_: from "Thespis"--the founder of the +Greek drama. + +TITAN'IC, _enormous in size and strength_: from the "Titans"--fabled giants +in classic mythology. + +UTO'PIAN, _ideal, fanciful, chimerical_: from "Utopia"--an imaginary +island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called "Utopia," as +enjoying the greatest perfection in politics laws, and society. + +VOLTA'IC, _relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity_: from "Volta"--who +first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical +action. + + +II.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES. + +AG'ATE, _a precious stone_: "Achates," a river in Sicily where it is found. + +AL'ABASTER, _a variety of soft marble_: "Alabastrum," in Egypt, where it is +found. + +AR'RAS, _tapestry_: "Arras," in France, where it is manufactured. + +ARTE'SIAN, _applied to wells made by boring into the earth till the +instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure_: "Artois" +(anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells have been +made. + +AT'TIC, _marked by such qualities as characterized the Athenians, as +delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc._: "Attica," the country of +the Athenians. + +BAN'TAM, _a small domestic fowl_: "Bantam," in Java, whence it was brought. + +BARB, _a Barbary horse_: "Barbary," in Africa. + +BAY'ONET, _a dagger fixed on the end of a musket_: "Bayonne," in France, +where it was invented, in 1679. + +BEDLAM, _a lunatic asylum_: "Bethlehem," a monastery in London, afterwards +used as an asylum for lunatics. + +BUR'GUNDY, _a French wine_: "Burgundy," where it is made. + +CAL'ICO, _a kind of cotton cloth_: "Calicut," in India, where it was first +manufactured. + +CANA'RY, _a wine and a bird_: the "Canary" Islands. + +CAN'TER, _an easy gallop_: "Canterbury," in allusion to the easy pace at +which the pilgrims used to ride thither. + +CAR'RONADE, _a short cannon_: "Carron," in Scotland, where it was first +made. + +CASH'MERE, _a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet goat_: "Cashmere," +the country where first made. + +CHALCED'ONY, _a variety of uncrystalized quartz_: "Chalcedon," in Asia +Minor, where obtained. + +CHAMPAGNE', _a wine_: "Champagne," in France, where produced. + +CHER'RY, _a red stoned fruit_: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), in Pontus, Asia +Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy. + +CHEST'NUT, _a fruit_: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it was introduced +into Europe. + +COG'NAC, _a kind of French brandy_: "Cognac," in France, where extensively +made. + +COP'PER, _a metal_: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich mines of the +metal. + +CORD'WAINER, _a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish leather_: +"Cordova," in Spain. + +CURAOA', _a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel_: the island of +"Curaoa," where it was first made. + +CUR'RANT, _a small dried grape_: "Corinth," in Greece, of which "currant" +is a corruption. + +DAM'ASK, _figured linen or silk_: "Damascus," in Syria, where first made. + +DAM'SON, _a small black plum_: (shortened from "Damascene") Damascus. + +DELF, _a kind of earthenware_: "Delft," in Holland, where it was orignally +made. + +DI'APER, _a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, etc._: "Ypres," +in Flanders, where originally manufactured. + +DIM'ITY, _a figured cotton cloth_: "Damietta," in Egypt. + +GAMBOGE', _a yellow resin used as a paint_: "Cambodia, where it is +obtained. + +GING'HAM, _cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven_: "Guincamp," in +France, where it was first made. + +GUIN'EA, _an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one shillings_: +"Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was first struck. + +GYP'SY, _one of a wandering race_: old English "Gyptian," from "Egypt," +whence the race was supposed to have originated. + +HOL'LAND, _a kind of linen cloth_: "Holland," where first made. + +HOL'LANDS, _a spirit flavored with juniper berries_: "Holland," where it is +extensively produced.. + +IN'DIGO, _a blue dye_: "India". + +JAL'AP, _a cathartic medicine_: "Jalapa," in Mexico, whence it was first +imported in 1610. + +JET, _a mineral used for ornament_: "Gagates," a river in Asia Minor, +whence it was obtained. + +LAN'DAU, LAN'DAULET, _a kind of carriage opening at the top_: "Landau," a +town in Germany. + +MADEI'RA, _a wine_: "Madeira," where produced. + +MAGNE'SIA, _a primitive earth_: "Magnesia," in Thessaly. + +MAG'NET, _the loadstone, or Magnesian stone_. + +MALM'SEY, _a wine_: "Malvasia," in the Morea. + +MAR'SALA, _a wine_: "Marsala," in Sicily. + +MEAN'DER, _to flow in a winding course_: "Meander," a winding river in Asia +Minor. + +MIL'LINER, _one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc._: "Milan," in Italy. + +MOROC'CO, _a fine kind of leather_: "Morocco," in Africa, where it was +originally made. + +NANKEEN', _a buff-colored cloth_: "Nankin," in China, where first made. + +PHEAS'ANT, _a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food_: "Phasis," a river +in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe. + +PIS'TOL, _a small hand gun_: "Pistoja," in Italy, where first made. + +PORT, _a wine_: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively shipped. + +SARDINE', _a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring family_: "Sardinia" +around whose coasts the fish abounds. + +SAUTERNE', _a wine_: "Sauterne," in France, where produced. + +SHER'RY, _a wine_: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely manufactured. + +SPAN'IEL, _a dog of remarkable sagacity_: "Hispaniola," now Hayti, where +originally found. + +TAR'IFF, _a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods imported or +exported_: from an Arabic word, _tarif_, information. + +TO'PAZ, _a precious stone_: "Topazos," an island in the Red Sea, where it +is found. + +TRIP'OLI, _a fine grained earth used in polishing stones_: "Tripoli," in +Africa, where originally obtained. + +TURQUOIS', _a bluish-green stone_: "Turkey," whence it was originally +brought. + +WORST'ED, _well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool_: "Worsted," a +village in Norfolk, England, where first made. + + +III.--ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL +SCHOOL STUDIES. + +1.--TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY. + +ANTARC'TIC: Gr. _anti_, opposite, and _arktos_, a bear. See _arctic_. + +ARCHIPEL'AGO: Gr. _archi_, chief, and _pelagos_, sea, originally applied to +the gean Sea, which is studded with numerous islands. + +ARC'TIC: Gr. _arktikos_, from _arktos_, a bear and a northern constellation +so called. + +ATLAN'TIC: Lat. _Atlanticus_, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan who was +condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands. + +AX'IS: Lat. _axis_, an axletree. + +BAR'BAROUS: Gr. _barbaros_, foreign. + +BAY: Fr. _baie_, from Lat. _baia_, an inlet. + +CAN'CER: Lat. _cancer_, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the +zodiac). + +CAPE: Fr. _cap_, from Lat. _caput_, head. + +CAP'ITAL: Lat. _capitalis_, from _caput_, head. + +CAP'RICORN: Lat. _caper_, goat, and _cornu_, horn (the name of one of the +signs of the zodiac). + +CAR'DINAL: adj Lat. _cardinalis_, from _cardo, cardinis_, a hinge. + +CHAN'NEL: Lat. _canalis_, from _canna_, a reed or pipe. + +CIR'CLE: Lat. _circus_, from Gr. _kirkos_, a ring. + +CIRCUM'FERENCE: Lat. _circum_, around, and _ferre_, to bear. + +CIT'Y: Fr. _cite_, from Lat. _civitas_, a state or community. + +CIV'ILIZED: Lat. _civilis_, pertaining to an organized community. + +CLI'MATE: Gr. _klima, klimatos_, slope, the supposed slope of the earth +from the Equator to the poles. + +COAST: Old Fr. _coste_ (New Fr. _cte_), from Lat. _costa_, rib, side. + +CON'FLUENCE: Lat. _con_, together, and _fluere_, to flow. + +CON'TINENT: Lat. _con_, together, and _tenere_, to hold. + +CON'TOUR: Lat. _con_, together, and _tornus_, a lathe. + +COUN'TY: Fr. _comte_, from Lat. _comitatus_, governed by a count. + +DEGREE': Lat. _de_, and _gradus_, a step + +DIAM'ETER: Gr. _dia_, through, and _metron_, measure. + +EQUA'TOR: Lat. _equus_, equal. + +ES'TUARY: Lat. _stuare_, to boil up, or be furious, the reference being to +the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current and the tide. + +FRIG'ID: Lat. _frigidus_, from _frigere_, to be cold. + +GEOG'RAPHY: Gr. _ge_, the earth, and _graphe_, a description. + +GLOBE: Lat. _globus_, a round body. + +GULF: Fr. _golfe_, from Gr. _kolpos_, bosom, bay. + +HAR'BOR: Anglo-Saxon, _hereberga_, from _beorgan_, to shelter. + +HEM'ISPHERE: Gr. _hemi_, half, and _sphaira_, sphere. + +HORI'ZON: Gr. _horizein_, to bound. + +IN'DIAN (ocean): India. + +ISTH'MUS: Gr. _isthmos_, a neck. + +LAKE: Lat. _lacus_, a lake. + +LAT'ITUDE: Lat. _latitudo_, from _latus_, broad. + +LON'GITUDE: Lat. _longitudo_, from _longus_, long. + +MERID'IAN: Lat. _meridies_ (= _medius_, middle, and _dies_, day), noon. + +METROP'OLIS: Gr. _meter_, mother, and _polis_, city. + +MON'ARCHY: Gr. _monarchs_, from _monos_, alone, and _archein_, to rule. + +MOUN'TAIN: Fr. _montagne_, from Lat. _mons_, _montis_, a mountain. + +OB'LATE: Lat. _oblatus_ (_ob_ and past part. of _ferre_, to bring), brought +forward. + +O'CEAN: Gr. _okeanus_, from _okus_, rapid, and _nacin_, to flow. + +PACIF'IC: Lat. _pacificus_, from _pax_, _pacis_, peace, and _facere_, to +make. + +PAR'ALLEL: Gr. _para_, beside, and _allelon_, of one another. + +PENIN'SULA: Lat. _penes_, almost, and _insula_, island. + +PHYS'ICAL: Gr. _physis_ (_phusis_), nature. + +PLAIN: Lat. _planus_, flat. + +PLANE: Lat. _planus_, flat. + +POLE: Gr. _polos_, a pivot. + +POLIT'ICAL: Gr. _polis_, a city or state. + +PROM'ONTORY: Lat. _pro_, before, and _mons_, _montis_, a mountain. + +RELIEF': Fr. _relever_, from Lat. _relevare_, to raise. + +REPUB'LIC: Lat. _res_, an affair, and _publica_, public: that is, a +_commonwealth_. + +RIV'ER: Fr. _rivire_, from Lat. _ripa_, a shore or bank. + +SAV'AGE: Fr. _sauvage_, from Lat. _silva_, a wood. + +SEA: Anglo-Saxon, _s_, the sea. + +SOCI'ETY: Lat. _societas_, from _socius_, a companion. + + +2.--TERMS IN GRAMMAR. + +AD'JECTIVE, Lat. _adjectivus_, from _ad_ and _jacere_, to add to: _a word +joined to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning_. + +AD'JUNCT, Lat. _adjunctus_, from _ad_ and _jungere_, to join to: _a +modifier or subordinate element of a sentence_. + +AD'VERB, Lat. _adverbium_, from _ad_, to, and _verbum_, word, verb: _a word +used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb_. + +ANAL'YSIS, Gr. _analusis_, from _ana_ and _luein_, to unloose, to resolve +into its elements: _the separation of a sentence into its constituent +elements_. + +ANTECE'DENT, Lat. _antecedens_, pres. part. of _antecedere_, to go before: +_the noun or pronoun represented by a relative pronoun_. + +APPOSI'TION, Lat. _appositio_, from _ad_, to, and _ponere_, to place +beside: _the state of two nouns put in the same case without a connecting +word between them_. + +AR'TICLE, Lat. _articulus_, a little joint: _one of the three words_, a, +an, _or_ the. + +AUXIL'IARY, Lat. _auxiliaris_, from _auxilium_, help, aid: _a verb used to +assist in conjugating other verbs_. + +CASE, Lat. _casus_, from _cadere_, to fall, to happen: _a grammatical form +denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the +sentence_. + +CLAUSE, Lat. _claudere_, _clausum_, to shut: _a dependent proposition +introduced by a connective_. + +COMPAR'ISON, Lat. _comparatio_, from _comparare_, to liken to: _a variation +in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or +quality_. + +COM'PLEMENT, Lat. _complementum_, from _con_ and _plere_, to fill fully: +_the word or words required to complete the predication of a transitive +verb_. + +COM'PLEX (sentence), Lat. _complexus_, from _con_ and _plectere_, to twist +around: _a sentence consisting of one independent proposition and one or +more clauses_. + +COM'POUND (sentence), Lat. _componere_ (= _con_ and _ponere_), to put +together: _a sentence consisting of two or more independent propositions_. + +CONJUGA'TION, Lat. _conjugatio_, from _con_ and _jugare_, to join together: +_the systematic arrangement of a verb according to its various grammatical +forms_. + +CONJUNCTION, Lat. _conjunctio_, from _con_ and _jungere_, to join together: +_a word used to connect sentences or the elements of sentences_. + +DECLEN'SION, Lat. _declinatio_, from _declinare_, to lean or incline: _the +process of giving in regular order the cases and numbers of a noun or +pronoun_. + +ELLIP'SIS, Gr. _elleipsis_, a leaving or defect: _the omission of a word or +words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence_. + +ETYMOL'OGY, Gr. _etumologia_, from _etumon_, the true literal sense of a +word, and _logos_, a discourse: _that division of grammar which treats of +the classification and grammatical forms of words_. + +FEM'ININE (gender), Lat. _femininus_, from _femina_, woman: _the gender of +a noun denoting a person of the female sex_. + +GEN'DER, Lat. _genus_, _generis_, kind: _a grammatical form expressing the +sex or non-sex of an object named by a noun_. + +GRAM'MAR, Gr. _gramma_, a letter, through Fr. _grammaire_: the science of +language. + +IMPER'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _imperativus_, from _imperare_, to command: _the +mood of a verb used in the statement of a command or request_. + +INDIC'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _indicativus_, from _indicare_, to proclaim: _the +mood of a verb used in the statement of a fact, or of a matter taken as a +fact_. + +INFLEC'TION, Lat. _inflexio_, from _inflectere_, to bend in: _a change in +the ending of a word_. + +INTERJEC'TION, Lat. _interjectio_, from _inter_ and _jacere_, to throw +between: _a word which expresses an emotion, but which does not enter into +the construction of the sentence_. + +INTRAN'SITIVE (verb), Lat. _intransitivus_ = _in_, not, and _transitivus_, +from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to go beyond: _a verb that denotes a state +or condition, or an action not terminating on an object_. + +MAS'CULINE (gender), Lat. _masculus_, male: _the gender of a noun +describing a person of the male sex_. + +MODE. See _mood_. + +MOOD, Lat. _modus_, through Fr. _mode_, manner: _a grammatical form +denoting the style of predication_. + +NEU'TER (gender), Lat. _neuter_, neither: _the gender of a noun denoting an +object without life_. + +NOM'INATIVE (case), Lat. _nominativus_, from _nomen_, a name: _that form +which a noun has when it is the subject of a verb_. + +NOUN, Lat. _nomen_, a name, through Fr. _nom_: _a name-word, the name of +anything_. + +NUM'BER, Lat. _numerus_, through Fr. _nombre_, number: _a grammatical form +expressing one or more than one of the objects named by a noun or pronoun_. + +OB'JECT, Lat. _ob_ and _jacere_, to set before: _that toward which an +activity is directed or is considered to be directed_. + +OBJEC'TIVE (case), Lat. _objectivus_, from _ob_ and _jacere_: _the case +which follows a transitive verb or a preposition_. + +PARSE, Lat. _pars_, a part: _to point out the several parts of speech in a +sentence and their relation to one another_. + +PAR'TICIPLE, Lat. _participium_, from _pars_, part, and _capere_, to take, +to share: _a verbal adjective, a word which shares or participates in the +nature both of the verb and of the adjective_. + +PER'SON, Lat. _persona_, the part taken by a performer: _a grammatical form +which shows whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken to, or the +person spoken of_. + +PHRASE, Gr. _phrasis_, a brief expression, from _phrazein_, to speak: _a +combination of related words forming an element of a sentence_. + +PLE'ONASM, Gr. _pleonasmos_, from _pleion_, more: _the use of more words to +express an idea than are necessary_. + +PLU'RAL (number), Lat. _pluralis_, from _plus_, _pluris_, more: _the number +which designates more than one_. + +POSSESS'IVE (case), Lat. _possessivus_, from _possidere_, to own: _that +form which a noun or pronoun has in order to denote ownership or +possession_. + +POTEN'TIAL (mood), Lat. _potens_, _potentis_, being able: _the mood of a +verb used in the statement of something possible or contingent_. + +PREDICATE, Lat. _prdicatum_, from _pr_ and _dicare_, to proclaim: _the +word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the +subject_. + +PREPOSI'TION, Lat. _prpositio_, from _pr_ and _ponere_, to put before: _a +connective word expressing a relation of meaning between a noun or pronoun +and some other word_. + +PRO'NOUN, Lat. _pronomen_, from _pro_, for, and _nomen_, a noun: _a word +used instead of a noun._ + +PROP'OSITION, Lat. _propositio_, from _proponere_ (_pro_ and _ponere_), to +put forth: _the combination of a subject with a predicate_. + +REL'ATIVE (pronoun), Lat. _relativus_, from _re_ and _ferre_, _latus_, to +bear back: _a pronoun that refers to an antecedent noun or pronoun_. + +SEN'TENCE, Lat. _sententia_, from _sentire_, to think: _a combination of +words expressing a complete thought_. + +SIM'PLE (sentence), Lat. _simplex_, from _sine_, without, and _plica_, +fold: _a sentence having but one subject and one predicate_. + +SUB'JECT, Lat. _subjectus_, from _sub_ and _jacere_, to place under: _that +of which something is predicated_. + +SUBJUNC'TIVE (mood), Lat. _subjunctivus_, from _sub_ and _jungere_, to +subjoin: _the mood used in the statement of something merely thought of_. + +SYN'TAX, Gr. _suntaxis_, from _sun_, together, and _taxis_, arrangement: +_that division of grammar which treats of the relations of words in +sentences_. + +TENSE, Lat. _tempus_, time, through Fr. _temps_: _a grammatical form of the +verb denoting the time of the action or event_. + +TRAN'SITIVE, Lat. _transitivus_, from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to pass +over: _a verb that denotes an action terminating on some object_. + +VERB, Lat. _verbum_, a word: _a word that predicates action or being_. + +VOICE, Lat. _vox_, _vocis_, voice, through Fr. _voix_: _a grammatical form +of the transitive verb, expressing whether the subject names the actor or +the recipient of the action_. + + +3.--TERMS IN ARITHMETIC. + +ADDI'TION, Lat. _additio_, from _addere_, to add. + +AL'IQUOT, Lat. _aliquot_, some. + +ARITH'METIC, Gr. adj. _arithmetike_, numerical, from n. _arithmos_, number. + +AVOIRDUPOIS', Fr. _avoir du pois_, to have [a fixed or standard] weight. + +CANCELLA'TION, Lat. _cancellatio_, from _cancellare_, to make like a +lattice (_cancelli_), to strike or cross out. + +CENT, Lat. _centum_, a hundred. + +CI'PHER, Arabic _sifrun_, empty, zero. + +CUBE, Gr. _kubos_, a cubical die. + +DEC'IMAL, Lat. _decimus_, tenth, from _decem_, ten. + +DENOM'INATOR, Lat. _denominare_, from _de_ and _nominare_ (_nomen_, a +name), to call by name. + +DIG'IT, Lat. _digitus_, a finger. + +DIV'IDEND, Lat. _dividendus_, to be divided, from _dividere_, to divide. + +DIVIS'ION, Lat. _divisio_, from _dividere_, to divide. + +DIVI'SOR, Sp. _divisor_, that which divides, from Lat. _dividere_, to +divide. + +DOL'LAR, Ger. _thaler_, an abbreviation of _Joachimsthaler_, i.e. a piece +of money first coined, about 1518, in the valley (_thal_) of _St. Joachim_, +in Bohemia. + +EQUA'TION, Lat. _quatio_, from _quus_, equal. + +EXPO'NENT, Lat. _exponens_, pres. part. of _exponere_, to set forth (= _ex_ +and _ponere_). + +FAC'TOR, Lat. _factor_, that which does something, from _facere_, _factum_, +to do or make. + +FIG'URE, Lat. _figura_, shape, from _fingere_, to form or shape. + +FRAC'TION, Lat. _fractio_, from _frangere_, to break. + +IN'TEGER, Lat. _integer_, untouched, whole. + +IN'TEREST, Lat. _interest_ = it interests, is of interest (3d per. sing. +pres. indic. of _interesse_, to be between, to be of importance). + +MIN'UEND, Lat. _minuendus_, to be diminished, from _minuere_, to lessen. + +MUL'TIPLE, Lat. _multiplex_, from _multus_, much, and _plicare_, to fold. + +MUL'TIPLY, MULTIPLICATION, etc. See _multiple_. + +NAUGHT, Anglo-Sax. _nawhit_, from _ne_, not, and _awiht_ or _auht_, aught, +anything. + +NOTA'TION, Lat. _notatio_, from _notare_, to mark (_nota_, a mark). + +NUMERA'TION, Lat. _numeratio_, from _numerus_, a number. + +QUO'TIENT, Lat. _quoties_, how often, how many times, from _quot_, how +many. + +SUBTRACTION, Lat. _subtractio_, from _sub_ and _trahere_, to draw from +under. + +U'NIT, Lat. _unus_, one. + +ZE'RO, Arabic _ifrun_, empty, cipher. + + * * * * * + +NOTES. + +[1] To teachers who are unacquainted with the original _Word-Analysis_, the +following extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:-- + +"The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and +important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and +organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their primary +meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its relation with +the root, and in fact _makes_ its primary meaning by the very process of +analyzing the word into its primitive and its modifying prefix or suffix. +It presents, also, a marked improvement in the method of approaching the +definition,--a method by which the definition is seen to _grow out of_ the +primary meaning, and by which the analytic faculty of the pupil is +exercised in tracing the transition from the primary meaning to the +secondary and figurative meanings,--thus converting what is ordinarily a +matter of rote into an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another +point of novelty in the method of treatment is presented in the copious +practical exercises on the _use of words_. The experienced instructor very +well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and definitions +without having any realization of the actual living power of words. Such a +realization can only be gained by _using_ the word,--by turning it over in +a variety of ways, and by throwing upon it the side-lights of its synonym +and contrasted word. The method of thus utilizing English derivatives gives +a study which possesses at once _simplicity_ and _fruitfulness_,--the two +desiderata of an instrument of elementary discipline." + +[2] "Etymology," Greek _et'umon_, the true literal sense of a word +according to its derivation, and _log'os_, a discourse. + +[3] "Vocabulary," Latin _vocabula'rium_, a stock of words; from _vox, +vocis_, a voice, a word. + +[4] By the _Low_ German languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat +countries of North Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the +language of Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to _High_ +German, or German proper. + +[5] For the full definition, reference should be had to a dictionary; but +in the present exercise the literal or etymological signification may +suffice. + +[6] _Fen'do_, _fen'dere_, is used in Latin only in composition. + +[7] Another mode of spelling _defense_. + +[8] From _pass_ and _over_, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate +the providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the +first-born of the Egyptians _passed over_ the houses of the Israelites, +which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb. + +[9] For the explanation of the etymology see Webster's _Unabridged_. + +[10] _For_ is different from _fore_, and corresponds to the German _ver_, +different from _vor_. + +_A_, _be_, _for_, _ge_, are often indifferently prefixed to verbs, +especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, as well as to verbal +nouns.--BOSWORTH. + +[11] _Ster_ was the Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once +conducted the work of brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these +words were afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. +_Ster_ is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of New Word-Analysis, by William Swinton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + +***** This file should be named 19346-8.txt or 19346-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/3/4/19346/ + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: New Word-Analysis + Or, School Etymology of English Derivative Words + +Author: William Swinton + +Release Date: September 22, 2006 [EBook #19346] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + + + + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + <h1>NEW WORD-ANALYSIS:</h1> + + <p class="c">OR,</p> + + <h2>SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS.</h2> + + <h2><i>WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES</i></h2> + + <p class="c">IN</p> + + <h3>SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND<br /> + THE USE OF WORDS.</h3> + + <h2>BY WILLIAM SWINTON,</h2> + + <p class="c">GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF<br /> + "SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S<br /> + HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC.</p> + + <h3>NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO</h3> + + <h2>AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</h2> + + <p class="c"><i>Copyright</i>, 1879,</p> + <h4>BY WILLIAM SWINTON</h4> + +<hr /> + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + <p>The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's + <i>Word-Analysis</i>, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a + large amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while + valuable as a manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient + in practice-work for pupils.</p> + + <p>This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old + <i>methods</i>; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new + <i>matter</i>.</p> + + <p>Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and + derivatives, with the exercises thereon, have been retained—under + "Part II.: The Latin Element"—as simply a <i>method of study</i>.<a + name="NtA_1"></a><a href="#Nt_1"><sup>1</sup></a> There have then been + added, in "Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than + two hundred and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English + offshoots. In order to concentrate into the limited available space so + large an amount of new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of + indicating the English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see + in the section, pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well + suited to class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and + valuable: should it not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of + the file, will have been misplaced.</p> + + <p>To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek + derivatives, the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and + the Greek roots are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the + <i>present infinitive</i>,—the present indicative and the supine + being, of course, added. For this there is one sufficient justification, + to wit: that the present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a + Greek root is always given in Webster and other received lexicographic + authorities. It is a curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, + the present indicative should have been given as the root, and is + explicable only from the accident that it is the key-form in the Latin + dictionaries. The change into conformity with our English dictionaries + needs no defense, and will probably hereafter be imitated by all authors + of school etymologies.</p> + + <p>In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last + edition of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the + authoritative sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had + to the works of Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English + Etymology" of Dr. James Douglass, to whom the author is specially + indebted in the Greek and Anglo-Saxon sections.</p> + + <p>W.S.</p> + + <p>NEW YORK, 1879.</p> + +<hr /> + + <h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + <h3>PART I.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"> I. <a href="#I.I">ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY</a></p> + <p class="i2"> II. <a href="#I.II">ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS</a></p> + <p class="i2">III. <a href="#I.III">PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i2">IV. <a href="#I.IV">RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS</a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>PART II.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>THE LATIN ELEMENT.</b></p> + <p class="i2"> I. <a href="#II.I">LATIN PREFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i2"> II. <a href="#II.II">LATIN SUFFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i2">III. <a href="#II.III">DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES</a></p> + <p class="i6"><a href="#II.III.I">LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#II.III.I">DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#II.III.II">DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES</a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>PART III.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>THE GREEK ELEMENT.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"> I. <a href="#III.I">GREEK PREFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i2"> II. <a href="#III.II">GREEK ALPHABET</a></p> + <p class="i6"><a href="#III.II.I">GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#III.II.I">DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#III.II.II">DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES</a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>PART IV.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.</b></p> + <p class="i2"> I. <a href="#IV.I">ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i2"> II. <a href="#IV.II">ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i6"><a href="#IV.A">ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#IV.B">SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#IV.C">SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#IV.D">ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH</a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>PART V.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.</b></p> + <p class="i2"> I. <a href="#V.I.1">WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS</a></p> + <p class="i6">1. <a href="#V.I.1">NOUNS</a></p> + <p class="i6">2. <a href="#V.I.2">ADJECTIVES</a></p> + <p class="i2"> II. <a href="#V.II">WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES</a></p> + <p class="i2">III. <a href="#V.III.1">ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES</a></p> + <p class="i6">1. <a href="#V.III.1">TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY</a></p> + <p class="i6">2. <a href="#V.III.2">TERMS IN GRAMMAR</a></p> + <p class="i6">3. <a href="#V.III.3">TERMS IN ARITHMETIC</a></p> + </div> + </div> + +<hr /> + +<h1>WORD-ANALYSIS.</h1> + +<a name="I.I"></a> +<h2>PART I.—INTRODUCTION.</h2> + +<h3>I.—ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY.</h3> + + <p><b>1. Etymology</b><a name="NtA_2"></a><a + href="#Nt_2"><sup>2</sup></a> is the study which treats of the derivation + of words,—that is, of their structure and history.</p> + + <p><b>2. English etymology</b>, or word-analysis, treats of the + derivation of English words.</p> + + <p><b>3</b>. The <b>vocabulary</b><a name="NtA_3"></a><a + href="#Nt_3"><sup>3</sup></a> of a language is the whole body of words in + that language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in + the English language.</p> + + <blockquote>I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct + inquiries,—the study of the <i>grammar</i> of the language, and the + study of its <i>vocabulary</i>. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with + the vocabulary.</blockquote> + + <blockquote>II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully + distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. Grammatical + etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in words, and does not + concern itself with their derivation; historical etymology treats of the + structure, composition, and history of words. Thus the relation of + <i>loves, loving, loved</i> to the verb <i>love</i> is a matter of + grammatical etmology; but the relation of <i>lover, lovely</i>, or + <i>loveliness</i> to <i>love</i> is a matter of historical + etymology.</blockquote> + + <blockquote>III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by + the fact that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 + words. But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the + ordinary purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament + contains 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose + vocabulary is more extensive than that of any other English writer, + employs no more than 15,000 words.</blockquote> + + <p><b>4</b>. The <b>principal elements</b> of the English vocabulary are + words of Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or <i>French-Latin</i> origin.</p> + + <p><b>5. Anglo-Saxon</b> is the earliest form of English. The whole of + the grammar of our language, and the most largely used part of its + vocabulary, are Anglo-Saxon.</p> + + <blockquote>I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German<a + name="NtA_4"></a><a href="#Nt_4"><sup>4</sup></a> division of the + Teutonic stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of + Europe—all of which are classed together as the Aryan, or + Indo-European family of languages—may be seen from the following + table:—</blockquote> + + <table class="allb"> + <tr><td class="allb" rowspan="7"><b>Indo-</b><br /><b>European</b><br /><b>Family.</b></td> + <td class="allb" colspan="3">CELTIC STOCK</td> + <td class="allb">as Welsh, Gaelic.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb" colspan="3">SLAVONIC STOCK</td> + <td class="allb">as Russian.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb" rowspan="2">CLASSIC STOCK</td> + <td class="allb" colspan="3">Greek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb">Latin</td> + <td class="allb" colspan="2">Italian.<br />Spanish.<br />French, etc.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb" rowspan="3">TEUTONIC STOCK</td> + <td class="allb" colspan="2"> Scandinavian:</td> + <td class="allb">as Swedish.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb" rowspan="2"> German</td> + <td class="allb">High Ger.:</td> + <td class="allb">as Modern German.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb">Low Ger.:</td> + <td class="allb">as Anglo-Saxon.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <blockquote style="margin-top: 0.5em;">II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names <i>Angles</i> and + <i>Saxons</i>, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., + invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves + of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons + spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British + words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our + language.</blockquote> + + <p><b>6.</b> The <b>Latin</b> element in the English vocabulary consists + of a large number of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English + at various periods.</p> + + <blockquote>The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought + directly into English are:—</blockquote> + + <blockquote>1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the + Latin Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596.</blockquote> + + <blockquote>2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth + century.</blockquote> + + <blockquote>3. By modern writers.</blockquote> + + <p><b>7</b>. The <b>French-Latin</b> element in the English language + consists of French words, first largely introduced into English by the + Norman-French who conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D.</p> + + <blockquote>I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is + substantially Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of + grammatical forms and by other changes. This language the Norman-French + invaders brought with them into England, and they continued to use it for + more than two centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so + numerous as the native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, + though with an immense infusion of French words.</blockquote> + + <blockquote>II. French-Latin words—that is, Latin words introduced + through the French—can often be readily distinguished by their + being more changed in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into + our language. Thus—</blockquote> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="16%"> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Latin.</b></p> + <p>inimi'cus</p> + <p>pop'ulus</p> + <p>se'nior</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="t " width="16%"> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>French.</b></p> + <p>ennemi</p> + <p>peuple</p> + <p>sire</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="t " width="16%"> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>English.</b></p> + <p>enemy</p> + <p>people</p> + <p>sir</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p><b>8. Other Elements</b>.—In addition to its primary + constituents—namely, the Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and + French-Latin—the English vocabulary contains a large number of + Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, Spanish, and + Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from miscellaneous + sources.</p> + + <blockquote>The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous + sources; that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, + French-Latin, and Greek:—</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Hebrew</i>: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, + sabbath, seraph.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Arabic</i>: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, + caravan, chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, + nabob, sultan.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Turkish</i>: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, + tulip.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Persian</i>: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, + demijohn, dervise, orange, paradise, pasha, turban.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Hindustani</i>: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, + shampoo, toddy.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Malay</i>: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, + gutta-percha, mango.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Chinese</i>: nankeen, tea.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Polynesian</i>: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>American Indian</i>: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, + tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Celtic</i>: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, + whiskey.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Scandinavian</i>: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, + hustings, kidnap, plough.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Dutch, or Hollandish</i>: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, + skates, sloop, yacht.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Italian</i>: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, + piano, regatta, soprano, stucco, vista.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Spanish</i>: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, + grandee, mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Portuguese</i>: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, + palaver.</blockquote> + + <p><b>9. Proportions</b>.—On an examination of passages selected + from modern English authors, it is found that of every hundred words + sixty are of Anglo-Saxon origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all + the other sources combined furnish the remaining five.</p> + + <blockquote>By actual count, there are more words of classical than of + Anglo-Saxon origin in the English vocabulary,—probably two and a + half times as many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words + are so much more employed—owing to the constant repetition of + conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of + Anglo-Saxon origin)—that in any page of even the most Latinized + writer they greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's + vocabulary, they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens + showing Anglo-Saxon words, see <a href="#IV.B">p. 136</a>.</blockquote> + +<a name="I.II"></a> +<h3>II.—ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS.</h3> + + <p><b>10. Classes by Origin</b>.—With respect to their origin, + words are divided into two classes,—primitive words and derivative + words.</p> + + <p><b>11</b>. A <b>primitive</b> word, or root, is one that cannot be + reduced to a more simple form in the language to which it is native: as, + <i>man, good, run</i>.</p> + + <p><b>12</b>. A <b>derivative</b> word is one made up of a root and one + or more <i>formative elements</i>: as, man<i>ly</i>, good<i>ness</i>, + run<i>ner</i>.</p> + + <p>The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See 16, + 17.)</p> + + <p><b>13. By Composition</b>.—With respect to their composition, + words are divided into two classes,—simple and compound words.</p> + + <p><b>14</b>. A <b>simple</b> word consists of a single significant term: + as, <i>school, master, rain, bow</i>.</p> + + <p><b>15</b>. A <b>compound</b> word is one made up of two or more simple + words united: as, <i>school-master, rainbow</i>.</p> + + <blockquote>In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by + the hyphen as <i>school-master;</i> in others the parts coalesce and the + compound forms a single (though not a <i>simple</i>) word, as + <i>rainbow</i>.</blockquote> + +<a name="I.III"></a> +<h3>III.—PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.</h3> + + <p><b>16.</b> A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before + and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = <i>not</i> + safe; remove = move <i>back</i>; circumnavigate = sail <i>around</i>.</p> + + <p><b>17.</b> A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed + after and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, safe<b>ly</b> = + in a safe <i>manner</i>; mov<b>able</b> = that may be moved; + nav<b>igation</b> = <i>act</i> of sailing.</p> + + <p>The word <i>affix</i> signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the + verb <i>to affix</i> means to join a prefix or a suffix to a + root-word.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also + whether simple or compound:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 grace</p> + <p>2 sign</p> + <p>3 design</p> + <p>4 midshipman</p> + <p>5 wash</p> + <p>6 sea</p> + <p>7 workman</p> + <p>8 love</p> + <p>9 lovely</p> + <p>10 white</p> + <p>11 childhood</p> + <p>12 kingdom</p> + <p>13 rub</p> + <p>14 music</p> + <p>15 musician</p> + <p>16 music-teacher</p> + <p>17 footstep</p> + <p>18 glad</p> + <p>19 redness</p> + <p>20 school</p> + <p>21 fire</p> + <p>22 watch-key</p> + <p>23 give</p> + <p>24 forget</p> + <p>25 iron</p> + <p>26 hardihood</p> + <p>27 young</p> + <p>28 right</p> + <p>29 ploughman</p> + <p>30 day-star</p> + <p>31 large</p> + <p>32 truthful</p> + <p>33 manliness</p> + <p>34 milkmaid</p> + <p>35 gentleman</p> + <p>36 sailor</p> + <p>37 steamboat</p> + <p>38 wooden</p> + <p>39 rich</p> + <p>40 hilly</p> + <p>41 coachman</p> + <p>42 warm</p> + <p>43 sign-post</p> + <p>44 greenish</p> + <p>45 friend</p> + <p>46 friendly</p> + <p>47 reform</p> + <p>48 whalebone</p> + <p>49 quiet</p> + <p>50 quietude</p> + <p>51 gardener</p> + <p>52 form</p> + <p>53 formal</p> + <p>54 classmate</p> + <p>55 trust</p> + <p>56 trustworthy</p> + <p>57 penknife</p> + <p>58 brightness</p> + <p>59 grammarian</p> + <p>60 unfetter</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="I.IV"></a> +<h3>IV.—RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE +WORDS.</h3> + +<h4>Rule 1.—<i>Final "e" followed by a Vowel.</i></h4> + + <p>Final <i>e</i> of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix + beginning with a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = + guidance; come + ing = coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = + obscurity.</p> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 1.</b>—Words ending in <i>ge</i> or + <i>ce</i> usually retain the <i>e</i> before a suffix beginning with + <i>a</i> or <i>o</i>, for the reason that <i>c</i> and <i>g</i> would + have the hard sound if the <i>e</i> were dropped: as, peace + able = + peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = + courageous.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 2.</b>—Words ending in <i>oe</i> retain + the <i>e</i> to preserve the sound of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; + hoe + ing = hoeing. The <i>e</i> is retained in a few words to prevent + their being confounded with similar words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to + prevent its being confounded with singing).</blockquote> + +<h4>Rule II.—<i>Final "e" followed by a Consonant.</i></h4> + + <p>Final <i>e</i> of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix + beginning with a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = + largely.</p> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 1</b>.—When the final <i>e</i> is preceded + by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = + truly; whole + ly = wholly.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 2</b>.—A few words ending in <i>e</i> drop + the <i>e</i> before a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment + = judgment; lodge + ment = lodgment; abridge + ment = + abridgment.</blockquote> + +<h4>Rule III.—<i>Final "y" preceded by a Consonant.</i></h4> + + <p>Final <i>y</i> of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is + generally changed into <i>i</i> on the addition of a suffix.</p> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 1</b>.—Before <i>ing</i> or <i>ish</i>, + the final <i>y</i> is retained to prevent the doubling of the <i>i</i>: + as, pity + ing = pitying.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 2</b>.—Words ending in <i>ie</i> and + dropping the <i>e</i>, by Rule I. change the <i>i</i> into <i>y</i> to + prevent the doubling of the <i>i</i>: as, die + ing = dying; lie + ing = + lying.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 3</b>.—Final <i>y</i> is sometimes changed + into <i>e</i>: as, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = + beauteous.</blockquote> + +<h4>Rule IV.—<i>Final "y" preceded by a Vowel.</i></h4> + + <p>Final <i>y</i> of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should + not be changed into an <i>i</i> before a suffix: as, joy + less = + joyless.</p> + +<h4>Rule V.—<i>Doubling.</i></h4> + + <p>Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they + end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel + after <i>qu</i>, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with + a vowel: as, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = + squatter; prefer' + ing = prefer'ring.</p> + + <blockquote><b>Exceptions</b>.—<i>X</i> final, being equivalent to + <i>ks</i>, is never doubled; and when the derivative does not retain the + accent of the root, the final consonant is not always doubled: as, + prefer' + ence = pref'erence.</blockquote> + +<h4>Rule VI.—<i>No Doubling.</i></h4> + + <p>A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when + the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an + additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; + murmur + ing = murmuring.</p> + +<a name="II.I"></a> +<h2>PART II.—THE LATIN ELEMENT.</h2> + +<h3>I.—LATIN PREFIXES.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <p>Prefix.</p> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <p>Signification.</p> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <p>Example.</p> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <p>Definition.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>a-</b></p> + <p>ab-</p> + <p>abs-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>from</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a-vert</p> + <p>ab-solve</p> + <p>abs-tain</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to turn <i>from</i>.</p> + <p>to release <i>from</i>.</p> + <p>to hold <i>from</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ad-</b></p> + <p>a-</p> + <p>ac-</p> + <p>af-</p> + <p>ag-</p> + <p>al-</p> + <p>an-</p> + <p>ap-</p> + <p>ar-</p> + <p>as-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>to</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ad-here</p> + <p>a-gree</p> + <p>ac-cede</p> + <p>af-fix</p> + <p>ag-grieve</p> + <p>al-ly</p> + <p>an-nex</p> + <p>ap-pend</p> + <p>ar-rive</p> + <p>as-sent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to stick <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to be pleasing <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to yield <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to fix <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to give pain <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to bind <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to tie <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to hang <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to reach <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to yield <i>to</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The forms <b>ac-</b>, <b>af-</b>, etc., are euphonic + variations of <b>ad-</b>, and follow generally the rule that the final + consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the + root.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>am-</b></p> + <p>amb-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>around</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>am-putate</p> + <p>amb-ient</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to cut <i>around</i>.</p> + <p>going <i>around</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ante-</b></p> + <p>anti-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>before</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ante-cedent</p> + <p>anti-cipate</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>going <i>before</i>.</p> + <p>to take <i>before</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>bi-</b></p> + <p>bis-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>two</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>twice</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>bi-ped</p> + <p>bis-cuit</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a <i>two</i>-footed animal.</p> + <p><i>twice</i> cooked.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>circum-</b></p> + <p>circu-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>around</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>circum-navigate</p> + <p>circu-it</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to sail <i>around</i>.</p> + <p>journey <i>around</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>con-</b></p> + <p>co-</p> + <p>co-</p> + <p>col-</p> + <p>com-</p> + <p>cor-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>with</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>together</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>con-vene</p> + <p>co-equal</p> + <p>co-gnate</p> + <p>col-loquy</p> + <p>com-pose</p> + <p>cor-relative</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to come <i>together</i>.</p> + <p>equal <i>with</i>.</p> + <p>born <i>together</i>.</p> + <p>a speaking <i>with</i> another.</p> + <p>to put <i>together</i>.</p> + <p>relative <i>with</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The forms <b>co-, col-, com-</b>, and <b>cor-</b>, are + euphonic variations of <b>con-</b>.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>contra-</b></p> + <p>contro-</p> + <p>counter-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>against</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>contra-dict</p> + <p>contro-vert</p> + <p>counter-mand</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to speak <i>against</i></p> + <p>to turn <i>against</i></p> + <p>to order <i>against</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>de-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>down</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>off</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>de-pose;</p> + <p>de-fend</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to put <i>down</i>;</p> + <p>fend <i>off</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>dis-</b></p> + <p>di-</p> + <p>dif-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>asunder</i></p> + <p>= <i>apart</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>opposite of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dis-pel</p> + <p>di-vert</p> + <p>dif-fer</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to drive <i>asunder</i>.</p> + <p>to turn <i>apart</i>.</p> + <p>to bear <i>apart</i>; disagree.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The forms <b>di-</b> and <b>dif-</b> are euphonic forms of + <b>dis-</b>; <b>dif-</b> is used before a root beginning with a + vowel.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ex-</b></p> + <p>e-</p> + <p>ec-</p> + <p>ef-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>out</i> or <i>from</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ex-clude</p> + <p>e-ject</p> + <p>ec-centric</p> + <p>ef-flux</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to shut <i>out</i>.</p> + <p>to cast <i>out</i>.</p> + <p><i>from</i> the center.</p> + <p>a flowing <i>out</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—<b>e-</b>, <b>ec-</b>, and <b>ef-</b> are euphonic + variations of <b>ex-</b>. When prefixed to the name of an office, + <b>ex-</b> denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, + <i>ex</i>-mayor, the former mayor.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>extra-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>beyond</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>extra-ordinary</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>beyond</i> ordinary.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>in-</b></p> + <p>il-</p> + <p>im-</p> + <p>ir-</p> + <p>en-, em-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(in nouns and</p> + <p class="i2">verbs)</p> + <p>= <i>in, into, on</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>in-clude</p> + <p>il-luminate</p> + <p>im-port</p> + <p>ir-rigate</p> + <p>en-force</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to shut <i>in</i>.</p> + <p>to throw light <i>on</i>.</p> + <p>to carry <i>in</i>.</p> + <p>to pour water <i>on</i>.</p> + <p>to force <i>on</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The forms <b>il-</b>, <b>im-</b>, and <b>ir-</b> are + euphonic variations of <b>in-</b>. The forms <b>en-</b> and <b>em-</b> + are of French origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>in-</b></p> + <p>i(n)</p> + <p>il-</p> + <p>im-</p> + <p>ir-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(in adjectives</p> + <p class="i2">and nouns.)</p> + <p>= <i>not</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>in-sane</p> + <p>i-gnoble</p> + <p>il-legal</p> + <p>im-mature</p> + <p>ir-regular</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>not</i> sane.</p> + <p><i>not</i> noble.</p> + <p><i>not</i> legal.</p> + <p><i>not</i> mature.</p> + <p><i>not</i> regular.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>inter-</b></p> + <p>intel-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>between</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>among</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>inter-cede</p> + <p>intel-ligent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to go <i>between</i>.</p> + <p>choosing <i>between</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>intra-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>inside of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>intra-mural</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>inside of</i> the walls.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>intro-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>within, into</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>intro-duce</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to lead <i>into</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>juxta-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>near</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>juxta-position</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a placing <i>near</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>non-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>not</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>non-combatant</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>not</i> fighting.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between + <i>non-</i> and the root.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ob-</b></p> + <p>o-</p> + <p>oc-</p> + <p> </p> + <p>of-</p> + <p>op-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>in the way</i>,</p> + <p>= <i>against</i>,</p> + <p class="i2">or <i>out</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ob-ject</p> + <p>o-mit</p> + <p>oc-cur</p> + <p> </p> + <p>of-fend</p> + <p>op-pose</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to throw <i>against</i>.</p> + <p>to leave <i>out</i>.</p> + <p>to run <i>against</i>;</p> + <p>hence, to happen.</p> + <p>to strike <i>against</i>.</p> + <p>to put one's self <i>against</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>per-</b></p> + <p>pel-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>through</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>thoroughly</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>per-vade;</p> + <p>per-fect</p> + <p>pel-lucid</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to pass <i>through</i>;</p> + <p><i>thoroughly</i> made.</p> + <p><i>thoroughly</i> clear.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—Standing alone, <b>per-</b> signifies <i>by</i>: as, + <i>per annum</i>, <i>by</i> the year.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>post-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>after</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>behind</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>post-script</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>written <i>after</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>pre-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>before</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pre-cede</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to go <i>before</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>preter-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>beyond</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>preter-natural</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>beyond</i> nature.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>pro</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>for</i>,</p> + <p>= <i>forth</i>, or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>forward</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pro-noun</p> + <p>pro-pose</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>for</i> a noun.</p> + <p>to put <i>forth</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—In a few instances <b>pro-</b> is changed into + <b>pur-</b>, as <i>pur</i>pose; into <b>por-</b>, as <i>por</i>tray; and + into <b>pol-</b>, as <i>pol</i>lute.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>re-</b></p> + <p>red-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>back</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>anew</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>re-pel</p> + <p>red-eem</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to drive <i>back</i>.</p> + <p>to buy <i>back</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>retro-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>backwards</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>retro-grade</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>going <i>backwards</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>se-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>aside</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>apart</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>se-cede</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to go <i>apart</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>sine-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>without</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>sine-cure</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>without</i> care.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>sub-</b></p> + <p>suc-</p> + <p>suf-</p> + <p>sug-</p> + <p>sum-</p> + <p>sup-</p> + <p>sus-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>under</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>after</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>sub-scribe</p> + <p>suc-ceed</p> + <p>suf-fer</p> + <p>sug-gest</p> + <p>sum-mon</p> + <p>sup-port</p> + <p>sus-tain</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to write <i>under</i>.</p> + <p>to follow <i>after</i>.</p> + <p>to <i>undergo.</i></p> + <p>to bring to mind from <i>under</i>.</p> + <p>to hint from <i>under</i>.</p> + <p>to bear by being <i>under</i>.</p> + <p>to <i>under</i>-hold.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The euphonic variations <b>suc-</b>, <b>suf-</b>, + <b>sug-</b>, <b>sum-</b>, <b>sup-</b>, result from assimilating the + <i>b</i> of <b>sub-</b> to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" + <b>sus-</b> is a contraction of <i>subs-</i> for <i>sub-</i>.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>subter-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>under</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>beneath</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>subter-fuge</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a flying <i>under</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>super-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>above</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>over</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>super-natural</p> + <p>super-vise</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>above</i> nature.</p> + <p>to <i>over</i>-see.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—In derivatives through the French, <b>super-</b> takes the + form <b>sur-</b>, as <i>sur-</i>vey, to look over.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>trans-</b></p> + <p>tra-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>through</i>,</p> + <p>= <i>over</i>,</p> + <p class="i2">or <i>beyond</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>trans-gress</p> + <p>tra-verse</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to step <i>beyond</i>.</p> + <p>to pass <i>over</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ultra-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>beyond</i>, or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>extremely</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ultra-montane</p> + <p> </p> + <p>ultra-conservative</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>beyond</i> the mountain</p> + <p class="i2">(the Alps).</p> + <p><i>extremely</i> conservative.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<a name="II.II"></a> +<h3>II.—LATIN SUFFIXES.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="10%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Suffix.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Signification.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Example.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Definition.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-able</b></p> + <p>-ible</p> + <p>-ble</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>that may be</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>fit to be</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>cur-able</p> + <p>possi-ble</p> + <p>solu-ble</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>that may be</i> cured.</p> + <p><i>that may be</i> done.</p> + <p><i>that may be</i> dissolved.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ac</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>relating to</i></p> + <p>= or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>resembling</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>cardi-ac</p> + <p>demoni-ac</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> the heart.</p> + <p><i>like</i> a demon.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The suffix <b>-ac</b> is found only in Latin derivatives + of Greek origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-aceous</b></p> + <p> </p> + <p>-acious</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>of;</i></p> + <p>= <i>having the</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>quality of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>sapon-aceous</p> + <p> </p> + <p>cap-acious</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>having the quality of</i></p> + <p>soap.</p> + <p><i>having the quality of</i></p> + <p>holding much.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-acy</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>condition of</i></p> + <p>= <i>being</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>office of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>celib-acy</p> + <p>cur-acy</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>condition of being</i> single.</p> + <p><i>office of</i> a curate.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-age</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>act</i>,</p> + <p>= <i>condition,</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>collection of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>marri-age</p> + <p>vassal-age</p> + <p>foli-age</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>act of</i> marrying.</p> + <p><i>condition of</i> a vassal.</p> + <p><i>collection of</i> leaves.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The suffix <b>-age</b> is found only in French-Latin + derivatives.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-al</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"> adj.</p> + <p>= <i>relating to</i></p> + <p class="i2">n. <i>the act of</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ment-al</p> + <p>remov-al</p> + <p>capit-al</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> the mind.</p> + <p><i>the act of</i> removing.</p> + <p><i>that which</i> forms the</p> + <p>head of a column.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-an</b></p> + <p>-ane</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>relating to</i></p> + <p>= or <i>befitting</i></p> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hum-an</p> + <p>hum-ane</p> + <p>artis-an</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> mankind.</p> + <p><i>befitting</i> a man.</p> + <p><i>one who</i> follows a trade.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ance</b></p> + <p>-ancy</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>state or</i></p> + <p>= <i>quality</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>of being</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>vigil-ance</p> + <p>eleg-ance</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of being</i> watchful.</p> + <p><i>quality of being</i> elegant.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ant</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= adj. <i>being</i></p> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>vigil-ant</p> + <p>assist-ant</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>being</i> watchful.</p> + <p><i>one who</i> assists.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ar</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>relating to; like</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>lun-ar</p> + <p>circul-ar</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> the moon.</p> + <p><i>like</i> a circle.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ary</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>relating to</i></p> + <p>= n. <i>one who</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>place where</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>epistol-ary</p> + <p>mission-ary</p> + <p>avi-ary</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> a letter.</p> + <p><i>one who is</i> sent out.</p> + <p><i>a place where</i> birds are kept.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ate</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who is</i></p> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>having</i></p> + <p>= <i>the quality of</i></p> + <p class="i2">v. <i>to perform</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>the act of</i>,</p> + <p class="i2">or <i>cause</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>deleg-ate</p> + <p> </p> + <p>accur-ate</p> + <p> </p> + <p>navig-ate</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who is</i> sent by</p> + <p class="i2">others.</p> + <p><i>having the quality of</i></p> + <p class="i2">accuracy.</p> + <p><i>to perform the act of</i></p> + <p class="i2">sailing.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-cle</b></p> + <p>-cule</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>minute</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>vesi-cle</p> + <p>animal-cule</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a <i>minute</i> vessel.</p> + <p>a <i>minute</i> animal.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ee</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>one to whom</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>refer-ee</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one to whom</i> something</p> + <p>is referred.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin + origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-eer</b></p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ier</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>one who</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>engin-eer</p> + <p> </p> + <p>brigad-ier</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who</i> has charge of</p> + <p class="i2">an engine.</p> + <p><i>one who</i> has charge of</p> + <p class="i2">a brigade.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin + origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ene</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>having relation to</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>terr-ene</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>having relation to</i> the</p> + <p>earth.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ence</b></p> + <p>-ency</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>state of being</i></p> + <p class="i2">or <i>quality of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pres-ence</p> + <p>tend-ency</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of being</i> present.</p> + <p><i>quality of</i> tending towards.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ent</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who</i></p> + <p>= or <i>which</i></p> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>being</i></p> + <p class="i2">or <i>-ing</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>stud-ent</p> + <p>equival-ent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who</i> studies.</p> + <p><i>being</i> equal to, equal<i>ing</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-escence</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>state of becoming</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>conval-escence</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of becoming</i> well.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-escent</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>becoming</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>conval-escent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>becoming</i> well.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ess</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>female</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>lion-ess</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a <i>female</i> lion.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin + origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ferous</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>producing</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>coni-ferous</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>producing</i> cones.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-fic</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>making, causing</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>sopori-fic</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>causing</i> sleep.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-fice</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>something done</i></p> + <p class="i2">or <i>made</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>arti-fice</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>something done</i> with</p> + <p class="i2">art.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-fy</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>to make</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>forti-fy</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>to make</i> strong.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ic</b></p> + <p>-ical</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who</i></p> + <p>= adj. <i>like</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>made of</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>relating to</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>rust-ic</p> + <p> </p> + <p>hero-ic</p> + <p>metall-ic</p> + <p>histor-ical</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who</i> has countrified</p> + <p class="i2">manners.</p> + <p><i>like</i> a hero.</p> + <p><i>made of</i> metal.</p> + <p><i>relating to</i> history.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek + origin, namely, adjectives in <b>-ikos</b>. In words belonging to + chemistry derivatives in <b>-ic</b> denote the acid containing most + oxygen, when more than one is formed: as <i>nitric</i> acid.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ice</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>just-ice</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>that which</i> is just.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ics</b></p> + <p><b>-ic</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>the science of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>mathemat-ics</p> + <p>arithmet-ic</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>the science of</i> quantity.</p> + <p><i>the science of</i> number.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek + origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-id</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>being</i> or <i>-ing</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>acr-id; flu-id</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>being</i> bitter; flow<i>ing</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>-ile</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>relating to</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>apt for</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>puer-ile</p> + <p>docile</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> a boy.</p> + <p><i>apt for</i> being taught.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ine</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>relating to; like</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>femin-ine</p> + <p>alkal-ine</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> a woman.</p> + <p><i>like</i> an alkali.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ion</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>the act of, </i></p> + <p>= <i>state of being</i>,</p> + <p class="i2">or <i>-ing</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>expuls-ion</p> + <p>corrupt-ion</p> + <p>frict-ion</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>the act of</i> expelling.</p> + <p><i>state of being</i> corrupt.</p> + <p>rubb<i>ing</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ish</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>to make</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>publ-ish</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>to make</i> public.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ise</b></p> + <p>-ize</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>to render,</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>perform the act of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>fertil-ize</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>to render</i> fertile.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The suffix <b>-ise, -ize</b>, is of French origin, and is + freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ism</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>state or act of</i>; <i>idiom</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hero-ism</p> + <p>Gallic-ism</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of</i> a hero.</p> + <p>a French <i>idiom</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found + only in words of Greek origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ist</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>one who</i></p> + <p>= <i>practices</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>is devoted to</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>art-ist</p> + <p>botan-ist</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who practices</i> an art.</p> + <p><i>one who is devoted to</i></p> + <p class="i2">botany.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ite</b></p> + <p>-yte</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= n. <i>one who is</i></p> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>being</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>favor-ite</p> + <p>defin-ite</p> + <p>prosel-yte</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who is</i> favored.</p> + <p><i>being</i> well defined.</p> + <p><i>one who is</i> brought</p> + <p class="i2">over.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The form <b>-yte</b> is found only in words of Greek + origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ity</b></p> + <p>-ty</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>state or quality</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>of being</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>security</p> + <p>ability</p> + <p>liber-ty</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of being</i> secure.</p> + <p><i>quality of being</i> able.</p> + <p><i>state of being</i> free.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ive</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who is</i></p> + <p>= or <i>that which</i></p> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>having</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>the power</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>or quality</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>capt-ive</p> + <p>cohes-ive</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who is</i> taken.</p> + <p><i>having power</i> to stick.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ix</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>feminine</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>testatr-ix</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a <i>woman</i> who leaves</p> + <p>a will.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ize</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(See <b>ise.</b>)</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ment</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>state of being</i></p> + <p>= or <i>act of</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>excite-ment</p> + <p>induce-ment</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of being</i> excited.</p> + <p><i>that which</i> induces.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-mony</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>state or</i></p> + <p>= <i>quality of</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>matri-mony</p> + <p>testi-mony</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of</i> marriage.</p> + <p><i>that which</i> is testified.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-or</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>one who;</i></p> + <p>= <i>that which;</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>quality of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>audit-or</p> + <p>mot-or</p> + <p>err-or</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who</i> hears.</p> + <p><i>that which</i> moves.</p> + <p><i>quality of</i> erring.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ory</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>fitted</i> or</p> + <p>= <i>relating to</i></p> + <p class="i2">n. <i>place where;</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>preparat-ory</p> + <p> </p> + <p>armor-y</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>fitted</i> to prepare.</p> + <p> </p> + <p><i>place where</i> arms are</p> + <p class="i2">kept.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ose</b></p> + <p>-ous</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>abounding in</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>verb-ose</p> + <p>popul-ous</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>abounding in</i> words.</p> + <p><i>abounding in</i> people.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-tude</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>condition or </i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>quality of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>servi-tude</p> + <p>forti-tude</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>condition of</i> a slave.</p> + <p><i>quality of</i> being brave.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ty</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(See <b>-ity</b>.)</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ule</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>minute</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>glob-ule</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a <i>minute</i> globe.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ulent</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>abounding in</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>op-ulent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>abounding in</i> wealth.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ure</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>act or state of</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>depart-ure</p> + <p>creat-ure</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>act of</i> departing.</p> + <p><i>that which</i> is created.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<h3>CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="20%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Noun Suffixes</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>-an</p> + <p>-ant</p> + <p>-ary</p> + <p>-ate</p> + <p>-eer</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ate</p> + <p>-ee</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-acy</p> + <p>-age</p> + <p>-ance</p> + <p>-ancy</p> + <p>-ate</p> + <p>-ence</p> + <p>-ency</p> + <p>-ion</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ary</p> + <p>-ory</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-cle</p> + <p>-cule</p> + <p>-ule</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>-ent</p> + <p>-ier</p> + <p>-ist</p> + <p>-ive</p> + <p>-or</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ite</p> + <p>-ive</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ism</p> + <p>-ity</p> + <p>-ment</p> + <p>-mony</p> + <p>-tude</p> + <p>-ty</p> + <p>-ure</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="53%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that which is._</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= _state; condition; quality; act._</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= _place where._</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= _diminutives._</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<h3>II.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="13%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Adjective</b></p> + <p><b>Suffixes.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="9%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>-ac</p> + <p>-al</p> + <p>-an</p> + <p>-ar</p> + <p>-ary</p> + <p>-ent</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ate</p> + <p>-ose</p> + <p>-ous</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-able</p> + <p>-ble</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ive</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ferous</p> + <p>-fic</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-aceous</p> + <p>-acious</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-escent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="9%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>-ic</p> + <p>-ical</p> + <p>-id</p> + <p>-ile</p> + <p>-ine</p> + <p>-ory</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ible</p> + <p>-ile</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="53%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>relating to; like; being</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>abounding in; having the quality</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>that may be</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>having power</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>causing</i> or <i>producing</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>of; having the quality</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>becoming</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<h3>III.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="20%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Verb Suffixes</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>-ate</p> + <p>-fy</p> + <p>-ise</p> + <p>-ize</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="53%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>to make; render; perform an act</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<h3>EXERCISE.</h3> +<h3>I.</h3> + + <p><i>a</i>. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that + which) from the following:—</p> + +<h4>1. Nouns.</h4> + + <p>MODEL: <i>art + ist = artist, one who practices an art.</i><a + name="NtA_5"></a><a href="#Nt_5"><sup>5</sup></a></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 art</p> + <p>2 cash</p> + <p>3 humor</p> + <p>4 history</p> + <p>5 vision</p> + <p>6 tribute</p> + <p>7 cure</p> + <p>8 engine</p> + <p>9 auction</p> + <p>10 cannon</p> + <p>11 flute</p> + <p>12 drug</p> + <p>13 tragedy</p> + <p>14 mutiny</p> + <p>15 grammar</p> + <p>16 credit</p> + <p>17 note</p> + <p>18 method</p> + <p>19 music</p> + <p>20 flower (<i>flor</i>-)</p> + </div> + </div> +<h4>2. Verbs.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 profess</p> + <p>2 descend</p> + <p>3 act</p> + <p>4 imitate</p> + <p>5 preside</p> + <p>6 solicit</p> + <p>7 visit</p> + <p>8 defend</p> + <p>9 survey</p> + <p>10 oppose (<i>oppon</i>-)</p> + </div> + </div> +<h4>3. Adjectives.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 adverse</p> + <p>2 secret</p> + <p>3 potent</p> + <p>4 private</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>b</i>. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or + that which) from the following:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 assign</p> + <p>2 bedlam</p> + <p>3 <i>captum</i> (taken)</p> + <p>4 devote</p> + <p>5 favor</p> + <p>6 lease</p> + <p>7 <i>natus</i> (born)</p> + <p>8 patent</p> + <p>9 refer</p> + <p>10 relate</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>c</i>. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, + or act, from the following:—</p> + +<h4>1. Nouns.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 <i>magistr</i>ate</p> + <p>2 parent</p> + <p>3 cure</p> + <p>4 <i>priv</i>ate</p> + <p>5 pilgrim</p> + <p>6 hero</p> + <p>7 despot</p> + <p>8 judge</p> + <p>9 vassal</p> + <p>10 vandal</p> + </div> + </div> +<h4>2. Verbs.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 conspire</p> + <p>2 marry</p> + <p>3 forbear</p> + <p>4 repent</p> + <p>5 ply</p> + <p>6 abase</p> + <p>7 excel</p> + <p>8 prosper</p> + <p>9 enjoy</p> + <p>10 accompany</p> + <p>11 depart</p> + <p>12 abound</p> + <p>13 abhor</p> + <p>14 compose</p> + <p>15 deride (<i>deris</i>-)</p> + </div> + </div> +<h4>3. Adjectives.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 <i>accur</i>ate</p> + <p>2 <i>delic</i>ate</p> + <p>3 <i>dist</i>ant</p> + <p>4 <i>excell</i>ent</p> + <p>5 <i>curr</i>ent</p> + <p>6 parallel</p> + <p>7 prompt (<i>i</i>-)</p> + <p>8 similar</p> + <p>9 docile</p> + <p>10 moist</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>d</i>. Write and define nouns denoting place <b>where</b> from the + following words:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 grain</p> + <p>2 deposit</p> + <p>3 penitent</p> + <p>4 arm</p> + <p>5 observe</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>e</i>. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the + following nouns:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 part</p> + <p>2 globe</p> + <p>3 animal</p> + <p>4 verse</p> + <p>5 <i>corpus</i> (body)</p> + </div> + </div> +<h3>II.</h3> + + <p><i>a</i>. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or + being, from the following nouns:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 parent</p> + <p>2 nation</p> + <p>3 fate</p> + <p>4 elegy</p> + <p>5 demon</p> + <p>6 republic</p> + <p>7 Rome</p> + <p>8 Europe</p> + <p>9 Persia</p> + <p>10 presbytery</p> + <p>11 globule</p> + <p>12 <i>luna</i> (the moon)</p> + <p>13 <i>oculus</i> (the eye)</p> + <p>14 consul</p> + <p>15 <i>sol</i> (the sun)</p> + <p>16 planet</p> + <p>17 moment</p> + <p>18 element</p> + <p>19 second</p> + <p>20 parliament</p> + <p>21 honor</p> + <p>22 poet</p> + <p>23 despot</p> + <p>24 majesty</p> + <p>25 ocean</p> + <p>26 metal</p> + <p>27 nonsense</p> + <p>28 astronomy</p> + <p>29 botany</p> + <p>30 period</p> + <p>31 tragedy</p> + <p>32 <i>ferv</i>or</p> + <p>33 <i>splend</i>or</p> + <p>34 infant</p> + <p>35 <i>puer</i> (a boy)</p> + <p>36 <i>canis</i> (a dog)</p> + <p>37 <i>felis</i> (a cat)</p> + <p>38 promise</p> + <p>39 access</p> + <p>40 transit</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>b</i>. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having + the quality of, from the following nouns:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 passion</p> + <p>2 temper</p> + <p>3 <i>oper</i>- (work)</p> + <p>4 fortune</p> + <p>5 <i>popul</i>- (people)</p> + <p>6 affection</p> + <p>7 <i>aqua</i>- (water)</p> + <p>8 verb (a word)</p> + <p>9 beauty</p> + <p>10 courage</p> + <p>11 plenty</p> + <p>12 envy</p> + <p>13 victory</p> + <p>14 joy</p> + <p>15 globe</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>c</i>. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having + the power, from the following verbs:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 blame</p> + <p>2 allow</p> + <p>3 move</p> + <p>4 admit (<i>miss</i>-)</p> + <p>5 collect</p> + <p>6 abuse</p> + <p>7 <i>aud</i>- (hear)</p> + <p>8 divide (<i>vis</i>-)</p> + <p>9 vary</p> + <p>10 <i>ara</i>- (plough)</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Write and define the following adjectives denoting—</p> + + <p>(<i>causing</i> or <i>producing</i>) 1 terror, 2 <i>sopor</i>- + (sleep), 3 <i>flor</i> (a flower), 4 <i>pestis</i> (a plague); (<i>having + the quality of</i>) 5 <i>farina</i> (meal), 6 crust, 7 <i>argilla</i> + (clay), (<i>becoming</i>), 8 effervesce.</p> + +<h3>III.</h3> + + <p>Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act + of, from the following words:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 authentic</p> + <p>2 person</p> + <p>3 captive</p> + <p>4 <i>anima</i> (life)</p> + <p>5 <i>melior</i> (better)</p> + <p>6 ample</p> + <p>7 just</p> + <p>8 <i>sanctus</i> (holy)</p> + <p>9 pan</p> + <p>10 false</p> + <p>11 <i>facilis</i> (easy)</p> + <p>12 <i>magnus</i>(great)</p> + <p>13 equal</p> + <p>14 fertile</p> + <p>15 legal</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="II.III"></a> +<h3>III.—DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.</h3> + + <p><b>1.</b> A <b>Latin primitive</b>, or root, is a Latin word from + which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the + Latin verb <i>du'cere</i>, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, + and from it are formed <i>educe</i>, <i>education</i>, <i>deduction</i>, + <i>ductile</i>, <i>reproductive</i>, and several hundred other English + words.</p> + + <p><b>2. Latin roots</b> consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and + adjectives.</p> + + <p><b>3. English derivatives</b> from Latin words are generally formed + not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the + <i>radical</i>. Thus, in the word "education," the <i>root-word</i> is + <i>ducere</i>, but the <i>radical</i> is <b>duc-</b> (education = e + + <b>duc</b> + ate + ion).</p> + + <p><b>4.</b> A <b>radical</b> is a word or a part of a word used in + forming English derivatives.</p> + + <p><b>5.</b> Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, + the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of + the root-word.</p> + + <p><b>6. Verb-radicals</b> are formed principally from two parts of the + verb,—the first person singular of the present indicative, and a + part called the <i>supine</i>, which is a verbal noun corresponding to + the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:—</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="40%"> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>1st pers. sing. pres. ind.</i></p> + <p><i>Root</i></p> + <p><i>Derivative</i></p> + <p><i>Supine</i></p> + <p><i>Root</i></p> + <p><i>Derivative</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="40%"> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>duco (I draw)</p> + <p><b>duc-</b></p> + <p><i>educe</i></p> + <p>ductum (drawing, or to draw)</p> + <p><b>duct-</b></p> + <p><i>ductile</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal + parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) + the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the + supine—the second and the third parts because from them radicals + are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming + a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that <i>loved</i>, <i>loving</i>, + etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that <i>a'mo</i> + (present ind.) and <i>ama'tum</i> (supine) are parts of the verb + <i>ama're</i>.</p> + + <p>II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate <i>amo</i>, + <i>amatum</i>, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the + infinitive mood, which is <i>amare</i>. The indication of the Latin + infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a + Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary.</p> + + <p><b>7. Noun-radicals</b> and <b>adjective radicals</b> are formed from + the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words + belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:—</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="50%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>NOM. CASE.</p> + <p>iter (a journey)</p> + <p> </p> + <p>GEN. CASE.</p> + <p>itineris (of a journey)</p> + <p>felicis (nom. <i>felix</i>, happy)</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="13%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ROOT.</p> + <p><b>iter-</b>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p>ROOT</p> + <p><b>itiner-</b></p> + <p><b>felic-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>DERIVATIVE.