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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: New Word-Analysis + Or, School Etymology of English Derivative Words + +Author: William Swinton + +Release Date: September 22, 2006 [EBook #19346] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + + + + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + <h1>NEW WORD-ANALYSIS:</h1> + + <p class="c">OR,</p> + + <h2>SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS.</h2> + + <h2><i>WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES</i></h2> + + <p class="c">IN</p> + + <h3>SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND<br /> + THE USE OF WORDS.</h3> + + <h2>BY WILLIAM SWINTON,</h2> + + <p class="c">GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF<br /> + "SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S<br /> + HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC.</p> + + <h3>NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO</h3> + + <h2>AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</h2> + + <p class="c"><i>Copyright</i>, 1879,</p> + <h4>BY WILLIAM SWINTON</h4> + +<hr /> + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + <p>The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's + <i>Word-Analysis</i>, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a + large amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while + valuable as a manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient + in practice-work for pupils.</p> + + <p>This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old + <i>methods</i>; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new + <i>matter</i>.</p> + + <p>Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and + derivatives, with the exercises thereon, have been retained—under + "Part II.: The Latin Element"—as simply a <i>method of study</i>.<a + name="NtA_1"></a><a href="#Nt_1"><sup>1</sup></a> There have then been + added, in "Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than + two hundred and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English + offshoots. In order to concentrate into the limited available space so + large an amount of new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of + indicating the English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see + in the section, pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well + suited to class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and + valuable: should it not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of + the file, will have been misplaced.</p> + + <p>To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek + derivatives, the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and + the Greek roots are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the + <i>present infinitive</i>,—the present indicative and the supine + being, of course, added. For this there is one sufficient justification, + to wit: that the present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a + Greek root is always given in Webster and other received lexicographic + authorities. It is a curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, + the present indicative should have been given as the root, and is + explicable only from the accident that it is the key-form in the Latin + dictionaries. The change into conformity with our English dictionaries + needs no defense, and will probably hereafter be imitated by all authors + of school etymologies.</p> + + <p>In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last + edition of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the + authoritative sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had + to the works of Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English + Etymology" of Dr. James Douglass, to whom the author is specially + indebted in the Greek and Anglo-Saxon sections.</p> + + <p>W.S.</p> + + <p>NEW YORK, 1879.</p> + +<hr /> + + <h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + <h3>PART I.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"> I. <a href="#I.I">ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY</a></p> + <p class="i2"> II. <a href="#I.II">ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS</a></p> + <p class="i2">III. <a href="#I.III">PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i2">IV. <a href="#I.IV">RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS</a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>PART II.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>THE LATIN ELEMENT.</b></p> + <p class="i2"> I. <a href="#II.I">LATIN PREFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i2"> II. <a href="#II.II">LATIN SUFFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i2">III. <a href="#II.III">DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES</a></p> + <p class="i6"><a href="#II.III.I">LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#II.III.I">DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#II.III.II">DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES</a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>PART III.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>THE GREEK ELEMENT.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"> I. <a href="#III.I">GREEK PREFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i2"> II. <a href="#III.II">GREEK ALPHABET</a></p> + <p class="i6"><a href="#III.II.I">GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#III.II.I">DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#III.II.II">DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES</a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>PART IV.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.</b></p> + <p class="i2"> I. <a href="#IV.I">ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i2"> II. <a href="#IV.II">ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES</a></p> + <p class="i6"><a href="#IV.A">ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#IV.B">SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#IV.C">SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH</a></p> + <p class="i8"><a href="#IV.D">ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH</a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <h3>PART V.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.</b></p> + <p class="i2"> I. <a href="#V.I.1">WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS</a></p> + <p class="i6">1. <a href="#V.I.1">NOUNS</a></p> + <p class="i6">2. <a href="#V.I.2">ADJECTIVES</a></p> + <p class="i2"> II. <a href="#V.II">WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES</a></p> + <p class="i2">III. <a href="#V.III.1">ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES</a></p> + <p class="i6">1. <a href="#V.III.1">TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY</a></p> + <p class="i6">2. <a href="#V.III.2">TERMS IN GRAMMAR</a></p> + <p class="i6">3. <a href="#V.III.3">TERMS IN ARITHMETIC</a></p> + </div> + </div> + +<hr /> + +<h1>WORD-ANALYSIS.</h1> + +<a name="I.I"></a> +<h2>PART I.—INTRODUCTION.</h2> + +<h3>I.—ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY.</h3> + + <p><b>1. Etymology</b><a name="NtA_2"></a><a + href="#Nt_2"><sup>2</sup></a> is the study which treats of the derivation + of words,—that is, of their structure and history.</p> + + <p><b>2. English etymology</b>, or word-analysis, treats of the + derivation of English words.</p> + + <p><b>3</b>. The <b>vocabulary</b><a name="NtA_3"></a><a + href="#Nt_3"><sup>3</sup></a> of a language is the whole body of words in + that language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in + the English language.</p> + + <blockquote>I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct + inquiries,—the study of the <i>grammar</i> of the language, and the + study of its <i>vocabulary</i>. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with + the vocabulary.</blockquote> + + <blockquote>II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully + distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. Grammatical + etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in words, and does not + concern itself with their derivation; historical etymology treats of the + structure, composition, and history of words. Thus the relation of + <i>loves, loving, loved</i> to the verb <i>love</i> is a matter of + grammatical etmology; but the relation of <i>lover, lovely</i>, or + <i>loveliness</i> to <i>love</i> is a matter of historical + etymology.</blockquote> + + <blockquote>III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by + the fact that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 + words. But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the + ordinary purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament + contains 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose + vocabulary is more extensive than that of any other English writer, + employs no more than 15,000 words.</blockquote> + + <p><b>4</b>. The <b>principal elements</b> of the English vocabulary are + words of Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or <i>French-Latin</i> origin.</p> + + <p><b>5. Anglo-Saxon</b> is the earliest form of English. The whole of + the grammar of our language, and the most largely used part of its + vocabulary, are Anglo-Saxon.</p> + + <blockquote>I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German<a + name="NtA_4"></a><a href="#Nt_4"><sup>4</sup></a> division of the + Teutonic stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of + Europe—all of which are classed together as the Aryan, or + Indo-European family of languages—may be seen from the following + table:—</blockquote> + + <table class="allb"> + <tr><td class="allb" rowspan="7"><b>Indo-</b><br /><b>European</b><br /><b>Family.</b></td> + <td class="allb" colspan="3">CELTIC STOCK</td> + <td class="allb">as Welsh, Gaelic.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb" colspan="3">SLAVONIC STOCK</td> + <td class="allb">as Russian.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb" rowspan="2">CLASSIC STOCK</td> + <td class="allb" colspan="3">Greek</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb">Latin</td> + <td class="allb" colspan="2">Italian.<br />Spanish.<br />French, etc.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb" rowspan="3">TEUTONIC STOCK</td> + <td class="allb" colspan="2"> Scandinavian:</td> + <td class="allb">as Swedish.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb" rowspan="2"> German</td> + <td class="allb">High Ger.:</td> + <td class="allb">as Modern German.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="allb">Low Ger.:</td> + <td class="allb">as Anglo-Saxon.</td> + </tr> + </table> + + <blockquote style="margin-top: 0.5em;">II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names <i>Angles</i> and + <i>Saxons</i>, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., + invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves + of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons + spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British + words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our + language.</blockquote> + + <p><b>6.</b> The <b>Latin</b> element in the English vocabulary consists + of a large number of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English + at various periods.</p> + + <blockquote>The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought + directly into English are:—</blockquote> + + <blockquote>1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the + Latin Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596.</blockquote> + + <blockquote>2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth + century.</blockquote> + + <blockquote>3. By modern writers.</blockquote> + + <p><b>7</b>. The <b>French-Latin</b> element in the English language + consists of French words, first largely introduced into English by the + Norman-French who conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D.</p> + + <blockquote>I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is + substantially Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of + grammatical forms and by other changes. This language the Norman-French + invaders brought with them into England, and they continued to use it for + more than two centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so + numerous as the native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, + though with an immense infusion of French words.</blockquote> + + <blockquote>II. French-Latin words—that is, Latin words introduced + through the French—can often be readily distinguished by their + being more changed in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into + our language. Thus—</blockquote> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="16%"> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Latin.