</p> + <p>re<i>iter</i>ate</p> + <p> </p> + <p>DERIVATIVE.</p> + <p><i>itiner</i>ant</p> + <p><i>felic</i>ity</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <blockquote style="margin-top: 0.5em;">NOTE.—These explanations of the mode of forming + radicals are given by way of general information; but this book + presupposes and requires no knowledge of Latin, since in every group of + English derivatives from Latin, not only the root-words in their several + parts, but the <i>radicals actually used</i> in word-formation, are + given.</blockquote> + +<h4>Pronunciation of Latin Words.</h4> + + <p>1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or + diphthongs: as <i>miles</i> (= <i>mi'les</i>).</p> + + <p>2. <i>C</i> is pronounced like <i>k</i> before <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, + <i>u</i>; and like <i>s</i> before <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>y</i>, and the + diphthongs <i></i> and <i>œ</i>: as <i>cado</i>, pronounced + <i>ka'do</i>; <i>cedo</i>, pronounced <i>se'do</i>.</p> + + <p>3. <i>G</i> is pronounced hard before <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, + and soft like <i>j</i> before <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>y</i>, <i></i>, + <i>œ</i>: as <i>gusto</i>, in which <i>g</i> is pronounced as in + <i>August</i>; <i>gero</i>, pronounced <i>je'ro</i>.</p> + + <p>4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as + <i>bene</i>, pronounced <i>be'ne</i>.</p> + + <p>5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as + <i>mille</i>, pronounced <i>mil'le</i>.</p> + + <p>6. The diphthongs <i></i> and <i>œ</i> are sounded like + <i>e</i>: as <i>cdo</i>, pronounced <i>ce'do</i>.</p> + + <p>7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as <i>ager</i>, + pronounced <i>a'jer</i>.</p> + + <p>8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in <i>a</i>, the + <i>a</i> should be sounded like <i>ah</i>: as <i>musa</i>, pronounced + <i>mu'sah</i>.</p> + + <p>9. <i>T</i>, <i>s</i>, and <i>c</i>, before <i>ia</i>, <i>ie</i>, + <i>ii</i>, <i>io</i>, <i>iu</i>, and <i>eu</i>, preceded immediately by + the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into <i>sh</i> and + <i>zh</i>: as <i>fa'cio</i>, pronounced <i>fa'sheo</i>; <i>san'cio</i>, + pronounced <i>san'sheo</i>; <i>spa'tium</i>, pronounced + <i>spa'sheum</i>.</p> + + <blockquote>NOTE.—According to the Roman method of pronouncing + Latin, the vowels <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i> are + pronounced as in <i>baa</i>, <i>bait</i>, <i>beet</i>, <i>boat</i>, + <i>boot</i>; <i>ae</i>, <i>au</i>, <i>ei</i>, <i>oe</i> as in + <i>aisle</i>, <i>our</i>, <i>eight</i>, <i>oil</i>; <i>c</i> always like + <i>k</i>; <i>g</i> as in <i>get</i>; <i>j</i> as <i>y</i> in <i>yes</i>; + <i>t</i> as in <i>until</i>; <i>v</i> as <i>w</i>. See any Latin + grammar.</blockquote> + +<a name="II.III.I"></a> +<h2>LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.</h2> + +<h3>DIVISION I.—<b>METHOD OF STUDY.</b></h3> + +<a name="agere"></a> +<h4>1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, <i>to do</i>, <i>to drive</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>ag-</b> and <b>act-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>act</b>, <i>v.</i> ANALYSIS: from <i>actum</i> by dropping + the termination <i>um</i>. DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The <i>noun</i> + "act" is formed in the same way. DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or + performance.</p> + + <p>2. <b>ac'tion</b>: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing + done.</p> + + <p>3. <b>act'ive</b>: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, + busy, constantly engaged in action.</p> + + <p>4. <b>act'or</b>: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes + part in anything done; (2) a stage player.</p> + + <p>5. <b>a'gent</b>: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or + transacts business for another.</p> + + <p>6. <b>ag'ile</b>: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk.</p> + + <p>7. <b>co'gent</b>: from Latin <i>cogens</i>, <i>cogentis</i>, pres. + part, of <i>cog'ere</i> (= <i>co + agere</i>, to impel), having the + quality of impelling: hence, urgent, forcible.</p> + + <p>8. <b>enact'</b>: en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree.</p> + + <p>9. <b>transact'</b>: trans + act = to drive through: hence, to + perform.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?—Write a sentence + containing this word as a verb; another as a noun.—Give a synonym + of "act." <i>Ans. Deed.</i>—From what is "deed" derived? + <i>Ans.</i> From the word <i>do</i>—hence, literally, something + <i>done</i>.—Give the distinction between "act" and "deed." + <i>Ans</i>. "Act" is a <i>single</i> action; "deed" is a <i>voluntary</i> + action: thus—"The <i>action</i> which was praised as a good + <i>deed</i> was but an <i>act</i> of necessity."</p> + + <p>(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.—Combine and + define in + action.</p> + + <p>(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + + ity.—What is the <i>negative</i> of "active"? <i>Ans. + Inactive</i>.—What is the <i>contrary</i> of "active"? <i>Ans. + Passive</i>.</p> + + <p>(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. + MODEL: "Washington and Greene were prominent <i>actors</i> in the war of + the Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English <i>actor</i>, was + born in 1716."—What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of + stage player?</p> + + <p>(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.—What is the distinction + between "active" and "agile"? <i>Ans</i>. "Active" implies readiness to + act in general; "agile" denotes a readiness to move the + <i>limbs</i>.—Give two synonyms of "agile." <i>Ans. Brisk</i>, + <i>nimble</i>.—Give the opposite of "agile." <i>Ans. Sluggish</i>, + <i>inert</i>.</p> + + <p>(7.) Explain what is meant by a "<i>cogent</i> argument."—What + would be the contrary of a <i>cogent</i> argument?</p> + + <p>(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.—What is meant by the + "<i>enacting</i> clause" of a legislative bill?—Write a sentence + containing the word "enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament + <i>enacted</i> the stamp-law in 1765."</p> + + <p>(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.—What derivative from + "perform" is a synonym of "transaction"?</p> + +<a name="alienus"></a> +<h4>2. ALIE'NUS, <i>another</i>, <i>foreign</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>alien-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>al'ien</b>: from <i>alienus</i> by dropping the termination + <i>us</i>. DEFINITION: a foreigner, one owing allegiance to another + country than that in which he is living.</p> + + <p>2. <b>al'ienate</b>: alien + ate = to cause something to be + transferred to another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to + another; (2) to estrange, to withdraw.</p> + + <p>3. <b>inal'ienable</b>: in + alien + able = that may not be given to + another.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Combine and define alien + age.—Can an alien be elected + President of the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. + I. Clause 5.]—What is the word which expresses the process by which + a person is changed from an <i>alien</i> to a <i>citizen</i>?</p> + + <p>(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.—Give a synonym of + "alienate" in its <i>second</i> sense. <i>Ans.</i> To + <i>estrange</i>.—What is meant by saying that "the oppressive + measures of the British government gradually <i>alienated</i> the + American colonies from the mother country"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing + the word "inalienable."</p> + +<a name="amare"></a> +<h4>3. AMA'RE, <i>to love</i>, AMI'CUS, <i>a friend</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>am-</b> and <b>amic-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>a'miable</b>: am(i) + able = fit to be loved.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—The Latin adjective is <i>amabilis</i>, from which + the English derivative adjective would be <i>amable</i>; but it has taken + the form am<i>i</i>able.</blockquote> + + <p>2. <b>am'ity</b>: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, + friendship; good-will.</p> + + <p>3. <b>am'icable</b>: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, + friendly; peaceable.</p> + + <p>4. <b>inim'ical</b>: through Lat. adj. <i>inimi'cus</i>, enemy: hence, + inimic(us) + al = inimical, relating to an enemy.</p> + + <p>5. <b>amateur'</b>: adopted through French <i>amateur</i>, from Latin + <i>amator</i>, a lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or + attachment, without pursuing it professionally.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? <i>Ans. + Lovable</i>.—Show how they are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence + containing the word "amiable." MODEL: "The <i>amiable</i> qualities of + Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply regretted by all + Americans."—What noun can you form from "amiable," meaning the + quality of being amiable?—What is the negative of "amiable"? + <i>Ans. Unamiable</i>.—The contrary? <i>Ans. Hateful</i>.</p> + + <p>(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." <i>Ans. + Friendship</i>.—State the distinction between these words. + <i>Ans.</i> "Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" + to societies or nations.—Write a sentence containing the word + "amity." MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of + <i>amity</i> with the Indians."—What is the opposite of + "amity"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." <i>Ans. Friendly</i>.—Which + is the stronger? <i>Ans. Friendly</i>.—Why? <i>Ans.</i> "Friendly" + implies a positive feeling of regard; "amicable" denotes merely the + absence of discord.—Write a sentence containing the word + "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by the United States + and Great Britain made an <i>amicable</i> settlement of the Alabama + difficulties."</p> + + <p>(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? + <i>Ans. Enemy</i>.—Give its origin. <i>Ans.</i> It comes from the + Latin <i>inimicus</i>, an enemy, through the French + <i>ennemi</i>.—What preposition does "inimical" take after it? + <i>Ans.</i> The preposition <i>to</i>—thus, "<i>inimical</i> to + health," "to welfare," etc.</p> + + <p>(5.) What is meant by an <i>amateur</i> painter? an <i>amateur</i> + musician?</p> + +<a name="animus"></a> +<h4>4. AN'IMUS, <i>mind</i>, <i>passion</i>; AN'IMA, <i>life</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>anim-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>an'imal</b>: from Lat. n. <i>anima</i> through the Latin + <i>animal</i>: literally, something having life.</p> + + <p>2. <b>animal'cule</b>: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an + animal that can be seen only by the microscope.</p> + + <p>3. <b>an'imate</b>, <i>v.</i>: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to + stimulate, or infuse courage.</p> + + <p>4. <b>animos'ity</b>: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) + full of (ose) passion: hence, violent hatred.</p> + + <p>5. <b>unanim'ity</b>: un (from <i>unus</i>, one) + anim + ity = the + state of being of one mind: hence, agreement.</p> + + <p>6. <b>rean'imate</b>: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to + infuse fresh vigor.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern + science has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction + between an <i>animal</i> and a vegetable."</p> + + <p>(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? <i>Ans. Animalcules</i> or + <i>animalcul</i>.—Write a sentence containing this word.</p> + + <p>(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?—What is + the negative of the adjective "animate?" <i>Ans. + Inanimate.</i>—Define it.—Combine and define animate + + ion.—Explain what is meant by an "<i>animated</i> discussion."</p> + + <p>(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity."</p> + + <p>(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of + <i>one mind</i>, is not this "unanimity"?—What is the adjective + corresponding to the noun "unanimity"?—What is the <i>opposite</i> + of "unanimity"?—Write a sentence containing the word + "unanimity."</p> + + <p>(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the + signification of each.—Has "reanimate" any other than its literal + meaning?—Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative + sense. MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' + <i>reanimated</i> the courage of the American sailors."—What does + "<i>animated</i> conversation" mean?</p> + +<a name="annus"></a> +<h4>5. AN'NUS, <i>a year</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>ann-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>an'nals</b>: from <i>annus</i>, through Lat. adj. + <i>annalis</i>, pertaining to the year: hence, a record of things done + from year to year.</p> + + <p>2. <b>an'nual</b>: through <i>annuus</i> (annu + al), relating to a + year: hence, yearly or performed in a year.</p> + + <p>3. <b>annu'ity</b>: through Fr. n. <i>annuit</i> = a sum of money + payable yearly.</p> + + <p>4. <b>millen'nium</b>: Lat. n. <i>millennium</i> (from <i>annus</i> + and <i>mille</i>, a thousand), a thousand years.</p> + + <p>5. <b>peren'nial</b>: through Lat. adj. <i>perennis</i> (compounded of + <i>per</i> and <i>annus</i>), throughout the year: hence, lasting; + perpetual.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." <i>Ans. History.</i>—What is + the distinction between "annals" and "history"? <i>Ans.</i> "Annals" + denotes a mere chronological account of events from year to year; + "history," in addition to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes + of events.—Write a sentence containing the word "annals," or + explain the following sentence: "The <i>annals</i> of the Egyptians and + Hindoos contain many incredible statements."</p> + + <p>(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual."</p> + + <p>(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium."</p> + + <p>(5.) What is the meaning of a "<i>perennial</i> plant" in botany? + <i>Ans.</i> A plant continuing more than two years.—Give the + contrary of "perennial." <i>Ans. Fleeting, short-lived.</i></p> + +<a name="ars"></a> +<h4>6. ARS, ar'tis, <i>art, skill.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>art-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>art</b>: from <i>artis</i> by dropping the termination + <i>is</i>. DEFINITION: 1. cunning—thus, an animal practices + <i>art</i> in escaping from his pursuers; 2. skill or + dexterity—thus, a man may be said to have the <i>art</i> of + managing his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession—as the + <i>art</i> of building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, + sculpture, etc., which are called the "fine arts."</p> + + <p>2. <b>art'ist</b>: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a + person who occupies himself with one of the fine arts.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith + could not properly be so called. The French word <i>artiste</i> is + sometimes used to denote one who has great skill in some profession, even + if it is not one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might + be called an <i>artiste</i>.</blockquote> + + <p>3. <b>ar'tisan</b>: through Fr. n. <i>artisan</i>, one who practices + an art: hence, one who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or + operative.</p> + + <p>4. <b>art'ful</b>: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, + cunning.</p> + + <p>5. <b>art'less</b>: art + less = without art: hence, free from + cunning, simple, ingenuous.</p> + + <p>6. <b>ar'tifice</b>: through Lat. n. <i>artificium</i>, something made + (<i>fa'cere</i>, to make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or + stratagem.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from + Shakespeare, "There is no <i>art</i> to read the mind's construction in + the face"?</p> + + <p>(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."—Would it be + proper to call a famous hair-dresser an <i>artist</i>?—What might + he be called?—Combine and define artist + ic + al + ly.—What + is the negative of "artistic"?</p> + + <p>(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"?</p> + + <p>(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." <i>Ans. Ingenuous, + natural.</i>—Give the opposite of "artless." <i>Ans. + Wily.</i>—Combine and define artless + ly; artless + ness.</p> + + <p>(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."—Combine artifice + + er.—Does "artificer" mean one who practices artifice?—Write a + sentence containing this word.—Combine and define artifice + ial; + artifice + al + ity. Give the opposite of "artificial."</p> + +<a name="audire"></a> +<h4>7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, <i>to hear</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>audi-</b>, and <b>audit-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>au'dible</b>: audi + ble = that may be heard.</p> + + <p>2. <b>au'dience</b>: audi + ence = literally, the condition of + hearing: hence, an assemblage of hearers, an <i>auditory</i>.</p> + + <p>3. <b>au'dit</b>: from <i>audit(um)</i> = to hear a statement: hence, + to examine accounts.</p> + + <p>4. <b>au'ditor</b>: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an + officer who examines accounts.</blockquote> + + <p>5. <b>obe'dient</b>: through <i>obediens, obedient(is)</i>, the + present participle of <i>obedire</i> (compounded of <i>ob</i>, towards, + and <i>audire</i>): literally, giving ear to: hence, complying with the + wishes of another.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to + it to form a word denoting what can <i>not</i> be heard?—What is + the adverb from the adjective "audible"?—Write a sentence + containing this word.</p> + + <p>(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving + <i>audience</i>?</p> + + <p>(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL—"The + committee which had to <i>audit</i> the accounts of Arnold discovered + great frauds."—How do you spell the past tense of + "audit"?—Why is the <i>t</i> not doubled?</p> + + <p>(5.) What is the <i>noun</i> corresponding to the adjective + "obedient"?—What is the <i>verb</i> corresponding to these + words?—Combine and define dis + obedient.</p> + +<a name="caput"></a> +<h4>8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, <i>the head</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>capit-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>cap'ital,</b> <i>a.</i> and <i>n.</i>: capit + al = relating to + the <i>head</i>: hence, chief, principal, first in importance. + DEFINITION: as an adjective it means, (1) principal; (2) great, + important; (3) punishable with death;—as a noun it means, (1) the + metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in trade.</p> + + <p>2. <b>capita'tion</b>: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to + be counted: hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head + or person.</p> + + <p>3. <b>decap'itate</b>: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be + taken off; to behead.</p> + + <p>4. <b>prec'ipice</b>: through Lat. n. <i>prcipitium</i>: literally, a + headlong descent.</p> + + <p>5. <b>precip'itate</b>: from Lat. adj. <i>prcipit(is)</i>, head + foremost. DEFINITION: (1) (<i>as a verb</i>) to throw headlong, to press + with eagerness, to hasten; (2) (<i>as an adjective</i>) headlong, + hasty.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an + adjective.—Write a sentence containing this word as a noun, in the + sense of <i>city</i>.—Write a sentence containing "capital" in the + sense of <i>stock</i>.—Is the <i>capital</i> of a state or country + necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state or + country?—What is the <i>capital</i> of New York state?—What + is the <i>metropolis</i> of New York State?</p> + + <p>(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.—Can you name an English + king who was <i>decapitated</i>?—Can you name a French king who was + <i>decapitated</i>?</p> + + <p>(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the + <i>precipice</i> of time it goes"?</p> + + <p>(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.—Write a sentence + containing the adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman + general, is noted for never having made any <i>precipitate</i> + movements."—Explain the meaning of the verb "precipitate" in the + following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo Wellington + <i>precipitated</i> the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was + divided", "The Romans were wont to <i>precipitate</i> criminals from the + Tarpeian rock."</p> + +<a name="civis"></a> +<h4>9. CI'VIS, <i>a citizen</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>civ-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>civ'ic</b>: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs + or honors of a city.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—The "<i>civic</i> crown" in Roman times was a + garland of oak-leaves and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the + life of a citizen in battle.</blockquote> + + <p>2. <b>civ'il</b>: Lat adj. <i>civilis</i>, meaning (1) belonging to a + citizen, (2) of the state, political, (3) polite.</p> + + <p>3. <b>civ'ilize</b>: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a + community having a government, or political organization; hence, to + reclaim from a barbarous state.</p> + + <p>4. <b>civiliza'tion</b>: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being + civilized.</p> + + <p>5. <b>civil'ian</b>: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of + civil life—not a soldier.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?—Give a + synonym of this word.—Is there any difference between "civil" and + "polite"? <i>Ans.</i> "Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is + possible to be "civil" without being "polite."—What word would + denote the opposite of "civil" in the sense of "polite"?—Combine + and define civil + ity.—Do you say <i>un</i>civility or + <i>in</i>civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?—Give a + synonym of "uncivil." <i>Ans. Boorish.</i>—Give another + synonym.</p> + + <p>(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."—Give a + participial adjective from this word.—What compound word expresses + <i>half</i> civilized?—What word denotes a state of society between + savage and civilized?</p> + + <p>(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." <i>Ans. Culture, + refinement.</i>—What is the meaning of the word "civilization" in + the sentence: "The ancient Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a + considerable degree of <i>civilization</i>"?—Compose a sentence of + your own, using this word.</p> + +<a name="cor"></a> +<h4>10. COR, cor'dis, <i>the heart</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>cord-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>core</b>: from <i>cor</i> = the heart: hence, the inner part of + a thing.</p> + + <p>2. <b>cor'dial,</b> <i>a.</i>: cord + (i)al = having the quality of + the heart: hence, hearty, sincere. The <i>noun</i> "cordial" means + literally something having the quality of acting on the heart: hence, a + stimulating medicine, and in a figurative sense, something cheering.</p> + + <p>3. <b>con'cord</b>: con + cord = heart <i>with (con)</i> heart: hence, + unity of sentiment, harmony.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—<i>Concord</i> in music is harmony of + sound.</blockquote> + + <p>4. <b>dis'cord</b>: dis + cord = heart <i>apart from (dis)</i> heart: + hence, disagreement, want of harmony.</p> + + <p>5. <b>record'</b>: through Lat. v. <i>recordari</i>, to remember + (literally, to get by <i>heart</i>): hence, to register.</p> + + <p>6. <b>cour'age</b>: through Fr. n. <i>courage</i>: literally, + <i>heartiness</i>: hence, bravery, intrepidity.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, + the derivative sense of courage.</blockquote> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) "The quince was rotten at the <i>core</i>"; "The preacher touched + the <i>core</i> of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" + used in its <i>literal</i>, in which in its <i>figurative</i>, sense?</p> + + <p>(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective + "cordial"?—Would you say a "<i>cordial</i> laugh" or a + "<i>hearty</i> laugh"?—What is the opposite of + "cordial"?—Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.— + Write a sentence containing the <i>noun</i> "cordial" in its figurative + sense. MODEL: "Washington's victory at Trenton was like a <i>cordial</i> + to the flagging spirits of the American army."</p> + + <p>(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." <i>Ans. Accord.</i>—Supply the + proper word: "In your view of this matter, I am in (<i>accord?</i> or + <i>concord?</i>) with you." "There should be —— among + friends." "The man who is not moved by —— of sweet + sounds."</p> + + <p>(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and + among brethren?—Give a synonym of this word. <i>Ans. + Strife.</i>—State the distinction. <i>Ans.</i> "Strife" is the + stronger: where there is "strife" there must be "discord," but there may + be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" consists most in the feeling, + "strife" in the outward action.</p> + + <p>(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?—When the accent is placed + on the first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it + become?—Combine and define record + er; un + record + ed.</p> + + <p>(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout—what?—Give a + synonym. <i>Ans. Fortitude.</i>—State the distinction. <i>Ans.</i> + "Courage" enables us to meet danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to + endure pain.—Would you say "the Indian shows <i>courage</i> when he + endures torment without flinching"?—Would you say "The three + hundred under Leonidas displayed <i>fortitude</i> in opposing the entire + Persian army"?—What is the contrary of "courage"?—Combine and + define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly.</p> + +<a name="corpus"></a> +<h4>11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, <i>the body</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>corpor-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>cor'poral</b>: corpor + al = relating to the <i>body</i>.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is + not derived from <i>corpus</i>: it comes from the French <i>caporal</i>, + of which it is a corruption.</blockquote> + + <p>2. <b>cor'porate</b>: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united + into a body or corporation.</p> + + <p>3. <b>incor'porate</b>: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: + hence, (1) to form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with + another.</p> + + <p>4. <b>corpora'tion</b>: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a + body: hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person.</p> + + <p>5. <b>cor'pulent</b>: through Lat. adj. <i>corpulentus</i>, fleshy: + hence, stout in body, fleshy.</p> + + <p>6. <b>cor'puscle</b>: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a + minute particle of matter.</p> + + <p>7. <b>corps</b>: [pronounced <i>core</i>] through Fr. n. <i>corps</i>, + a body. DEFINITION: (1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals + engaged in some one profession.</p> + + <p>8. <b>corpse</b>: through Fr. n. <i>corps</i>, the body; that is, + <i>only</i> the body—the spirit being departed: hence, the dead + body of a human being.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." <i>Ans.</i> <i>Corporeal</i> and + <i>bodily</i>.—What is the distinction between "corporal" and + "corporeal"? <i>Ans.</i> "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; + "corporeal" signifies material, as opposed to spiritual.—Would you + say a <i>corporal</i> or a <i>corporeal</i> substance? <i>corporal</i> or + <i>corporeal</i> punishment? Would you say <i>corporal</i> strength or + <i>bodily</i> strength?</p> + + <p>(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its + <i>first</i> sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was + <i>incorporated</i> in 1606, and received a charter from King James + I."</p> + + <p>(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by + what corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a + sentence about that.]</p> + + <p>(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and + synonymous with "stoutness"?—Give two synonyms of "corpulent." + <i>Ans.</i> <i>Stout</i>, <i>lusty</i>.—What is the distinction? + <i>Ans.</i> "Corpulent" means fat; "stout" and "lusty" denote a strong + frame.</p> + + <p>(6.) What is meant by an "army <i>corps</i>"? <i>Ans</i>. A body of + from twenty to forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and + divisions.</p> + + <p>(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? <i>Ans. Corps.</i> How + pronounced? <i>Ans. Cores.</i>—What is meant by the "diplomatic + <i>corps</i>"?</p> + + <p>(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? <i>Ans</i>. The + form <i>corse</i> is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the + Burial of Sir John Moore:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note,</p> + <p>As his <i>corse</i> to the ramparts we hurried."</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="credere"></a> +<h4>12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, <i>to believe.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>cred-</b> and <b>credit-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>creed</b>: from the word <i>credo</i>, "I believe," at the + beginning of the Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian + belief.</p> + + <p>2. <b>cred'ible</b>: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, + worthy of belief.</p> + + <p>3. <b>cred'it</b>: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; + (2) reputation; (3) trust given or received.</p> + + <p>4. <b>cred'ulous</b>: through the Lat. adj. <i>credulus</i>, easy of + belief: credul + ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily.</p> + + <p>5. <b>discred'it</b>: dis + credit = to <i>dis</i>believe.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the + King of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could + be walked on, he declared that the statement was not + <i>credible</i>."—What single word will express <i>not + credible</i>?—Combine and define credible + ity.—Give a + synonym of "credible." <i>Ans. Trustworthy.</i>—State the + distinction. <i>Ans</i>. "Credible" is generally applied to things, as + "<i>credible</i> testimony"; "trustworthy" to persons, as "a + <i>trustworthy</i> witness."</p> + + <p>(3.) What is the meaning of <i>credit</i> in the passage,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"John Gilpin was a citizen</p> + <p>Of <i>credit</i> and renown"?</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Give a synonym of this word. <i>Ans. Trust.</i>—What is the + distinction? <i>Ans</i>. "Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks + back—we <i>credit</i> what has happened; we <i>trust</i> what is to + happen.—What other part of speech than a noun is + "credit"?—Combine and define credit + ed.—Why is the <i>t</i> + not doubled?</p> + + <p>(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud</p> + <p>Led Eve, our <i>credulous</i> mother"?—MILTON.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the + quality of believing too easily?—What is the negative of + "credulous"<i>?</i>—What is the distinction between "incredible" + and "incredulous"?—Which applies to persons? which to things?</p> + + <p>(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?—Write + a sentence containing this word as a <i>noun</i>; another as a + <i>verb</i>.</p> + +<a name="currere"></a> +<h4>13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, <i>to run</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals used: <b>curr-</b> and <b>curs-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>cur'rent</b>, <i>a</i>.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) + passing from person to person, as a "<i>current</i> report"; (2) now in + progress, as the "<i>current</i> month."</p> + + <p>2. <b>cur'rency</b>: curr + ency = the state of passing from person + to person, as "the report obtained <i>currency</i>": hence + circulation.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—As applied to money, it means that it is in + circulation or passing from hand to hand, as a representative of + value.</blockquote> + + <p>3. <b>cur'sory</b>: curs + ory = runn<i>ing</i> or pass<i>ing</i>: + hence, hasty.</p> + + <p>4. <b>excur'sion</b>: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: + hence, an expedition or jaunt.</p> + + <p>5. <b>incur'sion</b>: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, + an invasion.</p> + + <p>6. <b>precur'sor</b>: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: + hence a forerunner.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is + "current"?—What is now the <i>current</i> year?</p> + + <p>(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? <i>Ans</i>. Because there + are two in the root <i>currere</i>.—Give a synonym of this word in + the sense of "money." <i>Ans.</i> The "circulating medium."—What + was the "currency" of the Indians in early times?—Compose a + sentence using this word.</p> + + <p>(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "<i>cursory</i> glance" + at a subject, what does he mean?—Combine and define cursory + + ly.</p> + + <p>(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a + friendly or a hostile sense?</p> + + <p>(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a + friendly or a hostile sense?—Give a synonym. <i>Ans. + Invasion.</i>—Which implies a hasty expedition?—Compose a + sentence containing the word <i>incursion</i>. MODEL: "The Parthians were + long famed for their rapid <i>incursions</i> into the territory of their + enemies."</p> + + <p>(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the + <i>precursor</i> of Christ?—What is meant by saying that black + clouds are the <i>precursor</i> of a storm?</p> + +<a name="dignus"></a> +<h4>14. DIG'NUS, <i>worthy</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>dign-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>dig'nify</b>: dign + (<i>i</i>)fy = to make of worth: hence, to + advance to honor.</p> + + <p>2. <b>dig'nity</b>: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, + behavior fitted to inspire respect.</p> + + <p>3. <b>indig'nity</b>: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person + in an unworthy (<i>indignus</i>) manner: hence, insult, contumely.</p> + + <p>4. <b>condign'</b>: con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, + deserved.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—The prefix <i>con</i> is here merely + intensive.</blockquote> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? + <i>Ans. Dignified.</i>—Give a stronger word. <i>Ans. + Majestic.</i>—Give a word which denotes the same thing carried to + excess and becoming ridiculous. <i>Ans. Pompous.</i></p> + + <p>(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for + the dignity of his behavior?—Compose a sentence containing this + word.</p> + + <p>(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."—What is meant by saying + that "indignities were heaped on" a person?</p> + + <p>(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? + <i>Ans.</i> In connection with punishment: thus we speak of + "<i>condign</i> punishment," meaning richly deserved punishment.</p> + +<a name="docere"></a> +<h4>15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, <i>to teach.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>doc-</b> and <b>doct-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>doc'ile</b>: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, + teachable.</p> + + <p>2. <b>doc'tor</b>: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has + taken the highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and + teach.</p> + + <p>4. <b>doc'trine</b>: through Lat. n. <i>doctrina</i>, something + taught; hence, a principle taught as part of a system of belief.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.—Give the opposite of + "docile." <i>Ans. Indocile.</i>—Mention an animal that is very + docile.—Mention one remarkable for its want of docility.</p> + + <p>(2.) What is meant by "<i>Doctor</i> of Medicine"?—Give the + abbreviation.—What does LL.D. mean? <i>Ans.</i> It stands for the + words <i>legum doctor</i>, doctor of laws: the double L marks the plural + of the Latin noun.</p> + + <p>(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." <i>Ans. Precept, + tenet.</i>—What does "tenet" literally mean? <i>Ans.</i> Something + <i>held</i>—from Lat. v. <i>tenere</i>, to hold.—Combine and + define doctrine + al.</p> + +<a name="dominus"></a> +<h4>16. DOM'INUS, <i>a master or lord.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>domin-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>domin'ion</b>: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: + hence, (1) rule; (2) a territory ruled over.</p> + + <p>2. <b>dom'inant</b>: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: + hence, prevailing.</p> + + <p>3. <b>domineer'</b>: through Fr. v. <i>dominer</i>; literally, to + "<i>lord</i> it" over one: hence, to rule with insolence.</p> + + <p>4. <b>predom'inate</b>: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master + <i>before</i> another: hence, to be superior, to rule.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw + off the <i>dominion</i> of Great Britain"?</p> + + <p>(2.) What is meant by the "<i>dominant</i> party"? a "<i>dominant</i> + race"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The + blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, <i>domineered</i> for several years + over the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 + with the accession of King William."</p> + + <p>(4.) "The Republicans at present <i>predominate</i> in Mexico": what + does this mean?</p> + +<a name="finis"></a> +<h4>17. FI'NIS, <i>an end or limit.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>fin-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>fi'nite</b>: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an + end: hence, limited in quantity or degree.</p> + + <p>2. <b>fin'ish</b>: through Fr. v. <i>finir</i>; literally, to bring to + an end: hence, to complete.</p> + + <p>3. <b>infin'ity</b>: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: + hence, unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity.</p> + + <p>4. <b>define'</b>: through Fr. v. <i>definer</i>; literally, to bring + a thing down to its limits: hence, to determine with precision.</p> + + <p>5. <b>confine'</b>: con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or + bounds: hence, to restrain.</p> + + <p>6. <b>affin'ity</b>: af (a form of prefix <i>ad</i>) + fin + ity = + close agreement.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are + <i>finite</i>"?</p> + + <p>(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?—Give a synonym. <i>Ans. + Limited.</i>—What participial adjective is formed from the verb to + "finish"?—What is meant by a "<i>finished</i> gentleman"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." <i>Ans. + Boundlessness.</i>—"The microscope reveals the fact that each drop + of water contains an <i>infinity</i> of animalcul." What is the sense of + <i>infinity</i> as used in this sentence?</p> + + <p>(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.—Analyze the word + "definition."—Compose a sentence containing the word "define."</p> + + <p>(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.—What other part of + speech than a verb is "confine"? <i> Ans.</i> A noun.—Write a + sentence containing the word "confines."</p> + + <p>(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical + <i>affinity</i>."</p> + +<a name="fluere"></a> +<h4>18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, <i>to flow.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>flu-</b> and <b>flux-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>flux</b>: from flux<i>um</i> = a flowing.</p> + + <p>2. <b>flu'ent</b>: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in + reference to language it means <i>flowing</i> speech: hence, voluble.</p> + + <p>3. <b>flu'id,</b> <i>n.</i>: flu + id = Flow<i>ing</i>: hence, + anything that flows.</p> + + <p>4. <b>flu'ency</b>: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to + language).</p> + + <p>5. <b>af'fluence</b>: af (form of <i>ad</i>) + flu + ence = a flowing + <i>to</i>: hence, an abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, + etc.</p> + + <p>6. <b>con'fluence</b>: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, + (1) the flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a + union.</p> + + <p>7. <b>in'flux</b>: in + flux = a flowing in or into.</p> + + <p>8. <b>super'fluous</b>: super + flu + ous = having the quality of + <i>over</i>flowing: hence, needless, excessive.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?—What word would denote + a speaker who is the reverse of "fluent"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid."</p> + + <p>(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style?</p> + + <p>(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An + "<i>affluence</i> of ideas," means what?</p> + + <p>(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New + York City stands at the —— of two streams."</p> + + <p>(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective + "superfluous."—Compose a sentence containing the word + "superfluous."—What is its opposite? <i>Ans. Scanty, + meager.</i></p> + +<a name="grex"></a> +<h4>19. GREX, gre'gis, <i>a flock or herd.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>greg-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>ag'gregate</b>, <i>v.</i>: ag (for <i>ad</i>) + greg + ate = to + cause to be brought into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble.</p> + + <p>2. <b>egre'gious</b>: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. + <i>egre'gius</i>, chosen from the herd: hence, remarkable.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—Its present use is in association with + inferiority.</blockquote> + + <p>3. <b>con'gregate</b>: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of + flocking together: hence, to assemble.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?—Why + is this word spelled with a double <i>g</i>?</p> + + <p>(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.—What does an + "<i>egregious</i> blunder" mean?—Compose a sentence containing the + word "egregious."</p> + + <p>(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating + <i>together</i>?—Combine and define congregate + ion.</p> + +<a name="ire"></a> +<h4>20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, <i>to go</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>it-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>ambi'tion</b>: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going + around. DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—This meaning arose from the habit of candidates + for office in Rome <i>going around</i> to solicit votes: hence, + aspiration for office, and finally, aspiration in general.</blockquote> + + <p>2. <b>ini'tial</b>, <i>a.</i>: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the + <i>in</i>going: hence, marking the commencement.</p> + + <p>3. <b>ini'tiate</b>: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, + to introduce, to commence.</p> + + <p>4. <b>sedi'tion</b>: sed (<i>aside</i>) + it + ion = the act of going + <i>aside</i>; that is, going to a separate and insurrectionary party.</p> + + <p>5. <b>trans'it</b>: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act + of passing; (2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy.</p> + + <p>6. <b>tran'sitory</b>: trans + it + ory = pass<i>ing</i> over: hence, + brief, fleeting.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: + "Napoleon's <i>ambition</i> was his own greatness; Washington's, the + greatness of his country."—What is meant by "military ambition"? + "political ambition"? "literary ambition"?—What adjective means + <i>possessing ambition</i>?—Combine and define un + ambitious.</p> + + <p>(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? <i>Ans. Final, + closing.</i>—What part of speech is "initial" besides an + adjective?—What is meant by "initials"?</p> + + <p>(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was + <i>initiated</i> by an attack on the British in Boston"?—Give the + opposite of "initiate" in the sense of "commence."</p> + + <p>(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." <i>Ans. + Insurrection.</i>—Give another.—Compose a sentence containing + this word.</p> + + <p>(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in <i>transit</i>."—Explain + what is meant by the "Nicaragua <i>transit</i>."—When you speak of + the <i>transit</i> of Venus," you are using a term in what science?</p> + + <p>(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."—Give its opposite. <i>Ans. + Permanent, abiding.</i></p> + +<a name="lapis"></a> +<h4>21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, <i>a stone.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>lapid-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>lap'idary</b>: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one + who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones.</p> + + <p>2. <b>dilap'idated</b>: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition + of a building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into + ruin, decayed.</p> + + <p>3. <b>dilapida'tion</b>: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a + building) in which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, + decay.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria + wanted the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous + <i>lapidary</i> in Holland."</p> + + <p>(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At + Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a <i>dilapidated</i> mill, which + some writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in + the twelfth century."—If we should speak of a "<i>dilapidated</i> + fortune," would the word be used in its literal meaning or in a + figurative sense?</p> + + <p>(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." <i>Ans. Ruin, decay.</i></p> + +<a name="lex"></a> +<h4>22. LEX, le'gis, <i>a law or rule</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>leg-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>le'gal</b>: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful.</p> + + <p>2. <b>ille'gal</b>: il (for <i>in</i>, not) + leg + al = not legal: + hence, unlawful.</p> + + <p>3. <b>leg'islate</b>: from <i>legis</i> + <i>latum</i> (from Lat. v. + <i>fer're, latum</i>, to bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass + laws.</p> + + <p>4. <b>legit'imate</b>: through Lat. adj. <i>legitimus</i>, lawful; + legitim (us) + ate = made lawful: hence, in accordance with established + law.</p> + + <p>5. <b>priv'ilege</b>: Lat. adj. <i>privus</i>, private; literally, a + law passed for the benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, + prerogative, or right.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, + "the <i>legal</i> profession" and "a <i>legal</i> right."—Combine + and define legal + ize.</p> + + <p>(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." <i>Ans. + Unlawful.</i>—Show that they are synonyms. <i>Ans</i>. il + (<i>in</i>) = un; <i>leg</i> = law; and al = ful.—Compose a + sentence containing the word "illegal."—Combine and define illegal + + ity.</p> + + <p>(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making + power?—Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive.</p> + + <p>(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate."</p> + + <p>(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?—Define the meaning of + this word in the passage,—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">"He claims his <i>privilege</i>, and says 't is fit</p> + <p class="i4"> Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit."</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="litera"></a> +<h4>23. LIT'ERA, <i>a letter</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>liter-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>lit'eral</b>: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; + that is, exact to the letter.</p> + + <p>2. <b>lit'erary</b>: liter + ary = pertaining to <i>letters</i> or + learning.</p> + + <p>3. <b>obliterate</b>: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed + out: hence, to rub out, in general.</p> + + <p>4. <b>lit'erature</b>: through Lat. n. <i>literatura</i> = the + collective body of literary works.</p> + + <p>5. <b>illit'erate</b>: il (for <i>in</i>, not) + liter + ate = of the + nature of one who does not know his letters.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Define what is meant by a "<i>literal</i> translation."</p> + + <p>(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."—Compose + a sentence containing the terms "literary society."</p> + + <p>(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. + <i>Ans.</i> To <i>erase</i>.—If we should speak of + <i>obliterating</i> the memory of a wrong, would the word be used in its + primary or its derivative sense?</p> + + <p>(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?—Can + you mention a great poem in Greek "literature"?—Compose a sentence + containing the word "literature."</p> + + <p>(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." <i>Ans. + Unlearned</i>.—What is the opposite of "illiterate"? <i>Ans. + Learned</i>.</p> + +<a name="mors"></a> +<h4>24. MORS, mortis, <i>death</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>mort-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>mor'tal</b>: mort + a = relating to death.</p> + + <p>2. <b>mor'tify</b>: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, + (1) to destroy vital functions; (2) to humble.</p> + + <p>3. <b>immor'talize</b>: im (for <i>in</i>, not) + mort + al + ize = to + make not subject to death: hence, to perpetuate.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this + <i>mortal</i> coil"?—Combine and define mortal + ity.—What is + the opposite of "mortal"?—Give a synonym. <i>Ans. + Deathless</i>.</p> + + <p>(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."—What noun is derived + from this verb? <i>Ans. Mortification</i>.—When a surgeon speaks of + "mortification" setting in, what does he mean?—What is meant by + "mortification" when we say that the British felt great + <i>mortification</i> at the recapture of Stony Point by General Anthony + Wayne?</p> + + <p>(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: + "Milton <i>immortalized</i> his name by the production of Paradise + Lost."</p> + +<a name="norma"></a> +<h4>25. NOR'MA, <i>a rule</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>norm-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>nor'mal</b>: norm + al = according to rule.</p> + + <p>2. <b>enor'mous</b>: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out + of all rule: hence, excessive, huge.</p> + + <p>3. <b>enor'mity</b>: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all + rule: hence, an excessive degree—generally used in regard to bad + qualities.</p> + + <p>4. <b>abnor'mal</b>: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being + <i>away</i> from the usual rule: hence, unnatural.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the <i>normal</i> condition of + things"?—"What is the meaning of the term a "<i>normal</i> + school"? <i>Ans.</i> It means a school whose methods of instruction are + to serve as a model for imitation; a school for the education of + teachers.</p> + + <p>(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." <i>Ans. Immense</i>.—Give + another.—"What is meant by "<i>enormous</i> strength"? an + "<i>enormous</i> crime?"—Combine and define enormous + ly.</p> + + <p>(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence.</p> + +<a name="ordo"></a> +<h4>26. OR'DO, or'dinis, <i>order</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>ordin-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>or'dinary</b>: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of + things.</p> + + <p>2. <b>extraor'dinary</b>: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary.</p> + + <p>3. <b>inor'dinate</b>: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not + being within the usual order of things: hence, excessive.</p> + + <p>4. <b>subor'dinate</b>: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of + being under the usual order: hence, inferior, secondary.</p> + + <p>5. <b>or'dinance</b>: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: + hence, a law.</p> + + <p>6. <b>insubordina'tion</b>: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state + of not being under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to + lawful authority.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What is meant by "<i>ordinary</i> language"? an "<i>ordinary</i> + man"?</p> + + <p>(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.—Compose a sentence + using the word "extraordinary."—Give a synonym of "extraordinary." + <i>Ans. Unusual.</i></p> + + <p>(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had + "<i>inordinate</i> vanity."—Is "inordinate" used with reference to + praiseworthy things?</p> + + <p>(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is + "subordinate"?—What is meant by "a <i>subordinate</i>"?—What + does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, "We must <i>subordinate</i> our + wishes to the rules of morality"?—Combine and define subordinate + + ion.</p> + + <p>(5.) What does the expression "the <i>ordinances</i> of the Common + Council of the City of New York" mean?</p> + + <p>(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word + "insubordination."—Give the opposite of "insubordination"? <i>Ans. + Subordination, obedience.</i></p> + +<a name="pars"></a> +<h4>27. PARS, par'tis, <i>a part or share</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>part-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>part</b>: from part<i>is</i> = a share.</p> + + <p>2. <b>par'ticle</b>: part + (<i>i</i>)cle = a small part.</p> + + <p>3. <b>par'tial</b>: part + (<i>i</i>)al = relating to a part rather + than the whole: hence, inclined to favor one party or person or + thing.</p> + + <p>4. <b>par'ty</b>: through Fr. n. <i>partie:</i> a set of persons (that + is, a part of the people) engaged in some design.</p> + + <p>5. <b>par'tisan</b>: through Fr. n. <i>partisan</i> = a party man.</p> + + <p>6. <b>depart'</b>: de + part = to take one's self away from one part + to another.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?—Write a + sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb.</p> + + <p>(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and + "particular." <i>Ans</i>. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute + parts or <i>particles</i> of a given subject.</p> + + <p>(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? <i>Ans. + Impartial.</i>—Define it.</p> + + <p>(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political <i>party</i>."</p> + + <p>(6.) Combine and define depart + ure.</p> + +<a name="pes"></a> +<h4>28. PES, pe'dis, <i>a foot</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>ped-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>ped'al</b>: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the + foot.</p> + + <p>2. <b>bi'ped</b>: bi + ped = a two-footed animal.</p> + + <p>3. <b>quad'ruped</b>: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. + (<i>Quadru</i>, from <i>quatuor</i>, four.)</p> + + <p>4. <b>ped'dler</b>: literally, a trader who travels on foot.</p> + + <p>5. <b>expedite'</b>: ex + ped + ite (<i>ite</i>, equivalent to + <i>ate</i>) = literally, to free the feet from entanglement: hence, to + hasten.</p> + + <p>6. <b>expedi'tion</b>: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: + hence, (1) the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending + forth for the execution of some object of importance.</p> + + <p>7. <b>imped'iment</b>: through Lat. n. <i>impedimentum</i>; literally, + something which <i>impedes</i> or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, + an obstruction.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped."</p> + + <p>(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped."</p> + + <p>(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?—In + what other way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? <i>Ans.</i> It is + sometimes spelled with but one <i>d</i>—thus, <i>pedler</i>.</p> + + <p>(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that + mean?—Give the opposite of "expedite." <i>Ans.</i> To + <i>retard</i>.</p> + + <p>(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the + following sentences: "With winged <i>expedition</i>, swift as + lightning."—<i>Milton</i>. "The <i>expedition</i> of Cortez + miserably failed."—<i>Prescott.</i></p> + + <p>(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."—What + is meant by "<i>impediment</i> of speech"?—Is the word here used in + its literal or its figurative sense?</p> + +<a name="rumpere"></a> +<h4>29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, <i>to break.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>rupt-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>rup'ture</b>: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; + that is, a <i>breach</i> of friendly relations.</p> + + <p>2. <b>erup'tion</b>: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting + out.</p> + + <p>3. <b>abrupt'</b>: ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a + sudden termination.</p> + + <p>4. <b>corrupt'</b>: cor (for <i>con</i>) + rupt = thoroughly broken + up: hence, decomposed, depraved.</p> + + <p>5. <b>interrupt'</b>: inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to + hinder.</p> + + <p>6. <b>bank'rupt</b>: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay + his debts, an insolvent debtor.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? <i>Ans.</i> A + verb.—Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a + noun.—What does the "<i>rupture</i> of a blood vessel" mean? Is + this the literal sense of the word?—The "<i>rupture</i> of friendly + relations" between Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its + figurative sense?</p> + + <p>(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption."</p> + + <p>(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.—When we + speak of an "<i>abrupt</i> manner," what is meant?—When we speak of + an "<i>abrupt</i> descent," what is meant?</p> + + <p>(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "<i>corrupt</i> + judge."—Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + + corrupt + ible.—What other part of speech than an adjective is + "corrupt"?—What part of speech is it in the sentence "evil + communications <i>corrupt</i> good manners"?</p> + +<a name="tempus"></a> +<h4>30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, <i>time</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>tempor-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>tem'poral</b>: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not + everlasting.</p> + + <p>2. <b>tem'porary</b>: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief + time.</p> + + <p>3. <b>contem'porary</b>: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the + same time with another.</p> + + <p>4. <b>tem'perance</b>: through Fr. n. <i>temprance</i>; literal + meaning, the state of being <i>well timed</i> as to one's habits: hence, + moderation.</p> + + <p>5. <b>extempora'neous</b>: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the + time.</p> + + <p>6. <b>tem'porize</b>: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to + yield to the current of opinion.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." <i>Ans. Eternal.</i> Illustrate + these two words by a sentence from the Bible. <i>Ans.</i> "The things + which are seen are <i>temporal</i>; but the things which are not seen are + <i>eternal</i>."</p> + + <p>(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." <i>Ans. + Permanent.</i>—What is meant by the "<i>temporary</i> government of + a city"?—Give a synonym of "temporary." <i>Ans. + Transitory.</i>—Would you say that man is a "<i>temporary</i> + being" or a "<i>transitory</i> being"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word + "contemporary."—What adjective corresponds to this adjective?</p> + + <p>(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and + "abstinence."—Write a sentence showing the use of the two + words.</p> + + <p>(5.) What is meant by an "<i>extemporaneous</i> speech?"</p> + + <p>(6.) What is one who <i>temporizes</i> sometimes called? <i>Ans</i>. + A <i>time</i>-server.</p> + +<a name="II.III.II"></a> +<h3>DIVISION II.—ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES.</h3> + + <blockquote>NOTE—In Division II, the English derivatives from + Latin roots are given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs + under the particular <i>radicals</i>, from which the several groups of + derivatives are formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face + type—thus., <b>acr-, acerb-, </b>etc. Derivatives not obviously + connected with the Latin roots are given in the last paragraph of each + section. Pupils are required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the + radicals, thus forming the English derivatives, which may be given either + orally or in writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the + case of words not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition + by reference to the signification of the radicals and the formative + elements, thus, acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of + being bitter, bitterness.</blockquote> + +<h4>1. A'CER, a'cris, <font size="-1">sharp</font>; Acer'bus, <font size="-1">bitter</font>; Ac'idus, <font size="-1">sour</font>; Ace'tum, +<font size="-1">vinegar</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>acr</b>: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. <i>acrimo'nia</i>, + sharpness of temper); acrimo'nious.</p> + + <p><b>acerb</b>: -ity; exac'erbate, <i>to render bitter;</i> + exacerba'tion.</p> + + <p><b>acid</b>: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. + <i>acid'ulus</i>, slightly sour); acid'ulous; subac'id, <i>slightly + acid</i>.</p> + + <p><b>acet</b>: -ate, <i>a certain salt; </i>-ic, <i>pertaining to a + certain acid; </i>-ify, -ification, -ose, -ous.</p> + +<h4>2. AE'DES, <font size="-1">a house</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ed</b>: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. <i>edifi'cium</i>, + a large building); e'dile (Lat. n. <i>aedi'lis</i>, a Roman magistrate + who had charge of buildings).</p> + +<h4>3. 'QUUS, <font size="-1">equal</font>: qua'lis, <font size="-1">equal, just</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>equ</b>: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate + (Lat. v. <i>adequa're</i>, <i>adequa'tum</i>, to make equal); inadequacy; + inad'equate; iniq'uity (Lat. n. <i>iniq'uitas</i>, want of equal or just + dealing); iniq'uitous.</p> + + <p><b>equal</b>: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; + une'qual.</p> + +<h4>4. 'VUM, <font size="-1">an age</font>; ter'nitas, <font size="-1">eternal</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ev</b>: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. <i>lon'gus</i>, long); + prime'val (Lat. adj. <i>pri'mus</i>, first).</p> + + <p><b>etern</b>: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal.</p> + +<h4>5. A'GER, a'gri, <font size="-1">a field, land</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>agri</b>: agra'rian (Lat. adj. <i>agrarius</i>, relating to land); + agra'rianism; ag'riculture (Lat. n. <i>cultu'ra,</i> cultivation), + agricult'ural, agricult'urist.</p> + + <p>Per'egrinate (Lat. v. <i>peregrina'ri,</i> to travel in foreign + lands); peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. <i>plrin,</i> a wanderer); + pil'grimage.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>AGERE</b>, to do. (See <a href="#agere">p. 23.</a>)</p> + +<h4>6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum <font size="-1">or</font> al'tum, <font size="-1">to nourish</font>; ALES'CERE: +ales'co <font size="-1">to grow up</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>al</b>: al'iment (Lat. n. <i>alimen'tum,</i> nourishment); + alimen'tary; al'imony (Lat. n. <i>alimo'ma,</i> allowance made to a + divorced wife for her support).</p> + + <p><b>alit</b>: coali'tion (-ist).</p> + + <p><b>alesc</b>: coalesce' (-ence, -ent).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ALIENUS</b>. (See <a href="#alienus">p. 25.</a>)</p> + +<h4>7. AL'TER, <font size="-1">another</font>; Alter'nus, <font size="-1">one after another</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>alter</b>: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); + unal'tered; alterca'tion (Lat. n. <i>alterca'tio,</i> a contention).</p> + + <p><b>altern</b>: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, <i>a subordinate + officer.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><b>AMARE; Amicus.</b> (See <a href="#amare">p. 25.</a>)</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ANIMUS; Anima.</b> (See <a href="#animus">p. 26.</a>)</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ANNUS.</b> (See <a href="#annus">p. 27.</a>)</p> + +<h4>8. ANTI'QUUS, <font size="-1">old, ancient</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>antiqu</b>: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. + <i>antique</i>), <i>old, ancient.</i></p> + +<h4>9. AP'TUS, <font size="-1">fit, suitable</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>apt</b>: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or).</p> + +<h4>10. A'QUA, <font size="-1">water</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>aque</b>: -duct (<i>du'cere,</i> to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; + terra'queous (Lat. n. <i>terra</i>, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. + <i>aquat'icus</i>, relating to water); aqua'rium (Lat. n. + <i>aqua'rium,</i> a reservoir of water), <i>a tank for water-plants and + animals.</i></p> + +<h4>11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, <font size="-1">a judge or umpire</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>arbiter</b>: ar'biter, <i>a judge or umpire.</i></p> + + <p><b>arbitr</b>: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. + <i>arbitramen'tum</i>, decision).</p> + +<h4>12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, <font size="-1">a tree</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>arbor</b>: ar'bor, <i>a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a + bower</i>; -et, <i>a little tree</i>; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, + <i>a place where specimens of trees are cultivated</i>; arboricult'ure + (-ist).</p> + +<h4>13. AR'MA, <font size="-1">arms, weapons</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>arm</b>: arm (n. and v.); arms, <i>weapons</i>; -or, <i>defensive + weapons</i>; ar'morer; ar'mory; armo'rial, <i>belonging to the + escutcheon or coat of arms of a family</i>; ar'mistice (<i>sis'tere</i>, + to cause to stand still); disarm'; unarmed'.</p> + + <p>Arma'da (Span, n.), <i>a naval warlike force</i>; ar'my (Fr. n + <i>arme</i>); ar'mament (Lat. n. <i>armamen'ta</i>, utensils); + armadil'lo (Span, n.), <i>an animal armed with a bony shell.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><b>ARS</b>. (See <a href="#ars">page 28.</a>)</p> + +<h4>14. ARTIC'ULUS, <font size="-1">a little joint</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>articul</b>: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly <i>jointed</i> + syllables), -ate (adj. formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; + ar'ticle (Fr. n. <i>article</i>).</p> + +<h4>15. AS'PER, <font size="-1">rough</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>asper</b>: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>AUDIRE</b>. (See <a href="#audire">page 29.</a>)</p> + +<h4>16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, <font size="-1">to increase</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>aug</b>: augment' (v.); augmentation.</p> + + <p><b>auct</b>: -ion, <i>a sale in which the price is increased by + bidders</i>; -ioneer. Author (Lat. n. <i>auc'tor</i>, one who increases + knowledge); author'ity; au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. <i>auxil'ium</i>, + help).</p> + +<h4>17. A'VIS, <font size="-1">a bird</font>; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, <font size="-1">a soothsayer</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>augur</b>: au'gur (n.), <i>one who foretells future events by + observing the</i> <i>flight of birds,</i> (v.) <i>to foretell</i>; + au'gury, <i>an omen</i>; inau'gurate, <i>to invest with an office by + solemn rites;</i> inaugura'tion; inau'gural.</p> + + <p><b>auspici</b>: -ous, <i>favorable</i>; inauspi'cious; aus'pices.</p> + +<h4>18. BAR'BARUS, <font size="-1">savage, uncivilized</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>barbar</b>: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous.</p> + +<h4>19. BIS, <font size="-1">twice or two</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>bi</b>: bi'ennial (Lat. n. <i>an'nus,</i> a year); big'amy (Greek + n. <i>gamos,</i> marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. <i>mil'lio,</i> a million; + literally, twice a million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. <i>pars, par'tis,</i> a + part); bi'ped (Lat. n. <i>pes, pe'dis,</i> foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. + <i>cuit</i>, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. <i>sec'tum,</i> cut); bi'valve + (Lat. n. <i>val'v,</i> folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. adj. <i>bi'ni,</i> + two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. <i>oc'ulus,</i> the eye); combine'; + combina'tion.</p> + +<h4>20. BO'NIS, <font size="-1">good</font>; Be'ne, <font size="-1">well</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>bonus</b>: bonus (something to the <i>good</i> of a person in + addition to compensation), bounty (Fr. n. <i>bont</i>, kindness); + boun'teous; boun'tiful.</p> + + <p><b>bene</b>: ben'efice (Lat. v. <i>fac'ere, fac'tum,</i> to do), + literally, <i>a benefit, an ecclesiastical living;</i> benef'icence; + benef'icent; benefi'cial; ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; + benedic'tion (Lat. v. <i>dic'ere, dic'tum,</i> to say); benev'olence + (Lat. v. <i>vel'le,</i> to will).</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p><i>In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words + printed in italic:</i> The <i>equator</i> divides the globe into two + <i>equal</i> parts. Good <i>agriculturists</i> read <i>agricultural</i> + papers. In the <i>primeval</i> ages the <i>longevity</i> of man was very + great. The <i>pilgrims</i> have gone on a <i>pilgrimage</i> to the Holy + Land. The <i>subaltern</i> had no <i>alternative</i> but to obey. To + remove the stain a powerful <i>acid</i> must be used. The <i>alimony</i> + which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered <i>adequate</i>. + The discourse, though learned, was not <i>edifying.</i> God is an + <i>eternal</i> and unchangeable being. The handsome <i>edifice</i> was + burned to the ground. The plants and animals in the <i>aquarium</i> were + brought from abroad. Though the style is <i>antiquated</i>, it is not + inelegant. The <i>arbitrary</i> proceedings of the British Parliament + <i>exasperated</i> the Americans. God is the <i>bountiful</i> Giver of + all good. The President made a short <i>inaugural</i> address. By + <i>combined</i> effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called + The <i>Antiquary</i>. It is <i>barbarous</i> needlessly to destroy life. + George Peabody was noted for his <i>benevolence</i>. The Romans were + famous for their great <i>aqueducts</i>.</p> + +<h4>21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, <font size="-1">to fall</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cad</b>: -ence, <i>a falling of the voice</i>; cascade' (Fr. n.); + deca'dence.</p> + + <p><b>cide</b>: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; + decid'uous; in'cident; oc'cident, <i>the place of the falling or setting + sun, the west.</i></p> + + <p><b>case</b>: case, <i>the state in which a thing happens or falls to + be</i>; casual (Lat. n. <i>ca'sus</i>, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, + <i>one who studies cases of conscience</i>; cas'uistry; occa'sion.</p> + + <p>Chance (Fr. v. <i>choir</i>, to fall), <i>something that befalls + without apparent cause</i>; decay (Fr. v. <i>dchoir</i>, to fall + away).</p> + +<h4>22. CD'ERE: c'do, c'sum, <font size="-1">to cut, to kill</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cide</b>: decide', <i>to cut off discussion, to determine</i>; + frat'ricide, <i>the killing of a brother</i> (Lat. n. <i>fra'ter</i>, a + brother); hom'icide (<i>ho'mo</i>, a man); infan'ticide (<i>in'fans</i>, + an infant); mat'ricide (<i>ma'ter</i>, a mother); par'ricide + (<i>pa'ter</i>, a father); reg'icide (<i>rex, re'gis</i>, a king); + su'icide (Lat. pro. <i>sui</i>, one's self).</p> + + <p><b>cise</b>: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; + excis'ion, incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion.</p> + +<h4>23. CAL'CULUS, <font size="-1">a pebble</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>calcul</b>: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of + pebbles anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; + miscal'culate.</p> + +<h4>24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, <font size="-1">to be white, to shine +(literally, to burn, to glow)</font>; Can'didus, <font size="-1">white</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cand</b>: -id, <i>fair, sincere</i>; -or, <i>openness, + sincerity</i>; incandes'cent.</p> + + <p><b>can'did</b>: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore <i>white</i> + robes).</p> + + <p>Cen'ser, <i>a vessel in which incense is burned</i>; in'cense (n.), + <i>perfume given off by fire</i>; incense' (v.), <i>to inflame with + anger</i>; incen'diary (Lat. n. <i>incen'dium</i>, a fire); can'dle (Lat. + <i>cande'la</i>, a <i>white</i> light made of wax); chand'ler (literally + a maker or seller of candles); chandelier'; candel'abra.</p> + +<h4>25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, <font size="-1">to sing</font>; Fr chanter, <font size="-1">to sing</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cant</b>: cant, <i>hypocritical sing-song speech</i>; canta'ta, + <i>a poem set to music</i>; can'ticle; can'ticles, <i>the Song of + Solomon</i>; can'to, <i>division of a poem</i>; discant'; incanta'tion, + <i>enchantment</i>; recant', literally, <i>to sing back, to + retract.</i></p> + + <p><b>chant</b>: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'.</p> + + <p>Ac'cent (Lat. <i>ad.</i> and <i>cantus</i>, a song), literally, <i>a + modulation of the voice</i>; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. + <i>prcan'ere</i>, to sing before).</p> + +<h4>26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, <font size="-1">to take</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cap</b>: -able, -ability; inca'pable.</p> + + <p><b>cip</b>: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. <i>ma'nus</i>, hand), + literally, <i>to take away from the hand of an owner, to free</i>; + incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. <i>municip'ium</i>, a free town; + <i>mu'nia</i>, official duties, and <i>cap'ere</i>, to take); + partic'ipate (Lat. n. <i>pars, par'tis</i>, a part); par'ticiple; prince + (Lat. n. <i>prin'ceps</i>,—Lat. adj. <i>pri'mus</i>, first: hence, + taking the <i>first</i> place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; + recip'ient; rec'ipe (imperative of <i>recip'ere</i>; literally, "take + thou," being the first word of a medical prescription).</p> + + <p><b>ceive</b> (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; + perceive'; receive'.</p> + + <p><b>capt</b>: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure.</p> + + <p><b>cept</b>: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; + decep'tive; except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; + intercept'; pre'cept; precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; + suscep'tible.</p> + + <p><b>ceit</b> (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; + receipt'.</p> + + <p>Capa'cious (Lat. adj. <i>ca'pax</i>, <i>capa'cis</i>, able to hold: + hence large); capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>CAPUT</b>. (See <a href="#caput">page 30.</a>)</p> + +<h4>27. CA'RO, carnis, <font size="-1">flesh</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>carn</b>: -age, <i>slaughter</i>; -al, -ation, <i>the flesh-colored + flower</i>; incar'nate; incarna'tion.</p> + + <p>Carne'lian (Lat. adj. <i>car'neus</i>, fleshy), <i>a flesh-colored + stone</i>; car'nival (Lat. v. <i>vale</i>, farewell), <i>a festival + preceding Lent</i>; carniv'orous (Lat. v. <i>vora're</i>, to eat); + char'nel (Fr. adj. <i>charnel</i>, containing flesh).</p> + +<h4>28. CAU'SA, <font size="-1">a cause</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>caus</b>: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. <i>cause</i>), n. and + v.</p> + + <p>Accuse' (Fr. v. <i>accuser</i>, to bring a charge against), -ative, + -ation, -er; excuse' (Fr. v. <i>excuser</i>, to absolve); excus'able; + rec'usant (Lat. v. <i>recusa're</i>, to refuse).</p> + +<h4>29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, <font size="-1">to beware</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>caut</b>: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution.</p> + + <p>Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), <i>an + intimation to stop proceedings</i>.</p> + +<h4>30. CA'VUS, <font size="-1">hollow</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cav</b>: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate.</p> + + <p>Cave (Fr. n. <i>cave</i>), literally, <i>a hollow, empty space</i>; + con'cave (Lat. adj. <i>conca'vus</i>, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. + <i>cavil'la</i>, a jest).</p> + +<h4>31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, <font size="-1">to go, to yield</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cede</b>: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; + secede'; unprecedented.</p> + + <p><b>ceed</b>: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-).</p> + + <p><b>cess</b>: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, <i>a collection of matter gone + away, or collected in a cavity;</i> ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; + acces'sory; conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; + interces'sor; preces'sion; proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; + success' (-ful, -ion, -ive).</p> + +<h4>32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, <font size="-1">to weigh, to estimate, to tax</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cens</b>: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion.</p> + + <p>Cen'sus (Lat. n. <i>census</i>, an estimate).</p> + +<h4>33. CEN'TRUM, <font size="-1">the middle point</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>centr</b>: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. <i>fu'gere</i>, to + flee); centrip'etal (Lat. v. <i>pet'ere</i>, to seek); concen'trate; + concentra'tion; concen'tric; eccen'tric; eccentric'ity.</p> + + <p>Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. <i>centre</i>), n. and v.; cen'tered.</p> + +<h4>34. CEN'TUM, <font size="-1">a hundred</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cent</b>: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. + <i>centena'rius</i>); centena'rian; centen'nial (Lat. n. <i>an'nus</i>, a + year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. <i>gra'dus</i>, a degree); cen'tipede (Lat. + n. <i>pes</i>, <i>pe'dis</i>, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. adj. + <i>centu'plex</i>, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. <i>centu'rio</i>, a + captain of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. <i>centu'ria</i>, a hundred + years); percent'age.</p> + +<h4>35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, <font size="-1">to sift, to see, to judge</font>; Discrimen, +discrim'inis, <font size="-1">distinction</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cern</b>: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, + discern'ment.</p> + + <p><b>cret</b>: decre'tal, <i>a book of decrees;</i> discre'tion; + discre'tionary; excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary.</p> + + <p><b>discrimin</b>: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate.</p> + + <p>Decree' (Fr. n. <i>decret</i>); discreet' (Fr. adj. <i>discret</i>); + discrete' (literally, sifted apart), <i>separate</i>.</p> + +<h4>36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, <font size="-1">to contend, to vie</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cert</b>: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; + preconcert'.</p> + +<h4>37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, <font size="-1">to gird</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cinct</b>: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, <i>girded or + tucked up, compressed, concise</i>; succinct'ness.</p> + +<h4>38. CIR'CUS, <font size="-1">a circle</font>; cir'culus, <font size="-1">a little circle</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>circ</b>: cir'cus, <i>an open space for sports</i>; cir'clet.</p> + + <p><b>circul</b>: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory.</p> + + <p>Cir'cle (Fr. n. <i>cercle</i>); encir'cle; sem'icircle.</p> + +<h4>39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, <font size="-1">to stir up, to rouse</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cite</b>: cite, <i>to summon or quote</i>; excite' (-able, + -ability, -ment); incite' (-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. + <i>suscita're</i>, to raise).</p> + + <p><b>citat</b>: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', <i>a species of + musical recitation</i>.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>CIVIS</b>. (See <a href="#civis">p. 31.</a>)</p> + +<h4>40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, <font size="-1">to cry out, to shout</font>; Clam'or, +<font size="-1">a loud cry</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>claim</b>: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, + ex-, pro-, re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble.</p> + + <p><b>clamat</b>: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; + exclama'tion; exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion.</p> + + <p><b>clamor</b>: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>The <i>decay</i> of the tree was caused by the <i>incisions</i> which + had <i>accidentally</i> been made in the bark. The <i>captives</i> will + be set at liberty, but the <i>precise</i> time of their + <i>emancipation</i> has not been fixed. The harbor is <i>capacious</i>, + and can <i>receive</i> vessels of the largest size. The merits of the + <i>candidates</i> were <i>discriminated</i> with great <i>candor</i>. We + were <i>enchanted</i> with the <i>carnival</i> at Rome. This + <i>recitation</i> is satisfactory. Have you ever seen a <i>centigrade</i> + thermometer? Nothing is so <i>successful</i> as <i>success</i>. The + number of <i>concentric circles</i> in the trunk marked the age of the + tree. No <i>censer</i> round our altar beams. The heat being + <i>excessive</i>, we took shelter in the <i>recesses</i> of a + <i>cave</i>. <i>Precision</i> is the <i>principal</i> quality of good + writing. Franklin's father was a tallow <i>chandler</i>. Last + <i>century</i> there was great <i>carnage</i> in America. + <i>Infanticide</i> is much practiced in China. The <i>proclamation</i> + was widely <i>circulated</i>. The president was <i>inaugurated</i> on the + 4th of March. The <i>census</i> is taken every ten years. <i>Conceit</i> + is worse than <i>eccentricity</i>. Have you filed your <i>caveat</i>?</p> + +<h4>41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, <font size="-1">to shut, to close</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>clud</b>: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'.</p> + + <p><b>clus</b>: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; + recluse'; seclu'sion.</p> + + <p><b>close</b>: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' + (-ure); enclose' (-ure).</p> + + <p>Clause (Fr. n. <i>clause</i>); clois'ter (old Fr. n. + <i>cloistre</i>).</p> + +<h4>42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, <font size="-1">to bend</font>; Cli'vus, <font size="-1">a slope or hill</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>clinat</b>: inclina'tion.</p> + + <p><b>cline</b>: de-, in-, re-.</p> + + <p><b>cliv</b>: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity.</p> + +<h4>43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, <font size="-1">to till, to cultivate</font> (<font size="-1">Low Lat.</font> Cultiva're, +<font size="-1">to cultivate</font>).</h4> + + <p><b>cult</b>: cult'ure (Lat. n. <i>cultu'ra</i>, a cultivation); + ag'riculture (Lat. n. <i>a'ger</i>, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. + <i>ar'bor</i>, a tree); flor'iculture (Lat. n. <i>flos</i>, + <i>flo'ris</i>, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. <i>hor'tus</i>, a + garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. <i>ausculta'tio</i>, a listening; hence, + a test of the lungs).</p> + + <p><b>cultiv</b>: -ate, -ation, -ator.</p> + + <p>Col'ony (Lat. n. <i>colo'nia</i>, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; + col'onize.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>COR.</b> (See <a href="#cor">page 32.</a>)</p> + +<p class="center"><b>CORPUS.</b> (See <a href="#corpus">page 33.</a>)</p> + +<p class="center"><b>CREDERE.</b> (See <a href="#credere">page 35.</a>)</p> + +<h4>44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, <font size="-1">to create</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>creat</b>: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-).</p> + +<h4>45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, <font size="-1">to grow</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cresc</b>: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'.</p> + + <p><b>cret</b>: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion.</p> + + <p>Accrue' (Fr. n. <i>accrue</i>, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. + <i>incremen'tum</i>, increase); recruit' (Fr. v. <i>recroitre</i>, + <i>recru</i>, to grow again).</p> + +<h4>46. CRUX, cru'cis, <font size="-1">a cross</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cruc</b>: cru'cial (Fr. adj. <i>cruciale</i>, as if bringing to the + cross: hence, severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot—Lat. n. + <i>crucib'ulum</i>—marked in old times with a cross); cru'ciform + (Lat. n. <i>for'ma</i>, a shape); cru'cify (Lat. v. <i>fig'ere</i>, + <i>fix'um</i>, to fix); crucifix'ion; excru'ciating.</p> + + <p>Cross (Fr. n. <i>croix</i>); cro'sier (Fr. n. <i>crosier</i>); cruise + (Dan. v. <i>kruisen</i>, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. + n. <i>croisade</i>, in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land + made under the banner of the cross); crusad'er.</p> + +<h4>47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (<font size="-1">in compos, <i>cumbo</i></font>), cub'itum, <font size="-1">to lie down</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cub</b>: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator.</p> + + <p><b>cumb</b>: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; + recum'bent; succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent.</p> + + <p>Cu'bit (Lat. n. <i>cub'itus</i>, the elbow, because it serves for + leaning upon); in'cubus (Lat. n. <i>in'cubus</i>), the nightmare.</p> + +<h4>48. CU'RA, <font size="-1">care</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cur</b>: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; + inac'curate; proc'urator.</p> + + <p>Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from <i>proc'uracy</i>). <i>authority to + act for another;</i> secure' (Lat. adj. <i>secu'rus</i>, from <i>se</i> + for <i>si'ne</i>, without, and <i>cu'ra</i>, care); secu'rity; insecure'; + si'necure (Lat. prep. <i>si'ne</i>, without—an office without + duties).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>CURRERE.</b> (See <a href="#currere">page 32.</a>)</p> + +<h4>49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, <font size="-1">to give</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>dat</b>: date (originally the time at which a public document was + given—<i>da'tum</i>); da'ta (Lat. plural of <i>da'tum</i>), + <i>facts or truths given or admitted;</i> da'tive.</p> + + <p><b>dit</b>: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; + tradi'tion; extradi'tion.</p> + + <p>Add (Lat. v. <i>ad'dere</i>, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. + adden'da), <i>something to be added</i>.</p> + +<h4>50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, <font size="-1">to owe</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>debt</b>: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.).</p> + +<h4>51. DE'CEM, <font size="-1">ten</font>; Dec'imus, <font size="-1">the tenth</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>decem</b>: Decem'ber (formerly the <i>tenth</i> month); + decem'virate (Lat. n. <i>vir</i>, a man), <i>a body of ten + magistrates;</i> decen'nial (Lat. n. <i>an'nus</i>, a year).</p> + + <p><b>decim</b>: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. + <i>duodec'imus</i>, twelfth), <i>a book having twelve leaves to a + sheet</i>.</p> + +<h4>52. DENS, den'tis, <font size="-1">a tooth</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>dent</b>: dent, <i>to notch;</i> den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. + <i>frica're</i>, to rub); den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. <i>denti'tio</i>, + a cutting of the teeth); eden'tate (Lat. adj. <i>edenta'tus</i>, + toothless); indent'; indent'ure; tri'dent (Lat. adj. <i>tres</i>, three), + <i>Neptune's three-pronged scepter;</i> dan'delion (Fr. + <i>dent-de-lion</i>, the lion's tooth), <i>a plant</i>.</p> + +<h4>53. DE'US, <font size="-1">a God</font>; Divi'nus, <font size="-1">relating to God, divine</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>de</b>: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity.</p> + + <p><b>divin</b>: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. <i>divina'tio</i>, a + foretelling the aid of the gods); divin'ity.</p> + +<h4>54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, <font size="-1">to say</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>dict</b>: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary + (Lat. n. <i>dictiona'rium</i>, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), + <i>positive opinion;</i> addict' (Lat. v. <i>addic'ere</i>, to devote); + benedic'tion (Lat. adv. <i>be'ne</i>, well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' + (Lat. v. <i>indic'ere</i>, to proclaim), <i>to charge with a crime;</i> + indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. <i>jus</i>, <i>ju'ris</i>, + justice), <i>relating to the distribution of justice;</i> maledic'tion + (Lat. adv. <i>ma'le</i>, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. + v. <i>va'le</i>, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. <i>ve'rus</i>, true).</p> + + <p>Dit'to, <i>n</i>. (Ital. n. <i>det'to</i>, a word), <i>the aforesaid + thing;</i> indite' (Lat. v. <i>indic'ere</i>, to dictate), <i>to + compose</i>.</p> + +<h4>55. DI'ES, <font size="-1">a day</font>; <font size="-1">French</font> jour, <font size="-1">a day</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>dies</b>: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. + <i>diur'nus</i>, daily); merid'ian (Lat. n. <i>merid'ies</i> = <i>me'dius + di'es</i>, midday); merid'ional; quotid'ian (Lat. adj. + <i>quotidia'nus</i>, daily).</p> + + <p><b>jour</b>: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; + so'journ; so'journer.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>DIGNUS</b> (See <a href="#dignus">page 37.</a>)</p> + +<h4>56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, <font size="-1">to divide, to separate</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>divid</b>: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, + <i>one not to be divided, a single person.</i></p> + + <p><b>divis</b>: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or.</p> + + <p>Device' (Fr. n. <i>devis</i>, something imagined or devised); devise' + (Fr. v. <i>deviser</i>, to form a plan).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>DOCERE</b>. (See <a href="#docere">page 38.</a>)</p> + +<h4>57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, <font size="-1">to grieve</font>.</h4> + + <p>Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent + (literally, not grieving or caring), <i>lazy</i>.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>DOMINUS</b>. (See <a href="#dominus">page 38.</a>)</p> + +<h4>58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, <font size="-1">to lead, to bring forward</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>duc</b>: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; + educa'tion; induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; + redu'cible; seduce'; superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer.</p> + + <p><b>duct</b>: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' + (-ion, -ive); induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; + prod'uct (-ion, -ive); reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct + (Lat. n. <i>a'qua</i>, water); vi'aduct (Lat. n. <i>vi'a</i>, a road); + con'duit (Fr. n. <i>conduit</i>), a channel for conveying water.</p> + +<h4>59. DU'O, <font size="-1">two</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>du</b>: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. + <i>plica're</i>, to fold); dupli'city (Lat. n. <i>duplic'itas</i>, + double dealing).</p> + + <p>Dubi'ety (Lat. n. <i>dubi'etas</i>, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. + <i>du'bius</i>, uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. <i>dubita're</i>, to + doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. <i>double</i>, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. + <i>doubt</i>), -ful, -less; undoubt'ed.</p> + +<h4>60. DU'RUS, <font size="-1">hard, lasting</font>; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, <font size="-1">to last</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>dur</b>: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, <i>state of being held + hard and fast;</i> duresse, <i>hardship, constraint;</i> endure' (-ance); + ob'duracy.</p> + + <p><b>durat</b>: dura'tion; in'durate, <i>to grow hard;</i> indura'tion; + ob'duracy.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>When the speech, was <i>concluded</i> loud acclamation <i>arose</i>. + In many parts of the <i>colony</i> much of the waste land has been + <i>reclaimed</i>, and <i>agricultural</i> operations now <i>receive</i> + the due attention of the <i>colonists</i>. The patient declined to + undergo <i>auscultation</i>. Fishing is a healthful <i>recreation</i>. + Many of the <i>crusaders</i> were inspired with great courage. + <i>Security</i> was offered, but it was not <i>accepted</i>. The + <i>incumbent</i> could not stand the <i>crucial</i> test, and hence + <i>succumbed</i>. A <i>curious excrescence</i> was cut from the tree. To + Neptune with his <i>trident</i> the Greeks ascribed <i>divine</i> power. + A French <i>journalist</i> has been <i>indicted</i>. The + <i>valedictory</i> was pronounced in <i>December</i>. What is the + difference between <i>addition</i> and <i>division</i>? We may easily + <i>predict</i> the ruin of an <i>indolent debtor</i>. How many + <i>maledictions</i> are heaped on <i>dentists</i>! The <i>reduction</i> + of the public <i>debt</i> is desirable. The prisoner was <i>doleful</i> + because he was in <i>duresse</i> vile. An educated man is known by his + <i>accurate</i> use of language. The <i>dandelion</i> is a + <i>productive</i> plant. The <i>pilgrims received</i> the priest's + <i>benediction</i> before setting out on their <i>journey</i>. The + <i>decimal</i> system <i>conduces</i> to the saving of time.</p> + + <p><b>61. EM'ERE: e'mo, emp'tum,</b> to buy or take.</p> + + <p><b>empt</b>: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. + <i>perempto'rius</i>, wholly taken away), <i>decisive</i>, <i>final</i>; + pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, <i>the right of buying before others</i>; + redemp'tion.</p> + + <p>Redeem' (Lat. v. <i>redim'ere</i>, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt + (Lat. adj. <i>promp'tus</i> = <i>pro-emp'tus</i>, taken out; hence, + ready); prompt'er; prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. <i>in + promp'tu</i>, in readiness).</p> + +<h4>62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, <font size="-1">to wander</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>err</b>: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. <i>er'ror</i>); + erro'neous (Lat. adj. <i>erro'neus</i>, erring).</p> + + <p><b>errat</b>: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), <i>a mistake in + printing;</i> aberra'tion.</p> + +<h4>63. ES'SE, <font size="-1">to be</font>; en, en'tis, <font size="-1">being</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ent</b>: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent + (Lat. adj. <i>om'nis</i>, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' + (-ation, -ative); misrepresent'.</p> + + <p>Es'sence (Lat. n. <i>essen'tia</i>, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence + (Lat. adj. <i>quin'tus</i>, fifth), <i>the highest essence; in'terest</i> + (3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of <i>interes'se</i> = it interests or is of + interest); disin'terested.</p> + +<h4>64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, <font size="-1">to do or make</font>; <font size="-1">French</font> Faire.</h4> + + <p><b>fac</b>: face'tious (Lat. adj. <i>face'tus</i>, merry); fac'ile + (Lat. adj. <i>fa'cilis</i>, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; + fac'ulty (Lat. n. <i>facul'tas</i>, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. + adj. <i>sim'ilis</i>, like), literally, <i>make like</i>, <i>an exact + copy</i>; facto'tum (Lat. adj. <i>to'tum</i>, the whole; literally, do + the whole), <i>a servant of all work</i>.</p> + + <p><b>fic</b>: ben'efice (see <i>bene</i>); def'icit (literally, it is + wanting), <i>a lack</i>; defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. + <i>diffic'ilis</i>, arduous); ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. <i>ef'ficax</i>, + <i>effica'cis</i>, powerful); effi'cient, <i>causing effects;</i> of'fice + (Lat. n. <i>offic'ium</i>, a duty); of'ficer; offi'cial; offi'cious; + profi'cient; suffice', literally, <i>to make up what is wanting</i>; + suffi'cient.</p> + + <p><b>fact</b>: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, <i>a party acting in + opposition;</i> fac'tious; facti'tious (Lat. adj. <i>facti'tius</i>, + artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture (Lat. n. <i>ma'nus</i>, the + hand).</p> + + <p><b>fect</b>: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, + literally, <i>made</i> <i>with sugar</i> (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); + effect' (-ive); effect'ual; infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, + literally, <i>thoroughly made</i> (-ion); imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; + refec'tory.</p> + + <p><b>faire</b> (past participle <i>fait</i>): fash'ion (Fr. n. + <i>faon</i>, the make or form of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. + <i>faisible</i>, that may be done); feat; affair'; coun'terfeit, + literally, <i>to make again</i>, <i>to imitate;</i> for'feit, (Fr. v. + <i>forfaire</i>, to misdo), <i>to lose by some fault;</i> sur'feit, v., + <i>to overdo in the way of eating</i>.</p> + +<h4>65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, <font size="-1">to deceive</font>; <font size="-1">French</font> Faillir, <font size="-1">to fall +short or do amiss</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fall</b>: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; + infal'lible.</p> + + <p><b>fals</b>: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or + artificial voice).</p> + + <p><b>fail</b>: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. <i>faulte</i>); fault'y; + fal'ter; default' (-er).</p> + +<h4>66. FA'NUM, <font size="-1">a temple</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fan</b>: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. <i>fanat'icus</i>, literally, + one inspired by divinity—the god of the fane), <i>a wild + enthusiast;</i> fanat'ical; fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be + before or outside of the temple), <i>to desecrate;</i> profane', adj., + <i>unholy</i>; profana'tion; profan'ity.</p> + +<h4>67. FA'RI, fa'tus, <font size="-1">to speak</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fat</b>: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory.</p> + + <p>Affable (Lat. adj. <i>affab'ilis</i>, easy to be spoken to); + affabil'ity; inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, <i>in'fans</i>, + <i>infan'tis</i>, literally, not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; + nefa'rious (Lat. adj. <i>nefa'rius</i>, impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. + <i>prface</i>), <i>something spoken or written by way of + introduction</i>.</p> + +<h4>68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (<font size="-1">in comp.</font> fes'sus), <font size="-1">to acknowledge, to +show</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fess</b>: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, + -or).</p> + +<h4>69. FELIX, feli'cis, <font size="-1">happy</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>felic</b>: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, <i>to make + happy by congratulation.</i></p> + +<h4>70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, <font size="-1">to keep off, to strike</font>.<a name="NtA_6"></a><a href="#Nt_6"><sup>6</sup></a></h4> + + <p><b>fend</b>: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er).</p> + + <p><b>fens</b>: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and + v., abbreviated from defence);<a name="NtA_7"></a><a + href="#Nt_7"><sup>7</sup></a> fencer; fencing.</p> + +<h4>71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, <font size="-1">to bear, to carry</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fer</b>: fer'tile (Lat. adj. <i>fer'tilis</i>, bearing, fruitful); + fertil'ity; fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, <i>a measure carried + around anything;</i> confer', <i>to consult;</i> con'ference; defer'; + def'erence; deferen'tial; dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; + prefer' (-able, -ence, -ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer + (-ance, -able, -er); transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. + <i>co'nus</i>, a cone); florif'erous (Lat. n. <i>flos</i>, + <i>flo'ris</i>, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. <i>fruc'tus</i>, + fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. <i>lux</i>, <i>lucis</i>, light), <i>the + morning or evening star, Satan;</i> pestif'erous (Lat. n. <i>pes'tis</i>, + pest, plague).</p> + + <p><b>lat</b>: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of + Latin nouns); collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, + <i>flattened at the poles;</i> obla'tion, <i>an offering;</i> prel'ate; + prel'acy; pro'late, <i>elongated at the poles;</i> relate' (-ion, -ive); + correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + + lat, through old Fr. verb <i>delayer</i>, to put off).</p> + +<h4>72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, <font size="-1">to boil</font>; Fermen'tum, <font size="-1">leaven</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ferv</b>: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', <i>to bubble or froth + up;</i> efferves'cence.</p> + + <p><b>ferment</b>: fer'ment, -ation.</p> + +<h4>73. FES'TUS, <font size="-1">joyful, merry</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fest</b>: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. <i>feste</i>, a + joyous meal); fte (modern Fr. equivalent of <i>feast</i>), <i>a + festival;</i> festoon (Fr. n. <i>feston</i>, originally an ornament for a + festival).</p> + +<h4>74. FID'ERE: fi'do, <font size="-1">to trust</font>; Fi'des, <font size="-1">faith</font>; Fide'lis, <font size="-1">trusty</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fid</b>: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; + dif'fident; per'fidy (per = through and hence <i>away from</i> good + faith); perfid'ious.</p> + + <p><b>fidel</b>: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity.</p> + + <p>Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. <i>falt</i> = Lat. <i>fidel'itas</i>), + <i>loy'alty;</i> fidu'cial (Lat. n. <i>fidu'cia</i>, trust); fidu'ciary; + affi'ance, <i>to pledge faith</i>, <i>to betroth;</i> affida'vit (Low + Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), <i>a declaration on oath;</i> + defy' (Fr. v. <i>dfier</i>, originally, to dissolve the bond of + allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave).</p> + +<h4>75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, <font size="-1">to join, fix, pierce</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fix</b>: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. <i>crux</i>, <i>cru'cis</i>, a + cross); cru'cify; fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, + something fixed below or on; hence, appended); transfix', <i>to pierce + through</i>.</p> + +<h4>76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, <font size="-1">to form, to feign</font>; Figu'ra, <font size="-1">a shape</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fict</b>: fic'tion; ficti'tious.</p> + + <p><b>figur</b>: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; + prefig'ure; transfig'ure.</p> + + <p>Feign (Fr. v. <i>feindre</i>, <i>feignant</i>, to pretend); feint + (<i>feint</i>, past part. of <i>feindre</i>); ef'figy (Lat. n. + <i>effig'ies</i>, an image or likeness); fig'ment (Lat. n. + <i>figmen'tum</i>, an invention).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>FINIS.</b> (See <a href="#finis">page 40.</a>)</p> + +<h4>77. FIR'MUS, <font size="-1">strong, stable</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>firm</b>: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, + originally, <i>firm foundation;</i> affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' + (-ation, -ative).</p> + +<h4>78. FLAM'MA, <font size="-1">a stream of fire</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>flam</b>: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory).</p> + + <p>Flambeau' (Fr. n. <i>flambeau</i> from v. <i>flamber</i>, to blaze); + flamin'go (Span. n. <i>flamenco</i>), <i>a bird of a flaming red + color.</i></p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>Age does not always <i>exempt</i> one from <i>faults</i>. + <i>Peremptory </i>orders were given that all the princes should be + <i>present</i> at the <i>diet</i>. Many <i>beneficial</i> results must + come from the <i>introduction</i> of drawing into the public schools. The + lady is <i>affable</i> and <i>perfectly</i> free from <i>affectation</i>. + The field is <i>fertile</i> and <i>produces</i> abundant crops. The + <i>professor's</i> lecture <i>related</i> to <i>edentate</i> animals. Men + sometimes <i>feign</i> a <i>fealty</i> they do not feel. The lady + <i>professed</i> that her <i>felicity</i> was ineffable. The King seized + a <i>flambeau</i> with zeal to destroy. It is a <i>nefarious</i> act to + make a <i>false affidavit</i>. <i>Fanaticism</i> is often + <i>infectious</i>. The <i>confirmed offender</i> had issued many + <i>counterfeits</i>. Dickens gives us the <i>quintessence</i> of the + <i>facetious</i>. In <i>figure</i> the earth is an <i>oblate</i> + spheroid.</p> + +<h4>79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, <font size="-1">to bend</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>flect</b>: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion); reflect' (-ion, -ive, + -or).</p> + + <p><b>flex</b>: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), + -ure; flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex.</p> + +<h4>80. FLOS, flo'ris, <font size="-1">a flower</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>flor</b>: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, <i>the goddess of + flowers</i>; flor'iculture (Lat. n. <i>cultu'ra</i>, cultivation); + florif'erous (Lat. v. <i>fer're</i>, to bear); flor'in (originally, a + Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour (literally, the <i>flower</i> + or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); flour'ish (Lat. v. + <i>flores'cere</i>, to begin to blossom, to prosper); efflores'cence; + efflores'cent.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>FLUERE.</b> (See <a href="#fluere">page 41.</a>)</p> + +<h4>81. FŒ'DUS, fœd'eris, <font size="-1">a league or treaty</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>feder</b>: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the + party that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; + confed'erate; confed'eracy; confedera'tion.</p> + +<h4>82. FO'LIUM, <font size="-1">a leaf</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>foli</b>: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of + <i>fo'lium</i>, a leaf), <i>a book made of sheets folded once</i>; + exfo'liate, <i>to come off in</i> <i>scales</i>; foil, <i>a thin leaf of + metal</i>; tre'foil, <i>a plant with three (tres) leaves</i>; cinque'foil + (Fr. <i>cinque</i>, five).</p> + +<h4>83. FOR'MA, <font size="-1">shape, form</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>form</b>: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); + deform' (-ity); inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); + reform' (-ation, -atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. + <i>for'mula</i>, pl. <i>for'mul</i>, a little form, a model); + for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. <i>mul'tus</i>, many); u'niform (Lat. + adj. <i>u'nus</i>, one).</p> + +<h4>84. FOR'TIS, <font size="-1">strong</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fort</b>: fort; for'tress, <i>a fortified place</i>; for'tify; + fortifica'tion; for'titude; com'fort, n., <i>something that strengthens + or cheers</i> (-able, -er, -less); discom'fort; effort, <i>a putting + forth of one's strength</i>; force (Fr. n. <i>force</i>, strength); + for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' (-ment).</p> + +<h4>85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, <font size="-1">to break</font>; Fra'gilis, <font size="-1">easily +broken</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>frang</b>, <b>fring</b>: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; + infringe' (-ment); refran'gible.</p> + + <p><b>fract</b>: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); + refract' (-ion, -ory).</p> + + <p>Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; <i>fraile</i> = Lat. + <i>fra'gilis</i>); frail'ty.</p> + +<h4>86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, <font size="-1">a brother</font>; Frater'nus, <font size="-1">brotherly</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fratr</b>: frat'ricide (Lat. v. <i>cd'ere</i>, to kill).</p> + + <p><b>fratern</b>: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity.</p> + + <p>Fri'ar (Fr. n. <i>frre</i>, a brother); fri'ary.</p> + +<h4>87. FRONS, fron'tis, <font size="-1">the forehead</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>front</b>: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; + effront'ery; fron'tier (Fr. n. <i>frontire</i>); front'ispiece (Lat. n. + <i>frontispi'cium</i>, from <i>frons</i> and <i>spic'ere</i>, to view; + literally, that which is seen in front).</p> + +<h4>88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, <font size="-1">to enjoy</font>; Fru'ges, <font size="-1">corn</font>; French Fruit, <font size="-1">fruit</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fruct</b>: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. <i>fer're</i>, + to bear).</p> + + <p><b>frug</b>: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. <i>fer're</i>, to + bear).</p> + + <p><b>fruit</b>: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion.</p> + +<h4>89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, <font size="-1">to flee</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fug</b>: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. <i>cen'trum</i>, the + center); feb'rifuge (Lat. n. <i>fe'bris</i>, fever); fugue (Lat. n. + <i>fu'ga</i>, a flight), <i>a musical composition</i>; ref'uge (-ee); + sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. <i>ver'mis</i>, a worm).</p> + + <p><b>fugit</b>: fu'gitive (adj. and n.).</p> + +<h4>90. FU'MUS, <font size="-1">smoke</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fum</b>: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. <i>fer're</i>, to + bear), <i>producing smoke</i>; fu'matory, <i>a plant with bitter + leaves</i>; per'fume (-er, -ery).</p> + + <p>Fu'migate (Lat. v. <i>fumiga're</i>, <i>fumiga'tum</i>, to smoke), + <i>to disinfect</i>; fumiga'tion; fu'migatory.</p> + +<h4>91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, <font size="-1">to pour</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fund</b>: refund'; found (Fr. v. <i>fondre</i> = Lat. + <i>fun'dere</i>), <i>to form by pouring into a mould</i> (-er, -ery); + confound' (Fr. v. <i>confondre</i>, literally, to pour together; hence, + to confuse).</p> + + <p><b>fus</b>: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, + -ive); effuse' (-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' + (-al); suffuse' (-ion); transfuse' (-ion).</p> + +<h4>92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, <font size="-1">to bear or carry</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ger</b>: ger'und, <i>a Latin verbal noun</i>; bellig'erent (Lat. n. + <i>bel'lum</i>, war); con'geries (Lat. n. <i>conge'ries</i>, a + collection); vicege'rent (Lat. <i>vi'ce</i>, in place of), <i>one bearing + rule in place of another</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gest</b>: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. <i>gestic'ulus</i>, a + mimic gesture); gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', + literally, <i>to carry apart</i>: hence, <i>to dissolve food in the + stomach</i> (-ible, -ion, -ive); suggest', literally, <i>to bear into the + mind from below</i>, that is, <i>indirectly</i> (-ion, -ive); reg'ister + (Lat. v. <i>reger'ere</i>, to carry back, to record); reg'istrar; + registra'tion; reg'istry.</p> + +<h4>93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, <font size="-1">to beget</font>; Gens, gen'tis, <font size="-1">a clan or +nation</font>, Ge'nus, gen'eris, <font size="-1">a kind</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>genit</b>: gen'itive, <i>a case of Latin nouns;</i> congen'ital, + <i>born with one;</i> primogen'itor (Lat. adj. <i>pri'mus</i>, first), + <i>an ancestor;</i> primogen'iture, <i> state of being first born;</i> + progen'itor, <i>an ancestor</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gent</b>: genteel' (Lat. adj. <i>genti'lis</i>, pertaining to the + same clan; hence of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle + (<i>genti'lis</i>, of good birth), <i>mild, refined</i>; gen'try + (contracted from gentlery), <i>a class in English society</i>; gen'tile, + <i>belonging to a nation other than the Jewish</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gener</b>: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. <i>genera're, + genera'tum</i>, to produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; + gen'erous; generos'ity; con'gener, <i>of the same kind;</i> degen'erate, + <i>to fall off from the original kind;</i> degen'eracy.</p> + + <p>Gen'der (Fr. n. <i>genre</i> = Lat. <i>ge'nus, gen'eris</i>), <i>the + kind of a noun as regards the sex of the object;</i> gen'ial (Lat. adj. + <i>genia'lis</i>, cheerful); gen'ius (Lat. n. <i>ge'nius</i>, originally, + the divine nature innate in everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. + <i>genui'nus</i>, literally, proceeding from the original stock; hence, + natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many species; engen'der (Fr. v. + <i>engendrer</i>, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. <i>ingenio'sus</i>, + acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. <i>ingen'uus</i>, frank, + sincere).</p> + +<h4>94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, <font size="-1">to walk</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>grad</b>: grada'tion; gra'dient (<i>gra'diens, gradien'tis</i>, + pres. part. of v. <i>gradi</i>), <i>rate of ascent, grade;</i> grad'ual + (Lat. n. <i>gradus</i>, a step); grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); + ingre'dient (Lat. part. <i>ingre'diens</i>, entering); ret'rograde.</p> + + <p><b>gress</b>: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' + (-ion); e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; + transgress' (-ion, -or).</p> + + <p>Grade (Fr. n. <i>grade</i> = Lat. <i>gra'dus</i>, degree or rank); + degree' (Fr. n. <i>degr</i> = <i>de</i> + <i>gradus</i>).</p> + +<h4>95. GRA'TUS, thankful, <font size="-1">pleasing</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>grat</b>: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. <i>gra'tiis</i>, by favor, for + nothing) grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); + congrat'ulate (-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate.</p> + + <p>Grace (Fr. <i>grce</i> = Lat. <i>gra'tia</i>, favor, grace); + grace'ful; gra'cious; grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. + <i>agrer</i>, to receive kindly), -able, -ment; disagree'.</p> + +<h4>96. GRA'VIS, <font size="-1">heavy</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>grav</b>: <i>grave</i>, literally, <i>heavy</i>: hence, + <i>serious</i>; grav'ity; gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion).</p> + + <p>Grief (Fr. <i>grief</i> = Lat. <i>gra'vis</i>), literally, + <i>heaviness of spirit, sorrow</i>; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>GREX.</b> (See <a href="#grex">page 41.</a>)</p> + +<h4>97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, <font size="-1">to have or hold</font>; HABITA'RE, +hab'ito, habita'tum, <font size="-1">to use frequently, to dwell</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>habit</b>: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, + <i>the natural abode of an animal or a plant;</i> habita'tion; cohab'it; + inhab'it (-able, -ant).</p> + + <p><b>hibit</b>: exhib'it, literally, <i>to hold out, to show</i> (-ion, + -or); inhib'it (-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory).</p> + + <p>Hab'it (Lat. <i>hab'itus</i>, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. + <i>habillement</i>, from v. <i>habiller</i>, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. + <i>hab'ilis</i>, literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, + apt, skillful.)</p> + +<h4>98. HRE'RE: h'reo, h'sum, <font size="-1">to stick</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>her</b>: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); + inhere (-ent).</p> + + <p><b>hes</b>: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive.</p> + + <p>Hes'itate (Lat. v. <i>hsita're, hsita'ium, </i>to be at a stand, to + doubt); hes'itancy; hesita'tion.</p> + +<h4>99. HRES, hre'dis, <font size="-1">an heir or heiress</font>; French Hriter, <font size="-1">to be heir to</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>hered</b>: hered'itary, <i>descending to heirs</i>.</p> + + <p><b>herit</b>: her'itable; her'itage; inher'it (-ance); + disinher'it.</p> + + <p>Heir (Old Fr. <i>heir</i> = Lat. <i>h'res</i>); heir'ess; heir'loom + (Anglo-Saxon <i>geloma</i>, goods).</p> + +<h4>100. HO'MO, hom'inis, <font size="-1">a man</font>; Huma'nus, <font size="-1">human</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>hom</b>: hom'age (Fr. <i>hommage</i>, literally, acknowledgment by + a <i>man</i> or vassal to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. + <i>cd'ere</i>, to kill)</p> + + <p><b>human</b>: hu'man, <i>belonging to a man</i>; humane', <i>having + the feelings proper to a man, kind</i>; human'ity; hu'manize; + inhu'man.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p><i>Floral devices</i> were tastefully <i>introduced</i>. The + <i>friar</i> gives himself to <i>reflection</i>, and does not care a + <i>florin</i> for worldly pleasures. The tree is covered with + <i>foliage</i>, but bears no <i>fruit</i>. The rights of the + <i>fraternity</i> have been <i>infringed</i>. The metal was <i>fused</i> + in iron pans. By the law of <i>primogeniture</i> the eldest son will + <i>succeed</i> to the estate. <i>Congress</i> met, and a <i>general</i> + of the army was chosen president. The <i>gradient</i> is <i>gentle</i>, + and the <i>access</i> easy. The <i>reform</i> of the <i>refractory</i> + was in the highest <i>degree genuine</i>. We <i>received</i> our + <i>frugal</i> meal with <i>gratitude</i>. Many of the <i>inhabitants</i> + perished in the <i>flames</i>. Hamilton and Jay were leading + <i>federalists</i>. To err is <i>human</i>; to forgive, <i>divine</i>. + The boy <i>gesticulated</i> violently, but it was a mere + <i>subterfuge</i>. Your words <i>infuse comfort</i> into my heart. May + one not be <i>human</i> without being <i>humane</i>? Do you know the + <i>difference</i> between the <i>genitive</i> and the <i>ablative + case</i>?</p> + +<h4>101. HU'MUS, <font size="-1">the earth</font>; Hu'milis, <font size="-1">on the ground, lowly</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>hum</b>: exhume' (-ation); inhume.</p> + + <p><b>humil</b>: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. + <i>humble</i> = Lat. <i>hu'milis</i>).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>IRE.</b> (See <a href="#ire">page 41.</a>)</p> + +<h4>102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, <font size="-1">to throw or cast</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ject</b>: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; + dejec'tion; eject' (-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); + object' (-ion, -ionable, -ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' + (-ion); subject' (-ion, -ive); traject'ory.</p> + + <p>Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. <i>ejacula're, ejacula'tum</i>, to hurl or throw); + ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. <i>jter = ja'cere</i>); jet'ty; + jut.</p> + +<h4>103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, <font size="-1">to join</font>; Ju'gum, <font size="-1">a yoke</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>junct</b>: junc'tion; junct'ure, <i>a point of time made critical + by a joining of circumstances</i>; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; + disjunc'tion; disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined + subordinately to something else).</p> + + <p><b>jug</b>: con'jugal, <i>relating to marriage; </i>conjugate (-ion); + sub'jugate (-ion).</p> + + <p>Join (Fr. v. <i>joindre</i> = Lat. <i>jun'gere</i>); adjoin'; + conjoin'; disjoin'; enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, + <i>joint</i> = Lat. <i>junc'tum</i>); joint'ure, <i>property settled on a + wife</i>, <i>to be enjoyed after her husband's death;</i> jun'ta (Spanish + <i>junta</i> = Lat. <i>junc'tus</i>, joined), <i>a grand council of state + in Spain; </i>jun'to (Span, <i>junt</i>), <i>a body of men united for + some secret intrigue</i>.</p> + +<h4>104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, <font size="-1">to swear</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>jur</b>: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, <i>to + effect something as if by an oath of magic;</i> con'jurer; per'jure, + <i>to forswear;</i> per'jurer; per'jury.</p> + +<h4>105. JUS, ju'ris, <font size="-1">right law</font>; Jus'tus, <font size="-1">lawful</font>; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, <font size="-1">a judge</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>jur</b>: jurid'ical (Lat. v. <i>dica're</i>, to pronounce), + <i>relating to the administration of justice;</i> jurisdic'tion, <i>legal + authority;</i> jurispru'dence, <i>science of law;</i> ju'rist; in'jure; + in'jury.</p> + + <p><b>just</b>: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; + justifica'tion.</p> + + <p><b>judic</b>: ju'dicature, <i>profession of a judge;</i> judi'cious, + <i>according to sound judgment;</i> prej'udice, n., <i>judgment formed + beforehand;</i> prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. <i>juge</i> = Lat. + <i>ju'dex</i>); judg'ment; prejudge'.</p> + +<h4>106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, <font size="-1">to gather, to read</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>leg</b>: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be + read—<i>legen'da</i>—in church); leg'endary; leg'ible; + le'gion (originally, a body of troops <i>gathered</i> or + levied—<i>le'gio</i>); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege (originally, + the gathering or stealing of something sacred—<i>sa'crum</i>).</p> + + <p><b>lig</b>: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, + assiduous): el'igible; intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; + neg'ligent (literally, not—<i>neg</i> = <i>nec</i> = + not—picking up).</p> + + <p><b>lect</b>: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' + (-ion); eclec'tic (Greek <i>ec</i> = <i>ex</i>); elect' (-ion, -or, + -oral); in'tellect; neglect'; predilec'tion, <i>a liking for</i>; + select' (-ion); les'son (Fr. n. <i>leon</i> = Lat. <i>lec'tio</i>, a + reading).</p> + +<h4>107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, <font size="-1">to raise</font>; Le'vis, <font size="-1">easily raised, light</font>; +<font size="-1">French</font> Lever, <font size="-1">to rise or raise</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>lev</b>: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); + rel'evant, literally, <i>raising up:</i> hence, <i>pertinent, + applicable</i>; rel'evancy; irrel'evant.</p> + + <p><b>lever</b>: leav'en (Fr. <i>levain</i>, yeast); Levant', literally, + <i>the place of the rising sun—the countries near the eastern part + of the Mediterranean Sea</i>; lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>LEX</b>. (See <a href="#lex">page 43.</a>)</p> + +<h4>108. LI'BER, <font size="-1">free</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>liber</b>: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty.</p> + + <p>Deliv'er (Fr. v. <i>dlivrer</i> = Lat. <i>delibera're</i>, to set + free); deliv'erance; deliv'ery.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>LITERA</b>. (See <a href="#litera">page 43.</a>)</p> + +<h4>109. LO'CUS: <font size="-1">a place</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>loc</b>: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. + <i>move're</i>, to move); al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate + (-ion).</p> + +<h4>110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, <font size="-1">to speak</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>loqu</b>: loqua'cious; loqua'city; col'loquy; collo'quial; + el'oquent; magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. <i>mag'nus</i>, big, pompous); + ob'loquy; solil'oquy (Lat. adj. <i>so'lus</i>, alone); ventril'oquist + (Lat. n. <i>ven'ter</i>, the stomach).</p> + + <p><b>locut</b>: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor.</p> + +<h4>111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, <font size="-1">to play or deceive</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>lud</b>: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. <i>lu'dicrus</i>, sportive, + laughable); allude', literally, <i>to play at, to refer to + indirectly</i>; delude'; elude'; prelude'.</p> + + <p><b>lus</b>: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; + illu'sion; prelu'sive; prelu'sory.</p> + +<h4>112. LUX, lu'cis, <font size="-1">light</font>; Lu'men, lu'minis, <font size="-1">light</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>luc</b>: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. <i>fer're</i>, to bear); lu'cid; + elu'cidate; translu'cent.</p> + + <p><b>lumin</b>: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine.</p> + +<h4>113. MAG'NUS, <font size="-1">great</font>; Ma'jor, <font size="-1">greater</font>; Magis'ter, <font size="-1">master</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>magn</b>: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. <i>an'imus,</i> soul); mag'nate, + <i>a man of rank;</i> mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. + <i>fac'ere</i>, to make), <i>showing grandeur;</i> mag'nitude.</p> + + <p><b>maj</b>: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty.</p> + + <p><b>magister</b>: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old + Fr. <i>maistre</i> = Lat. <i>magis'ter); </i>mis'tress (Old Fr. + <i>maistresse</i> = Lat <i>magis'tra</i>, fem. of <i>magis'ter</i>).</p> + +<h4>114. MA'NUS, <font size="-1">the hand</font>; <font size="-1">French</font> Main, <font size="-1">the hand</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>man</b>: man'acle (Lat. n. <i>man'ica,</i> a fetter); manip'ulate, + <i>to work with the hand</i> (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. + <i>fac'ere</i>, to make); manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. + <i>mit'tere,</i> to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. <i>scrib'ere, + scrip'tum</i>, to write); amanuen'sis (= <i>ab</i> + <i>ma'nus), one who + does handwriting for another;</i> eman'cipate (Lat. v. <i>cap'ere</i>, to + take); quadru'manous (Lat. <i>quatuor</i>, four).</p> + + <p><b>main</b>: man'ner (Fr. n. <i>manire</i>, originally, the mode in + which a thing is <i>handled</i>); maneu'ver (Fr. n. <i>manœuvre</i>, + literally, hand work; Fr. n. <i>œuvre = o'pus</i>, work); manure', + <i>v</i>. (contracted from Fr. <i>manœuvrer</i>, to cultivate by + manual labor).</p> + +<h4>115. MA'RE, <font size="-1">the sea</font>.</h4> + + <p>Marine' (Lat. adj. <i>mari'nus</i>, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; + mar'itime (Lat. adj. <i>mariti'mus</i> = <i>mari'nus</i>); submarine'; + transmarine'; ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. <i>mer</i> = Lat. + <i>ma're</i>).</p> + +<h4>116. ME'DIUS, <font size="-1">the middle</font>.</h4> + + <p>Medi'val (Lat. n. <i>'vum</i>, age), <i>relating to the Middle + Ages</i>; me'diate (-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. <i>medio'cris</i>, + middling; hence inferior); medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. + <i>ter'ra</i>, land); me'dium (Lat. n. <i>me'dium</i>, the middle); + imme'diate (prefix <i>in</i> = not), <i>with nothing intervening</i>; + interme'diate.</p> + +<h4>117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, <font size="-1">to remember</font>; Me'mor, <font size="-1">mindful</font>; MEMORA'RE +mem'oro, memora'tum, <font size="-1">to remember, to mention</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>meminisse</b>: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, <i>remember thou), + a reminder, a memorial</i>.</p> + + <p><b>memor</b>: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. <i>memoran'dus</i>, p. + part. of <i>memora're</i>; literally, something to be remembered); + commem'orate (-ion, -ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. <i>memo'ria</i>); memo'rial + (-ize); immemo'rial.</p> + + <p>Mem'oir (Fr. n. <i>mmoire</i> = Lat. <i>memoran'dum</i>); men'tion + (Fr. n. <i>mention</i> = Lat. <i>men'tio</i>, a speaking of); remem'ber + (Old Fr. v. <i>remembrer = Lat. remem'orare</i>); remem'brance; + remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. <i>rminiscence</i>, from Lat. v. + <i>reminis'ci</i>, to recall to mind).</p> + +<h4>118. MENS, men'tis, <font size="-1">the mind</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ment</b>: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, <i>insanity</i>; ve'hement + (Lat. adj. <i>ve'hemens = ve</i>, not, and <i>mens</i>; literally, not + reasonable), <i>furious, ardent.</i></p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>We <i>reject</i> insincere <i>homage</i>. When the body was + <i>exhumed</i> the <i>jury decided</i> that poison had been administered. + <i>Legendary</i> stories were <i>related</i> by the <i>friar</i>. The + <i>lessons</i> were <i>selected</i> with <i>intelligence. Levity</i> and + <i>gravity</i> are <i>different</i> qualities. The <i>mayor's</i> speech + was more <i>ludicrous</i> than <i>facetious</i>. The <i>magistrate</i> + claimed <i>jurisdiction</i> in the <i>locality</i>. We heard Hamlet's + <i>soliloquy</i> finely <i>delivered</i>. Do you <i>recollect</i> the + <i>magnificent</i> lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? The + <i>lecturer</i> was <i>lucid</i> in his <i>allusions</i>. In + <i>medival</i> times <i>homage</i> was exacted of all vassals. The + <i>mariners maneuvered</i> beautifully. Your <i>magnificent donation</i> + will be <i>gratefully remembered</i>. The <i>mermaid</i> is a mere + <i>delusion. Illegible manuscript</i> is a <i>decided nuisance</i>. The + eastern part of the <i>Mediterranean</i> is called the <i>Levant</i>. + Franklin's <i>memoirs</i> are very interesting.</p> + +<h4>119. MER'CES, <font size="-1">hire</font>; Merx, mer'cis, <font size="-1">merchandise</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>merc</b>: mer'cantile (Lat. part. <i>mer'cans, mercan'tis</i>); + mer'cenary (Lat. adj. <i>mercena'rius</i>); mer'cer (Fr. n. <i>mercier), + one who deals</i> <i>in silks and woolens</i>; mer'chant (Lat. part, + <i>mer'cans</i>); mer'chandise; com'merce (Fr. n. <i>commerce</i>); + commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. <i>merca'tus</i>, a place of public + traffic).</p> + +<h4>120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, <font size="-1">to dip, to sink</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>merg</b>: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, <i>that which arises + suddenly;</i> submerge'.</p> + + <p><b>mers</b>: emer'sion; immerse'.</p> + +<h4>121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, <font size="-1">to remove</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>migr</b>: em'igrant (Lat. part. <i>mi'grans, migran'tis</i>).</p> + + <p><b>migrat</b>: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate + (-ion); transmigra'tion, <i>the passage of the soul into another body + after death</i>.</p> + +<h4>122. MI'LES, mil'itis, <font size="-1">a soldier</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>milit</b>: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, <i>to act against</i>; mili'tia, + <i>enrolled soldiers not in a standing army.</i></p> + +<h4>123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, <font size="-1">to hang over</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>min.</b> em'inent (Lat. part, <i>em'inens, </i>standing out); + em'inence; im'minent, literally, <i>threatening to fall</i>; + pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; prom'inence; superem'inent.</p> + +<h4>124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, <font size="-1">to lessen</font>; Mi'nor, <font size="-1">less</font>; +Mi'nus, <font size="-1">less</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>minut</b>: minute'; minu'ti (pl. of Lat. n. <i>minu'tia,</i> a + very small object); min'uend (Lat. part, <i>minuen'dus</i>, to be + lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. <i>minuet</i> = Lat. adj. <i>minu'tus, + </i>small), <i>a dance of small steps</i>; dimin'ish (Lat. v. + <i>diminu'ere</i>, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive.</p> + + <p><b>minor</b>: mi'nor, <i>n</i>. and <i>a</i>.; minor'ity.</p> + + <p><b>minus</b>: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. + super, deg., least); min'im.</p> + +<h4>125. MINIS'TER, <font size="-1">a servant or attendant</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>minister</b>: min'ister; ministe'rial; min'istry; admin'ister; + administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor.</p> + +<h4>126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, <font size="-1">to wonder</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mir</b>: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. + <i>mirac'ulum</i>, a wonderful thing); mirac'ulous.</p> + + <p>Mirage' (Fr. n. <i>mirage</i>, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. + <i>miroir</i>, from v. <i>mirer</i>, to view).</p> + +<h4>127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, <font size="-1">to mingle</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>misc</b>: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous.</p> + + <p><b>mixt</b>: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'.</p> + +<h4>128. MI'SER, <font size="-1">wretched</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>miser</b>: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion).</p> + +<h4>129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, <font size="-1">to send or cast</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mit</b>: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; + intermit' (-ent); manumit' (Lat. n. <i>manus</i>, the hand), <i>to + release from slavery</i>; omit'; permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); + submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. <i>we send</i>), <i>a warrant of + commitment to prison</i>.</p> + + <p><b>miss</b>: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; + com'missary, <i>an officer who furnishes provisions for an army</i>; + commissa'riat; commis'sion (-er); com'promise; demise', <i>death</i>; + em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; + prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; + transmis'sible.</p> + +<h4>130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, <font size="-1">to keep within bounds</font>; +Mo'dus, <font size="-1">a measure or manner</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>moderat</b>: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate.</p> + + <p><b>mod</b>: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; + accom'modate (-ion); commode' (Lat. adj. <i>com'modus</i>, convenient). + <i>a small sideboard</i>; commo'dious, literally, <i>measured with</i>; + commod'ity, literally, <i>a convenience</i>; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. + adv. <i>mo'do</i>, lately, just now); mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. + <i>mod'ulus</i>, a measuring of tones); modula'tion.</p> + +<h4>131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, <font size="-1">to remind, to warn</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mon</b>: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. <i>monumen'tum</i>); + premon'ish; sum'mon (Lat. v. <i>summone're</i> = <i>sub</i> + + <i>mone're</i>, to remind privily), <i>to call by authority</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monit</b>: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; + premon'itory.</p> + +<h4>132. MONS, mon'tis, <font size="-1">a mountain</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mount</b>: mount, n. <i>a high hill</i>; v. <i>to rise or + ascend</i>; moun'tain (-eer, -ous); mount'ebank (It. n. <i>banco</i>, a + bench); amount'; dismount'; par'amount (Fr. <i>par</i> = Lat. <i>per</i>, + exceedingly), <i>of the highest importance</i>; prom'ontory (literally, + the <i>fore</i>-part or projecting part of a mountain); remount'; + surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. <i>tan'tus</i>, so much); + ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian + side).</p> + +<h4>133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, <font size="-1">to point out, to show</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>monstr</b>: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, + literally, <i>to show up</i>, <i>to display</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monstrat</b>: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; + remon'strance.</p> + +<h4>134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, <font size="-1">to bite</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mord</b>: mor'dant, <i>biting</i>, <i>serving to fix colors</i>; + morda'cious (Lat. adj. <i>mor'dax</i>, <i>morda'cis</i>, biting), + <i>severe</i>, <i>sarcastic</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mors</b>: mor'sel, literally, <i>a little bite</i>; remorse', + <i>the biting of conscience</i> (-ful, -less).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>MORS.</b> (See <a href="#mors">page 44.</a>)</p> + +<h4>135. MOS, mo'ris, <font size="-1">manner, custom</font>; <font size="-1">pl.</font> Mo'res, <font size="-1">manners or morals</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mor</b>: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize + (-ation).</p> + +<h4>136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, <font size="-1">to move</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mov</b>: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al).</p> + + <p><b>mot</b>: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. + n. <i>lo'cus</i>; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness).</p> + + <p>Mob (Lat. adj. <i>mob'ilis</i>, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); + momen'tum, <i>the force of a moving body</i>, <i>impetus</i>.</p> + +<h4>137. MUL'TUS, multi, <font size="-1">many, much</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>multi</b>: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; + mul'tiple (Lat. adj. <i>mul'tiplus</i> for <i>mul'tiplex</i>, manifold); + mul'tiply (Lat. adj. <i>mul'tiplex</i>); mul'tiplicate (-ion); + multiplic'ity.</p> + +<h4>138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, <font size="-1">a gift, a service</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mun</b>. munic'ipal (Lat. n. <i>municip'ium</i>, a free town), + <i>pertaining to a corporation</i>; municipal'ity; munif'icent; + munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. <i>commu'nis</i> = <i>con</i> + + <i>munus</i>; literally, ready to be of service); commune', <i>v.</i> + literally, <i>to share (discourse) in common</i>; commun'ion, commu'nity; + com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); commu'nicant; + excommu'nicate; immu'nity (<i>in</i> + <i>munus</i>; literally, absence + of service).</p> + + <p><b>muner</b>: remunerate (-ion, -ive).</p> + +<h4>139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, <font size="-1">to change</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mut</b>: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' + (-able).</p> + + <p><b>mutat</b>: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion.</p> + +<h4>140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, <font size="-1">na'tus, to be born, to grow</font>; Natu'ra, <font size="-1">nature</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nasc</b>: nas'cent, <i>growing</i>; renaissance' (a style of + decorative art <i>revived</i> by Raphael).</p> + + <p><b>nat</b>: na'tal; na'tion, originally, <i>a distinct race or + stock</i> (-al, -ality, -ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; + in'nate.</p> + + <p><b>natur</b>: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; + supernat'ural.</p> + +<h4>141. NA'VIS, <font size="-1">a ship</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nav</b>: nave, <i>the middle or body of a church</i>; na'val; + na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. adj. <i>nau'ticus</i>, from <i>nauta</i> or + <i>nav'ita</i>, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. <i>naviga're</i> = + <i>na'vis</i> + <i>ag'ere</i>); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; + circumnavigate.</p> + +<h4>142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, <font size="-1">to tie or bind</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nect</b>: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion).</p> + + <p><b>nex</b>: annex'; annexation.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>The <i>administration</i> of affairs is in the hands of her + <i>majesty's ministers</i>. A <i>miscellaneous collection</i> of goods + was sold on <i>commission</i>. The <i>merchant remitted</i> the money + called for in the <i>emergency</i>. The <i>suggestion</i> to + <i>modify</i> the plan was <i>tantamount</i> to its <i>rejection</i>. Do + you <i>admire</i> Bunker Hill <i>Monument</i>? A <i>miser</i> is an + object of <i>commiseration</i> to all who know him. <i>Remuneration</i> + will be allowed according to the <i>amount</i> of labor. The <i>major</i> + has been <i>promoted</i> to the rank of colonel. All who were + <i>connected</i> with the <i>movement</i> were <i>excommunicated</i>. As + the <i>annexed</i> territory is chiefly <i>maritime</i> it will greatly + <i>increase</i> the <i>commerce</i> of the <i>nation</i>. The <i>monitor + admonished</i> the pupils with great <i>gentleness</i>. The + <i>committee</i> said the <i>master</i> had done his work in an + <i>admirable</i> manner. The <i>Pilgrim</i> Fathers <i>emigrated</i> to + this country in 1620. A <i>minute missile moved</i> towards us. What is + the <i>subjunctive mood</i> or <i>mode</i>? A <i>multitude</i> of + <i>communists</i> appeared in Paris.</p> + +<h4>143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, <font size="-1">to deny</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>negat</b>: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, <i>an + apostate</i>.</p> + + <p>Deny' (Fr. v. <i>dnier</i> = Lat. <i>de</i> + <i>nega're</i>, to + contradict); deni'al; undeni'able.</p> + +<h4>144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, <font size="-1">neither of the two</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>neutr</b>: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize).</p> + +<h4>145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, <font size="-1">to hurt</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>noc</b>: no'cent, <i>hurtful</i>; in'nocent; in'nocence; + innoc'uous.</p> + + <p>Nox'ious (Lat. adj. <i>nox'ius</i>, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance + (Fr. v. <i>nuire</i> = Lat. <i>noce're</i>).</p> + +<h4>146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, <font size="-1">a name</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nomen</b>: nomenclat'ure, <i>a list of technical names</i>; + cogno'men, <i>a surname</i>.</p> + + <p><b>nomin</b>: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate + (-ion, -or); ig'nominy (Lat. <i>i(n)</i> + <i>gnomen</i>, old form of + <i>nomen</i>, a deprivation of one's good name); ignomin'ious.</p> + + <p>Noun (Fr. n. <i>nom</i> = Lat. <i>no'men</i>); pro'noun; misno'mer + (Old Fr. <i>mes</i> = wrong, and <i>nommer</i>, to name), <i>a wrong + name</i>.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>NORMA.</b> (See <a href="#norma">page 45.</a>)</p> + +<h4>147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, <font size="-1">to know</font>; No'ta, <font size="-1">a mark</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>not</b>: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; + notifica'tion; noto'rious (Lat. adj. <i>noto'rius</i>, making known), + <i>known in a bad sense</i>; notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'.</p> + + <p>No'ble (Lat. adj. <i>no'bilis</i>, deserving to be known); noblesse' + (Fr. n. <i>noblesse</i> = Lat. <i>nobil'itas</i>); nobil'ity; enno'ble; + igno'ble (Lat. prefix <i>i(n)</i> + <i>gnobilis</i>, old form of + <i>nobilis</i>); cog'nizance (Old Fr. <i>cognizance</i> = Lat. + <i>cognoscen'tia</i>, notice or knowledge), <i>judicial observation</i>; + connoisseur' (Fr. n. <i>connoisseur</i>, a critical judge); incog'nito + (Italian <i>incognito</i>, from Lat. part. <i>incog'nitus</i>, unknown), + <i>unknown, in disguise</i>; rec'ognize (Lat. <i>re</i>, again, and + <i>cognos'cere</i>, to know); recog'nizance, <i>a term in law</i>; + recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. reconnoitre), <i>to survey, to + examine</i>.</p> + +<h4>148. NO'VUS, <font size="-1">new</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nov</b>: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or).</p> + + <p>Nov'el (Lat. adj. <i>novel'lus</i>, diminutive of <i>no'vus</i>); adj. + <i>something new, out of the usual course</i>; n., literally, <i>a story + new and out of the usual course</i>; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, <i>a + beginner</i>; novi'tiate, <i>time of being a novice</i>.</p> + +<h4>149. NU'MERUS, <font size="-1">a number</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>numer</b>: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate + (Lat. v. <i>enumera're</i>, <i>enumera'tum</i>, to count or tell of), + <i>to reckon up singly</i>; enumera'tion; innu'merable (= <i>in</i> + + <i>nu'mer</i> + <i>able</i>, that may not be counted); supernu'merary, + <i>one above the necessary number</i>; num'ber (Old Fr. n. <i>numbre</i> + = Lat. <i>nu'merus</i>).</p> + +<h4>150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, <font size="-1">to announce</font>; Nun'cius, <font size="-1">a +messenger</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nunciat</b>: enun'ciate, <i>to utter</i> (-ion); denuncia'tion; + pronuncia'tion; renuncia'tion, <i>disavowal, relinquishment</i>.</p> + + <p>Nun'cio (Sp. n. <i>nuncio</i> = Lat. <i>nun'cius), a messenger from + the Pope</i>; announce' (Fr. v. <i>annoncer</i> = Lat. <i>ad</i> + + <i>nuncia're</i>), <i>to proclaim</i>; announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. + <i>dnoncer</i> = Lat. <i>de</i> + <i>nuncia're</i>), <i>to accuse + publicly</i>; pronounce' (Fr. v. <i>prononcer</i> = Lat. <i>pro</i> + + <i>nuncia're</i>); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. <i>renoncer</i> = + Lat. <i>re</i> + <i>nuncia're</i>), <i>to disclaim</i>; + renounce'ment.</p> + +<h4>151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, <font size="-1">to nourish</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nutri</b>: nu'triment, <i>that which nourishes</i>; nutri'tion; + nutri'tious; nu'tritive.</p> + + <p>Nour'ish (Fr. v. <i>nourrir</i> = Lat. <i>nutri'ere</i>); nurse (Fr. v. + <i>nourrice</i>; a nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, <i>a little one who is + nursed</i>; nurt'ure.</p> + +<h4>152. O'PUS, op'eris, <font size="-1">a work or deed</font>; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, <font size="-1">to work</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>oper</b>: operose, <i>requiring labor</i>, <i>tedious</i>.</p> + + <p><b>operat</b>: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, + -or).</p> + + <p>Op'era (It. <i>op'era</i> = <i>opera</i>, pains, pl. of <i>o'pus</i>), + <i>a musical drama</i>; operat'ic.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ORDO.</b> (See <a href="#ordo">page 45.</a>)</p> + +<h4>153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, <font size="-1">and</font> pas'sum, <font size="-1">to spread</font>; Pas'sus, +<font size="-1">a step</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pand</b>: expand', <i>to spread out</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pans</b>: expanse' (-ion, -ive).</p> + + <p><b>pass</b>: pass; pass'able, <i>that may be passed</i>, + <i>tolerable</i>; pas'sage; com'pass, v. <i>to stretch round</i>; + encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (<i>tres</i> = <i>trans</i>), <i>to pass + beyond due bounds</i>.</p> + + <p>Pace (Fr. n. <i>pas</i> = Lat. <i>pas'sus</i>); pas'senger (Old Eng. + <i>passager</i>); pass'over, <i>a Jewish festival</i>;<a + name="NtA_8"></a><a href="#Nt_8"><sup>8</sup></a> pass'port (= pass + + port, literally, a permission to leave a port or to sail into it.)</p> + +<h4>154. PAR, <font size="-1">equal</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>par</b>: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, <i>to injure by + comparison of unequals</i>; dispar'agement.</p> + + <p>Pair (Fr. adj. <i>paire</i> = Lat. <i>par</i>), <i>two of a kind</i>; + peer (Old Fr. <i>peer</i> or <i>pair</i> = Lat. <i>par</i>), <i>an + equal</i>, <i>a nobleman</i>; peer'age; peer'less; compeer'; non'pareil + (Fr. <i>non</i>, not, and <i>pareil</i>, equal), <i>a peerless thing or + person</i>.</p> + +<h4>155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, <font size="-1">to make ready, to prepare</font>; SEPARA'RE: +sep'aro, separa'tum, <font size="-1">to separate</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>parat</b>: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; + repara'tion.</p> + + <p><b>separ</b>: sep'arate, literally, <i>to prepare aside</i>: hence, + <i>to disjoin</i>; separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable.</p> + + <p>Parade' (Fr. n. <i>parade</i>, literally, a parrying), <i>military + display</i>; pare (Fr. v. <i>parer</i>, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. + v. <i>parer</i>, to ward off); appara'tus (Lat. <i>appara'tus</i> = + <i>ad</i> + <i>paratus</i>, literally, something prepared for a purpose); + appar'el (Fr. n. <i>appareil</i>, preparation); compare' (Fr. v. + <i>comparer</i> = Lat. <i>compara're</i>), <i>to set things together to + see how far they resemble each other</i>; prepare' (Fr. v. + <i>preparer</i> = Lat. <i>prepara're</i>); repair' (Fr. v. <i>rparer</i> + = Lat. <i>repara're</i>), literally, <i>to prepare again</i>, hence, + <i>to restore after injury</i>; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. + <i>sevrer</i> = Lat. <i>separa're</i>), <i>to render asunder</i>; + sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. <i>several</i> = Lat. <i>separa'lis</i>, + separate); sev'erance; dissev'er.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>PARS.</b> (See <a href="#pars">page 46.</a>)</p> + +<h4>156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, <font size="-1">a father</font>; Pa'tria, <font size="-1">one's native country</font>.</h4> + + <p>Pater'nal (Lat. adj. <i>pater'nus</i>, pertaining to a father); + pater'nity (Lat. n. <i>pater'nitas</i>, Fr. <i>paternit</i>), + <i>fathership</i>; patri'cian (Lat. adj. <i>patri'cius</i>, from + <i>pa'tres</i>, fathers or senators), <i>a Roman nobleman</i>; pat'rimony + (Lat. n. <i>patrimo'nium</i>), <i>an estate inherited from one's + ancestors</i>; pa'tron (Lat. n. <i>patro'nus</i>, a protector), <i>one + who countenances or supports</i>; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. + n. <i>pattern</i>, something to be copied), <i>a model</i>; expatriate, + <i>to banish</i>; expatria'tion.</p> + +<h4>157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, <font size="-1">to bear, to suffer</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pati</b>: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, + <i>consistent with</i>; compat'ibility; incompat'ible.</p> + + <p><b>pass</b>: pas'sion, <i>strong agitation of the mind</i>; pas'sive; + impas'sive, <i>insensible</i>; compas'sion, <i>sympathy</i>; + compas'sionate.</p> + +<h4>158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, <font size="-1">to drive</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pel</b> (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-).</p> + + <p><b>puls</b>: pulse, <i>the beating of an artery as blood is driven + through it</i>; pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; + expul'sion; propul'sion; repulse'; repul'sive.</p> + +<h4>159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, <font size="-1">to hang</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pend</b>: pen'dant, <i>a long, narrow flag</i>; pend'ing, <i>not + decided, during</i>; append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); + independ'ent; independ'ence; suspend'.</p> + + <p><b>pens</b>: pen'sile, <i>hanging</i>; suspense'(-ion).</p> + + <p>Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. <i>pen'dulus</i>, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. + <i>pen'dulus)</i>; appen'dix (Lat. n. <i>appen'dix</i>, an addition).</p> + +<h4>160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, <font size="-1">to weigh, to pay</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pend</b>: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. + n. <i>compen'dium</i>, that which is weighed, saved, shortened); + compen'dious (Lat. adj. <i>compendio'sus</i>, brief, succinct); expend'; + expen'diture; sti'pend (Lat. n. <i>stipen'dium</i>, literally, the pay + of soldiers); stipendiary.</p> + + <p><b>pens</b>: pen'sive, <i>thoughtful</i>; pen'sion, <i>an allowance + for past services</i> (-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', <i>to deal + out</i> (-ary); dispensa'tion; indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); + rec'ompense.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>PES</b>. (See <a href="#pes">page 47.</a>)</p> + +<h4>161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, <font size="-1">to attack, to seek</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pet</b>: centrip'etal (Lat. n. <i>cen'trum</i>, center); compete'; + com'petent, <i>fit, suitable</i>; com'petence, <i>sufficiency</i>; + incom'petent.</p> + + <p><b>petit</b>: peti'tion, <i>a request</i> (-er); compet'itor; + compet'itive; repeti'tion.</p> + + <p>Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. <i>petulant</i>, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. + <i>apptit</i>), <i>a seeking for hunger</i>; impet'uous (Lat. adj. + <i>impetuo'sus</i>, vehement); impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. + <i>im'petus</i>, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. <i>rpter</i> = Lat. + <i>repet'ere</i>).</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE</h4> + + <p><i>Numerous objections</i> were <i>submitted</i> against the + <i>innovations</i> about to be <i>introduced</i>. The <i>obnoxious</i> + articles have been <i>removed</i>. The <i>nominee</i> by his + <i>ludicrous</i> speech <i>neutralized</i> all that his friends did for + him. <i>Part</i> of the <i>apparatus prepared</i> for the <i>occasion</i> + was damaged in <i>transmission</i>. The <i>patronage</i> of the + <i>nobility</i> and <i>gentry connected</i> with the neighborhood was + asked. Many <i>parts</i> of the <i>edifice</i> are highly <i>ornate</i>. + Christ had <i>compassion</i> on the <i>multitude</i>, for they had been a + long time without food. The <i>petitioner's application</i> for a + <i>pension</i> was not <i>repeated</i>. How can an <i>acid</i> be + <i>neutralized</i>? The <i>renegade</i> was brought to <i>ignominy</i>. + The <i>prince</i> was travelling <i>incognito</i>. The young lady seems + <i>pensive</i> rather than <i>petulant</i>. Here is a new <i>edition</i> + of the <i>novel</i>, with <i>annotations</i> by the <i>author</i>. The + <i>opera</i> seems to be well <i>patronized</i> this winter. Webster had + a <i>compendious mode</i> of stating great truths. What is meant by + <i>centripetal motion</i>? What is the <i>difference</i> between the + <i>numerator</i> and the <i>denominator</i>?</p> + +<h4>162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, <font size="-1">to twist</font>; PLICA'RE: pli'co, +plica'tum, <font size="-1">and</font> plic'itum, <font size="-1">to fold</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>plex</b>: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; + complex'ity; perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly—<i>per</i>: + hence, to puzzle or embarrass); perplex'ity.</p> + + <p><b>plic</b>: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable.</p> + + <p><b>plicat</b>: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; + im'plicate (-ion); replica'tion, <i>an answer in law</i>; sup'plicate, + <i>to entreat earnestly</i>; supplica'tion.</p> + + <p><b>plicit</b>: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly + stated); implic'it, <i>implied</i>.</p> + + <p>Ply (Fr. v. <i>plier</i> = Lat. <i>plica're</i>), <i>to work + diligently</i>; pli'able, <i>easily bent</i>; pli'ant; pli'ancy; + accom'plice, <i>an associate in crime</i>; apply' (Old Fr. <i>applier</i> + = Lat. <i>applica're</i>); appli'ance, <i>the thing applied</i>; comply' + (Fr. v. <i>plier</i>), <i>to fold with</i>: hence, <i>to conform or + assent</i>; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. <i>desployer</i>, to + unfold); doub'le (Fr. adj. <i>double</i> = Lat. <i>du'plex</i>, twofold); + du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. <i>duplic'itas</i>, from <i>du'plex</i>, + double); employ' (Fr. v. <i>employer</i> = Lat. <i>implica're</i>), <i>to + keep at work</i>; employ; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' (Fr. n. + <i>exploit</i> = Lat. <i>explic'itum</i>, literally, something unfolded, + set forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, <i>to + infold</i>: hence <i>to involve</i>, <i>to signify</i>; mul'tiply (Fr. v. + <i>multiplier</i> = Lat. <i>mul'tus</i> much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. + <i>qua'tuor</i>, four); reply' (Old Fr. v. <i>replier</i> = Lat. + <i>replica're</i>, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. <i>simplex</i>, gen. + <i>simplicis</i>), <i>not compounded</i>, <i>artless</i>; sim'pleton + (compare It. <i>simplicione</i>, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. + <i>simplic'itas</i>); sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. <i>souple</i> = Lat. + <i>sup'plex</i>, bending the knee, from <i>sub</i> and <i>plica're</i>); + sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, kneeling down); treb'le + (Old Fr. adj. <i>treble</i> = Lat. <i>tri'plex</i>, threefold); trip'le + (Lat. <i>tri'plex</i>); trip'let, <i>three lines rhyming + alternately</i>.</p> + +<h4>163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, <font size="-1">to place</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pon</b>: compo'nent, <i>forming a compound</i>; depone', <i>to bear + testimony</i>; depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment).</p> + + <p><b>posit</b>: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, <i>a system of + philosophy</i>; pos'itivist, <i>a believer in the positive + philosophy</i>; ap'posite, <i>adapted to</i>; compos'ite, + <i>compound</i>; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; depos'it + (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, <i>the giving testimony under oath</i>; + exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; juxtaposi'tion; + op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; + suppositi'tious; transposi'tion.</p> + + <p>Pose (Fr. v. <i>poser</i> = Lat. <i>pon'ere</i>), <i>to bring to a + stand by questions</i>; post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. <i>posture</i> = + Lat. <i>positu'ra</i>, position); compose' (Fr. v. <i>composer</i> = Lat. + <i>compon'ere</i>); compos'ure; com'pound (Lat. v. <i>compon'ere</i>); + com'post, <i>a mixture</i>, <i>a manure</i>; depot' (Fr. n. <i>dpt</i> + = Lat. <i>depos'itum</i>); dispose' (Fr. v. <i>disposer</i>); dispo'sal; + expose' (Fr. v. <i>exposer</i>); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. + <i>imposer</i>); im'post, <i>a tax placed on imported goods</i>; + impos'tor, <i>one guilty of fraud</i>; impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; + propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. <i>provost</i>, from Lat <i>prpos'itus</i>, + placed before, a chief), <i>the principal of a college</i>; pur'pose (Old + Fr. n. <i>purpos</i>, <i>propos</i> = Lat. <i>propos'itum</i>), <i>an end + set before</i> <i>one</i>; repose' (Fr. v. <i>reposer</i>); suppose' (Fr. + v. <i>supposer</i>); transpose' (Fr. v. <i>transposer</i>).</p> + +<h4>164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, <font size="-1">to carry</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>port</b>: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, + -er); im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, <i>design</i>; report' (-er); + support'; insupport'able; transport' (-ation).</p> + + <p>Portfo'lio (Lat. n. <i>fo'lium</i>, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. + <i>manteau</i>, a cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. <i>importu'nus</i>, + unseasonable); import'unate; importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. + <i>opportu'nus,</i> literally, at or before the port or harbor: hence, + seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune.</p> + +<h4>165. POS'SE, <font size="-1">to be able</font>; Po'tens, poten'tis, <font size="-1">powerful, mighty</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>posse</b>: pos'sible (Lat. adj. <i>possib'ilis</i>); possibil'ity; + impos'sible.</p> + + <p><b>potent</b>: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; + omnip'otent (Lat. adj. <i>om'nis</i>, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. + <i>ple'nus</i>, full).</p> + +<h4>166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, <font size="-1">to lay hold of, to +seize</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>prehend</b>: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'.</p> + + <p><b>prehens</b>: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; + comprehen'sible; comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible.</p> + + <p>Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. <i>apprentis</i>, from v. <i>apprendre</i>, to + learn); apprise' (Fr. v. <i>apprendre</i>, part. <i>appris</i>, to + inform); comprise' (Fr. v. <i>comprendre, compris</i>), <i>to + include</i>; en'terprise (Fr. n. <i>entrepise</i>, something undertaken); + impreg'nable (Fr. adj. <i>imprenable</i>, not to be taken); pris'on (Fr. + n. <i>prison</i>); prize (Fr. n. <i>prise</i>, something taken, from + <i>prendre, pris</i>, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. <i>repreuver</i>, + to condemn), <i>to grant a respite</i>; repri'sal; surprise'.</p> + +<h4>167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, <font size="-1">to press</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>press</b>: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); + express' (-ion, -ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; + oppress' ('-ion, -ive, -or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion).</p> + + <p>Print (abbreviated from <i>imprint</i>, from Old Fr. v. + <i>preindre</i> = Lat. <i>prem'ere</i>); im'print, <i>the name of the + publisher and the title page of a book</i>; imprima'tur (Lat. <i>let it + be printed</i>), originally, <i>a license to print a book, the imprint of + a publisher</i>.</p> + +<h4>168. PRI'MUS, <font size="-1">first</font>; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, <font size="-1">chief, original</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>prim</b>: prime; pri'mate, <i>the highest dignitary of a + church</i>; pri'macy; prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. <i>'vum</i>, + an age); prim'itive; primogen'itor (Lat. n. <i>gen'itor</i>, a begetter); + primogeniture (Lat. n. <i>genitu'ra</i>, a begetting), <i>the exclusive + right of inheritance which in English law belongs to the eldest son or + daughter</i>; primor'dial (Lat. v. <i>ordi'ri</i>, to begin), <i>existing + from the beginning</i>; prim'rose (Lat. n. <i>ro'sa</i>); prin'cess; + prince (Fr. n. <i>prince</i> = Lat. <i>prin'ceps</i>); prin'cipal; + prin'ciple.</p> + + <p>Pre'mier (Fr. adj. <i>premier</i>, first), <i>the prime minister</i>; + pri'or (Lat. adj. <i>prior</i>, former); pri'oress, <i>the female + superior of a convent</i>; pri'ory, <i>a convent</i>; prior'ity, <i>state + of being first</i>; pris'tine (Lat. adj. <i>pristi'nus</i>, primitive), + <i>original, ancient.</i></p> + +<h4>169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, <font size="-1">to try, to prove</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>prob</b>: prob'able, <i>likely, credible</i>; probabil'ity; + improb'able; pro'bate, <i>the proof of a will</i>; proba'tion, <i>the act + of trying</i>; proba'tioner; proba'tionary; probe, <i>to try by an + instrument</i>; prob'ity, <i>tried integrity</i>; approba'tion, + <i>commendation</i>; rep'robate (adj. literally, proved against), + <i>base, condemned</i>.</p> + + <p>Prove (Old Fr. <i>prover</i>, New Fr. <i>prouver</i> = Lat. + <i>proba're</i>); proof (Old Fr. n. <i>prove</i> = Lat. <i>pro'ba</i>, + proof); approve' (Fr. v. <i>approuver</i> = Lat. <i>approba're</i>); + approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; reproof'.</p> + +<h4>170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, <font size="-1">to prick</font>; Punc'tum, <font size="-1">a point</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pung</b>: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', <i>to mark out</i>.</p> + + <p><b>punct</b>: punctil'io (Sp. <i>punctillo</i>, from Lat. + <i>punc'tum</i>, a point), <i>a nice point of exactness in conduct</i>, + etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; + compunc'tion, <i>remorse</i>.</p> + + <p>Punch (abbreviated from <i>puncheon</i>, from Lat. n. <i>punc'tio</i>, + a pricking), <i>an instrument for cutting holes</i>; point (Fr. n. + <i>pointe</i> = Lat. <i>punc'tum)</i>; poign'ant (Fr. part. + <i>poignant</i>, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. <i>poignard</i>), <i>a small + dagger</i>.</p> + +<h4>171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, <font size="-1">to think, to prune, to count or reckon</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>put</b>: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. + <i>deputa're</i>, to allot), <i>to empower to act</i>; dep'uty; dispute' + (-ant); indis'putable; impute' (literally, to reckon in), <i>to + charge</i>; repute'; disrepute' (-able).</p> + + <p><b>putat</b>: pu'tative, <i>supposed</i>; am'putate, <i>to cut off the + limb from an animal</i>; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion.</p> + + <p>Count (Fr. v. <i>compter</i> = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; + recount'.</p> + +<h4>172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, <font size="-1">to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry +away</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>rap</b>: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. <i>ra'pax, rapa'cis</i>, greedy); + rapac'ity; rap'id (Lat. adj. <i>rap'idus</i>, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; + rap'ine (Lat. n. <i>rapi'na</i>, robbery).</p> + + <p><b>rapt</b>: rapt, <i>transported</i>; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; + surrepti'tious (Lat. v. <i>surrip'ere, surrep'tum</i>, to take away + secretly), <i>done by stealth</i>.</p> + + <p>Rav'age (Fr. v. <i>ravager</i> = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. + <i>ravir</i> = Lat. <i>rap'ere</i>).</p> + +<h4>173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, <font size="-1">to rule</font>; Rec'tus, <font size="-1">straight</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>reg</b>: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. <i>reg'imen</i>, that + by which one guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. + <i>regimen'tum</i>); re'gion (Lat. <i>re'gio, regio'nis</i>, a region); + cor'rigible (Lat. v. <i>corrig'ere</i> = <i>con</i> + <i>reg'ere</i>); + incor'rigible.</p> + + <p><b>rect</b>: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. + <i>corrig'ere</i> = <i>con</i> + <i>reg'ere), to remove faults</i>; + direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion.</p> + + <p>Re'gal (Lat. n. <i>rex, re'gis</i>, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. + v. <i>cd'ere</i>, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. <i>reg'ula</i>, a rule); + reg'ulate; realm (Old Fr. <i>realme</i>, from Lat. adj. <i>rega'lis</i>, + royal); reign (Fr. n. <i>rgne</i> = Lat. <i>reg'num); </i>corrigen'da + (sing. <i>corrigen'dum), things</i> <i>to be corrected;</i> dress (Fr. v. + <i>dresser</i> = Lat <i>dirig'ere</i>); address' (Fr. v. <i>adresser</i>, + to direct); redress' (Fr. v. <i>redresser</i> = Lat. <i>re</i> + + <i>dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair</i>; source (Fr. n. <i>source</i>, + from Lat. <i>sur'gere</i>, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. + <i>insur'gere</i>).</p> + +<h4>174. RI'VUS, <font size="-1">a river</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>riv</b>: ri'val (Lat. n. <i>riva'lis</i>, one who used a brook in + common with another); ri'valry; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. + <i>riv'ulus</i>, diminutive of <i>ri'vus</i>); derive' (literally, to + receive as from a source); deriva'tion; deriv'ative.</p> + +<h4>175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, <font size="-1">to ask</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>rog</b>: ar'rogant, <i>proud, overbearing</i>; ar'rogance; + prorogue' (Fr. v. <i>proroger</i> = Lat. <i>proroga're</i>).</p> + + <p><b>rogat</b>: ab'rogate; <i>to repeal</i>; ar'rogate, <i>to + assume</i>; arroga'tion; derog'atory, <i>detracting</i>; inter'rogate + (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative (literally, that is asked before others + for an opinion: hence, preference), <i>exclusive or peculiar right or + privilege</i>; proroga'tion, <i>prolonga'tion</i>; superer'ogate (Lat. + <i>super</i> + <i>eroga're</i>, to spend or pay out over and above), + <i>to do more than is necessary</i>; supereroga'tion.</p> + +<h4>176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, <font size="-1">to break</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>rupt</b>: rupt'ure, <i>to part violently</i>; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); + bank'rupt (It. n. <i>banco</i>, a merchant's place of business); + bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, -ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion; interrupt' + (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive.</p> + +<h4>177. SA'CER, sa'cri, <font size="-1">holy</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sacr</b>: sac'rament (Lat. n. <i>sacramen'tum</i>, an oath, a sacred thing); + sa'cred (orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. <i>sacre</i>, to consecrate); + sac'rifice (Lat. v. <i>fac'ere</i>, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that + steals—properly gathers, picks up, <i>leg'ere</i>—sacred things); + sac'ristan (Low Lat. <i>sacrista'nus)</i>, a church officer.</p> + + <p><b>secr</b>: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); + ex'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. <i>sacer'dos, + sacerdo'tis</i>, priest), <i>pertaining to the priesthood.</i></p> + +<h4>178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, <font size="-1">health</font>; Sal'vus, <font size="-1">safe</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>salut</b>: sal'utary, <i>promoting health</i>; salu'tatory, + <i>giving salutation</i>; salute' (-ion).</p> + + <p><b>salv</b>: sal'vage, <i>reward for saving goods</i>; sal'vo, <i>a + volley</i>; salva'tion.</p> + + <p>Safe (through Old Fr. <i>salf</i> or <i>sauf</i>); safe'ty; save; + sav'ior salu'brious (Lat. adj. <i>salu'bris</i>, health-giving); + salu'brity.</p> + +<h4>179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (<font size="-1">in comp.</font> scen'do), scan'dum (<font size="-1">in comp.</font> +scen'sum), <font size="-1">to climb</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>scend</b>: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' + (-ing); transcend' (-ent); transcendental.</p> + + <p><b>scens</b>: ascen'sion; ascent'; condescen'sion.</p> + +<h4>180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, <font size="-1">to write</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>scrib</b>: ascribe', <i>to impute to</i>; circumscribe', <i>to draw + a line around, to limit</i>; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', <i>to + order or appoint</i>; pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), <i>to + interdict</i>; subscribe'; superscribe'; transcribe'.</p> + + <p><b>script</b>: script, <i>type in imitation of handwriting</i>; + script'ure; ascrip'tion; con'script, <i>one taken by lot and enrolled for + military service</i>; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; + man'uscript (see <i>manus</i>); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; + subscription; superscrip'tion; tran'script.</p> + + <p>Scribe (Fr. n. <i>scribe</i>); scrib'ble; escritoire'.</p> + +<h4>181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, <font size="-1">to cut</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sec</b>: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. <i>se'cans</i>, <i>secan'tis</i>), + <i>a line that cuts another</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sect</b>: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others + by peculiar doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. + <i>bis</i>, two); dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose + body is apparently cut in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. + <i>vora're</i>, to feed); intersect' (-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. + <i>vena</i>, a vein).</p> + + <p>Seg'ment (Lat. n. <i>segmen'tum), a part cut off.</i></p> + +<h4>182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (<font size="-1">in comp.</font> se'do), ses'sum, <font size="-1">to sit</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sed</b>: sed'entary (Lat. adj. <i>sedenta'rius</i>, accustomed to + sit); sed'iment (Lat. n. <i>sedimen'tum</i>, a settling or sinking down); + sedimen'tary; sed'ulous (Lat. adj. <i>sed'ulus</i>, sitting close to an + employment); supersede'.</p> + + <p><b>sid</b>: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting + in wait against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); + pres'ident; presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; + subsidiary.</p> + + <p><b>sess</b>: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a + person or thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. + <i>possid'ere, posses'sum</i>, to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, + to have or hold); posses'sion; possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', + <i>to take possession of beforehand, to prejudice.</i></p> + +<h4>183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, <font size="-1">to feel, to think</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sent</b>: scent (Old English <i>sent</i>), <i>odor</i>; sen'tence + (Lat. n. <i>senten'tia</i>); senten'tious (Lat. adj. + <i>sententio'sus</i>, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. n. + <i>sentiment</i>); sentimen'tal; assent', <i>to agree to</i>; consent' + (literally, to think or feel together), <i>to acquiesce, to permit</i>; + dissent' (-er); dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel + back), <i>to take ill</i>; resent'ment.</p> + + <p><b>sens</b>: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; + non'sense; sen'sual (Lat. adj. <i>sensua'lis</i>); sen'sualist; + sen'suous.</p> + +<h4>184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, <font size="-1">to follow</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sequ</b>: se'quence, <i>order of succession</i>; consequent; + con'sequence; consequential; ob'sequies, <i>formal rites</i>; obse'quious + (literally, following in the way of another), <i>meanly + condescending</i>; sub'sequent (-ly).</p> + + <p><b>secut</b>: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute + (-ion).</p> + + <p>Se'quel (Lat. n. <i>seque'la</i>, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. + <i>suire</i>, New Fr. <i>suivre = se'qui), to follow at law</i>; suit; + suit'able; suit'or; suite (Fr. n. <i>suite</i>), <i>a train or set</i>; + ensue' (Fr. v. <i>ensuivre</i>, to follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. + v. <i>poursuivre</i>, to follow hard, to chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; + pursuit'; pur'suivant, <i>a state messenger</i>; ex'ecute (Fr. v. + <i>executer</i> = Lat. <i>ex'sequi</i>); execu'tion; exec'utor; + exec'utrix.</p> + +<h4>185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, <font size="-1">to save, to keep, to bind</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>serv</b>: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); + reserve'; unreserved'.</p> + + <p><b>servat</b>: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; + observ'atory; preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion.</p> + + <p>Res'ervoir (Fr. n. <i>rservoir</i> = Lat. <i>reservato'rium</i>, a + place where anything is kept in store).</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>The puzzle is <i>complicated</i> and <i>displays</i> much + <i>ingenuity</i> on the <i>part</i> of the inventor. A <i>reply</i> may + be <i>explicit</i> without showing <i>duplicity</i>. It was urged that + the <i>election</i> of <i>delegates</i> be <i>postponed</i>. The + <i>portmanteau</i> containing <i>important</i> papers was left at the + <i>merchant's office</i>. An <i>impostor</i> is sure to show + <i>opposition</i> to the course of <i>justice</i>. Coleridge holds that + it is <i>possible</i> to <i>apprehend</i> a truth without + <i>comprehending</i> it. The <i>bankrupt</i> was so <i>arrogant</i> that + his <i>creditors</i> were not <i>disposed</i> to be lenient with him. + Most of the questions <i>proposed</i> by the <i>rector</i> were answered + in the <i>negative</i>. What is the origin of the word <i>derivation</i>? + The <i>region</i> is <i>described</i> as healthful. The <i>manuscript</i> + was <i>transcribed</i> and <i>subscribed</i> by the <i>author</i>. It is + <i>salutary</i> to be <i>rivals</i> in all worthy <i>ambitions</i>.</p> + +<h4>186. SIG'NUM, <font size="-1">a sign</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sign</b>: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; + signif'icance; significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. <i>assigna're</i>, to + designate); assignee'; consign' (Lat. v. <i>consigna're</i>, to seal) + <i>to intrust to another</i>; consign'ment; coun'tersign, <i>to sign what + has already been signed by another</i>; design', <i>to plan</i>; + design'er; des'ignate, <i>to name</i>, <i>to point out</i>; designa'tion; + en'sign, <i>the officer who carries the flag of a regiment</i>; + insig'nia, <i>badges of office</i>; resign' (-ation); sig'nature (Lat. n. + <i>signatu'ra</i>, a sign or stamp).</p> + +<h4>187. SIM'ILIS, <font size="-1">like</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>simil</b>: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, <i>a formal likening or + comparison</i>; simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. <i>ve'rus</i>, + true); dissim'ilar; assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. <i>v. fac'ere</i>, to + make), an exact copy; sim'ulate (Lat. v. <i>simula're</i>, + <i>simula'tum</i>, to make like).</p> + + <p>Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. <i>dissimula're</i>, <i>dissimula'tum</i>, to + feign); dissem'ble (Fr. v. <i>dissembler</i> = Lat. <i>dissimula're</i>); + resem'ble (Fr. v. <i>ressembler</i>).</p> + +<h4>188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, <font size="-1">to cause to stand, to stand</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sist</b>: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; + exist' (for ex-sist), <i>to stand out</i>: hence, <i>to be, to live</i>; + exist'ence; co-exist'; pre-exist'; insist', <i>to stand upon, to urge + firmly</i>; persist' (-ent, -ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist + (-ence).</p> + +<h4>189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, <font size="-1">to loosen</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>solv</b>: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; + resolve'.</p> + + <p><b>solut</b>: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); + res'olute (-ion).</p> + + <p>Sol'uble (Lat. adj. <i>solu'bilis</i>); solubil'ity.</p> + +<h4>190. SPEC'ERE <font size="-1">or</font> SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio <font size="-1">or</font> spi'cio, spec'tum, <font size="-1">to behold</font>; Spe'cies, <font size="-1">a kind</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>spic</b>: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of + birds); auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. <i>conspic'uus</i>, wholly + visible); conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. <i>despicab'ilis</i>, deserving + to be despised); perspic'uous (Lat. adj. <i>perspic'uus</i>, that may be + seen through); perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious.</p> + + <p><b>spect</b>: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); + inspect' (-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. + n. <i>prospec'tus</i>, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look + again: hence, to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; + re'tro-spect (-ive); suspect'.</p> + + <p><b>species</b>: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; + spec'ify (-ic, -ication); spe'cious, <i>showy</i>.</p> + + <p>Spec'imen (Lat. n. <i>spec'imen</i>, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. + <i>spectac'ulum</i>, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. + <i>specta'tor</i>, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. <i>spec'trum</i>, an + image); spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), <i>an image</i>; + spec'troscope (Gr. v. <i>skopein</i>, to view), <i>an instrument for + analysing light</i>; spec'ulate (Lat. n. <i>spec'ula</i>, a lookout), + <i>to contemplate</i>, <i>to traffic for great profit</i>; specula'tion; + spec'ulative.</p> + +<h4>191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, <font size="-1">to breathe</font>; Spir'itus, <font size="-1">breath, spirit</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>spir</b>: spir'acle, <i>a breathing pore</i>; aspire' (-ant); + conspire' (-acy); expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; + transpire'.</p> + + <p><b>spirat</b>: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; + perspira'tion; respira'tion; respir'atory.</p> + + <p><b>spiritus</b>: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous.</p> + + <p>Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of + spirit).</p> + +<h4>192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, <font size="-1">to promise</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>spond</b>: correspond', <i>to answer one to another</i>; + correspond'ence; correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: + hence, to give up, to despond); despond'ency; respond'.</p> + + <p><b>spons</b>: spon'sor, <i>a surety</i>; response' (-ible, -ibility, + -ive); irrespon'sible.</p> + + <p>Spouse (Old Fr. n. <i>espous</i>, <i>espouse</i> = Lat. + <i>spon'sus</i>, <i>spon'sa</i>); espouse' (Old Fr. v. <i>espouser</i> = + Lat. <i>sponsa're</i>, to betroth, from <i>spondere</i>).</p> + +<h4>193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (<font size="-1">in comp.</font> sti'tum, <font size="-1">to stand; pres. part.</font> +stans, stan'tis, <font size="-1">standing</font>); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, <font size="-1">to +cause to stand</font>; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, <font size="-1">to station, +to fix, to place</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>stant</b>: cir'cumstance (from part. <i>circumstans'</i>, + <i>circumstan'tis</i>, through Lat. n. <i>circumstan'tia</i>, Fr. + <i>circonstance</i>), <i>the condition of things surrounding or attending + an event</i>; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; con'stant; con'stancy; + dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, remote, reserved); + dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; transubstan'tiate, <i>to + change to another substance</i>.</p> + + <p><b>stat</b>: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; + states'man; stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure.</p> + + <p><b>stit</b>: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if + awe-struck); supersti'tious.</p> + + <p><b>statut</b>: stat'ute (-ory).</p> + + <p><b>stitu</b>: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: + hence, to establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; + constit'uency; des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, + in want of); in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to + commence); restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion).</p> + + <p>Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. <i>stab'ilis</i>, standing firmly); stab'lish; + estab'lish (-ment); stay, literally, <i>to keep standing</i>; ar'mistice + (Lat. n. <i>ar'ma</i>, arms), <i>a temporary stand-still of war</i>; + arrest' (Old Fr. <i>arrester</i> = Lat. <i>ad</i> + <i>restare</i>, to + stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. <i>contra</i> + <i>sta're</i>, to + stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice (Lat. n. + <i>sol</i>, the sun).</p> + +<h4>194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, <font size="-1">to bind; to draw tight</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>string</b>: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency.</p> + + <p><b>strict</b>: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, <i>a defined portion + of a country</i>; restrict' (-ion).</p> + + <p>Strain (Old Fr. <i>straindre</i> = Lat. <i>strin'gere</i>); + constrain'; dis-train'; restrain'; restraint'.</p> + +<h4>195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, <font size="-1">to build, to place in order</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>struct</b>: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; + destruc'tion; instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); + superstruct'ure.</p> + + <p>Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. <i>instrumen'tum</i>); + instrumental'ity.</p> + +<h4>196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, <font size="-1">to take</font>; Sump'tus, <font size="-1">cost, expense</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sum</b>: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'.</p> + + <p><b>sumpt</b>: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. <i>sumptuo'sus</i>, expensive); + sumpt'uary, <i>relating to expense</i>; assumption; consumption; + consump'tive; presump'tion; presump'tive; presump'tuous.</p> + +<h4>197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, <font size="-1">to touch</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>tang</b>: tan'gent, <i>a straight line which touches a circle or + curve</i>; tan'gible.</p> + + <p><b>tact</b>: tact, <i>peculiar faculty or skill</i>; con'tact; + intact'.</p> + + <p>Attain' (Fr. v. <i>attaindre</i>, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, + <i>communication of disease by contact or touch</i>; contam'inate, <i>to + defile, to infect</i>; contig'uous; contin'gent.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>TEMPUS</b>. (See <a href="#tempus">page 48.