</b></p> + <p>inimi'cus</p> + <p>pop'ulus</p> + <p>se'nior</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="t " width="16%"> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>French.</b></p> + <p>ennemi</p> + <p>peuple</p> + <p>sire</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="t " width="16%"> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>English.</b></p> + <p>enemy</p> + <p>people</p> + <p>sir</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p><b>8. Other Elements</b>.—In addition to its primary + constituents—namely, the Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and + French-Latin—the English vocabulary contains a large number of + Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, Spanish, and + Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from miscellaneous + sources.</p> + + <blockquote>The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous + sources; that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, + French-Latin, and Greek:—</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Hebrew</i>: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, + sabbath, seraph.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Arabic</i>: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, + caravan, chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, + nabob, sultan.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Turkish</i>: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, + tulip.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Persian</i>: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, + demijohn, dervise, orange, paradise, pasha, turban.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Hindustani</i>: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, + shampoo, toddy.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Malay</i>: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, + gutta-percha, mango.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Chinese</i>: nankeen, tea.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Polynesian</i>: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>American Indian</i>: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, + tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Celtic</i>: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, + whiskey.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Scandinavian</i>: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, + hustings, kidnap, plough.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Dutch, or Hollandish</i>: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, + skates, sloop, yacht.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Italian</i>: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, + piano, regatta, soprano, stucco, vista.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Spanish</i>: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, + grandee, mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><i>Portuguese</i>: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, + palaver.</blockquote> + + <p><b>9. Proportions</b>.—On an examination of passages selected + from modern English authors, it is found that of every hundred words + sixty are of Anglo-Saxon origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all + the other sources combined furnish the remaining five.</p> + + <blockquote>By actual count, there are more words of classical than of + Anglo-Saxon origin in the English vocabulary,—probably two and a + half times as many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words + are so much more employed—owing to the constant repetition of + conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of + Anglo-Saxon origin)—that in any page of even the most Latinized + writer they greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's + vocabulary, they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens + showing Anglo-Saxon words, see <a href="#IV.B">p. 136</a>.</blockquote> + +<a name="I.II"></a> +<h3>II.—ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS.</h3> + + <p><b>10. Classes by Origin</b>.—With respect to their origin, + words are divided into two classes,—primitive words and derivative + words.</p> + + <p><b>11</b>. A <b>primitive</b> word, or root, is one that cannot be + reduced to a more simple form in the language to which it is native: as, + <i>man, good, run</i>.</p> + + <p><b>12</b>. A <b>derivative</b> word is one made up of a root and one + or more <i>formative elements</i>: as, man<i>ly</i>, good<i>ness</i>, + run<i>ner</i>.</p> + + <p>The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See §§ 16, + 17.)</p> + + <p><b>13. By Composition</b>.—With respect to their composition, + words are divided into two classes,—simple and compound words.</p> + + <p><b>14</b>. A <b>simple</b> word consists of a single significant term: + as, <i>school, master, rain, bow</i>.</p> + + <p><b>15</b>. A <b>compound</b> word is one made up of two or more simple + words united: as, <i>school-master, rainbow</i>.</p> + + <blockquote>In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by + the hyphen as <i>school-master;</i> in others the parts coalesce and the + compound forms a single (though not a <i>simple</i>) word, as + <i>rainbow</i>.</blockquote> + +<a name="I.III"></a> +<h3>III.—PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.</h3> + + <p><b>16.</b> A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before + and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = <i>not</i> + safe; remove = move <i>back</i>; circumnavigate = sail <i>around</i>.</p> + + <p><b>17.</b> A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed + after and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, safe<b>ly</b> = + in a safe <i>manner</i>; mov<b>able</b> = that may be moved; + nav<b>igation</b> = <i>act</i> of sailing.</p> + + <p>The word <i>affix</i> signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the + verb <i>to affix</i> means to join a prefix or a suffix to a + root-word.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also + whether simple or compound:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 grace</p> + <p>2 sign</p> + <p>3 design</p> + <p>4 midshipman</p> + <p>5 wash</p> + <p>6 sea</p> + <p>7 workman</p> + <p>8 love</p> + <p>9 lovely</p> + <p>10 white</p> + <p>11 childhood</p> + <p>12 kingdom</p> + <p>13 rub</p> + <p>14 music</p> + <p>15 musician</p> + <p>16 music-teacher</p> + <p>17 footstep</p> + <p>18 glad</p> + <p>19 redness</p> + <p>20 school</p> + <p>21 fire</p> + <p>22 watch-key</p> + <p>23 give</p> + <p>24 forget</p> + <p>25 iron</p> + <p>26 hardihood</p> + <p>27 young</p> + <p>28 right</p> + <p>29 ploughman</p> + <p>30 day-star</p> + <p>31 large</p> + <p>32 truthful</p> + <p>33 manliness</p> + <p>34 milkmaid</p> + <p>35 gentleman</p> + <p>36 sailor</p> + <p>37 steamboat</p> + <p>38 wooden</p> + <p>39 rich</p> + <p>40 hilly</p> + <p>41 coachman</p> + <p>42 warm</p> + <p>43 sign-post</p> + <p>44 greenish</p> + <p>45 friend</p> + <p>46 friendly</p> + <p>47 reform</p> + <p>48 whalebone</p> + <p>49 quiet</p> + <p>50 quietude</p> + <p>51 gardener</p> + <p>52 form</p> + <p>53 formal</p> + <p>54 classmate</p> + <p>55 trust</p> + <p>56 trustworthy</p> + <p>57 penknife</p> + <p>58 brightness</p> + <p>59 grammarian</p> + <p>60 unfetter</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="I.IV"></a> +<h3>IV.—RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE +WORDS.</h3> + +<h4>Rule 1.—<i>Final "e" followed by a Vowel.</i></h4> + + <p>Final <i>e</i> of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix + beginning with a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = + guidance; come + ing = coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = + obscurity.</p> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 1.</b>—Words ending in <i>ge</i> or + <i>ce</i> usually retain the <i>e</i> before a suffix beginning with + <i>a</i> or <i>o</i>, for the reason that <i>c</i> and <i>g</i> would + have the hard sound if the <i>e</i> were dropped: as, peace + able = + peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = + courageous.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 2.</b>—Words ending in <i>oe</i> retain + the <i>e</i> to preserve the sound of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; + hoe + ing = hoeing. The <i>e</i> is retained in a few words to prevent + their being confounded with similar words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to + prevent its being confounded with singing).</blockquote> + +<h4>Rule II.—<i>Final "e" followed by a Consonant.</i></h4> + + <p>Final <i>e</i> of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix + beginning with a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = + largely.</p> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 1</b>.—When the final <i>e</i> is preceded + by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = + truly; whole + ly = wholly.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 2</b>.—A few words ending in <i>e</i> drop + the <i>e</i> before a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment + = judgment; lodge + ment = lodgment; abridge + ment = + abridgment.</blockquote> + +<h4>Rule III.—<i>Final "y" preceded by a Consonant.</i></h4> + + <p>Final <i>y</i> of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is + generally changed into <i>i</i> on the addition of a suffix.</p> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 1</b>.—Before <i>ing</i> or <i>ish</i>, + the final <i>y</i> is retained to prevent the doubling of the <i>i</i>: + as, pity + ing = pitying.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 2</b>.—Words ending in <i>ie</i> and + dropping the <i>e</i>, by Rule I. change the <i>i</i> into <i>y</i> to + prevent the doubling of the <i>i</i>: as, die + ing = dying; lie + ing = + lying.</blockquote> + + <blockquote><b>Exception 3</b>.—Final <i>y</i> is sometimes changed + into <i>e</i>: as, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = + beauteous.</blockquote> + +<h4>Rule IV.—<i>Final "y" preceded by a Vowel.</i></h4> + + <p>Final <i>y</i> of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should + not be changed into an <i>i</i> before a suffix: as, joy + less = + joyless.</p> + +<h4>Rule V.—<i>Doubling.</i></h4> + + <p>Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they + end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel + after <i>qu</i>, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with + a vowel: as, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = + squatter; prefer' + ing = prefer'ring.</p> + + <blockquote><b>Exceptions</b>.—<i>X</i> final, being equivalent to + <i>ks</i>, is never doubled; and when the derivative does not retain the + accent of the root, the final consonant is not always doubled: as, + prefer' + ence = pref'erence.</blockquote> + +<h4>Rule VI.—<i>No Doubling.</i></h4> + + <p>A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when + the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an + additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; + murmur + ing = murmuring.</p> + +<a name="II.I"></a> +<h2>PART II.—THE LATIN ELEMENT.</h2> + +<h3>I.—LATIN PREFIXES.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <p>Prefix.</p> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <p>Signification.</p> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <p>Example.</p> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <p>Definition.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>a-</b></p> + <p>ab-</p> + <p>abs-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>from</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a-vert</p> + <p>ab-solve</p> + <p>abs-tain</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to turn <i>from</i>.</p> + <p>to release <i>from</i>.</p> + <p>to hold <i>from</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ad-</b></p> + <p>a-</p> + <p>ac-</p> + <p>af-</p> + <p>ag-</p> + <p>al-</p> + <p>an-</p> + <p>ap-</p> + <p>ar-</p> + <p>as-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>to</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ad-here</p> + <p>a-gree</p> + <p>ac-cede</p> + <p>af-fix</p> + <p>ag-grieve</p> + <p>al-ly</p> + <p>an-nex</p> + <p>ap-pend</p> + <p>ar-rive</p> + <p>as-sent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to stick <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to be pleasing <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to yield <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to fix <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to give pain <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to bind <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to tie <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to hang <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to reach <i>to</i>.</p> + <p>to yield <i>to</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The forms <b>ac-</b>, <b>af-</b>, etc., are euphonic + variations of <b>ad-</b>, and follow generally the rule that the final + consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the + root.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>am-</b></p> + <p>amb-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>around</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>am-putate</p> + <p>amb-ient</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to cut <i>around</i>.</p> + <p>going <i>around</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ante-</b></p> + <p>anti-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>before</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ante-cedent</p> + <p>anti-cipate</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>going <i>before</i>.</p> + <p>to take <i>before</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>bi-</b></p> + <p>bis-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>two</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>twice</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>bi-ped</p> + <p>bis-cuit</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a <i>two</i>-footed animal.</p> + <p><i>twice</i> cooked.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>circum-</b></p> + <p>circu-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>around</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>circum-navigate</p> + <p>circu-it</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to sail <i>around</i>.</p> + <p>journey <i>around</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>con-</b></p> + <p>co-</p> + <p>co-</p> + <p>col-</p> + <p>com-</p> + <p>cor-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>with</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>together</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>con-vene</p> + <p>co-equal</p> + <p>co-gnate</p> + <p>col-loquy</p> + <p>com-pose</p> + <p>cor-relative</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to come <i>together</i>.</p> + <p>equal <i>with</i>.</p> + <p>born <i>together</i>.</p> + <p>a speaking <i>with</i> another.</p> + <p>to put <i>together</i>.</p> + <p>relative <i>with</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The forms <b>co-, col-, com-</b>, and <b>cor-</b>, are + euphonic variations of <b>con-</b>.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>contra-</b></p> + <p>contro-</p> + <p>counter-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>against</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>contra-dict</p> + <p>contro-vert</p> + <p>counter-mand</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to speak <i>against</i></p> + <p>to turn <i>against</i></p> + <p>to order <i>against</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>de-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>down</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>off</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>de-pose;</p> + <p>de-fend</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to put <i>down</i>;</p> + <p>fend <i>off</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>dis-</b></p> + <p>di-</p> + <p>dif-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>asunder</i></p> + <p>= <i>apart</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>opposite of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dis-pel</p> + <p>di-vert</p> + <p>dif-fer</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to drive <i>asunder</i>.</p> + <p>to turn <i>apart</i>.</p> + <p>to bear <i>apart</i>; disagree.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The forms <b>di-</b> and <b>dif-</b> are euphonic forms of + <b>dis-</b>; <b>dif-</b> is used before a root beginning with a + vowel.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ex-</b></p> + <p>e-</p> + <p>ec-</p> + <p>ef-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>out</i> or <i>from</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ex-clude</p> + <p>e-ject</p> + <p>ec-centric</p> + <p>ef-flux</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to shut <i>out</i>.</p> + <p>to cast <i>out</i>.</p> + <p><i>from</i> the center.</p> + <p>a flowing <i>out</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—<b>e-</b>, <b>ec-</b>, and <b>ef-</b> are euphonic + variations of <b>ex-</b>. When prefixed to the name of an office, + <b>ex-</b> denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, + <i>ex</i>-mayor, the former mayor.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>extra-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>beyond</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>extra-ordinary</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>beyond</i> ordinary.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>in-</b></p> + <p>il-</p> + <p>im-</p> + <p>ir-</p> + <p>en-, em-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(in nouns and</p> + <p class="i2">verbs)</p> + <p>= <i>in, into, on</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>in-clude</p> + <p>il-luminate</p> + <p>im-port</p> + <p>ir-rigate</p> + <p>en-force</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to shut <i>in</i>.</p> + <p>to throw light <i>on</i>.</p> + <p>to carry <i>in</i>.</p> + <p>to pour water <i>on</i>.</p> + <p>to force <i>on</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The forms <b>il-</b>, <b>im-</b>, and <b>ir-</b> are + euphonic variations of <b>in-</b>. The forms <b>en-</b> and <b>em-</b> + are of French origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>in-</b></p> + <p>i(n)</p> + <p>il-</p> + <p>im-</p> + <p>ir-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(in adjectives</p> + <p class="i2">and nouns.)</p> + <p>= <i>not</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>in-sane</p> + <p>i-gnoble</p> + <p>il-legal</p> + <p>im-mature</p> + <p>ir-regular</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>not</i> sane.</p> + <p><i>not</i> noble.</p> + <p><i>not</i> legal.</p> + <p><i>not</i> mature.</p> + <p><i>not</i> regular.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>inter-</b></p> + <p>intel-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>between</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>among</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>inter-cede</p> + <p>intel-ligent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to go <i>between</i>.</p> + <p>choosing <i>between</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>intra-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>inside of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>intra-mural</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>inside of</i> the walls.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>intro-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>within, into</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>intro-duce</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to lead <i>into</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>juxta-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>near</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>juxta-position</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a placing <i>near</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>non-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>not</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>non-combatant</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>not</i> fighting.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between + <i>non-</i> and the root.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ob-</b></p> + <p>o-</p> + <p>oc-</p> + <p> </p> + <p>of-</p> + <p>op-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>in the way</i>,</p> + <p>= <i>against</i>,</p> + <p class="i2">or <i>out</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ob-ject</p> + <p>o-mit</p> + <p>oc-cur</p> + <p> </p> + <p>of-fend</p> + <p>op-pose</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to throw <i>against</i>.</p> + <p>to leave <i>out</i>.</p> + <p>to run <i>against</i>;</p> + <p>hence, to happen.</p> + <p>to strike <i>against</i>.</p> + <p>to put one's self <i>against</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>per-</b></p> + <p>pel-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>through</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>thoroughly</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>per-vade;</p> + <p>per-fect</p> + <p>pel-lucid</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to pass <i>through</i>;</p> + <p><i>thoroughly</i> made.</p> + <p><i>thoroughly</i> clear.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—Standing alone, <b>per-</b> signifies <i>by</i>: as, + <i>per annum</i>, <i>by</i> the year.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>post-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>after</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>behind</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>post-script</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>written <i>after</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>pre-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>before</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pre-cede</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to go <i>before</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>preter-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>beyond</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>preter-natural</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>beyond</i> nature.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>pro</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>for</i>,</p> + <p>= <i>forth</i>, or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>forward</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pro-noun</p> + <p>pro-pose</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>for</i> a noun.</p> + <p>to put <i>forth</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—In a few instances <b>pro-</b> is changed into + <b>pur-</b>, as <i>pur</i>pose; into <b>por-</b>, as <i>por</i>tray; and + into <b>pol-</b>, as <i>pol</i>lute.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>re-</b></p> + <p>red-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>back</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>anew</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>re-pel</p> + <p>red-eem</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to drive <i>back</i>.</p> + <p>to buy <i>back</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>retro-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>backwards</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>retro-grade</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>going <i>backwards</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>se-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>aside</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>apart</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>se-cede</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to go <i>apart</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>sine-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>without</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>sine-cure</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>without</i> care.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>sub-</b></p> + <p>suc-</p> + <p>suf-</p> + <p>sug-</p> + <p>sum-</p> + <p>sup-</p> + <p>sus-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>under</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>after</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>sub-scribe</p> + <p>suc-ceed</p> + <p>suf-fer</p> + <p>sug-gest</p> + <p>sum-mon</p> + <p>sup-port</p> + <p>sus-tain</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to write <i>under</i>.</p> + <p>to follow <i>after</i>.</p> + <p>to <i>undergo.</i></p> + <p>to bring to mind from <i>under</i>.</p> + <p>to hint from <i>under</i>.</p> + <p>to bear by being <i>under</i>.</p> + <p>to <i>under</i>-hold.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The euphonic variations <b>suc-</b>, <b>suf-</b>, + <b>sug-</b>, <b>sum-</b>, <b>sup-</b>, result from assimilating the + <i>b</i> of <b>sub-</b> to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" + <b>sus-</b> is a contraction of <i>subs-</i> for <i>sub-</i>.