</a>)</p> + +<h4>198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum <font size="-1">or</font> ten'tum, <font size="-1">to stretch</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>tend</b>: tend, <i>to aim at, take care of</i>; tend'ency; attend' + (-ance, -ant); contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to + stretch to), <i>to purpose, to design</i>; portend' (literally, to + stretch forward), <i>to presage, to betoken</i>; pretend' (literally, to + stretch forth), <i>to affect, feel</i>; subtend', <i>to extend under</i>; + superintend' (-ence, -ent).</p> + + <p><b>tens</b>: tense (adj.), <i>stretched</i>; ten'sion; intense' + (-ify); osten'sible (Lat. v. <i>osten'dere</i>, to stretch out or spread + before one), <i>apparent</i>; pretense'.</p> + + <p><b>tent</b>: tent, literally, <i>a shelter of stretched canvas</i>; + tentac'ula, <i>the feelers of certain animals</i>; atten'tion; + atten'tive; conten'tion; conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); + ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; por'tent, <i>an ill omen</i>.</p> + +<h4>199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, <font size="-1">to hold</font>; <font size="-1">French</font> Tenir (<font size="-1">radical</font> tain), +<font size="-1">to hold</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ten</b>: ten'able; ten'ant, <i>one who holds property under + another</i>; ten'antry; ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. <i>tenet</i>, literally, + "he holds"), <i>a doctrine held as true</i>; ten'ure.</p> + + <p><b>tin</b> (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; + incon'tinent; per'tinent; imper'tinent.</p> + + <p><b>tent</b>: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; + reten'tion; reten'tive; sus'tenance.</p> + + <p><b>tain</b>: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' + (-ment); pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'.</p> + + <p>Tena'cious (Lat. adj. <i>te'nax, tena'cis</i>, holding firmly); + tenac'ity; appur'tenance, <i>that which belongs to something else</i>; + contin'ue (Fr. v. <i>continuer</i> = Lat. <i>contine're</i>); contin'ual; + contin'uance; continua'tion; continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance + (literally, the contents of a body: hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. + n. <i>lieu</i>, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. <i>main</i>, the hand), + literally, <i>to hold by the hand</i>: hence, <i>to support, to + uphold</i>; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, <i>a + train of attendants</i>.</p> + +<h4>200. TER'RA, <font size="-1">the earth</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>terr</b>: ter'race (Fr. n. <i>terrasse</i>); terra'queous (Lat. n. + <i>a'qua</i>, water); terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, <i>a + small dog that goes into the ground after burrowing animals;</i> + Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. <i>me'dius</i>, middle); subterra'nean.</p> + + <p>Inter, <i>to put in the earth, to bury;</i> inter'ment; disinter'.</p> + +<h4>201. TES'TIS, <font size="-1">a witness</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>test</b>: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); + protest' (-ation, -ant); prot'estantism.</p> + + <p>Tes'tament (Lat. n. <i>testamen'tum</i>, a will); testamen'tary; + testa'tor; tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, <i>not having left a + will.</i></p> + +<h4>202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, <font size="-1">to twist</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>tort</b>: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' + (-ion, -ionate); retort'.</p> + + <p>Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. <i>tortuo'sus</i>, very twisted); tortuos'ity; + torment' (Lat. n. <i>tormen'tum</i>, extreme pain).</p> + +<h4>203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, <font size="-1">to draw</font>; <font size="-1">Fr.</font> Trair, <font size="-1">past part.</font> +Trait.</h4> + + <p><b>tract</b>: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' + (-ion, -ive); contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, + -or); protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion).</p> + + <p>Trace (Fr. n. <i>trace</i>); track (Old Fr. n. <i>trac</i>); train; + trait; treat (-ise, -ment, -y).</p> + +<h4>204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, <font size="-1">to allot, to give</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>tribut</b>: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); + distrib'ute (-ion, -ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive.</p> + +<h4>205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, <font size="-1">to thrust</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>trud</b>: detrude', <i>to thrust down;</i> extrude'; intrude' + (-er); obtrude'; protrude'.</p> + + <p><b>trus</b>: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be + understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion.</p> + +<h4>206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus <font size="-1">or</font> tu'tus, <font size="-1">to watch</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>tuit</b>: tui'tion, <i>instruction</i>; intui'tion, <i>the act or + power of the mind by which it at once perceives the truth of a thing + without argument</i>; intu'itive.</p> + + <p><b>tut</b>: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage.</p> + +<h4>207. UN'DA, <font size="-1">a wave</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>und</b>: abun'dance, literally, condition of + overflowing—(<i>abunda're</i>, to overflow); abun'dant; + superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant (literally, running back or + over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); redundance; redun'dancy.</p> + + <p>Un'dulate (Lat. n. <i>un'dula</i>, a little wave); undula'tion; + un'dulatory; abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. <i>redonder</i> + = Lat. <i>redunda're</i>, to roll back as a wave or flood).</p> + +<h4>208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, <font size="-1">to use</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ut</b>: uten'sil (Lat. n. <i>uten'sile</i>, something that may be + used); util'ity (Lat. n. <i>util'itas</i>, usefulness); u'tilize.</p> + + <p><b>us</b>: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. + <i>usua'lis</i>, of frequent use); u'sury, <i>illegal interest paid for + the use of money</i>; u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'.</p> + +<h4>209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, <font size="-1">to go</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vad</b>: evade'; invade'; pervade'.</p> + + <p><b>vas</b>: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive.</p> + +<h4>210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, <font size="-1">to be strong, to be of value</font>; Val'idus, +<font size="-1">strong</font>; Va'le, <font size="-1">farewell</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>val</b>: valedic'tory, <i>bidding farewell</i>; valetudina'rian + (Lat. n. <i>valetu'do</i>, state of health), <i>a person in + ill-health</i>; val'iant, <i>brave</i>, <i>heroic</i>; val'or (-ous); + val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, <i>regaining health</i>; + equiv'alent (Lat. adj. <i>e'quus</i>, equal); prev'alent, <i>very common + or general</i>; prevalence.</p> + + <p><b>vail</b>: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'.</p> + + <p><b>valid</b>: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid.</p> + +<h4>211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, <font size="-1">to come, to go</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vent</b>: vent'ure, literally, <i>something gone upon</i>; + vent'uresome; ad'vent; adventi'tious, <i>accidental, casual</i>; + advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; contraven'tion; con'vent, <i> a + monastery, a nunnery</i>; conven'ticle, <i>a place of assembly</i>; + conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' (literally, to come + upon), <i>to find out, to contrive</i>; inven'tion; invent'ive; + invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive).</p> + + <p>Av'enue (Fr. n. <i>avenue</i>, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; + conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, <i>conve'niens, convenien'tis</i>, + literally, coming together), <i>suitable</i>; conven'ience; cov'enant + <i>an agreement between two parties</i>; intervene'; rev'enue; + supervene', <i>to come upon, to happen</i>.</p> + +<h4>212. VER'BUM, <font size="-1">a word</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>verb</b>: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb.</p> + + <p>Verba'tim (Lat. adv. <i>verba'tim</i>, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. + n. <i>verbiage</i>, wordiness).</p> + +<h4>213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, <font size="-1">to turn</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vert</b>: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind + to), <i>heedless</i>; ad'vertise, <i>to turn public attention to</i>; + adver'tisement; animadvert' (Lat. n. <i>an'imus</i>, the mind), <i>to + turn the mind to, to censure</i>; avert'; controvert', <i>to oppose</i>; + convert', <i>to change into another form or state</i>; divert'; invert', + literally, <i>to turn the outside in</i>; pervert', <i>to turn from the + true purpose</i>; retrovert'; revert'; subvert'.</p> + + <p><b>vers</b>: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, + <i>the yearly</i> (Lat. n. <i>an'nus</i>, a year) <i>celebration of an + event</i>; averse', <i>having a dislike to</i>; aver'sion; con'troversy; + converse' (-ant, -ation); conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); + ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); + subver'sion; subversive; tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. <i>ter'gum</i>, the + back), <i>a subterfuge</i>; transverse', <i>lying or being across</i>; + u'niverse (Lat. adj. <i>u'nus</i>, one), <i>the system of created + things</i>; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, <i>a universal school in + which are taught all branches of learning.</i></p> + + <p>Verse (Lat. n. <i>ver'sus</i>, a furrow), <i>a line in poetry</i>; + ver'sify; versifica'tion; ver'sion, <i>that which is turned from one + language into another, a statement</i>; ver'satile (Lat. adj. + <i>versat'ilis</i>, turning with ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), <i>the + summit</i>; vertical; vertebra (pl. ver'tebr); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; + vor'tex (Lat. n. <i>vor'tex</i>, a whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. + <i>divorce), a separation.</i></p> + +<h4>214. VE'RUS, <font size="-1">true</font>; Ve'rax, vera'cis, <font size="-1">veracious</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ver</b>: ver'dict (Lat. n. <i>dic'tum</i>, a saying), <i>the + decision of a jury</i>; ver'ify, <i>to prove to be true; + </i>verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. <i>ver'itas</i>, truth); ver'itable; + verisim'ilar, <i>truth-like</i>; verisimil'itude; aver', <i>to declare + truer</i>; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y.</p> + + <p><b>verac</b>: v'era'cious; verac'ity.</p> + +<h4>215. VI'A, <font size="-1">a way</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>via</b>: vi'aduct (Lat. v. <i>du'cere, duc'tum</i>, to lead); + viat'icum (Lat. n. <i>viat'icum</i>, literally, traveling money), <i>the + sacrament administered to a dying person</i>; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; + ob'viate, <i>to meet in the way, to remove</i>; ob'vious; per'vious, + <i>affording a passage through</i>; imper'vious.</p> + + <p>Voy'age (Fr. n. <i>voyage</i>); convoy', <i>to escort</i>; en'voy (Fr. + v. <i>envoyer</i>, to send), <i>one sent on a special mission</i>; + triv'ial (Lat. n. <i>triv'ium</i>, a cross road), <i>trifling</i>; + trivial'ity.</p> + +<h4>216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, <font size="-1">to see</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vid</b>: ev'ident, <i>clearly seen; </i>ev'idence; invid'ious, + literally, <i>looking against</i>: hence, <i>likely to provoke envy</i>; + provide', <i>to look out for, to supply</i>; prov'idence; prov'ident.</p> + + <p><b>vis</b>: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, + <i>expedient</i>; im'provise, <i>to compose and recite without + premeditation</i>; provis'ion; revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; + supervis'or.</p> + + <p>View (Fr. v. <i>voir</i>, to see, <i>vu</i>, seen); review'; + in'terview; vis'age (Fr. n. <i>visage</i>, the countenance); vis'it + (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, <i>part of a helmet perforated to see + through; </i>vis'ta (It. n. <i>vista</i>, sight), <i>a prospect as seen + through an avenue of trees </i>; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. <i>envie</i> = + Lat. <i>invid'ia</i>, from <i>invide're</i>, to see against); in'voice + (It. n. <i>avviso</i>, notice), <i>a priced list of goods</i>; peruse' + (Lat. v. <i>pervide're, pervi'sum</i>, to look through); provi'so, <i>a + stipulation</i>; pru'dent (Lat. adj. <i>pru'dens </i>from + <i>prov'idens</i>); pru'dence; purvey', <i>to look out for in the way of + buying provisions</i>; purvey'or; survey' (-or).</p> + +<h4>217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, <font size="-1">to conquer</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vinc</b>: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', <i>to show + clearly</i></p> + + <p><b>vict</b>: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', <i>to prove guilty of + crime</i>; evict', <i>to dispossess</i>; evic'tion.</p> + + <p>Vanquish (Fr. v. <i>vaincre, vaincu</i> = Lat. <i>vin'cere</i>); + prov'ince (Fr. n. <i>province</i> = Lat. <i>provin'cia</i>, literally, a + conquered country).</p> + +<h4>218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, <font size="-1">to call</font>; Vox, vo'cis, <font size="-1">the voice</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vocat</b>: voca'tion, literally, <i>calling, occupation</i>; + voc'ative, <i>the case of a noun in which the subject is called, or + addressed</i>; ad'vocate <i>to plead for</i>; convoca'tion, <i>an + assembly, a meeting</i>; equivocate (Lat. adj. <i>e'quus</i>, equal), + <i>to use words of doubtful meaning</i>; equivoca'tion; evoca'tion, + <i>act of calling forth</i>; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; provo'cative; + revoca'tion.</p> + + <p><b>voc</b>: vo'cable (Lat. n. <i>vocab'ulum</i>, that which is sounded + with the voice), <i>a word</i>; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); + vociferate, <i>to cry with a loud voice</i>; ad'vocacy, <i>a pleading + for, a defense</i>; irrev'ocable.</p> + + <p>Voice (Fr. n. <i>voix</i> = Lat. <i>vox), sound uttered by the + mouth</i>; vouch, <i>to call out, or affirm strongly</i>; vow'el (Fr. n. + <i>vouelle</i>, a voice-sound); advow'son, <i>right of perpetual calling + to a benefice</i>; convoke', <i>to call together</i>; evoke'; invoke'; + revoke'.</p> + +<h4>219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, <font size="-1">to roll</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>volv</b>: circumvolve'; convolve', <i>to roll together</i>; + devolve'; evolve'; involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist).</p> + + <p><b>volut</b>: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, + -ize).</p> + + <p>Vol'ume (Lat. n. <i>volu'men</i>, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet + rolled up), <i>a single book</i>; volute', <i>a kind of rolled or spiral + scroll</i>; vol'uble, literally, <i>rolling easily</i>: hence, <i>having + great fluency of speech</i>; convol'vulus, <i>a genus of twining + plants</i>; revolt'.</p> + +<h4>220. VUL'GUS, <font size="-1">the common people</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vulg</b>: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, <i>a Latin + version of the Scriptures</i>.</p> + + <p>Divulge', <i>to make known something before kept secret</i>; + divulge'ment; promulgate (-ion).</p> + +<a name="III.I"></a> +<h2>PART III.—THE GREEK ELEMENT.</h2> + +<h3>I.—GREEK PREFIXES.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Prefix.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Signification.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Example.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Definition</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a-</p> + <p>an-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>without</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>not</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a-pathy</p> + <p>an-omalous</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>state of being <i>without</i> feeling.</p> + <p><i>not</i> similar.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>amphi-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>around</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>both</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>amphi-theater</p> + <p>amphi-bious</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>place for seeing all <i>around</i>.</p> + <p>living in <i>both</i> land and water.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ana-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>back</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>throughout</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ana-logy</p> + <p>ana-lysis</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>reasoning <i>back</i>.</p> + <p>loosening <i>throughout</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>anti-</p> + <p>ant-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>against;</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>opposite</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>anti-pathy</p> + <p>ant-arctic</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a feeling <i>against</i>.</p> + <p><i>opposite</i> the Arctic.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>apo-</p> + <p>ap-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>away</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>out</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>apo-stle</p> + <p>ap-helion</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>one sent <i>out</i>.</p> + <p><i>away</i> from the sun.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>cata-</p> + <p>cat-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>down</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>against</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>cata-ract</p> + <p>cat-arrh</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a rushing <i>down</i>.</p> + <p>a flowing <i>down</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dia-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>through</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>across</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dia-meter</p> + <p>dia-logue</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>measure <i>through</i> the center.</p> + <p>speaking <i>across</i> (from one another).</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dis-</p> + <p>di-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>two</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>double</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dis-syllable</p> + <p>di-lemma</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>word of <i>two</i> syllables.</p> + <p>a <i>double</i> assumption.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dys-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>ill</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dys-pepsia</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>ill</i> digestion.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ec-</p> + <p>ex-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>out of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ec-centric</p> + <p>ex-odies</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>out of</i> the center.</p> + <p>an <i>outgoing</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>Note—<b>ex-</b> is used before a root beginning with a + vowel.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>en-</p> + <p>em-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>in</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>on</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>en-ergy</p> + <p>em-phasis</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>power <i>in</i> one.</p> + <p>stress <i>on</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>epi-</p> + <p>ep-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>upon</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>for</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>epi-dermis</p> + <p>ep-hemeral</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>skin <i>upon</i> skin.</p> + <p>lasting <i>for</i> a day.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>Note—<b>ep-</b> is used before a root beginning with a vowel or + a <i>h</i> aspirate</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>eu-</p> + <p>ev-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>well</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>good</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>eu-phonic</p> + <p>ev-angel</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>sounding <i>well</i>.</p> + <p><i>good</i> news.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hemi-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>half</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hemi-sphere</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>half</i> a sphere</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hyper-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>over</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>beyond</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hyper-critical</p> + <p>hyper-borean</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>over</i>-critical.</p> + <p><i>beyond</i> the North.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hypo-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>under</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hypo-thesis</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a placing <i>under</i> (= Lat. supposition.)</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>meta-</p> + <p>met-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>beyond</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>transference</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>meta-physics</p> + <p>met-onymy</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>science <i>beyond</i> physics.</p> + <p><i>transference</i> of name.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>para-</p> + <p>par-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>by the</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>side of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>par-helion</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>mock sun <i>by the side of</i> the real.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>peri-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= around</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>peri-meter</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>the measure <i>around</i> anything.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pro-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= before</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pro-gramme</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>something written <i>before</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pros-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= to</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pros-elyte</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>one coming <i>to</i> a new religion.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>syn-</p> + <p>sy-</p> + <p>syl-</p> + <p>sym-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>with</i></p> + <p>= or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>together</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>syn-thesis</p> + <p>sy-stem</p> + <p>syl-lable</p> + <p>sym-pathy</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>placing <i>together</i>.</p> + <p>part <i>with</i> part.</p> + <p>letters taken <i>together</i>.</p> + <p>feeling <i>together</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The form <b>sy-</b> is used before <i>s</i>; <b>syl-</b> + before <i>l</i>, <b>sym-</b> before <i>b, p</i> or <i>m</i>.</p> + +<a name="III.II"></a> + <h3><b>II.—GREEK ALPHABET.</b></h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="30%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Α α</p> + <p>Β β <img src="images/alt-beta.png" alt="alternative beta" height="16" width="16" /></p> + <p>Γ γ</p> + <p>Δ δ</p> + <p>Ε ε</p> + <p>Ζ ζ</p> + <p>Η η</p> + <p>Θ θ <img src="images/alt-theta.png" alt="alternative theta" height="16" width="16" /></p> + <p>Ι ι</p> + <p>Κ κ</p> + <p>Λ λ</p> + <p>Μ μ</p> + <p>Ν ν</p> + <p>Ξ ξ</p> + <p>Ο ο</p> + <p>Π π <img src="images/alt-pi.png" alt="alternative pi" height="16" width="16" /></p> + <p>Ρ ρ</p> + <p>Σ σ, ς final</p> + <p>Τ τ</p> + <p>Υ υ</p> + <p>Φ φ</p> + <p>Χ χ</p> + <p>Ψ ψ</p> + <p>Ω ω</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="30%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a</p> + <p>b</p> + <p>g</p> + <p>d</p> + <p>e as in <i>met</i></p> + <p>z</p> + <p>e as in <i>me</i></p> + <p>th</p> + <p>i</p> + <p>k</p> + <p>l</p> + <p>m</p> + <p>n</p> + <p>x</p> + <p>o as in <i>not</i></p> + <p>p</p> + <p>r</p> + <p>s</p> + <p>t</p> + <p>u, or y</p> + <p>ph</p> + <p>ch</p> + <p>ps</p> + <p>o as in <i>no</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="30%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Alpha.</i></p> + <p><i>Beta.</i></p> + <p><i>Gamma.</i></p> + <p><i>Delta.</i></p> + <p><i>Epsilon.</i></p> + <p><i>Zeta.</i></p> + <p><i>Eta.</i></p> + <p><i>Theta.</i></p> + <p><i>Iota</i></p> + <p><i>Kappa.</i></p> + <p><i>Lambda.</i></p> + <p><i>Mu.</i></p> + <p><i>Nu.</i></p> + <p><i>Xi.</i></p> + <p><i>Omicron.</i></p> + <p><i>Pi</i></p> + <p><i>Rho.</i></p> + <p><i>Sigma.</i></p> + <p><i>Tau.</i></p> + <p><i>Upsilon.</i></p> + <p><i>Phi.</i></p> + <p><i>Chi.</i></p> + <p><i>Psi.</i></p> + <p><i>Omega.</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<h3>Pronunciation of Greek Words.</h3> + + <p><i>Gamma</i> has always the hard sound of <i>g</i>, as in + <i>give</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Kappa</i> is represented by <i>c</i> in English words, although in + Greek it has but one sound, that of our <i>k</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Upsilon</i> is represented by <i>y</i> in English words; in Greek + it has always the sound of <i>u</i> in mute.</p> + + <p><i>Chi</i> is represented in English by <i>ch</i> having the sound of + <i>k</i>; as in <i>chronic</i>.</p> + + <p>In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as + there are vowels and diphthongs.</p> + + <p>An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our + <i>h</i> precedes that letter.</p> + +<a name="III.II.I"></a> +<h2>GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.</h2> + +<h3>DIVISION I.—PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS.</h3> + +<h4>1. A'ER (αηρ), <i>the air.</i></h4> + + <p><b>a'erate</b>, <i>to combine with air; to mix with carbonic + acid</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a-e'rial</b>, <i>belonging to the air</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a'eriform</b>, <i>having the form of air.</i></p> + + <p><b>a'erolite</b> (Gr. n. <i>lith'os</i>, a stone), <i>a meteoric + stone</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a'eronaut</b> (Gr. n. <i>nau'tēs</i>, a sailor), <i>a + balloonist</i>.</p> + + <p><b>aerosta'tion</b>, <i>aerial navigation</i>.</p> + + <p><b>air</b>, <i>the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a + person</i>.</p> + + <p><b>air'y</b>, <i>open to the air; gay, sprightly.</i></p> + +<h4>2. AG'EIN (αγειν), <i>to lead.</i></h4> + + <p><b>apago'ge</b>, <i>a leading away; an indirect argument</i></p> + + <p><b>dem'agogue</b> (Gr. n. <i>de'mos</i>, the people), <i>a misleader + of the people.</i></p> + + <p><b>parago'ge</b> (literally, a leading or extension beyond), <i>the + addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ped'agogue</b> (Gr. n. <i>pais</i>, a child), <i>a schoolmaster; a + pedantic person.</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syn'agogue</b>, <i>a Jewish place of worship</i>.</p> + +<h4>3. A'GON (αγων), a contest.</h4> + + <p><b>ag'ony</b>, <i>extreme pain</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ag'onize</b>, <i>to be in agony</i>.</p> + + <p><b>antag'onism</b>, <i>direct opposition</i>.</p> + + <p><b>antag'onist</b>, <i>or</i> <b>antagonis'tic</b>, <i>contending + against</i>.</p> + +<h4>4. ANG'ELLEIN (αγγελλειν), <i>to bring tidings;</i> ANG'ELLOS (αγγελλος), <i>a messenger.</i></h4> + + <p><b>an'gel,</b> <i>a spiritual messenger.</i></p> + + <p><b>angel'ic,</b> <i>relating to an angel.</i></p> + + <p><b>archan'gel</b> (Gr. prefix <i>archi-</i>, chief), <i>an angel of + the highest order.</i></p> + + <p><b>evan'gel</b> (Gr. prefix <i>eu</i>, well), <i>good tidings; the + gospel.</i></p> + + <p><b>evan'gelist,</b> <i>one of the writers of the four gospels.</i></p> + +<h4>5. AR'CHE (αρχη), <i>beginning, government, chief.</i></h4> + + <p><b>an'archy,</b> <i>want of government.</i></p> + + <p><b>ar'chitect</b> (Gr. n. <i>tek'tōn</i>, workman), literally, + <i>a chief builder, one who devises plans for buildings.</i></p> + + <p><b>ar'chives,</b> <i>records.</i></p> + + <p><b>hep'tarchy</b> (Gr. <i>hepta</i>, seven), <i>a sevenfold + government.</i></p> + + <p><b>hi'erarchy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>hi'eros</i>, sacred), <i>dominion in + sacred things; a sacred body of rulers.</i></p> + + <p><b>mon'arch</b> (Gr. adj. <i>mon'os</i>, alone), <i>one who rules + alone, a sovereign.</i></p> + + <p><b>mon'archy,</b> <i>government by one person, a kingdom.</i></p> + + <p><b>oligarchy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>ol'igos</i>, few), <i>government by a + few, an aristocracy.</i></p> + + <p><b>pa'triarch</b> (Gr. n. <i>pat'ēr</i>, a father), <i>the father + and ruler of a family.</i></p> + + <p><b>patriar'chal,</b> <i>relating to patriarchs.</i></p> + +<h4>6. AS'TRON (αστρον), <i>a star.</i></h4> + + <p><b>as'terisk,</b> <i>a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, + and sometimes to mark an omission of words.</i></p> + + <p><b>as'teroid</b> (Gr. adj. <i>ei'dos</i>, like), <i>one of the + numerous small planets between Mars and Jupiter.</i></p> + + <p><b>as'tral,</b> <i>belonging to the stars.</i></p> + + <p><b>astrol'ogy,</b> <i>the pretended science of foretelling events by + the stars.</i></p> + + <p><b>astron'omy</b> (Gr. n. <i>nom'os</i>, a law), <i>the science that + treats of the stars.</i></p> + + <p><b>astron'omer,</b> <i>one skilled in astronomy.</i></p> + + <p><b>disas'ter,</b> <i>calamity, misfortune.</i></p> + + <p><b>disas'trous,</b> <i>unlucky; calamitous.</i></p> + +<h4>7. AU'TOS (αυτος), <i>one's self.</i></h4> + + <p><b>autobiog'raphy</b> (Gr. n. <i>bi'os</i>, life, <i>graph'ein</i>, to + write), <i>the life of a person written by himself.</i></p> + + <p><b>au'tocrat</b> (Gr. n. <i>krat'os</i>, power), <i>an absolute + ruler.</i></p> + + <p><b>autocrat'ic,</b> <i>like an autocrat.</i></p> + + <p><b>au'tograph,</b> <i>one's own handwriting.</i></p> + + <p><b>autom'aton</b> (Gr. <i>mema'otes</i>, striving after), <i>a + self-acting machine.</i></p> + + <p><b>authen'tic,</b> <i>genuine, true.</i></p> + + <p><b>authentic'ity,</b> <i>genuineness.</i></p> + +<h4>8. BAL'LEIN (βαλλειν), <i>to throw or cast.</i></h4> + + <p><b>em'blem</b>, <i>a representation; a type</i>.</p> + + <p><b>emblemat'ical</b>, <i>containing an emblem</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hyper'bole</b>, <i>a figure of speech which represents things + greater or less than they are</i>.</p> + + <p><b>par'able</b>, <i>a story which illustrates some fact or + doctrine</i>.</p> + + <p><b>parab'ola</b>, <i>one of the conic sections</i>.</p> + + <p><b>prob'lem</b>, <i>a question proposed for solution</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sym'bol</b>, <i>a sign; a representation</i>.</p> + + <p><b>symbolical</b>, <i>representing by signs</i>.</p> + +<h4>9. BAP'TEIN (βαπτειν), <i>to wash, to dip.</i></h4> + + <p><b>bap'tism</b>, <i>a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which + the individual is sprinkled with or immersed in water.</i></p> + + <p><b>baptize'</b>, <i>to sprinkle with or immerse in water</i>.</p> + + <p><b>baptismal</b>, <i>pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows</i>.</p> + + <p><b>bap'tist</b>, <i>one who approves only of baptism by + immersion</i>.</p> + + <p><b>anabap'tist</b>, <i>one who believes that only adults should be + baptized</i>.</p> + + <p><b>catabap'tist</b>, <i>one opposed to baptism</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pedobap'tism</b> (Gr. <i>pais</i>, <i>paidos</i>, a child), + <i>infant baptism</i>.</p> + +<h4>10. CHRON'OS (χρονος), time.</h4> + + <p><b>chron'ic</b>, <i>lasting a long time</i>; <i>periodical</i>.</p> + + <p><b>chron'icle</b>, <i>a record of events in the order of time</i>; + <i>a history recording facts in order of time</i>.</p> + + <p><b>chronol'ogy</b>, <i>the science of computing the dates of past + events</i>.</p> + + <p><b>chronom'eter</b> (Gr. n. <i>me'tron</i>, a measure), <i>an + instrument for measuring time</i>.</p> + + <p><b>anach'ronism</b>, <i>an error in computing time</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syn'chronal</b>, <b>syn'chronous</b>, <i>existing at the same + time</i>.</p> + +<h4>11. GRAM'MA (γραμμα), <i>a letter</i></h4> + + <p><b>gram'mar</b>, <i>the science of language</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gramma'rian</b>, <i>one skilled in or who teaches grammar</i>.</p> + + <p><b>grammat'ical</b>, <i>according to the rules of grammar</i>.</p> + + <p><b>an'agram</b>, <i>the change of one word into another by + transposing the letters</i>.</p> + + <p><b>di'agram</b>, <i>a writing or drawing made for + illustration</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ep'igram</b>, <i>a short poem ending with a witty thought</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'ogram</b> (Gr. adj. <i>mon'os</i>, alone), <i>a character + composed of several letters interwoven</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pro'gramme</b>, <i>order of any entertainment</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tel'egram</b> (Gr. <i>te'le</i>, at a distance), <i>a message sent + by telegraph</i>.</p> + +<h4>12. GRAPH'EIN (γραφειν), <i>to write.</i></h4> + + <p><b>graph'ic</b>, <i>well delineated; giving vivid description.</i></p> + + <p><b>au'tograph.</b> See <i>au'tos.</i></p> + + <p><b>biog'raphy</b> (Gr. n. <i>bi'os</i>, life), <i>the history of a + life.</i></p> + + <p><b>calig'raphy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>kal'os</i>, beautiful), <i>beautiful + writing.</i></p> + + <p><b>geog'raphy</b> (Gr. n. <i>gē</i>, the earth), <i>a description + of the earth.</i></p> + + <p><b>historiog'rapher</b> (Gr. n. <i>histo'ria</i>, history), <i>one + appointed to write history.</i></p> + + <p><b>hol'ograph</b> (Gr. adj. <i>hol'os</i>, whole), <i>a deed or will + wholly written by the grantor or testator.</i></p> + + <p><b>lexicog'rapher</b> (Gr. n. <i>lex'icon</i>, a dictionary), <i>the + compiler of a dictionary.</i></p> + + <p><b>lith'ograph</b> (Gr. n. <i>lith'os</i>, a stone), <i>an impression + of a drawing made on stone.</i></p> + + <p><b>lithog'raphy</b>, <i>the art of writing on and taking impressions + from stone</i>.</p> + + <p><b>orthog'raphy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>or'thos</i>, correct), <i>the correct + spelling of words</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pho'nograph</b> (Gr. n. <i>pho'ne</i>, sound), <i>an instrument for + the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds.</i></p> + + <p><b>phonog'raphy</b>, <i>a system of short hand; the art of + constructing or of using the phonograph.</i></p> + + <p><b>photog'raphy</b> (Gr. n. <i>phos, phot'os</i>, light), <i>the art + of producing pictures by light.</i></p> + + <p><b>stenog'raphy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>sten'os</i>, narrow), <i>the art of + writing in short-hand.</i></p> + + <p><b>tel'egraph</b> (Gr. <i>te'le</i>, at a distance), <i>an apparatus + for conveying intelligence to a distance by means of electricity.</i></p> + + <p><b>topog'raphy</b> (Gr. n. <i>top'os</i>, a place), <i>the description + of a particular place.</i></p> + + <p><b>typography</b> (Gr. n. <i>tu'pos</i>, a type), <i>the art or + operation of printing.</i></p> + +<h4>13. HOD'OS ('οδος), <i>a way.</i></h4> + + <p><b>ep'isode</b>, <i>an incidental story introduced into a poem or + narrative.</i></p> + + <p><b>ex'odus</b>, <i>departure from a place; the second book of the Old + Testament.</i></p> + + <p><b>meth'od</b>, <i>order, system, way, manner.</i></p> + + <p><b>Meth'odist</b>, <i>the followers of John Wesley</i>. (The name has + reference to the strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians).</p> + + <p><b>pe'riod</b> (Gr. n. <i>period'os</i>, a passage round), <i>the time + in which anything is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation + mark.</i></p> + + <p><b>syn'od</b>, <i>a meeting of ecclesiastics.</i></p> + +<h4>14. HU'DOR ('υδορ), <i>water</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>hy'dra</b>, <i>a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by + Hercules.</i></p> + + <p><b>hydran'gea</b>, <i>a genus of plants remarkable for their + absorption of water.</i></p> + + <p><b>hy'drant</b>, <i>a water-plug.</i></p> + + <p><b>hydrau'lic</b> (Gr. n. <i>au'los</i>, a pipe), <i>relating to the + motion of water through pipes; worked by water.</i></p> + + <p><b>hydrau'lics</b>, <i>the science which treats of fluids in + motion</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydroceph'alus</b> (Gr. n. <i>keph'ale</i>, the head), <i>dropsy of + the head</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hy'drogen</b> (Gr. v. <i>gen'ein</i>, to beget), <i>a gas which + with oxygen produces water</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydrog'raphy</b>, <i>the art of maritime surveying and + mapping</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydrop'athy</b> (Gr. n. <i>path'os</i>, feeling), <i>the + water-cure</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydropho'bia</b> (Gr. n. <i>phob'os</i>, fear), literally, <i>dread + of water; canine madness</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hy'dropsy</b>, <i>a collection of water in the body</i>. ("Dropsy" + is a contraction of <i>hydropsy</i>).</p> + + <p><b>hydrostat'ics</b>, <i>the science which treats of fluids at + rest</i>.</p> + +<h4>15. KRAT'OS (χρατος), <i>rule, government, strength.</i></h4> + + <p><b>aristoc'racy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>aris'tos</i>, best), <i>government by + nobles</i>.</p> + + <p><b>aris'tocrat</b>, <i>one who favors aristocracy.</i></p> + + <p><b>au'tocrat.</b> See <i>au'tos</i>.</p> + + <p><b>democ'racy</b> (Gr. n. <i>de'mos</i>, the people), <i>government by + the people</i>.</p> + + <p><b>dem'ocrat</b>, <i>one who upholds democracy; in the United States, + a member of the democratic party</i>.</p> + + <p><b>theoc'racy</b>, <i>government of a state by divine direction, as + the ancient Jewish state</i>.</p> + +<h4>16. LOG'OS (λογος), <i>speech, ratio, description, science</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>log'ic,</b> <i>the science and art of reasoning.</i></p> + + <p><b>logi'cian,</b> <i>one skilled in logic.</i></p> + + <p><b>log'arithms</b> (Gr. n. <i>arith'mos</i>, number), <i>a class of + numbers that abridge arithmetical calculations.</i></p> + + <p><b>anal'ogy,</b> <i>a resemblance of ratios.</i></p> + + <p><b>ap'ologue,</b> <i>a moral fable.</i></p> + + <p><b>apol'ogy,</b> <i>a defense, an excuse.</i></p> + + <p><b>cat'alogue,</b> <i>a list of names in order.</i></p> + + <p><b>chronol'ogy.</b> (See <i>chronos</i>.)</p> + + <p><b>conchol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>kon'chos</i>, a shell), <i>the science + of shells.</i></p> + + <p><b>dec'alogue</b> (Gr. <i>dek'a</i>, ten), <i>the ten + commandments.</i></p> + + <p><b>doxol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>doxa</i>, glory), <i>a hymn expressing + glory to God.</i></p> + + <p><b>ec'logue,</b> <i>a pastoral poem.</i></p> + + <p><b>entomol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>ento'ma</i>, insects, and v. + <i>tem'nein</i>, to cut), <i>the natural history of insects.</i></p> + + <p><b>ep'ilogue,</b> <i>a short poem or speech at the end of a + play.</i></p> + + <p><b>etymol'ogy</b> (Gr. <i>et'umon</i>, true source), <i>a part of + grammar; the science of the derivation of words.</i></p> + + <p><b>eu'logy,</b> <i>praise, commendation.</i></p> + + <p><b>geneal'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>gen'os</i>, birth), <i>history of the + descent of families.</i></p> + + <p><b>geol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>gē</i>, the earth), <i>the science + which treats of the internal structure of the earth.</i></p> + + <p><b>mineral'ogy,</b> <i>the science of minerals.</i></p> + + <p><b>mythol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>mu'thos</i>, a fable), <i>a system or + science of fables.</i></p> + + <p><b>ornithol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>or'nis, or'nithos,</i> a bird), <i>the + natural history of birds.</i></p> + + <p><b>pathol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>path'os</i>, suffering), <i>that part of + medicine which treats of the causes and nature of diseases.</i></p> + + <p><b>philol'ogy</b> (Gr. <i>phil'os</i>, loving, fond of), <i>the + science which treats of languages</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phrenol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>phrn</i>, the mind), <i>the art of + reading the mind from the form of the skull</i>.</p> + + <p><b>physiol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>phu'sis</i>, nature), <i>the science + which treats of the organism of plants and animals</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pro'logue</b>, <i>verses recited as introductory to a play</i>.</p> + + <p><b>psychol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>psu'che</i>, the soul), <i>mental + philosophy; doctrine of man's spiritual nature</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syl'logism</b>, <i>a form of reasoning consisting of three + propositions</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tautol'ogy</b> (Gr. <i>tau'to</i>, the same), <i>a repetition of + the same idea in different words</i>.</p> + + <p><b>technol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>tech'ne</i>, art), <i>a description of + the arts</i>.</p> + + <p><b>theol'ogy</b>. See <i>theos</i>.</p> + + <p><b>toxicol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>tox'icon</i>, poison) <i>the science + which treats of poisons and their effects</i>.</p> + + <p><b>zool'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>zo'on</i>, an animal), <i>that part of + natural history which treats of animals</i>.</p> + +<h4>17. MET'RON (μετρον) <i>a measure</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>me'ter</b>, <i>arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of + length</i>.</p> + + <p><b>met'ric</b>, <i>denoting measurement</i>.</p> + + <p><b>met'rical</b>, <i>pertaining to meter</i>.</p> + + <p><b>anemom'eter</b> (Gr. n. <i>an'emos</i>, the wind), <i>an instrument + measuring the force and velocity of the wind</i>.</p> + + <p><b>barom'eter</b> (Gr. n. <i>ba'ros</i>, weight), <i>an instrument + that indicates changes in the weather</i>.</p> + + <p><b>diam'eter</b>, <i>measure through anything</i>.</p> + + <p><b>geom'etry</b> (Gr. n. <i>ge</i>, the earth), <i>a branch of + mathematics</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hexam'eter</b> (Gr. <i>hex</i>, six), <i>a line of six poetic + feet</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydrom'eter</b> (Gr. n. <i>hu'dor</i>, water), <i>an instrument for + determining the specific gravities of liquids</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hygrom'eter</b> (Gr. adj. <i>hu'gros</i>, wet), <i>an instrument + for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pentam'eter</b> (Gr. <i>pen'te</i>, five), <i>a line of five poetic + feet</i>.</p> + + <p><b>perim'eter</b>, <i>the external boundary of a body or + figure</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sym'metry</b>, <i>the proportion or harmony of parts</i>.</p> + + <p><b>thermom'eter</b> (Gr. adj. <i>ther'mos</i>, warm), <i>an instrument + for measuring the heat of bodies</i>.</p> + + <p><b>trigonom'etry</b> (Gr. n. <i>trigo'non</i>, a triangle), <i>a + branch of mathematics</i>.</p> + +<h4>18. MON'OS (μονος), <i>sole, alone</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>mon'achism</b>, <i>the condition of monks; a monastic life</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'ad</b>, <i>something ultimate and indivisible</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'astery</b>, <i>a house of religious retirement</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monk</b> (Gr. n. <i>mon'achos</i>), <i>a religious recluse</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monog'amy</b> (Gr. n. <i>gam'os</i>, <b>marriage</b>), <i>the + marriage of one wife only</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'ologue</b> (Gr. n. <i>log'os</i>), <i>a speech uttered by a + person alone</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monoma'nia</b> (Gr. n. <i>ma'nia</i>, madness), <i>madness confined + to one subject</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monop'oly</b> (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), <i>the sole power of + selling anything</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monosyl'lable</b>, <i>a word of one syllable</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'otheism</b> (Gr. n. <i>the'os</i>, God), <i>the belief in the + existence of only one God</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'otone</b>, <i>uniformity of tone</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monot'ony</b>, <i>sameness of sound; want of variety</i>.</p> + +<h4>19. O'DE (ωδε), <i>a song</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>ode</b>, <i>a lyric poem</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mel'ody</b> (Gr. n. <i>mel'os</i>, a song), <i>an agreeable + succession of musical sounds</i>.</p> + + <p><b>par'ody</b>, <i>the alteration of the works of an author to another + subject</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pros'ody</b>, <i>the study of versification</i>.</p> + + <p><b>psal'mody</b>, <i>the practice of singing psalms</i>.</p> + + <p><b>trag'edy</b> (Gr. n. <i>trag'os</i>, a goat<a name="NtA_9"></a><a + href="#Nt_9"><sup>9</sup></a>), <i>a dramatic representation of a sad or + calamitous event</i>.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>The <i>periods</i> of <i>astronomy</i> go far beyond any + <i>chronology</i>. The <i>phonograph</i> and the <i>telegraph</i> are + both American inventions. By the aid of a <i>diagram</i> the + <i>problem</i> was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the <i>Autocrat</i> of the + Breakfast Table, has written many <i>parodies</i>. In the struggle + between <i>monarchy</i> and <i>democracy</i> Mexico has often been in a + state of <i>anarchy</i>. His <i>antagonist</i> suffered great + <i>agony</i> from the <i>disaster</i> that occurred. The <i>eulogy</i> + pronounced on the great <i>zologist</i> Agassiz was well deserved. What + is the <i>etymological</i> distinction between <i>geography</i> and + <i>geology</i>? The <i>aeronaut</i> took with him a <i>barometer</i>, a + <i>thermometer</i>, and a <i>chronometer</i>. I owe you an <i>apology</i> + for not better knowing your <i>genealogy. Typography</i> has been well + called "the art preservative of all the arts." Who is called the great + American <i>lexicographer? Tautology</i> is to be avoided by all who make + any pretence to <i>grammar</i>. One may be a <i>democrat</i> without + being a <i>demagogue</i>. You cannot be an <i>architect</i> without + knowing <i>geometry. Zoology</i> shows that there is great + <i>symmetry</i> in the structure of animals. The pretensions of + <i>astrology</i> are now dissipated into thin <i>air</i>. Many persons + skilled in <i>physiology</i> do not believe in hydropathy. Longfellow's + "Evangeline" is written in <i>hexameter</i>, and Milton's "Paradise Lost" + in <i>pentameter</i>.</p> + +<h4>20. ON'OMA (ονομα), <i>a name</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>anon'ymous</b>, <i>without a name</i>.</p> + + <p><b>meton'ymy</b>, <i>a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for + another</i>.</p> + + <p><b>on'omatopoe'ia</b>, <i>the forming of words whose sound suggests + the sense</i>.</p> + + <p><b>paron'ymous</b>, <i>of like derivation</i>.</p> + + <p><b>patronym'ic</b> (Gr. n. <i>pat'er</i>, a father), <i>a name derived + from a parent or ancestor.</i></p> + + <p><b>pseu'donym</b> (Gr. adj. <i>pseu'des</i>, false), <i>a fictitious + name.</i></p> + + <p><b>syn'onym</b>, <i>a word having the same meaning as another in the + same language.</i></p> + +<h4>21. PAN (παν, παντος), <i>all; whole</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>panace'a</b> (Gr. v. <i>ak'eomai</i>, I cure), <i>a universal + cure.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'creas</b> (Gr. n. <i>kre'as,</i> flesh), <i>a fleshy gland + situated at the bottom of the stomach.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'dect</b>, <i>a treatise which combines the whole of any + science.</i></p> + + <p><b>panegyr'ic</b> (Gr. n. <i>ag'ora,</i> an assembly), <i>an oration + in praise of some person or event.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'oply</b> (Gr. n. <i>hop'la,</i> armor), <i>a complete suit of + armor.</i></p> + + <p><b>panora'ma</b> (Gr. n. <i>hor'ama,</i> a sight or view), <i>a large + picture gradually unrolled before an assembly.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'theism</b> (Gr. n. <i>the'os,</i> God), <i>the doctrine that + nature is God.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'theon</b>, <i>a temple dedicated to all the gods.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'tomime</b>, <i>a scene or representation in dumb show.</i></p> + +<h4>22. PA'THOS (παθος), <i>suffering, feeling.</i></h4> + + <p><b>pathet'ic</b>, <i>affecting the emotions.</i></p> + + <p><b>pathol'ogy</b>, <i>the science of diseases.</i></p> + + <p><b>allop'athy</b>, <i>a mode of medical practice.</i></p> + + <p><b>antip'athy</b>, <i>dislike, aversion.</i></p> + + <p><b>ap'athy</b>, <i>want of feeling.</i></p> + + <p><b>homeop'athy</b>, <i>a mode of medical practice</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydrop'athy</b>. See <i>hudor</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sym'pathy</b>, <i>fellow-feeling.</i></p> + +<h4>23. PHIL'OS (φιλος), <i>a friend, a lover.</i></h4> + + <p><b>Philadel'phia</b> (Gr. n. <i>adel'phos,</i> a brother), literally, + <i>the city of brotherly love.</i></p> + + <p><b>philanthropy</b> (Gr. n. <i>anthro'pos,</i> a man), <i>love of + mankind.</i></p> + + <p><b>philharmon'ic</b> (Gr. n. <i>harmo'nia,</i> harmony), <i>loving + harmony or music.</i></p> + + <p><b>philos'ophy</b> (Gr. n. <i>sophi'a,</i> wisdom), <i>the general laws + or principles belonging to any department of knowledge.</i></p> + + <p><b>philos'opher</b>, <i>one versed in philosophy or science.</i></p> + + <p><b>philosoph'ic</b>, <b>philosoph'ical</b>, <i>relating to + philosophy.</i></p> + +<h4>24. PHA'NEIN (φαινειν), <i>to cause to appear</i>; PHANTA'SIA (φαντασια), +<i>an image, an idea.</i></h4> + + <p><b>diaph'anous</b>, <i>translucent.</i></p> + + <p><b>epiph'any</b>, <i>the festival commemorative of the manifestation + of Christ by the star of Bethlehem.</i></p> + + <p><b>fan'cy</b>, <i>a pleasing image; a conceit or whim.</i></p> + + <p><b>fan'ciful</b>, <i>full of fancy; abounding in wild images.</i></p> + + <p><b>fanta'sia</b>, <i>a musical composition avowedly not governed by + the ordinary musical rules</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phan'tom</b>, <i>a specter, an apparation</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phase</b>, <i>an appearance</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phenom'enon</b>, <i>anything presented to the senses by experiment + or observation; an unusual appearance.</i></p> + + <p><b>syc'ophant</b> (Gr. n. <i>sukon</i>, a fig, and, literally, an + informer against stealers of figs), <i>a mean flatterer</i>.</p> + +<h4>25. PHO'NE (φωνη), <i>a sound</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>phonet'ic</b>, <b>phon'ic</b>} <i>according to sound</i>.</p> + + <p><b>eu'phony</b>, <i>an agreeable sound of words</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sym'phony</b>, <i>harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition + for a full band of instruments</i>.</p> + +<h4>26. PHOS (φως, φωτος), <i>light</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>phos'phorus</b> (Gr. v. <i>pherein</i>, to bear), <i>a substance + resembling wax, highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phos'phate</b>, <i>a salt of phosphoric acid</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phosphores'cent</b>, <i>luminous in the dark</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phosphor'ic</b>, <i>relating to or obtained from + phosphorus</i>.</p> + + <p><b>photog'raphy</b>. See <i>graphein</i>.</p> + +<h4>27. PHU'SIS (φυσις), <i>nature</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>phys'ic</b>, <i>medicines</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phys'ical</b>, <i>natural; material; relating to the body</i>.</p> + + <p><b>physi'cian</b>, <i>one skilled in the art of healing</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phys'icist</b>, <i>a student of nature</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phys'ics</b>, <i>natural philosophy</i>.</p> + + <p><b>physiog'nomy</b> (Gr. n. <i>gno'mon</i>, a judge), <i>the art of + discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face; the + particular cast of features or countenance</i>.</p> + + <p><b>physiol'ogy</b>. See <i>logos</i>.</p> + + <p><b>metaphys'ics</b>, literally, <i>after or beyond physics</i>; hence, + <i>the science of mind</i>.</p> + + <p><b>metaphysi'cian</b>, <i>one versed in metaphysics</i>.</p> + +<h4>28. POL'IS (πολις), <i>a city.</i></h4> + + <p><b>police'</b>, <i>the body of officers employed to secure the good + order of a city</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pol'icy</b>, <i>the art or manner of governing a nation or + conducting public affairs; prudence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pol'itic</b>, <i>wise, expedient</i>.</p> + + <p><b>polit'ical</b>, <i>relating to politics</i>.</p> + + <p><b>politi'cian</b>, <i>one devoted to politics</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pol'itics</b>, <i>the art or science of government; struggle of + parties</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pol'ity</b>, <i>the constitution of civil government</i>.</p> + + <p><b>acrop'olis</b> (Gr. adj. <i>ak'ros</i>, high), <i>a + citadel</i>.</p> + + <p><b>cosmop'olite</b> (Gr. n. <i>kos'mos</i>, the world), <i>a citizen + of the world</i>.</p> + + <p><b>metrop'olis</b> (Gr. n. <i>me'ter</i>, a mother), <i>the chief city + of a country</i>.</p> + + <p><b>necrop'olis</b> (Gr. adj. <i>nek'ros</i>, dead), <i>a burial-place; + a city of the dead</i>.</p> + +<h4>29. RHE'O ('ρεω), <i>I flow, I speak</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>rhet'oric</b>, <i>the art of composition; the science of + oratory</i>.</p> + + <p><b>rhetori'cian</b>, <i>one skilled in rhetoric</i>.</p> + + <p><b>rheu'matism</b>, <i>a disease of the limbs</i> (so called because + the ancients supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors).</p> + + <p><b>res'in</b>, <i>a gum which flows from certain trees</i>.</p> + + <p><b>catarrh'</b>, <i>a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold + in the head</i>.</p> + + <p><b>diarrhoe'a</b>, <i>purging</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hem'orrhage</b> (Gr. n. <i>haima</i>, blood), <i>a flowing of + blood</i>.</p> + +<h4>30. SKOP'EIN (σκοπειν), <i>to see, to watch</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>scope</b>, <i>space, aim, intention</i>.</p> + + <p><b>bish'op</b> (Gr. n. <i>epis'kopos</i>, overseer), <i>a clergyman + who has charge of a diocese</i>.</p> + + <p><b>epis'copacy</b>, <i>church government by bishops</i>.</p> + + <p><b>epis'copal</b>, <i>relating to episcopacy</i>.</p> + + <p><b>kalei'doscope</b> (Gr. adj. <i>kal'os</i>, beautiful), <i>an + optical instrument in which we see an endless variety of beautiful + patterns by simple change of position</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mi'croscope</b> (Gr. adj. <i>mik'ros</i>, small), <i>an instrument + for examining small objects</i>.</p> + + <p><b>micros'copist</b>, <i>one skilled in the use of the + microscope</i>.</p> + + <p><b>steth'oscope</b> (Gr. n. <i>steth'os</i>, the breast), <i>an + instrument for examining the state of the chest by sound</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tel'escope</b> (Gr. <i>te'le</i>, afar off), <i>an instrument for + viewing objects far off</i>.</p> + +<h4>31. TAK'TOS (τακτος), <i>arranged</i>; TAX'IS (ταξις), <i>arrangement</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>tac'tics</b>, <i>the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and + naval forces</i>; <i>the science or art which relates to these</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tacti'cian</b>, <i>one skilled in tactics</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syn'tax</b>, <i>the arrangement of words into sentences</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syntac'tical</b>, <i>relating to syntax</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tax'idermy</b> (Gr. n. <i>der'ma</i>, skin), <i>the art of + preparing and arranging the skins of animals in their natural + appearance</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tax'idermist</b>, <i>one skilled in taxidermy</i>.</p> + +<h4>32. TECH'NE (τεχνη), <i>art</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>tech'nical</b>, <i>relating to an art or profession</i>.</p> + + <p><b>technical'ity</b>, <i>a technical expression</i>; <i>that which is + technical</i>.</p> + + <p><b>technol'ogy</b>, <i>a treatise on or description of the + arts</i>.</p> + + <p><b>technol'ogist</b>, <i>one skilled in technology</i>.</p> + + <p><b>polytech'nic</b> (Gr. adj. <i>pol'us</i>, many), <i>comprising many + arts</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pyr'otechny</b> (Gr. n. <i>pur</i>, fire), <i>the art of making + fireworks</i>.</p> + +<h4>33. THE'OS (θεος), <i>God</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>the'ism</b>, <i>belief in the existence of a God</i>.</p> + + <p><b>theo'cracy</b>. (See <i>kratos</i>.)</p> + + <p><b>theo'logy</b>. (See <i>logos</i>.)</p> + + <p><b>apotheo'sis</b>, <i>glorification, deification</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a'theism</b>, <i>disbelief in the existence of God</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a'theist</b>, <i>one who does not believe in the existence of + God</i>.</p> + + <p><b>enthu'siasm</b>, <i>heat of imagination</i>; <i>ardent + zeal</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pan'theism</b>. (See <i>pan</i>.)</p> + + <p><b>pol'ytheism</b> (Gr. adj. <i>polus</i>, many), <i>the doctrine of a + plurality of Gods</i>.</p> + +<h4>34. TITH'ENI (τιθεναι), <i>to place, to set</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>theme</b>, <i>a subject set forth for discussion</i>.</p> + + <p><b>the'sis</b>, <i>a proposition set forth for discussion</i>.</p> + + <p><b>anath'ema</b>, <i>an ecclesiastical curse</i>.</p> + + <p><b>antithesis</b>, <i>opposition or contrast in words or + deeds</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hypoth'esis</b>, <i>a supposition</i>.</p> + + <p><b>paren'thesis</b>, <i>something inserted in a sentence which is + complete without it</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syn'thesis</b>, <i>a putting together, as opposed to + analysis</i>.</p> + +<h4>35. TON'OS (τονος), <i>tension, tone</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>tone</b>, <i>tension, vigor, sound</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ton'ic</b>, adj. <i>increasing tension or vigor</i>; n. <i>a + medicine which increases strength</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tune</b>, <i>a series of musical notes on a particular key</i>.</p> + + <p><b>attune'</b>, <i>to make musical</i>; <i>to make one sound agree + with another</i>.</p> + + <p><b>bar'ytone</b> (Gr. adj. <i>ba'rus</i>, heavy), <i>a male + voice</i>.</p> + + <p><b>diaton'ic</b>, <i>proceeding by tones and semitones</i>.</p> + + <p><b>in'tonate</b>, <i>to sound; to modulate the voice</i>.</p> + + <p><b>intone'</b>, <i>to give forth a slow, protracted sound</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sem'itone</b>, <i>half a tone</i>.</p> + +<h3>REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES.</h3> + + <p>1. Derivation of "antithesis"?—Compose an example of an + antithesis.—Point out the antithesis in the following:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself."</p> + <p>"A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits."</p> + <p>"Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull,</p> + <p>Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>2. Derivation of "hypothesis."—Give an adjective formed from + this noun.—What Latin derivative corresponds literally to + "hypothesis"? <i>Ans. Supposition.</i>—Show this. <i>Ans.</i> + Supposition is composed of sub = hypo (under), and position (from + <i>ponere</i>, to place) = thesis, a placing—What adjective from + "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? <i>Ans. + Supposititious.</i></p> + + <p>3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?—Compose a parenthetical + sentence.</p> + + <p>4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?—Give the distinction + <i>Ans. Analysis</i> is taking apart, <i>synthesis</i> is putting + together—What adjective is derived from the noun "synthesis"?</p> + + <p>5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? <i>Ans. Demagogic</i> + or <i>demagogical</i>—Define it—Compose a sentence containing + the word "demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced + the arts of a <i>demagogue</i>."</p> + + <p>6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? <i>Ans. + Pedagogic</i>—What would the "<i>pedagogic</i> art" mean?—Is + "pedagogue" usually employed in a complimentary sense?—Give a + synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense.</p> + + <p>7. Derivation of "anarchy"?—Compose a sentence containing this + word. MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by + <i>anarchy</i>."</p> + + <p>8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? <i>Ans. + Monarchical</i>—Define it.—Can you mention a country at + present ruled by a monarchical government?—What is the ruler of a + monarchy called?</p> + + <p>9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: + "During the Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and + Venice, were under the rule of an <i>oligarchy</i>."</p> + + <p>10. From what root is "democracy" derived?—What adjective is + formed from "democracy"?—Is Russia at present a + <i>democracy</i>?—Can you mention any ancient governments that for + a time were democracies?</p> + + <p>11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?—What noun will + denote one who believes in aristocracy? <i>Ans. Aristocrat</i>—What + does "aristocrat" ordinarily mean? <i>Ans.</i> A proud or haughty person + who holds himself above the common people.</p> + + <p>12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"?</p> + + <p>13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a + sentence.</p> + + <p>14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? <i>Ans. + Diametrical</i>—What adverb is formed from + "diametrical"?—What is meant by the expression + "<i>diametrically</i> opposed"?</p> + + <p>15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? <i>Ans. + Astrology</i>—Give the derivative of this word.—What word + denotes one who is skilled in astronomy?—Form an adjective from + "astronomy."—Compose a sentence containing the word "astronomy." + MODEL: "The three great founders of <i>astronomy</i> are Copernicus, + Kepler, and Newton."</p> + + <p>16. From what root is "telescope" derived?—Combine and define + telescop + ic.—Compose a sentence using the word "telescope."</p> + + <p>17. From what root is "microscope" derived?—Combine and define + microscop + ic.—What single word denotes microscopic animals? + <i>Ans. Animalcul</i>.—Compose a sentence containing the word + "microscope." MODEL: "As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so + the <i>microscope</i> reveals the infinitely little."</p> + + <p>18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That + we sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated + in the lines:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>'The reason why I cannot tell,</p> + <p>I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'"</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"?</p> + + <p>20. Derivation of "sympathy"?—Give a synonym of this Greek + derivative. <i>Ans. Compassion</i>.—Show why they are literal + synonyms. <i>Ans.</i> Sym = con or com, and pathy = passion; hence, + compassion = sympathy.—Give an English derivative expressing the + same thing. <i>Ans. Fellow-feeling.</i></p> + + <p>21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?—Form an adjective + from "autocrat."—Who is the present "autocrat of all the + Russias"?—Could the Queen of England be called an + <i>autocrat</i>?—Why not?</p> + + <p>22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There + are only two or three <i>autographs</i> of Shakespeare in existence."</p> + + <p>23. Derivation of "automaton"?—Illustrate the signification of + the word by a sentence.</p> + + <p>24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is + heir to"?—Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea."</p> + + <p>25. Derivation of "panoply"?—In the following sentence is + "panoply" used in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take + the Christian <i>panoply</i>, to put on the whole armor of God."</p> + + <p>26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?—What word is + used to denote one who believes in pantheism?</p> + + <p>27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many gods?—Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would + designate a temple dedicated to <i>all</i> the gods?</p> + + <p>28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."—Compose a + sentence using the word "panorama."</p> + + <p>29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?—Illustrate its meaning + by a sentence.—Form an adjective from "eulogy."</p> + + <p>30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?—Give an example of a + pseudonym.</p> + +<a name="III.II.II"></a> +<h3>DIVISION II.—ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR +DERIVATIVES.</h3> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ach'os,</b> <i>pain</i>—ache, headache.</p> + <p><b>ainig'ma,</b> <i>a riddle</i>—enigma.</p> + <p><b>ak'me,</b> <i>a point</i>—acme.</p> + <p><b>akou'ein,</b> <i>to hear</i>—acoustics.</p> + <p><b>ak'ros,</b> <i>high</i>—<i>acropolis (polis).</i></p> + <p><b>allel'on,</b> <i>each other</i>—parallel, parallelogram.</p> + <p><b>an'er,</b> <i>a man</i>—Andrew, Alexander.</p> + <p><b>an'thos,</b> <i>a flower</i>—anther, anthology, polyanthus.</p> + <p><b>anthro'pos,</b> <i>a man</i>—anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, philanthropist, philanthropy.</p> + <p><b>ark'tos,</b> <i>a bear</i>—arctic, antarctic.</p> + <p><b>ar'gos,</b> <i>idle</i>—lethargy, lethargic.</p> + <p><b>aris'tos,</b> <i>best</i>—aristocrat <i>(kratos)</i>, aristocracy, aristocratic.</p> + <p><b>arith'mos,</b> <i>number</i>—arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic.</p> + <p><b>aro'ma,</b> <i>spice, odor</i>—aromatic.</p> + <p><b>arte'ria,</b> <i>a bloodvessel</i>—artery, arterial.</p> + <p><b>ask'ein,</b> <i>to discipline</i>—ascetic, asceticism.</p> + <p><b>asphal'tos,</b> <i>pitch</i>—asphalt.</p> + <p><b>ath'los,</b> <i>a contest</i>—athlete, athletic.</p> + <p><b>at'mos,</b> <i>vapor, smoke</i>—atmosphere, atmospheric.</p> + <p><b>au'los,</b> <i>a pipe</i>—hydraulic.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>bal'samon,</b> <i>balsam</i>—balm, embalm.</p> + <p><b>ba'ros,</b> <i>weight</i>—barometer, barytes.</p> + <p><b>ba'sis,</b> <i>the bottom</i>—base, baseless, basement, basis.</p> + <p><b>bib'lion,</b> <i>a book</i>—bible, biblical.</p> + <p><b>bi'os,</b> <i>life</i>—biography, biology.</p> + <p><b>bo'tane,</b> <i>a plant</i>—botanic, botanical, botanist, botany.</p> + <p><b>bron'chos,</b> <i>the throat</i>—bronchial, bronchitis.</p> + <p><b>bus'sos,</b> <i>bottom</i>—abyss.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>cha'lups,</b> <i>steel</i>—chalybeate.</p> + <p><b>charas'sein,</b> <i>to stamp</i>—character, characterize, characteristic.</p> + <p><b>cha'ris,</b> <i>grace</i>—eucharist.</p> + <p><b>cheir,</b> <i>the hand</i>—surgeon (short for <i>chirurgeon</i>), surgical.</p> + <p><b>chlo'ros,</b> <i>green</i>—chloride, chlorine</p> + <p><b>chol'e,</b> <i>bile</i>—choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy.</p> + <p><b>chor'de,</b> <i>a string</i>—chord, cord, cordage.</p> + <p><b>chris'tos</b>, <i>anointed</i>—chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, antichrist.</p> + <p><b>chro'ma</b>, <i>color</i>—chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic.</p> + <p><b>chru'sos</b>, <i>gold</i>—chrysalis, chrysolite.</p> + <p><b>chu'los</b>, <i>the milky juice formed by digestion</i>—chyle, chylifaction.</p> + <p><b>chu'mos</b>, <i>juice</i>—chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>dai'mon</b>, <i>a spirit</i>—demon, demoniac, demonology.</p> + <p><b>de'mos</b>, <i>the people</i>—demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic.</p> + <p><b>den'dron</b>, <i>a tree</i>—dendrology, rhododendron.</p> + <p><b>der'ma</b>, <i>the skin</i>—epidermis.</p> + <p><b>des'potes</b>, <i>a ruler</i>—despot, despotic, despotism.</p> + <p><b>diai'ta</b>, <i>manner of life</i>—diet, dietary, dietetic.</p> + <p><b>dido'ni</b>, <i>to give</i>—dose, antidote, anecdote.</p> + <p><b>dog'ma</b>, <i>an opinion</i>—dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism.</p> + <p><b>dox'a</b>, <i>an opinion, glory</i>—doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox.</p> + <p><b>dram'a</b>, <i>a stage-play</i>—drama, dramatic, dramatist.</p> + <p><b>drom'os</b>, <i>a course</i>—dromedary, hippodrome.</p> + <p><b>drus</b>, <i>an oak</i>—dryad.</p> + <p><b>duna'thai</b>, <i>to be able</i>—dynamics, dynamical, dynasty.</p> + <p><b>dus</b>, <i>ill, wrong</i>—dysentery (<i>entera</i>, the bowels), dyspepsia (<i>peptein</i>, to digest).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ekkle'sia</b>, <i>the church</i>—ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical.</p> + <p><b>e'chein</b>, <i>to sound</i>—echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen.</p> + <p><b>eklei'pein</b>, <i>to fail</i>—eclipse, ecliptic.</p> + <p><b>elek'tron</b>, <i>amber</i>—electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype.</p> + <p><b>em'ein</b>, <i>to vomit</i>—emetic.</p> + <p><b>ep'os</b>, <i>a word</i>—epic, orthoepy.</p> + <p><b>er'emos</b>, <i>desert, solitary</i>—hermit, hermitage.</p> + <p><b>er'gon</b>, <i>a work</i>—energy, energetic, surgeon (<i>cheir</i>, the hand).</p> + <p><b>eth'nos</b>, <i>a nation</i>—ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology.</p> + <p><b>eth'os</b>, <i>custom, manner</i>—ethics, ethical.</p> + <p><b>eu</b>, <i>good, well</i>—eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>gam'os</b>, <i>marriage</i>—bigamy, polygamy, misogamist.</p> + <p><b>gas'ter</b>, <i>the stomach</i>—gastric, gastronomy.</p> + <p><b>ge</b>, <i>the earth</i>—geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, perigee.</p> + <p><b>gen'naein</b>, <i>to produce</i>—genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.</p> + <p><b>gignos'kein</b>, <i>to know</i>—diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate.</p> + <p><b>glos'sa, glot'ta</b>, <i>the tongue</i>—glossary, glottis, polyglot.</p> + <p><b>glu'phein</b>, <i>to carve</i>—hieroglyphics.</p> + <p><b>gno'mon</b>, <i>an indicator</i>—gnomon, physiognomy (<i>phusis</i>).</p> + <p><b>go'nia</b>, <i>a corner</i>—diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry.</p> + <p><b>gum'nos</b>, <i>naked</i>—gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>hai'rein</b>, <i>to take or choose</i>—heresy, heretic, heretical.</p> + <p><b>harmo'nia,</b> <i>a fitting together</i>—harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium.</p> + <p><b>hek'aton,</b> <i>a hundred</i>—hecatomb.</p> + <p><b>he'lios,</b> <i>the sun</i>—heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion.</p> + <p><b>he'mera,</b> <i>a day</i>—ephemeral.</p> + <p><b>hep'ta,</b> <i>seven</i>—heptagon, heptarchy.</p> + <p><b>he'ros,</b> <i>a hero</i>—hero, heroic, heroine, heroism.</p> + <p><b>het'eros,</b> <i>another, unlike</i>—heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous.</p> + <p><b>hex,</b> <i>six</i>—hexagon, hexangular.</p> + <p><b>hi'eros,</b> <i>sacred</i>—hierarchy, hieroglyphics (<i>glyphein</i>, to carve).</p> + <p><b>hip'pos,</b> <i>a horse</i>—hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic.</p> + <p><b>hol'os,</b> <i>all</i>—holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity.</p> + <p><b>hom'os,</b> <i>like, the same</i>—homogeneous (<i>gennaein</i>, to produce).</p> + <p><b>hor'os,</b> <i>a boundary</i>—horizon, aphorism.</p> + <p><b>hu'men,</b> <i>the god of marriage</i>—hymeneal.</p> + <p><b>hum'nos,</b> <i>a song of praise</i>—hymn, hymnal, hynmology.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ich'thus,</b> <i>a fish</i>—ichthyology.</p> + <p><b>id'ea,</b> <i>a form or pattern</i>—idea, ideal.</p> + <p><b>id'ios,</b> <i>peculiar</i>—idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic.</p> + <p><b>is'os,</b> <i>equal</i>—isothermal.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>kai'ein,</b> <i>to burn</i>—caustic, cauterize, holocaust (<i>holos</i>, whole).</p> + <p><b>ka'kos,</b> <i>bad</i>—cacophony.</p> + <p><b>ka'los,</b> <i>beautiful</i>—caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (<i>skopein</i>).</p> + <p><b>kal'uptein,</b> <i>to conceal</i>—apocalypse.</p> + <p><b>kan'on,</b> <i>a rule</i>—canon, canonical, canonize.</p> + <p><b>kar'dia,</b> <i>the heart</i>—cardiac, pericardium.</p> + <p><b>ken'os,</b> <i>empty</i>—cenotaph.</p> + <p><b>keph'ale,</b> <i>the head</i>—acephalous, hydrocephalus (<i>hydor</i>).</p> + <p><b>ker'as,</b> <i>a horn</i>—rhinoceros.</p> + <p><b>kle'ros,</b> <i>a portion</i>—clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship.</p> + <p><b>kli'max,</b> <i>a ladder</i>—climax.</p> + <p><b>kli'nein,</b> <i>to bend</i>—clinical, recline.</p> + <p><b>ko'mos,</b> <i>a merry feast</i>—comedy, (<i>od</i>), comedian, comic, encomium.</p> + <p><b>ko'nein,</b> <i>to serve</i>—deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate.</p> + <p><b>ko'nos,</b> Lat. <b>conus</b>, <i>a cone</i>—cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform.</p> + <p><b>kop'tein,</b> <i>to cut</i>—coppice, copse, syncope.</p> + <p><b>kos'mos,</b> <i>the world</i>—cosmography, cosmopolitan.</p> + <p><b>kri'tes,</b> <i>a judge</i>—crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, hypocrite.</p> + <p><b>krup'tein,</b> <i>to conceal</i>—crypt, apocrypha.</p> + <p><b>krustal'los,</b> <i>ice</i>—crystal, crystallize.</p> + <p><b>kuk'los,</b> <i>a circle</i>—cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia.</p> + <p><b>kulin'dros,</b> <i>a roller</i>—cylinder.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>lam'banein,</b> <i>to take</i>—syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable.</p> + <p><b>lam'pein,</b> <i>to shine</i>—lamp.</p> + <p><b>la'os,</b> <i>the people</i>—layman, laity.</p> + <p><b>latrei'a,</b> <i>worship</i>—idolatry, heliolatry.</p> + <p><b>lith'os,</b> <i>a stone</i>—litharge, lithograph, arolite.</p> + <p><b>lu'ein</b>, <i>to loosen</i>—analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>man'ia</b>, <i>madness</i>—mania, maniac.</p> + <p><b>mar'tur</b>, <i>a witness</i>—martyr, martyrdom, martyrology.</p> + <p><b>mel'as</b>, <i>black</i>—melancholy, Melanesia.</p> + <p><b>me'ter</b>, <i>a mother</i>—metropolis.</p> + <p><b>mik'ros</b>, <i>small</i>—microcosm, microscope, microscopic.</p> + <p><b>mi'mos</b>, <i>an imitator</i>—mimic, mimicry, pantomime.</p> + <p><b>mor'phe</b>, <i>shape</i>—amorphous, metamorphosis.</p> + <p><b>mu'rias</b>, <i>ten thousand</i>—myriad.</p> + <p><b>mu'thos</b>, <i>a fable</i>—myth, mythology.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>nar'ke</b>, <i>torpor</i>—narcissus, narcotic.</p> + <p><b>naus</b>, <i>a ship</i>—nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aronaut.</p> + <p><b>nek'ros</b>, <i>dead</i>—necropolis.</p> + <p><b>ne'sos</b>, <i>an island</i>—Polynesia.</p> + <p><b>nom'os</b>, <i>a law</i>—astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (<i>oikos</i>, a house), economic.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ol'igos</b>, <i>few</i>—oligarchy (<i>arche</i>).</p> + <p><b>or'phanos</b>, <i>deserted</i>—orphan, orphanage.</p> + <p><b>or'thos</b>, <i>right, straight</i>—orthodox, orthoepy, orthography.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>paidei'a</b>, <i>instruction</i>—cyclopdia.</p> + <p><b>pais</b>, <i>a child</i>—pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist.</p> + <p><b>pap'as</b>, Lat. <b>papa</b>, <i>a father</i>—papacy, pope, popedom, popery.</p> + <p><b>paradei'sos</b>, <i>a pleasant garden</i>—paradise.</p> + <p><b>pat'ein</b>, <i>to walk</i>—peripatetic.</p> + <p><b>pen'te</b>, <i>five</i>—pentagon, pentecost.</p> + <p><b>pet'ra</b>, <i>a rock</i>—Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter.</p> + <p><b>phob'os</b>, <i>fear</i>—hydrophobia (<i>hudor</i>, water).</p> + <p><b>phra'sis</b>, <i>speech</i>—phrase, phraseology, paraphrase.</p> + <p><b>phren</b>, <i>the mind</i>—phrenology, frantic, frenzy.</p> + <p><b>phu'ton</b>, <i>a plant</i>—zoophyte.</p> + <p><b>pla'naein</b>, <i>to wander</i>—planet, planetary.</p> + <p><b>plas'sein</b>, <i>to mould</i>—plaster, plastic.</p> + <p><b>pleu'ra</b>, <i>the side</i>—pleurisy.</p> + <p><b>pneu'ma</b>, <i>breath</i>, <i>spirit</i>—pneumatic.</p> + <p><b>po'lein</b>, <i>to sell</i>—bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize.</p> + <p><b>pol'us</b>, <i>many</i>—polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic.</p> + <p><b>por'os</b>, <i>a passage</i>—pore, porosity, porous, emporium.</p> + <p><b>pot'amos</b>, <i>a river</i>—hippopotamus.</p> + <p><b>pous</b>, <i>the foot</i>—antipodes, polypus, tripod.</p> + <p><b>pras'sein</b>, <i>to do</i>—practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable.</p> + <p><b>presbu'teros</b>, <i>elder</i>—presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism.</p> + <p><b>pro'tos</b>, <i>first</i>—protomartyr.</p> + <p><b>psal'lein</b>, <i>to touch</i>, <i>to sing</i>—psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter.</p> + <p><b>pur</b>, <i>fire</i>—pyramid, pyrotechny.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>rhin</b>, <i>the nose</i>—rhinoceros.</p> + <p><b>rhod'on</b>, <i>a rose </i>—rhododendron.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>sarx</b>, <i>flesh</i>—sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus.</p> + <p><b>sched'e</b>, <i>a sheet</i>—schedule.</p> + <p><b>sche'ma</b>, <i>a plan</i>—scheme.</p> + <p><b>schis'ma</b>, <i>a division</i>—schism, schismatic.</p> + <p><b>sit'os</b>, <i>corn</i>—parasite, parasitical.</p> + <p><b>skan'dalon</b>, <i>disgrace</i>—scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, slanderous.</p> + <p><b>skeptes'thai</b>, <i>to consider</i>—sceptic, sceptical, scepticism.</p> + <p><b>skep'tron</b>, <i>an emblem of office</i>—scepter.</p> + <p><b>soph'ia</b>, <i>wisdom</i>—sophist, sophistry, philosopher (<i>philos</i>), philosophy.</p> + <p><b>sphai'ra</b>, <i>a globe</i>—sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere.</p> + <p><b>stal'aein</b>, <i>to drop</i>—stalactite, stalagmite.</p> + <p><b>stel'lein</b>, <i>to send</i>—apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary.</p> + <p><b>sten'os</b>, <i>narrow</i>—stenography.</p> + <p><b>sthen'os</b>, <i>strength</i>—calisthenics.</p> + <p><b>stig'ma</b>, <i>a mark</i>—stigma, stigmatize.</p> + <p><b>strat'os</b>, <i>an army</i>—stratagem, strategy, strategist.</p> + <p><b>stroph'e</b>, <i>a turning</i>—apostrophe, catastrophe.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ta'phos</b>, <i>a tomb</i>—epitaph, cenotaph.</p> + <p><b>tau'to</b>, <i>the same</i>—tautology.</p> + <p><b>tek'ton</b>, <i>a builder</i>—architect.</p> + <p><b>te'le</b>, <i>far off</i>—telegraph, telescope.</p> + <p><b>tem'nein</b>, <i>to cut</i>—atom, anatomy, anatomist.</p> + <p><b>tet'ra</b>, <i>four</i>—tetragon, tetrarch.</p> + <p><b>ther'me</b>, <i>heat</i>—thermal.</p> + <p><b>thron'os</b>, <i>a throne</i>—throne, enthrone.</p> + <p><b>top'os</b>, <i>a place</i>—topography.</p> + <p><b>trep'ein</b>, <i>to turn</i>—trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope.</p> + <p><b>tu'pos</b>, <i>a stamp</i>—type, typography, prototype.</p> + <p><b>turan'nos</b>, <i>a ruler</i>—tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>zein</b>, <i>to boil</i>—zeal, zealous.</p> + <p><b>zephu'ros</b>, <i>the west wind</i>—zephyr.</p> + <p><b>zo'on</b>, <i>an animal</i>—zodiac, zoology, zoological, zophyte.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="IV.I"></a> +<h2>PART IV.—THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.</h2> + +<h3>I.—ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES.</h3> + + <p><b>A</b>—(corrupted from A.-S. <i>on</i>) signifies <i>in</i>, + <i>on</i>, <i>at</i>: as abed, aboard, aside, aback; and gives the + adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, aboard.</p> + + <p><b>Be</b>—gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is + sometimes intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, + as in bedim. <i>Be</i>, as a form of <i>by</i>, also denotes proximity, + as in beside: as bystander.</p> + + <p><b>For</b><a name="NtA_10"></a><a + href="#Nt_10"><sup>10</sup></a>—means privation, or opposition: as + forbear, forbid, forget.</p> + + <p><b>Fore</b>—<i>before</i>: as foretell, forebode.</p> + + <p><b>Mis</b>—<i>error</i>, <i>wrongness</i>: as mistake, misstate, + misinform.</p> + + <p><b>N</b>—has a negative signification, as in many languages: + thus, never, neither, none.</p> + + <p><b>Off</b>—from offspring.</p> + + <p><b>Out</b>—<i>beyond</i>: as outdo, outlaw.</p> + + <p><b>Over</b>—<i>above</i>: as overhang, overflow, overturn.</p> + + <p><b>To</b>—in to-day, to-morrow.</p> + + <p><b>Un</b>—<i>not</i>, <i>the reverse</i>: as, unskilled, + unlearned.</p> + + <p><b>Under</b>—<i>beneath</i>: as undermine.</p> + + <p><b>With</b>—<i>against</i> (German <i>wider</i>): as + withstand.</p> + +<a name="IV.II"></a> +<h3>II.—ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES.</h3> + + <p><b>Ar</b>, <b>ard</b>, <b>er</b>, <b>yer</b>, <b>ster</b><a + name="NtA_11"></a><a href="#Nt_11"><sup>11</sup></a>—signifying + <i>agent</i> or <i>doer</i>; as in beggar, drunkard, beginner, lawyer, + spinster. <i>Er</i> forms verbs of adjectives, as lower, from low, and + also forms the comparatives of adjectives.</p> + + <p><b>Ess</b>, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French.</p> + + <p><b>Dom</b>, <b>ship</b>, <b>ric</b>, <b>wic</b>—from <i>dom</i>, + judgment; <i>ship</i>, shape or condition; <i>ric</i>, <i>rice</i>, + power; <i>wic</i>, a dwelling—signify state, condition, quality, + etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick.</p> + + <p><b>El</b>, <b>kin</b> (= <i>chen</i>, German), <b>let</b> (from + French), <b>ling</b>, <b>ock</b>—have a <i>diminutive</i> effect, + as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, cockerel.</p> + + <p><b>En</b>—adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also + converts adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep.</p> + + <p><b>Fold</b>—from <i>fealdan</i>, to fold; a numeral termination, + like <i>ple</i>, from the Latin <i>plico</i>, I fold.</p> + + <p><b>Ful</b>—full; truthful.</p> + + <p><b>Hood</b>, <b>ness</b>—of uncertain derivation, signify + state, etc., as in priesthood, righteousness.</p> + + <p><b>Ish</b>—<i>isc</i> (Saxon), <i>isch</i> (German), denotes a + quality; like rakish, knavish, churlish, Danish. <i>Ish</i> is also + employed as a diminutive—blackish.</p> + + <p><b>Less</b>—<i>loss</i>: as penniless, hopeless.</p> + + <p><b>Like</b> and <b>ly</b>—<i>like</i>; <i>lic</i> (A.-S.): as + warlike, manly.</p> + + <p><b>Some</b>—<i>sum</i> (A.-S.), <i>sam</i> (German), lonesome, + handsome.</p> + + <p><b>Teen</b>—ten, as in fourteen.</p> + + <p><b>Ty</b>—from <i>tig</i> (A.-S ), ten; <i>zig</i> (German), as + in six-<i>ty</i>. <i>Teen</i> adds ten—<i>ty</i> multiplies by + ten.</p> + + <p><b>Ward</b>—<i>weard</i>, <i>wrts</i> (German), <i>versus</i> + (Latin), against, direction, towards; downward, eastward.</p> + + <p><b>Wise</b>—<i>wisa</i>, manner; likewise.</p> + + <p><b>Y</b>—<i>ig</i>, an adjective termination; <i>dreorig</i> + (A.-S.), dreary.</p> + +<a name="IV.A"></a> +<h3>ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.</h3> + + <p>The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern + German or the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern + English.</p> + + <p>The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: <i>j</i>, + <i>k</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>v</i>, and <i>z</i>. <i>K</i> is commonly + represented by <i>c</i>; thus, <i>cyning</i> (king) is pronounced + <i>kining</i>; <i>cyrtel</i>, <i>kirtle</i>; <i>qu</i> is represented by + <i>cw</i>, as <i>cwic</i>, <i>quick</i>; <i>cwen</i>, <i>queen</i>; + <i>cwellan</i>, to <i>quell</i>; <i>th</i> is represented by two peculiar + characters, one of which in its reduced form resembles <i>y</i>, as in + <i>ye olden times</i>, where <i>ye</i> should be pronounced <i>the</i>, + and not <i>ye</i>, as is often ignorantly done.</p> + + <p>Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long + vowels are <i>a</i> as <i>far</i>, <i>ae</i> as in <i>fare</i>, <i>e</i> + as in <i>they</i>, <i>i</i> as in <i>pique</i>, <i>o</i> as in + <i>bone</i>, <i>u</i> as in <i>rule</i>, <i>y</i> as in <i>i</i> + (nearly). Short vowels are <i>a</i> as in <i>fast</i>, <i>ae</i> as in + <i>man</i>, <i>e</i> as in <i>men</i>, <i>i</i> as in <i>pin</i>, + <i>o</i> as in <i>God</i>, <i>u</i> as in <i>full</i>, <i>y</i> as in + <i>i</i> (nearly).</p> + + <p>In the diphthongs <i>ea</i>, <i>eo</i>, and <i>ie</i>, the first + element receives the stress; the second is pronounced very lightly.</p> + + <p>There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The + vowel of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of + consonants, as in <i>hlud</i>, loud, <i>cniht</i>, knight, <i>cnif</i>, + knife, each consonant has its distinct sound.</p> + + <p><i>E</i> before <i>a</i> and <i>o</i> has the sound of <i>y</i> as a + consonant; <i>i</i> before <i>e</i> and <i>u</i> has the same sound: + thus, <i>Earl</i> = <i>yarl</i>; <i>eow</i> = <i>you</i>; <i>iett</i> = + <i>yett</i>; and <i>igoth</i> = <i>ygoth</i>, youth.</p> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ac</b>, <i>an oak</i>—oak, oaken.</p> + <p><b>acsian</b>, <i>to inquire</i>—ask.</p> + <p><b>cer</b>, <i>a field</i>—acre, acreage.</p> + <p><b>r</b>, <i>before</i>—early, ere, erelong, erst.</p> + <p><b>aft</b>, <i>hind-part</i>—after, abaft.</p> + <p><b>gan</b>, <i>to have</i>—owe, own, owner, ought, disown.</p> + <p><b>arisan</b>, <i>to arise</i>—raise, rise, rouse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>bcan</b>, <i>to bake</i>—baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch.</p> + <p><b>bc</b>, <i>back</i>—backbite, backslide, backward, aback.</p> + <p><b>blg</b>, <i>a bag</i>.</p> + <p><b>bald</b>, <i>bold, brave</i>—bold, boldness.</p> + <p><b>bna</b>, <i>death</i>—bane, baneful, henbane.</p> + <p><b>banc</b>, <i>a bank or raised place</i>—bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, embankment.</p> + <p><b>beacnian</b>, <i>to beckon</i>—beck, beckon, beacon.</p> + <p><b>bellan</b>, <i>to roar</i>—bawl, bellow.</p> + <p><b>beorgan</b>, <i>to protect</i>—borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, harbor, berth.</p> + <p><b>beorht</b>, <i>bright</i>—bright.</p> + <p><b>beran</b>, <i>to bear, to bring forth</i>—barrow, bear, bier, birth.</p> + <p><b>bidan</b>, <i>to wait</i>—abide.</p> + <p><b>biddan</b>, <i>to pray</i>, <i>to bid</i>—bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, unbidden.</p> + <p><b>bindan</b>, <i>to bind</i>—band, bond, bondage, bundle.</p> + <p><b>blc</b>, <i>pale</i>—bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness.</p> + <p><b>blawan</b>, <i>to blow</i>—blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, blow, blush, bluster.</p> + <p><b>bletsian</b>, <i>to bless</i>—bless, blessing.</p> + <p><b>brd</b>, <i>broad</i>—broad, breadth, board, aboard.</p> + <p><b>brcan</b>, <i>to break</i>—bray (<i>to pound</i>), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, broken.</p> + <p><b>breost</b>, <i>the breast</i>—breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast.</p> + <p><b>brewan</b>, <i>to brew</i>—brew, brewer, brewery.</p> + <p><b>brucan</b>, <i>to use</i>—broker, brokerage, brook (<i>to endure</i>).</p> + <p><b>buan</b>, <i>to cultivate</i>—boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood.</p> + <p><b>bugan</b>, <i>to bow or bend</i>—bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow.</p> + <p><b>byldan</b>, <i>to design</i>, <i>to make</i>—build, builder, building.</p> + <p><b>byrnan</b>, <i>to burn</i>—brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, auburn, firebrand.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>clan</b>, <i>to cool</i>—chill, chilblain.</p> + <p><b>ceapian</b>, <i>to buy</i>—cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman.</p> + <p><b>cnnan</b>, <i>to produce</i>—kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind.</p> + <p><b>ceorl</b>, <i>a churl</i>—carle, churlish.</p> + <p><b>clne</b>, <i>clean</i>—clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean.</p> + <p><b>clth</b>, <i>cloth</i>—clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad.</p> + <p><b>clefan</b>, <i>to cleave</i>; <b>clifian</b>, <i>to adhere</i>—cleaver, cliff, clover, club.</p> + <p><b>cnafa</b>, <i>a boy</i>—knave, knavery.</p> + <p><b>cnwan</b>, <i>to know</i>—knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown.</p> + <p><b>cnyll</b>, <i>a loud noise</i>—knell.</p> + <p><b>cnyttan</b>, <i>to knit</i>—knitting, knot, knotty, net, network.</p> + <p><b>cracian</b>, <i>to crack</i>; <b>cearcian</b>, <i>to creak</i>—crack, crackle, creak, cricket, croak, screech, shriek.</p> + <p><b>cuman</b>, <i>to come</i>—comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome.</p> + <p><b>cunnan</b>, <i>to know</i>, <i>to be powerful</i>—can, con, cunning, keen.</p> + <p><b>cwellan</b>, <i>to slay</i>—kill, quell.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>dg</b>, <i>a day</i>—dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye.</p> + <p><b>dǽl</b>, <i>a part</i>—deal, dole, ordeal.</p> + <p><b>dman</b>, <i>to think</i>—deem.</p> + <p><b>deor</b>, <i>a wild animal</i>—deer.</p> + <p><b>deore</b>, <i>dusky or black</i>—dark, darken, darkly, darkness.</p> + <p><b>dic</b>, <i>a dyke</i>—dig, ditch, ditcher.</p> + <p><b>disc</b>, <i>a plate</i>—desk, disc, dish.</p> + <p><b>dm</b>, <i>judgment</i>—doom, doomsday.</p> + <p><b>dn</b>, <i>to do</i>—doer, deed, undo.</p> + <p><b>dragan</b>, <i>to draw</i>—drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray.</p> + <p><b>drifan</b>, <i>to drive</i>—drift, driver, drove.</p> + <p><b>drigan</b>, <i>to dry</i>—drysalter, drought, drug (originally <i>dried plants</i>), druggist.</p> + <p><b>drincan</b>, <i>to suck in</i>—drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken.</p> + <p><b>drypan</b>, <i>to drip or drop</i>—drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel.</p> + <p><b>dwinan</b>, <i>to pine</i>—dwindle, dwine.</p> + <p><b>dyn</b>, <i>a noise</i>—din, dun.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>eage</b>, <i>the eye</i>—eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid.</p> + <p><b>eald</b>, <i>old</i>—alderman, earl.</p> + <p><b>efen</b>, <i>just</i>—even, evenness.</p> + <p><b>erian</b>, <i>to plough</i>, <i>to ear</i>—earth, earthy, earthquake.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>faeger</b>, <i>bright</i>—fair, fairness.</p> + <p><b>fer</b>, <i>fear</i>—fearful, fearless.</p> + <p><b>faran</b>, <i>to go</i>—fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer.</p> + <p><b>fedan</b>, <i>to feed</i>—feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly.</p> + <p><b>feond</b>, <i>an enemy</i>—fiend, fiendish.</p> + <p><b>flegan</b>, <i>to fly</i>—flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight.</p> + <p><b>fletan</b>, <i>to float</i>—float, fleet.</p> + <p><b>flwan</b>, <i>to flow</i>—flood, flow.</p> + <p><b>folgian</b>, <i>to go after</i>—follow.</p> + <p><b>fn</b>, <i>to seize </i>—fang, finger.</p> + <p><b>ft</b>, <i>the foot</i>—foot, fetter, fetlock.</p> + <p><b>fren</b>, <i>to love</i>—free, freedom, friend, friendship.</p> + <p><b>fretan</b>, <i>to gnaw</i>—fret, fretful.</p> + <p><b>fugel</b>, <i>a bird</i>—fowl, fowler, fowling-piece.</p> + <p><b>fl</b>, <i>unclean</i>—filth, filthy, foul, fulsome.</p> + <p><b>fullian</b>, <i>to whiten</i>—full (<i>to scour and thicken cloth in a mill</i>), fuller, fuller's-earth.</p> + <p><b>fr</b>, <i>fire</i>—fiery, fireworks, bonfire.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>gabban</b>, <i>to mock</i>—gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber.</p> + <p><b>galan</b>, <i>to sing</i>—nightingale.</p> + <p><b>gangan</b>, <i>to go</i>—gang, gangway.</p> + <p><b>gst</b>, <i>a ghost</i>—gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast.</p> + <p><b>geard</b>, <i>an enclosure </i>—garden, orchard, yard.</p> + <p><b>geotan</b>, <i>to pour</i>—gush, gut.</p> + <p><b>gerefa</b>, <i>a governor</i>—grieve (<i>an overseer</i>), sheriff, sheriffdom.</p> + <p><b>getan</b>, <i>to get</i>—get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful.</p> + <p><b>gifan</b>, <i>to give</i>—give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven.</p> + <p><b>glowan</b>, <i>to glow</i>—glow, glowing.</p> + <p><b>gd</b>, <i>good</i>—gospel, gossip.</p> + <p><b>grs</b>, <i>grass</i>—grass, graze, grazier.</p> + <p><b>grafan</b>, <i>to dig</i>—grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave.</p> + <p><b>grapian</b>, <i>to grapple</i>; <b>grpan</b>, <i>to gripe</i>; <b>gropian</b>, <i>to grope</i>—grapple, grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel.</p> + <p><b>greot</b>, <i>dust</i>—gritty, groats.</p> + <p><b>grwan</b>, <i>to grow</i>—grow, growth.</p> + <p><b>grnd</b>, <i>the ground</i>—ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>habban</b>, <i>to have</i>—have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave.</p> + <p><b>hge</b>, <i>a hedge</i>—haw, hawthorn.