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>subter-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>under</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>beneath</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>subter-fuge</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a flying <i>under</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>super-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>above</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>over</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>super-natural</p> + <p>super-vise</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>above</i> nature.</p> + <p>to <i>over</i>-see.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—In derivatives through the French, <b>super-</b> takes the + form <b>sur-</b>, as <i>sur-</i>vey, to look over.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="12%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>trans-</b></p> + <p>tra-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>through</i>,</p> + <p>= <i>over</i>,</p> + <p class="i2">or <i>beyond</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>trans-gress</p> + <p>tra-verse</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>to step <i>beyond</i>.</p> + <p>to pass <i>over</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ultra-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="21%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>beyond</i>, or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>extremely</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ultra-montane</p> + <p> </p> + <p>ultra-conservative</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>beyond</i> the mountain</p> + <p class="i2">(the Alps).</p> + <p><i>extremely</i> conservative.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<a name="II.II"></a> +<h3>II.—LATIN SUFFIXES.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="10%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Suffix.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Signification.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Example.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Definition.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-able</b></p> + <p>-ible</p> + <p>-ble</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>that may be</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>fit to be</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>cur-able</p> + <p>possi-ble</p> + <p>solu-ble</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>that may be</i> cured.</p> + <p><i>that may be</i> done.</p> + <p><i>that may be</i> dissolved.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ac</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>relating to</i></p> + <p>= or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>resembling</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>cardi-ac</p> + <p>demoni-ac</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> the heart.</p> + <p><i>like</i> a demon.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The suffix <b>-ac</b> is found only in Latin derivatives + of Greek origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-aceous</b></p> + <p> </p> + <p>-acious</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>of;</i></p> + <p>= <i>having the</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>quality of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>sapon-aceous</p> + <p> </p> + <p>cap-acious</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>having the quality of</i></p> + <p>soap.</p> + <p><i>having the quality of</i></p> + <p>holding much.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-acy</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>condition of</i></p> + <p>= <i>being</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>office of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>celib-acy</p> + <p>cur-acy</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>condition of being</i> single.</p> + <p><i>office of</i> a curate.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-age</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>act</i>,</p> + <p>= <i>condition,</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>collection of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>marri-age</p> + <p>vassal-age</p> + <p>foli-age</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>act of</i> marrying.</p> + <p><i>condition of</i> a vassal.</p> + <p><i>collection of</i> leaves.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The suffix <b>-age</b> is found only in French-Latin + derivatives.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-al</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"> adj.</p> + <p>= <i>relating to</i></p> + <p class="i2">n. <i>the act of</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ment-al</p> + <p>remov-al</p> + <p>capit-al</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> the mind.</p> + <p><i>the act of</i> removing.</p> + <p><i>that which</i> forms the</p> + <p>head of a column.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-an</b></p> + <p>-ane</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>relating to</i></p> + <p>= or <i>befitting</i></p> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hum-an</p> + <p>hum-ane</p> + <p>artis-an</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> mankind.</p> + <p><i>befitting</i> a man.</p> + <p><i>one who</i> follows a trade.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ance</b></p> + <p>-ancy</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>state or</i></p> + <p>= <i>quality</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>of being</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>vigil-ance</p> + <p>eleg-ance</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of being</i> watchful.</p> + <p><i>quality of being</i> elegant.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ant</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= adj. <i>being</i></p> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>vigil-ant</p> + <p>assist-ant</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>being</i> watchful.</p> + <p><i>one who</i> assists.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ar</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>relating to; like</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>lun-ar</p> + <p>circul-ar</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> the moon.</p> + <p><i>like</i> a circle.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ary</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>relating to</i></p> + <p>= n. <i>one who</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>place where</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>epistol-ary</p> + <p>mission-ary</p> + <p>avi-ary</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> a letter.</p> + <p><i>one who is</i> sent out.</p> + <p><i>a place where</i> birds are kept.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ate</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who is</i></p> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>having</i></p> + <p>= <i>the quality of</i></p> + <p class="i2">v. <i>to perform</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>the act of</i>,</p> + <p class="i2">or <i>cause</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>deleg-ate</p> + <p> </p> + <p>accur-ate</p> + <p> </p> + <p>navig-ate</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who is</i> sent by</p> + <p class="i2">others.</p> + <p><i>having the quality of</i></p> + <p class="i2">accuracy.</p> + <p><i>to perform the act of</i></p> + <p class="i2">sailing.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-cle</b></p> + <p>-cule</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>minute</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>vesi-cle</p> + <p>animal-cule</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a <i>minute</i> vessel.</p> + <p>a <i>minute</i> animal.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ee</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>one to whom</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>refer-ee</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one to whom</i> something</p> + <p>is referred.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin + origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-eer</b></p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ier</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>one who</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>engin-eer</p> + <p> </p> + <p>brigad-ier</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who</i> has charge of</p> + <p class="i2">an engine.</p> + <p><i>one who</i> has charge of</p> + <p class="i2">a brigade.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin + origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ene</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>having relation to</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>terr-ene</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>having relation to</i> the</p> + <p>earth.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ence</b></p> + <p>-ency</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>state of being</i></p> + <p class="i2">or <i>quality of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pres-ence</p> + <p>tend-ency</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of being</i> present.</p> + <p><i>quality of</i> tending towards.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ent</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who</i></p> + <p>= or <i>which</i></p> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>being</i></p> + <p class="i2">or <i>-ing</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>stud-ent</p> + <p>equival-ent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who</i> studies.</p> + <p><i>being</i> equal to, equal<i>ing</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-escence</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>state of becoming</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>conval-escence</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of becoming</i> well.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-escent</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>becoming</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>conval-escent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>becoming</i> well.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ess</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>female</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>lion-ess</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a <i>female</i> lion.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin + origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ferous</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>producing</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>coni-ferous</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>producing</i> cones.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-fic</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>making, causing</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>sopori-fic</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>causing</i> sleep.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-fice</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>something done</i></p> + <p class="i2">or <i>made</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>arti-fice</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>something done</i> with</p> + <p class="i2">art.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-fy</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>to make</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>forti-fy</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>to make</i> strong.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ic</b></p> + <p>-ical</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who</i></p> + <p>= adj. <i>like</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>made of</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>relating to</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>rust-ic</p> + <p> </p> + <p>hero-ic</p> + <p>metall-ic</p> + <p>histor-ical</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who</i> has countrified</p> + <p class="i2">manners.</p> + <p><i>like</i> a hero.