</p> + <p><b>hl</b>, <i>sound</i>, <i>whole</i>—hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, holiness, whole, wholesome.</p> + <p><b>hm</b>, <i>a dwelling</i>—hamlet, home, homely, homeliness.</p> + <p><b>hangian</b>, <i>to hang</i>—hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang.</p> + <p><b>ht</b>, <i>heat</i>—heat, heater, hot.</p> + <p><b>healdan</b>, <i>to hold</i>—halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, withhold.</p> + <p><b>heard</b>, <i>hard</i>—harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy.</p> + <p><b>hebban</b>, <i>to lift</i>—heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval.</p> + <p><b>hdan</b>, <i>to heed</i>—heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness.</p> + <p><b>heorte</b>, <i>the heart</i>—hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, dishearten.</p> + <p><b>hlf</b>, <i>bread</i>—loaf.</p> + <p><b>hleapan</b>, <i>to leap</i>—leap, overleap, elope, elopement.</p> + <p><b>hol</b>, <i>a hole</i>—hole, hold (<i>of a ship</i>), hollow, hollowness.</p> + <p><b>hristlan</b>, <i>to make quick sounds</i>—rustle, rustling.</p> + <p><b>huntian</b>, <i>to rush</i>—hunt, hunter, huntsman.</p> + <p><b>hs</b>, <i>house</i>—housewife, husband, hustings.</p> + <p><b>hweorfan</b>, <i>to turn</i>—swerve, wharf.</p> + <p><b>hran</b>, <i>to hear</i>—hear, hearer, hearsay.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>lǽdan</b>, <i>to lead</i>—lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead.</p> + <p><b>lfan</b>, <i>to leave</i>—left, eleven, twelve.</p> + <p><b>lǽran</b>, <i>to teach</i>—learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned.</p> + <p><b>lang</b>, <i>long</i>—long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger.</p> + <p><b>lecgan</b>, <i>to lay</i>—lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw.</p> + <p><b>leofian</b>, <b>lybban</b>, <i>to live</i>—live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, outlive.</p> + <p><b>leoht</b>, <i>light</i>—lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten.</p> + <p><b>lc</b>, <i>like</i>—like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike.</p> + <p><b>locian</b>, <i>to stretch forward</i>—look.</p> + <p><b>loma</b>, <i>utensils</i>, <i>furniture</i>—loom, hand-loom, power-loom.</p> + <p><b>losian</b>, <i>to lose</i>—lose, loser, loss.</p> + <p><b>lf</b>, <i>love</i>; <b>lufian</b>, <i>to love</i>—lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, unlovely.</p> + <p><b>lyfan</b>, <i>to permit</i>—leave (<i>permission</i>), belief, believe, believer, misbelieve.</p> + <p><b>lyft</b>, <i>the air</i>—loft, lofty, aloft.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>macian</b>, <i>to make</i>—make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate.</p> + <p><b>mngan</b>, <i>to mix</i>—among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel.</p> + <p><b>magan</b>, <i>to be able</i>—may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay.</p> + <p><b>mearc</b>, <i>a boundary</i>—mark, marksman, marches, remark.</p> + <p><b>metan</b>, <i>to measure</i>—meet, meeting, meet (<i>fit</i>), meetness.</p> + <p><b>mund</b>, <i>a defence</i>—mound.</p> + <p><b>murnan</b>, <i>to murmur</i>—mourn, mourner, mournful.</p> + <p><b>mynd</b>, <i>the mind</i>—mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ns</b>, <i>a nose</i>—naze, ness.</p> + <p><b>nama</b>, <i>a name</i>—name, nameless, namesake, misname.</p> + <p><b>nead</b>, <i>need</i>—need, needful, needless, needs, needy.</p> + <p><b>neah</b>, <i>nigh</i>—near, next, neighbor.</p> + <p><b>niht</b>, <i>night</i>—night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>oga</b>, <i>dread</i>—ugly, ugliness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>pth</b>, <i>a path</i>—pathless, pathway, footpath.</p> + <p><b>plegan</b>, <i>to exercise</i>, <i>to sport</i>—play, player, playful, playmate.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>rcan</b>, <i>to reach</i>—reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent.</p> + <p><b>rǽdan</b>, <i>to read</i>—read, readable, reader, reading, riddle.</p> + <p><b>read</b>, <i>red</i>—red, redden, ruddy.</p> + <p><b>reafian</b>, <i>to seize</i>—bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, robber, robbery, rove, rover.</p> + <p><b>recan</b>, <i>to heed</i>—reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning.</p> + <p><b>rdan</b>, <i>to ride</i>—ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead.</p> + <p><b>rinnan</b>, <i>to run</i>—run, runner, runaway, outrun.</p> + <p><b>ripan</b>, <i>to reap</i>—reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe.</p> + <p><b>ruh</b>, <i>rough</i>—rough, roughness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>sgan</b>, <i>to say</i>—say, saying, hearsay, unsay.</p> + <p><b>sar</b>, <i>painful</i>—sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry.</p> + <p><b>scacan</b>, <i>to shake</i>—shake, shaky, shock, shocking.</p> + <p><b>sceadan</b>, <i>to shade</i>—shade, shady, shadow, shed (<i>a covered enclosure</i>).</p> + <p><b>scedan</b>, <i>to scatter</i>, <i>to shed</i>—shed (<i>to spill</i>), watershed.</p> + <p><b>sceofan</b>, <i>to push</i>—shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf.</p> + <p><b>scetan</b>, <i>to shoot</i>—shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, undershot, upshot.</p> + <p><b>scran</b>, <i>to cut</i>—scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire.</p> + <p><b>scnan</b>, <i>to shine</i>—sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine.</p> + <p><b>screopan</b>, <i>to creak</i>—scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book.</p> + <p><b>scrob</b>, <i>a bush</i>—shrub, shrubbery.</p> + <p><b>scyppan</b>, <i>to form</i>—shape, shapeless, landscape.</p> + <p><b>sellan</b>, <i>to give</i>—sale, sell, sold.</p> + <p><b>seon</b>, <i>to see</i>—see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze.</p> + <p><b>settan</b>, <i>to set</i>; <b>sittan</b>, <i>to sit</i>—set, setter, settle, settler, settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset.</p> + <p><b>sde</b>, <i>side</i>—side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside.</p> + <p><b>singan</b>, <i>to sing</i>—sing, singer, song.</p> + <p><b>slc</b>, <i>slack</i>—slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish.</p> + <p><b>slen</b>, <i>to slay</i>—slay, slaughter, sledge (<i>a heavy hammer</i>).</p> + <p><b>slidan</b>, <i>to slide</i>—slide, sled, sledge.</p> + <p><b>slipan</b>, <i>to glide</i>—slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod.</p> + <p><b>smitan</b>, <i>to smite</i>—smite, smiter, smith, smithy.</p> + <p><b>snican</b>, <i>to creep</i>—snake, sneak.</p> + <p><b>socc</b>, <i>a shoe</i>—sock, socket.</p> + <p><b>soft</b>, <i>soft</i>—soften, softly, softness.</p> + <p><b>soth</b>, <i>true</i>—sooth, soothsayer.</p> + <p><b>specan</b>, <i>to speak</i>—speak, speaker, speech, bespeak.</p> + <p><b>spell</b>, <i>a message</i>—spell (<i>discourse</i>), gospel.</p> + <p><b>spinnan</b>, <i>to spin</i>—spinner, spider.</p> + <p><b>stn</b>, <i>a stone</i>—stony, stoneware.</p> + <p><b>standan</b>, <i>to stand</i>—standard, understand, understanding, withstand.</p> + <p><b>steall</b>, <i>a place</i>—stall, forestall, install, pedestal.</p> + <p><b>steorfan</b>, <i>to die</i>—starve, starvation, starveling.</p> + <p><b>stician</b>, <i>to stick</i>—stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, stock, stockade, stocking.</p> + <p><b>stigan</b>, <i>to ascend</i>—stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty.</p> + <p><b>streccan</b>, <i>to stretch</i>—stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, straightness, outstretch, overstretch.</p> + <p><b>stran</b>, <i>to steer</i>—steer, steerage, steersman, stern (<i>the hind part of a ship</i>), astern.</p> + <p><b>strian</b>, <i>to stir</i>—stir, bestir.</p> + <p><b>sr</b>, <i>sour</i>—sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness.</p> + <p><b>swerian</b>, <i>to swear</i>—swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered.</p> + <p><b>swt</b>, <i>sweet</i>—sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>tecan</b>, <i>to show, to teach</i>—teach, teachable, teacher.</p> + <p><b>tellan</b>, <i>to count</i>—tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell.</p> + <p><b>thincan</b>, <i>to seem</i>; pret. thuh-te, <i>methinks</i>, <i>methought</i>.</p> + <p><b>thringan</b>, <i>to press</i>—throng.</p> + <p><b>thyr</b>, <i>dry</i>—thirst, thirsty.</p> + <p><b>treowe</b>, <i>true</i>—true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, trusty.</p> + <p><b>twa</b>, <i>two</i>—twice, twine, twist, between, entwine.</p> + <p><b>tyrnan</b>, <i>to turn</i>—turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, return, upturn.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>wacan</b>, <i>to awake</i>—wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, watchfulness, watchman.</p> + <p><b>warnian</b>, <i>to defend</i>, <i>to beware</i>—warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, aware, beware.</p> + <p><b>wearm</b>, <i>glowing</i>—warm, warmth.</p> + <p><b>wegan</b>, <i>to move</i>—wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, weighty.</p> + <p><b>weordh</b>, <i>worth</i>—worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy.</p> + <p><b>werian</b>, <i>to cover</i>—wear, wearable, weary, wearisome.</p> + <p><b>winnan</b>, <i>to labor</i>—win, won.</p> + <p><b>witan</b>, <i>to know</i>—wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty.</p> + <p><b>wringan</b>, <i>to twist</i>—wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle.</p> + <p><b>writhan</b>, <i>to twist</i>—wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, wrong.</p> + <p><b>wunian</b>, <i>to dwell</i>—wont, wonted.</p> + <p><b>wyrm</b>, <i>a worm, a serpent</i>—worm.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="IV.B"></a> +<h3>Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally +translated into Modern English.</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>EXTRACT FROM CDMON'S PARAPHRASE.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Cdmon: died about 680.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nu we sceolan herian</p> + <p>heofon-rices weard,</p> + <p>metodes mihte,</p> + <p>and his mod-ge-thonc,</p> + <p>wera wuldor-fder!</p> + <p>swa he wundra ge-hws,</p> + <p>ece dryhten,</p> + <p>oord onstealde.</p> + <p>He rest ge-scop</p> + <p>ylda bearnum</p> + <p>heofon to hrfe,</p> + <p>halig scyppend!</p> + <p>tha middan-geard</p> + <p>mon-cynnes weard,</p> + <p>ece dryhten,</p> + <p>fter teode,</p> + <p>firum foldan,</p> + <p>frea lmihtig!</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Now we shall praise</p> + <p>the guardian of heaven,</p> + <p>the might of the creator,</p> + <p>and his mind's thought,</p> + <p>the glory-father of men!</p> + <p>how he of all wonders,</p> + <p>the eternal lord,</p> + <p>formed the beginning.</p> + <p>He first created</p> + <p>for the children of men</p> + <p>heaven as a roof,</p> + <p>the holy creator!</p> + <p>them the world</p> + <p>the guardian of mankind</p> + <p>the eternal lord,</p> + <p>produced afterwards,</p> + <p>the earth for men,</p> + <p>the almighty master!</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Bede: died 735.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>For tham ned-fere</p> + <p>neni wirtheth</p> + <p>thances suotera</p> + <p>thonne him thearf sy,</p> + <p>to ge-hicgeune</p> + <p>er his heonon-gange</p> + <p>hwet his gaste</p> + <p>godes othe yveles</p> + <p>efter deathe heonon</p> + <p>demed weorthe.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Before the necessary journey</p> + <p>no one becomes</p> + <p>more prudent in thought</p> + <p>than is needful to him,</p> + <p>to search out</p> + <p>before his going hence</p> + <p>what to his spirit</p> + <p>of good or of evil</p> + <p>after his death hence</p> + <p>will be judged.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE—Tenth Century.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <p>Tha feng lfred thelwulfing to West-Seaxna rice; and ths ymb nne + monath gefeaht lfred cyning with ealne thone here lytle werode t + Wiltoune, and hine lange on dg geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton + wl-stowe geweald. And ths geares wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten with + thone here on tham cyne-rice be suthan Temese, butan tham the him lfred, + and ealdormen, and cyninges thegnas oft rada onridon the man na ne rimde. + And ths geares wron of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an cyning; and thy + geare namon West-Seaxan frith with thone here.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf to the West Saxon's kingdom; and + that after one month fought Alfred king against all the army with a + little band at Wilton, and them long during the day routed and then the + Danes obtained of the battle-field possession. And this year were nine + great battles fought with the army in the kingdom to the south of the + Thames, besides those in which Alfred, and the alder-men, and the king's + thanes oft inrode—against which one nothing accounted. And this + year were slain nine earls and one king; and this year made the + West-Saxons peace with the army.</p> +</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS—Eleventh Century.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> +<p class="center">LUC, Cap. I. v. 5-10.</p> + + <p>5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, ws sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, + of Abian tune: and his wif ws of Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama ws + Elizabeth.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> +<p class="center">LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10.</p> + + <p>5. In the days of Herod the king of Judea, there was a certain priest + by name Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the + daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>6. Sothlice hig wron butu rihtwise beforan Gode, gangende on eallum + his bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan wrohte.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>6. And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the + commandments and ordinances of the Lord without blame.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>7. And hig nfdon nan bearn, fortham the Elizabeth ws unberende; and + hig on heora dagum butu forth-eodon.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>7. And they had no child, because that Elizabeth was barren; and they + in her days were both of great age.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>8. Sothlice ws geworden tha Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on his + gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan Gode,</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>8. And it befell that when Zacharias should do the office of the + priesthood in the order of his course before God,</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>9. fter gewunan ths sacerdhades hlotes, he eode that he his + offrunge sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>9. After the custom of the priesthood he went forth by lot, to burn + incense when he into God's temple went.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>10. Eall werod ths folces ws ute gebiddende on thre offrunge + timan.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>10. And all the multitude of the people were without praying at the + time of incense.</p> +</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>THE LORD'S PRAYER.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <p>Fder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume + thin rice; geweordhe thin willa on eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge + dghwamlican hlaf syle us to-dg; and forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we + forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne gelde thu us on costnunge, ac alys us + of yfle, etc.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>Father our, thou who art in heaven; be thine name hallowed; let come + thine kingdom; let be done thine will on earth, so as in the heavens. Our + also daily bread give thou us to-day; and forgive thou to us our debts, + so as we forgive our debtors; and not lead thou us into temptations, but + deliver thou us from evil, etc.</p> +</td></tr></table> + +<a name="IV.C"></a> +<h3><b>Specimens of Semi-Saxon and Early English.</b></h3> + +<p class="center"><i>EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON—About 1180.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>He nom tha Englisca boc</p> + <p>Tha makede Seint Beda;</p> + <p>An other he nom on Latin,</p> + <p>Tha makede Seinte Albin,</p> + <p>And the feire Austin,</p> + <p>The fulluht broute hider in.</p> + <p>Boc he nom the thridde,</p> + <p>Leide ther amidden,</p> + <p>Tha makede a Frenchis clerc,</p> + <p>Wace was ihoten,</p> + <p>The wel couthe writen,</p> + <p>And he hoc yef thare aethelen</p> + <p>Allienor, the wes Henries quene,</p> + <p>Thes heyes kinges.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>He took the English book</p> + <p>That Saint Bede made;</p> + <p>Another he took in Latin,</p> + <p>That Saint Albin made,</p> + <p>And the fair Austin,</p> + <p>That baptism brought hither in.</p> + <p>The third book he took,</p> + <p><i>And</i> laid there in midst,</p> + <p>That made a French clerk,</p> + <p>Wace was <i>he</i> called,</p> + <p>That well could write,</p> + <p>And he it gave to the noble</p> + <p>Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen,</p> + <p>The high king's.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.—1258.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <p>Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on + Yrloand, Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on Anjou, send I greting, to + alle hise holde, ilrde and ilewede on Huntindonnschiere. Tht witen ge + wel alle, ht we willen and unnen tht ure rdesmen alle, other the moare + del of heom, tht beoth ichosen thurg us and thurg tht loandes-folk on + ure kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen don in the worthnes of God, and + ure treowthe, for the freme of the loande, etc.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>Henry, through God's support, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke + of Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of Anjou, sends greeting to all his + subjects, learned and unlearned, of Huntingdonshire. This know ye well + all, that we will and grant what our counsellors all, or the more part of + them, that be chosen through us and through the landfolk of our kingdom, + have done, and shall do, to the honor of God, and our allegiance, for the + good of the land, etc.</p> +</td></tr></table> + +<a name="IV.D"></a> +<h3>Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English.</h3> + + <p>That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the + employment of Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have + some clue to direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following + extracts, embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to + his attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in <i>Italics</i>.</p> + +<p class="center">MILTON.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">Of man's first <i>disobedience</i>, and the <i>fruit</i></p> + <p>Of that forbidden tree, whose <i>mortal taste</i></p> + <p>Brought death into the world, and all our woe,</p> + <p>With loss of <i>Eden</i>, till one greater man</p> + <p><i>Restore</i> us and <i>regain</i> the blissful seat—</p> + <p>Sing, heavenly <i>Muse</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">With thee <i>conversing</i>, I forget all time,</p> + <p>All <i>seasons</i>, and their <i>change</i>; all <i>please</i> alike.</p> + <p>Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet,</p> + <p>With <i>charm</i> of earliest birds; <i>pleasant</i> the sun</p> + <p>When first on this <i>delightful</i> land he spreads</p> + <p>His <i>orient</i> beams on <i>herb</i>, tree, <i>fruit</i>, and <i>flower</i>,</p> + <p>Glistering with dew; <i>fragrant</i> the <i>fertile</i> earth,</p> + <p>After soft showers; and sweet the coming on</p> + <p>Of <i>grateful</i> evening mild; then <i>silent</i> night</p> + <p>With this her <i>solemn</i> bird, and this fair moon,</p> + <p>And these the <i>gems</i> of heaven, her starry <i>train</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">SHAKESPEARE.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">To be, or not to be, that is the <i>question</i>;</p> + <p>Whether 't is <i>nobler</i> in the mind to <i>suffer</i></p> + <p>The stings and arrows of <i>outrageous fortune</i>,</p> + <p>Or to take <i>arms</i> against a sea of <i>troubles</i>,</p> + <p>And, by <i>opposing</i>, end them? To die, to sleep;</p> + <p>No more;—and by a sleep to say we end</p> + <p>The heart<i>ache</i> and the thousand <i>natural</i> shocks</p> + <p>That flesh is <i>heir</i> to! 't were a <i>consummation</i></p> + <p><i>Devoutly</i> to be wished. To die; to sleep;</p> + <p>To sleep?—<i>perchance</i> to dream!</p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">All the world's a <i>stage</i>,</p> + <p>And all the men and women <i>merely</i> players.</p> + <p>They have their <i>exits</i> and their <i>entrances</i>,</p> + <p>And one man in his time plays many <i>parts</i>;</p> + <p>His <i>acts</i> being seven <i>ages</i>. At first the <i>infant</i>,</p> + <p>Mewling and puking in his <i>nurse's arms</i>.</p> + <p>And then the whining <i>school</i>-boy, with his <i>satchel</i></p> + <p>And shining morning <i>face</i>, creeping like snail</p> + <p>Unwillingly to <i>school</i>. And then the lover,</p> + <p>Sighing like <i>furnace</i>, with a woeful <i>ballad</i></p> + <p>Made to his <i>mistress'</i> eyebrow. Then a <i>soldier</i>,</p> + <p>Full of <i>strange</i> oaths, and bearded like the <i>pard</i>,</p> + <p><i>Jealous</i> in <i>honour</i>, <i>sudden</i> and quick in <i>quarrel</i>;</p> + <p>Seeking the bubble <i>reputation</i></p> + <p>Even in the <i>cannon's</i> mouth.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE.</p> + + <p>In the beginning God <i>created</i> the heaven and the earth. And the + earth was without <i>form</i>, and <i>void</i>; and darkness was upon the + <i>face</i> of the deep: and the <i>Spirit</i> of God <i>moved</i> upon + the <i>face</i> of the waters. And God said, Let there be light; and + there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God + <i>divided</i> the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, + and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were + the first day.—<i>Genesis</i> i. 1-6.</p> + + <p>And it came to <i>pass</i>, that when <i>Isaac</i> was old, and his + eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called <i>Esau</i>, his + eldest son, and said unto him, My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here + am I. And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death. + Now therefore take, I <i>pray</i> thee, thy weapons, thy <i>quiver</i> + and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some <i>venison</i>; + and make me <i>savoury</i> meat, such as I love, and bring it to me, that + I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And <i>Rebekah</i> + heard when <i>Isaac</i> spake to <i>Esau</i> his son. And <i>Esau</i> + went to the field to hunt for <i>venison</i>, and to bring it. And + <i>Rebekah</i> spake unto <i>Jacob</i> her son, saying, Behold, I heard + thy father speak unto <i>Esau</i> thy brother, saying, Bring me + <i>venison</i>, and make me <i>savoury</i> meat, that I may eat, and + bless thee before the Lord before my death.—<i>Genesis</i> xxvii. + 1-7.</p> + +<p class="center">THOMSON.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">These as they <i>change</i>, Almighty Father! these</p> + <p>Are but the <i>varied</i> God. The <i>rolling</i> year</p> + <p>Is full of thee. Forth in the <i>pleasing</i> spring</p> + <p>Thy <i>beauty</i> walks, thy <i>tenderness</i> and love.</p> + <p>Wide flush the fields; the softening <i>air</i> is <i>balm</i>;</p> + <p><i>Echo</i> the <i>mountains round</i>; the <i>forest</i> smiles;</p> + <p>And every <i>sense</i> and every heart is <i>joy</i>.</p> + <p>Then comes thy <i>glory</i> in the summer months,</p> + <p>With light and heat <i>refulgent</i>. Then thy sun</p> + <p>Shoots full <i>perfection</i> through the swelling year.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">ADDISON.</p> + + <p>I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the + night <i>insensibly</i> fell upon me. I at first <i>amused</i> myself + with all the richness and <i>variety</i> of <i>colours</i> which + <i>appeared</i> in the western <i>parts</i> of heaven. In + <i>proportion</i> as they <i>faded</i> away and went out, <i>several</i> + stars and <i>planets appeared</i>, one after another, till the whole + <i>firmament</i> was in a glow. The blueness of the <i>ether</i> was + <i>exceedingly</i> heightened and enlivened by the <i>season</i> of the + year.</p> + +<p class="center">YOUNG.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Let <i>Indians</i>, and the <i>gay</i>, like <i>Indians</i>, fond</p> + <p>Of feathered <i>fopperies</i>, the sun <i>adore</i>:</p> + <p>Darkness has more <i>divinity</i> for me;</p> + <p>It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul</p> + <p>To settle on herself, our <i>point supreme</i>.</p> + <p>There lies our <i>theater</i>: there sits our <i>judge</i>.</p> + <p>Darkness the <i>curtain</i> drops o'er life's dull <i>scene</i>:</p> + <p>'T is the kind hand of <i>Providence</i> stretched out</p> + <p>'Twixt man and <i>vanity</i>; 't is <i>reason's reign</i>,</p> + <p>And <i>virtue's</i> too; these <i>tutelary</i> shades</p> + <p>Are man's <i>asylum</i> from the <i>tainted</i> throng.</p> + <p>Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too.</p> + <p>It no less <i>rescues virtue</i>, than <i>inspires</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">SWIFT.</p> + + <p>Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last <i>cost</i> you + the <i>pains</i> to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer + has the thicker, homelier, and the <i>coarser coat</i>; and whereof, to a + <i>judicious palate</i>, the <i>maggots</i> are the best. 'Tis a <i>sack + posset</i>, wherein the deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But + then, lastly, 'tis a nut, which, unless you choose with <i>judgment</i>, + may <i>cost</i> you a tooth, and <i>pay</i> you with nothing but a + worm.</p> + +<p class="center">HUME.</p> + + <p>The <i>beauties</i> of her <i>person</i> and <i>graces</i> of her + <i>air combined</i> to make her the most <i>amiable</i> of women; and the + <i>charms</i> of her <i>address</i> and <i>conversation aided</i> the + <i>impression</i> which her lovely <i>figure</i> made on the heart of all + beholders. <i>Ambitious</i> and <i>active</i> in her <i>temper</i>, yet + <i>inclined</i> to <i>cheerfulness</i> and <i>society</i>; of a lofty + <i>spirit</i>, <i>constant</i> and even <i>vehement</i> in her + <i>purpose</i>, yet <i>politic, gentle</i>, and <i>affable</i>, in her + <i>demeanor</i>, she <i>seemed</i> to <i>par</i>take only so much of the + <i>male virtues</i> as to <i>render</i> her <i>estimable</i>, without + <i>relinquishing</i> those soft <i>graces</i> which <i>compose</i> the + <i>proper ornament</i> of her <i>sex</i>.</p> + +<p class="center">GIBBON.</p> + + <p>In the <i>second century</i> of the <i>Christian era</i>, the + <i>empire</i> of <i>Rome comprehended</i> the fairest <i>part</i> of the + earth, and the most <i>civilized portion</i> of mankind. The + <i>frontiers</i> of that <i>extensive monarchy</i> were guarded by + <i>ancient renown</i>, and <i>disciplined valour</i>. The <i>gentle</i> + but <i>powerful influence</i> of laws and <i>manners</i> had <i>gradually + cemented</i> the <i>union</i> of the <i>provinces</i>. Their <i>peaceful + inhabitants enjoyed</i> and <i>abused</i> the <i>advantages</i> of wealth + and <i>luxury</i>. The <i>image</i> of a free <i>constitution</i> was + <i>preserved</i> with <i>decent reverence</i>.</p> + +<p class="center">JOHNSON.</p> + + <p>Of <i>genius</i>, that <i>power</i> which <i>constitutes</i> a + <i>poet</i>; that <i>quality</i> without which <i>judgment</i> is cold, + and knowledge is <i>inert</i>; that <i>energy</i> which <i>collects</i>, + <i>combines</i>, <i>amplifies</i>, and <i>animates</i>; the + <i>superiority</i> must, with some <i>hesitation</i>, be <i>allowed</i> + to Dryden. It is not to be <i>inferred</i> that of this <i>poetical vigor + Pope</i> had only a little, <i>because</i> Dryden had more; for every + other writer since Milton must give <i>place</i> to <i>Pope</i>; and even + of Dryden it must be said, that if he has brighter <i>paragraphs</i>, he + has not better <i>poems</i>.</p> + +<p class="center">BYRON.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Ancient</i> of days! <i>august Athena!</i> where,</p> + <p>Where are thy men of might—thy <i>grand</i> in soul?</p> + <p>Gone—glimmering through the dream of things that were.</p> + <p>First in the race that led to <i>Glory's goal</i>,</p> + <p>They won, and <i>passed</i> away. Is this the whole?</p> + <p>A <i>school</i>-boy's tale—the wonder of an <i>hour</i>!</p> + <p>The warrior's-weapon and the <i>sophist's stole</i></p> + <p>Are sought in <i>vain</i>, and o'er each <i>mouldering</i> tower,</p> + <p>Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of <i>power</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">SIR WALTER SCOTT.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The way was long, the wind was cold,</p> + <p>The <i>Minstrel</i> was <i>infirm</i> and old;</p> + <p>His withered cheek and <i>tresses</i> gray</p> + <p><i>Seemed</i> to have known a better day;</p> + <p>The harp, his <i>sole remaining joy</i>,</p> + <p>Was carried by an <i>orphan</i> boy.</p> + <p>The last of all the bards was he</p> + <p>Who sung of border <i>chivalry</i>;</p> + <p>For, well-a-day! their <i>dale</i> was fled;</p> + <p>His <i>tune</i>ful brethren all were dead;</p> + <p>And he, <i>neglected</i> and <i>oppressed</i>,</p> + <p>Wished to be with them and at rest.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">WORDSWORTH.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ah! little doth the young one dream,</p> + <p>When full of play and childish cares,</p> + <p>What <i>power</i> is in his wildest scream,</p> + <p>Heard by his mother unawares!</p> + <p>He knows it not, he cannot guess;</p> + <p>Years to a mother bring <i>distress</i>;</p> + <p>But do not make her love the less.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>My son, if thou be <i>humbled</i>, <i>poor</i>,</p> + <p>Hopeless of <i>honor</i> and of <i>gain</i>,</p> + <p>Oh! do not dread thy mother's door;</p> + <p>Think not of me with <i>grief</i> and <i>pain</i>.</p> + <p>I now can see with better eyes;</p> + <p>And worldly <i>grandeur</i> I <i>despise</i>,</p> + <p>And <i>Fortune</i> with her gifts and lies.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">TENNYSON.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Not wholly in the busy world, nor <i>quite</i></p> + <p>Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love.</p> + <p>News from the humming <i>city</i> comes to it</p> + <p>In <i>sound</i> of <i>funeral</i> or of <i>marriage</i> bells;</p> + <p>And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear</p> + <p>The windy clanging of the winter clock;</p> + <p>Although between it and the garden lies</p> + <p>A <i>league</i> of grass, washed by a slow broad stream,</p> + <p>That, stirred with <i>languid pulses</i> of the oar,</p> + <p>Waves all its lazy <i>lilies</i>, and creeps on,</p> + <p>Barge laden, to three <i>arches</i> of a bridge,</p> + <p><i>Crowned</i> with the <i>minster-towers</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="V.I.1"></a> +<h2>PART V.—MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.</h2> + +<h3>I.—WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS.</h3> + +<h3>1.—NOUNS.</h3> + + <p><b>at'las</b>, <i>a collection of maps bound together</i>: "Atlas," a + fabled giant who, according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his + shoulders.</p> + + <p><b>acad'emy</b>, <i>a superior grade school, a society of learned + men</i>: "Academus," a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught.</p> + + <p><b>ammo'nia</b>, <i>the pungent matter of smelling salts</i>: "Jupiter + Ammon," near whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained.</p> + + <p><b>bac'chanal</b>, <i>one who indulges in drunken revels</i>: + "Bacchus," the god of wine.</p> + + <p><b>bow'ie knife</b>, <i>an American weapon</i>: Colonel "Bowie," the + inventor.</p> + + <p><b>braggado'cio</b>, <i>a vain boaster</i>: "Braggadochio," a boastful + character in Spenser's Faery Queen.</p> + + <p><b>bud'dhism</b>, <i>a wide-spread Asiatic religion</i>: "Buddha," a + Hindoo sage who lived about 1000 B.C.</p> + + <p><b>cal'vinism</b>, <i>the doctrines of Calvin</i>: "Calvin," a Swiss + theologian of the 16th century.</p> + + <p><b>camel'lia</b>, <i>a genus of evergreen shrubs</i>: "Camelli," a + Spaniard who brought them from Asia.</p> + + <p><b>cicero'ne</b> (sis e-ro'ne or chĭ chĕ-ro'-ne), <i>a + guide</i>: "Cicero," the Roman orator.</p> + + <p><b>cincho'na</b>, <i>Peruvian bark</i>: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a + Spanish governor of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she + was cured of an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she + aided in the diffusion of the remedy.</p> + + <p><b>daguerre'otype</b>, <i>a picture produced on a metal plate</i>: + "Daguerre," the inventor (1789-1851).</p> + + <p><b>dahl'ia</b>, <i>a garden plant</i>: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist.</p> + + <p><b>dunce</b>, <i>a dull, slow-witted person</i>: "Duns Scotus," a + subtle philosopher of the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very + popular in the schools during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful + hair-splitter was called a Dunse; but at last, through the influence of + the antagonists of the philosopher, the word passed into a term of + reproach.</p> + + <p><b>ep'icure</b>, <i>one fond of good living</i>: "Epicurus," a Greek + philosopher who was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good.</p> + + <p><b>Fah'renheit</b>, <i>a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of + water at</i> 32 (which is different from both the centigrade and the + Reaumur thermometer): "Fahrenheit," the inventor.</p> + + <p><b>fuchsia</b> (fu'sĭ-a), <i>a genus of flowering plants</i>: + "Leonard Fuchs," a German botanist of the 16th century.</p> + + <p><b>gal'vanism</b>, <i>a branch of the science of electricity</i>: + "Galvani," an Italian physician, its discoverer.</p> + + <p><b>gen'tian</b>, <i>a medicinal root</i>: "Gentian," king of Illyria, + who is said to have first experienced the virtues of the plant.</p> + + <p><b>gob'elin</b>, <i>a rich tapestry</i>: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish + dyer.</p> + + <p><b>guillotine'</b>, <i>an instrument for beheading</i>: "Guillotin," + who invented and brought it into use at the time of the French + Revolution, last century.</p> + + <p><b>hy'giene</b>, <i>the principles and rules of health</i>: "Hygeia," + the goddess of health in classical mythology.</p> + + <p><b>Jes'uit</b>, <i>a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by + Ignatius Loyola in</i> 1534: "Jesus."</p> + + <p><b>lynch</b>, <i>to punish without the usual forms of law</i>: said to + be from "Lynch," a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own + hands.</p> + + <p><b>macad'amize</b>, <i>to cover a road with small broken stones</i>: + "Macadam," the inventor.</p> + + <p><b>magno'lia</b>, <i>a species of trees found in the southern parts of + the United States</i>: "Magnol," a French botanist.</p> + + <p><b>men'tor</b>, <i>a faithful monitor</i>: "Mentor," the counselor of + Telemachus.</p> + + <p><b>mor'phia</b>, <i>the narcotic principle of opium</i>: "Morpheus," + the god of sleep.</p> + + <p><b>ne'gus</b>, <i>a mixture of wine, water, and sugar</i>: Colonel + "Negus," who introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne.</p> + + <p><b>or'rery</b>, <i>an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the + heavenly bodies</i>: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was + made.</p> + + <p><b>palla'dium</b>, <i>something that affords effectual defense, + protection, and safety</i>: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas + Athene," which was kept hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of + the safety of the town where it was lodged.</p> + + <p><b>pan'ic</b>, <i>a sudden fright</i>: "Pan," the god of shepherds, + who is said to have caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance.</p> + + <p><b>pe'ony</b>, <i>a plant of the genus</i> PONIA, <i>having beautiful + showy flowers</i>: "Pon," its discoverer.</p> + + <p><b>pet'rel</b>, <i>an ocean bird</i>: diminutive of Peter, probably so + called in allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea.</p> + + <p><b>pha'eton</b>, <i>an open carriage</i>: "Phaethon," the fabled son + of Phœbus or the Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive.</p> + + <p><b>pinch'beck</b>, <i>an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold</i>: + said to be from one "Pinchbeck," the inventor.</p> + + <p><b>quas'sia</b>, <i>a bitter wood used as a tonic</i>: "Quassy," a + negro who discovered its qualities.</p> + + <p><b>rodomontade'</b>, <i>vainbluster</i>: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero + who figures in Ariosto's poem of the <i>Orlando Furioso</i>.</p> + + <p><b>silhouette</b> (sil oo et'), <i>the outline of an object filled in + with black color</i>: "Silhouette" (see Webster).</p> + + <p><b>tan'talize</b>, <i>to torment or tease</i>: "Tantalus," according + to the poets, an ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the + chin in water with fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both + receded when he wished to partake.</p> + + <p><b>typhoon'</b>, <i>a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese + seas</i>: "Typhon," a fabled giant who was taught to produce them.</p> + + <p><b>volca'no</b>, <i>a burning mountain</i>: "Vulcan," the god of + fire.</p> + +<a name="V.I.2"></a> +<h3>2.—ADJECTIVES.</h3> + + <p><b>Amer'ican</b>, <i>relating to America</i>: from "Amerigo (Latin, + <i>Americus</i>) Vespucci"—contemporary of Columbus.</p> + + <p><b>A'rian</b>, <i>relating to Arius</i>: a theologian of the 4th + century who denied the divinity of Christ.</p> + + <p><b>Aristote'lian</b>, <i>relating to the deductive method of reasoning + set forth by Aristotle</i>: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century + B.C.</p> + + <p><b>Armin'ian</b>, <i>relating to Arminius</i>: a Dutch theologian of + the 16th century, who opposed the doctrines of Calvin.</p> + + <p><b>Baco'nian</b>, <i>relating to the inductive method of reasoning set + forth by Bacon</i>: an English philosopher of the 17th century.</p> + + <p><b>Carte'sian</b>, <i>relating to the philosophy of Descartes</i>: a + French philosopher of the 17th century.</p> + + <p><b>ce'real</b>, <i>relating to grain</i>: from "Ceres"—the Roman + goddess of corn and tillage.</p> + + <p><b>Coper'nican</b>, <i>relating to Copernicus</i>: a German + philosopher of the 16th century, who taught the theory of the solar + system now received, and called the <i>Copernican system</i>.</p> + + <p><b>Eliz'abethan</b>, <i>relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of + England</i>: (1558-1603).</p> + + <p><b>Eo'lian</b>, <i>relating to the wind</i>: from "olus"—the + god of the winds in classic mythology.</p> + + <p><b>Eras'tian</b>, <i>relating to Erastus</i>:—a German + theologian of the 16th century, who maintained that the Church is wholly + dependent on the State for support or authority.</p> + + <p><b>Escula'pian</b>, <i>relating to the healing art</i>: from + "Esculapius"—the god of the healing art among the Greeks.</p> + + <p><b>Gor'dian</b>, <i>intricate, complicated, difficult</i>: from + "Gordius"—king of Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be + untied.</p> + + <p><b>Hercule'an</b>, <i>very large and strong</i>: from + "Hercules"—a hero of antiquity celebrated for his strength.</p> + + <p><b>hermet'ic</b>, <i>relating to Hermes</i>—the fabled inventor + of alchemy; adv., <b>hermetically</b>, <i>in a perfectly close + manner</i>.</p> + + <p><b>Hudibras'tic</b>, <i>in the manner of the satirical poem called + Hudibras</i>, by Samuel Butler (1612-1680).</p> + + <p><b>jo'vial</b>, <i>gay, merry</i>: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),—the + planet of that name having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those + who were born under it of a joyous temper.</p> + + <p><b>Linn'an</b>, <i>relating to Linnus</i>—the celebrated + Swedish botanist.</p> + + <p><b>Lu'theran</b>, <i>relating to the doctrines of Luther</i>—a + German religious teacher of the 16th century.</p> + + <p><b>Machiavel'ian</b>, <i>cunning and sinister in politics</i>: from + "Machiaveli"—an Italian writer of the 15th century.</p> + + <p><b>mercu'rial</b>, <i>active, sprightly</i>—having the qualities + fabled to belong to the god "Mercury."</p> + + <p><b>Mosa'ic</b>, <i>relating to Moses, his writings or his + time</i>.</p> + + <p><b>Newto'nian</b>, <i>relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his + philosophy</i>.</p> + + <p><b>Pindar'ic</b>, <i>after the style and manner of Pindar</i>—a + lyric poet of Greece.</p> + + <p><b>platon'ic</b>, <i>relating to the opinions or the school of + Plato</i>,—a philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C.</p> + + <p><b>Pluton'ic</b>, <i>relating to the interior of the earth, or to the + Plutonic theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire</i>: + from "Pluto"—in classic mythology, the god of the infernal + regions.</p> + + <p><b>procrus'tean</b>, <i>relating to or resembling the mode of torture + employed by Procrustes</i>—a celebrated highwayman of ancient + Attica, who tied his victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, + either stretched out or cut off their legs to adapt them to its + length.</p> + + <p><b>Prome'thean</b>, <i>relating to Prometheus</i>—a god fabled + by the ancient poets to have formed men from clay and to have given them + life by means of fire stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, + sent Mercury to bind him to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey + upon his liver.</p> + + <p><b>Quixot'ic</b>, <i>absolutely romantic, like Don + Quixote</i>—described by Cervantes, a Spanish writer of the 16th + century.</p> + + <p><b>Satur'nian</b>, <i>distinguished for purity, integrity, and + simplicity</i>; <i>golden, happy</i>: from "Saturn"—one of the gods + of antiquity whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his + government, was called the <i>golden age</i>.</p> + + <p><b>Socrat'ic</b>, <i>relating to the philosophy or the method of + teaching of Socrates</i>—the celebrated philosopher of Greece + (468-399 B.C.).</p> + + <p><b>stento'rian</b>, <i>very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of + Stentor</i>—a Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud + voice.</p> + + <p><b>Thes'pian</b>, <i>relating to tragic action</i>: from + "Thespis"—the founder of the Greek drama.</p> + + <p><b>Titan'ic</b>, <i>enormous in size and strength</i>: from the + "Titans"—fabled giants in classic mythology.</p> + + <p><b>Uto'pian</b>, <i>ideal, fanciful, chimerical</i>: from + "Utopia"—an imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a + work called "Utopia," as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics + laws, and society.</p> + + <p><b>volta'ic</b>, <i>relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity</i>: + from "Volta"—who first devised apparatus for developing electric + currents by chemical action.</p> + +<a name="V.II"></a> +<h3>II.—WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES.</h3> + + <p><b>ag'ate</b>, <i>a precious stone</i>: "Achates," a river in Sicily + where it is found.</p> + + <p><b>al'abaster</b>, <i>a variety of soft marble</i>: "Alabastrum," in + Egypt, where it is found.</p> + + <p><b>ar'ras</b>, <i>tapestry</i>: "Arras," in France, where it is + manufactured.</p> + + <p><b>arte'sian</b>, <i>applied to wells made by boring into the earth + till the instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure</i>: + "Artois" (anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells + have been made.</p> + + <p><b>At'tic</b>, <i>marked by such qualities as characterized the + Athenians, as delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc.</i>: + "Attica," the country of the Athenians.</p> + + <p><b>ban'tam</b>, <i>a small domestic fowl</i>: "Bantam," in Java, + whence it was brought.</p> + + <p><b>barb</b>, <i>a Barbary horse</i>: "Barbary," in Africa.</p> + + <p><b>bay'onet</b>, <i>a dagger fixed on the end of a musket</i>: + "Bayonne," in France, where it was invented, in 1679.</p> + + <p><b>bedlam</b>, <i>a lunatic asylum</i>: "Bethlehem," a monastery in + London, afterwards used as an asylum for lunatics.</p> + + <p><b>bur'gundy</b>, <i>a French wine</i>: "Burgundy," where it is + made.</p> + + <p><b>cal'ico</b>, <i>a kind of cotton cloth</i>: "Calicut," in India, + where it was first manufactured.</p> + + <p><b>cana'ry</b>, <i>a wine and a bird</i>: the "Canary" Islands.</p> + + <p><b>can'ter</b>, <i>an easy gallop</i>: "Canterbury," in allusion to + the easy pace at which the pilgrims used to ride thither.</p> + + <p><b>car'ronade</b>, <i>a short cannon</i>: "Carron," in Scotland, where + it was first made.</p> + + <p><b>cash'mere</b>, <i>a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet + goat</i>: "Cashmere," the country where first made.</p> + + <p><b>chalced'ony</b>, <i>a variety of uncrystalized quartz</i>: + "Chalcedon," in Asia Minor, where obtained.</p> + + <p><b>champagne'</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Champagne," in France, where + produced.</p> + + <p><b>cher'ry</b>, <i>a red stoned fruit</i>: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), + in Pontus, Asia Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy.</p> + + <p><b>chest'nut</b>, <i>a fruit</i>: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it + was introduced into Europe.</p> + + <p><b>cog'nac</b>, <i>a kind of French brandy</i>: "Cognac," in France, + where extensively made.</p> + + <p><b>cop'per</b>, <i>a metal</i>: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich + mines of the metal.</p> + + <p><b>cord'wainer</b>, <i>a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish + leather</i>: "Cordova," in Spain.</p> + + <p><b>curaoa'</b>, <i>a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel</i>: + the island of "Curaoa," where it was first made.</p> + + <p><b>cur'rant</b>, <i>a small dried grape</i>: "Corinth," in Greece, of + which "currant" is a corruption.</p> + + <p><b>dam'ask</b>, <i>figured linen or silk</i>: "Damascus," in Syria, + where first made.</p> + + <p><b>dam'son</b>, <i>a small black plum</i>: (shortened from + "Damascene") Damascus.</p> + + <p><b>delf</b>, <i>a kind of earthenware</i>: "Delft," in Holland, where + it was orignally made.</p> + + <p><b>di'aper</b>, <i>a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, + etc.</i>: "Ypres," in Flanders, where originally manufactured.</p> + + <p><b>dim'ity</b>, <i>a figured cotton cloth</i>: "Damietta," in + Egypt.</p> + + <p><b>gamboge'</b>, <i>a yellow resin used as a paint</i>: "Cambodia, + where it is obtained.</p> + + <p><b>ging'ham</b>, <i>cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven</i>: + "Guincamp," in France, where it was first made.</p> + + <p><b>guin'ea</b>, <i>an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one + shillings</i>: "Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was + first struck.</p> + + <p><b>gyp'sy</b>, <i>one of a wandering race</i>: old English "Gyptian," + from "Egypt," whence the race was supposed to have originated.</p> + + <p><b>hol'land</b>, <i>a kind of linen cloth</i>: "Holland," where first + made.</p> + + <p><b>hol'lands</b>, <i>a spirit flavored with juniper berries</i>: + "Holland," where it is extensively produced..</p> + + <p><b>in'digo</b>, <i>a blue dye</i>: "India".</p> + + <p><b>jal'ap</b>, <i>a cathartic medicine</i>: "Jalapa," in Mexico, + whence it was first imported in 1610.</p> + + <p><b>jet</b>, <i>a mineral used for ornament</i>: "Gagates," a river in + Asia Minor, whence it was obtained.</p> + + <p><b>lan'dau</b>, <b>lan'daulet</b>, <i>a kind of carriage opening at + the top</i>: "Landau," a town in Germany.</p> + + <p><b>madei'ra</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Madeira," where produced.</p> + + <p><b>magne'sia</b>, <i>a primitive earth</i>: "Magnesia," in + Thessaly.</p> + + <p><b>mag'net</b>, <i>the loadstone, or Magnesian stone</i>.</p> + + <p><b>malm'sey</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Malvasia," in the Morea.</p> + + <p><b>mar'sala</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Marsala," in Sicily.</p> + + <p><b>mean'der</b>, <i>to flow in a winding course</i>: "Meander," a + winding river in Asia Minor.</p> + + <p><b>mil'liner</b>, <i>one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc.</i>: "Milan," + in Italy.</p> + + <p><b>moroc'co</b>, <i>a fine kind of leather</i>: "Morocco," in Africa, + where it was originally made.</p> + + <p><b>nankeen'</b>, <i>a buff-colored cloth</i>: "Nankin," in China, + where first made.</p> + + <p><b>pheas'ant</b>, <i>a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food</i>: + "Phasis," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe.</p> + + <p><b>pis'tol</b>, <i>a small hand gun</i>: "Pistoja," in Italy, where + first made.</p> + + <p><b>port</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively + shipped.</p> + + <p><b>sardine'</b>, <i>a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring + family</i>: "Sardinia" around whose coasts the fish abounds.</p> + + <p><b>sauterne'</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Sauterne," in France, where + produced.</p> + + <p><b>sher'ry</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely + manufactured.</p> + + <p><b>span'iel</b>, <i>a dog of remarkable sagacity</i>: "Hispaniola," + now Hayti, where originally found.</p> + + <p><b>tar'iff</b>, <i>a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods + imported or exported</i>: from an Arabic word, <i>tarif</i>, + information.</p> + + <p><b>to'paz</b>, <i>a precious stone</i>: "Topazos," an island in the + Red Sea, where it is found.</p> + + <p><b>trip'oli</b>, <i>a fine grained earth used in polishing stones</i>: + "Tripoli," in Africa, where originally obtained.</p> + + <p><b>turquois'</b>, <i>a bluish-green stone</i>: "Turkey," whence it was + originally brought.</p> + + <p><b>worst'ed</b>, <i>well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool</i>: + "Worsted," a village in Norfolk, England, where first made.</p> + +<a name="V.III.1"></a> +<h2>III.—ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL +SCHOOL STUDIES.</h2> + +<h3>1.—TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY.</h3> + + <p><b>antarc'tic</b>: Gr. <i>anti</i>, opposite, and <i>arktos</i>, a + bear. See <i>arctic</i>.</p> + + <p><b>archipel'ago</b>: Gr. <i>archi</i>, chief, and <i>pelagos</i>, sea, + originally applied to the gean Sea, which is studded with numerous + islands.</p> + + <p><b>arc'tic</b>: Gr. <i>arktikos</i>, from <i>arktos</i>, a bear and a + northern constellation so called.</p> + + <p><b>Atlan'tic</b>: Lat. <i>Atlanticus</i>, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan + who was condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands.</p> + + <p><b>ax'is</b>: Lat. <i>axis</i>, an axletree.</p> + + <p><b>bar'barous</b>: Gr. <i>barbaros</i>, foreign.</p> + + <p><b>bay</b>: Fr. <i>baie</i>, from Lat. <i>baia</i>, an inlet.</p> + + <p><b>can'cer</b>: Lat. <i>cancer</i>, a crab (the name of one of the + signs of the zodiac).</p> + + <p><b>cape</b>: Fr. <i>cap</i>, from Lat. <i>caput</i>, head.</p> + + <p><b>cap'ital</b>: Lat. <i>capitalis</i>, from <i>caput</i>, head.</p> + + <p><b>cap'ricorn</b>: Lat. <i>caper</i>, goat, and <i>cornu</i>, horn + (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).</p> + + <p><b>car'dinal</b>: adj Lat. <i>cardinalis</i>, from <i>cardo, + cardinis</i>, a hinge.</p> + + <p><b>chan'nel</b>: Lat. <i>canalis</i>, from <i>canna</i>, a reed or + pipe.</p> + + <p><b>cir'cle</b>: Lat. <i>circus</i>, from Gr. <i>kirkos</i>, a + ring.</p> + + <p><b>circum'ference</b>: Lat. <i>circum</i>, around, and <i>ferre</i>, + to bear.</p> + + <p><b>cit'y</b>: Fr. <i>cite</i>, from Lat. <i>civitas</i>, a state or + community.</p> + + <p><b>civ'ilized</b>: Lat. <i>civilis</i>, pertaining to an organized + community.</p> + + <p><b>cli'mate</b>: Gr. <i>klima, klimatos</i>, slope, the supposed slope + of the earth from the Equator to the poles.</p> + + <p><b>coast</b>: Old Fr. <i>coste</i> (New Fr. <i>cte</i>), from Lat. + <i>costa</i>, rib, side.</p> + + <p><b>con'fluence</b>: Lat. <i>con</i>, together, and <i>fluere</i>, to + flow.</p> + + <p><b>con'tinent</b>: Lat. <i>con</i>, together, and <i>tenere</i>, to + hold.</p> + + <p><b>con'tour</b>: Lat. <i>con</i>, together, and <i>tornus</i>, a + lathe.</p> + + <p><b>coun'ty</b>: Fr. <i>comte</i>, from Lat. <i>comitatus</i>, governed + by a count.</p> + + <p><b>degree'</b>: Lat. <i>de</i>, and <i>gradus</i>, a step</p> + + <p><b>diam'eter</b>: Gr. <i>dia</i>, through, and <i>metron</i>, + measure.</p> + + <p><b>Equa'tor</b>: Lat. <i>equus</i>, equal.</p> + + <p><b>es'tuary</b>: Lat. <i>stuare</i>, to boil up, or be furious, the + reference being to the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current + and the tide.</p> + + <p><b>frig'id</b>: Lat. <i>frigidus</i>, from <i>frigere</i>, to be + cold.</p> + + <p><b>geog'raphy</b>: Gr. <i>ge</i>, the earth, and <i>graphe</i>, a + description.</p> + + <p><b>globe</b>: Lat. <i>globus</i>, a round body.</p> + + <p><b>gulf</b>: Fr. <i>golfe</i>, from Gr. <i>kolpos</i>, bosom, bay.</p> + + <p><b>har'bor</b>: Anglo-Saxon, <i>hereberga</i>, from <i>beorgan</i>, to + shelter.</p> + + <p><b>hem'isphere</b>: Gr. <i>hemi</i>, half, and <i>sphaira</i>, + sphere.</p> + + <p><b>hori'zon</b>: Gr. <i>horizein</i>, to bound.</p> + + <p><b>In'dian</b> (ocean): India.</p> + + <p><b>isth'mus</b>: Gr. <i>isthmos</i>, a neck.</p> + + <p><b>lake</b>: Lat. <i>lacus</i>, a lake.</p> + + <p><b>lat'itude</b>: Lat. <i>latitudo</i>, from <i>latus</i>, broad.</p> + + <p><b>lon'gitude</b>: Lat. <i>longitudo</i>, from <i>longus</i>, + long.</p> + + <p><b>merid'ian</b>: Lat. <i>meridies</i> (= <i>medius</i>, middle, and + <i>dies</i>, day), noon.</p> + + <p><b>metrop'olis</b>: Gr. <i>meter</i>, mother, and <i>polis</i>, + city.</p> + + <p><b>mon'archy</b>: Gr. <i>monarchs</i>, from <i>monos</i>, alone, and + <i>archein</i>, to rule.</p> + + <p><b>moun'tain</b>: Fr. <i>montagne</i>, from Lat. <i>mons</i>, + <i>montis</i>, a mountain.</p> + + <p><b>ob'late</b>: Lat. <i>oblatus</i> (<i>ob</i> and past part. of + <i>ferre</i>, to bring), brought forward.</p> + + <p><b>o'cean</b>: Gr. <i>okeanus</i>, from <i>okus</i>, rapid, and + <i>nacin</i>, to flow.</p> + + <p><b>Pacif'ic</b>: Lat. <i>pacificus</i>, from <i>pax</i>, <i>pacis</i>, + peace, and <i>facere</i>, to make.</p> + + <p><b>par'allel</b>: Gr. <i>para</i>, beside, and <i>allelon</i>, of one + another.</p> + + <p><b>penin'sula</b>: Lat. <i>penes</i>, almost, and <i>insula</i>, + island.</p> + + <p><b>phys'ical</b>: Gr. <i>physis</i> (<i>phusis</i>), nature.</p> + + <p><b>plain</b>: Lat. <i>planus</i>, flat.</p> + + <p><b>plane</b>: Lat. <i>planus</i>, flat.</p> + + <p><b>pole</b>: Gr. <i>polos</i>, a pivot.</p> + + <p><b>polit'ical</b>: Gr. <i>polis</i>, a city or state.</p> + + <p><b>prom'ontory</b>: Lat. <i>pro</i>, before, and <i>mons</i>, + <i>montis</i>, a mountain.</p> + + <p><b>relief'</b>: Fr. <i>relever</i>, from Lat. <i>relevare</i>, to + raise.</p> + + <p><b>repub'lic</b>: Lat. <i>res</i>, an affair, and <i>publica</i>, + public: that is, a <i>commonwealth</i>.</p> + + <p><b>riv'er</b>: Fr. <i>rivire</i>, from Lat. <i>ripa</i>, a shore or + bank.</p> + + <p><b>sav'age</b>: Fr. <i>sauvage</i>, from Lat. <i>silva</i>, a + wood.</p> + + <p><b>sea</b>: Anglo-Saxon, <i>s</i>, the sea.</p> + + <p><b>soci'ety</b>: Lat. <i>societas</i>, from <i>socius</i>, a + companion.</p> + +<a name="V.III.2"></a> +<h3>2.—TERMS IN GRAMMAR.</h3> + + <p><b>ad'jective</b>, Lat. <i>adjectivus</i>, from <i>ad</i> and + <i>jacere</i>, to add to: <i>a word joined to a noun or pronoun to limit + or describe its meaning</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ad'junct</b>, Lat. <i>adjunctus</i>, from <i>ad</i> and + <i>jungere</i>, to join to: <i>a modifier or subordinate element of a + sentence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ad'verb</b>, Lat. <i>adverbium</i>, from <i>ad</i>, to, and + <i>verbum</i>, word, verb: <i>a word used to modify the meaning of a + verb, an adjective, or another adverb</i>.</p> + + <p><b>anal'ysis</b>, Gr. <i>analusis</i>, from <i>ana</i> and + <i>luein</i>, to unloose, to resolve into its elements: <i>the separation + of a sentence into its constituent elements</i>.</p> + + <p><b>antece'dent</b>, Lat. <i>antecedens</i>, pres. part. of + <i>antecedere</i>, to go before: <i>the noun or pronoun represented by a + relative pronoun</i>.</p> + + <p><b>apposi'tion</b>, Lat. <i>appositio</i>, from <i>ad</i>, to, and + <i>ponere</i>, to place beside: <i>the state of two nouns put in the same + case without a connecting word between them</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ar'ticle</b>, Lat. <i>articulus</i>, a little joint: <i>one of the + three words</i>, a, an, <i>or</i> the.</p> + + <p><b>auxil'iary</b>, Lat. <i>auxiliaris</i>, from <i>auxilium</i>, help, + aid: <i>a verb used to assist in conjugating other verbs</i>.</p> + + <p><b>case</b>, Lat. <i>casus</i>, from <i>cadere</i>, to fall, to + happen: <i>a grammatical form denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun + to some other word in the sentence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>clause</b>, Lat. <i>claudere</i>, <i>clausum</i>, to shut: <i>a + dependent proposition introduced by a connective</i>.</p> + + <p><b>compar'ison</b>, Lat. <i>comparatio</i>, from <i>comparare</i>, to + liken to: <i>a variation in the form of an adjective or adverb to express + degrees of quantity or quality</i>.</p> + + <p><b>com'plement</b>, Lat. <i>complementum</i>, from <i>con</i> and + <i>plere</i>, to fill fully: <i>the word or words required to complete + the predication of a transitive verb</i>.</p> + + <p><b>com'plex</b> (sentence), Lat. <i>complexus</i>, from <i>con</i> and + <i>plectere</i>, to twist around: <i>a sentence consisting of one + independent proposition and one or more clauses</i>.</p> + + <p><b>com'pound</b> (sentence), Lat. <i>componere</i> (= <i>con</i> and + <i>ponere</i>), to put together: <i>a sentence consisting of two or more + independent propositions</i>.</p> + + <p><b>conjuga'tion</b>, Lat. <i>conjugatio</i>, from <i>con</i> and + <i>jugare</i>, to join together: <i>the systematic arrangement of a verb + according to its various grammatical forms</i>.</p> + + <p><b>conjunction</b>, Lat. <i>conjunctio</i>, from <i>con</i> and + <i>jungere</i>, to join together: <i>a word used to connect sentences or + the elements of sentences</i>.</p> + + <p><b>declen'sion</b>, Lat. <i>declinatio</i>, from <i>declinare</i>, to + lean or incline: <i>the process of giving in regular order the cases and + numbers of a noun or pronoun</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ellip'sis</b>, Gr. <i>elleipsis</i>, a leaving or defect: <i>the + omission of a word or words necessary to complete the grammatical + structure of the sentence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>etymol'ogy</b>, Gr. <i>etumologia</i>, from <i>etumon</i>, the true + literal sense of a word, and <i>logos</i>, a discourse: <i>that division + of grammar which treats of the classification and grammatical forms of + words</i>.</p> + + <p><b>fem'inine</b> (gender), Lat. <i>femininus</i>, from <i>femina</i>, + woman: <i>the gender of a noun denoting a person of the female + sex</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gen'der</b>, Lat. <i>genus</i>, <i>generis</i>, kind: <i>a + grammatical form expressing the sex or non-sex of an object named by a + noun</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gram'mar</b>, Gr. <i>gramma</i>, a letter, through Fr. + <i>grammaire</i>: the science of language.</p> + + <p><b>imper'ative</b> (mood), Lat. <i>imperativus</i>, from + <i>imperare</i>, to command: <i>the mood of a verb used in the statement + of a command or request</i>.</p> + + <p><b>indic'ative</b> (mood), Lat. <i>indicativus</i>, from + <i>indicare</i>, to proclaim: <i>the mood of a verb used in the statement + of a fact, or of a matter taken as a fact</i>.</p> + + <p><b>inflec'tion</b>, Lat. <i>inflexio</i>, from <i>inflectere</i>, to + bend in: <i>a change in the ending of a word</i>.</p> + + <p><b>interjec'tion</b>, Lat. <i>interjectio</i>, from <i>inter</i> and + <i>jacere</i>, to throw between: <i>a word which expresses an emotion, + but which does not enter into the construction of the sentence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>intran'sitive</b> (verb), Lat. <i>intransitivus</i> = <i>in</i>, + not, and <i>transitivus</i>, from <i>trans</i> and <i>ire</i>, + <i>itum</i>, to go beyond: <i>a verb that denotes a state or condition, + or an action not terminating on an object</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mas'culine</b> (gender), Lat. <i>masculus</i>, male: <i>the gender + of a noun describing a person of the male sex</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mode</b>. See <i>mood</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mood</b>, Lat. <i>modus</i>, through Fr. <i>mode</i>, manner: <i>a + grammatical form denoting the style of predication</i>.</p> + + <p><b>neu'ter</b> (gender), Lat. <i>neuter</i>, neither: <i>the gender of + a noun denoting an object without life</i>.</p> + + <p><b>nom'inative</b> (case), Lat. <i>nominativus</i>, from <i>nomen</i>, + a name: <i>that form which a noun has when it is the subject of a + verb</i>.</p> + + <p><b>noun</b>, Lat. <i>nomen</i>, a name, through Fr. <i>nom</i>: <i>a + name-word, the name of anything</i>.</p> + + <p><b>num'ber</b>, Lat. <i>numerus</i>, through Fr. <i>nombre</i>, + number: <i>a grammatical form expressing one or more than one of the + objects named by a noun or pronoun</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ob'ject</b>, Lat. <i>ob</i> and <i>jacere</i>, to set before: + <i>that toward which an activity is directed or is considered to be + directed</i>.</p> + + <p><b>objec'tive</b> (case), Lat. <i>objectivus</i>, from <i>ob</i> and + <i>jacere</i>: <i>the case which follows a transitive verb or a + preposition</i>.</p> + + <p><b>parse</b>, Lat. <i>pars</i>, a part: <i>to point out the several + parts of speech in a sentence and their relation to one another</i>.</p> + + <p><b>par'ticiple</b>, Lat. <i>participium</i>, from <i>pars</i>, part, + and <i>capere</i>, to take, to share: <i>a verbal adjective, a word which + shares or participates in the nature both of the verb and of the + adjective</i>.</p> + + <p><b>per'son</b>, Lat. <i>persona</i>, the part taken by a performer: + <i>a grammatical form which shows whether the speaker is meant, the + person spoken to, or the person spoken of</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phrase</b>, Gr. <i>phrasis</i>, a brief expression, from + <i>phrazein</i>, to speak: <i>a combination of related words forming an + element of a sentence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ple'onasm</b>, Gr. <i>pleonasmos</i>, from <i>pleion</i>, more: + <i>the use of more words to express an idea than are necessary</i>.</p> + + <p><b>plu'ral</b> (number), Lat. <i>pluralis</i>, from <i>plus</i>, + <i>pluris</i>, more: <i>the number which designates more than + one</i>.</p> + + <p><b>possess'ive</b> (case), Lat. <i>possessivus</i>, from + <i>possidere</i>, to own: <i>that form which a noun or pronoun has in + order to denote ownership or possession</i>.</p> + + <p><b>poten'tial</b> (mood), Lat. <i>potens</i>, <i>potentis</i>, being + able: <i>the mood of a verb used in the statement of something possible + or contingent</i>.</p> + + <p><b>predicate</b>, Lat. <i>prdicatum</i>, from <i>pr</i> and + <i>dicare</i>, to proclaim: <i>the word or words in a proposition which + express what is affirmed of the subject</i>.</p> + + <p><b>preposi'tion</b>, Lat. <i>prpositio</i>, from <i>pr</i> and + <i>ponere</i>, to put before: <i>a connective word expressing a relation + of meaning between a noun or pronoun and some other word</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pro'noun</b>, Lat. <i>pronomen</i>, from <i>pro</i>, for, and + <i>nomen</i>, a noun: <i>a word used instead of a noun.</i></p> + + <p><b>prop'osition</b>, Lat. <i>propositio</i>, from <i>proponere</i> + (<i>pro</i> and <i>ponere</i>), to put forth: <i>the combination of a + subject with a predicate</i>.</p> + + <p><b>rel'ative</b> (pronoun), Lat. <i>relativus</i>, from <i>re</i> and + <i>ferre</i>, <i>latus</i>, to bear back: <i>a pronoun that refers to an + antecedent noun or pronoun</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sen'tence</b>, Lat. <i>sententia</i>, from <i>sentire</i>, to + think: <i>a combination of words expressing a complete thought</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sim'ple</b> (sentence), Lat. <i>simplex</i>, from <i>sine</i>, + without, and <i>plica</i>, fold: <i>a sentence having but one subject and + one predicate</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sub'ject</b>, Lat. <i>subjectus</i>, from <i>sub</i> and + <i>jacere</i>, to place under: <i>that of which something is + predicated</i>.</p> + + <p><b>subjunc'tive</b> (mood), Lat. <i>subjunctivus</i>, from <i>sub</i> + and <i>jungere</i>, to subjoin: <i>the mood used in the statement of + something merely thought of</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syn'tax</b>, Gr. <i>suntaxis</i>, from <i>sun</i>, together, and + <i>taxis</i>, arrangement: <i>that division of grammar which treats of + the relations of words in sentences</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tense</b>, Lat. <i>tempus</i>, time, through Fr. <i>temps</i>: <i>a + grammatical form of the verb denoting the time of the action or + event</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tran'sitive</b>, Lat. <i>transitivus</i>, from <i>trans</i> and + <i>ire</i>, <i>itum</i>, to pass over: <i>a verb that denotes an action + terminating on some object</i>.</p> + + <p><b>verb</b>, Lat. <i>verbum</i>, a word: <i>a word that predicates + action or being</i>.</p> + + <p><b>voice</b>, Lat. <i>vox</i>, <i>vocis</i>, voice, through Fr. + <i>voix</i>: <i>a grammatical form of the transitive verb, expressing + whether the subject names the actor or the recipient of the + action</i>.</p> + +<a name="V.III.3"></a> +<h3>3.—TERMS IN ARITHMETIC.</h3> + + <p><b>addi'tion</b>, Lat. <i>additio</i>, from <i>addere</i>, to add.</p> + + <p><b>al'iquot</b>, Lat. <i>aliquot</i>, some.</p> + + <p><b>arith'metic</b>, Gr. adj. <i>arithmetike</i>, numerical, from n. + <i>arithmos</i>, number.</p> + + <p><b>avoirdupois'</b>, Fr. <i>avoir du pois</i>, to have [a fixed or + standard] weight.</p> + + <p><b>cancella'tion</b>, Lat. <i>cancellatio</i>, from <i>cancellare</i>, + to make like a lattice (<i>cancelli</i>), to strike or cross out.</p> + + <p><b>cent</b>, Lat. <i>centum</i>, a hundred.</p> + + <p><b>ci'pher</b>, Arabic <i>sifrun</i>, empty, zero.</p> + + <p><b>cube</b>, Gr. <i>kubos</i>, a cubical die.</p> + + <p><b>dec'imal</b>, Lat. <i>decimus</i>, tenth, from <i>decem</i>, + ten.</p> + + <p><b>denom'inator</b>, Lat. <i>denominare</i>, from <i>de</i> and + <i>nominare</i> (<i>nomen</i>, a name), to call by name.</p> + + <p><b>dig'it</b>, Lat. <i>digitus</i>, a finger.</p> + + <p><b>div'idend</b>, Lat. <i>dividendus</i>, to be divided, from + <i>dividere</i>, to divide.</p> + + <p><b>divis'ion</b>, Lat. <i>divisio</i>, from <i>dividere</i>, to + divide.</p> + + <p><b>divi'sor</b>, Sp. <i>divisor</i>, that which divides, from Lat. + <i>dividere</i>, to divide.</p> + + <p><b>dol'lar</b>, Ger. <i>thaler</i>, an abbreviation of + <i>Joachimsthaler</i>, i.e. a piece of money first coined, about 1518, in + the valley (<i>thal</i>) of <i>St. Joachim</i>, in Bohemia.</p> + + <p><b>equa'tion</b>, Lat. <i>quatio</i>, from <i>quus</i>, equal.</p> + + <p><b>expo'nent</b>, Lat. <i>exponens</i>, pres. part. of + <i>exponere</i>, to set forth (= <i>ex</i> and <i>ponere</i>).</p> + + <p><b>fac'tor</b>, Lat. <i>factor</i>, that which does something, from + <i>facere</i>, <i>factum</i>, to do or make.</p> + + <p><b>fig'ure</b>, Lat. <i>figura</i>, shape, from <i>fingere</i>, to + form or shape.</p> + + <p><b>frac'tion</b>, Lat. <i>fractio</i>, from <i>frangere</i>, to + break.</p> + + <p><b>in'teger</b>, Lat. <i>integer</i>, untouched, whole.</p> + + <p><b>in'terest</b>, Lat. <i>interest</i> = it interests, is of interest + (3d per. sing. pres. indic. of <i>interesse</i>, to be between, to be of + importance).</p> + + <p><b>min'uend</b>, Lat. <i>minuendus</i>, to be diminished, from + <i>minuere</i>, to lessen.</p> + + <p><b>mul'tiple</b>, Lat. <i>multiplex</i>, from <i>multus</i>, much, and + <i>plicare</i>, to fold.</p> + + <p><b>mul'tiply</b>, <b>multiplication</b>, etc. See <i>multiple</i>.</p> + + <p><b>naught</b>, Anglo-Sax. <i>nawhit</i>, from <i>ne</i>, not, and + <i>awiht</i> or <i>auht</i>, aught, anything.</p> + + <p><b>nota'tion</b>, Lat. <i>notatio</i>, from <i>notare</i>, to mark + (<i>nota</i>, a mark).</p> + + <p><b>numera'tion</b>, Lat. <i>numeratio</i>, from <i>numerus</i>, a + number.</p> + + <p><b>quo'tient</b>, Lat. <i>quoties</i>, how often, how many times, from + <i>quot</i>, how many.</p> + + <p><b>subtraction</b>, Lat. <i>subtractio</i>, from <i>sub</i> and + <i>trahere</i>, to draw from under.</p> + + <p><b>u'nit</b>, Lat. <i>unus</i>, one.</p> + + <p><b>ze'ro</b>, Arabic <i>ifrun</i>, empty, cipher.</p> + +<hr /><a name="Footnotes"></a><h2>Notes.</h2><div class="note"> + <p><a name="Nt_1"></a><a href="#NtA_1">1</a> To teachers who are + unacquainted with the original <i>Word-Analysis</i>, the following + extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:—</p> + + <p>"The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and + important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and + organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their + primary meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its + relation with the root, and in fact <i>makes</i> its primary meaning by + the very process of analyzing the word into its primitive and its + modifying prefix or suffix. It presents, also, a marked improvement in + the method of approaching the definition,—a method by which the + definition is seen to <i>grow out of</i> the primary meaning, and by + which the analytic faculty of the pupil is exercised in tracing the + transition from the primary meaning to the secondary and figurative + meanings,—thus converting what is ordinarily a matter of rote into + an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another point of novelty + in the method of treatment is presented in the copious practical + exercises on the <i>use of words</i>. The experienced instructor very + well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and + definitions without having any realization of the actual living power of + words. Such a realization can only be gained by <i>using</i> the + word,—by turning it over in a variety of ways, and by throwing upon + it the side-lights of its synonym and contrasted word. The method of thus + utilizing English derivatives gives a study which possesses at once + <i>simplicity</i> and <i>fruitfulness</i>,—the two desiderata of an + instrument of elementary discipline."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_2"></a><a href="#NtA_2">2</a> "Etymology," Greek + <i>et'umon</i>, the true literal sense of a word according to its + derivation, and <i>log'os</i>, a discourse.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_3"></a><a href="#NtA_3">3</a> "Vocabulary," Latin + <i>vocabula'rium</i>, a stock of words; from <i>vox, vocis</i>, a voice, a + word.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_4"></a><a href="#NtA_4">4</a> By the <i>Low</i> German + languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat countries of North + Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the language of + Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to <i>High</i> + German, or German proper.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_5"></a><a href="#NtA_5">5</a> For the full definition, + reference should be had to a dictionary; but in the present exercise the + literal or etymological signification may suffice.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_6"></a><a href="#NtA_6">6</a> <i>Fen'do</i>, + <i>fen'dere</i>, is used in Latin only in composition.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_7"></a><a href="#NtA_7">7</a> Another mode of spelling + <i>defense</i>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_8"></a><a href="#NtA_8">8</a> From <i>pass</i> and + <i>over</i>, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate the + providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the + first-born of the Egyptians <i>passed over</i> the houses of the + Israelites, which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_9"></a><a href="#NtA_9">9</a> For the explanation of the + etymology see Webster's <i>Unabridged</i>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_10"></a><a href="#NtA_10">10</a> <i>For</i> is different + from <i>fore</i>, and corresponds to the German <i>ver</i>, different + from <i>vor</i>.</p> + + <p><i>A</i>, <i>be</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>ge</i>, are often indifferently + prefixed to verbs, especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, + as well as to verbal nouns.—BOSWORTH.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_11"></a><a href="#NtA_11">11</a> <i>Ster</i> was the + Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once conducted the work of + brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these words were + afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. <i>Ster</i> + is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of New Word-Analysis, by William Swinton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + +***** This file should be named 19346-h.htm or 19346-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/3/4/19346/ + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: New Word-Analysis + Or, School Etymology of English Derivative Words + +Author: William Swinton + +Release Date: September 22, 2006 [EBook #19346] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + + + + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +NEW WORD-ANALYSIS: + +OR, + +SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS. + +_WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES_ + +IN + +SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND +THE USE OF WORDS. + +BY WILLIAM SWINTON, + +GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF +"SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S +HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC. + +NEW YORK .:. CINCINNATI .:. CHICAGO + +AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY + + +_Copyright_, 1879, + +BY WILLIAM SWINTON + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's +_Word-Analysis_, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large +amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a +manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work +for pupils. + +This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old +_methods_; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new _matter_. + +Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives, +with the exercises thereon, have been retained--under "Part II.: The Latin +Element"--as simply a _method of study_.[1] There have then been added, in +"Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred +and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In +order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of +new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the +English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section, +pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to +class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it +not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been +misplaced. + +To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives, +the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots +are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the _present +infinitive_,--the present indicative and the supine being, of course, +added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the +present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always +given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a +curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative +should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the +accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into +conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will +probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies. + +In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition +of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative +sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of +Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr. +James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and +Anglo-Saxon sections. + +W.S. + +NEW YORK, 1879. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PART I. + + INTRODUCTION. PAGE + + I. ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 1 + II. ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS 5 + III. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 5 + IV. RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS 6 + + + PART II. + + THE LATIN ELEMENT. + I. LATIN PREFIXES 9 + II. LATIN SUFFIXES 12 + III. DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES 21 + LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 23 + DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY 23 + DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES 50 + + + PART III. + + THE GREEK ELEMENT. + + I. GREEK PREFIXES 105 + II. GREEK ALPHABET 106 + GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 107 + DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS 107 + DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR + DERIVATIVES 120 + + + PART IV. + + THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. + I. ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES 125 + II. ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES 125 + ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 127 + SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON 132 + SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH 135 + ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH 136 + + + PART V. + + MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. + I. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS 142 + 1. NOUNS 142 + 2. ADJECTIVES 144 + II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES 146 + III. ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES 149 + 1. TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY 149 + 2. TERMS IN GRAMMAR 150 + 3. TERMS IN ARITHMETIC 154 + + + + +WORD-ANALYSIS. + + + + +PART I.--INTRODUCTION. + + +I.--ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY. + +1. ETYMOLOGY[2] is the study which treats of the derivation of words,--that +is, of their structure and history. + +2. ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English +words. + +3. The VOCABULARY[3] of a language is the whole body of words in that +language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the +English language. + + I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct + inquiries,--the study of the _grammar_ of the language, and the study + of its _vocabulary_. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the + vocabulary. + + II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully + distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. + Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in + words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical + etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words. + Thus the relation of _loves, loving, loved_ to the verb _love_ is a + matter of grammatical etymology; but the relation of _lover, lovely_, + or _loveliness_ to _love_ is a matter of historical etymology. + + III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact + that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words. + But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary + purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains + 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary + is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no + more than 15,000 words. + +4. The PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS of the English vocabulary are words of +Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or _French-Latin_ origin. + +5. ANGLO-SAXON is the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of +our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are +Anglo-Saxon. + + I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German[4] division of the Teutonic + stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe--all + of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of + languages--may be seen from the following table:-- + + / CELTIC STOCK..........................as Welsh, Gaelic. + | SLAVONIC STOCK........................as Russian. + INDO- | / Greek / Italian. + EUROPEAN < CLASSIC STOCK \ Latin < Spanish. + FAMILY. | \ French, etc. + | / Scandinavian:.......as Swedish. + | TEUTONIC STOCK< / High Ger:.as Modern German. + \ \ German < + \ Low Ger....as Anglo-Saxon. + + + II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names _Angles_ and + _Saxons_, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., + invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves + of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons + spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British + words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language. + +6. The LATIN element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number +of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods. + + The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly + into English are:-- + + 1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin + Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596. + + 2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century. + + 3. By modern writers. + +7. The FRENCH-LATIN element in the English language consists of French +words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who +conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D. + + I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially + Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and + by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with + them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two + centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the + native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with + an immense infusion of French words. + + II. French-Latin words--that is, Latin words introduced through the + French--can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed + in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language. + Thus-- + + LATIN. FRENCH. ENGLISH. + + inimi'cus ennemi enemy + pop'ulus peuple people + se'nior sire sir + +8. OTHER ELEMENTS.--In addition to its primary constituents--namely, the +Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin--the English vocabulary contains a +large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, +Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from +miscellaneous sources. + + The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; + that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and + Greek:-- + + _Hebrew_: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph. + + _Arabic_: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan, + chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, + sultan. + + _Turkish_: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip. + + _Persian_: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, + orange, paradise, pasha, turban. + + _Hindustani_: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy. + + _Malay_: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango. + + _Chinese_: nankeen, tea. + + _Polynesian_: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo. + + _American Indian_: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco, + tomahawk, tomato, wigwam. + + _Celtic_: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey. + + _Scandinavian_: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap, + plough. + + _Dutch, or Hollandish_: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop, + yacht. + + _Italian_: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta, + soprano, stucco, vista. + + _Spanish_: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee, + mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra. + + _Portuguese_: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver. + +9. PROPORTIONS.--On an examination of passages selected from modern English +authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon +origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined +furnish the remaining five. + + By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon + origin in the English vocabulary,--probably two and a half times as + many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much + more employed--owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions, + prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon + origin)--that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they + greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, + they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing + Anglo-Saxon words, see p. 136. + + +II.--ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS. + +10. CLASSES BY ORIGIN.--With respect to their origin, words are divided +into two classes,--primitive words and derivative words. + +11. A PRIMITIVE word, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more +simple form in the language to which it is native: as, _man, good, run_. + +12. A DERIVATIVE word is one made up of a root and one or more _formative +elements_: as, man_ly_, good_ness_, run_ner_. + +The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See Sec.Sec. 16, 17.) + +13. BY COMPOSITION.--With respect to their composition, words are divided +into two classes,--simple and compound words. + +14. A SIMPLE word consists of a single significant term: as, _school, +master, rain, bow_. + +15. A COMPOUND word is one made up of two or more simple words united: as, +_school-master, rainbow_. + + In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen + as _school-master_; in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms + a single (though not a _simple_) word, as _rainbow_. + +III.--PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. + +16. A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined +with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = _not_ safe; remove = move +_back_; circumnavigate = sail _around_. + +17. A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined +with a word to modify its meaning: as, safeLY = in a safe _manner_; movABLE += that may be moved; navIGATION = _act_ of sailing. + +The word _affix_ signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb _to +affix_ means to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word. + + +EXERCISE. + +Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also +whether simple or compound:-- + + 1 grace + 2 sign + 3 design + 4 midshipman + 5 wash + 6 sea + 7 workman + 8 love + 9 lovely + 10 white + 11 childhood + 12 kingdom + 13 rub + 14 music + 15 musician + 16 music-teacher + 17 footstep + 18 glad + 19 redness + 20 school + 21 fire + 22 watch-key + 23 give + 24 forget + 25 iron + 26 hardihood + 27 young + 28 right + 29 ploughman + 30 day-star + 31 large + 32 truthful + 33 manliness + 34 milkmaid + 35 gentleman + 36 sailor + 37 steamboat + 38 wooden + 39 rich + 40 hilly + 41 coachman + 42 warm + 43 sign-post + 44 greenish + 45 friend + 46 friendly + 47 reform + 48 whalebone + 49 quiet + 50 quietude + 51 gardener + 52 form + 53 formal + 54 classmate + 55 trust + 56 trustworthy + 57 penknife + 58 brightness + 59 grammarian + 60 unfetter + + +IV.--RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS. + +Rule 1.--_Final "e" followed by a Vowel._ + +Final _e_ of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with +a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = +coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity. + + EXCEPTION 1.--Words ending in _ge_ or _ce_ usually retain the _e_ + before a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_, for the reason that _c_ and + _g_ would have the hard sound if the _e_ were dropped: as, peace + able + = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous. + + EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _oe_ retain the _e_ to preserve the sound + of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The _e_ is + retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar + words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with + singing). + +Rule II.--_Final "e" followed by a Consonant._ + +Final _e_ of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with +a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely. + + EXCEPTION 1.--When the final _e_ is preceded by a vowel, it is + sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = + wholly. + + EXCEPTION 2.--A few words ending in _e_ drop the _e_ before a suffix + beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = + lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment. + +Rule III.--_Final "y" preceded by a Consonant._ + +Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally +changed into _i_ on the addition of a suffix. + + EXCEPTION 1.--Before _ing_ or _ish_, the final _y_ is retained to + prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, pity + ing = pitying. + + EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _ie_ and dropping the _e_, by Rule I. + change the _i_ into _y_ to prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, die + + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying. + + EXCEPTION 3.--Final _y_ is sometimes changed into _e_: as, duty + ous = + duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous. + +Rule IV.--_Final "y" preceded by a Vowel._ + +Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be +changed into an _i_ before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless. + +Rule V.--_Doubling._ + +Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end +with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after +_qu_, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, +rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + +ing = prefer'ring. + + EXCEPTIONS.--_X_ final, being equivalent to _ks_, is never doubled; and + when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final + consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence. + +Rule VI.--_No Doubling._ + +A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the +accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an +additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur ++ ing = murmuring. + + + + +PART II.--THE LATIN ELEMENT. + + +I.--LATIN PREFIXES. + +Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition. + +A- a-vert to turn _from_. +ab- = _from_ ab-solve to release _from_. +abs- abs-tain to hold _from_. + +AD- ad-here to stick _to_. +a- a-gree to be pleasing _to_. +ac- ac-cede to yield _to_. +af- af-fix to fix _to_. +ag- ag-grieve to give pain _to_. +al- = _to_ al-ly to bind _to_. +an- an-nex to tie _to_. +ap- ap-pend to hang _to_. +ar- ar-rive to reach _to_. +as- as-sent to yield _to_. + +NOTE.--The forms AC-, AF-, etc., are euphonic variations of AD-, and follow +generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to +the initial letter of the root. + +AM- = _around_ am-putate to cut _around_. +amb- amb-ient going _around_. + +ANTE- = _before_ ante-cedent going _before_. +anti- anti-cipate to take _before_. + +BI- = _two_ or bi-ped a _two_-footed animal. +bis- _twice_ bis-cuit _twice_ cooked. + +CIRCUM- = _around_ circum-navigate to sail _around_. +circu- circu-it journey _around_. + +CON- con-vene to come _together_. +co- co-equal equal _with_. +co- = _with_ or co-gnate born _together_. +col- _together_ col-loquy a speaking _with_ another. +com- com-pose to put _together_. +cor- cor-relative relative _with_. + +NOTE.--The forms CO-, COL-, COM-, and COR-, are euphonic variations of +CON-. + +CONTRA- contra-dict to speak _against_ +contro- = _against_ contro-vert to turn _against_ +counter- counter-mand to order _against_ + +DE- = _down_ or de-pose; to put _down_; + _off_ de-fend fend _off_. + +DIS- _asunder_ dis-pel to drive _asunder_. +di- = _apart_ di-vert to turn _apart_. +dif- _opposite of_ dif-fer to bear _apart_; disagree. + +NOTE.--The forms DI- and DIF- are euphonic forms of DIS-; DIF- is used +before a root beginning with a vowel. + +EX- ex-clude to shut _out_. +e- = _out_ or e-ject to cast _out_. +ec- _from_ ec-centric _from_ the center. +ef- ef-flux a flowing _out_. + +NOTE.--E-, EC-, and EF- are euphonic variations of EX-. When prefixed to +the name of an office, EX- denotes that the person formerly held the office +named: as, _ex_-mayor, the former mayor. + +EXTRA- = _beyond_ extra-ordinary _beyond_ ordinary. + +IN- (in nouns and in-clude to shut _in_. +il- verbs) il-luminate to throw light _on_. +im- = _in, into, on_ im-port to carry _in_. +ir- ir-rigate to pour water _on_. +en-, em- en-force to force _on_. + +NOTE.--The forms IL-, IM-, and IR- are euphonic variations of IN-. The +forms EN- and EM- are of French origin. + +IN- (in adjectives in-sane _not_ sane. +i(n) and nouns.) i-gnoble _not_ noble. +il- = _not_ il-legal _not_ legal. +im- im-mature _not_ mature. +ir- ir-regular _not_ regular. + +INTER- = _between_ or inter-cede to go _between_. +intel- _among_ intel-ligent choosing _between_. + +INTRA- = _inside of_ intra-mural _inside of_ the walls. + +INTRO- = _within, into_ intro-duce to lead _into_ + +JUXTA- = _near_ juxta-position a placing _near_ + +NON- = _not_ non-combatant _not_ fighting. + +NOTE.--A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between _non-_ and +the root. + +OB- ob-ject to throw _against_. +o- _in the way_, o-mit to leave _out_. +oc- = _against_, oc-cur to run _against_; + or _out_ hence, to happen. +of- of-fend to strike _against_. +op- op-pose to put one's self + _against_. + +PER- = _through_, per-vade; to pass _through_; +pel- _thoroughly_ per-fect _thoroughly_ made. + pel-lucid _thoroughly_ clear. + +NOTE.--Standing alone, PER- signifies _by_: as, _per annum_, _by_ the year. + +POST- = _after_, post-script written _after_. + _behind_ + +PRE- = _before_ pre-cede to go _before_. + +PRETER- = _beyond_ preter-natural _beyond_ nature. + +PRO _for_, pro-noun _for_ a noun. + = _forth_, or pro-pose to put _forth_. + _forward_ + +NOTE.--In a few instances PRO- is changed into PUR-, as _pur_pose; into +POR-, as _por_tray; and into POL-, as _pol_lute. + +RE- = _back_ or re-pel to drive _back_. +red- _anew_ red-eem to buy _back_. + +RETRO- = _backwards_ retro-grade going _backwards_. + +SE- = _aside_, se-cede to go _apart_. + _apart_ + +SINE- = _without_ sine-cure _without_ care. + +SUB- sub-scribe to write _under_. +suc- suc-ceed to follow _after_. +suf- suf-fer to _undergo_. +sug- = _under_ or sug-gest to bring to mind from + _after_ _under_. +sum- sum-mon to hint from _under_. +sup- sup-port to bear by being _under_. +sus- sus-tain to _under_-hold. + +NOTE.