</p> + <p><i>made of</i> metal.</p> + <p><i>relating to</i> history.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek + origin, namely, adjectives in <b>-ikos</b>. In words belonging to + chemistry derivatives in <b>-ic</b> denote the acid containing most + oxygen, when more than one is formed: as <i>nitric</i> acid.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ice</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>just-ice</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>that which</i> is just.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ics</b></p> + <p><b>-ic</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>the science of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>mathemat-ics</p> + <p>arithmet-ic</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>the science of</i> quantity.</p> + <p><i>the science of</i> number.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek + origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-id</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>being</i> or <i>-ing</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>acr-id; flu-id</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>being</i> bitter; flow<i>ing</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>-ile</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>relating to</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>apt for</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>puer-ile</p> + <p>docile</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> a boy.</p> + <p><i>apt for</i> being taught.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ine</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>relating to; like</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>femin-ine</p> + <p>alkal-ine</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>relating to</i> a woman.</p> + <p><i>like</i> an alkali.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ion</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>the act of, </i></p> + <p>= <i>state of being</i>,</p> + <p class="i2">or <i>-ing</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>expuls-ion</p> + <p>corrupt-ion</p> + <p>frict-ion</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>the act of</i> expelling.</p> + <p><i>state of being</i> corrupt.</p> + <p>rubb<i>ing</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ish</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>to make</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>publ-ish</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>to make</i> public.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ise</b></p> + <p>-ize</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>to render,</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>perform the act of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>fertil-ize</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>to render</i> fertile.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The suffix <b>-ise, -ize</b>, is of French origin, and is + freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ism</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>state or act of</i>; <i>idiom</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hero-ism</p> + <p>Gallic-ism</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of</i> a hero.</p> + <p>a French <i>idiom</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found + only in words of Greek origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ist</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>one who</i></p> + <p>= <i>practices</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>is devoted to</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>art-ist</p> + <p>botan-ist</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who practices</i> an art.</p> + <p><i>one who is devoted to</i></p> + <p class="i2">botany.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ite</b></p> + <p>-yte</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= n. <i>one who is</i></p> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>being</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>favor-ite</p> + <p>defin-ite</p> + <p>prosel-yte</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who is</i> favored.</p> + <p><i>being</i> well defined.</p> + <p><i>one who is</i> brought</p> + <p class="i2">over.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The form <b>-yte</b> is found only in words of Greek + origin.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="15%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ity</b></p> + <p>-ty</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>state or quality</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>of being</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>security</p> + <p>ability</p> + <p>liber-ty</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of being</i> secure.</p> + <p><i>quality of being</i> able.</p> + <p><i>state of being</i> free.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ive</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">n. <i>one who is</i></p> + <p>= or <i>that which</i></p> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>having</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>the power</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>or quality</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>capt-ive</p> + <p>cohes-ive</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who is</i> taken.</p> + <p><i>having power</i> to stick.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ix</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>feminine</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>testatr-ix</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a <i>woman</i> who leaves</p> + <p>a will.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ize</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(See <b>ise.</b>)</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ment</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>state of being</i></p> + <p>= or <i>act of</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>excite-ment</p> + <p>induce-ment</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of being</i> excited.</p> + <p><i>that which</i> induces.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-mony</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>state or</i></p> + <p>= <i>quality of</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>matri-mony</p> + <p>testi-mony</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>state of</i> marriage.</p> + <p><i>that which</i> is testified.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-or</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>one who;</i></p> + <p>= <i>that which;</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>quality of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>audit-or</p> + <p>mot-or</p> + <p>err-or</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>one who</i> hears.</p> + <p><i>that which</i> moves.</p> + <p><i>quality of</i> erring.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ory</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">adj. <i>fitted</i> or</p> + <p>= <i>relating to</i></p> + <p class="i2">n. <i>place where;</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>preparat-ory</p> + <p> </p> + <p>armor-y</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>fitted</i> to prepare.</p> + <p> </p> + <p><i>place where</i> arms are</p> + <p class="i2">kept.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ose</b></p> + <p>-ous</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>abounding in</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>verb-ose</p> + <p>popul-ous</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>abounding in</i> words.</p> + <p><i>abounding in</i> people.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-tude</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>condition or </i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>quality of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>servi-tude</p> + <p>forti-tude</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>condition of</i> a slave.</p> + <p><i>quality of</i> being brave.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ty</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(See <b>-ity</b>.)</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ule</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>minute</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>glob-ule</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a <i>minute</i> globe.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ulent</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>abounding in</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>op-ulent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>abounding in</i> wealth.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>-ure</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>act or state of</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>that which</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="22%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>depart-ure</p> + <p>creat-ure</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="41%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>act of</i> departing.</p> + <p><i>that which</i> is created.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<h3>CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="20%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Noun Suffixes</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>-an</p> + <p>-ant</p> + <p>-ary</p> + <p>-ate</p> + <p>-eer</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ate</p> + <p>-ee</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-acy</p> + <p>-age</p> + <p>-ance</p> + <p>-ancy</p> + <p>-ate</p> + <p>-ence</p> + <p>-ency</p> + <p>-ion</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ary</p> + <p>-ory</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-cle</p> + <p>-cule</p> + <p>-ule</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>-ent</p> + <p>-ier</p> + <p>-ist</p> + <p>-ive</p> + <p>-or</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ite</p> + <p>-ive</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ism</p> + <p>-ity</p> + <p>-ment</p> + <p>-mony</p> + <p>-tude</p> + <p>-ty</p> + <p>-ure</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="53%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that which is._</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= _state; condition; quality; act._</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= _place where._</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= _diminutives._</p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<h3>II.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="13%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Adjective</b></p> + <p><b>Suffixes.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="9%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>-ac</p> + <p>-al</p> + <p>-an</p> + <p>-ar</p> + <p>-ary</p> + <p>-ent</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ate</p> + <p>-ose</p> + <p>-ous</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-able</p> + <p>-ble</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ive</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ferous</p> + <p>-fic</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-aceous</p> + <p>-acious</p> + <p> </p> + <p>-escent</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="9%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>-ic</p> + <p>-ical</p> + <p>-id</p> + <p>-ile</p> + <p>-ine</p> + <p>-ory</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>-ible</p> + <p>-ile</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="53%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>relating to; like; being</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>abounding in; having the quality</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>that may be</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>having power</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>causing</i> or <i>producing</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>of; having the quality</i>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> + <p>= <i>becoming</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<h3>III.