--The euphonic variations SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, result from +assimilating the _b_ of SUB- to the initial letter of the root. In +"sustain" SUS- is a contraction of _subs-_ for _sub-_. + +SUBTER- = _under_ or subter-fuge a flying _under_. + _beneath_ + +SUPER- = _above_ or super-natural _above_ nature. + _over_ super-vise to _over_-see. + +NOTE.--In derivatives through the French, SUPER- takes the form SUR-, as +_sur-_vey, to look over. + +TRANS- _through_, trans-gress to step _beyond_. +tra- = _over_, tra-verse to pass _over_. + or _beyond_ + +ULTRA- = _beyond_, or ultra-montane _beyond_ the mountain + _extremely_ (the Alps). + ultra-conservativ _extremely_ conservative. + + +II.--LATIN SUFFIXES. + +SUFFIX. SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION. + + +-ABLE = _that may be_; cur-able _that may be_ cured. +-ible _fit to be_ possi-ble _that may be_ done. +-ble solu-ble _that may be_ dissolved. + +-AC _relating to_ cardi-ac _relating to_ the heart. + = or demoni-ac _like_ a demon. + _resembling_ + +NOTE.--The suffix -AC is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin. + +-ACEOUS _of_; sapon-aceous _having the quality of_ + = _having the_ soap. +-acious _quality of_ cap-acious _having the quality of_ + holding much. + + _condition of_ celib-acy _condition of being_ +-ACY = _being_; single. + _office of_ cur-acy _office of_ a curate. + +-AGE _act_, marri-age _act of_ marrying. + = _condition_, or vassal-age _condition of_ a vassal. + _collection of_ foli-age _collection of_ leaves. + +NOTE.--The suffix -AGE is found only in French-Latin derivatives. + + adj. ment-al _relating to_ the mind. +-AL = _relating to_ remov-al _the act of_ removing. + n. _the act of_; capit-al _that which_ forms the + _that which_ head of a column. + +-AN adj. _relating hum-an _relating to_ mankind. +-ane to_ hum-ane _befitting_ a man. + = or _befitting_ artis-an _one who_ follows a trade. + n. _one who_ + +-ANCE _state or_ vigil-ance _state of being_ watchful. +-ancy = _quality_ eleg-ance _quality of being_ + _of being_ elegant. + +-ANT = adj. _being_ vigil-ant _being_ watchful. + n. _one who_ assist-ant _one who_ assists. + +-AR = _relating to; lun-ar _relating to_ the moon. + like_ circul-ar _like_ a circle. + + adj. _relating epistol-ary _relating to_ a letter. +-ARY to_ mission-ary _one who is_ sent out. + = n. _one who_; avi-ary _a place where_ birds + _place where_ are kept. + + n. _one who is_ deleg-ate _one who is_ sent by + adj. _having_ others. +-ATE = _the quality of_ accur-ate _having the quality of_ + v. _to perform_ accuracy. + _the act of_, navig-ate _to perform the act of_ + or _cause_ sailing. + +-CLE = _minute_ vesi-cle a _minute_ vessel. +-cule animal-cule a _minute_ animal. + +-EE = _one to whom_ refer-ee _one to whom_ something + is referred. + +NOTE.--This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-EER engin-eer _one who_ has charge of + = _one who_ an engine. +-ier brigad-ier _one who_ has charge of + a brigade. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-ENE = _having relation terr-ene _having relation to_ the + to_ earth. + +-ENCE _state of being_ pres-ence _state of being_ present. +-ency = or _quality of_ tend-ency _quality of_ tending + towards. + +-ENT n. _one who_ stud-ent _one who_ studies. + = or _which_ equival-ent _being_ equal to, + adj. _being_ equal_ing_. + or _-ing_ + +-ESCENCE = _state of conval-escence _state of becoming_ well. + becoming_ + +-ESCENT = _becoming_ conval-escent _becoming_ well. + +-ESS = _female_ lion-ess a _female_ lion. + +NOTE.--This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-FEROUS = _producing_ coni-ferous _producing_ cones. + +-FIC = _making, sopori-fic _causing_ sleep. + causing_ + +-FICE = _something done_ arti-fice _something done_ with + or _made_ art. + +-FY = _to make_ forti-fy _to make_ strong. + + rust-ic _one who_ has countrified +-IC n. _one who_ manners. + +-ical = adj. _like_, hero-ic _like_ a hero. + _made of_, metall-ic _made of_ metal. + _relating to_ histor-ical _relating to_ history. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, +namely, adjectives in -IKOS. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in +-IC denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: +as _nitric_ acid. + +-ICE _that which_ just-ice _that which_ is just. + +-ICS _the science of_ mathemat-ics _the science of_ quantity. +-IC arithmet-ic _the science of_ number. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin. + +-ID = _being_ or acr-id; flu-id _being_ bitter; flow_ing_. + _-ing_ + +_-ile_ = _relating to_; puer-ile _relating to_ a boy. + _apt for_ docile _apt for_ being taught. + +-INE = _relating to; femin-ine _relating to_ a woman. + like_ alkal-ine _like_ an alkali. + + _the act of,_ expuls-ion _the act of_ expelling. +-ION = _state of corrupt-ion _state of being_ corrupt. + being_, frict-ion rubb_ing_. + or _-ing_ + +-ISH = _to make_ publ-ish _to make_ public. + +-ISE = _to render_, or fertil-ize _to render_ fertile. +-ize _perform the act + of_ + +NOTE.--The suffix -ISE, -IZE, is of French origin, and is freely added to +Latin roots in forming English derivatives. + +-ISM = _state or act hero-ism _state of_ a hero. + of_; _idiom_ Gallic-ism a French _idiom_. + +NOTE.--This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words +of Greek origin. + + _one who_ art-ist _one who practices_ +-IST = _practices_ or an art. + _is devoted to_ botan-ist _one who is devoted to_ + botany. + +-ITE = n. _one who is_ favor-ite _one who is_ favored. +-yte adj. _being_ defin-ite _being_ well defined. + prosel-yte _one who is_ brought + over. + +NOTE.--The form -YTE is found only in words of Greek origin. + +-ITY = _state or security _state of being_ secure. +-ty quality_ ability _quality of being_ able. + _of being_ liber-ty _state of being_ free. + + n. _one who is_ +-IVE = or _that which_ capt-ive _one who is_ taken. + adj. _having_ cohes-ive _having power_ to stick. + _the power_ + _or quality_ + +-IX = _feminine_ testatr-ix a _woman_ who leaves + a will. + +IZE (See ISE.) + +-MENT _state of being_ excite-ment _state of being_ excited. + = or _act of_; induce-ment _that which_ induces. + _that which_ + +-MONY _state or_ matri-mony _state of_ marriage. + = _quality of_; testi-mony _that which_ is testified. + _that which_ + + _one who_; audit-or _one who_ hears. +-OR = _that which_; mot-or _that which_ moves. + _quality of_ err-or _quality of_ erring. + + adj. _fitted_ or preparat-ory _fitted_ to prepare. +-ORY = _relating to_ + n. _place armor-y _place where_ arms are + where_; kept. + _that which_ + +-OSE = _abounding in_ verb-ose _abounding in_ words. +-ous popul-ous _abounding in_ people. + +-TUDE = _condition or_ servi-tude _condition of_ a slave. + _quality of_ forti-tude _quality of_ being brave. + +-TY (See -ITY.) + +-ULE = _minute_ glob-ule a _minute_ globe. + +-ULENT = _abounding in_ op-ulent _abounding in_ wealth. + +-URE = _act or state depart-ure _act of_ departing. + of_; creat-ure _that which_ is created. + _that which_ + +CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS. + + -an -ent + -ant -ier + -ary -ist = _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._ + -ate -ive + -eer -or + + -ate -ite = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that + -ee -ive which is._ + + -acy -ism + -age -ity + -ance -ment +NOUN SUFFIXES -ancy -mony = _state; condition; quality; act._ + -ate -tude + -ence -ty + -ency -ure + -ion + + -ary = _place where._ + -ory + + -cle + -cule = _diminutives._ + -ule + +II. + + -ac -ic + -al -ical + -an -id = _relating to; like; being_. + -ar -ile + -ary -ine + -ent -ory + + -ate + -ose = _abounding in; having the quality_. + -ous + +ADJECTIVE -able -ible = _that may be_. +SUFFIXES. -ble -ile + + -ive = _having power_. + + -ferous = _causing_ or _producing_. + -fic + + -aceous = _of; having the quality_. + -acious + + -escent = _becoming_. + +III. + + -ate +VERB SUFFIXES -fy = _to make; render; perform an act_. + -ise + -ize + + +EXERCISE. + +I. + +a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from +the following:-- + +1. Nouns. + +MODEL: _art + ist = artist, one who practices an art._[5] + + 1 art + 2 cash + 3 humor + 4 history + 5 vision + 6 tribute + 7 cure + 8 engine + 9 auction + 10 cannon + 11 flute + 12 drug + 13 tragedy + 14 mutiny + 15 grammar + 16 credit + 17 note + 18 method + 19 music + 20 flower (_flor_-) + +2. Verbs. + + 1 profess + 2 descend + 3 act + 4 imitate + 5 preside + 6 solicit + 7 visit + 8 defend + 9 survey + 10 oppose (_oppon_-) + +3. Adjectives. + + 1 adverse + 2 secret + 3 potent + 4 private + +b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) +from the following:-- + + 1 assign + 2 bedlam + 3 _captum_ (taken) + 4 devote + 5 favor + 6 lease + 7 _natus_ (born) + 8 patent + 9 refer + 10 relate + +c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from +the following:-- + +1. Nouns. + + 1 _magistr_ate + 2 parent + 3 cure + 4 _priv_ate + 5 pilgrim + 6 hero + 7 despot + 8 judge + 9 vassal + 10 vandal + +2. Verbs. + + 1 conspire + 2 marry + 3 forbear + 4 repent + 5 ply + 6 abase + 7 excel + 8 prosper + 9 enjoy + 10 accompany + 11 depart + 12 abound + 13 abhor + 14 compose + 15 deride (_deris_-) + +3. Adjectives. + + 1 _accur_ate + 2 _delic_ate + 3 _dist_ant + 4 _excell_ent + 5 _curr_ent + 6 parallel + 7 prompt (_i_-) + 8 similar + 9 docile + 10 moist + +d. Write and define nouns denoting place WHERE from the following words:-- + + 1 grain + 2 deposit + 3 penitent + 4 arm + 5 observe + +e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:-- + + 1 part + 2 globe + 3 animal + 4 verse + 5 _corpus_ (body) + +II. + +a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from +the following nouns:-- + + 1 parent + 2 nation + 3 fate + 4 elegy + 5 demon + 6 republic + 7 Rome + 8 Europe + 9 Persia + 10 presbytery + 11 globule + 12 _luna_ (the moon) + 13 _oculus_ (the eye) + 14 consul + 15 _sol_ (the sun) + 16 planet + 17 moment + 18 element + 19 second + 20 parliament + 21 honor + 22 poet + 23 despot + 24 majesty + 25 ocean + 26 metal + 27 nonsense + 28 astronomy + 29 botany + 30 period + 31 tragedy + 32 _ferv_or + 33 _splend_or + 34 infant + 35 _puer_ (a boy) + 36 _canis_ (a dog) + 37 _felis_ (a cat) + 38 promise + 39 access + 40 transit + +b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality +of, from the following nouns:-- + + 1 passion + 2 temper + 3 _oper_- (work) + 4 fortune + 5 _popul_- (people) + 6 affection + 7 _aqua_- (water) + 8 verb (a word) + 9 beauty + 10 courage + 11 plenty + 12 envy + 13 victory + 14 joy + 15 globe + +c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, +from the following verbs:-- + + 1 blame + 2 allow + 3 move + 4 admit (_miss_-) + 5 collect + 6 abuse + 7 _aud_- (hear) + 8 divide (_vis_-) + 9 vary + 10 _ara_- (plough) + +Write and define the following adjectives denoting-- + +(_causing_ or _producing_) 1 terror, 2 _sopor_- (sleep), 3 _flor_ (a +flower), 4 _pestis_ (a plague); (_having the quality of_) 5 _farina_ +(meal), 6 crust, 7 _argilla_ (clay), (_becoming_), 8 effervesce. + +III. + +Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, +from the following words:-- + + 1 authentic + 2 person + 3 captive + 4 _anima_ (life) + 5 _melior_ (better) + 6 ample + 7 just + 8 _sanctus_ (holy) + 9 pan + 10 false + 11 _facilis_ (easy) + 12 _magnus_(great) + 13 equal + 14 fertile + 15 legal + +III.--DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES. + +1. A LATIN PRIMITIVE, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number +of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb _du'cere_, to +draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed _educe_, +_education_, _deduction_, _ductile_, _reproductive_, and several hundred +other English words. + +2. LATIN ROOTS consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. + +3. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES from Latin words are generally formed not from the +root itself but from a part of the root called the _radical_. Thus, in the +word "education," the _root-word_ is _ducere_, but the _radical_ is DUC- +(education = e + DUC + ate + ion). + +4. A RADICAL is a word or a part of a word used in forming English +derivatives. + +5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the +different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the +root-word. + +6. VERB-RADICALS are formed principally from two parts of the verb,--the +first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the +_supine_, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in +-ing. Thus:-- + + _1st pers. sing. pres. ind._ duco (I draw) + _Root_ DUC- + _Derivative_ _educe_ + _Supine_ ductum (drawing, or to draw) + _Root_ DUCT- + _Derivative_ _ductile_ + +I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of +the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first +person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine--the second +and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the +infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. +Thus as we say that _loved_, _loving_, etc., are parts of the verb "to +love," so we say that _a'mo_ (present ind.) and _ama'tum_ (supine) are +parts of the verb _ama're_. + +II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate _amo_, _amatum_, +by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which +is _amare_. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great +utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the +Dictionary. + +7. NOUN-RADICALS and ADJECTIVE RADICALS are formed from the nominative and +from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of +speech. Thus:-- + +NOM. CASE. ROOT. DERIVATIVE. +iter (a journey) ITER-. re_iter_ate + +GEN. CASE. ROOT DERIVATIVE. +itineris (of a journey) ITINER- _itiner_ant +felicis (nom. _felix_, happy) FELIC- _felic_ity + + NOTE.--These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by + way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no + knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from + Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the + _radicals actually used_ in word-formation, are given. + +Pronunciation of Latin Words. + +1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or +diphthongs: as _miles_ (= _mi'les_). + +2. _C_ is pronounced like _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_; and like _s_ before +_e_, _i_, _y_, and the diphthongs _ae_ and _oe_: as _cado_, pronounced +_ka'do_; _cedo_, pronounced _se'do_. + +3. _G_ is pronounced hard before _a_, _o_, _u_, and soft like _j_ before +_e_, _i_, _y_, _ae_, _oe_: as _gusto_, in which _g_ is pronounced as in +_August_; _gero_, pronounced _je'ro_. + +4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as _bene_, +pronounced _be'ne_. + +5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as _mille_, +pronounced _mil'le_. + +6. The diphthongs _ae_ and _oe_ are sounded like _e_: as _caedo_, pronounced +_ce'do_. + +7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as _ager_, pronounced +_a'jer_. + +8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in _a_, the _a_ should be +sounded like _ah_: as _musa_, pronounced _mu'sah_. + +9. _T_, _s_, and _c_, before _ia_, _ie_, _ii_, _io_, _iu_, and _eu_, +preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change +into _sh_ and _zh_: as _fa'cio_, pronounced _fa'sheo_; _san'cio_, +pronounced _san'sheo_; _spa'tium_, pronounced _spa'sheum_. + + NOTE.--According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels + _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ are pronounced as in _baa_, _bait_, _beet_, + _boat_, _boot_; _ae_, _au_, _ei_, _oe_ as in _aisle_, _our_, _eight_, + _oil_; _c_ always like _k_; _g_ as in _get_; _j_ as _y_ in _yes_; _t_ + as in _until_; _v_ as _w_. See any Latin grammar. + + + + +LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + + +DIVISION I.--METHOD OF STUDY. + + +1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, _to do_, _to drive_. + +Radicals: AG- and ACT-. + +1. ACT, _v._ ANALYSIS: from _actum_ by dropping the termination _um_. +DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The _noun_ "act" is formed in the same way. +DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance. + +2. AC'TION: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done. + +3. ACT'IVE: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, +constantly engaged in action. + +4. ACT'OR: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in +anything done; (2) a stage player. + +5. A'GENT: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts +business for another. + +6. AG'ILE: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk. + +7. CO'GENT: from Latin _cogens_, _cogentis_, pres. part, of _cog'ere_ (= +_co + agere_, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, +forcible. + +8. ENACT': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree. + +9. TRANSACT': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?--Write a sentence containing this +word as a verb; another as a noun.--Give a synonym of "act." _Ans. +Deed._--From what is "deed" derived? _Ans._ From the word _do_--hence, +literally, something _done_.--Give the distinction between "act" and +"deed." _Ans_. "Act" is a _single_ action; "deed" is a _voluntary_ action: +thus--"The _action_ which was praised as a good _deed_ was but an _act_ of +necessity." + +(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.--Combine and define in + +action. + +(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.--What +is the _negative_ of "active"? _Ans. Inactive_.--What is the _contrary_ of +"active"? _Ans. Passive_. + +(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: +"Washington and Greene were prominent _actors_ in the war of the +Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English _actor_, was born in +1716."--What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player? + +(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.--What is the distinction between +"active" and "agile"? _Ans_. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; +"agile" denotes a readiness to move the _limbs_.--Give two synonyms of +"agile." _Ans. Brisk_, _nimble_.--Give the opposite of "agile." _Ans. +Sluggish_, _inert_. + +(7.) Explain what is meant by a "_cogent_ argument."--What would be the +contrary of a _cogent_ argument? + +(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.--What is meant by the "_enacting_ +clause" of a legislative bill?--Write a sentence containing the word +"enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament _enacted_ the stamp-law in 1765." + +(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.--What derivative from "perform" is +a synonym of "transaction"? + + +2. ALIE'NUS, _another_, _foreign_. + +Radical: ALIEN-. + +1. AL'IEN: from _alienus_ by dropping the termination _us_. DEFINITION: a +foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is +living. + +2. AL'IENATE: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to +another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to +estrange, to withdraw. + +3. INAL'IENABLE: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Combine and define alien + age.--Can an alien be elected President of +the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause +5.]--What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is +changed from an _alien_ to a _citizen_? + +(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.--Give a synonym of "alienate" in +its _second_ sense. _Ans._ To _estrange_.--What is meant by saying that +"the oppressive measures of the British government gradually _alienated_ +the American colonies from the mother country"? + +(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the +word "inalienable." + + +3. AMA'RE, _to love_, AMI'CUS, _a friend_. + +Radicals: AM- and AMIC-. + +1. A'MIABLE: am(i) + able = fit to be loved. + + OBS.--The Latin adjective is _amabilis_, from which the English + derivative adjective would be _amable_; but it has taken the form + am_i_able. + +2. AM'ITY: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; +good-will. + +3. AM'ICABLE: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; +peaceable. + +4. INIM'ICAL: through Lat. adj. _inimi'cus_, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al += inimical, relating to an enemy. + +5. AMATEUR': adopted through French _amateur_, from Latin _amator_, a +lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without +pursuing it professionally. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? _Ans. Lovable_.--Show how they +are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: +"The _amiable_ qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply +regretted by all Americans."--What noun can you form from "amiable," +meaning the quality of being amiable?--What is the negative of "amiable"? +_Ans. Unamiable_.--The contrary? _Ans. Hateful_. + +(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." _Ans. +Friendship._--State the distinction between these words. _Ans._ +"Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to societies +or nations.--Write a sentence containing the word "amity." MODEL: "The +Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of _amity_ with the +Indians."--What is the opposite of "amity"? + +(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." _Ans. Friendly_.--Which is the stronger? +_Ans. Friendly_.--Why? _Ans._ "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of +regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.--Write a sentence +containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by +the United States and Great Britain made an _amicable_ settlement of the +Alabama difficulties." + +(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? _Ans. +Enemy_.--Give its origin. _Ans._ It comes from the Latin _inimicus_, an +enemy, through the French _ennemi_.--What preposition does "inimical" take +after it? _Ans._ The preposition _to_--thus, "_inimical_ to health," "to +welfare," etc. + +(5.) What is meant by an _amateur_ painter? an _amateur_ musician? + + +4. AN'IMUS, _mind_, _passion_; AN'IMA, _life_. + +Radical: ANIM-. + +1. AN'IMAL: from Lat. n. _anima_ through the Latin _animal_: literally, +something having life. + +2. ANIMAL'CULE: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can +be seen only by the microscope. + +3. AN'IMATE, _v._: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or +infuse courage. + +4. ANIMOS'ITY: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) +passion: hence, violent hatred. + +5. UNANIM'ITY: un (from _unus_, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of +one mind: hence, agreement. + +6. REAN'IMATE: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse +fresh vigor. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science +has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between +an _animal_ and a vegetable." + +(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? _Ans. Animalcules_ or +_animalculae_.--Write a sentence containing this word. + +(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?--What is the +negative of the adjective "animate?" _Ans. Inanimate._--Define it.--Combine +and define animate + ion.--Explain what is meant by an "_animated_ +discussion." + +(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity." + +(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of _one +mind_, is not this "unanimity"?--What is the adjective corresponding to the +noun "unanimity"?--What is the _opposite_ of "unanimity"?--Write a sentence +containing the word "unanimity." + +(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the +signification of each.--Has "reanimate" any other than its literal +meaning?--Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense. +MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' +_reanimated_ the courage of the American sailors."--What does "_animated_ +conversation" mean? + + +5. AN'NUS, _a year_. + +Radical: ANN-. + +1. AN'NALS: from _annus_, through Lat. adj. _annalis_, pertaining to the +year: hence, a record of things done from year to year. + +2. AN'NUAL: through _annuus_ (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly +or performed in a year. + +3. ANNU'ITY: through Fr. n. _annuite_ = a sum of money payable yearly. + +4. MILLEN'NIUM: Lat. n. _millennium_ (from _annus_ and _mille_, a +thousand), a thousand years. + +5. PEREN'NIAL: through Lat. adj. _perennis_ (compounded of _per_ and +_annus_), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." _Ans. History._--What is the distinction +between "annals" and "history"? _Ans._ "Annals" denotes a mere +chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition +to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.--Write a +sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence: +"The _annals_ of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible +statements." + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual." + +(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium." + +(5.) What is the meaning of a "_perennial_ plant" in botany? _Ans._ A plant +continuing more than two years.--Give the contrary of "perennial." _Ans. +Fleeting, short-lived._ + + +6. ARS, ar'tis, _art, skill._ + +Radical: ART-. + +1. ART: from _artis_ by dropping the termination _is_. DEFINITION: 1. +cunning--thus, an animal practices _art_ in escaping from his pursuers; 2. +skill or dexterity--thus, a man may be said to have the _art_ of managing +his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession--as the _art_ of +building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which +are called the "fine arts." + +2. ART'IST: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who +occupies himself with one of the fine arts. + + OBS.--A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not + properly be so called. The French word _artiste_ is sometimes used to + denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not + one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an + _artiste_. + +3. AR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _artisan_, one who practices an art: hence, one +who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative. + +4. ART'FUL: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning. + +5. ART'LESS: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple, +ingenuous. + +6. AR'TIFICE: through Lat. n. _artificium_, something made (_fa'cere_, to +make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from +Shakespeare, "There is no _art_ to read the mind's construction in the +face"? + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."--Would it be proper to +call a famous hair-dresser an _artist_?--What might he be called?--Combine +and define artist + ic + al + ly.--What is the negative of "artistic"? + +(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"? + +(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." _Ans. Ingenuous, natural._--Give the +opposite of "artless." _Ans. Wily._--Combine and define artless + ly; +artless + ness. + +(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."--Combine artifice + er.--Does +"artificer" mean one who practices artifice?--Write a sentence containing +this word.--Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give +the opposite of "artificial." + + +7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, _to hear_. + +Radicals: AUDI-, and AUDIT-. + +1. AU'DIBLE: audi + ble = that may be heard. + +2. AU'DIENCE: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an +assemblage of hearers, an _auditory_. + +3. AU'DIT: from _audit(um)_ = to hear a statement: hence, to examine +accounts. + +4. AU'DITOR: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer. + + OBS.--This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who + examines accounts. + +5. OBE'DIENT: through _obediens, obedient(is)_, the present participle of +_obedire_ (compounded of _ob_, towards, and _audire_): literally, giving +ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it +to form a word denoting what can _not_ be heard?--What is the adverb from +the adjective "audible"?--Write a sentence containing this word. + +(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving _audience_? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL--"The committee +which had to _audit_ the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."--How +do you spell the past tense of "audit"?--Why is the _t_ not doubled? + +(5.) What is the _noun_ corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?--What is +the _verb_ corresponding to these words?--Combine and define dis + +obedient. + + +8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, _the head_. + +Radical: CAPIT-. + +1. CAP'ITAL, _a._ and _n._: capit + al = relating to the _head_: hence, +chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it +means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;--as +a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in +trade. + +2. CAPITA'TION: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted: +hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person. + +3. DECAP'ITATE: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to +behead. + +4. PREC'IPICE: through Lat. n. _praecipitium_: literally, a headlong +descent. + +5. PRECIP'ITATE: from Lat. adj. _praecipit(is)_, head foremost. DEFINITION: +(1) (_as a verb_) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten; +(2) (_as an adjective_) headlong, hasty. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.--Write a +sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of _city_.--Write a +sentence containing "capital" in the sense of _stock_.--Is the _capital_ of +a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state +or country?--What is the _capital_ of New York state?--What is the +_metropolis_ of New York State? + +(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.--Can you name an English king who +was _decapitated_?--Can you name a French king who was _decapitated_? + +(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the +_precipice_ of time it goes"? + +(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.--Write a sentence containing the +adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for +never having made any _precipitate_ movements."--Explain the meaning of the +verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo +Wellington _precipitated_ the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was +divided", "The Romans were wont to _precipitate_ criminals from the +Tarpeian rock." + + +9. CI'VIS, _a citizen_. + +Radical: CIV-. + +1. CIV'IC: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of +a city. + + OBS.--The "_civic_ crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves + and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in + battle. + +2. CIV'IL: Lat adj. _civilis_, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of +the state, political, (3) polite. + +3. CIV'ILIZE: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having +a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous +state. + +4. CIVILIZA'TION: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized. + +5. CIVIL'IAN: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil +life--not a soldier. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?--Give a synonym of +this word.--Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? _Ans._ +"Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil" +without being "polite."--What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in +the sense of "polite"?--Combine and define civil + ity.--Do you say +_un_civility or _in_civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?--Give a +synonym of "uncivil." _Ans. Boorish._--Give another synonym. + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."--Give a participial +adjective from this word.--What compound word expresses _half_ +civilized?--What word denotes a state of society between savage and +civilized? + +(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." _Ans. Culture, refinement._--What +is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient +Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of +_civilization_"?--Compose a sentence of your own, using this word. + + +10. COR, cor'dis, _the heart_. + +Radical: CORD-. + +1. CORE: from _cor_ = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing. + +2. COR'DIAL, _a._: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence, +hearty, sincere. The _noun_ "cordial" means literally something having the +quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a +figurative sense, something cheering. + +3. CON'CORD: con + cord = heart _with (con)_ heart: hence, unity of +sentiment, harmony. + + OBS.--_Concord_ in music is harmony of sound. + +4. DIS'CORD: dis + cord = heart _apart from (dis)_ heart: hence, +disagreement, want of harmony. + +5. RECORD': through Lat. v. _recordari_, to remember (literally, to get by +_heart_): hence, to register. + +6. COUR'AGE: through Fr. n. _courage_: literally, _heartiness_: hence, +bravery, intrepidity. + + OBS.--The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative + sense of courage. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) "The quince was rotten at the _core_"; "The preacher touched the +_core_ of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its +_literal_, in which in its _figurative_, sense? + +(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?--Would you +say a "_cordial_ laugh" or a "_hearty_ laugh"?--What is the opposite of +"cordial"?--Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.--Write a +sentence containing the _noun_ "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: +"Washington's victory at Trenton was like a _cordial_ to the flagging +spirits of the American army." + +(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." _Ans. Accord._--Supply the proper word: +"In your view of this matter, I am in (_accord?_ or _concord?_) with you." +"There should be ---- among friends." "The man who is not moved by ---- of +sweet sounds." + +(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among +brethren?--Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Strife._--State the +distinction. _Ans._ "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there +must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" +consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action. + +(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?--When the accent is placed on the +first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?--Combine and +define record + er; un + record + ed. + +(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout--what?--Give a synonym. _Ans. +Fortitude._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Courage" enables us to meet +danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.--Would you say "the +Indian shows _courage_ when he endures torment without flinching"?--Would +you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed _fortitude_ in opposing +the entire Persian army"?--What is the contrary of "courage"?--Combine and +define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly. + + +11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, _the body_. + +Radical: CORPOR-. + +1. COR'PORAL: corpor + al = relating to the _body_. + + OBS.--The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from + _corpus_: it comes from the French _caporal_, of which it is a + corruption. + +2. COR'PORATE: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body +or corporation. + +3. INCOR'PORATE: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to +form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another. + +4. CORPORA'TION: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body: +hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person. + +5. COR'PULENT: through Lat. adj. _corpulentus_, fleshy: hence, stout in +body, fleshy. + +6. COR'PUSCLE: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle +of matter. + +7. CORPS: [pronounced _core_] through Fr. n. _corps_, a body. DEFINITION: +(1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one +profession. + +8. CORPSE: through Fr. n. _corps_, the body; that is, _only_ the body--the +spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." _Ans. Corporeal_ and +_bodily_.--What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"? +_Ans._ "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies +material, as opposed to spiritual.--Would you say a _corporal_ or a +_corporeal_ substance? _corporal_ or _corporeal_ punishment? Would you say +_corporal_ strength or _bodily_ strength? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its _first_ +sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was _incorporated_ +in 1606, and received a charter from King James I." + +(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what +corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence +about that.] + +(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and +synonymous with "stoutness"?--Give two synonyms of "corpulent." _Ans._ +_Stout_, _lusty_.--What is the distinction? _Ans._ "Corpulent" means fat; +"stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame. + +(6.) What is meant by an "army _corps_"? _Ans_. A body of from twenty to +forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions. + +(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? _Ans. Corps._ How pronounced? +_Ans. Cores._--What is meant by the "diplomatic _corps_"? + +(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? _Ans_. The form _corse_ +is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John +Moore: + + "Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, + As his _corse_ to the ramparts we hurried." + + +12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, _to believe_. + +Radicals: CRED- and CREDIT-. + +1. CREED: from the word _credo_, "I believe," at the beginning of the +Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief. + +2. CRED'IBLE: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief. + +3. CRED'IT: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2) +reputation; (3) trust given or received. + +4. CRED'ULOUS: through the Lat. adj. _credulus_, easy of belief: credul + +ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily. + +5. DISCRED'IT: dis + credit = to _dis_believe. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King +of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be +walked on, he declared that the statement was not _credible_."--What single +word will express _not credible_?--Combine and define credible + ity.--Give +a synonym of "credible." _Ans. Trustworthy._--State the distinction. _Ans_. +"Credible" is generally applied to things, as "_credible_ testimony"; +"trustworthy" to persons, as "a _trustworthy_ witness." + +(3.) What is the meaning of _credit_ in the passage, + + "John Gilpin was a citizen + Of _credit_ and renown"? + +Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Trust._--What is the distinction? _Ans_. +"Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back--we _credit_ what has happened; +we _trust_ what is to happen.--What other part of speech than a noun is +"credit"?--Combine and define credit + ed.--Why is the _t_ not doubled? + +(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage, + + "So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud + Led Eve, our _credulous_ mother"?--MILTON. + +What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the +quality of believing too easily?--What is the negative of +"credulous"?--What is the distinction between "incredible" and +"incredulous"?--Which applies to persons? which to things? + +(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?--Write a sentence +containing this word as a _noun_; another as a _verb_. + + +13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, _to run_. + +Radicals used: CURR- and CURS-. + +1. CUR'RENT, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to +person, as a "_current_ report"; (2) now in progress, as the "_current_ +month." + +2. CUR'RENCY: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as +"the report obtained _currency_": hence circulation. + + OBS.--As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or + passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value. + +3. CUR'SORY: curs + ory = runn_ing_ or pass_ing_: hence, hasty. + +4. EXCUR'SION: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an +expedition or jaunt. + +5. INCUR'SION: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion. + +6. PRECUR'SOR: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?--What is now +the _current_ year? + +(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? _Ans_. Because there are two in +the root _currere_.--Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money." +_Ans._ The "circulating medium."--What was the "currency" of the Indians in +early times?--Compose a sentence using this word. + +(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "_cursory_ glance" at a +subject, what does he mean?--Combine and define cursory + ly. + +(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly +or a hostile sense? + +(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly +or a hostile sense?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Invasion._--Which implies a +hasty expedition?--Compose a sentence containing the word _incursion_. +MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid _incursions_ into the +territory of their enemies." + +(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the _precursor_ of +Christ?--What is meant by saying that black clouds are the _precursor_ of a +storm? + + +14. DIG'NUS, _worthy_. + +Radical: DIGN-. + +1. DIG'NIFY: dign + (_i_)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor. + +2. DIG'NITY: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior +fitted to inspire respect. + +3. INDIG'NITY: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an +unworthy (_indignus_) manner: hence, insult, contumely. + +4. CONDIGN': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved. + + OBS.--The prefix _con_ is here merely intensive. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? _Ans. +Dignified._--Give a stronger word. _Ans. Majestic._--Give a word which +denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. _Ans. +Pompous._ + +(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the +dignity of his behavior?--Compose a sentence containing this word. + +(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."--What is meant by saying that +"indignities were heaped on" a person? + +(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? _Ans._ In +connection with punishment: thus we speak of "_condign_ punishment," +meaning richly deserved punishment. + + +15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, _to teach_. + +Radicals: DOC- and DOCT-. + +1. DOC'ILE: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable. + +2. DOC'TOR: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the +highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach. + +4. DOC'TRINE: through Lat. n. _doctrina_, something taught; hence, a +principle taught as part of a system of belief. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.--Give the opposite of "docile." _Ans. +Indocile._--Mention an animal that is very docile.--Mention one remarkable +for its want of docility. + +(2.) What is meant by "_Doctor_ of Medicine"?--Give the abbreviation.--What +does LL.D. mean? _Ans._ It stands for the words _legum doctor_, doctor of +laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun. + +(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." _Ans. Precept, tenet._--What does +"tenet" literally mean? _Ans._ Something _held_--from Lat. v. _tenere_, to +hold.--Combine and define doctrine + al. + + +16. DOM'INUS, _a master or lord_. + +Radical: DOMIN-. + +1. DOMIN'ION: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule; +(2) a territory ruled over. + +2. DOM'INANT: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence, +prevailing. + +3. DOMINEER': through Fr. v. _dominer_; literally, to "_lord_ it" over one: +hence, to rule with insolence. + +4. PREDOM'INATE: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master _before_ +another: hence, to be superior, to rule. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off +the _dominion_ of Great Britain"? + +(2.) What is meant by the "_dominant_ party"? a "_dominant_ race"? + +(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The +blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, _domineered_ for several years over +the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the +accession of King William." + +(4.) "The Republicans at present _predominate_ in Mexico": what does this +mean? + + +17. FI'NIS, _an end or limit_. + +Radical: FIN-. + +1. FI'NITE: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence, +limited in quantity or degree. + +2. FIN'ISH: through Fr. v. _finir_; literally, to bring to an end: hence, +to complete. + +3. INFIN'ITY: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence, +unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity. + +4. DEFINE': through Fr. v. _definer_; literally, to bring a thing down to +its limits: hence, to determine with precision. + +5. CONFINE': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds: +hence, to restrain. + +6. AFFIN'ITY: af (a form of prefix _ad_) + fin + ity = close agreement. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are _finite_"? + +(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. +Limited._--What participial adjective is formed from the verb to +"finish"?--What is meant by a "_finished_ gentleman"? + +(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." _Ans. Boundlessness._--"The microscope +reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an _infinity_ of +animalculae." What is the sense of _infinity_ as used in this sentence? + +(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.--Analyze the word +"definition."--Compose a sentence containing the word "define." + +(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.--What other part of speech than a +verb is "confine"? _Ans._ A noun.--Write a sentence containing the word +"confines." + +(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical _affinity_." + + +18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, _to flow_. + +Radicals: FLU- and FLUX-. + +1. FLUX: from flux_um_ = a flowing. + +2. FLU'ENT: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to +language it means _flowing_ speech: hence, voluble. + +3. FLU'ID, _n._: flu + id = Flow_ing_: hence, anything that flows. + +4. FLU'ENCY: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language). + +5. AF'FLUENCE: af (form of _ad_) + flu + ence = a flowing _to_: hence, an +abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc. + +6. CON'FLUENCE: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the +flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union. + +7. IN'FLUX: in + flux = a flowing in or into. + +8. SUPER'FLUOUS: super + flu + ous = having the quality of _over_flowing: +hence, needless, excessive. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?--What word would denote a speaker +who is the reverse of "fluent"? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid." + +(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style? + +(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "_affluence_ of +ideas," means what? + +(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York +City stands at the ---- of two streams." + +(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."--Compose +a sentence containing the word "superfluous."--What is its opposite? _Ans. +Scanty, meager._ + + +19. GREX, gre'gis, _a flock or herd_. + +Radical: GREG-. + +1. AG'GREGATE, _v._: ag (for _ad_) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought +into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble. + +2. EGRE'GIOUS: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. _egre'gius_, chosen +from the herd: hence, remarkable. + + OBS.--Its present use is in association with inferiority. + +3. CON'GREGATE: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together: +hence, to assemble. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?--Why is this +word spelled with a double _g_? + +(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.--What does an "_egregious_ blunder" +mean?--Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious." + +(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating _together_?--Combine and +define congregate + ion. + + +20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, _to go_. + +Radical: IT-. + +1. AMBI'TION: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around. +DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power. + + OBS.--This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in + Rome _going around_ to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and + finally, aspiration in general. + +2. INI'TIAL, _a._: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the _in_going: hence, +marking the commencement. + +3. INI'TIATE: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to +introduce, to commence. + +4. SEDI'TION: sed (_aside_) + it + ion = the act of going _aside_; that is, +going to a separate and insurrectionary party. + +5. TRANS'IT: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing; +(2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy. + +6. TRAN'SITORY: trans + it + ory = pass_ing_ over: hence, brief, fleeting. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's +_ambition_ was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his +country."--What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"? +"literary ambition"?--What adjective means _possessing ambition_?--Combine +and define un + ambitious. + +(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? _Ans. Final, closing._--What part +of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?--What is meant by "initials"? + +(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was _initiated_ by +an attack on the British in Boston"?--Give the opposite of "initiate" in +the sense of "commence." + +(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." _Ans. Insurrection._--Give +another.--Compose a sentence containing this word. + +(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in _transit_."--Explain what is meant +by the "Nicaragua _transit_."--When you speak of the _transit_ of Venus," +you are using a term in what science? + +(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."--Give its opposite. _Ans. Permanent, +abiding._ + + +21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, _a stone_. + +Radical: LAPID-. + +1. LAP'IDARY: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, +polishes, and engraves precious stones. + +2. DILAP'IDATED: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a +building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, +decayed. + +3. DILAPIDA'TION: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in +which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay. + + +EXERCISE. + +Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted +the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous _lapidary_ in Holland." + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At +Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a _dilapidated_ mill, which some +writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the +twelfth century."--If we should speak of a "_dilapidated_ fortune," would +the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense? + +(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." _Ans. Ruin, decay._ + + +22. LEX, le'gis, _a law or rule_. + +Radical: LEG-. + +1. LE'GAL: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful. + +2. ILLE'GAL: il (for _in_, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful. + +3. LEG'ISLATE: from _legis_ + _latum_ (from Lat. v. _fer're, latum_, to +bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws. + +4. LEGIT'IMATE: through Lat. adj. _legitimus_, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = +made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law. + +5. PRIV'ILEGE: Lat. adj. _privus_, private; literally, a law passed for the +benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the +_legal_ profession" and "a _legal_ right."--Combine and define legal + +ize. + +(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." _Ans. Unlawful._--Show that +they are synonyms. _Ans_. il (_in_) = un; _leg_ = law; and al = +ful.--Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."--Combine and define +illegal + ity. + +(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making +power?--Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive. + +(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate." + +(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?--Define the meaning of this word in +the passage,-- + + "He claims his _privilege_, and says 't is fit + Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit." + + +23. LIT'ERA, _a letter_. + +Radical: LITER-. + +1. LIT'ERAL: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact +to the letter. + +2. LIT'ERARY: liter + ary = pertaining to _letters_ or learning. + +3. OBLITERATE: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence, +to rub out, in general. + +4. LIT'ERATURE: through Lat. n. _literatura_ = the collective body of +literary works. + +5. ILLIT'ERATE: il (for _in_, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who +does not know his letters. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Define what is meant by a "_literal_ translation." + +(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."--Compose a sentence +containing the terms "literary society." + +(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. _Ans._ To +_erase_.--If we should speak of _obliterating_ the memory of a wrong, +would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense? + +(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?--Can you mention +a great poem in Greek "literature"?--Compose a sentence containing the word +"literature." + +(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." _Ans. Unlearned_.--What is the +opposite of "illiterate"? _Ans. Learned_. + + +24. MORS, mortis, _death_. + +Radical: MORT-. + +1. MOR'TAL: mort + a = relating to death. + +2. MOR'TIFY: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy +vital functions; (2) to humble. + +3. IMMOR'TALIZE: im (for _in_, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject +to death: hence, to perpetuate. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this +_mortal_ coil"?--Combine and define mortal + ity.--What is the opposite of +"mortal"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Deathless_. + +(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."--What noun is derived from this +verb? _Ans. Mortification_.--When a surgeon speaks of "mortification" +setting in, what does he mean?--What is meant by "mortification" when we +say that the British felt great _mortification_ at the recapture of Stony +Point by General Anthony Wayne? + +(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton +_immortalized_ his name by the production of Paradise Lost." + + +25. NOR'MA, _a rule_. + +Radical: NORM-. + +1. NOR'MAL: norm + al = according to rule. + +2. ENOR'MOUS: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule: +hence, excessive, huge. + +3. ENOR'MITY: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence, +an excessive degree--generally used in regard to bad qualities. + +4. ABNOR'MAL: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being _away_ from the +usual rule: hence, unnatural. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the _normal_ condition of +things"?--"What is the meaning of the term a "_normal_ school"? _Ans._ It +means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for +imitation; a school for the education of teachers. + +(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." _Ans. Immense_.--Give another.--"What is +meant by "_enormous_ strength"? an "_enormous_ crime?"--Combine and define +enormous + ly. + +(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence. + + +26. OR'DO, or'dinis, _order_. + +Radical: ORDIN-. + +1. OR'DINARY: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things. + +2. EXTRAOR'DINARY: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary. + +3. INOR'DINATE: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within +the usual order of things: hence, excessive. + +4. SUBOR'DINATE: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the +usual order: hence, inferior, secondary. + +5. OR'DINANCE: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a +law. + +6. INSUBORDINA'TION: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being +under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by "_ordinary_ language"? an "_ordinary_ man"? + +(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.--Compose a sentence using the +word "extraordinary."--Give a synonym of "extraordinary." _Ans. Unusual._ + +(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had +"_inordinate_ vanity."--Is "inordinate" used with reference to +praiseworthy things? + +(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?--What is +meant by "a _subordinate_"?--What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, +"We must _subordinate_ our wishes to the rules of morality"?--Combine and +define subordinate + ion. + +(5.) What does the expression "the _ordinances_ of the Common Council of +the City of New York" mean? + +(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."--Give the +opposite of "insubordination"? _Ans. Subordination, obedience._ + + +27. PARS, par'tis, _a part or share_. + +Radical: PART-. + +1. PART: from part_is_ = a share. + +2. PAR'TICLE: part + (_i_)cle = a small part. + +3. PAR'TIAL: part + (_i_)al = relating to a part rather than the whole: +hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing. + +4. PAR'TY: through Fr. n. _partie_: a set of persons (that is, a part of +the people) engaged in some design. + +5. PAR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _partisan_ = a party man. + +6. DEPART': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?--Write a sentence +containing this word as a noun; another as a verb. + +(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and +"particular." _Ans_. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or +_particles_ of a given subject. + +(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? _Ans. Impartial._--Define it. + +(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political _party_." + +(6.) Combine and define depart + ure. + + +28. PES, pe'dis, _a foot_. + +Radical: PED-. + +1. PED'AL: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot. + +2. BI'PED: bi + ped = a two-footed animal. + +3. QUAD'RUPED: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (_Quadru_, from +_quatuor_, four.) + +4. PED'DLER: literally, a trader who travels on foot. + +5. EXPEDITE': ex + ped + ite (_ite_, equivalent to _ate_) = literally, to +free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten. + +6. EXPEDI'TION: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1) +the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the +execution of some object of importance. + +7. IMPED'IMENT: through Lat. n. _impedimentum_; literally, something which +_impedes_ or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped." + +(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped." + +(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?--In what other +way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? _Ans._ It is sometimes spelled with but +one _d_--thus, _pedler_. + +(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?--Give the +opposite of "expedite." _Ans._ To _retard_. + +(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following +sentences: "With winged _expedition_, swift as lightning."--_Milton_. "The +_expedition_ of Cortez miserably failed."--_Prescott._ + +(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."--What is meant by +"_impediment_ of speech"?--Is the word here used in its literal or its +figurative sense? + + +29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_. + +Radical: RUPT-. + +1. RUP'TURE: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a +_breach_ of friendly relations. + +2. ERUP'TION: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out. + +3. ABRUPT': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden +termination. + +4. CORRUPT': cor (for _con_) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence, +decomposed, depraved. + +5. INTERRUPT': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder. + +6. BANK'RUPT: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts, +an insolvent debtor. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? _Ans._ A +verb.--Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a +noun.--What does the "_rupture_ of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the +literal sense of the word?--The "_rupture_ of friendly relations" between +Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense? + +(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption." + +(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.--When we speak of an +"_abrupt_ manner," what is meant?--When we speak of an "_abrupt_ descent," +what is meant? + +(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "_corrupt_ +judge."--Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + +ible.--What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?--What part +of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications _corrupt_ good +manners"? + + +30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, _time_. + +Radical: TEMPOR-. + +1. TEM'PORAL: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting. + +2. TEM'PORARY: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time. + +3. CONTEM'PORARY: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with +another. + +4. TEM'PERANCE: through Fr. n. _temperance_; literal meaning, the state of +being _well timed_ as to one's habits: hence, moderation. + +5. EXTEMPORA'NEOUS: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time. + +6. TEM'PORIZE: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the +current of opinion. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." _Ans. Eternal._ Illustrate these two +words by a sentence from the Bible. _Ans._ "The things which are seen are +_temporal_; but the things which are not seen are _eternal_." + +(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." _Ans. Permanent._--What is meant by +the "_temporary_ government of a city"?--Give a synonym of "temporary." +_Ans. Transitory._--Would you say that man is a "_temporary_ being" or a +"_transitory_ being"? + +(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word +"contemporary."--What adjective corresponds to this adjective? + +(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."--Write a +sentence showing the use of the two words. + +(5.) What is meant by an "_extemporaneous_ speech?" + +(6.) What is one who _temporizes_ sometimes called? _Ans_. A _time_-server. + + +DIVISION II.--ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES. + + NOTE--In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are + given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the + particular _radicals_, from which the several groups of derivatives are + formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type--thus., + ACR-, ACERB-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin + roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are + required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus + forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in + writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words + not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference + to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus, + acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter, + bitterness. + + +1. A'CER, a'cris, _sharp_; Acer'bus, _bitter_; Ac'idus, _sour_; Ace'tum, +_vinegar_. + +ACR: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. _acrimo'nia_, sharpness of temper); +acrimo'nious. + +ACERB: -ity; exac'erbate, _to render bitter_; exacerba'tion. + +ACID: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. _acid'ulus_, slightly sour); +acid'ulous; subac'id, _slightly acid_. + +ACET: -ate, _a certain salt; _-ic, _pertaining to a certain acid; _-ify, +-ification, -ose, -ous. + + +2. AE'DES, _a house_. + +ED: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. _edifi'cium_, a large +building); e'dile (Lat. n. _aedi'lis_, a Roman magistrate who had charge of +buildings). + + +3. AE'QUUS, _equal_: AEqua'lis, _equal, just_. + +EQU: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v. +_adequa're_, _adequa'tum_, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; +iniq'uity (Lat. n. _iniq'uitas_, want of equal or just dealing); +iniq'uitous. + +EQUAL: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual. + + +4. AE'VUM, _an age_; AEter'nitas, _eternal_. + +EV: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. _lon'gus_, long); prime'val (Lat. adj. +_pri'mus_, first). + +ETERN: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal. + + +5. A'GER, a'gri, _a field, land_. + +AGRI: agra'rian (Lat. adj. _agrarius_, relating to land); agra'rianism; +ag'riculture (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation), agricult'ural, +agricult'urist. + +Per'egrinate (Lat. v. _peregrina'ri_, to travel in foreign lands); +peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. _pelerin_, a wanderer); pil'grimage. + +AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.) + + +6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum _or_ al'tum, _to nourish_; ALES'CERE: +ales'co _to grow up_. + +AL: al'iment (Lat. n. _alimen'tum_, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony +(Lat. n. _alimo'ma_, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support). + +ALIT: coali'tion (-ist). + +ALESC: coalesce' (-ence, -ent). + +ALIENUS. (See p. 25.) + + +7. AL'TER, _another_; Alter'nus, _one after another_. + +ALTER: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered; +alterca'tion (Lat. n. _alterca'tio_, a contention). + +ALTERN: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, _a subordinate officer_. + +AMARE; AMICUS. (See p. 25.) + +ANIMUS; ANIMA. (See p. 26.) + +ANNUS. (See p. 27.) + + +8. ANTI'QUUS, _old, ancient_. + +ANTIQU: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. _antique_), _old, +ancient_. + + +9. AP'TUS, _fit, suitable_. + +APT: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or). + + +10. A'QUA, _water_. + +AQUE: -duct (_du'cere_, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat. +n. _terra_, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. _aquat'icus_, relating to water); +aqua'rium (Lat. n. _aqua'rium_, a reservoir of water), _a tank for +water-plants and animals_. + + +11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, _a judge or umpire_. + +ARBITER: ar'biter, _a judge or umpire_. + +ARBITR: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. _arbitramen'tum_, +decision). + + +12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, _a tree_. + +ARBOR: ar'bor, _a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower_; -et, _a +little tree_; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, _a place where specimens +of trees are cultivated_; arboricult'ure (-ist). + + +13. AR'MA, _arms, weapons_. + +ARM: arm (n. and v.); arms, _weapons_; -or, _defensive weapons_; ar'morer; +ar'mory; armo'rial, _belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a +family_; ar'mistice (_sis'tere_, to cause to stand still); disarm'; +unarmed'. + +Arma'da (Span, n.), _a naval warlike force_; ar'my (Fr. n _armee_); +ar'mament (Lat. n. _armamen'ta_, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), _an +animal armed with a bony shell_. + +ARS. (See page 28.) + + +14. ARTIC'ULUS, _a little joint_. + +ARTICUL: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly _jointed_ syllables), -ate (adj. +formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. _article_). + + +15. AS'PER, _rough_. + +ASPER: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration. + +AUDIRE. (See page 29.) + + +16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, _to increase_. + +AUG: augment' (v.); augmentation. + +AUCT: -ion, _a sale in which the price is increased by bidders_; -ioneer. +Author (Lat. n. _auc'tor_, one who increases knowledge); author'ity; +au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. _auxil'ium_, help). + + +17. A'VIS, _a bird_; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, _a soothsayer_. + +AUGUR: au'gur (n.), _one who foretells future events by observing the_ +_flight of birds_, (v.) _to foretell_; au'gury, _an omen_; inau'gurate, _to +invest with an office by solemn rites_; inaugura'tion; inau'gural. + +AUSPICI: -ous, _favorable_; inauspi'cious; aus'pices. + + +18. BAR'BARUS, _savage, uncivilized_. + +BARBAR: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous. + + +19. BIS, _twice or two_. + +BI: bi'ennial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); big'amy (Greek n. _gamos_, +marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. _mil'lio_, a million; literally, twice a +million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n. +_pes, pe'dis_, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. _cuit_, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. +_sec'tum_, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. _val'vae_, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. +adj. _bi'ni_, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. _oc'ulus_, the eye); +combine'; combina'tion. + + +20. BO'NIS, _good_; Be'ne, _well_. + +BONUS: bonus (something to the _good_ of a person in addition to +compensation), bounty (Fr. n. _bonte_, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful. + +BENE: ben'efice (Lat. v. _fac'ere, fac'tum_, to do), literally, _a benefit, +an ecclesiastical living_; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; +ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. _dic'ere, +dic'tum_, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. _vel'le_, to will). + +EXERCISE. + +_In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed +in italic_: The _equator_ divides the globe into two _equal_ parts. Good +_agriculturists_ read _agricultural_ papers. In the _primeval_ ages the +_longevity_ of man was very great. The _pilgrims_ have gone on a +_pilgrimage_ to the Holy Land. The _subaltern_ had no _alternative_ but to +obey. To remove the stain a powerful _acid_ must be used. The _alimony_ +which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered _adequate_. The +discourse, though learned, was not _edifying_. God is an _eternal_ and +unchangeable being. The handsome _edifice_ was burned to the ground. The +plants and animals in the _aquarium_ were brought from abroad. Though the +style is _antiquated_, it is not inelegant. The _arbitrary_ proceedings of +the British Parliament _exasperated_ the Americans. God is the _bountiful_ +Giver of all good. The President made a short _inaugural_ address. By +_combined_ effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The +_Antiquary_. It is _barbarous_ needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody +was noted for his _benevolence_. The Romans were famous for their great +_aqueducts_. + + +21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, _to fall_. + +CAD: -ence, _a falling of the voice_; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence. + +CIDE: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; +oc'cident, _the place of the falling or setting sun, the west_. + +CASE: case, _the state in which a thing happens or falls to be_; casual +(Lat. n. _ca'sus_, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, _one who studies cases of +conscience_; cas'uistry; occa'sion. + +Chance (Fr. v. _choir_, to fall), _something that befalls without apparent +cause_; decay (Fr. v. _dechoir_, to fall away). + + +22. CAED'ERE: cae'do, cae'sum, _to cut, to kill_. + +CIDE: decide', _to cut off discussion, to determine_; frat'ricide, _the +killing of a brother_ (Lat. n. _fra'ter_, a brother); hom'icide (_ho'mo_, a +man); infan'ticide (_in'fans_, an infant); mat'ricide (_ma'ter_, a mother); +par'ricide (_pa'ter_, a father); reg'icide (_rex, re'gis_, a king); +su'icide (Lat. pro. _sui_, one's self). + +CISE: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion, +incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion. + + +23. CAL'CULUS, _a pebble_. + +CALCUL: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles +anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; +miscal'culate. + + +24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, _to be white, to shine +(literally, to burn, to glow)_; Can'didus, _white_. + +CAND: -id, _fair, sincere_; -or, _openness, sincerity_; incandes'cent. + +CAN'DID: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore _white_ robes). + +Cen'ser, _a vessel in which incense is burned_; in'cense (n.), _perfume +given off by fire_; incense' (v.), _to inflame with anger_; incen'diary +(Lat. n. _incen'dium_, a fire); can'dle (Lat. _cande'la_, a _white_ light +made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); +chandelier'; candel'abra. + + +25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, _to sing_; Fr chanter, _to sing_. + +CANT: cant, _hypocritical sing-song speech_; canta'ta, _a poem set to +music_; can'ticle; can'ticles, _the Song of Solomon_; can'to, _division of +a poem_; discant'; incanta'tion, _enchantment_; recant', literally, _to +sing back, to retract_. + +CHANT: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'. + +Ac'cent (Lat. _ad._ and _cantus_, a song), literally, _a modulation of the +voice_; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. _praecan'ere_, to sing before). + + +26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, _to take_. + +CAP: -able, -ability; inca'pable. + +CIP: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. _ma'nus_, hand), literally, _to take +away from the hand of an owner, to free_; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. +_municip'ium_, a free town; _mu'nia_, official duties, and _cap'ere_, to +take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); par'ticiple; prince +(Lat. n. _prin'ceps_,--Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first: hence, taking the +_first_ place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe +(imperative of _recip'ere_; literally, "take thou," being the first word of +a medical prescription). + +CEIVE (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'. + +CAPT: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure. + +CEPT: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive; +except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept; +precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible. + +CEIT (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'. + +Capa'cious (Lat. adj. _ca'pax_, _capa'cis_, able to hold: hence large); +capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate. + +CAPUT. (See page 30.) + + +27. CA'RO, carnis, _flesh_. + +CARN: -age, _slaughter_; -al, -ation, _the flesh-colored flower_; +incar'nate; incarna'tion. + +Carne'lian (Lat. adj. _car'neus_, fleshy), _a flesh-colored stone_; +car'nival (Lat. v. _vale_, farewell), _a festival preceding Lent_; +carniv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. _charnel_, +containing flesh). + + +28. CAU'SA, _a cause_. + +CAUS: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. _cause_), n. and v. + +Accuse' (Fr. v. _accuser_, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; +excuse' (Fr. v. _excuser_, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v. +_recusa're_, to refuse). + + +29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, _to beware_. + +CAUT: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution. + +Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), _an +intimation to stop proceedings_. + + +30. CA'VUS, _hollow_. + +CAV: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate. + +Cave (Fr. n. _cave_), literally, _a hollow, empty space_; con'cave (Lat. +adj. _conca'vus_, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. _cavil'la_, a jest). + + +31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, _to go, to yield_. + +CEDE: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede'; +unprecedented. + +CEED: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-). + +CESS: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, _a collection of matter gone away, or +collected in a cavity_; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; +conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; +proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive). + + +32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, _to weigh, to estimate, to tax_. + +CENS: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion. + +Cen'sus (Lat. n. _census_, an estimate). + + +33. CEN'TRUM, _the middle point_. + +CENTR: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. _fu'gere_, to flee); centrip'etal +(Lat. v. _pet'ere_, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric; +eccen'tric; eccentric'ity. + +Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. _centre_), n. and v.; cen'tered. + + +34. CEN'TUM, _a hundred_. + +CENT: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. _centena'rius_); centena'rian; +centen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. _gra'dus_, a +degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. _pes_, _pe'dis_, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. +adj. _centu'plex_, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. _centu'rio_, a captain +of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. _centu'ria_, a hundred years); +percent'age. + + +35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, _to sift, to see, to judge_; Discrimen, +discrim'inis, _distinction_. + +CERN: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment. + +CRET: decre'tal, _a book of decrees_; discre'tion; discre'tionary; +excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary. + +DISCRIMIN: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate. + +Decree' (Fr. n. _decret_); discreet' (Fr. adj. _discret_); discrete' +(literally, sifted apart), _separate_. + + +36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, _to contend, to vie_. + +CERT: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'. + + +37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, _to gird_. + +CINCT: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, _girded or tucked up, +compressed, concise_; succinct'ness. + + +38. CIR'CUS, _a circle_; cir'culus, _a little circle_. + +CIRC: cir'cus, _an open space for sports_; cir'clet. + +CIRCUL: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory. + +Cir'cle (Fr. n. _cercle_); encir'cle; sem'icircle. + + +39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, _to stir up, to rouse_. + +CITE: cite, _to summon or quote_; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite' +(-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. _suscita're_, to raise). + +CITAT: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', _a species of musical +recitation_. + +CIVIS. (See p. 31.) + + +40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, _to cry out, to shout_; Clam'or, +_a loud cry_. + +CLAIM: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, +re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble. + +CLAMAT: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion; +exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion. + +CLAMOR: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous. + +EXERCISE. + +The _decay_ of the tree was caused by the _incisions_ which had +_accidentally_ been made in the bark. The _captives_ will be set at +liberty, but the _precise_ time of their _emancipation_ has not been fixed. +The harbor is _capacious_, and can _receive_ vessels of the largest size. +The merits of the _candidates_ were _discriminated_ with great _candor_. We +were _enchanted_ with the _carnival_ at Rome. This _recitation_ is +satisfactory. Have you ever seen a _centigrade_ thermometer? Nothing is so +_successful_ as _success_. The number of _concentric circles_ in the trunk +marked the age of the tree. No _censer_ round our altar beams. The heat +being _excessive_, we took shelter in the _recesses_ of a _cave_. +_Precision_ is the _principal_ quality of good writing. Franklin's father +was a tallow _chandler_. Last _century_ there was great _carnage_ in +America. _Infanticide_ is much practiced in China. The _proclamation_ was +widely _circulated_. The president was _inaugurated_ on the 4th of March. +The _census_ is taken every ten years. _Conceit_ is worse than +_eccentricity_. Have you filed your _caveat_? + + +41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, _to shut, to close_. + +CLUD: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'. + +CLUS: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse'; +seclu'sion. + +CLOSE: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose' +(-ure). + +Clause (Fr. n. _clause_); clois'ter (old Fr. n. _cloistre_). + + +42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, _to bend_; Cli'vus, _a slope or hill_. + +CLINAT: inclina'tion. + +CLINE: de-, in-, re-. + +CLIV: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity. + + +43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, _to till, to cultivate_ (_Low Lat._ +Cultiva're, _to cultivate_). + +CULT: cult'ure (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n. +_a'ger_, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. _ar'bor_, a tree); flor'iculture +(Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. _hor'tus_, a +garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. _ausculta'tio_, a listening; hence, a test +of the lungs). + +CULTIV: -ate, -ation, -ator. + +Col'ony (Lat. n. _colo'nia_, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; +col'onize. + +COR. (See page 32.) + +CORPUS. (See page 33.) + +CREDERE. (See page 35.) + + +44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, _to create_. + +CREAT: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-). + + +45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, _to grow_. + +CRESC: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'. + +CRET: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion. + +Accrue' (Fr. n. _accrue_, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. _incremen'tum_, +increase); recruit' (Fr. v. _recroitre_, _recru_, to grow again). + + +46. CRUX, cru'cis, _a cross_. + +CRUC: cru'cial (Fr. adj. _cruciale_, as if bringing to the cross: hence, +severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot--Lat. n. _crucib'ulum_--marked +in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. _for'ma_, a shape); +cru'cify (Lat. v. _fig'ere_, _fix'um_, to fix); crucifix'ion; +excru'ciating. + +Cross (Fr. n. _croix_); cro'sier (Fr. n. _crosier_); cruise (Dan. v. +_kruisen_, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. _croisade_, +in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of +the cross); crusad'er. + + +47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (_in compos, _cumbo__), cub'itum, _to lie down_. + +CUB: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator. + +CUMB: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent; +succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent. + +Cu'bit (Lat. n. _cub'itus_, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon); +in'cubus (Lat. n. _in'cubus_), the nightmare. + + +48. CU'RA, _care_. + +CUR: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate; +proc'urator. + +Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from _proc'uracy_). _authority to act for +another_; secure' (Lat. adj. _secu'rus_, from _se_ for _si'ne_, without, +and _cu'ra_, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. _si'ne_, +without--an office without duties). + +CURRERE. (See page 36.) + + +49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, _to give_. + +DAT: date (originally the time at which a public document was +given--_da'tum_); da'ta (Lat. plural of _da'tum_), _facts or truths given +or admitted_; da'tive. + +DIT: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion; +extradi'tion. + +Add (Lat. v. _ad'dere_, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da), +_something to be added_. + + +50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, _to owe_. + +DEBT: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.). + + +51. DE'CEM, _ten_; Dec'imus, _the tenth_. + +DECEM: Decem'ber (formerly the _tenth_ month); decem'virate (Lat. n. _vir_, +a man), _a body of ten magistrates_; decen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year). + +DECIM: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. _duodec'imus_, twelfth), +_a book having twelve leaves to a sheet_. + + +52. DENS, den'tis, _a tooth_. + +DENT: dent, _to notch_; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. _frica're_, to rub); +den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. _denti'tio_, a cutting of the teeth); +eden'tate (Lat. adj. _edenta'tus_, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; +tri'dent (Lat. adj. _tres_, three), _Neptune's three-pronged scepter_; +dan'delion (Fr. _dent-de-lion_, the lion's tooth), _a plant_. + + +53. DE'US, _a God_; Divi'nus, _relating to God, divine_. + +DE: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity. + +DIVIN: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. _divina'tio_, a foretelling the aid of +the gods); divin'ity. + + +54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, _to say_. + +DICT: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n. +_dictiona'rium_, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), _positive opinion_; +addict' (Lat. v. _addic'ere_, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. _be'ne_, +well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to proclaim), _to +charge with a crime_; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. _jus_, +_ju'ris_, justice), _relating to the distribution of justice_; maledic'tion +(Lat. adv. _ma'le_, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v. +_va'le_, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true). + +Dit'to, _n_. (Ital. n. _det'to_, a word), _the aforesaid thing_; indite' +(Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to dictate), _to compose_. + + +55. DI'ES, _a day_; _French_ jour, _a day_. + +DIES: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. _diur'nus_, daily); +merid'ian (Lat. n. _merid'ies_ = _me'dius di'es_, midday); merid'ional; +quotid'ian (Lat. adj. _quotidia'nus_, daily). + +JOUR: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ; +so'journer. + +DIGNUS (See page 37.) + + +56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, _to divide, to separate_. + +DIVID: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, _one not to +be divided, a single person_. + +DIVIS: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or. + +Device' (Fr. n. _devis_, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v. +_deviser_, to form a plan). + +DOCERE. (See page 38.) + + +57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, _to grieve_. + +Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally, +not grieving or caring), _lazy_. + +DOMINUS. (See page 38.) + + +58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, _to lead, to bring forward_. + +DUC: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion; +induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce'; +superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer. + +DUCT: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive); +induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive); +reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); +vi'aduct (Lat. n. _vi'a_, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. _conduit_), a channel +for conveying water. + + +59. DU'O, _two_. + +DU: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. _plica're_, to fold) ; +dupli'city (Lat. n. _duplic'itas_, double dealing). + +Dubi'ety (Lat. n. _dubi'etas_, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. _du'bius_, +uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. _dubita're_, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. +_double_, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. _doubt_), -ful, -less ; undoubt'ed. + + +60. DU'RUS, _hard, lasting_; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, _to last_. + +DUR: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, _state of being held hard and +fast_; duresse, _hardship, constraint_; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy. + +DURAT: dura'tion ; in'durate, _to grow hard_; indura'tion; ob'duracy. + +EXERCISE. + +When the speech, was _concluded_ loud acclamation _arose_. In many parts of +the _colony_ much of the waste land has been _reclaimed_, and +_agricultural_ operations now _receive_ the due attention of the +_colonists_. The patient declined to undergo _auscultation_. Fishing is a +healthful _recreation_. Many of the _crusaders_ were inspired with great +courage. _Security_ was offered, but it was not _accepted_. The _incumbent_ +could not stand the _crucial_ test, and hence _succumbed_. A _curious +excrescence_ was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his _trident_ the +Greeks ascribed _divine_ power. A French _journalist_ has been _indicted_. +The _valedictory_ was pronounced in _December_. What is the difference +between _addition_ and _division_? We may easily _predict_ the ruin of an +_indolent debtor_. How many _maledictions_ are heaped on _dentists_! The +_reduction_ of the public _debt_ is desirable. The prisoner was _doleful_ +because he was in _duresse_ vile. An educated man is known by his +_accurate_ use of language. The _dandelion_ is a _productive_ plant. The +_pilgrims received_ the priest's _benediction_ before setting out on their +_journey_. The _decimal_ system _conduces_ to the saving of time. + + +61. EM'ERE: E'MO, EMP'TUM, to buy or take. + +EMPT: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. _perempto'rius_, wholly taken +away), _decisive_, _final_; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, _the right of buying +before others_; redemp'tion. + +Redeem' (Lat. v. _redim'ere_, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj. +_promp'tus_ = _pro-emp'tus_, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er; +prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. _in promp'tu_, in readiness). + + +62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, _to wander_. + +ERR: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. _er'ror_); erro'neous (Lat. adj. +_erro'neus_, erring). + +ERRAT: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), _a mistake in printing_; +aberra'tion. + + +63. ES'SE, _to be_; en, en'tis, _being_. + +ENT: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj. +_om'nis_, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative); +misrepresent'. + +Es'sence (Lat. n. _essen'tia_, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj. +_quin'tus_, fifth), _the highest essence; in'terest_ (3d pers. sing. pres. +indic. of _interes'se_ = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested. + + +64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, _to do or make_; _French_ Faire. + +FAC: face'tious (Lat. adj. _face'tus_, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj. +_fa'cilis_, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n. +_facul'tas_, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. _sim'ilis_, like), +literally, _make like_, _an exact copy_; facto'tum (Lat. adj. _to'tum_, the +whole; literally, do the whole), _a servant of all work_. + +FIC: ben'efice (see _bene_); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), _a lack_; +defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. _diffic'ilis_, arduous); +ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. _ef'ficax_, _effica'cis_, powerful); effi'cient, +_causing effects_; of'fice (Lat. n. _offic'ium_, a duty); of'ficer; +offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, _to make up what +is wanting_; suffi'cient. + +FACT: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, _a party acting in opposition_; fac'tious; +facti'tious (Lat. adj. _facti'tius_, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture +(Lat. n. _ma'nus_, the hand). + +FECT: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, _made_ +_with sugar_ (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual; +infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, _thoroughly made_ (-ion); +imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory. + +FAIRE (past participle _fait_): fash'ion (Fr. n. _facon_, the make or form +of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. _faisible_, that may be done); feat; +affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, _to make again_, _to imitate_; for'feit, +(Fr. v. _forfaire_, to misdo), _to lose by some fault_; sur'feit, v., _to +overdo in the way of eating_. + + +65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, _to deceive_; _French_ Faillir, _to fall +short or do amiss_. + +FALL: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible. + +FALS: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial +voice). + +FAIL: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. _faulte_); fault'y; fal'ter; default' +(-er). + + +66. FA'NUM, _a temple_. + +FAN: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. _fanat'icus_, literally, one inspired by +divinity--the god of the fane), _a wild enthusiast_; fanat'ical; +fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the +temple), _to desecrate_; profane', adj., _unholy_; profana'tion; +profan'ity. + + +67. FA'RI, fa'tus, _to speak_. + +FAT: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory. + +Affable (Lat. adj. _affab'ilis_, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity; +inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, _in'fans_, _infan'tis_, literally, +not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. _nefa'rius_, +impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. _preface_), _something spoken or written by way +of introduction_. + + +68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (_in comp._ fes'sus), _to acknowledge, to +show_. + +FESS: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or). + + +69. FELIX, feli'cis, _happy_. + +FELIC: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, _to make happy by +congratulation_. + + +70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, _to keep off, to strike_.