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="20%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Verb Suffixes</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>-ate</p> + <p>-fy</p> + <p>-ise</p> + <p>-ize</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="53%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>to make; render; perform an act</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<h3>EXERCISE.</h3> +<h3>I.</h3> + + <p><i>a</i>. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that + which) from the following:—</p> + +<h4>1. Nouns.</h4> + + <p>MODEL: <i>art + ist = artist, one who practices an art.</i><a + name="NtA_5"></a><a href="#Nt_5"><sup>5</sup></a></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 art</p> + <p>2 cash</p> + <p>3 humor</p> + <p>4 history</p> + <p>5 vision</p> + <p>6 tribute</p> + <p>7 cure</p> + <p>8 engine</p> + <p>9 auction</p> + <p>10 cannon</p> + <p>11 flute</p> + <p>12 drug</p> + <p>13 tragedy</p> + <p>14 mutiny</p> + <p>15 grammar</p> + <p>16 credit</p> + <p>17 note</p> + <p>18 method</p> + <p>19 music</p> + <p>20 flower (<i>flor</i>-)</p> + </div> + </div> +<h4>2. Verbs.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 profess</p> + <p>2 descend</p> + <p>3 act</p> + <p>4 imitate</p> + <p>5 preside</p> + <p>6 solicit</p> + <p>7 visit</p> + <p>8 defend</p> + <p>9 survey</p> + <p>10 oppose (<i>oppon</i>-)</p> + </div> + </div> +<h4>3. Adjectives.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 adverse</p> + <p>2 secret</p> + <p>3 potent</p> + <p>4 private</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>b</i>. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or + that which) from the following:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 assign</p> + <p>2 bedlam</p> + <p>3 <i>captum</i> (taken)</p> + <p>4 devote</p> + <p>5 favor</p> + <p>6 lease</p> + <p>7 <i>natus</i> (born)</p> + <p>8 patent</p> + <p>9 refer</p> + <p>10 relate</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>c</i>. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, + or act, from the following:—</p> + +<h4>1. Nouns.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 <i>magistr</i>ate</p> + <p>2 parent</p> + <p>3 cure</p> + <p>4 <i>priv</i>ate</p> + <p>5 pilgrim</p> + <p>6 hero</p> + <p>7 despot</p> + <p>8 judge</p> + <p>9 vassal</p> + <p>10 vandal</p> + </div> + </div> +<h4>2. Verbs.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 conspire</p> + <p>2 marry</p> + <p>3 forbear</p> + <p>4 repent</p> + <p>5 ply</p> + <p>6 abase</p> + <p>7 excel</p> + <p>8 prosper</p> + <p>9 enjoy</p> + <p>10 accompany</p> + <p>11 depart</p> + <p>12 abound</p> + <p>13 abhor</p> + <p>14 compose</p> + <p>15 deride (<i>deris</i>-)</p> + </div> + </div> +<h4>3. Adjectives.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 <i>accur</i>ate</p> + <p>2 <i>delic</i>ate</p> + <p>3 <i>dist</i>ant</p> + <p>4 <i>excell</i>ent</p> + <p>5 <i>curr</i>ent</p> + <p>6 parallel</p> + <p>7 prompt (<i>i</i>-)</p> + <p>8 similar</p> + <p>9 docile</p> + <p>10 moist</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>d</i>. Write and define nouns denoting place <b>where</b> from the + following words:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 grain</p> + <p>2 deposit</p> + <p>3 penitent</p> + <p>4 arm</p> + <p>5 observe</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>e</i>. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the + following nouns:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 part</p> + <p>2 globe</p> + <p>3 animal</p> + <p>4 verse</p> + <p>5 <i>corpus</i> (body)</p> + </div> + </div> +<h3>II.</h3> + + <p><i>a</i>. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or + being, from the following nouns:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 parent</p> + <p>2 nation</p> + <p>3 fate</p> + <p>4 elegy</p> + <p>5 demon</p> + <p>6 republic</p> + <p>7 Rome</p> + <p>8 Europe</p> + <p>9 Persia</p> + <p>10 presbytery</p> + <p>11 globule</p> + <p>12 <i>luna</i> (the moon)</p> + <p>13 <i>oculus</i> (the eye)</p> + <p>14 consul</p> + <p>15 <i>sol</i> (the sun)</p> + <p>16 planet</p> + <p>17 moment</p> + <p>18 element</p> + <p>19 second</p> + <p>20 parliament</p> + <p>21 honor</p> + <p>22 poet</p> + <p>23 despot</p> + <p>24 majesty</p> + <p>25 ocean</p> + <p>26 metal</p> + <p>27 nonsense</p> + <p>28 astronomy</p> + <p>29 botany</p> + <p>30 period</p> + <p>31 tragedy</p> + <p>32 <i>ferv</i>or</p> + <p>33 <i>splend</i>or</p> + <p>34 infant</p> + <p>35 <i>puer</i> (a boy)</p> + <p>36 <i>canis</i> (a dog)</p> + <p>37 <i>felis</i> (a cat)</p> + <p>38 promise</p> + <p>39 access</p> + <p>40 transit</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>b</i>. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having + the quality of, from the following nouns:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 passion</p> + <p>2 temper</p> + <p>3 <i>oper</i>- (work)</p> + <p>4 fortune</p> + <p>5 <i>popul</i>- (people)</p> + <p>6 affection</p> + <p>7 <i>aqua</i>- (water)</p> + <p>8 verb (a word)</p> + <p>9 beauty</p> + <p>10 courage</p> + <p>11 plenty</p> + <p>12 envy</p> + <p>13 victory</p> + <p>14 joy</p> + <p>15 globe</p> + </div> + </div> + <p><i>c</i>. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having + the power, from the following verbs:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 blame</p> + <p>2 allow</p> + <p>3 move</p> + <p>4 admit (<i>miss</i>-)</p> + <p>5 collect</p> + <p>6 abuse</p> + <p>7 <i>aud</i>- (hear)</p> + <p>8 divide (<i>vis</i>-)</p> + <p>9 vary</p> + <p>10 <i>ara</i>- (plough)</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Write and define the following adjectives denoting—</p> + + <p>(<i>causing</i> or <i>producing</i>) 1 terror, 2 <i>sopor</i>- + (sleep), 3 <i>flor</i> (a flower), 4 <i>pestis</i> (a plague); (<i>having + the quality of</i>) 5 <i>farina</i> (meal), 6 crust, 7 <i>argilla</i> + (clay), (<i>becoming</i>), 8 effervesce.</p> + +<h3>III.</h3> + + <p>Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act + of, from the following words:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1 authentic</p> + <p>2 person</p> + <p>3 captive</p> + <p>4 <i>anima</i> (life)</p> + <p>5 <i>melior</i> (better)</p> + <p>6 ample</p> + <p>7 just</p> + <p>8 <i>sanctus</i> (holy)</p> + <p>9 pan</p> + <p>10 false</p> + <p>11 <i>facilis</i> (easy)</p> + <p>12 <i>magnus</i>(great)</p> + <p>13 equal</p> + <p>14 fertile</p> + <p>15 legal</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="II.III"></a> +<h3>III.—DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.</h3> + + <p><b>1.</b> A <b>Latin primitive</b>, or root, is a Latin word from + which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the + Latin verb <i>du'cere</i>, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, + and from it are formed <i>educe</i>, <i>education</i>, <i>deduction</i>, + <i>ductile</i>, <i>reproductive</i>, and several hundred other English + words.</p> + + <p><b>2. Latin roots</b> consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and + adjectives.</p> + + <p><b>3. English derivatives</b> from Latin words are generally formed + not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the + <i>radical</i>. Thus, in the word "education," the <i>root-word</i> is + <i>ducere</i>, but the <i>radical</i> is <b>duc-</b> (education = e + + <b>duc</b> + ate + ion).</p> + + <p><b>4.</b> A <b>radical</b> is a word or a part of a word used in + forming English derivatives.</p> + + <p><b>5.</b> Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, + the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of + the root-word.</p> + + <p><b>6. Verb-radicals</b> are formed principally from two parts of the + verb,—the first person singular of the present indicative, and a + part called the <i>supine</i>, which is a verbal noun corresponding to + the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:—</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="40%"> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>1st pers. sing. pres. ind.</i></p> + <p><i>Root</i></p> + <p><i>Derivative</i></p> + <p><i>Supine</i></p> + <p><i>Root</i></p> + <p><i>Derivative</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="40%"> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>duco (I draw)</p> + <p><b>duc-</b></p> + <p><i>educe</i></p> + <p>ductum (drawing, or to draw)</p> + <p><b>duct-</b></p> + <p><i>ductile</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal + parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) + the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the + supine—the second and the third parts because from them radicals + are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming + a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that <i>loved</i>, <i>loving</i>, + etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that <i>a'mo</i> + (present ind.) and <i>ama'tum</i> (supine) are parts of the verb + <i>ama're</i>.</p> + + <p>II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate <i>amo</i>, + <i>amatum</i>, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the + infinitive mood, which is <i>amare</i>. The indication of the Latin + infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a + Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary.</p> + + <p><b>7. Noun-radicals</b> and <b>adjective radicals</b> are formed from + the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words + belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:—</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="50%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>NOM. CASE.</p> + <p>iter (a journey)</p> + <p> </p> + <p>GEN. CASE.</p> + <p>itineris (of a journey)</p> + <p>felicis (nom. <i>felix</i>, happy)</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="13%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ROOT.</p> + <p><b>iter-</b>.</p> + <p> </p> + <p>ROOT</p> + <p><b>itiner-</b></p> + <p><b>felic-</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>DERIVATIVE.</p> + <p>re<i>iter</i>ate</p> + <p> </p> + <p>DERIVATIVE.</p> + <p><i>itiner</i>ant</p> + <p><i>felic</i>ity</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <blockquote style="margin-top: 0.5em;">NOTE.—These explanations of the mode of forming + radicals are given by way of general information; but this book + presupposes and requires no knowledge of Latin, since in every group of + English derivatives from Latin, not only the root-words in their several + parts, but the <i>radicals actually used</i> in word-formation, are + given.</blockquote> + +<h4>Pronunciation of Latin Words.</h4> + + <p>1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or + diphthongs: as <i>miles</i> (= <i>mi'les</i>).</p> + + <p>2. <i>C</i> is pronounced like <i>k</i> before <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, + <i>u</i>; and like <i>s</i> before <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>y</i>, and the + diphthongs <i>ĉ</i> and <i>œ</i>: as <i>cado</i>, pronounced + <i>ka'do</i>; <i>cedo</i>, pronounced <i>se'do</i>.</p> + + <p>3. <i>G</i> is pronounced hard before <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>, + and soft like <i>j</i> before <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>ĉ</i>, + <i>œ</i>: as <i>gusto</i>, in which <i>g</i> is pronounced as in + <i>August</i>; <i>gero</i>, pronounced <i>je'ro</i>.</p> + + <p>4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as + <i>bene</i>, pronounced <i>be'ne</i>.</p> + + <p>5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as + <i>mille</i>, pronounced <i>mil'le</i>.</p> + + <p>6. The diphthongs <i>ĉ</i> and <i>œ</i> are sounded like + <i>e</i>: as <i>cĉdo</i>, pronounced <i>ce'do</i>.</p> + + <p>7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as <i>ager</i>, + pronounced <i>a'jer</i>.</p> + + <p>8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in <i>a</i>, the + <i>a</i> should be sounded like <i>ah</i>: as <i>musa</i>, pronounced + <i>mu'sah</i>.</p> + + <p>9. <i>T</i>, <i>s</i>, and <i>c</i>, before <i>ia</i>, <i>ie</i>, + <i>ii</i>, <i>io</i>, <i>iu</i>, and <i>eu</i>, preceded immediately by + the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into <i>sh</i> and + <i>zh</i>: as <i>fa'cio</i>, pronounced <i>fa'sheo</i>; <i>san'cio</i>, + pronounced <i>san'sheo</i>; <i>spa'tium</i>, pronounced + <i>spa'sheum</i>.</p> + + <blockquote>NOTE.—According to the Roman method of pronouncing + Latin, the vowels <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i> are + pronounced as in <i>baa</i>, <i>bait</i>, <i>beet</i>, <i>boat</i>, + <i>boot</i>; <i>ae</i>, <i>au</i>, <i>ei</i>, <i>oe</i> as in + <i>aisle</i>, <i>our</i>, <i>eight</i>, <i>oil</i>; <i>c</i> always like + <i>k</i>; <i>g</i> as in <i>get</i>; <i>j</i> as <i>y</i> in <i>yes</i>; + <i>t</i> as in <i>until</i>; <i>v</i> as <i>w</i>. See any Latin + grammar.</blockquote> + +<a name="II.III.I"></a> +<h2>LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.