[6] + +FEND: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er). + +FENS: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v., +abbreviated from defence);[7] fencer; fencing. + + +71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, _to bear, to carry_. + +FER: fer'tile (Lat. adj. _fer'tilis_, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; +fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, _a measure carried around anything_; +confer', _to consult_; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; +dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, +-ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); +transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. _co'nus_, a cone); +florif'erous (Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. +_fruc'tus_, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. _lux_, _lucis_, light), _the morning +or evening star, Satan_; pestif'erous (Lat. n. _pes'tis_, pest, plague). + +LAT: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); +collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, _flattened at the poles_; +obla'tion, _an offering_; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, _elongated at the +poles_; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; +translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb _delayer_, to +put off). + + +72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, _to boil_; Fermen'tum, _leaven_. + +FERV: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', _to bubble or froth up_; +efferves'cence. + +FERMENT: fer'ment, -ation. + + +73. FES'TUS, _joyful, merry_. + +FEST: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. _feste_, a joyous meal); +fete (modern Fr. equivalent of _feast_), _a festival_; festoon (Fr. n. +_feston_, originally an ornament for a festival). + + +74. FID'ERE: fi'do, _to trust_; Fi'des, _faith_; Fide'lis, _trusty_. + +FID: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; +per'fidy (per = through and hence _away from_ good faith); perfid'ious. + +FIDEL: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity. + +Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. _fealte_ = Lat. _fidel'itas_), _loy'alty_; fidu'cial +(Lat. n. _fidu'cia_, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, _to pledge faith_, _to +betroth_; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), _a +declaration on oath_; defy' (Fr. v. _defier_, originally, to dissolve the +bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave). + + +75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, _to join, fix, pierce_. + +FIX: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. _crux_, _cru'cis_, a cross); cru'cify; +fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below +or on; hence, appended); transfix', _to pierce through_. + + +76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, _to form, to feign_; Figu'ra, _a shape_. + +FICT: fic'tion; ficti'tious. + +FIGUR: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure; +transfig'ure. + +Feign (Fr. v. _feindre_, _feignant_, to pretend); feint (_feint_, past +part. of _feindre_); ef'figy (Lat. n. _effig'ies_, an image or likeness); +fig'ment (Lat. n. _figmen'tum_, an invention). + +FINIS. (See page 40). + + +77. FIR'MUS, _strong, stable_. + +FIRM: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, _firm +foundation_; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative). + + +78. FLAM'MA, _a stream of fire_. + +FLAM: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory). + +Flambeau' (Fr. n. _flambeau_ from v. _flamber_, to blaze); flamin'go (Span. +n. _flamenco_), _a bird of a flaming red color_. + +EXERCISE. + +Age does not always _exempt_ one from _faults_. _Peremptory _orders were +given that all the princes should be _present_ at the _diet_. Many +_beneficial_ results must come from the _introduction_ of drawing into the +public schools. The lady is _affable_ and _perfectly_ free from +_affectation_. The field is _fertile_ and _produces_ abundant crops. The +_professor's_ lecture _related_ to _edentate_ animals. Men sometimes +_feign_ a _fealty_ they do not feel. The lady _professed_ that her +_felicity_ was ineffable. The King seized a _flambeau_ with zeal to +destroy. It is a _nefarious_ act to make a _false affidavit_. _Fanaticism_ +is often _infectious_. The _confirmed offender_ had issued many +_counterfeits_. Dickens gives us the _quintessence_ of the _facetious_. In +_figure_ the earth is an _oblate_ spheroid. + + +79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, _to bend_. + +FLECT: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion) ; reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or). + +FLEX: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; +flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex. + + +80. FLOS, flo'ris, _a flower_. + +FLOR: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, _the goddess of flowers_; flor'iculture +(Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to +bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour +(literally, the _flower_ or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); +flour'ish (Lat. v. _flores'cere_, to begin to blossom, to prosper); +efflores'cence; efflores'cent. + +FLUERE. (See page 41.) + + +81. FOE'DUS, foed'eris, _a league or treaty_. + +FEDER: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the party +that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate; +confed'eracy; confedera'tion. + + +82. FO'LIUM, _a leaf_. + +FOLI: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of _fo'lium_, a leaf), _a +book made of sheets folded once_; exfo'liate, _to come off in scales_; +foil, _a thin leaf of metal_; tre'foil, _a plant with three (tres) leaves_; +cinque'foil (Fr. _cinque_, five). + + +83. FOR'MA, _shape, form_. + +FORM: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); deform' (-ity); +inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); reform' (-ation, +-atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. _for'mula_, pl. +_for'mulae_, a little form, a model); for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. +_mul'tus_, many); u'niform (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one). + + +84. FOR'TIS, _strong_. + +FORT: fort; for'tress, _a fortified place_; for'tify; fortifica'tion; +for'titude; com'fort, n., _something that strengthens or cheers_ (-able, +-er, -less); discom'fort; effort, _a putting forth of one's strength_; +force (Fr. n. _force_, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' +(-ment). + + +85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, _to break_; Fra'gilis, _easily +broken_. + +FRANG, FRING: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; infringe' (-ment); +refran'gible. + +FRACT: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); refract' (-ion, +-ory). + +Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; _fraile_ = Lat. _fra'gilis_); +frail'ty. + + +86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, _a brother_; Frater'nus, _brotherly_. + +FRATR: frat'ricide (Lat. v. _caed'ere_, to kill). + +FRATERN: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity. + +Fri'ar (Fr. n. _frere_, a brother); fri'ary. + + +87. FRONS, fron'tis, _the forehead_. + +FRONT: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; effront'ery; +fron'tier (Fr. n. _frontiere_); front'ispiece (Lat. n. _frontispi'cium_, +from _frons_ and _spic'ere_, to view; literally, that which is seen in +front). + + +88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, _to enjoy_; Fru'ges, _corn_; French Fruit, _fruit_. + +FRUCT: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear). + +FRUG: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear). + +FRUIT: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion. + + +89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, _to flee_. + +FUG: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, the center); feb'rifuge +(Lat. n. _fe'bris_, fever); fugue (Lat. n. _fu'ga_, a flight), _a musical +composition_; ref'uge (-ee); sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. _ver'mis_, a +worm). + +FUGIT: fu'gitive (adj. and n.). + + +90. FU'MUS, _smoke_. + +FUM: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear), _producing +smoke_; fu'matory, _a plant with bitter leaves_; per'fume (-er, -ery). + +Fu'migate (Lat. v. _fumiga're_, _fumiga'tum_, to smoke), _to disinfect_; +fumiga'tion; fu'migatory. + + +91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, _to pour_. + +FUND: refund'; found (Fr. v. _fondre_ = Lat. _fun'dere_), _to form by +pouring into a mould_ (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. v. _confondre_, +literally, to pour together; hence, to confuse). + +FUS: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, -ive); effuse' +(-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' (-al); suffuse' +(-ion); transfuse' (-ion). + + +92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, _to bear or carry_. + +GER: ger'und, _a Latin verbal noun_; bellig'erent (Lat. n. _bel'lum_, war); +con'geries (Lat. n. _conge'ries_, a collection); vicege'rent (Lat. _vi'ce_, +in place of), _one bearing rule in place of another_. + +GEST: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. _gestic'ulus_, a mimic gesture); +gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', literally, _to carry +apart_: hence, _to dissolve food in the stomach_ (-ible, -ion, -ive); +suggest', literally, _to bear into the mind from below_, that is, +_indirectly_ (-ion, -ive); reg'ister (Lat. v. _reger'ere_, to carry back, +to record); reg'istrar; registra'tion; reg'istry. + + +93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, _to beget_; Gens, gen'tis, _a clan or +nation_, Ge'nus, gen'eris, _a kind_. + +GENIT: gen'itive, _a case of Latin nouns_; congen'ital, _born with one_; +primogen'itor (Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first), _an ancestor_; primogen'iture, +_ state of being first born_; progen'itor, _an ancestor_. + +GENT: genteel' (Lat. adj. _genti'lis_, pertaining to the same clan; hence, +of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle (_genti'lis_, of good birth), +_mild, refined_; gen'try (contracted from gentlery), _a class in English +society_; gen'tile, _belonging to a nation other than the Jewish_. + +GENER: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. _genera're, genera'tum_, to +produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; gen'erous; generos'ity; +con'gener, _of the same kind_; degen'erate, _to fall off from the original +kind_; degen'eracy. + +Gen'der (Fr. n. _genre_ = Lat. _ge'nus, gen'eris_), _the kind of a noun as +regards the sex of the object_; gen'ial (Lat. adj. _genia'lis_, cheerful); +gen'ius (Lat. n. _ge'nius_, originally, the divine nature innate in +everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. _genui'nus_, literally, proceeding from +the original stock; hence, natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many +species; engen'der (Fr. v. _engendrer_, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. +_ingenio'sus_, acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. _ingen'uus_, frank, +sincere). + + +94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, _to walk_. + +GRAD: grada'tion; gra'dient (_gra'diens, gradien'tis_, pres. part. of v. +_gradi_), _rate of ascent, grade_; grad'ual (Lat. n. _gradus_, a step); +grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); ingre'dient (Lat. part. _ingre'diens_, +entering); ret'rograde. + +GRESS: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' (-ion); +e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; transgress' +(-ion, -or). + +Grade (Fr. n. _grade_ = Lat. _gra'dus_, degree or rank); degree' (Fr. n. +_degre_ = _de_ + _gradus_). + + +95. GRA'TUS, thankful, _pleasing_. + +GRAT: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. _gra'tiis_, by favor, for nothing) +grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); congrat'ulate +(-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate. + +Grace (Fr. _grace_ = Lat. _gra'tia_, favor, grace); grace'ful; gra'cious; +grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. _agreer_, to receive kindly), -able, +-ment; disagree'. + + +96. GRA'VIS, _heavy_. + +GRAV: _grave_, literally, _heavy_: hence, _serious_; grav'ity; +gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion). + +Grief (Fr. _grief_ = Lat. _gra'vis_), literally, _heaviness of spirit, +sorrow_; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous. + +GREX. (See page 41.) + + +97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, _to have or hold_; HABITA'RE, +hab'ito, habita'tum, _to use frequently, to dwell_. + +HABIT: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, _the natural +abode of an animal or a plant_; habita'tion; cohab'it; inhab'it (-able, +-ant). + +HIBIT: exhib'it, literally, _to hold out, to show_ (-ion, -or); inhib'it +(-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory). + +Hab'it (Lat. _hab'itus_, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. +_habillement_, from v. _habiller_, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. _hab'ilis_, +literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, apt, skillful.) + + +98. HAERE'RE: hae'reo, hae'sum, _to stick_. + +HER: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); inhere' (-ent). + +HES: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive. + +Hes'itate (Lat. v. _haesita're, haesita'ium, _to be at a stand, to doubt); +hes'itancy ; hesita'tion. + + +99. HAERES, haere'dis, _an heir or heiress_; French Heriter, _to be heir +to_. + +HERED: hered'itary, _descending to heirs_. + +HERIT: her'itable ; her'itage ; inher'it (-ance); disinher'it. + +Heir (Old Fr. _heir_ = Lat. _hae'res_); heir'ess; heir'loom (Anglo-Saxon +_geloma_, goods). + + +100. HO'MO, hom'inis, _a man_; Huma'nus, _human_. + +HOM: hom'age (Fr. _hommage_, literally, acknowledgment by a _man_ or vassal +to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. _caed'ere_, to kill) + +HUMAN: hu'man, _belonging to a man_; humane', _having the feelings proper +to a man, kind_; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man. + +EXERCISE. + +_Floral devices_ were tastefully _introduced_. The _friar_ gives himself to +_reflection_, and does not care a _florin_ for worldly pleasures. The tree +is covered with _foliage_, but bears no _fruit_. The rights of the +_fraternity_ have been _infringed_. The metal was _fused_ in iron pans. By +the law of _primogeniture_ the eldest son will _succeed_ to the estate. +_Congress_ met, and a _general_ of the army was chosen president. The +_gradient_ is _gentle_, and the _access_ easy. The _reform_ of the +_refractory_ was in the highest _degree genuine_. We _received_ our +_frugal_ meal with _gratitude_. Many of the _inhabitants_ perished in the +_flames_. Hamilton and Jay were leading _federalists_. To err is _human_; +to forgive, _divine_. The boy _gesticulated_ violently, but it was a mere +_subterfuge_. Your words _infuse comfort_ into my heart. May one not be +_human_ without being _humane_? Do you know the _difference_ between the +_genitive_ and the _ablative case_? + + +101. HU'MUS, _the earth_; Hu'milis, _on the ground, lowly_. + +HUM: exhume' (-ation); inhume. + +HUMIL: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. _humble_ = Lat. +_hu'milis_). + +IRE. (See page 41.) + + +102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, _to throw or cast_. + +JECT: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; dejec'tion; eject' +(-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); object' (-ion, -ionable, +-ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' (-ion); subject' (-ion, +-ive); traject'ory. + +Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. _ejacula're, ejacula'tum_, to hurl or throw); +ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. _jeter = ja'cere_); jet'ty; jut. + + +103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, _to join_; Ju'gum, _a yoke_. + +JUNCT: junc'tion; junct'ure, _a point of time made critical by a joining of +circumstances_; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; disjunc'tion; +disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined subordinately to +something else). + +JUG: con'jugal, _relating to marriage; _conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate +(-ion). + +Join (Fr. v. _joindre_ = Lat. _jun'gere_); adjoin'; conjoin'; disjoin'; +enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, _joint_ = Lat. _junc'tum_); +joint'ure, _property settled on a wife_, _to be enjoyed after her husband's +death_; jun'ta (Spanish _junta_ = Lat. _junc'tus_, joined), _a grand +council of state in Spain; _jun'to (Span, _junt_), _a body of men united +for some secret intrigue_. + + +104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, _to swear_. + +JUR: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, _to effect +something as if by an oath of magic_; con'jurer; per'jure, _to forswear_; +per'jurer; per'jury. + + +105. JUS, ju'ris, _right law_; Jus'tus, _lawful_; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, +_a judge_. + +JUR: jurid'ical (Lat. v. _dica're_, to pronounce), _relating to the +administration of justice_; jurisdic'tion, _legal authority_; +jurispru'dence, _science of law_; ju'rist; in'jure; in'jury. + +JUST: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; justifica'tion. + +JUDIC: ju'dicature, _profession of a judge_; judi'cious, _according to +sound judgment_; prej'udice, n., _judgment formed beforehand_; +prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. _juge_ = Lat. _ju'dex_); judg'ment; prejudge'. + + +106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, _to gather, to read_. + +LEG: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be read--_legen'da_--in +church); leg'endary; leg'ible; le'gion (originally, a body of troops +_gathered_ or levied--_le'gio_); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege +(originally, the gathering or stealing of something sacred--_sa'crum_). + +LIG: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, assiduous): el'igible; +intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; neg'ligent (literally, +not--_neg_ = _nec_ = not--picking up). + +LECT: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' (-ion); +eclec'tic (Greek _ec_ = _ex_) ; elect' (-ion, -or, -oral); in'tellect; +neglect'; predilec'tion, _a liking for_; select' (-ion) ; les'son (Fr. n. +_lecon_ = Lat. _lec'tio_, a reading). + + +107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, _to raise_; Le'vis, _easily raised, light_; +_French_ Lever, _to rise or raise_. + +LEV: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); rel'evant, +literally, _raising up_: hence, _pertinent, applicable_; rel'evancy; +irrel'evant. + +LEVER: leav'en (Fr. _levain_, yeast); Levant', literally, _the place of the +rising sun--the countries near the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea_; +lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y. + +LEX. (See page 43.) + + +108. LI'BER, _free_. + +LIBER: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty. + +Deliv'er (Fr. v. _delivrer_ = Lat. _delibera're_, to set free); +deliv'erance; deliv'ery. + +LITERA. (See page 43.) + + +109. LO'CUS: _a place_. + +LOC: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. _move're_, to move); +al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion). + + +110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, _to speak_. + +LOQU: loqua'cious ; loqua'city ; col'loquy; collo'quial ; el'oquent; +magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. _mag'nus_, big, pompous); ob'loquy; solil'oquy +(Lat. adj. _so'lus_, alone); ventril'oquist (Lat. n. _ven'ter_, the +stomach). + +LOCUT: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor. + + +111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, _to play or deceive_. + +LUD: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. _lu'dicrus_, sportive, laughable); allude', +literally, _to play at, to refer to indirectly_; delude'; elude'; prelude'. + +LUS: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; illu'sion; prelu'sive; +prelu'sory. + + +112. LUX, lu'cis, _light_; Lu'men, lu'minis, _light_. + +LUC: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate; +translu'cent. + +LUMIN: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine. + + +113. MAG'NUS, _great_; Ma'jor, _greater_; Magis'ter, _master_. + +MAGN: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. _an'imus_, soul); mag'nate, _a man of rank_; +mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make), _showing +grandeur_; mag'nitude. + +MAJ: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty. + +MAGISTER: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old Fr. +_maistre_ = Lat. _magis'ter); _mis'tress (Old Fr. _maistresse_ = Lat +_magis'tra_, fem. of _magis'ter_). + + +114. MA'NUS, _the hand_; _French_ Main, _the hand_. + +MAN: man'acle (Lat. n. _man'ica_, a fetter); manip'ulate, _to work with the +hand_ (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); +manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. _mit'tere_, to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. +_scrib'ere, scrip'tum_, to write); amanuen'sis (= _ab_ + _ma'nus), one who +does handwriting for another_; eman'cipate (Lat. v. _cap'ere_, to take); +quadru'manous (Lat. _quatuor_, four). + +MAIN: man'ner (Fr. n. _maniere_, originally, the mode in which a thing is +_handled_); maneu'ver (Fr. n. _manoeuvre_, literally, hand work; Fr. n. +_oeuvre = o'pus_, work); manure', _v_. (contracted from Fr. _manoeuvrer_, +to cultivate by manual labor). + + +115. MA'RE, _the sea_. + +Marine' (Lat. adj. _mari'nus_, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; mar'itime +(Lat. adj. _mariti'mus_ = _mari'nus_); submarine'; transmarine'; +ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. _mer_ = Lat. _ma're_). + + +116. ME'DIUS, _the middle_. + +Mediae'val (Lat. n. _ae'vum_, age), _relating to the Middle Ages_; me'diate +(-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. _medio'cris_, middling; hence inferior); +medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _ter'ra_, land); me'dium (Lat. n. +_me'dium_, the middle) ; imme'diate (prefix _in_ = not), _with nothing +intervening_; interme'diate. + + +117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, _to remember_; Me'mor, _mindful_; MEMORA'RE +mem'oro, memora'tum, _to remember, to mention_. + +MEMINISSE: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, _remember thou), a reminder, a +memorial_. + +MEMOR: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. _memoran'dus_, p. part. of +_memora're_; literally, something to be remembered); commem'orate (-ion, +-ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. _memo'ria_); memo'rial (-ize); immemo'rial. + +Mem'oir (Fr. n. _memoire_ = Lat. _memoran'dum_); men'tion (Fr. n. _mention_ += Lat. _men'tio_, a speaking of); remem'ber (Old Fr. v. _remembrer = Lat. +remem'orare_); remem'brance; remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. +_reminiscence_, from Lat. v. _reminis'ci_, to recall to mind). + + +118. MENS, men'tis, _the mind_. + +MENT: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, _insanity_; ve'hement (Lat. adj. +_ve'hemens = ve_, not, and _mens_; literally, not reasonable), _furious, +ardent_. + +EXERCISE. + +We _reject_ insincere _homage_. When the body was _exhumed_ the _jury +decided_ that poison had been administered. _Legendary_ stories were +_related_ by the _friar_. The _lessons_ were _selected_ with _intelligence. +Levity_ and _gravity_ are _different_ qualities. The _mayor's_ speech was +more _ludicrous_ than _facetious_. The _magistrate_ claimed _jurisdiction_ +in the _locality_. We heard Hamlet's _soliloquy_ finely _delivered_. Do you +_recollect_ the _magnificent_ lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? +The _lecturer_ was _lucid_ in his _allusions_. In _mediaeval_ times _homage_ +was exacted of all vassals. The _mariners maneuvered_ beautifully. Your +_magnificent donation_ will be _gratefully remembered_. The _mermaid_ is a +mere _delusion. Illegible manuscript_ is a _decided nuisance_. The eastern +part of the _Mediterranean_ is called the _Levant_. Franklin's _memoirs_ +are very interesting. + + +119. MER'CES, _hire_; Merx, mer'cis, _merchandise_. + +MERC: mer'cantile (Lat. part. _mer'cans, mercan'tis_); mer'cenary (Lat. +adj. _mercena'rius_); mer'cer (Fr. n. _mercier_), _one who deals in silks +and woolens_; mer'chant (Lat. part, _mer'cans_); mer'chandise; com'merce +(Fr. n. _commerce_); commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. _merca'tus_, a place of +public traffic). + + +120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, _to dip, to sink_. + +MERG: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, _that which arises suddenly_; submerge'. + +MERS: emer'sion; immerse'. + + +121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, _to remove_. + +MIGR: em'igrant (Lat. part. _mi'grans, migran'tis_). + +MIGRAT: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion); +transmigra'tion, _the passage of the soul into another body after death_. + + +122. MI'LES, mil'itis, _a soldier_. + +MILIT: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, _to act against_; mili'tia, _enrolled +soldiers not in a standing army_. + + +123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, _to hang over_. + +MIN. em'inent (Lat. part, _em'inens, _standing out); em'inence ; im'minent, +literally, _threatening to fall_; pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; +prom'inence; superem'inent. + + +124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, _to lessen_; Mi'nor, _less_; +Mi'nus, _less_. + +MINUT: minute'; minu'tiae (pl. of Lat. n. _minu'tia_, a very small object); +min'uend (Lat. part, _minuen'dus_, to be lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. +_minuet_ = Lat. adj. _minu'tus, _small), _a dance of small steps_; +dimin'ish (Lat. v. _diminu'ere_, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive. + +MINOR: mi'nor, _n_. and a.; minor'ity. + +MINUS: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. super, +deg., least); min'im. + + +125. MINIS'TER, _a servant or attendant_. + +MINISTER: min'ister ; ministe'rial; min'istry ; admin'ister; +administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor. + + +126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, _to wonder_. + +MIR: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. _mirac'ulum_, a wonderful +thing); mirac'ulous. + +Mirage' (Fr. n. _mirage_, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. _miroir_, from v. +_mirer_, to view). + + +127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, _to mingle_. + +MISC: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous. + +MIXT: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'. + + +128. MI'SER, _wretched_. + +MISER: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion). + + +129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, _to send or cast_. + +MIT: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; intermit' (-ent); +manumit' (Lat. n. _manus_, the hand), _to release from slavery_; omit'; +permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. +_we send_), _a warrant of commitment to prison_. + +MISS: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, _an +officer who furnishes provisions for an army_; commissa'riat; commis'sion +(-er); com'promise; demise', _death_; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; +permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); +submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible. + + +130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, _to keep within bounds_; +Mo'dus, _a measure or manner_. + +MODERAT: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate. + +MOD: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; accom'modate (-ion); +commode' (Lat. adj. _com'modus_, convenient). _a small sideboard_; +commo'dious, literally, _measured with_; commod'ity, literally, _a +convenience_; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. adv. _mo'do_, lately, just now); +mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. _mod'ulus_, a measuring of tones); +modula'tion. + + +131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, _to remind, to warn_. + +MON: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. _monumen'tum_); premon'ish; sum'mon +(Lat. v. _summone're_ = _sub_ + _mone're_, to remind privily), _to call by +authority_. + +MONIT: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; +premon'itory. + + +132. MONS, mon'tis, _a mountain_. + +MOUNT: mount, n. _a high hill_; v. _to rise or ascend_; moun'tain (-eer, +-ous); mount'ebank (It. n. _banco_, a bench); amount'; dismount'; +par'amount (Fr. _par_ = Lat. _per_, exceedingly), _of the highest +importance_; prom'ontory (literally, the _fore_-part or projecting part of +a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. _tan'tus_, +so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian +side). + + +133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, _to point out, to show_. + +MONSTR: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, _to show +up_, _to display_. + +MONSTRAT: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; remon'strance. + + +134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, _to bite_. + +MORD: mor'dant, _biting_, _serving to fix colors_; morda'cious (Lat. adj. +_mor'dax_, _morda'cis_, biting), _severe_, _sarcastic_. + +MORS: mor'sel, literally, _a little bite_; remorse', _the biting of +conscience_ (-ful, -less). + +MORS. (See page 44.) + + +135. MOS, mo'ris, _manner, custom_; _pl._ Mo'res, _manners or morals_. + +MOR: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize (-ation). + + +136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, _to move_. + +MOV: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al). + +MOT: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. n. +_lo'cus_; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness). + +Mob (Lat. adj. _mob'ilis_, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); momen'tum, _the +force of a moving body_, _impetus_. + + +137. MUL'TUS, multi, _many, much_. + +MULTI: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; mul'tiple +(Lat. adj. _mul'tiplus_ for _mul'tiplex_, manifold); mul'tiply (Lat. adj. +_mul'tiplex_); mul'tiplicate (-ion); multiplic'ity. + + +138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, _a gift, a service_. + +MUN. munic'ipal (Lat. n. _municip'ium_, a free town), _pertaining to a +corporation_; municipal'ity; munif'icent; munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. +_commu'nis_ = _con_ + _munus_; literally, ready to be of service); +commune', _v._ literally, _to share (discourse) in common_; commun'ion, +commu'nity; com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); +commu'nicant; excommu'nicate; immu'nity (_in_ + _munus_; literally, absence +of service). + +MUNER: remunerate (-ion, -ive). + + +139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, _to change_. + +MUT: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' (-able). + +MUTAT: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion. + + +140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, _na'tus, to be born, to grow_; Natu'ra, _nature_. + +NASC: nas'cent, _growing_; renaissance' (a style of decorative art +_revived_ by Raphael). + +NAT: na'tal; na'tion, originally, _a distinct race or stock_ (-al, -ality, +-ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate. + +NATUR: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; supernat'ural. + + +141. NA'VIS, _a ship_. + +NAV: nave, _the middle or body of a church_; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. +adj. _nau'ticus_, from _nauta_ or _nav'ita_, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. +_naviga're_ = _na'vis_ + _ag'ere_); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; +circumnavigate. + + +142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, _to tie or bind_. + +NECT: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion). + +NEX: annex'; annexation. + +EXERCISE. + +The _administration_ of affairs is in the hands of her _majesty's +ministers_. A _miscellaneous collection_ of goods was sold on _commission_. +The _merchant remitted_ the money called for in the _emergency_. The +_suggestion_ to _modify_ the plan was _tantamount_ to its _rejection_. Do +you _admire_ Bunker Hill _Monument_? A _miser_ is an object of +_commiseration_ to all who know him. _Remuneration_ will be allowed +according to the _amount_ of labor. The _major_ has been _promoted_ to the +rank of colonel. All who were _connected_ with the _movement_ were +_excommunicated_. As the _annexed_ territory is chiefly _maritime_ it will +greatly _increase_ the _commerce_ of the _nation_. The _monitor admonished_ +the pupils with great _gentleness_. The _committee_ said the _master_ had +done his work in an _admirable_ manner. The _Pilgrim_ Fathers _emigrated_ +to this country in 1620. A _minute missile moved_ towards us. What is the +_subjunctive mood_ or _mode_? A _multitude_ of _communists_ appeared in +Paris. + + +143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, _to deny_. + +NEGAT: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, _an apostate_. + +Deny' (Fr. v. _denier_ = Lat. _de_ + _nega're_, to contradict); deni'al; +undeni'able. + + +144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, _neither of the two_. + +NEUTR: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize). + + +145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, _to hurt_. + +NOC: no'cent, _hurtful_; in'nocent; in'nocence; innoc'uous. + +Nox'ious (Lat. adj. _nox'ius_, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance (Fr. v. +_nuire_ = Lat. _noce're_). + + +146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, _a name_. + +NOMEN: nomenclat'ure, _a list of technical names_; cogno'men, _a surname_. + +NOMIN: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or); +ig'nominy (Lat. _i(n)_ + _gnomen_, old form of _nomen_, a deprivation of +one's good name); ignomin'ious. + +Noun (Fr. n. _nom_ = Lat. _no'men_); pro'noun; misno'mer (Old Fr. _mes_ = +wrong, and _nommer_, to name), _a wrong name_. + +NORMA. (See page 45.) + + +147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, _to know_; No'ta, _a mark_. + +NOT: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notifica'tion; +noto'rious (Lat. adj. _noto'rius_, making known), _known in a bad sense_; +notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'. + +No'ble (Lat. adj. _no'bilis_, deserving to be known); noblesse' (Fr. n. +_noblesse_ = Lat. _nobil'itas_); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Lat. prefix +_i(n)_ + _gnobilis_, old form of _nobilis_); cog'nizance (Old Fr. +_cognizance_ = Lat. _cognoscen'tia_, notice or knowledge), _judicial +observation_; connoisseur' (Fr. n. _connoisseur_, a critical judge); +incog'nito (Italian _incognito_, from Lat. part. _incog'nitus_, unknown), +_unknown, in disguise_; rec'ognize (Lat. _re_, again, and _cognos'cere_, to +know); recog'nizance, _a term in law_; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. +reconnoitre), _to survey, to examine_. + + +148. NO'VUS, _new_. + +NOV: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or). + +Nov'el (Lat. adj. _novel'lus_, diminutive of _no'vus_); adj. _something +new, out of the usual course_; n., literally, _a story new and out of the +usual course_; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, _a beginner_; novi'tiate, +_time of being a novice_. + + +149. NU'MERUS, _a number_. + +NUMER: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Lat. v. +_enumera're_, _enumera'tum_, to count or tell of), _to reckon up singly_; +enumera'tion; innu'merable (= _in_ + _nu'mer_ + _able_, that may not be +counted); supernu'merary, _one above the necessary number_; num'ber (Old +Fr. n. _numbre_ = Lat. _nu'merus_). + + +150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, _to announce_; Nun'cius, _a +messenger_. + +NUNCIAT: enun'ciate, _to utter_ (-ion); denuncia'tion; pronuncia'tion; +renuncia'tion, _disavowal, relinquishment_. + +Nun'cio (Sp. n. _nuncio_ = Lat. _nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope_; +announce' (Fr. v. _annoncer_ = Lat. _ad_ + _nuncia're_), _to proclaim_; +announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. _denoncer_ = Lat. _de_ + _nuncia're_), _to +accuse publicly_; pronounce' (Fr. v. _prononcer_ = Lat. _pro_ + +_nuncia're_); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. _renoncer_ = Lat. _re_ + +_nuncia're_), _to disclaim_; renounce'ment. + + +151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, _to nourish_. + +NUTRI: nu'triment, _that which nourishes_; nutri'tion; nutri'tious; +nu'tritive. + +Nour'ish (Fr. v. _nourrir_ = Lat. _nutri'ere_); nurse (Fr. v. _nourrice_; a +nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, _a little one who is nursed_; nurt'ure. + + +152. O'PUS, op'eris, _a work or deed_; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, _to work_. + +OPER: operose, _requiring labor_, _tedious_. + +OPERAT: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, -or). + +Op'era (It. _op'era_ = _opera_, pains, pl. of _o'pus_), _a musical drama_; +operat'ic. + +ORDO. (See page 45.) + + +153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, _and_ pas'sum, _to spread_; Pas'sus, +_a step_. + +PAND: expand', _to spread out_. + +PANS: expanse' (-ion, -ive). + +PASS: pass; pass'able, _that may be passed_, _tolerable_; pas'sage; +com'pass, v. _to stretch round_; encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (_tres_ = +_trans_), _to pass beyond due bounds_. + +Pace (Fr. n. _pas_ = Lat. _pas'sus_); pas'senger (Old Eng. _passager_); +pass'over, _a Jewish festival_;[8] pass'port (= pass + port, literally, a +permission to leave a port or to sail into it.) + + +154. PAR, _equal_. + +PAR: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, _to injure by comparison of +unequals_; dispar'agement. + +Pair (Fr. adj. _paire_ = Lat. _par_), _two of a kind_; peer (Old Fr. _peer_ +or _pair_ = Lat. _par_), _an equal_, _a nobleman_; peer'age; peer'less; +compeer'; non'pareil (Fr. _non_, not, and _pareil_, equal), _a peerless +thing or person_. + + +155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, _to make ready, to prepare_; SEPARA'RE: +sep'aro, separa'tum, _to separate_. + +PARAT: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; repara'tion. + +SEPAR: sep'arate, literally, _to prepare aside_: hence, _to disjoin_; +separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable. + +Parade' (Fr. n. _parade_, literally, a parrying), _military display_; pare +(Fr. v. _parer_, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. v. _parer_, to ward +off); appara'tus (Lat. _appara'tus_ = _ad_ + _paratus_, literally, +something prepared for a purpose); appar'el (Fr. n. _appareil_, +preparation); compare' (Fr. v. _comparer_ = Lat. _compara're_), _to set +things together to see how far they resemble each other_; prepare' (Fr. v. +_preparer_ = Lat. _prepara're_); repair' (Fr. v. _reparer_ = Lat. +_repara're_), literally, _to prepare again_, hence, _to restore after +injury_; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. _sevrer_ = Lat. _separa're_), _to +render asunder_; sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. _several_ = Lat. _separa'lis_, +separate); sev'erance; dissev'er. + +PARS. (See page 46.) + + +156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, _a father_; Pa'tria, _one's native country_. + +Pater'nal (Lat. adj. _pater'nus_, pertaining to a father); pater'nity (Lat. +n. _pater'nitas_, Fr. _paternite_), _fathership_; patri'cian (Lat. adj. +_patri'cius_, from _pa'tres_, fathers or senators), _a Roman nobleman_; +pat'rimony (Lat. n. _patrimo'nium_), _an estate inherited from one's +ancestors_; pa'tron (Lat. n. _patro'nus_, a protector), _one who +countenances or supports_; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. n. +_pattern_, something to be copied), _a model_; expatriate, _to banish_; +expatria'tion. + + +157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, _to bear, to suffer_. + +PATI: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, _consistent with_; +compat'ibility; incompat'ible. + +PASS: pas'sion, _strong agitation of the mind_; pas'sive; impas'sive, +_insensible_; compas'sion, _sympathy_; compas'sionate. + + +158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, _to drive_. + +PEL (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-). + +PULS: pulse, _the beating of an artery as blood is driven through it_; +pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion; +repulse'; repul'sive. + + +159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, _to hang_. + +PEND: pen'dant, _a long, narrow flag_; pend'ing, _not decided, during_; +append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); independ'ent; +independ'ence; suspend'. + +PENS: pen'sile, _hanging_; suspense'(-ion). + +Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. _pen'dulus_, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. +_pen'dulus)_; appen'dix (Lat. n. _appen'dix_, an addition). + + +160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, _to weigh, to pay_. + +PEND: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n. +_compen'dium_, that which is weighed, saved, shortened) ; compen'dious +(Lat. adj. _compendio'sus_, brief, succinct); expend'; expen'diture ; +sti'pend (Lat. n. _stipen'dium_, literally, the pay of soldiers); +stipendiary. + +PENS: pen'sive, _thoughtful_; pen'sion, _an allowance for past services_ +(-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', _to deal out_ (-ary); dispensa'tion; +indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense. + +PES. (See page 47.) + + +161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, _to attack, to seek_. + +PET: centrip'etal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, center); compete'; com'petent, _fit, +suitable_; com'petence, _sufficiency_; incom'petent. + +PETIT: peti'tion, _a request_ (-er); compet'itor; compet'itive ; +repeti'tion. + +Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. _petulant_, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. _appetit_), _a +seeking for hunger_; impet'uous (Lat. adj. _impetuo'sus_, vehement); +impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. _im'petus_, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. +_repeter_ = Lat. _repet'ere_). + +EXERCISE + +_Numerous objections_ were _submitted_ against the _innovations_ about to +be _introduced_. The _obnoxious_ articles have been _removed_. The +_nominee_ by his _ludicrous_ speech _neutralized_ all that his friends did +for him. _Part_ of the _apparatus prepared_ for the _occasion_ was damaged +in _transmission_. The _patronage_ of the _nobility_ and _gentry connected_ +with the neighborhood was asked. Many _parts_ of the _edifice_ are highly +_ornate_. Christ had _compassion_ on the _multitude_, for they had been a +long time without food. The _petitioner's application_ for a _pension_ was +not _repeated_. How can an _acid_ be _neutralized_? The _renegade_ was +brought to _ignominy_. The _prince_ was travelling _incognito_. The young +lady seems _pensive_ rather than _petulant_. Here is a new _edition_ of the +_novel_, with _annotations_ by the _author_. The _opera_ seems to be well +_patronized_ this winter. Webster had a _compendious mode_ of stating great +truths. What is meant by _centripetal motion_? What is the _difference_ +between the _numerator_ and the _denominator_? + + +162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, _to twist_; PLICA'RE: pli'co, +plica'tum, _and_ plic'itum, _to fold_. + +PLEX: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; complex'ity; +perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly--_per_: hence, to puzzle or +embarrass); perplex'ity. + +PLIC: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable. + +PLICAT: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; im'plicate (-ion); +replica'tion, _an answer in law_; sup'plicate, _to entreat earnestly_; +supplica'tion. + +PLICIT: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly stated); +implic'it, _implied_. + +Ply (Fr. v. _plier_ = Lat. _plica're_), _to work diligently_; pli'able, +_easily bent_; pli'ant; pli'ancy; accom'plice, _an associate in crime_; +apply' (Old Fr. _applier_ = Lat. _applica're_); appli'ance, _the thing +applied_; comply' (Fr. v. _plier_), _to fold with_: hence, _to conform or +assent_; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. _desployer_, to unfold); doub'le +(Fr. adj. _double_ = Lat. _du'plex_, twofold); du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. +_duplic'itas_, from _du'plex_, double); employ' (Fr. v. _employer_ = Lat. +_implica're_), _to keep at work_; employe; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' +(Fr. n. _exploit_ = Lat. _explic'itum_, literally, something unfolded, set +forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, _to infold_: +hence _to involve_, _to signify_; mul'tiply (Fr. v. _multiplier_ = Lat. +_mul'tus_ much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. _qua'tuor_, four); reply' (Old Fr. +v. _replier_ = Lat. _replica're_, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. _simplex_, gen. +_simplicis_), _not compounded_, _artless_; sim'pleton (compare It. +_simplicione_, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. _simplic'itas_); +sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. _souple_ = Lat. _sup'plex_, bending the knee, +from _sub_ and _plica're_); sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, +kneeling down); treb'le (Old Fr. adj. _treble_ = Lat. _tri'plex_, +threefold); trip'le (Lat. _tri'plex_); trip'let, _three lines rhyming +alternately_. + + +163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, _to place_. + +PON: compo'nent, _forming a compound_; depone', _to bear testimony_; +depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment). + +POSIT: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, _a system of philosophy_; +pos'itivist, _a believer in the positive philosophy_; ap'posite, _adapted +to_; compos'ite, _compound_; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; +depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, _the giving testimony under +oath_; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; +juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; +suppositi'tious; transposi'tion. + +Pose (Fr. v. _poser_ = Lat. _pon'ere_), _to bring to a stand by questions_; +post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. _posture_ = Lat. _positu'ra_, position); +compose' (Fr. v. _composer_ = Lat. _compon'ere_); compos'ure; com'pound +(Lat. v. _compon'ere_); com'post, _a mixture_, _a manure_; depot' (Fr. n. +_depot_ = Lat. _depos'itum_); dispose' (Fr. v. _disposer_); dispo'sal; +expose' (Fr. v. _exposer_); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. _imposer_); im'post, +_a tax placed on imported goods_; impos'tor, _one guilty of fraud_; +impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. _provost_, +from Lat _praepos'itus_, placed before, a chief), _the principal of a +college_; pur'pose (Old Fr. n. _purpos_, _propos_ = Lat. _propos'itum_), +_an end set before one_; repose' (Fr. v. _reposer_); suppose' (Fr. v. +_supposer_); transpose' (Fr. v. _transposer_). + + +164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, _to carry_. + +PORT: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, -er); +im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, _design_; report' (-er); support'; +insupport'able; transport' (-ation). + +Portfo'lio (Lat. n. _fo'lium_, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. _manteau_, a +cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. _importu'nus_, unseasonable); import'unate; +importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. _opportu'nus_, literally, at or before +the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune. + + +165. POS'SE, _to be able_; Po'tens, poten'tis, _powerful, mighty_. + +POSSE: pos'sible (Lat. adj. _possib'ilis_); possibil'ity; impos'sible. + +POTENT: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent +(Lat. adj. _om'nis_, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. _ple'nus_, full). + + +166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, _to lay hold of, to +seize_. + +PREHEND: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'. + +PREHENS: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; comprehen'sible; +comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible. + +Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. _apprentis_, from v. _apprendre_, to learn); +apprise' (Fr. v. _apprendre_, part. _appris_, to inform); comprise' (Fr. v. +_comprendre, compris_), _to include_; en'terprise (Fr. n. _entrepise_, +something undertaken); impreg'nable (Fr. adj. _imprenable_, not to be +taken); pris'on (Fr. n. _prison_); prize (Fr. n. _prise_, something taken, +from _prendre, pris_, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. _repreuver_, to +condemn), _to grant a respite_; repri'sal; surprise'. + + +167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, _to press_. + +PRESS: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); express' (-ion, +-ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; oppress' ('-ion, -ive, +-or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion). + +Print (abbreviated from _imprint_, from Old Fr. v. _preindre_ = Lat. +_prem'ere_); im'print, _the name of the publisher and the title page of a +book_; imprima'tur (Lat. _let it be printed_), originally, _a license to +print a book, the imprint of a publisher_. + + +168. PRI'MUS, _first_; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, _chief, original_. + +PRIM: prime; pri'mate, _the highest dignitary of a church_; pri'macy; +prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. _ae'vum_, an age); prim'itive; +primogen'itor (Lat. n. _gen'itor_, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n. +_genitu'ra_, a begetting), _the exclusive right of inheritance which in +English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter_; primor'dial (Lat. v. +_ordi'ri_, to begin), _existing from the beginning_; prim'rose (Lat. n. +_ro'sa_); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. _prince_ = Lat. _prin'ceps_); +prin'cipal ; prin'ciple. + +Pre'mier (Fr. adj. _premier_, first), _the prime minister_; pri'or (Lat. +adj. _prior_, former); pri'oress, _the female superior of a convent_; +pri'ory, _a convent_; prior'ity, _state of being first_; pris'tine (Lat. +adj. _pristi'nus_, primitive), _original, ancient_. + + +169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, _to try, to prove_. + +PROB: prob'able, _likely, credible_; probabil'ity; improb'able; pro'bate, +_the proof of a will_; proba'tion, _the act of trying_; proba'tioner; +proba'tionary; probe, _to try by an instrument_; prob'ity, _tried +integrity_; approba'tion, _commendation_; rep'robate (adj. literally, +proved against), _base, condemned_. + +Prove (Old Fr. _prover_, New Fr. _prouver_ = Lat. _proba're_); proof (Old +Fr. n. _prove_ = Lat. _pro'ba_, proof); approve' (Fr. v. _approuver_ = Lat. +_approba're_); approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; +reproof'. + + +170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, _to prick_; Punc'tum, _a point_. + +PUNG: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', _to mark out_. + +PUNCT: punctil'io (Sp. _punctillo_, from Lat. _punc'tum_, a point), _a nice +point of exactness in conduct_, etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); +punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; compunc'tion, _remorse_. + +Punch (abbreviated from _puncheon_, from Lat. n. _punc'tio_, a pricking), +_an instrument for cutting holes_; point (Fr. n. _pointe_ = Lat. +_punc'tum)_; poign'ant (Fr. part. _poignant_, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. +_poignard_), _a small dagger_. + + +171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, _to think, to prune, to count or reckon_. + +PUT: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. _deputa're_, to allot), _to +empower to act_; dep'uty; dispute' (-ant); indis'putable; impute' +(literally, to reckon in), _to charge_; repute'; disrepute' (-able). + +PUTAT: pu'tative, _supposed_; am'putate, _to cut off the limb from an +animal_; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion. + +Count (Fr. v. _compter_ = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; recount'. + + +172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, _to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry +away_. + +RAP: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. _ra'pax, rapa'cis_, greedy); rapac'ity; rap'id +(Lat. adj. _rap'idus_, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; rap'ine (Lat. n. +_rapi'na_, robbery). + +RAPT: rapt, _transported_; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; surrepti'tious +(Lat. v. _surrip'ere, surrep'tum_, to take away secretly), _done by +stealth_. + +Rav'age (Fr. v. _ravager_ = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. _ravir_ = Lat. +_rap'ere_). + + +173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, _to rule_; Rec'tus, _straight_. + +REG: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. _reg'imen_, that by which one +guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. _regimen'tum_); re'gion +(Lat. _re'gio, regio'nis_, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ = +_con_ + _reg'ere_); incor'rigible. + +RECT: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ += _con_ + _reg'ere), to remove faults_; direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; +insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion. + +Re'gal (Lat. n. _rex, re'gis_, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. v. +_caed'ere_, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. _reg'ula_, a rule); reg'ulate; realm +(Old Fr. _realme_, from Lat. adj. _rega'lis_, royal); reign (Fr. n. _regne_ += Lat. _reg'num); _corrigen'da (sing. _corrigen'dum_), _things to be +corrected_; dress (Fr. v. _dresser_ = Lat _dirig'ere_); address' (Fr. v. +_adresser_, to direct); redress' (Fr. v. _redresser_ = Lat. _re_ + +_dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair_; source (Fr. n. _source_, from Lat. +_sur'gere_, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. _insur'gere_). + + +174. RI'VUS, _a river_. + +RIV: ri'val (Lat. n. _riva'lis_, one who used a brook in common with +another); ri'valry ; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. _riv'ulus_, diminutive of +_ri'vus_); derive' (literally, to receive as from a source); deriva'tion; +deriv'ative. + + +175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, _to ask_. + +ROG: ar'rogant, _proud, overbearing_; ar'rogance; prorogue' (Fr. v. +_proroger_ = Lat. _proroga're_). + +ROGAT: ab'rogate; _to repeal_; ar'rogate, _to assume_; arroga'tion; +derog'atory, _detracting_; inter'rogate (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative +(literally, that is asked before others for an opinion: hence, preference), +_exclusive or peculiar right or privilege_; proroga'tion, _prolonga'tion_; +superer'ogate (Lat. _super_ + _eroga're_, to spend or pay out over and +above), _to do more than is necessary_; supereroga'tion. + + +176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_. + +RUPT: rupt'ure, _to part violently_; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); bank'rupt (It. +n. _banco_, a merchant's place of business); bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, +-ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion ; interrupt' (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive. + + +177. SA'CER, sa'cri, _holy_. + +SACR: sac'rament (Lat. n. _sacramen'tum_, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred +(orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. _sacre_, to consecrate); sac'rifice +(Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that steals--properly +gathers, picks up, _leg'ere_--sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat. +_sacrista'nus)_, a church officer. + +SECR: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrate (-ion); +ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. _sacer'dos, sacerdo'tis_, priest), +_pertaining to the priesthood_. + + +178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, _health_; Sal'vus, _safe_. + +SALUT: sal'utary, _promoting health_; salu'tatory, _giving salutation_; +salute' (-ion). + +SALV: sal'vage, _reward for saving goods_; sal'vo, _a volley_; salva'tion. + +Safe (through Old Fr. _salf_ or _sauf_); safe'ty; save; sav'ior salu'brious +(Lat. adj. _salu'bris_, health-giving); salu'brity. + + +179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (_in comp._ scen'do), scan'dum (_in comp._ +scen'sum), _to climb_. + +SCEND: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' (-ing); +transcend' (-ent) ; transcendental. + +SCENS: ascen'sion ; ascent'; condescen'sion. + + +180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, _to write_. + +SCRIB: ascribe', _to impute to_; circumscribe', _to draw a line around, to +limit_; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', _to order or appoint_; +pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), _to interdict_; subscribe'; +superscribe'; transcribe'. + +SCRIPT: script, _type in imitation of handwriting_; script'ure; +ascrip'tion; con'script, _one taken by lot and enrolled for military +service_; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see +_manus_); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription; +superscrip'tion; tran'script. + +Scribe (Fr. n. _scribe_); scrib'ble ; escritoire'. + + +181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, _to cut_. + +SEC: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. _se'cans_, _secan'tis_), _a line that cuts +another_. + +SECT: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others by peculiar +doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. _bis_, two); +dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose body is apparently cut +in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to feed); intersect' +(-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. _vena_, a vein). + +Seg'ment (Lat. n. _segmen'tum), a part cut off_. + + +182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (_in comp._ se'do), ses'sum, _to sit_. + +SED: sed'entary (Lat. adj. _sedenta'rius_, accustomed to sit); sed'iment +(Lat. n. _sedimen'tum_, a settling or sinking down); sedimen'tary; +sed'ulous (Lat. adj. _sed'ulus_, sitting close to an employment); +supersede'. + +SID: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting in wait +against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); pres'ident; +presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; subsidiary. + +SESS: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a person or +thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. _possid'ere, posses'sum_, +to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); posses'sion; +possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', _to take possession of beforehand, to +prejudice_. + + +183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, _to feel, to think_. + +SENT: scent (Old English _sent_), _odor_; sen'tence (Lat. n. _senten'tia_); +senten'tious (Lat. adj. _sententio'sus_, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. +n. _sentiment_); sentimen'tal; assent', _to agree to_; consent' (literally, +to think or feel together), _to acquiesce, to permit_; dissent' (-er); +dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel back), _to take +ill_; resent'ment. + +SENS: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; non'sense; sen'sual +(Lat. adj. _sensua'lis_); sen'sualist ; sen'suous. + + +184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, _to follow_. + +SEQU: se'quence, _order of succession_; consequent; con'sequence; +consequential; ob'sequies, _formal rites_; obse'quious (literally, +following in the way of another), _meanly condescending_; sub'sequent +(-ly). + +SECUT: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute (-ion). + +Se'quel (Lat. n. _seque'la_, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. _suire_, +New Fr. _suivre = se'qui), to follow at law_; suit; suit'able; suit'or; +suite (Fr. n. _suite_), _a train or set_; ensue' (Fr. v. _ensuivre_, to +follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. v. _poursuivre_, to follow hard, to +chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; pursuit'; pur'suivant, _a state messenger_; +ex'ecute (Fr. v. _executer_ = Lat. _ex'sequi_); execu'tion; exec'utor; +exec'utrix. + + +185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, _to save, to keep, to bind_. + +SERV: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); reserve'; +unreserved'. + +SERVAT: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; observ'atory; +preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion. + +Res'ervoir (Fr. n. _reservoir_ = Lat. _reservato'rium_, a place where +anything is kept in store). + +EXERCISE. + +The puzzle is _complicated_ and _displays_ much _ingenuity_ on the _part_ +of the inventor. A _reply_ may be _explicit_ without showing _duplicity_. +It was urged that the _election_ of _delegates_ be _postponed_. The +_portmanteau_ containing _important_ papers was left at the _merchant's +office_. An _impostor_ is sure to show _opposition_ to the course of +_justice_. Coleridge holds that it is _possible_ to _apprehend_ a truth +without _comprehending_ it. The _bankrupt_ was so _arrogant_ that his +_creditors_ were not _disposed_ to be lenient with him. Most of the +questions _proposed_ by the _rector_ were answered in the _negative_. What +is the origin of the word _derivation_? The _region_ is _described_ as +healthful. The _manuscript_ was _transcribed_ and _subscribed_ by the +_author_. It is _salutary_ to be _rivals_ in all worthy _ambitions_. + + +186. SIG'NUM, _a sign_. + +SIGN: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance; +significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. _assigna're_, to designate); assignee'; +consign' (Lat. v. _consigna're_, to seal) _to intrust to another_; +consign'ment; coun'tersign, _to sign what has already been signed by +another_; design', _to plan_; design'er; des'ignate, _to name_, _to point +out_; designa'tion; en'sign, _the officer who carries the flag of a +regiment_; insig'nia, _badges of office_; resign' (-ation); sig'nature +(Lat. n. _signatu'ra_, a sign or stamp). + + +187. SIM'ILIS, _like_. + +SIMIL: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, _a formal likening or comparison_; +simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true); dissim'ilar; +assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. _v. fac'ere_, to make), an exact copy; +sim'ulate (Lat. v. _simula're_, _simula'tum_, to make like). + +Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. _dissimula're_, _dissimula'tum_, to feign); +dissem'ble (Fr. v. _dissembler_ = Lat. _dissimula're_); resem'ble (Fr. v. +_ressembler_). + + +188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, _to cause to stand, to stand_. + +SIST: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for +ex-sist), _to stand out_: hence, _to be, to live_; exist'ence; co-exist'; +pre-exist'; insist', _to stand upon, to urge firmly_; persist' (-ent, +-ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence). + + +189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, _to loosen_. + +SOLV: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; resolve'. + +SOLUT: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); res'olute (-ion). + +Sol'uble (Lat. adj. _solu'bilis_); solubil'ity. + + +190. SPEC'ERE _or_ SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio _or_ spi'cio, spec'tum, _to behold_; +Spe'cies, _a kind_. + +SPIC: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of birds); +auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. _conspic'uus_, wholly visible); +conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. _despicab'ilis_, deserving to be despised); +perspic'uous (Lat. adj. _perspic'uus_, that may be seen through); +perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious. + +SPECT: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); inspect' +(-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. n. +_prospec'tus_, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look again: hence, +to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; re'tro-spect (-ive); +suspect'. + +SPECIES: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; spec'ify (-ic, +-ication); spe'cious, _showy_. + +Spec'imen (Lat. n. _spec'imen_, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. +_spectac'ulum_, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. +_specta'tor_, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. _spec'trum_, an image); +spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), _an image_; spec'troscope (Gr. v. +_skopein_, to view), _an instrument for analysing light_; spec'ulate (Lat. +n. _spec'ula_, a lookout), _to contemplate_, _to traffic for great profit_; +specula'tion; spec'ulative. + + +191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, _to breathe_; Spir'itus, _breath, +spirit_. + +SPIR: spir'acle, _a breathing pore_; aspire' (-ant); conspire' (-acy); +expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; transpire'. + +SPIRAT: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; perspira'tion; +respira'tion; respir'atory. + +SPIRITUS: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous. + +Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of +spirit). + + +192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, _to promise_. + +SPOND: correspond', _to answer one to another_; correspond'ence; +correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: hence, to give up, to +despond); despond'ency; respond'. + +SPONS: spon'sor, _a surety_; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive); +irrespon'sible. + +Spouse (Old Fr. n. _espous_, _espouse_ = Lat. _spon'sus_, _spon'sa_); +espouse' (Old Fr. v. _espouser_ = Lat. _sponsa're_, to betroth, from +_spondere_). + + +193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (_in comp._ sti'tum, _to stand; pres. part._ +stans, stan'tis, _standing_); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, _to +cause to stand_; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, _to station, +to fix, to place_. + +STANT: cir'cumstance (from part. _circumstans'_, _circumstan'tis_, through +Lat. n. _circumstan'tia_, Fr. _circonstance_), _the condition of things +surrounding or attending an event_; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; +con'stant; con'stancy ; dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, +remote, reserved); dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; +transubstan'tiate, _to change to another substance_. + +STAT: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; states'man; +stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure. + +STIT: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if awe-struck); +supersti'tious. + +STATUT: stat'ute (-ory). + +STITU: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: hence, to +establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency; +des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, in want of); +in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to commence); +restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion). + +Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. _stab'ilis_, standing firmly); stab'lish; estab'lish +(-ment); stay, literally, _to keep standing_; ar'mistice (Lat. n. _ar'ma_, +arms), _a temporary stand-still of war_; arrest' (Old Fr. _arrester_ = Lat. +_ad_ + _restare_, to stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. _contra_ + +_sta're_, to stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice +(Lat. n. _sol_, the sun). + + +194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, _to bind; to draw tight_. + +STRING: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency. + +STRICT: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, _a defined portion of a country_; +restrict' (-ion). + +Strain (Old Fr. _straindre_ = Lat. _strin'gere_); constrain'; dis-train'; +restrain'; restraint'. + + +195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, _to build, to place in order_. + +STRUCT: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; destruc'tion; +instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); superstruct'ure. + +Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. _instrumen'tum_); +instrumental'ity. + + +196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, _to take_; Sump'tus, _cost, expense_. + +SUM: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'. + +SUMPT: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. _sumptuo'sus_, expensive); sumpt'uary, +_relating to expense_; assumption; consumption; consump'tive; presump'tion; +presump'tive; presump'tuous. + + +197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, _to touch_. + +TANG: tan'gent, _a straight line which touches a circle or curve_; +tan'gible. + +TACT: tact, _peculiar faculty or skill_; con'tact; intact'. + +Attain' (Fr. v. _attaindre_, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, +_communication of disease by contact or touch_; contam'inate, _to defile, +to infect_; contig'uous; contin'gent. + +TEMPUS. (See page 48.) + + +198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum _or_ ten'tum, _to stretch_. + +TEND: tend, _to aim at, take care of_; tend'ency; attend' (-ance, -ant); +contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to stretch to), _to +purpose, to design_; portend' (literally, to stretch forward), _to presage, +to betoken_; pretend' (literally, to stretch forth), _to affect, feel_; +subtend', _to extend under_; superintend' (-ence, -ent). + +TENS: tense (adj.), _stretched_; ten'sion; intense' (-ify); osten'sible +(Lat. v. _osten'dere_, to stretch out or spread before one), _apparent_; +pretense'. + +TENT: tent, literally, _a shelter of stretched canvas_; tentac'ula, _the +feelers of certain animals_; atten'tion; atten'tive; conten'tion; +conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; +por'tent, _an ill omen_. + + +199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, _to hold_; _French_ Tenir (_radical_ tain), +_to hold_. + +TEN: ten'able; ten'ant, _one who holds property under another_; ten'antry; +ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. _tenet_, literally, "he holds"), _a doctrine held +as true_; ten'ure. + +TIN (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; incon'tinent; +per'tinent; imper'tinent. + +TENT: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; reten'tion; +reten'tive; sus'tenance. + +TAIN: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' (-ment); +pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'. + +Tena'cious (Lat. adj. _te'nax, tena'cis_, holding firmly); tenac'ity; +appur'tenance, _that which belongs to something else_; contin'ue (Fr. v. +_continuer_ = Lat. _contine're_); contin'ual; contin'uance; continua'tion; +continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance (literally, the contents of a body: +hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. n. _lieu_, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. +_main_, the hand), literally, _to hold by the hand_: hence, _to support, to +uphold_; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, _a train of +attendants_. + + +200. TER'RA, _the earth_. + +TERR: ter'race (Fr. n. _terrasse_); terra'queous (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); +terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, _a small dog that goes into the +ground after burrowing animals_; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _me'dius_, +middle); subterra'nean. + +Inter, _to put in the earth, to bury_; inter'ment; disinter'. + + +201. TES'TIS, _a witness_. + +TEST: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); protest' +(-ation, -ant); prot'estantism. + +Tes'tament (Lat. n. _testamen'tum_, a will); testamen'tary; testa'tor; +tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, _not having left a will_. + + +202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, _to twist_. + +TORT: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' (-ion, -ionate); +retort'. + +Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. _tortuo'sus_, very twisted); tortuos'ity; torment' +(Lat. n. _tormen'tum_, extreme pain). + + +203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, _to draw_; _Fr._ Trair, _past part._ +Trait. + +TRACT: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' (-ion, -ive); +contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, -or); +protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion). + +Trace (Fr. n. _trace_); track (Old Fr. n. _trac_); train; trait; treat +(-ise, -ment, -y). + + +204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, _to allot, to give_. + +TRIBUT: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); distrib'ute (-ion, +-ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive. + + +205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, _to thrust_. + +TRUD: detrude', _to thrust down_; extrude'; intrude' (-er); obtrude'; +protrude'. + +TRUS: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be +understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion. + + +206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus _or_ tu'tus, _to watch_. + +TUIT: tui'tion, _instruction_; intui'tion, _the act or power of the mind by +which it at once perceives the truth of a thing without argument_; +intu'itive. + +TUT: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage. + + +207. UN'DA, _a wave_. + +UND: abun'dance, literally, condition of overflowing--(_abunda're_, to +overflow); abun'dant; superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant +(literally, running back or over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); +redundance; redun'dancy. + +Un'dulate (Lat. n. _un'dula_, a little wave); undula'tion; un'dulatory; +abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. _redonder_ = Lat. _redunda're_, +to roll back as a wave or flood). + + +208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, _to use_. + +UT: uten'sil (Lat. n. _uten'sile_, something that may be used); util'ity +(Lat. n. _util'itas_, usefulness); u'tilize. + +US: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. _usua'lis_, of +frequent use); u'sury, _illegal interest paid for the use of money_; +u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'. + + +209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, _to go_. + +VAD: evade'; invade'; pervade'. + +VAS: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive. + + +210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, _to be strong, to be of value_; Val'idus, +_strong_; Va'le, _farewell_. + +VAL: valedic'tory, _bidding farewell_; valetudina'rian (Lat. n. +_valetu'do_, state of health), _a person in ill-health_; val'iant, _brave_, +_heroic_; val'or (-ous); val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, +_regaining health_; equiv'alent (Lat. adj. _e'quus_, equal); prev'alent, +_very common or general_; prevalence. + +VAIL: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'. + +VALID: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid. + + +211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, _to come, to go_. + +VENT: vent'ure, literally, _something gone upon_; vent'uresome; ad'vent; +adventi'tious, _accidental, casual_; advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; +contraven'tion; con'vent, _a monastery, a nunnery_; conven'ticle, _a place +of assembly_; conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' +(literally, to come upon), _to find out, to contrive_; inven'tion; +invent'ive; invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive). + +Av'enue (Fr. n. _avenue_, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; +conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, _conve'niens, convenien'tis_, literally, +coming together), _suitable_; conven'ience; cov'enant _an agreement between +two parties_; intervene'; rev'enue; supervene', _to come upon, to happen_. + + +212. VER'BUM, _a word_. + +VERB: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb. + +Verba'tim (Lat. adv. _verba'tim_, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. n. +_verbiage_, wordiness). + + +213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, _to turn_. + +VERT: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind to), +_heedless_; ad'vertise, _to turn public attention to_; adver'tisement; +animadvert' (Lat. n. _an'imus_, the mind), _to turn the mind to, to +censure_; avert'; controvert', _to oppose_; convert', _to change into +another form or state_; divert'; invert', literally, _to turn the outside +in_; pervert', _to turn from the true purpose_; retrovert'; revert'; +subvert'. + +VERS: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, _the yearly_ +(Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year) _celebration of an event_; averse', _having a +dislike to_; aver'sion; con'troversy; converse' (-ant, -ation); +conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); +retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); subver'sion; subversive; +tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. _ter'gum_, the back), _a subterfuge_; transverse', +_lying or being across_; u'niverse (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one), _the system of +created things_; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, _a universal school in +which are taught all branches of learning_. + +Verse (Lat. n. _ver'sus_, a furrow), _a line in poetry_; ver'sify; +versifica'tion; ver'sion, _that which is turned from one language into +another, a statement_; ver'satile (Lat. adj. _versat'ilis_, turning with +ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), _the summit_; vertical; vertebra (pl. +ver'tebrae); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. _vor'tex_, a +whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. _divorce), a separation_. + + +214. VE'RUS, _true_; Ve'rax, vera'cis, _veracious_. + +VER: ver'dict (Lat. n. _dic'tum_, a saying), _the decision of a jury_; +ver'ify, _to prove to be true; _verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. _ver'itas_, +truth); ver'itable; verisim'ilar, _truth-like_; verisimil'itude; aver', _to +declare truer_; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y. + +VERAC: v'era'cious; verac'ity. + + +215. VI'A, _a way_. + +VIA: vi'aduct (Lat. v. _du'cere, duc'tum_, to lead); viat'icum (Lat. n. +_viat'icum_, literally, traveling money), _the sacrament administered to a +dying person_; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; ob'viate, _to meet in the way, to +remove_; ob'vious; per'vious, _affording a passage through_; imper'vious. + +Voy'age (Fr. n. _voyage_); convoy', _to escort_; en'voy (Fr. v. _envoyer_, +to send), _one sent on a special mission_; triv'ial (Lat. n. _triv'ium_, a +cross road), _trifling_; trivial'ity. + + +216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, _to see_. + +VID: ev'ident, _clearly seen; _ev'idence; invid'ious, literally, _looking +against_: hence, _likely to provoke envy_; provide', _to look out for, to +supply_; prov'idence; prov'ident. + +VIS: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, _expedient_; +im'provise, _to compose and recite without premeditation_; provis'ion; +revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or. + +View (Fr. v. _voir_, to see, _vu_, seen); review'; in'terview; vis'age (Fr. +n. _visage_, the countenance); vis'it (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, _part of +a helmet perforated to see through; _vis'ta (It. n. _vista_, sight), _a +prospect as seen through an avenue of trees _; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. +_envie_ = Lat. _invid'ia_, from _invide're_, to see against); in'voice (It. +n. _avviso_, notice), _a priced list of goods_; peruse' (Lat. v. +_pervide're, pervi'sum_, to look through); provi'so, _a stipulation_; +pru'dent (Lat. adj. _pru'dens _from _prov'idens_); pru'dence; purvey', _to +look out for in the way of buying provisions_; purvey'or; survey' (-or). + + +217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, _to conquer_. + +VINC: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', _to show clearly_ + +VICT: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', _to prove guilty of crime_; +evict', _to dispossess_; evic'tion. + +Vanquish (Fr. v. _vaincre, vaincu_ = Lat. _vin'cere_); prov'ince (Fr. n. +_province_ = Lat. _provin'cia_, literally, a conquered country). + + +218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, _to call_; Vox, vo'cis, _the voice_. + +VOCAT: voca'tion, literally, _calling, occupation_; voc'ative, _the case of +a noun in which the subject is called, or addressed_; ad'vocate _to plead +for_; convoca'tion, _an assembly, a meeting_; equivocate (Lat. adj. +_e'quus_, equal), _to use words of doubtful meaning_; equivoca'tion; +evoca'tion, _act of calling forth_; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; +provo'cative; revoca'tion. + +VOC: vo'cable (Lat. n. _vocab'ulum_, that which is sounded with the voice), +_a word_; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, _to cry with a loud +voice_; ad'vocacy, _a pleading for, a defense_; irrev'ocable. + +Voice (Fr. n. _voix_ = Lat. _vox), sound uttered by the mouth_; vouch, _to +call out, or affirm strongly_; vow'el (Fr. n. _vouelle_, a voice-sound); +advow'son, _right of perpetual calling to a benefice_; convoke', _to call +together_; evoke'; invoke'; revoke'. + + +219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, _to roll_. + +VOLV: circumvolve'; convolve', _to roll together_; devolve'; evolve'; +involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist). + +VOLUT: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, -ize). + +Vol'ume (Lat. n. _volu'men_, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled +up), _a single book_; volute', _a kind of rolled or spiral scroll_; +vol'uble, literally, _rolling easily_: hence, _having great fluency of +speech_; convol'vulus, _a genus of twining plants_; revolt'. + + +220. VUL'GUS, _the common people_. + +VULG: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, _a Latin version of the +Scriptures_. + +Divulge', _to make known something before kept secret_; divulge'ment; +promulgate (-ion). + + + + + +PART III.--THE GREEK ELEMENT. + + +I.--GREEK PREFIXES. + +PREFIX SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION + + +a- = _without_; a-pathy state of being _without_ +an- _not_ an-omalous feeling. + _not_ similar. + +amphi- = _around_; amphi-theater place for seeing all + _both_ amphi-bious _around_. + living in _both_ land and + water. + +ana- = _back_, ana-logy reasoning _back_. + _throughout_ ana-lysis loosening _throughout_. + +anti- = _against_; anti-pathy a feeling _against_. +ant- _opposite_ ant-arctic _opposite_ the Arctic. + +apo- = _away_; apo-stle one sent _out_. +ap- _out_ ap-helion _away_ from the sun. + +cata- = _down_ or cata-ract a rushing _down_. +cat- _against_ cat-arrh a flowing _down_. + +dia- = _through_ or dia-meter measure _through_ the + _across_ dia-logue center. + speaking _across_ (from + one another). + +dis- = _two_, dis-syllable word of _two_ syllables. +di- _double_ di-lemma a _double_ assumption. + +dys- = _ill_ dys-pepsia _ill_ digestion. + +ec- = _out of_ ec-centric _out of_ the center. +ex- ex-odies an _outgoing_. + +Note--EX- is used before a root beginning with a vowel. + +en- = _in_ or en-ergy power _in_ one. +em- _on_ em-phasis stress _on_. + +epi- = _upon_; epi-dermis skin _upon_ skin. +ep- _for_ ep-hemeral lasting _for_ a day. + +Note--EP- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a _h_ aspirate + +eu- = _well_ or eu-phonic sounding _well_. +ev- _good_ ev-angel _good_ news. + +hemi- = _half_ hemi-sphere _half_ a sphere + +hyper- = _over_ or hyper-critical _over_-critical. + _beyond_ hyper-borean _beyond_ the North. + +hypo- = _under_ hypo-thesis a placing _under_ (= Lat. + supposition.) + +meta- = _beyond_; meta-physics science _beyond_ physics. +met- _transference_ met-onymy _transference_ of name. + +para- = _by the_ par-helion mock sun _by the side of_ +par- _side of_ the real. + +peri- = around peri-meter the measure _around_ + anything. + +pro- = before pro-gramme something written + _before_. + +pros- = to pros-elyte one coming _to_ a new + religion. + +syn- _with_ syn-thesis placing _together_. +sy- = or sy-stem part _with_ part. +syl- _together_ syl-lable letters taken _together_. +sym- sym-pathy feeling _together_. + +NOTE.--The form SY- is used before _s_; SYL- before _l_, SYM- before _b, p_ +or _m_. + + +II.--GREEK ALPHABET. + +[Greek: A a] a _Alpha._ +[Greek: B b *] b _Beta._ +[Greek: G g] g _Gamma._ +[Greek: D d] d _Delta._ +[Greek: E e] e as in _met_ _Epsilon._ +[Greek: Z z] z _Zeta._ +[Greek: E e] e as in _me_ _Eta._ +[Greek: Th th *] th _Theta._ +[Greek: I i] i _Iota_ +[Greek: K k] k _Kappa._ +[Greek: L l] l _Lambda._ +[Greek: M m] m _Mu._ +[Greek: N n] n _Nu._ +[Greek: X x] x _Xi._ +[Greek: O o] o as in _not_ _Omicron._ +[Greek: P p *] p _Pi_ +[Greek: R r] r _Rho._ +[Greek: S s, s] final s _Sigma._ +[Greek: T t] t _Tau._ +[Greek: U u] u, or y _Upsilon._ +[Greek: Ph ph] ph _Phi._ +[Greek: Ch ch] ch _Chi._ +[Greek: Ps ps] ps _Psi._ +[Greek: O o] o as in _no_ _Omega._ + +Pronunciation of Greek Words. + +_Gamma_ has always the hard sound of _g_, as in _give_. + +_Kappa_ is represented by _c_ in English words, although in Greek it has +but one sound, that of our _k_. + +_Upsilon_ is represented by _y_ in English words; in Greek it has always +the sound of _u_ in mute. + +_Chi_ is represented in English by _ch_ having the sound of _k_; as in +_chronic_. + +In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there +are vowels and diphthongs. + +An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our _h_ +precedes that letter. + + +GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + +DIVISION I.--PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS. + + +1. A'ER, _the air_. + +A'ERATE, _to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid_. + +A-E'RIAL, _belonging to the air_. + +A'ERIFORM, _having the form of air_. + +A'EROLITE (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _a meteoric stone_. + +A'ERONAUT (Gr. n. _nau'tes_, a sailor), _a balloonist_. + +AEROSTA'TION, _aerial navigation_. + +AIR, _the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a person_. + +AIR'Y, _open to the air; gay, sprightly_. + + +2. AG'EIN, _to lead_. + +APAGO'GE, _a leading away; an indirect argument_ + +DEM'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _a misleader of the people_. + +PARAGO'GE (literally, a leading or extension beyond), _the addition of a +letter or syllable to the end of a word_. + +PED'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _pais_, a child), _a schoolmaster; a pedantic person_.. + +SYN'AGOGUE, _a Jewish place of worship_. + + +3. A'GON, a contest. + +AG'ONY, _extreme pain_. + +AG'ONIZE, _to be in agony_. + +ANTAG'ONISM, _direct opposition_. + +ANTAG'ONIST, _or_ ANTAGONIS'TIC, _contending against_. + + +4. ANG'ELLEIN, _to bring tidings_; ANG'ELLOS, _a messenger_. + +AN'GEL, _a spiritual messenger_. + +ANGEL'IC, _relating to an angel_. + +ARCHAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _archi-_, chief), _an angel of the highest order_. + +EVAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _eu_, well), _good tidings; the gospel_. + +EVAN'GELIST, _one of the writers of the four gospels_. + + +5. AR'CHE, _beginning, government, chief_. + +AN'ARCHY, _want of government_. + +AR'CHITECT (Gr. n. _tek'ton_, workman), literally, _a chief builder, one +who devises plans for buildings_. + +AR'CHIVES, _records_. + +HEP'TARCHY (Gr. _hepta_, seven), _a sevenfold government_. + +HI'ERARCHY (Gr. adj. _hi'eros_, sacred), _dominion in sacred things; a +sacred body of rulers_. + +MON'ARCH (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _one who rules alone, a sovereign_. + +MON'ARCHY, _government by one person, a kingdom_. + +OLIGARCHY (Gr. adj. _ol'igos_, few), _government by a few, an aristocracy_. + +PA'TRIARCH (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _the father and ruler of a family_. + +PATRIAR'CHAL, _relating to patriarchs_. + + +6. AS'TRON, _a star_. + +AS'TERISK, _a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes +to mark an omission of words_. + +AS'TEROID (Gr. adj. _ei'dos_, like), _one of the numerous small planets +between Mars and Jupiter_. + +AS'TRAL, _belonging to the stars_. + +ASTROL'OGY, _the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars_. + +ASTRON'OMY (Gr. n. _nom'os_, a law), _the science that treats of the +stars_. + +ASTRON'OMER, _one skilled in astronomy_. + +DISAS'TER, _calamity, misfortune_. + +DISAS'TROUS, _unlucky; calamitous_. + + +7. AU'TOS, _one's self_. + +AUTOBIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life, _graph'ein_, to write), _the life of +a person written by himself_. + +AU'TOCRAT (Gr. n. _krat'os_, power), _an absolute ruler_. + +AUTOCRAT'IC, _like an autocrat_. + +AU'TOGRAPH, _one's own handwriting_. + +AUTOM'ATON (Gr. _mema'otes_, striving after), _a self-acting machine_. + +AUTHEN'TIC, _genuine, true_. + +AUTHENTIC'ITY, _genuineness_. + + +8. BAL'LEIN, _to throw or cast_. + +EM'BLEM, _a representation; a type_. + +EMBLEMAT'ICAL, _containing an emblem_. + +HYPER'BOLE, _a figure of speech which represents things greater or less +than they are_. + +PAR'ABLE, _a story which illustrates some fact or doctrine_. + +PARAB'OLA, _one of the conic sections_. + +PROB'LEM, _a question proposed for solution_. + +SYM'BOL, _a sign; a representation_. + +SYMBOLICAL, _representing by signs_. + + +9. BAP'TEIN, _to wash, to dip_. + +BAP'TISM, _a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which the individual +is sprinkled with or immersed in water_. + +BAPTIZE', _to sprinkle with or immerse in water_. + +BAPTISMAL, _pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows_. + +BAP'TIST, _one who approves only of baptism by immersion_. + +ANABAP'TIST, _one who believes that only adults should be baptized_. + +CATABAP'TIST, _one opposed to baptism_. + +PEDOBAP'TISM (Gr. _pais_, _paidos_, a child), _infant baptism_. + + +10. CHRON'OS, time. + +CHRON'IC, _lasting a long time_; _periodical_. + +CHRON'ICLE, _a record of events in the order of time_; _a history recording +facts in order of time_. + +CHRONOL'OGY, _the science of computing the dates of past events_. + +CHRONOM'ETER (Gr. n. _me'tron_, a measure), _an instrument for measuring +time_. + +ANACH'RONISM, _an error in computing time_. + +SYN'CHRONAL, SYN'CHRONOUS, _existing at the same time_. + + +11. GRAM'MA, _a letter_ + +GRAM'MAR, _the science of language_. + +GRAMMA'RIAN, _one skilled in or who teaches grammar_. + +GRAMMAT'ICAL, _according to the rules of grammar_. + +AN'AGRAM, _the change of one word into another by transposing the letters_. + +DI'AGRAM, _a writing or drawing made for illustration_. + +EP'IGRAM, _a short poem ending with a witty thought_. + +MON'OGRAM (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _a character composed of several +letters interwoven_. + +PRO'GRAMME, _order of any entertainment_. + +TEL'EGRAM (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _a message sent by telegraph_. + + +12. GRAPH'EIN, _to write_. + +GRAPH'IC, _well delineated; giving vivid description_. + +AU'TOGRAPH. See _au'tos_. + +BIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life), _the history of a life_. + +CALIG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _beautiful writing_. + +GEOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a description of the earth_. + +HISTORIOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _histo'ria_, history), _one appointed to write +history_. + +HOL'OGRAPH (Gr. adj. _hol'os_, whole), _a deed or will wholly written by +the grantor or testator_. + +LEXICOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _lex'icon_, a dictionary), _the compiler of a +dictionary_. + +LITH'OGRAPH (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _an impression of a drawing made +on stone_. + +LITHOG'RAPHY, _the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone_. + +ORTHOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _or'thos_, correct), _the correct spelling of +words_. + +PHO'NOGRAPH (Gr. n. _pho'ne_, sound), _an instrument for the mechanical +registration and reproduction of audible sounds_. + +PHONOG'RAPHY, _a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using +the phonograph_. + +PHOTOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _phos, phot'os_, light), _the art of producing +pictures by light_. + +STENOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _sten'os_, narrow), _the art of writing in +short-hand_. + +TEL'EGRAPH (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _an apparatus for conveying +intelligence to a distance by means of electricity_. + +TOPOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _top'os_, a place), _the description of a particular +place_. + +TYPOGRAPHY (Gr. n. _tu'pos_, a type), _the art or operation of printing_. + + +13. HOD'OS, _a way_. + +EP'ISODE, _an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative_. + +EX'ODUS, _departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament_. + +METH'OD, _order, system, way, manner_. + +METH'ODIST, _the followers of John Wesley_. (The name has reference to the +strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians). + +PE'RIOD (Gr. n. _period'os_, a passage round), _the time in which anything +is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark_. + +SYN'OD, _a meeting of ecclesiastics_. + + +14. HU'DOR, _water_. + +HY'DRA, _a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules_. + +HYDRAN'GEA, _a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water_. + +HY'DRANT, _a water-plug_. + +HYDRAU'LIC (Gr. n. _au'los_, a pipe), _relating to the motion of water +through pipes; worked by water_. + +HYDRAU'LICS, _the science which treats of fluids in motion_. + +HYDROCEPH'ALUS (Gr. n. _keph'ale_, the head), _dropsy of the head_. + +HY'DROGEN (Gr. v. _gen'ein_, to beget), _a gas which with oxygen produces +water_. + +HYDROG'RAPHY, _the art of maritime surveying and mapping_. + +HYDROP'ATHY (Gr. n. _path'os_, feeling), _the water-cure_. + +HYDROPHO'BIA (Gr. n. _phob'os_, fear), literally, _dread of water; canine +madness_. + +HY'DROPSY, _a collection of water in the body_. ("Dropsy" is a contraction +of _hydropsy_). + +HYDROSTAT'ICS, _the science which treats of fluids at rest_. + + +15. KRAT'OS, _rule, government, strength_. + +ARISTOC'RACY (Gr. adj. _aris'tos_, best), _government by nobles_. + +ARIS'TOCRAT, _one who favors aristocracy_. + +AU'TOCRAT. See _au'tos_. + +DEMOC'RACY (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _government by the people_. + +DEM'OCRAT, _one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of +the democratic party_. + +THEOC'RACY, _government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient +Jewish state_. + + +16. LOG'OS, _speech, ratio, description, science_. + +LOG'IC, _the science and art of reasoning_. + +LOGI'CIAN, _one skilled in logic_. + +LOG'ARITHMS (Gr. n. _arith'mos_, number), _a class of numbers that abridge +arithmetical calculations_. + +ANAL'OGY, _a resemblance of ratios_. + +AP'OLOGUE, _a moral fable_. + +APOL'OGY, _a defense, an excuse_. + +CAT'ALOGUE, _a list of names in order_. + +CHRONOL'OGY. (See _chronos_.) + +CONCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _kon'chos_, a shell), _the science of shells_. + +DEC'ALOGUE (Gr. _dek'a_, ten), _the ten commandments_. + +DOXOL'OGY (Gr. n. _doxa_, glory), _a hymn expressing glory to God_. + +EC'LOGUE, _a pastoral poem_. + +ENTOMOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ento'ma_, insects, and v. _tem'nein_, to cut), _the +natural history of insects_. + +EP'ILOGUE, _a short poem or speech at the end of a play_. + +ETYMOL'OGY (Gr. _et'umon_, true source), _a part of grammar; the science of +the derivation of words_. + +EU'LOGY, _praise, commendation_. + +GENEAL'OGY (Gr. n. _gen'os_, birth), _history of the descent of families_. + +GEOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _the science which treats of the +internal structure of the earth_. + +MINERAL'OGY, _the science of minerals_. + +MYTHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _mu'thos_, a fable), _a system or science of fables_. + +ORNITHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _or'nis, or'nithos_, a bird), _the natural history of +birds_. + +PATHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _path'os_, suffering), _that part of medicine which +treats of the causes and nature of diseases_. + +PHILOL'OGY (Gr. _phil'os_, loving, fond of), _the science which treats of +languages_. + +PHRENOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phren_, the mind), _the art of reading the mind from +the form of the skull_. + +PHYSIOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phu'sis_, nature), _the science which treats of the +organism of plants and animals_. + +PRO'LOGUE, _verses recited as introductory to a play_. + +PSYCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _psu'che_, the soul), _mental philosophy; doctrine of +man's spiritual nature_. + +SYL'LOGISM, _a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions_. + +TAUTOL'OGY (Gr. _tau'to_, the same), _a repetition of the same idea in +different words_. + +TECHNOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tech'ne_, art), _a description of the arts_. + +THEOL'OGY. See _theos_. + +TOXICOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tox'icon_, poison) _the science which treats of +poisons and their effects_. + +ZOOL'OGY (Gr. n. _zo'on_, an animal), _that part of natural history which +treats of animals_. + + +17. MET'RON _a measure_. + +ME'TER, _arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length_. + +MET'RIC, _denoting measurement_. + +MET'RICAL, _pertaining to meter_. + +ANEMOM'ETER (Gr. n. _an'emos_, the wind), _an instrument measuring the +force and velocity of the wind_. + +BAROM'ETER (Gr. n. _ba'ros_, weight), _an instrument that indicates changes +in the weather_. + +DIAM'ETER, _measure through anything_. + +GEOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a branch of mathematics_. + +HEXAM'ETER (Gr. _hex_, six), _a line of six poetic feet_. + +HYDROM'ETER (Gr. n. _hu'dor_, water), _an instrument for determining the +specific gravities of liquids_. + +HYGROM'ETER (Gr. adj. _hu'gros_, wet), _an instrument for measuring the +degree of moisture of the atmosphere_. + +PENTAM'ETER (Gr. _pen'te_, five), _a line of five poetic feet_. + +PERIM'ETER, _the external boundary of a body or figure_. + +SYM'METRY, _the proportion or harmony of parts_. + +THERMOM'ETER (Gr. adj. _ther'mos_, warm), _an instrument for measuring the +heat of bodies_. + +TRIGONOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _trigo'non_, a triangle), _a branch of mathematics_. + + +18. MON'OS, _sole, alone_. + +MON'ACHISM, _the condition of monks; a monastic life_. + +MON'AD, _something ultimate and indivisible_. + +MON'ASTERY, _a house of religious retirement_. + +MONK (Gr. n. _mon'achos_), _a religious recluse_. + +MONOG'AMY (Gr. n. _gam'os_, MARRIAGE), _the marriage of one wife only_. + +MON'OLOGUE (Gr. n. _log'os_), _a speech uttered by a person alone_. + +MONOMA'NIA (Gr. n. _ma'nia_, madness), _madness confined to one subject_. + +MONOP'OLY (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), _the sole power of selling anything_. + +MONOSYL'LABLE, _a word of one syllable_. + +MON'OTHEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the belief in the existence of only +one God_. + +MON'OTONE, _uniformity of tone_. + +MONOT'ONY, _sameness of sound; want of variety_. + + +19. O'DE, _a song_. + +ODE, _a lyric poem_. + +MEL'ODY (Gr. n. _mel'os_, a song), _an agreeable succession of musical +sounds_. + +PAR'ODY, _the alteration of the works of an author to another subject_. + +PROS'ODY, _the study of versification_. + +PSAL'MODY, _the practice of singing psalms_. + +TRAG'EDY (Gr. n. _trag'os_, a goat[9]), _a dramatic representation of a sad +or calamitous event_. + +EXERCISE. + +The _periods_ of _astronomy_ go far beyond any _chronology_. The +_phonograph_ and the _telegraph_ are both American inventions. By the aid +of a _diagram_ the _problem_ was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the _Autocrat_ +of the Breakfast Table, has written many _parodies_. In the struggle +between _monarchy_ and _democracy_ Mexico has often been in a state of +_anarchy_. His _antagonist_ suffered great _agony_ from the _disaster_ that +occurred. The _eulogy_ pronounced on the great _zooelogist_ Agassiz was well +deserved. What is the _etymological_ distinction between _geography_ and +_geology_? The _aeronaut_ took with him a _barometer_, a _thermometer_, and +a _chronometer_. I owe you an _apology_ for not better knowing your +_genealogy. Typography_ has been well called "the art preservative of all +the arts." Who is called the great American _lexicographer? Tautology_ is +to be avoided by all who make any pretence to _grammar_. One may be a +_democrat_ without being a _demagogue_. You cannot be an _architect_ +without knowing _geometry. Zoology_ shows that there is great _symmetry_ in +the structure of animals. The pretensions of _astrology_ are now dissipated +into thin _air_. Many persons skilled in _physiology_ do not believe in +hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in _hexameter_, and +Milton's "Paradise Lost" in _pentameter_. + + +20. ON'OMA, _a name_. + +ANON'YMOUS, _without a name_. + +METON'YMY, _a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another_. + +ON'OMATOPOE'IA, _the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense_. + +PARON'YMOUS, _of like derivation_. + +PATRONYM'IC (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _a name derived from a parent or +ancestor_. + +PSEU'DONYM (Gr. adj. _pseu'des_, false), _a fictitious name_. + +SYN'ONYM, _a word having the same meaning as another in the same language_. + + +21. PAN, PANTOS, _all; whole_. + +PANACE'A (Gr. v. _ak'eomai_, I cure), _a universal cure_. + +PAN'CREAS (Gr. n. _kre'as_, flesh), _a fleshy gland situated at the bottom +of the stomach_. + +PAN'DECT, _a treatise which combines the whole of any science_. + +PANEGYR'IC (Gr. n. _ag'ora_, an assembly), _an oration in praise of some +person or event_. + +PAN'OPLY (Gr. n. _hop'la_, armor), _a complete suit of armor_. + +PANORA'MA (Gr. n. _hor'ama_, a sight or view), _a large picture gradually +unrolled before an assembly_. + +PAN'THEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the doctrine that nature is God_. + +PAN'THEON, _a temple dedicated to all the gods_. + +PAN'TOMIME, _a scene or representation in dumb show_. + + +22. PA'THOS, _suffering, feeling_. + +PATHET'IC, _affecting the emotions_. + +PATHOL'OGY, _the science of diseases_. + +ALLOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_. + +ANTIP'ATHY, _dislike, aversion_. + +AP'ATHY, _want of feeling_. + +HOMEOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_. + +HYDROP'ATHY. See _hudor_. + +SYM'PATHY, _fellow-feeling_. + + +23. PHIL'OS, _a friend, a lover_. + +PHILADEL'PHIA (Gr. n. _adel'phos_, a brother), literally, _the city of +brotherly love_. + +PHILANTHROPY (Gr. n. _anthro'pos_, a man), _love of mankind_. + +PHILHARMON'IC (Gr. n. _harmo'nia_, harmony), _loving harmony or music_. + +PHILOS'OPHY (Gr. n. _sophi'a_, wisdom), _the general laws or principles +belonging to any department of knowledge_. + +PHILOS'OPHER, _one versed in philosophy or science_. + +PHILOSOPH'IC, PHILOSOPH'ICAL, _relating to philosophy_. + + +24. PHA'NEIN, _to cause to appear_; PHANTA'SIA, _an image, an idea_. + +DIAPH'ANOUS, _translucent_. + +EPIPH'ANY, _the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by +the star of Bethlehem_. + +FAN'CY, _a pleasing image; a conceit or whim_. + +FAN'CIFUL, _full of fancy; abounding in wild images_. + +FANTA'SIA, _a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary +musical rules_. + +PHAN'TOM, _a specter, an apparation_. + +PHASE, _an appearance_. + +PHENOM'ENON, _anything presented to the senses by experiment or +observation; an unusual appearance_. + +SYC'OPHANT (Gr. n. _sukon_, a fig, and, literally, an informer against +stealers of figs), _a mean flatterer_. + + +25. PHO'NE, _a sound_. + +PHONET'IC, PHON'IC _according to sound_. + +EU'PHONY, _an agreeable sound of words_. + +SYM'PHONY, _harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full +band of instruments_. + + +26. PHOS, PHOTOS, _light_. + +PHOS'PHORUS (Gr. v. _pherein_, to bear), _a substance resembling wax, +highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark_. + +PHOS'PHATE, _a salt of phosphoric acid_. + +PHOSPHORES'CENT, _luminous in the dark_. + +PHOSPHOR'IC, _relating to or obtained from phosphorus_. + +PHOTOG'RAPHY. See _graphein_. + + +27. PHU'SIS, _nature_. + +PHYS'IC, _medicines_. + +PHYS'ICAL, _natural; material; relating to the body_. + +PHYSI'CIAN, _one skilled in the art of healing_. + +PHYS'ICIST, _a student of nature_. + +PHYS'ICS, _natural philosophy_. + +PHYSIOG'NOMY (Gr. n. _gno'mon_, a judge), _the art of discerning the +character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of +features or countenance_. + +PHYSIOL'OGY. See _logos_. + +METAPHYS'ICS, literally, _after or beyond physics_; hence, _the science of +mind_. + +METAPHYSI'CIAN, _one versed in metaphysics_. + + +28. POL'IS, _a city_. + +POLICE', _the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a +city_. + +POL'ICY, _the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public +affairs; prudence_. + +POL'ITIC, _wise, expedient_. + +POLIT'ICAL, _relating to politics_. + +POLITI'CIAN, _one devoted to politics_. + +POL'ITICS, _the art or science of government; struggle of parties_. + +POL'ITY, _the constitution of civil government_. + +ACROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _ak'ros_, high), _a citadel_. + +COSMOP'OLITE (Gr. n. _kos'mos_, the world), _a citizen of the world_. + +METROP'OLIS (Gr. n. _me'ter_, a mother), _the chief city of a country_. + +NECROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _nek'ros_, dead), _a burial-place; a city of the +dead_. + + +29. RHE'O, _I flow, I speak_. + +RHET'ORIC, _the art of composition; the science of oratory_. + +RHETORI'CIAN, _one skilled in rhetoric_. + +RHEU'MATISM, _a disease of the limbs_ (so called because the ancients +supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors). + +RES'IN, _a gum which flows from certain trees_. + +CATARRH', _a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head_. + +DIARRHOE'A, _purging_. + +HEM'ORRHAGE (Gr. n. _haima_, blood), _a flowing of blood_. + + +30. SKOP'EIN, _to see, to watch_. + +SCOPE, _space, aim, intention_. + +BISH'OP (Gr. n. _epis'kopos_, overseer), _a clergyman who has charge of a +diocese_. + +EPIS'COPACY, _church government by bishops_. + +EPIS'COPAL, _relating to episcopacy_. + +KALEI'DOSCOPE (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _an optical instrument in +which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of +position_. + +MI'CROSCOPE (Gr. adj. _mik'ros_, small), _an instrument for examining small +objects_. + +MICROS'COPIST, _one skilled in the use of the microscope_. + +STETH'OSCOPE (Gr. n. _steth'os_, the breast), _an instrument for examining +the state of the chest by sound_. + +TEL'ESCOPE (Gr. _te'le_, afar off), _an instrument for viewing objects far +off_. + + +31. TAK'TOS, _arranged_; TAX'IS, _arrangement_. + +TAC'TICS, _the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces_; +_the science or art which relates to these_. + +TACTI'CIAN, _one skilled in tactics_. + +SYN'TAX, _the arrangement of words into sentences_. + +SYNTAC'TICAL, _relating to syntax_. + +TAX'IDERMY (Gr. n. _der'ma_, skin), _the art of preparing and arranging the +skins of animals in their natural appearance_. + +TAX'IDERMIST, _one skilled in taxidermy_. + + +32. TECH'NE, _art_. + +TECH'NICAL, _relating to an art or profession_. + +TECHNICAL'ITY, _a technical expression_; _that which is technical_. + +TECHNOL'OGY, _a treatise on or description of the arts_. + +TECHNOL'OGIST, _one skilled in technology_. + +POLYTECH'NIC (Gr. adj. _pol'us_, many), _comprising many arts_. + +PYR'OTECHNY (Gr. n. _pur_, fire), _the art of making fireworks_. + + +33. THE'OS, _God_. + +THE'ISM, _belief in the existence of a God_. + +THEO'CRACY. (See _kratos_.) + +THEO'LOGY. (See _logos_.) + +APOTHEO'SIS, _glorification, deification_. + +A'THEISM, _disbelief in the existence of God_. + +A'THEIST, _one who does not believe in the existence of God_. + +ENTHU'SIASM, _heat of imagination_; _ardent zeal_. + +PAN'THEISM. (See _pan_.) + +POL'YTHEISM (Gr. adj. _polus_, many), _the doctrine of a plurality of +Gods_. + + +34. TITH'ENI, _to place, to set_. + +THEME, _a subject set forth for discussion_. + +THE'SIS, _a proposition set forth for discussion_. + +ANATH'EMA, _an ecclesiastical curse_. + +ANTITHESIS, _opposition or contrast in words or deeds_. + +HYPOTH'ESIS, _a supposition_. + +PAREN'THESIS, _something inserted in a sentence which is complete without +it_. + +SYN'THESIS, _a putting together, as opposed to analysis_. + + +35. TON'OS, _tension, tone_. + +TONE, _tension, vigor, sound_. + +TON'IC, adj. _increasing tension or vigor_; n. _a medicine which increases +strength_. + +TUNE, _a series of musical notes on a particular key_. + +ATTUNE', _to make musical_; _to make one sound agree with another_. + +BAR'YTONE (Gr. adj. _ba'rus_, heavy), _a male voice_. + +DIATON'IC, _proceeding by tones and semitones_. + +IN'TONATE, _to sound; to modulate the voice_. + +INTONE', _to give forth a slow, protracted sound_. + +SEM'ITONE, _half a tone_. + + +REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES. + +1. Derivation of "antithesis"?--Compose an example of an antithesis.--Point +out the antithesis in the following:-- + + "The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself." + "A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits." + "Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull, + Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full." + +2. Derivation of "hypothesis."--Give an adjective formed from this +noun.--What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? _Ans. +Supposition_.--Show this. _Ans._ Supposition is composed of sub = hypo +(under), and position (from _ponere_, to place) = thesis, a placing--What +adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? _Ans. +Supposititious._ + +3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?--Compose a parenthetical sentence. + +4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?--Give the distinction _Ans. +Analysis_ is taking apart, _synthesis_ is putting together--What adjective +is derived from the noun "synthesis"? + +5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? _Ans. Demagogic_ or +_demagogical_--Define it--Compose a sentence containing the word +"demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of +a _demagogue_." + +6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? _Ans. Pedagogic_--What would +the "_pedagogic_ art" mean?--Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a +complimentary sense?--Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense. + +7. Derivation of "anarchy"?--Compose a sentence containing this word. +MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by +_anarchy_." + +8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? _Ans. Monarchical_--Define +it.--Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical +government?--What is the ruler of a monarchy called? + +9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the +Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under +the rule of an _oligarchy_." + +10. From what root is "democracy" derived?--What adjective is formed from +"democracy"?--Is Russia at present a _democracy_?--Can you mention any +ancient governments that for a time were democracies? + +11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?--What noun will denote one +who believes in aristocracy? _Ans. Aristocrat_--What does "aristocrat" +ordinarily mean? _Ans._ A proud or haughty person who holds himself above +the common people. + +12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"? + +13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence. + +14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? _Ans. Diametrical_--What +adverb is formed from "diametrical"?--What is meant by the expression +"_diametrically_ opposed"? + +15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? _Ans. Astrology_--Give +the derivative of this word.--What word denotes one who is skilled in +astronomy?--Form an adjective from "astronomy."--Compose a sentence +containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of +_astronomy_ are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton." + +16. From what root is "telescope" derived?--Combine and define telescop + +ic.--Compose a sentence using the word "telescope." + +17. From what root is "microscope" derived?--Combine and define microscop + +ic.--What single word denotes microscopic animals? _Ans. +Animalculae_.--Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL: +"As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the _microscope_ +reveals the infinitely little." + +18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we +sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in +the lines: + + 'The reason why I cannot tell, + I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'" + +19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"? + +20. Derivation of "sympathy"?--Give a synonym of this Greek derivative. +_Ans. Compassion_.--Show why they are literal synonyms. _Ans._ Sym = con or +com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.--Give an English +derivative expressing the same thing. _Ans. Fellow-feeling._ + +21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?--Form an adjective from +"autocrat."--Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?--Could the +Queen of England be called an _autocrat_?--Why not? + +22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are +only two or three _autographs_ of Shakespeare in existence." + +23. Derivation of "automaton"?--Illustrate the signification of the word by +a sentence. + +24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir +to"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea." + +25. Derivation of "panoply"?--In the following sentence is "panoply" used +in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian +_panoply_, to put on the whole armor of God." + +26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?--What word is used to +denote one who believes in pantheism? + +27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many +gods?--Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would +designate a temple dedicated to _all_ the gods? + +28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."--Compose a sentence +using the word "panorama." + +29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?--Illustrate its meaning by a +sentence.--Form an adjective from "eulogy." + +30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?--Give an example of a pseudonym. + +DIVISION II.--ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR +DERIVATIVES. + +ACH'OS, _pain_--ache, headache. +AINIG'MA, _a riddle_--enigma. +AK'ME, _a point_--acme. +AKOU'EIN, _to hear_--acoustics. +AK'ROS, _high_--_acropolis (polis)._ +ALLEL'ON, _each other_--parallel, parallelogram. +AN'ER, _a man_--Andrew, Alexander. +AN'THOS, _a flower_--anther, anthology, polyanthus. +ANTHRO'POS, _a man_--anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, + philanthropist, philanthropy. +ARK'TOS, _a bear_--arctic, antarctic. +AR'GOS, _idle_--lethargy, lethargic. +ARIS'TOS, _best_--aristocrat _(kratos)_, aristocracy, aristocratic. +ARITH'MOS, _number_--arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic. +ARO'MA, _spice, odor_--aromatic. +ARTE'RIA, _a bloodvessel_--artery, arterial. +ASK'EIN, _to discipline_--ascetic, asceticism. +ASPHAL'TOS, _pitch_--asphalt. +ATH'LOS, _a contest_--athlete, athletic. +AT'MOS, _vapor, smoke_--atmosphere, atmospheric. +AU'LOS, _a pipe_--hydraulic. + +BAL'SAMON, _balsam_--balm, embalm. +BA'ROS, _weight_--barometer, barytes. +BA'SIS, _the bottom_--base, baseless, basement, basis. +BIB'LION, _a book_--bible, biblical. +BI'OS, _life_--biography, biology. +BO'TANE, _a plant_--botanic, botanical, botanist, botany. +BRON'CHOS, _the throat_--bronchial, bronchitis. +BUS'SOS, _bottom_--abyss. + +CHA'LUPS, _steel_--chalybeate. +CHARAS'SEIN, _to stamp_--character, characterize, characteristic. +CHA'RIS, _grace_--eucharist. +CHEIR, _the hand_--surgeon (short for _chirurgeon_), surgical. +CHLO'ROS, _green_--chloride, chlorine +CHOL'E, _bile_--choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy. +CHOR'DE, _a string_--chord, cord, cordage. +CHRIS'TOS, _anointed_--chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, + antichrist. +CHRO'MA, _color_--chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic. +CHRU'SOS, _gold_--chrysalis, chrysolite. +CHU'LOS, _the milky juice formed by digestion_--chyle, chylifaction. +CHU'MOS, _juice_--chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist. + +DAI'MON, _a spirit_--demon, demoniac, demonology. +DE'MOS, _the people_--demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic. +DEN'DRON, _a tree_--dendrology, rhododendron. +DER'MA, _the skin_--epidermis. +DES'POTES, _a ruler_--despot, despotic, despotism. +DIAI'TA, _manner of life_--diet, dietary, dietetic. +DIDO'NI, _to give_--dose, antidote, anecdote. +DOG'MA, _an opinion_--dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism. +DOX'A, _an opinion, glory_--doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox. +DRAM'A, _a stage-play_--drama, dramatic, dramatist. +DROM'OS, _a course_--dromedary, hippodrome. +DRUS, _an oak_--dryad. +DUNA'THAI, _to be able_--dynamics, dynamical, dynasty. +DUS, _ill, wrong_--dysentery (_entera_, the bowels), dyspepsia (_peptein_, + to digest). + +EKKLE'SIA, _the church_--ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical. +E'CHEIN, _to sound_--echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen. +EKLEI'PEIN, _to fail_--eclipse, ecliptic. +ELEK'TRON, _amber_--electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype. +EM'EIN, _to vomit_--emetic. +EP'OS, _a word_--epic, orthoepy. +ER'EMOS, _desert, solitary_--hermit, hermitage. +ER'GON, _a work_--energy, energetic, surgeon (_cheir_, the hand). +ETH'NOS, _a nation_--ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology. +ETH'OS, _custom, manner_--ethics, ethical. +EU, _good, well_--eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical. + +GAM'OS, _marriage_--bigamy, polygamy, misogamist. +GAS'TER, _the stomach_--gastric, gastronomy. +GE, _the earth_--geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, + perigee. +GEN'NAEIN, _to produce_--genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, + hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen. +GIGNOS'KEIN, _to know_--diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate. +GLOS'SA, GLOT'TA, _the tongue_--glossary, glottis, polyglot. +GLU'PHEIN, _to carve_--hieroglyphics. +GNO'MON, _an indicator_--gnomon, physiognomy (_phusis_). +GO'NIA, _a corner_--diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry. +GUM'NOS, _naked_--gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics. + +HAI'REIN, _to take or choose_--heresy, heretic, heretical. +HARMO'NIA, _a fitting together_--harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium. +HEK'ATON, _a hundred_--hecatomb. +HE'LIOS, _the sun_--heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion. +HE'MERA, _a day_--ephemeral. +HEP'TA, _seven_--heptagon, heptarchy. +HE'ROS, _a hero_--hero, heroic, heroine, heroism. +HET'EROS, _another, unlike_--heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous. +HEX, _six_--hexagon, hexangular. +HI'EROS, _sacred_--hierarchy, hieroglyphics (_glyphein_, to carve). +HIP'POS, _a horse_--hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic. +HOL'OS, _all_--holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity. +HOM'OS, _like, the same_--homogeneous (_gennaein_, to produce). +HOR'OS, _a boundary_--horizon, aphorism. +HU'MEN, _the god of marriage_--hymeneal. +HUM'NOS, _a song of praise_--hymn, hymnal, hynmology. + +ICH'THUS, _a fish_--ichthyology. +ID'EA, _a form or pattern_--idea, ideal. +ID'IOS, _peculiar_--idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic. +IS'OS, _equal_--isothermal. + +KAI'EIN, _to burn_--caustic, cauterize, holocaust (_holos_, whole). +KA'KOS, _bad_--cacophony. +KA'LOS, _beautiful_--caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (_skopein_). +KAL'UPTEIN, _to conceal_--apocalypse. +KAN'ON, _a rule_--canon, canonical, canonize. +KAR'DIA, _the heart_--cardiac, pericardium. +KEN'OS, _empty_--cenotaph. +KEPH'ALE, _the head_--acephalous, hydrocephalus (_hydor_). +KER'AS, _a horn_--rhinoceros. +KLE'ROS, _a portion_--clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship. +KLI'MAX, _a ladder_--climax. +KLI'NEIN, _to bend_--clinical, recline. +KO'MOS, _a merry feast_--comedy, (_ode_), comedian, comic, encomium. +KO'NEIN, _to serve_--deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate. +KO'NOS, Lat. CONUS, _a cone_--cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform. +KOP'TEIN, _to cut_--coppice, copse, syncope. +KOS'MOS, _the world_--cosmography, cosmopolitan. +KRI'TES, _a judge_--crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, + hypocrite. +KRUP'TEIN, _to conceal_--crypt, apocrypha. +KRUSTAL'LOS, _ice_--crystal, crystallize. +KUK'LOS, _a circle_--cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia. +KULIN'DROS, _a roller_--cylinder. + +LAM'BANEIN, _to take_--syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable. +LAM'PEIN, _to shine_--lamp. +LA'OS, _the people_--layman, laity. +LATREI'A, _worship_--idolatry, heliolatry. +LITH'OS, _a stone_--litharge, lithograph, aerolite. +LU'EIN, _to loosen_--analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy. + +MAN'IA, _madness_--mania, maniac. +MAR'TUR, _a witness_--martyr, martyrdom, martyrology. +MEL'AS, _black_--melancholy, Melanesia. +ME'TER, _a mother_--metropolis. +MIK'ROS, _small_--microcosm, microscope, microscopic. +MI'MOS, _an imitator_--mimic, mimicry, pantomime. +MOR'PHE, _shape_--amorphous, metamorphosis. +MU'RIAS, _ten thousand_--myriad. +MU'THOS, _a fable_--myth, mythology. + +NAR'KE, _torpor_--narcissus, narcotic. +NAUS, _a ship_--nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aeronaut. +NEK'ROS, _dead_--necropolis. +NE'SOS, _an island_--Polynesia. +NOM'OS, _a law_--astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (_oikos_, a house), + economic. + +OL'IGOS, _few_--oligarchy (_arche_). +OR'PHANOS, _deserted_--orphan, orphanage. +OR'THOS, _right, straight_--orthodox, orthoepy, orthography. + +PAIDEI'A, _instruction_--cyclopaedia. +PAIS, _a child_--pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist. +PAP'AS, Lat. PAPA, _a father_--papacy, pope, popedom, popery. +PARADEI'SOS, _a pleasant garden_--paradise. +PAT'EIN, _to walk_--peripatetic. +PEN'TE, _five_--pentagon, pentecost. +PET'RA, _a rock_--Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter. +PHOB'OS, _fear_--hydrophobia (_hudor_, water). +PHRA'SIS, _speech_--phrase, phraseology, paraphrase. +PHREN, _the mind_--phrenology, frantic, frenzy. +PHU'TON, _a plant_--zoophyte. +PLA'NAEIN, _to wander_--planet, planetary. +PLAS'SEIN, _to mould_--plaster, plastic. +PLEU'RA, _the side_--pleurisy. +PNEU'MA, _breath_, _spirit_--pneumatic. +PO'LEIN, _to sell_--bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize. +POL'US, _many_--polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic. +POR'OS, _a passage_--pore, porosity, porous, emporium. +POT'AMOS, _a river_--hippopotamus. +POUS, _the foot_--antipodes, polypus, tripod. +PRAS'SEIN, _to do_--practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable. +PRESBU'TEROS, _elder_--presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism. +PRO'TOS, _first_--protomartyr. +PSAL'LEIN, _to touch_, _to sing_--psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter. +PUR, _fire_--pyramid, pyrotechny. + +RHIN, _the nose_--rhinoceros. +RHOD'ON, _a rose _--rhododendron. + +SARX, _flesh_--sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus. +SCHED'E, _a sheet_--schedule. +SCHE'MA, _a plan_--scheme. +SCHIS'MA, _a division_--schism, schismatic. +SIT'OS, _corn_--parasite, parasitical. +SKAN'DALON, _disgrace_--scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, + slanderous. +SKEPTES'THAI, _to consider_--sceptic, sceptical, scepticism. +SKEP'TRON, _an emblem of office_--scepter. +SOPH'IA, _wisdom_--sophist, sophistry, philosopher (_philos_), philosophy. +SPHAI'RA, _a globe_--sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere. +STAL'AEIN, _to drop_--stalactite, stalagmite. +STEL'LEIN, _to send_--apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary. +STEN'OS, _narrow_--stenography. +STHEN'OS, _strength_--calisthenics. +STIG'MA, _a mark_--stigma, stigmatize. +STRAT'OS, _an army_--stratagem, strategy, strategist. +STROPH'E, _a turning_--apostrophe, catastrophe. + +TA'PHOS, _a tomb_--epitaph, cenotaph. +TAU'TO, _the same_--tautology. +TEK'TON, _a builder_--architect. +TE'LE, _far off_--telegraph, telescope. +TEM'NEIN, _to cut_--atom, anatomy, anatomist. +TET'RA, _four_--tetragon, tetrarch. +THER'ME, _heat_--thermal. +THRON'OS, _a throne_--throne, enthrone. +TOP'OS, _a place_--topography. +TREP'EIN, _to turn_--trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope. +TU'POS, _a stamp_--type, typography, prototype. +TURAN'NOS, _a ruler_--tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny. + +ZEIN, _to boil_--zeal, zealous. +ZEPHU'ROS, _the west wind_--zephyr. +ZO'ON, _an animal_--zodiac, zoology, zoological, zooephyte. + + + + +PART IV.--THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. + + +I.--ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES. + +A--(corrupted from A.-S. _on_) signifies _in_, _on_, _at_: as abed, aboard, +aside, aback; and gives the adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, +aboard. + +BE--gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is sometimes +intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, as in +bedim. _Be_, as a form of _by_, also denotes proximity, as in beside: as +bystander. + +FOR[10]--means privation, or opposition: as forbear, forbid, forget. + +FORE--_before_: as foretell, forebode. + +MIS--_error_, _wrongness_: as mistake, misstate, misinform. + +N--has a negative signification, as in many languages: thus, never, +neither, none. + +OFF--from offspring. + +OUT--_beyond_: as outdo, outlaw. + +OVER--_above_: as overhang, overflow, overturn. + +TO--in to-day, to-morrow. + +UN--_not_, _the reverse_: as, unskilled, unlearned. + +UNDER--_beneath_: as undermine. + +WITH--_against_ (German _wider_): as withstand. + + +II.--ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES. + +AR, ARD, ER, YER, STER[11]--signifying _agent_ or _doer_; as in beggar, +drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. _Er_ forms verbs of adjectives, as +lower, from low, and also forms the comparatives of adjectives. + +ESS, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French. + +DOM, SHIP, RIC, WIC--from _dom_, judgment; _ship_, shape or condition; +_ric_, _rice_, power; _wic_, a dwelling--signify state, condition, quality, +etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick. + +EL, KIN (= _chen_, German), LET (from French), LING, OCK--have a +_diminutive_ effect, as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, +cockerel. + +EN--adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also converts +adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep. + +FOLD--from _fealdan_, to fold; a numeral termination, like _ple_, from the +Latin _plico_, I fold. + +FUL--full; truthful. + +HOOD, NESS--of uncertain derivation, signify state, etc., as in priesthood, +righteousness. + +ISH--_isc_ (Saxon), _isch_ (German), denotes a quality; like rakish, +knavish, churlish, Danish. _Ish_ is also employed as a +diminutive--blackish. + +LESS--_loss_: as penniless, hopeless. + +LIKE and LY--_like_; _lic_ (A.-S.): as warlike, manly. + +SOME--_sum_ (A.-S.), _sam_ (German), lonesome, handsome. + +TEEN--ten, as in fourteen. + +TY--from _tig_ (A.-S ), ten; _zig_ (German), as in six-_ty_. _Teen_ adds +ten--_ty_ multiplies by ten. + +WARD--_weard_, _waerts_ (German), _versus_ (Latin), against, direction, +towards; downward, eastward. + +WISE--_wisa_, manner; likewise. + +Y--_ig_, an adjective termination; _dreorig_ (A.-S.), dreary. + + +ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + +The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern German or +the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern English. + +The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: _j_, _k_, _q_, _v_, +and _z_. _K_ is commonly represented by _c_; thus, _cyning_ (king) is +pronounced _kining_; _cyrtel_, _kirtle_; _qu_ is represented by _cw_, as +_cwic_, _quick_; _cwen_, _queen_; _cwellan_, to _quell_; _th_ is +represented by two peculiar characters, one of which in its reduced form +resembles _y_, as in _ye olden times_, where _ye_ should be pronounced +_the_, and not _ye_, as is often ignorantly done. + +Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long +vowels are _a_ as _far_, _ae_ as in _fare_, _e_ as in _they_, _i_ as in +_pique_, _o_ as in _bone_, _u_ as in _rule_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). Short +vowels are _a_ as in _fast_, _ae_ as in _man_, _e_ as in _men_, _i_ as in +_pin_, _o_ as in _God_, _u_ as in _full_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). + +In the diphthongs _ea_, _eo_, and _ie_, the first element receives the +stress; the second is pronounced very lightly. + +There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The vowel +of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of +consonants, as in _hlud_, loud, _cniht_, knight, _cnif_, knife, each +consonant has its distinct sound. + +_E_ before _a_ and _o_ has the sound of _y_ as a consonant; _i_ before _e_ +and _u_ has the same sound: thus, _Earl_ = _yarl_; _eow_ = _you_; _iett_ = +_yett_; and _iugoth_ = _yugoth_, youth. + +AC, _an oak_--oak, oaken. +ACSIAN, _to inquire_--ask. +AECER, _a field_--acre, acreage. +AER, _before_--early, ere, erelong, erst. +AFT, _hind-part_--after, abaft. +AGAN, _to have_--owe, own, owner, ought, disown. +ARISAN, _to arise_--raise, rise, rouse. + +BACAN, _to bake_--baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch. +BAEC, _back_--backbite, backslide, backward, aback. +BAELG, _a bag_. +BALD, _bold, brave_--bold, boldness. +BANA, _death_--bane, baneful, henbane. +BANC, _a bank or raised place_--bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, + embankment. +BEACNIAN, _to beckon_--beck, beckon, beacon. +BELLAN, _to roar_--bawl, bellow. +BEORGAN, _to protect_--borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, + harbor, berth. +BEORHT, _bright_--bright. +BERAN, _to bear, to bring forth_--barrow, bear, bier, birth. +BIDAN, _to wait_--abide. +BIDDAN, _to pray_, _to bid_--bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, + unbidden. +BINDAN, _to bind_--band, bond, bondage, bundle. +BLAEC, _pale_--bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness. +BLAWAN, _to blow_--blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, + blow, blush, bluster. +BLETSIAN, _to bless_--bless, blessing. +BRAD, _broad_--broad, breadth, board, aboard. +BRECAN, _to break_--bray (_to pound_), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, + broken. +BREOST, _the breast_--breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast. +BREOWAN, _to brew_--brew, brewer, brewery. +BRUCAN, _to use_--broker, brokerage, brook (_to endure_). +BUAN, _to cultivate_--boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood. +BUGAN, _to bow or bend_--bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow. +BYLDAN, _to design_, _to make_--build, builder, building. +BYRNAN, _to burn_--brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, + auburn, firebrand. + +CAELAN, _to cool_--chill, chilblain. +CEAPIAN, _to buy_--cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman. +CENNAN, _to produce_--kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind. +CEORL, _a churl_--carle, churlish. +CLAENE, _clean_--clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean. +CLATH, _cloth_--clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad. +CLEOFAN, _to cleave_; CLIFIAN, _to adhere_--cleaver, cliff, clover, club. +CNAFA, _a boy_--knave, knavery. +CNAWAN, _to know_--knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown. +CNYLL, _a loud noise_--knell. +CNYTTAN, _to knit_--knitting, knot, knotty, net, network. +CRACIAN, _to crack_; CEARCIAN, _to creak_--crack, crackle, creak, cricket, + croak, screech, shriek. +CUMAN, _to come_--comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome. +CUNNAN, _to know_, _to be powerful_--can, con, cunning, keen. +CWELLAN, _to slay_--kill, quell. + +DAEG, _a day_--dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye. +DAEL, _a part_--deal, dole, ordeal. +DEMAN, _to think_--deem. +DEOR, _a wild animal_--deer. +DEORE, _dusky or black_--dark, darken, darkly, darkness. +DIC, _a dyke_--dig, ditch, ditcher. +DISC, _a plate_--desk, disc, dish. +DOM, _judgment_--doom, doomsday. +DON, _to do_--doer, deed, undo. +DRAGAN, _to draw_--drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray. +DRIFAN, _to drive_--drift, driver, drove. +DRIGAN, _to dry_--drysalter, drought, drug (originally _dried plants_), + druggist. +DRINCAN, _to suck in_--drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken. +DRYPAN, _to drip or drop_--drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel. +DWINAN, _to pine_--dwindle, dwine. +DYN, _a noise_--din, dun. + +EAGE, _the eye_--eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid. +EALD, _old_--alderman, earl. +EFEN, _just_--even, evenness. +ERIAN, _to plough_, _to ear_--earth, earthy, earthquake. + +FAEGER, _bright_--fair, fairness. +FAER, _fear_--fearful, fearless. +FARAN, _to go_--fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer. +FEDAN, _to feed_--feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly. +FEOND, _an enemy_--fiend, fiendish. +FLEOGAN, _to fly_--flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight. +FLEOTAN, _to float_--float, fleet. +FLOWAN, _to flow_--flood, flow. +FOLGIAN, _to go after_--follow. +FON, _to seize _--fang, finger. +FOT, _the foot_--foot, fetter, fetlock. +FREON, _to love_--free, freedom, friend, friendship. +FRETAN, _to gnaw_--fret, fretful. +FUGEL, _a bird_--fowl, fowler, fowling-piece. +FUL, _unclean_--filth, filthy, foul, fulsome. +FULLIAN, _to whiten_--full (_to scour and thicken cloth in a mill_), + fuller, fuller's-earth. +FYR, _fire_--fiery, fireworks, bonfire. + +GABBAN, _to mock_--gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber. +GALAN, _to sing_--nightingale. +GANGAN, _to go_--gang, gangway. +GAST, _a ghost_--gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast. +GEARD, _an enclosure _--garden, orchard, yard. +GEOTAN, _to pour_--gush, gut. +GEREFA, _a governor_--grieve (_an overseer_), sheriff, sheriffdom. +GETAN, _to get_--get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful. +GIFAN, _to give_--give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven. +GLOWAN, _to glow_--glow, glowing. +GOD, _good_--gospel, gossip. +GRAES, _grass_--grass, graze, grazier. +GRAFAN, _to dig_--grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave. +GRAPIAN, _to grapple_; GRIPAN, _to gripe_; GROPIAN, _to grope_--grapple, + grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel. +GREOT, _dust_--gritty, groats. +GROWAN, _to grow_--grow, growth. +GRUND, _the ground_--ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork. + +HABBAN, _to have_--have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave. +HAEGE, _a hedge_--haw, hawthorn. +HAEL, _sound_, _whole_--hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, + holiness, whole, wholesome. +HAM, _a dwelling_--hamlet, home, homely, homeliness. +HANGIAN, _to hang_--hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang. +HAT, _heat_--heat, heater, hot. +HEALDAN, _to hold_--halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, + withhold. +HEARD, _hard_--harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy. +HEBBAN, _to lift_--heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval. +HEDAN, _to heed_--heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness. +HEORTE, _the heart_--hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, + dishearten. +HLAF, _bread_--loaf. +HLEAPAN, _to leap_--leap, overleap, elope, elopement. +HOL, _a hole_--hole, hold (_of a ship_), hollow, hollowness. +HRISTLAN, _to make quick sounds_--rustle, rustling. +HUNTIAN, _to rush_--hunt, hunter, huntsman. +HUS, _house_--housewife, husband, hustings. +HWEORFAN, _to turn_--swerve, wharf. +HYRAN, _to hear_--hear, hearer, hearsay. + +LAEDAN, _to lead_--lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead. +LAEFAN, _to leave_--left, eleven, twelve. +LAERAN, _to teach_--learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned. +LANG, _long_--long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger. +LECGAN, _to lay_--lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, + ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw. +LEOFIAN, LYBBAN, _to live_--live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, + outlive. +LEOHT, _light_--lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten. +LIC, _like_--like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike. +LOCIAN, _to stretch forward_--look. +LOMA, _utensils_, _furniture_--loom, hand-loom, power-loom. +LOSIAN, _to lose_--lose, loser, loss. +LUF, _love_; LUFIAN, _to love_--lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, + unlovely. +LYFAN, _to permit_--leave (_permission_), belief, believe, believer, + misbelieve. +LYFT, _the air_--loft, lofty, aloft. + +MACIAN, _to make_--make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate. +MAENGAN, _to mix_--among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel. +MAGAN, _to be able_--may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay. +MEARC, _a boundary_--mark, marksman, marches, remark. +METAN, _to measure_--meet, meeting, meet (_fit_), meetness. +MUND, _a defence_--mound. +MURNAN, _to murmur_--mourn, mourner, mournful. +MYND, _the mind_--mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind. + +NAES, _a nose_--naze, ness. +NAMA, _a name_--name, nameless, namesake, misname. +NEAD, _need_--need, needful, needless, needs, needy. +NEAH, _nigh_--near, next, neighbor. +NIHT, _night_--night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade. + +OGA, _dread_--ugly, ugliness. + +PAETH, _a path_--pathless, pathway, footpath. +PLEGAN, _to exercise_, _to sport_--play, player, playful, playmate. + +RAECAN, _to reach_--reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent. +RAEDAN, _to read_--read, readable, reader, reading, riddle. +READ, _red_--red, redden, ruddy. +REAFIAN, _to seize_--bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, + robber, robbery, rove, rover. +RECAN, _to heed_--reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning. +RIDAN, _to ride_--ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead. +RINNAN, _to run_--run, runner, runaway, outrun. +RIPAN, _to reap_--reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe. +RUH, _rough_--rough, roughness. + +SAEGAN, _to say_--say, saying, hearsay, unsay. +SAR, _painful_--sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry. +SCACAN, _to shake_--shake, shaky, shock, shocking. +SCEADAN, _to shade_--shade, shady, shadow, shed (_a covered enclosure_). +SCEDAN, _to scatter_, _to shed_--shed (_to spill_), watershed. +SCEOFAN, _to push_--shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf. +SCEOTAN, _to shoot_--shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, + undershot, upshot. +SCERAN, _to cut_--scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire. +SCINAN, _to shine_--sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine. +SCREOPAN, _to creak_--scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book. +SCROB, _a bush_--shrub, shrubbery. +SCYPPAN, _to form_--shape, shapeless, landscape. +SELLAN, _to give_--sale, sell, sold. +SEON, _to see_--see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze. +SETTAN, _to set_; SITTAN, _to sit_--set, setter, settle, settler, + settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset. +SIDE, _side_--side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside. +SINGAN, _to sing_--sing, singer, song. +SLAEC, _slack_--slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish. +SLEAN, _to slay_--slay, slaughter, sledge (_a heavy hammer_). +SLIDAN, _to slide_--slide, sled, sledge. +SLIPAN, _to glide_--slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod. +SMITAN, _to smite_--smite, smiter, smith, smithy. +SNICAN, _to creep_--snake, sneak. +SOCC, _a shoe_--sock, socket. +SOFT, _soft_--soften, softly, softness. +SOTH, _true_--sooth, soothsayer. +SPECAN, _to speak_--speak, speaker, speech, bespeak. +SPELL, _a message_--spell (_discourse_), gospel. +SPINNAN, _to spin_--spinner, spider. +STAN, _a stone_--stony, stoneware. +STANDAN, _to stand_--standard, understand, understanding, withstand. +STEALL, _a place_--stall, forestall, install, pedestal. +STEORFAN, _to die_--starve, starvation, starveling. +STICIAN, _to stick_--stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, + stock, stockade, stocking. +STIGAN, _to ascend_--stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty. +STRECCAN, _to stretch_--stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, + straightness, outstretch, overstretch. +STYRAN, _to steer_--steer, steerage, steersman, stern (_the hind part of a + ship_), astern. +STYRIAN, _to stir_--stir, bestir. +SUR, _sour_--sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness. +SWERIAN, _to swear_--swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered. +SWET, _sweet_--sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness. + +TAECAN, _to show, to teach_--teach, teachable, teacher. +TELLAN, _to count_--tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell. +THINCAN, _to seem_; pret. thuh-te, _methinks_, _methought_. +THRINGAN, _to press_--throng. +THYR, _dry_--thirst, thirsty. +TREOWE, _true_--true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, + trusty. +TWA, _two_--twice, twine, twist, between, entwine. +TYRNAN, _to turn_--turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, + return, upturn. + +WACAN, _to awake_--wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, + watchfulness, watchman. +WARNIAN, _to defend_, _to beware_--warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, + aware, beware. +WEARM, _glowing_--warm, warmth. +WEGAN, _to move_--wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, + weighty. +WEORDH, _worth_--worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy. +WERIAN, _to cover_--wear, wearable, weary, wearisome. +WINNAN, _to labor_--win, won. +WITAN, _to know_--wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty. +WRINGAN, _to twist_--wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle. +WRITHAN, _to twist_--wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, + wrong. +WUNIAN, _to dwell_--wont, wonted. +WYRM, _a worm, a serpent_--worm. + +Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally +translated into Modern English. + + +_EXTRACT FROM CAEDMON'S PARAPHRASE._ + +_Caedmon: died about 680._ + +Nu we sceolan herian | Now we shall praise +heofon-rices weard, | the guardian of heaven, +metodes mihte, | the might of the creator, +and his mod-ge-thonc, | and his mind's thought, +wera wuldor-faeder! | the glory-father of men! +swa he wundra ge-hwaes, | how he of all wonders, +ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, +oord onstealde. | formed the beginning. +He aerest ge-sceop | He first created +ylda bearnum | for the children of men +heofon to hrofe, | heaven as a roof, +halig scyppend! | the holy creator! +tha middan-geard | them the world +mon-cynnes weard, | the guardian of mankind +ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, +aefter teode, | produced afterwards, +firum foldan, | the earth for men, +frea aelmihtig! | the almighty master! + +_PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED._ + +_Bede: died 735._ + +For tham ned-fere | Before the necessary journey +neni wirtheth | no one becomes +thances suotera | more prudent in thought +thonne him thearf sy, | than is needful to him, +to ge-hicgeune | to search out +er his heonon-gange | before his going hence +hwet his gaste | what to his spirit +godes othe yveles | of good or of evil +efter deathe heonon | after his death hence +demed weorthe. | will be judged. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE--Tenth Century._ + +Tha feng AElfred AEthelwulfing to | Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf +West-Seaxna rice; and thaes ymb aenne | to the West Saxon's kingdom; and +monath gefeaht AElfred cyning with | that after one month fought Alfred +ealne thone here lytle werode aet | king against all the army with a +Wiltoune, and hine lange on daeg | little band at Wilton, and them long +geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton | during the day routed and then the +wael-stowe geweald. And thaes geares | Danes obtained of the battle-field +wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten | possession. And this year were nine +with thone here on tham cyne-rice be | great battles fought with the army +suthan Temese, butan tham the him | in the kingdom to the south of the +AElfred, and ealdormen, and cyninges | Thames, besides those in which +thegnas oft rada onridon the man na | Alfred, and the alder-men, and the +ne rimde. And thaes geares waeron | king's thanes oft inrode--against +of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an | which one nothing accounted. And +cyning; and thy geare namon | this year were slain nine earls and +West-Seaxan frith with thone here. | one king; and this year made the + | West-Saxons peace with the army. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS--Eleventh Century._ + +LUCAE, Cap. I. v. 5-10. | LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10. + | +5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, | 5. In the days of Herod the king of +waes sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, of| Judea, there was a certain priest by +Abian tune: and his wif waes of | name Zacharias, of the course of +Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama waes | Abia: and his wife was of the +Elizabeth. | daughters of Aaron, and her name was + | Elizabeth. + +6. Sothlice hig waeron butu rihtwise | 6. And they were both righteous +beforan Gode, gangende on eallum his | before God, walking in all the +bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan | commandments and ordinances of the +wrohte. | Lord without blame. + +7. And hig naefdon nan bearn, fortham | 7. And they had no child, because +the Elizabeth waes unberende; and hig | that Elizabeth was barren; and they +on heora dagum butu forth-eodon. | in her days were both of great age. + +8. Sothlice waes geworden tha | 8. And it befell that when Zacharias +Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on | should do the office of the +his gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan | priesthood in the order of his +Gode, | course before God, + +9. AEfter gewunan thaes sacerdhades | 9. After the custom of the +hlotes, he eode that he his offrunge | priesthood he went forth by lot, to +sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode. | burn incense when he into God's + | temple went. + +10. Eall werod thaes folces waes ute | 10. And all the multitude of the +gebiddende on thaere offrunge timan. | people were without praying at the + | time of incense. + +_THE LORD'S PRAYER._ + +Faeder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; | Father our, thou who art in heaven; +si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume thin| be thine name hallowed; let come +rice; geweordhe thin willa on | thine kingdom; let be done thine +eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge| will on earth, so as in the heavens. +daeghwamlican hlaf syle us to-daeg; and| Our also daily bread give thou us +forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we | to-day; and forgive thou to us our +forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne | debts, so as we forgive our debtors; +gelaede thu us on costnunge, ac alys | and not lead thou us into +us of yfle, etc. | temptations, but deliver thou us + | from evil, etc. + +SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON--About 1180._ + +He nom tha Englisca boc | He took the English book +Tha makede Seint Beda; | That Saint Bede made; +An other he nom on Latin, | Another he took in Latin, +Tha makede Seinte Albin, | That Saint Albin made, +And the feire Austin, | And the fair Austin, +The fulluht broute hider in. | That baptism brought hither in. +Boc he nom the thridde, | The third book he took, +Leide ther amidden, | _And_ laid there in midst, +Tha makede a Frenchis clerc, | That made a French clerk, +Wace was ihoten, | Wace was _he_ called, +The wel couthe writen, | That well could write, +And he hoc yef thare aethelen | And he it gave to the noble +Allienor, the wes Henries quene, | Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen, +Thes heyes kinges. | The high king's. + +_EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.--1258._ + +Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on | Henry, through God's support, King +Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloand, | of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of +Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on | Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of +Anjou, send I greting, to alle hise | Anjou, sends greeting to all his +holde, ilaerde and ilewede on | subjects, learned and unlearned, of +Huntindonnschiere. Thaet witen ge wel | Huntingdonshire. This know ye well +alle, haet we willen and unnen thaet | all, that we will and grant what our +ure raedesmen alle, other the moare | counsellors all, or the more part of +del of heom, thaet beoth ichosen thurg| them, that be chosen through us and +us and thurg thaet loandes-folk on ure| through the landfolk of our kingdom, +kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen| have done, and shall do, to the +don in the worthnes of God, and ure | honor of God, and our allegiance, +treowthe, for the freme of the | for the good of the land, etc. +loande, etc. | + +Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English. + +That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the employment of +Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have some clue to +direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following extracts, +embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to his +attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in _Italics_. + +MILTON. + + Of man's first _disobedience_, and the _fruit_ + Of that forbidden tree, whose _mortal taste_ + Brought death into the world, and all our woe, + With loss of _Eden_, till one greater man + _Restore_ us and _regain_ the blissful seat-- + Sing, heavenly _Muse_. + + With thee _conversing_, I forget all time, + All _seasons_, and their _change_; all _please_ alike. + Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, + With _charm_ of earliest birds; _pleasant_ the sun + When first on this _delightful_ land he spreads + His _orient_ beams on _herb_, tree, _fruit_, and _flower_, + Glistering with dew; _fragrant_ the _fertile_ earth, + After soft showers; and sweet the coming on + Of _grateful_ evening mild; then _silent_ night + With this her _solemn_ bird, and this fair moon, + And these the _gems_ of heaven, her starry _train_. + +SHAKESPEARE. + + To be, or not to be, that is the _question_; + Whether 't is _nobler_ in the mind to _suffer_ + The stings and arrows of _outrageous fortune_, + Or to take _arms_ against a sea of _troubles_, + And, by _opposing_, end them? To die, to sleep; + No more;--and by a sleep to say we end + The heart_ache_ and the thousand _natural_ shocks + That flesh is _heir_ to! 't were a _consummation_ + _Devoutly_ to be wished. To die; to sleep; + To sleep?--_perchance_ to dream! + + All the world's a _stage_, + And all the men and women _merely_ players. + They have their _exits_ and their _entrances_, + And one man in his time plays many _parts_; + His _acts_ being seven _ages_. At first the _infant_, + Mewling and puking in his _nurse's arms_. + And then the whining _school_-boy, with his _satchel_ + And shining morning _face_, creeping like snail + Unwillingly to _school_. And then the lover, + Sighing like _furnace_, with a woeful _ballad_ + Made to his _mistress'_ eyebrow. Then a _soldier_, + Full of _strange_ oaths, and bearded like the _pard_, + _Jealous_ in _honour_, _sudden_ and quick in _quarrel_; + Seeking the bubble _reputation_ + Even in the _cannon's_ mouth. + +TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE. + +In the beginning God _created_ the heaven and the earth. And the earth was +without _form_, and _void_; and darkness was upon the _face_ of the deep: +and the _Spirit_ of God _moved_ upon the _face_ of the waters. And God +said, Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw the light, that +it was good; and God _divided_ the light from the darkness. And God called +the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the +morning were the first day.--_Genesis_ i. 1-6. + +And it came to _pass_, that when _Isaac_ was old, and his eyes were dim, so +that he could not see, he called _Esau_, his eldest son, and said unto him, +My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here am I. And he said, Behold now, I +am old, I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I _pray_ thee, +thy weapons, thy _quiver_ and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me +some _venison_; and make me _savoury_ meat, such as I love, and bring it to +me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And _Rebekah_ +heard when _Isaac_ spake to _Esau_ his son. And _Esau_ went to the field to +hunt for _venison_, and to bring it. And _Rebekah_ spake unto _Jacob_ her +son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto _Esau_ thy brother, +saying, Bring me _venison_, and make me _savoury_ meat, that I may eat, and +bless thee before the Lord before my death.--_Genesis_ xxvii. 1-7. + +THOMSON. + + These as they _change_, Almighty Father! these + Are but the _varied_ God. The _rolling_ year + Is full of thee. Forth in the _pleasing_ spring + Thy _beauty_ walks, thy _tenderness_ and love. + Wide flush the fields; the softening _air_ is _balm_; + _Echo_ the _mountains round_; the _forest_ smiles; + And every _sense_ and every heart is _joy_. + Then comes thy _glory_ in the summer months, + With light and heat _refulgent_. Then thy sun + Shoots full _perfection_ through the swelling year. + +ADDISON. + +I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the night +_insensibly_ fell upon me. I at first _amused_ myself with all the richness +and _variety_ of _colours_ which _appeared_ in the western _parts_ of +heaven. In _proportion_ as they _faded_ away and went out, _several_ stars +and _planets appeared_, one after another, till the whole _firmament_ was +in a glow. The blueness of the _ether_ was _exceedingly_ heightened and +enlivened by the _season_ of the year. + +YOUNG. + + Let _Indians_, and the _gay_, like _Indians_, fond + Of feathered _fopperies_, the sun _adore_: + Darkness has more _divinity_ for me; + It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul + To settle on herself, our _point supreme_. + There lies our _theater_: there sits our _judge_. + Darkness the _curtain_ drops o'er life's dull _scene_: + 'T is the kind hand of _Providence_ stretched out + 'Twixt man and _vanity_; 't is _reason's reign_, + And _virtue's_ too; these _tutelary_ shades + Are man's _asylum_ from the _tainted_ throng. + Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too. + It no less _rescues virtue_, than _inspires_. + +SWIFT. + +Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last _cost_ you the +_pains_ to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer has the +thicker, homelier, and the _coarser coat_; and whereof, to a _judicious +palate_, the _maggots_ are the best. 'Tis a _sack posset_, wherein the +deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But then, lastly, 'tis a nut, +which, unless you choose with _judgment_, may _cost_ you a tooth, and _pay_ +you with nothing but a worm. + +HUME. + +The _beauties_ of her _person_ and _graces_ of her _air combined_ to make +her the most _amiable_ of women; and the _charms_ of her _address_ and +_conversation aided_ the _impression_ which her lovely _figure_ made on the +heart of all beholders. _Ambitious_ and _active_ in her _temper_, yet +_inclined_ to _cheerfulness_ and _society_; of a lofty _spirit_, _constant_ +and even _vehement_ in her _purpose_, yet _politic, gentle_, and _affable_, +in her _demeanor_, she _seemed_ to _par_take only so much of the _male +virtues_ as to _render_ her _estimable_, without _relinquishing_ those soft +_graces_ which _compose_ the _proper ornament_ of her _sex_. + +GIBBON. + +In the _second century_ of the _Christian era_, the _empire_ of _Rome +comprehended_ the fairest _part_ of the earth, and the most _civilized +portion_ of mankind. The _frontiers_ of that _extensive monarchy_ were +guarded by _ancient renown_, and _disciplined valour_. The _gentle_ but +_powerful influence_ of laws and _manners_ had _gradually cemented_ the +_union_ of the _provinces_. Their _peaceful inhabitants enjoyed_ and +_abused_ the _advantages_ of wealth and _luxury_. The _image_ of a free +_constitution_ was _preserved_ with _decent reverence_. + +JOHNSON. + +Of _genius_, that _power_ which _constitutes_ a _poet_; that _quality_ +without which _judgment_ is cold, and knowledge is _inert_; that _energy_ +which _collects_, _combines_, _amplifies_, and _animates_; the +_superiority_ must, with some _hesitation_, be _allowed_ to Dryden. It is +not to be _inferred_ that of this _poetical vigor Pope_ had only a little, +_because_ Dryden had more; for every other writer since Milton must give +_place_ to _Pope_; and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has +brighter _paragraphs_, he has not better _poems_. + +BYRON. + + _Ancient_ of days! _august Athena!_ where, + Where are thy men of might--thy _grand_ in soul? + Gone--glimmering through the dream of things that were. + First in the race that led to _Glory's goal_, + They won, and _passed_ away. Is this the whole? + A _school_-boy's tale--the wonder of an _hour_! + The warrior's-weapon and the _sophist's stole_ + Are sought in _vain_, and o'er each _mouldering_ tower, + Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of _power_. + +SIR WALTER SCOTT. + + The way was long, the wind was cold, + The _Minstrel_ was _infirm_ and old; + His withered cheek and _tresses_ gray + _Seemed_ to have known a better day; + The harp, his _sole remaining joy_, + Was carried by an _orphan_ boy. + The last of all the bards was he + Who sung of border _chivalry_; + For, well-a-day! their _dale_ was fled; + His _tune_ful brethren all were dead; + And he, _neglected_ and _oppressed_, + Wished to be with them and at rest. + +WORDSWORTH. + + Ah! little doth the young one dream, + When full of play and childish cares, + What _power_ is in his wildest scream, + Heard by his mother unawares! + He knows it not, he cannot guess; + Years to a mother bring _distress_; + But do not make her love the less. + + My son, if thou be _humbled_, _poor_, + Hopeless of _honor_ and of _gain_, + Oh! do not dread thy mother's door; + Think not of me with _grief_ and _pain_. + I now can see with better eyes; + And worldly _grandeur_ I _despise_, + And _Fortune_ with her gifts and lies. + +TENNYSON. + + Not wholly in the busy world, nor _quite_ + Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love. + News from the humming _city_ comes to it + In _sound_ of _funeral_ or of _marriage_ bells; + And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear + The windy clanging of the winter clock; + Although between it and the garden lies + A _league_ of grass, washed by a slow broad stream, + That, stirred with _languid pulses_ of the oar, + Waves all its lazy _lilies_, and creeps on, + Barge laden, to three _arches_ of a bridge, + _Crowned_ with the _minster-towers_. + + + + +PART V.--MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. + + +I.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS. + +1.--NOUNS. + +AT'LAS, _a collection of maps bound together_: "Atlas," a fabled giant who, +according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his shoulders. + +ACAD'EMY, _a superior grade school, a society of learned men_: "Academus," +a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught. + +AMMO'NIA, _the pungent matter of smelling salts_: "Jupiter Ammon," near +whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained. + +BAC'CHANAL, _one who indulges in drunken revels_: "Bacchus," the god of +wine. + +BOW'IE KNIFE, _an American weapon_: Colonel "Bowie," the inventor. + +BRAGGADO'CIO, _a vain boaster_: "Braggadochio," a boastful character in +Spenser's Faery Queen. + +BUD'DHISM, _a wide-spread Asiatic religion_: "Buddha," a Hindoo sage who +lived about 1000 B.C. + +CAL'VINISM, _the doctrines of Calvin_: "Calvin," a Swiss theologian of the +16th century. + +CAMEL'LIA, _a genus of evergreen shrubs_: "Camelli," a Spaniard who brought +them from Asia. + +CICERO'NE (sis e-ro'ne or chi che-ro'-ne), _a guide_: "Cicero," the Roman +orator. + +CINCHO'NA, _Peruvian bark_: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a Spanish governor +of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she was cured of an +intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she aided in the +diffusion of the remedy. + +DAGUERRE'OTYPE, _a picture produced on a metal plate_: "Daguerre," the +inventor (1789-1851). + +DAHL'IA, _a garden plant_: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist. + +DUNCE, _a dull, slow-witted person_: "Duns Scotus," a subtle philosopher of +the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very popular in the schools +during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful hair-splitter was called a +Dunse; but at last, through the influence of the antagonists of the +philosopher, the word passed into a term of reproach. + +EP'ICURE, _one fond of good living_: "Epicurus," a Greek philosopher who +was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good. + +FAH'RENHEIT, _a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of water at_ 32 deg. +(which is different from both the centigrade and the Reaumur thermometer): +"Fahrenheit," the inventor. + +FUCHSIA (fu'si-a), _a genus of flowering plants_: "Leonard Fuchs," a German +botanist of the 16th century. + +GAL'VANISM, _a branch of the science of electricity_: "Galvani," an Italian +physician, its discoverer. + +GEN'TIAN, _a medicinal root_: "Gentian," king of Illyria, who is said to +have first experienced the virtues of the plant. + +GOB'ELIN, _a rich tapestry_: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish dyer. + +GUILLOTINE', _an instrument for beheading_: "Guillotin," who invented and +brought it into use at the time of the French Revolution, last century. + +HY'GIENE, _the principles and rules of health_: "Hygeia," the goddess of +health in classical mythology. + +JES'UIT, _a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius Loyola in_ +1534: "Jesus." + +LYNCH, _to punish without the usual forms of law_: said to be from "Lynch," +a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own hands. + +MACAD'AMIZE, _to cover a road with small broken stones_: "Macadam," the +inventor. + +MAGNO'LIA, _a species of trees found in the southern parts of the United +States_: "Magnol," a French botanist. + +MEN'TOR, _a faithful monitor_: "Mentor," the counselor of Telemachus. + +MOR'PHIA, _the narcotic principle of opium_: "Morpheus," the god of sleep. + +NE'GUS, _a mixture of wine, water, and sugar_: Colonel "Negus," who +introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne. + +OR'RERY, _an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the heavenly +bodies_: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was made. + +PALLA'DIUM, _something that affords effectual defense, protection, and +safety_: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas Athene," which was kept +hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of the safety of the town +where it was lodged. + +PAN'IC, _a sudden fright_: "Pan," the god of shepherds, who is said to have +caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance. + +PE'ONY, _a plant of the genus_ PAEONIA, _having beautiful showy flowers_: +"Paeon," its discoverer. + +PET'REL, _an ocean bird_: diminutive of Peter, probably so called in +allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea. + +PHA'ETON, _an open carriage_: "Phaethon," the fabled son of Phoebus or the +Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive. + +PINCH'BECK, _an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold_: said to be from +one "Pinchbeck," the inventor. + +QUAS'SIA, _a bitter wood used as a tonic_: "Quassy," a negro who discovered +its qualities. + +RODOMONTADE', _vainbluster_: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero who figures in +Ariosto's poem of the _Orlando Furioso_. + +SILHOUETTE (sil oo et'), _the outline of an object filled in with black +color_: "Silhouette" (see Webster). + +TAN'TALIZE, _to torment or tease_: "Tantalus," according to the poets, an +ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the chin in water with +fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both receded when he wished to +partake. + +TYPHOON', _a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas_: "Typhon," +a fabled giant who was taught to produce them. + +VOLCA'NO, _a burning mountain_: "Vulcan," the god of fire. + + +2.--ADJECTIVES. + +AMER'ICAN, _relating to America_: from "Amerigo (Latin, _Americus_) +Vespucci"--contemporary of Columbus. + +A'RIAN, _relating to Arius_: a theologian of the 4th century who denied the +divinity of Christ. + +ARISTOTE'LIAN, _relating to the deductive method of reasoning set forth by +Aristotle_: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century B.C. + +ARMIN'IAN, _relating to Arminius_: a Dutch theologian of the 16th century, +who opposed the doctrines of Calvin. + +BACO'NIAN, _relating to the inductive method of reasoning set forth by +Bacon_: an English philosopher of the 17th century. + +CARTE'SIAN, _relating to the philosophy of Descartes_: a French philosopher +of the 17th century. + +CE'REAL, _relating to grain_: from "Ceres"--the Roman goddess of corn and +tillage. + +COPER'NICAN, _relating to Copernicus_: a German philosopher of the 16th +century, who taught the theory of the solar system now received, and called +the _Copernican system_. + +ELIZ'ABETHAN, _relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of England_: +(1558-1603). + +EO'LIAN, _relating to the wind_: from "AEolus"--the god of the winds in +classic mythology. + +ERAS'TIAN, _relating to Erastus_:--a German theologian of the 16th century, +who maintained that the Church is wholly dependent on the State for support +or authority. + +ESCULA'PIAN, _relating to the healing art_: from "Esculapius"--the god of +the healing art among the Greeks. + +GOR'DIAN, _intricate, complicated, difficult_: from "Gordius"--king of +Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be untied. + +HERCULE'AN, _very large and strong_: from "Hercules"--a hero of antiquity +celebrated for his strength. + +HERMET'IC, _relating to Hermes_--the fabled inventor of alchemy; adv., +HERMETICALLY, _in a perfectly close manner_. + +HUDIBRAS'TIC, _in the manner of the satirical poem called Hudibras_, by +Samuel Butler (1612-1680). + +JO'VIAL, _gay, merry_: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),--the planet of that name +having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those who were born under +it of a joyous temper. + +LINNAE'AN, _relating to Linnaeus_--the celebrated Swedish botanist. + +LU'THERAN, _relating to the doctrines of Luther_--a German religious +teacher of the 16th century. + +MACHIAVEL'IAN, _cunning and sinister in politics_: from "Machiaveli"--an +Italian writer of the 15th century. + +MERCU'RIAL, _active, sprightly_--having the qualities fabled to belong to +the god "Mercury." + +MOSA'IC, _relating to Moses, his writings or his time_. + +NEWTO'NIAN, _relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his philosophy_. + +PINDAR'IC, _after the style and manner of Pindar_--a lyric poet of Greece. + +PLATON'IC, _relating to the opinions or the school of Plato_,--a +philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C. + +PLUTON'IC, _relating to the interior of the earth, or to the Plutonic +theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire_: from +"Pluto"--in classic mythology, the god of the infernal regions. + +PROCRUS'TEAN, _relating to or resembling the mode of torture employed by +Procrustes_--a celebrated highwayman of ancient Attica, who tied his +victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched out +or cut off their legs to adapt them to its length. + +PROME'THEAN, _relating to Prometheus_--a god fabled by the ancient poets to +have formed men from clay and to have given them life by means of fire +stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, sent Mercury to bind him +to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey upon his liver. + +QUIXOT'IC, _absolutely romantic, like Don Quixote_--described by Cervantes, +a Spanish writer of the 16th century. + +SATUR'NIAN, _distinguished for purity, integrity, and simplicity_; _golden, +happy_: from "Saturn"--one of the gods of antiquity whose age or reign, +from the mildness and wisdom of his government, was called the _golden +age_. + +SOCRAT'IC, _relating to the philosophy or the method of teaching of +Socrates_--the celebrated philosopher of Greece (468-399 B.C.). + +STENTO'RIAN, _very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of Stentor_--a +Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice. + +THES'PIAN, _relating to tragic action_: from "Thespis"--the founder of the +Greek drama. + +TITAN'IC, _enormous in size and strength_: from the "Titans"--fabled giants +in classic mythology. + +UTO'PIAN, _ideal, fanciful, chimerical_: from "Utopia"--an imaginary +island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called "Utopia," as +enjoying the greatest perfection in politics laws, and society. + +VOLTA'IC, _relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity_: from "Volta"--who +first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical +action. + + +II.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES. + +AG'ATE, _a precious stone_: "Achates," a river in Sicily where it is found. + +AL'ABASTER, _a variety of soft marble_: "Alabastrum," in Egypt, where it is +found. + +AR'RAS, _tapestry_: "Arras," in France, where it is manufactured. + +ARTE'SIAN, _applied to wells made by boring into the earth till the +instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure_: "Artois" +(anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells have been +made. + +AT'TIC, _marked by such qualities as characterized the Athenians, as +delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc._: "Attica," the country of +the Athenians. + +BAN'TAM, _a small domestic fowl_: "Bantam," in Java, whence it was brought. + +BARB, _a Barbary horse_: "Barbary," in Africa. + +BAY'ONET, _a dagger fixed on the end of a musket_: "Bayonne," in France, +where it was invented, in 1679. + +BEDLAM, _a lunatic asylum_: "Bethlehem," a monastery in London, afterwards +used as an asylum for lunatics. + +BUR'GUNDY, _a French wine_: "Burgundy," where it is made. + +CAL'ICO, _a kind of cotton cloth_: "Calicut," in India, where it was first +manufactured. + +CANA'RY, _a wine and a bird_: the "Canary" Islands. + +CAN'TER, _an easy gallop_: "Canterbury," in allusion to the easy pace at +which the pilgrims used to ride thither. + +CAR'RONADE, _a short cannon_: "Carron," in Scotland, where it was first +made. + +CASH'MERE, _a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet goat_: "Cashmere," +the country where first made. + +CHALCED'ONY, _a variety of uncrystalized quartz_: "Chalcedon," in Asia +Minor, where obtained. + +CHAMPAGNE', _a wine_: "Champagne," in France, where produced. + +CHER'RY, _a red stoned fruit_: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), in Pontus, Asia +Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy. + +CHEST'NUT, _a fruit_: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it was introduced +into Europe. + +COG'NAC, _a kind of French brandy_: "Cognac," in France, where extensively +made. + +COP'PER, _a metal_: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich mines of the +metal. + +CORD'WAINER, _a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish leather_: +"Cordova," in Spain. + +CURACOA', _a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel_: the island of +"Curacoa," where it was first made. + +CUR'RANT, _a small dried grape_: "Corinth," in Greece, of which "currant" +is a corruption. + +DAM'ASK, _figured linen or silk_: "Damascus," in Syria, where first made. + +DAM'SON, _a small black plum_: (shortened from "Damascene") Damascus. + +DELF, _a kind of earthenware_: "Delft," in Holland, where it was orignally +made. + +DI'APER, _a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, etc._: "Ypres," +in Flanders, where originally manufactured. + +DIM'ITY, _a figured cotton cloth_: "Damietta," in Egypt. + +GAMBOGE', _a yellow resin used as a paint_: "Cambodia, where it is +obtained. + +GING'HAM, _cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven_: "Guincamp," in +France, where it was first made. + +GUIN'EA, _an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one shillings_: +"Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was first struck. + +GYP'SY, _one of a wandering race_: old English "Gyptian," from "Egypt," +whence the race was supposed to have originated. + +HOL'LAND, _a kind of linen cloth_: "Holland," where first made. + +HOL'LANDS, _a spirit flavored with juniper berries_: "Holland," where it is +extensively produced.. + +IN'DIGO, _a blue dye_: "India". + +JAL'AP, _a cathartic medicine_: "Jalapa," in Mexico, whence it was first +imported in 1610. + +JET, _a mineral used for ornament_: "Gagates," a river in Asia Minor, +whence it was obtained. + +LAN'DAU, LAN'DAULET, _a kind of carriage opening at the top_: "Landau," a +town in Germany. + +MADEI'RA, _a wine_: "Madeira," where produced. + +MAGNE'SIA, _a primitive earth_: "Magnesia," in Thessaly. + +MAG'NET, _the loadstone, or Magnesian stone_. + +MALM'SEY, _a wine_: "Malvasia," in the Morea. + +MAR'SALA, _a wine_: "Marsala," in Sicily. + +MEAN'DER, _to flow in a winding course_: "Meander," a winding river in Asia +Minor. + +MIL'LINER, _one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc._: "Milan," in Italy. + +MOROC'CO, _a fine kind of leather_: "Morocco," in Africa, where it was +originally made. + +NANKEEN', _a buff-colored cloth_: "Nankin," in China, where first made. + +PHEAS'ANT, _a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food_: "Phasis," a river +in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe. + +PIS'TOL, _a small hand gun_: "Pistoja," in Italy, where first made. + +PORT, _a wine_: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively shipped. + +SARDINE', _a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring family_: "Sardinia" +around whose coasts the fish abounds. + +SAUTERNE', _a wine_: "Sauterne," in France, where produced. + +SHER'RY, _a wine_: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely manufactured. + +SPAN'IEL, _a dog of remarkable sagacity_: "Hispaniola," now Hayti, where +originally found. + +TAR'IFF, _a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods imported or +exported_: from an Arabic word, _tarif_, information. + +TO'PAZ, _a precious stone_: "Topazos," an island in the Red Sea, where it +is found. + +TRIP'OLI, _a fine grained earth used in polishing stones_: "Tripoli," in +Africa, where originally obtained. + +TURQUOIS', _a bluish-green stone_: "Turkey," whence it was originally +brought. + +WORST'ED, _well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool_: "Worsted," a +village in Norfolk, England, where first made. + + +III.--ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL +SCHOOL STUDIES. + +1.--TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY. + +ANTARC'TIC: Gr. _anti_, opposite, and _arktos_, a bear. See _arctic_. + +ARCHIPEL'AGO: Gr. _archi_, chief, and _pelagos_, sea, originally applied to +the AEgean Sea, which is studded with numerous islands. + +ARC'TIC: Gr. _arktikos_, from _arktos_, a bear and a northern constellation +so called. + +ATLAN'TIC: Lat. _Atlanticus_, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan who was +condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands. + +AX'IS: Lat. _axis_, an axletree. + +BAR'BAROUS: Gr. _barbaros_, foreign. + +BAY: Fr. _baie_, from Lat. _baia_, an inlet. + +CAN'CER: Lat. _cancer_, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the +zodiac). + +CAPE: Fr. _cap_, from Lat. _caput_, head. + +CAP'ITAL: Lat. _capitalis_, from _caput_, head. + +CAP'RICORN: Lat. _caper_, goat, and _cornu_, horn (the name of one of the +signs of the zodiac). + +CAR'DINAL: adj Lat. _cardinalis_, from _cardo, cardinis_, a hinge. + +CHAN'NEL: Lat. _canalis_, from _canna_, a reed or pipe. + +CIR'CLE: Lat. _circus_, from Gr. _kirkos_, a ring. + +CIRCUM'FERENCE: Lat. _circum_, around, and _ferre_, to bear. + +CIT'Y: Fr. _cite_, from Lat. _civitas_, a state or community. + +CIV'ILIZED: Lat. _civilis_, pertaining to an organized community. + +CLI'MATE: Gr. _klima, klimatos_, slope, the supposed slope of the earth +from the Equator to the poles. + +COAST: Old Fr. _coste_ (New Fr. _cote_), from Lat. _costa_, rib, side. + +CON'FLUENCE: Lat. _con_, together, and _fluere_, to flow. + +CON'TINENT: Lat. _con_, together, and _tenere_, to hold. + +CON'TOUR: Lat. _con_, together, and _tornus_, a lathe. + +COUN'TY: Fr. _comte_, from Lat. _comitatus_, governed by a count. + +DEGREE': Lat. _de_, and _gradus_, a step + +DIAM'ETER: Gr. _dia_, through, and _metron_, measure. + +EQUA'TOR: Lat. _equus_, equal. + +ES'TUARY: Lat. _aestuare_, to boil up, or be furious, the reference being to +the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current and the tide. + +FRIG'ID: Lat. _frigidus_, from _frigere_, to be cold. + +GEOG'RAPHY: Gr. _ge_, the earth, and _graphe_, a description. + +GLOBE: Lat. _globus_, a round body. + +GULF: Fr. _golfe_, from Gr. _kolpos_, bosom, bay. + +HAR'BOR: Anglo-Saxon, _hereberga_, from _beorgan_, to shelter. + +HEM'ISPHERE: Gr. _hemi_, half, and _sphaira_, sphere. + +HORI'ZON: Gr. _horizein_, to bound. + +IN'DIAN (ocean): India. + +ISTH'MUS: Gr. _isthmos_, a neck. + +LAKE: Lat. _lacus_, a lake. + +LAT'ITUDE: Lat. _latitudo_, from _latus_, broad. + +LON'GITUDE: Lat. _longitudo_, from _longus_, long. + +MERID'IAN: Lat. _meridies_ (= _medius_, middle, and _dies_, day), noon. + +METROP'OLIS: Gr. _meter_, mother, and _polis_, city. + +MON'ARCHY: Gr. _monarches_, from _monos_, alone, and _archein_, to rule. + +MOUN'TAIN: Fr. _montagne_, from Lat. _mons_, _montis_, a mountain. + +OB'LATE: Lat. _oblatus_ (_ob_ and past part. of _ferre_, to bring), brought +forward. + +O'CEAN: Gr. _okeanus_, from _okus_, rapid, and _nacin_, to flow. + +PACIF'IC: Lat. _pacificus_, from _pax_, _pacis_, peace, and _facere_, to +make. + +PAR'ALLEL: Gr. _para_, beside, and _allelon_, of one another. + +PENIN'SULA: Lat. _penes_, almost, and _insula_, island. + +PHYS'ICAL: Gr. _physis_ (_phusis_), nature. + +PLAIN: Lat. _planus_, flat. + +PLANE: Lat. _planus_, flat. + +POLE: Gr. _polos_, a pivot. + +POLIT'ICAL: Gr. _polis_, a city or state. + +PROM'ONTORY: Lat. _pro_, before, and _mons_, _montis_, a mountain. + +RELIEF': Fr. _relever_, from Lat. _relevare_, to raise. + +REPUB'LIC: Lat. _res_, an affair, and _publica_, public: that is, a +_commonwealth_. + +RIV'ER: Fr. _riviere_, from Lat. _ripa_, a shore or bank. + +SAV'AGE: Fr. _sauvage_, from Lat. _silva_, a wood. + +SEA: Anglo-Saxon, _sae_, the sea. + +SOCI'ETY: Lat. _societas_, from _socius_, a companion. + + +2.--TERMS IN GRAMMAR. + +AD'JECTIVE, Lat. _adjectivus_, from _ad_ and _jacere_, to add to: _a word +joined to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning_. + +AD'JUNCT, Lat. _adjunctus_, from _ad_ and _jungere_, to join to: _a +modifier or subordinate element of a sentence_. + +AD'VERB, Lat. _adverbium_, from _ad_, to, and _verbum_, word, verb: _a word +used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb_. + +ANAL'YSIS, Gr. _analusis_, from _ana_ and _luein_, to unloose, to resolve +into its elements: _the separation of a sentence into its constituent +elements_. + +ANTECE'DENT, Lat. _antecedens_, pres. part. of _antecedere_, to go before: +_the noun or pronoun represented by a relative pronoun_. + +APPOSI'TION, Lat. _appositio_, from _ad_, to, and _ponere_, to place +beside: _the state of two nouns put in the same case without a connecting +word between them_. + +AR'TICLE, Lat. _articulus_, a little joint: _one of the three words_, a, +an, _or_ the. + +AUXIL'IARY, Lat. _auxiliaris_, from _auxilium_, help, aid: _a verb used to +assist in conjugating other verbs_. + +CASE, Lat. _casus_, from _cadere_, to fall, to happen: _a grammatical form +denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the +sentence_. + +CLAUSE, Lat. _claudere_, _clausum_, to shut: _a dependent proposition +introduced by a connective_. + +COMPAR'ISON, Lat. _comparatio_, from _comparare_, to liken to: _a variation +in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or +quality_. + +COM'PLEMENT, Lat. _complementum_, from _con_ and _plere_, to fill fully: +_the word or words required to complete the predication of a transitive +verb_. + +COM'PLEX (sentence), Lat. _complexus_, from _con_ and _plectere_, to twist +around: _a sentence consisting of one independent proposition and one or +more clauses_. + +COM'POUND (sentence), Lat. _componere_ (= _con_ and _ponere_), to put +together: _a sentence consisting of two or more independent propositions_. + +CONJUGA'TION, Lat. _conjugatio_, from _con_ and _jugare_, to join together: +_the systematic arrangement of a verb according to its various grammatical +forms_. + +CONJUNCTION, Lat. _conjunctio_, from _con_ and _jungere_, to join together: +_a word used to connect sentences or the elements of sentences_. + +DECLEN'SION, Lat. _declinatio_, from _declinare_, to lean or incline: _the +process of giving in regular order the cases and numbers of a noun or +pronoun_. + +ELLIP'SIS, Gr. _elleipsis_, a leaving or defect: _the omission of a word or +words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence_. + +ETYMOL'OGY, Gr. _etumologia_, from _etumon_, the true literal sense of a +word, and _logos_, a discourse: _that division of grammar which treats of +the classification and grammatical forms of words_. + +FEM'ININE (gender), Lat. _femininus_, from _femina_, woman: _the gender of +a noun denoting a person of the female sex_. + +GEN'DER, Lat. _genus_, _generis_, kind: _a grammatical form expressing the +sex or non-sex of an object named by a noun_. + +GRAM'MAR, Gr. _gramma_, a letter, through Fr. _grammaire_: the science of +language. + +IMPER'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _imperativus_, from _imperare_, to command: _the +mood of a verb used in the statement of a command or request_. + +INDIC'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _indicativus_, from _indicare_, to proclaim: _the +mood of a verb used in the statement of a fact, or of a matter taken as a +fact_. + +INFLEC'TION, Lat. _inflexio_, from _inflectere_, to bend in: _a change in +the ending of a word_. + +INTERJEC'TION, Lat. _interjectio_, from _inter_ and _jacere_, to throw +between: _a word which expresses an emotion, but which does not enter into +the construction of the sentence_. + +INTRAN'SITIVE (verb), Lat. _intransitivus_ = _in_, not, and _transitivus_, +from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to go beyond: _a verb that denotes a state +or condition, or an action not terminating on an object_. + +MAS'CULINE (gender), Lat. _masculus_, male: _the gender of a noun +describing a person of the male sex_. + +MODE. See _mood_. + +MOOD, Lat. _modus_, through Fr. _mode_, manner: _a grammatical form +denoting the style of predication_. + +NEU'TER (gender), Lat. _neuter_, neither: _the gender of a noun denoting an +object without life_. + +NOM'INATIVE (case), Lat. _nominativus_, from _nomen_, a name: _that form +which a noun has when it is the subject of a verb_. + +NOUN, Lat. _nomen_, a name, through Fr. _nom_: _a name-word, the name of +anything_. + +NUM'BER, Lat. _numerus_, through Fr. _nombre_, number: _a grammatical form +expressing one or more than one of the objects named by a noun or pronoun_. + +OB'JECT, Lat. _ob_ and _jacere_, to set before: _that toward which an +activity is directed or is considered to be directed_. + +OBJEC'TIVE (case), Lat. _objectivus_, from _ob_ and _jacere_: _the case +which follows a transitive verb or a preposition_. + +PARSE, Lat. _pars_, a part: _to point out the several parts of speech in a +sentence and their relation to one another_. + +PAR'TICIPLE, Lat. _participium_, from _pars_, part, and _capere_, to take, +to share: _a verbal adjective, a word which shares or participates in the +nature both of the verb and of the adjective_. + +PER'SON, Lat. _persona_, the part taken by a performer: _a grammatical form +which shows whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken to, or the +person spoken of_. + +PHRASE, Gr. _phrasis_, a brief expression, from _phrazein_, to speak: _a +combination of related words forming an element of a sentence_. + +PLE'ONASM, Gr. _pleonasmos_, from _pleion_, more: _the use of more words to +express an idea than are necessary_. + +PLU'RAL (number), Lat. _pluralis_, from _plus_, _pluris_, more: _the number +which designates more than one_. + +POSSESS'IVE (case), Lat. _possessivus_, from _possidere_, to own: _that +form which a noun or pronoun has in order to denote ownership or +possession_. + +POTEN'TIAL (mood), Lat. _potens_, _potentis_, being able: _the mood of a +verb used in the statement of something possible or contingent_. + +PREDICATE, Lat. _praedicatum_, from _prae_ and _dicare_, to proclaim: _the +word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the +subject_. + +PREPOSI'TION, Lat. _praepositio_, from _prae_ and _ponere_, to put before: _a +connective word expressing a relation of meaning between a noun or pronoun +and some other word_. + +PRO'NOUN, Lat. _pronomen_, from _pro_, for, and _nomen_, a noun: _a word +used instead of a noun._ + +PROP'OSITION, Lat. _propositio_, from _proponere_ (_pro_ and _ponere_), to +put forth: _the combination of a subject with a predicate_. + +REL'ATIVE (pronoun), Lat. _relativus_, from _re_ and _ferre_, _latus_, to +bear back: _a pronoun that refers to an antecedent noun or pronoun_. + +SEN'TENCE, Lat. _sententia_, from _sentire_, to think: _a combination of +words expressing a complete thought_. + +SIM'PLE (sentence), Lat. _simplex_, from _sine_, without, and _plica_, +fold: _a sentence having but one subject and one predicate_. + +SUB'JECT, Lat. _subjectus_, from _sub_ and _jacere_, to place under: _that +of which something is predicated_. + +SUBJUNC'TIVE (mood), Lat. _subjunctivus_, from _sub_ and _jungere_, to +subjoin: _the mood used in the statement of something merely thought of_. + +SYN'TAX, Gr. _suntaxis_, from _sun_, together, and _taxis_, arrangement: +_that division of grammar which treats of the relations of words in +sentences_. + +TENSE, Lat. _tempus_, time, through Fr. _temps_: _a grammatical form of the +verb denoting the time of the action or event_. + +TRAN'SITIVE, Lat. _transitivus_, from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to pass +over: _a verb that denotes an action terminating on some object_. + +VERB, Lat. _verbum_, a word: _a word that predicates action or being_. + +VOICE, Lat. _vox_, _vocis_, voice, through Fr. _voix_: _a grammatical form +of the transitive verb, expressing whether the subject names the actor or +the recipient of the action_. + + +3.--TERMS IN ARITHMETIC. + +ADDI'TION, Lat. _additio_, from _addere_, to add. + +AL'IQUOT, Lat. _aliquot_, some. + +ARITH'METIC, Gr. adj. _arithmetike_, numerical, from n. _arithmos_, number. + +AVOIRDUPOIS', Fr. _avoir du pois_, to have [a fixed or standard] weight. + +CANCELLA'TION, Lat. _cancellatio_, from _cancellare_, to make like a +lattice (_cancelli_), to strike or cross out. + +CENT, Lat. _centum_, a hundred. + +CI'PHER, Arabic _sifrun_, empty, zero. + +CUBE, Gr. _kubos_, a cubical die. + +DEC'IMAL, Lat. _decimus_, tenth, from _decem_, ten. + +DENOM'INATOR, Lat. _denominare_, from _de_ and _nominare_ (_nomen_, a +name), to call by name. + +DIG'IT, Lat. _digitus_, a finger. + +DIV'IDEND, Lat. _dividendus_, to be divided, from _dividere_, to divide. + +DIVIS'ION, Lat. _divisio_, from _dividere_, to divide. + +DIVI'SOR, Sp. _divisor_, that which divides, from Lat. _dividere_, to +divide. + +DOL'LAR, Ger. _thaler_, an abbreviation of _Joachimsthaler_, i.e. a piece +of money first coined, about 1518, in the valley (_thal_) of _St. Joachim_, +in Bohemia. + +EQUA'TION, Lat. _aequatio_, from _aequus_, equal. + +EXPO'NENT, Lat. _exponens_, pres. part. of _exponere_, to set forth (= _ex_ +and _ponere_). + +FAC'TOR, Lat. _factor_, that which does something, from _facere_, _factum_, +to do or make. + +FIG'URE, Lat. _figura_, shape, from _fingere_, to form or shape. + +FRAC'TION, Lat. _fractio_, from _frangere_, to break. + +IN'TEGER, Lat. _integer_, untouched, whole. + +IN'TEREST, Lat. _interest_ = it interests, is of interest (3d per. sing. +pres. indic. of _interesse_, to be between, to be of importance). + +MIN'UEND, Lat. _minuendus_, to be diminished, from _minuere_, to lessen. + +MUL'TIPLE, Lat. _multiplex_, from _multus_, much, and _plicare_, to fold. + +MUL'TIPLY, MULTIPLICATION, etc. See _multiple_. + +NAUGHT, Anglo-Sax. _nawhit_, from _ne_, not, and _awiht_ or _auht_, aught, +anything. + +NOTA'TION, Lat. _notatio_, from _notare_, to mark (_nota_, a mark). + +NUMERA'TION, Lat. _numeratio_, from _numerus_, a number. + +QUO'TIENT, Lat. _quoties_, how often, how many times, from _quot_, how +many. + +SUBTRACTION, Lat. _subtractio_, from _sub_ and _trahere_, to draw from +under. + +U'NIT, Lat. _unus_, one. + +ZE'RO, Arabic _cifrun_, empty, cipher. + + * * * * * + +NOTES. + +[1] To teachers who are unacquainted with the original _Word-Analysis_, the +following extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:-- + +"The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and +important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and +organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their primary +meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its relation with +the root, and in fact _makes_ its primary meaning by the very process of +analyzing the word into its primitive and its modifying prefix or suffix. +It presents, also, a marked improvement in the method of approaching the +definition,--a method by which the definition is seen to _grow out of_ the +primary meaning, and by which the analytic faculty of the pupil is +exercised in tracing the transition from the primary meaning to the +secondary and figurative meanings,--thus converting what is ordinarily a +matter of rote into an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another +point of novelty in the method of treatment is presented in the copious +practical exercises on the _use of words_. The experienced instructor very +well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and definitions +without having any realization of the actual living power of words. Such a +realization can only be gained by _using_ the word,--by turning it over in +a variety of ways, and by throwing upon it the side-lights of its synonym +and contrasted word. The method of thus utilizing English derivatives gives +a study which possesses at once _simplicity_ and _fruitfulness_,--the two +desiderata of an instrument of elementary discipline." + +[2] "Etymology," Greek _et'umon_, the true literal sense of a word +according to its derivation, and _log'os_, a discourse. + +[3] "Vocabulary," Latin _vocabula'rium_, a stock of words; from _vox, +vocis_, a voice, a word. + +[4] By the _Low_ German languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat +countries of North Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the +language of Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to _High_ +German, or German proper. + +[5] For the full definition, reference should be had to a dictionary; but +in the present exercise the literal or etymological signification may +suffice. + +[6] _Fen'do_, _fen'dere_, is used in Latin only in composition. + +[7] Another mode of spelling _defense_. + +[8] From _pass_ and _over_, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate +the providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the +first-born of the Egyptians _passed over_ the houses of the Israelites, +which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb. + +[9] For the explanation of the etymology see Webster's _Unabridged_. + +[10] _For_ is different from _fore_, and corresponds to the German _ver_, +different from _vor_. + +_A_, _be_, _for_, _ge_, are often indifferently prefixed to verbs, +especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, as well as to verbal +nouns.--BOSWORTH. + +[11] _Ster_ was the Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once +conducted the work of brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these +words were afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. +_Ster_ is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of New Word-Analysis, by William Swinton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + +***** This file should be named 19346.txt or 19346.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/3/4/19346/ + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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