</h2> + +<h3>DIVISION I.—<b>METHOD OF STUDY.</b></h3> + +<a name="agere"></a> +<h4>1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, <i>to do</i>, <i>to drive</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>ag-</b> and <b>act-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>act</b>, <i>v.</i> ANALYSIS: from <i>actum</i> by dropping + the termination <i>um</i>. DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The <i>noun</i> + "act" is formed in the same way. DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or + performance.</p> + + <p>2. <b>ac'tion</b>: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing + done.</p> + + <p>3. <b>act'ive</b>: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, + busy, constantly engaged in action.</p> + + <p>4. <b>act'or</b>: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes + part in anything done; (2) a stage player.</p> + + <p>5. <b>a'gent</b>: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or + transacts business for another.</p> + + <p>6. <b>ag'ile</b>: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk.</p> + + <p>7. <b>co'gent</b>: from Latin <i>cogens</i>, <i>cogentis</i>, pres. + part, of <i>cog'ere</i> (= <i>co + agere</i>, to impel), having the + quality of impelling: hence, urgent, forcible.</p> + + <p>8. <b>enact'</b>: en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree.</p> + + <p>9. <b>transact'</b>: trans + act = to drive through: hence, to + perform.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?—Write a sentence + containing this word as a verb; another as a noun.—Give a synonym + of "act." <i>Ans. Deed.</i>—From what is "deed" derived? + <i>Ans.</i> From the word <i>do</i>—hence, literally, something + <i>done</i>.—Give the distinction between "act" and "deed." + <i>Ans</i>. "Act" is a <i>single</i> action; "deed" is a <i>voluntary</i> + action: thus—"The <i>action</i> which was praised as a good + <i>deed</i> was but an <i>act</i> of necessity."</p> + + <p>(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.—Combine and + define in + action.</p> + + <p>(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + + ity.—What is the <i>negative</i> of "active"? <i>Ans. + Inactive</i>.—What is the <i>contrary</i> of "active"? <i>Ans. + Passive</i>.</p> + + <p>(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. + MODEL: "Washington and Greene were prominent <i>actors</i> in the war of + the Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English <i>actor</i>, was + born in 1716."—What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of + stage player?</p> + + <p>(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.—What is the distinction + between "active" and "agile"? <i>Ans</i>. "Active" implies readiness to + act in general; "agile" denotes a readiness to move the + <i>limbs</i>.—Give two synonyms of "agile." <i>Ans. Brisk</i>, + <i>nimble</i>.—Give the opposite of "agile." <i>Ans. Sluggish</i>, + <i>inert</i>.</p> + + <p>(7.) Explain what is meant by a "<i>cogent</i> argument."—What + would be the contrary of a <i>cogent</i> argument?</p> + + <p>(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.—What is meant by the + "<i>enacting</i> clause" of a legislative bill?—Write a sentence + containing the word "enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament + <i>enacted</i> the stamp-law in 1765."</p> + + <p>(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.—What derivative from + "perform" is a synonym of "transaction"?</p> + +<a name="alienus"></a> +<h4>2. ALIE'NUS, <i>another</i>, <i>foreign</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>alien-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>al'ien</b>: from <i>alienus</i> by dropping the termination + <i>us</i>. DEFINITION: a foreigner, one owing allegiance to another + country than that in which he is living.</p> + + <p>2. <b>al'ienate</b>: alien + ate = to cause something to be + transferred to another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to + another; (2) to estrange, to withdraw.</p> + + <p>3. <b>inal'ienable</b>: in + alien + able = that may not be given to + another.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Combine and define alien + age.—Can an alien be elected + President of the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. + I. Clause 5.]—What is the word which expresses the process by which + a person is changed from an <i>alien</i> to a <i>citizen</i>?</p> + + <p>(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.—Give a synonym of + "alienate" in its <i>second</i> sense. <i>Ans.</i> To + <i>estrange</i>.—What is meant by saying that "the oppressive + measures of the British government gradually <i>alienated</i> the + American colonies from the mother country"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing + the word "inalienable."</p> + +<a name="amare"></a> +<h4>3. AMA'RE, <i>to love</i>, AMI'CUS, <i>a friend</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>am-</b> and <b>amic-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>a'miable</b>: am(i) + able = fit to be loved.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—The Latin adjective is <i>amabilis</i>, from which + the English derivative adjective would be <i>amable</i>; but it has taken + the form am<i>i</i>able.</blockquote> + + <p>2. <b>am'ity</b>: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, + friendship; good-will.</p> + + <p>3. <b>am'icable</b>: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, + friendly; peaceable.</p> + + <p>4. <b>inim'ical</b>: through Lat. adj. <i>inimi'cus</i>, enemy: hence, + inimic(us) + al = inimical, relating to an enemy.</p> + + <p>5. <b>amateur'</b>: adopted through French <i>amateur</i>, from Latin + <i>amator</i>, a lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or + attachment, without pursuing it professionally.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? <i>Ans. + Lovable</i>.—Show how they are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence + containing the word "amiable." MODEL: "The <i>amiable</i> qualities of + Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply regretted by all + Americans."—What noun can you form from "amiable," meaning the + quality of being amiable?—What is the negative of "amiable"? + <i>Ans. Unamiable</i>.—The contrary? <i>Ans. Hateful</i>.</p> + + <p>(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." <i>Ans. + Friendship</i>.—State the distinction between these words. + <i>Ans.</i> "Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" + to societies or nations.—Write a sentence containing the word + "amity." MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of + <i>amity</i> with the Indians."—What is the opposite of + "amity"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." <i>Ans. Friendly</i>.—Which + is the stronger? <i>Ans. Friendly</i>.—Why? <i>Ans.</i> "Friendly" + implies a positive feeling of regard; "amicable" denotes merely the + absence of discord.—Write a sentence containing the word + "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by the United States + and Great Britain made an <i>amicable</i> settlement of the Alabama + difficulties."</p> + + <p>(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? + <i>Ans. Enemy</i>.—Give its origin. <i>Ans.</i> It comes from the + Latin <i>inimicus</i>, an enemy, through the French + <i>ennemi</i>.—What preposition does "inimical" take after it? + <i>Ans.</i> The preposition <i>to</i>—thus, "<i>inimical</i> to + health," "to welfare," etc.</p> + + <p>(5.) What is meant by an <i>amateur</i> painter? an <i>amateur</i> + musician?</p> + +<a name="animus"></a> +<h4>4. AN'IMUS, <i>mind</i>, <i>passion</i>; AN'IMA, <i>life</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>anim-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>an'imal</b>: from Lat. n. <i>anima</i> through the Latin + <i>animal</i>: literally, something having life.</p> + + <p>2. <b>animal'cule</b>: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an + animal that can be seen only by the microscope.</p> + + <p>3. <b>an'imate</b>, <i>v.</i>: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to + stimulate, or infuse courage.</p> + + <p>4. <b>animos'ity</b>: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) + full of (ose) passion: hence, violent hatred.</p> + + <p>5. <b>unanim'ity</b>: un (from <i>unus</i>, one) + anim + ity = the + state of being of one mind: hence, agreement.</p> + + <p>6. <b>rean'imate</b>: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to + infuse fresh vigor.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern + science has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction + between an <i>animal</i> and a vegetable."</p> + + <p>(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? <i>Ans. Animalcules</i> or + <i>animalculĉ</i>.—Write a sentence containing this word.</p> + + <p>(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?—What is + the negative of the adjective "animate?" <i>Ans. + Inanimate.</i>—Define it.—Combine and define animate + + ion.—Explain what is meant by an "<i>animated</i> discussion."</p> + + <p>(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity."</p> + + <p>(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of + <i>one mind</i>, is not this "unanimity"?—What is the adjective + corresponding to the noun "unanimity"?—What is the <i>opposite</i> + of "unanimity"?—Write a sentence containing the word + "unanimity."</p> + + <p>(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the + signification of each.—Has "reanimate" any other than its literal + meaning?—Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative + sense. MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' + <i>reanimated</i> the courage of the American sailors."—What does + "<i>animated</i> conversation" mean?</p> + +<a name="annus"></a> +<h4>5. AN'NUS, <i>a year</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>ann-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>an'nals</b>: from <i>annus</i>, through Lat. adj. + <i>annalis</i>, pertaining to the year: hence, a record of things done + from year to year.</p> + + <p>2. <b>an'nual</b>: through <i>annuus</i> (annu + al), relating to a + year: hence, yearly or performed in a year.</p> + + <p>3. <b>annu'ity</b>: through Fr. n. <i>annuité</i> = a sum of money + payable yearly.</p> + + <p>4. <b>millen'nium</b>: Lat. n. <i>millennium</i> (from <i>annus</i> + and <i>mille</i>, a thousand), a thousand years.</p> + + <p>5. <b>peren'nial</b>: through Lat. adj. <i>perennis</i> (compounded of + <i>per</i> and <i>annus</i>), throughout the year: hence, lasting; + perpetual.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." <i>Ans. History.</i>—What is + the distinction between "annals" and "history"? <i>Ans.</i> "Annals" + denotes a mere chronological account of events from year to year; + "history," in addition to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes + of events.—Write a sentence containing the word "annals," or + explain the following sentence: "The <i>annals</i> of the Egyptians and + Hindoos contain many incredible statements."</p> + + <p>(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual."</p> + + <p>(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium."</p> + + <p>(5.) What is the meaning of a "<i>perennial</i> plant" in botany? + <i>Ans.</i> A plant continuing more than two years.—Give the + contrary of "perennial." <i>Ans. Fleeting, short-lived.</i></p> + +<a name="ars"></a> +<h4>6. ARS, ar'tis, <i>art, skill.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>art-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>art</b>: from <i>artis</i> by dropping the termination + <i>is</i>. DEFINITION: 1. cunning—thus, an animal practices + <i>art</i> in escaping from his pursuers; 2. skill or + dexterity—thus, a man may be said to have the <i>art</i> of + managing his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession—as the + <i>art</i> of building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, + sculpture, etc., which are called the "fine arts."</p> + + <p>2. <b>art'ist</b>: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a + person who occupies himself with one of the fine arts.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith + could not properly be so called. The French word <i>artiste</i> is + sometimes used to denote one who has great skill in some profession, even + if it is not one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might + be called an <i>artiste</i>.</blockquote> + + <p>3. <b>ar'tisan</b>: through Fr. n. <i>artisan</i>, one who practices + an art: hence, one who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or + operative.</p> + + <p>4. <b>art'ful</b>: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, + cunning.</p> + + <p>5. <b>art'less</b>: art + less = without art: hence, free from + cunning, simple, ingenuous.</p> + + <p>6. <b>ar'tifice</b>: through Lat. n. <i>artificium</i>, something made + (<i>fa'cere</i>, to make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or + stratagem.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from + Shakespeare, "There is no <i>art</i> to read the mind's construction in + the face"?</p> + + <p>(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."—Would it be + proper to call a famous hair-dresser an <i>artist</i>?—What might + he be called?—Combine and define artist + ic + al + ly.—What + is the negative of "artistic"?</p> + + <p>(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"?</p> + + <p>(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." <i>Ans. Ingenuous, + natural.</i>—Give the opposite of "artless." <i>Ans. + Wily.</i>—Combine and define artless + ly; artless + ness.</p> + + <p>(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."—Combine artifice + + er.—Does "artificer" mean one who practices artifice?—Write a + sentence containing this word.—Combine and define artifice + ial; + artifice + al + ity. Give the opposite of "artificial."</p> + +<a name="audire"></a> +<h4>7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, <i>to hear</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>audi-</b>, and <b>audit-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>au'dible</b>: audi + ble = that may be heard.</p> + + <p>2. <b>au'dience</b>: audi + ence = literally, the condition of + hearing: hence, an assemblage of hearers, an <i>auditory</i>.</p> + + <p>3. <b>au'dit</b>: from <i>audit(um)</i> = to hear a statement: hence, + to examine accounts.</p> + + <p>4. <b>au'ditor</b>: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an + officer who examines accounts.</blockquote> + + <p>5. <b>obe'dient</b>: through <i>obediens, obedient(is)</i>, the + present participle of <i>obedire</i> (compounded of <i>ob</i>, towards, + and <i>audire</i>): literally, giving ear to: hence, complying with the + wishes of another.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to + it to form a word denoting what can <i>not</i> be heard?—What is + the adverb from the adjective "audible"?—Write a sentence + containing this word.</p> + + <p>(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving + <i>audience</i>?</p> + + <p>(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL—"The + committee which had to <i>audit</i> the accounts of Arnold discovered + great frauds."—How do you spell the past tense of + "audit"?—Why is the <i>t</i> not doubled?</p> + + <p>(5.) What is the <i>noun</i> corresponding to the adjective + "obedient"?—What is the <i>verb</i> corresponding to these + words?—Combine and define dis + obedient.</p> + +<a name="caput"></a> +<h4>8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, <i>the head</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>capit-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>cap'ital,</b> <i>a.</i> and <i>n.</i>: capit + al = relating to + the <i>head</i>: hence, chief, principal, first in importance. + DEFINITION: as an adjective it means, (1) principal; (2) great, + important; (3) punishable with death;—as a noun it means, (1) the + metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in trade.</p> + + <p>2. <b>capita'tion</b>: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to + be counted: hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head + or person.</p> + + <p>3. <b>decap'itate</b>: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be + taken off; to behead.</p> + + <p>4. <b>prec'ipice</b>: through Lat. n. <i>prĉcipitium</i>: literally, a + headlong descent.</p> + + <p>5. <b>precip'itate</b>: from Lat. adj. <i>prĉcipit(is)</i>, head + foremost. DEFINITION: (1) (<i>as a verb</i>) to throw headlong, to press + with eagerness, to hasten; (2) (<i>as an adjective</i>) headlong, + hasty.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an + adjective.—Write a sentence containing this word as a noun, in the + sense of <i>city</i>.—Write a sentence containing "capital" in the + sense of <i>stock</i>.—Is the <i>capital</i> of a state or country + necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state or + country?—What is the <i>capital</i> of New York state?—What + is the <i>metropolis</i> of New York State?</p> + + <p>(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.—Can you name an English + king who was <i>decapitated</i>?—Can you name a French king who was + <i>decapitated</i>?</p> + + <p>(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the + <i>precipice</i> of time it goes"?</p> + + <p>(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.—Write a sentence + containing the adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman + general, is noted for never having made any <i>precipitate</i> + movements."—Explain the meaning of the verb "precipitate" in the + following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo Wellington + <i>precipitated</i> the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was + divided", "The Romans were wont to <i>precipitate</i> criminals from the + Tarpeian rock."</p> + +<a name="civis"></a> +<h4>9. CI'VIS, <i>a citizen</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>civ-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>civ'ic</b>: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs + or honors of a city.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—The "<i>civic</i> crown" in Roman times was a + garland of oak-leaves and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the + life of a citizen in battle.</blockquote> + + <p>2. <b>civ'il</b>: Lat adj. <i>civilis</i>, meaning (1) belonging to a + citizen, (2) of the state, political, (3) polite.</p> + + <p>3. <b>civ'ilize</b>: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a + community having a government, or political organization; hence, to + reclaim from a barbarous state.</p> + + <p>4. <b>civiliza'tion</b>: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being + civilized.</p> + + <p>5. <b>civil'ian</b>: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of + civil life—not a soldier.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?—Give a + synonym of this word.—Is there any difference between "civil" and + "polite"? <i>Ans.</i> "Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is + possible to be "civil" without being "polite."—What word would + denote the opposite of "civil" in the sense of "polite"?—Combine + and define civil + ity.—Do you say <i>un</i>civility or + <i>in</i>civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?—Give a + synonym of "uncivil." <i>Ans. Boorish.</i>—Give another + synonym.</p> + + <p>(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."—Give a + participial adjective from this word.—What compound word expresses + <i>half</i> civilized?—What word denotes a state of society between + savage and civilized?</p> + + <p>(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." <i>Ans. Culture, + refinement.</i>—What is the meaning of the word "civilization" in + the sentence: "The ancient Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a + considerable degree of <i>civilization</i>"?—Compose a sentence of + your own, using this word.</p> + +<a name="cor"></a> +<h4>10. COR, cor'dis, <i>the heart</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>cord-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>core</b>: from <i>cor</i> = the heart: hence, the inner part of + a thing.</p> + + <p>2. <b>cor'dial,</b> <i>a.</i>: cord + (i)al = having the quality of + the heart: hence, hearty, sincere. The <i>noun</i> "cordial" means + literally something having the quality of acting on the heart: hence, a + stimulating medicine, and in a figurative sense, something cheering.</p> + + <p>3. <b>con'cord</b>: con + cord = heart <i>with (con)</i> heart: hence, + unity of sentiment, harmony.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—<i>Concord</i> in music is harmony of + sound.</blockquote> + + <p>4. <b>dis'cord</b>: dis + cord = heart <i>apart from (dis)</i> heart: + hence, disagreement, want of harmony.</p> + + <p>5. <b>record'</b>: through Lat. v. <i>recordari</i>, to remember + (literally, to get by <i>heart</i>): hence, to register.</p> + + <p>6. <b>cour'age</b>: through Fr. n. <i>courage</i>: literally, + <i>heartiness</i>: hence, bravery, intrepidity.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, + the derivative sense of courage.</blockquote> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) "The quince was rotten at the <i>core</i>"; "The preacher touched + the <i>core</i> of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" + used in its <i>literal</i>, in which in its <i>figurative</i>, sense?</p> + + <p>(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective + "cordial"?—Would you say a "<i>cordial</i> laugh" or a + "<i>hearty</i> laugh"?—What is the opposite of + "cordial"?—Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.— + Write a sentence containing the <i>noun</i> "cordial" in its figurative + sense. MODEL: "Washington's victory at Trenton was like a <i>cordial</i> + to the flagging spirits of the American army."</p> + + <p>(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." <i>Ans. Accord.</i>—Supply the + proper word: "In your view of this matter, I am in (<i>accord?</i> or + <i>concord?</i>) with you." "There should be —— among + friends." "The man who is not moved by —— of sweet + sounds."</p> + + <p>(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and + among brethren?—Give a synonym of this word. <i>Ans. + Strife.</i>—State the distinction. <i>Ans.</i> "Strife" is the + stronger: where there is "strife" there must be "discord," but there may + be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" consists most in the feeling, + "strife" in the outward action.</p> + + <p>(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?—When the accent is placed + on the first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it + become?—Combine and define record + er; un + record + ed.</p> + + <p>(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout—what?—Give a + synonym. <i>Ans. Fortitude.</i>—State the distinction. <i>Ans.</i> + "Courage" enables us to meet danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to + endure pain.—Would you say "the Indian shows <i>courage</i> when he + endures torment without flinching"?—Would you say "The three + hundred under Leonidas displayed <i>fortitude</i> in opposing the entire + Persian army"?—What is the contrary of "courage"?—Combine and + define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly.</p> + +<a name="corpus"></a> +<h4>11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, <i>the body</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>corpor-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>cor'poral</b>: corpor + al = relating to the <i>body</i>.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is + not derived from <i>corpus</i>: it comes from the French <i>caporal</i>, + of which it is a corruption.</blockquote> + + <p>2. <b>cor'porate</b>: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united + into a body or corporation.</p> + + <p>3. <b>incor'porate</b>: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: + hence, (1) to form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with + another.</p> + + <p>4. <b>corpora'tion</b>: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a + body: hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person.</p> + + <p>5. <b>cor'pulent</b>: through Lat. adj. <i>corpulentus</i>, fleshy: + hence, stout in body, fleshy.</p> + + <p>6. <b>cor'puscle</b>: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a + minute particle of matter.</p> + + <p>7. <b>corps</b>: [pronounced <i>core</i>] through Fr. n. <i>corps</i>, + a body. DEFINITION: (1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals + engaged in some one profession.</p> + + <p>8. <b>corpse</b>: through Fr. n. <i>corps</i>, the body; that is, + <i>only</i> the body—the spirit being departed: hence, the dead + body of a human being.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." <i>Ans.</i> <i>Corporeal</i> and + <i>bodily</i>.—What is the distinction between "corporal" and + "corporeal"? <i>Ans.</i> "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; + "corporeal" signifies material, as opposed to spiritual.—Would you + say a <i>corporal</i> or a <i>corporeal</i> substance? <i>corporal</i> or + <i>corporeal</i> punishment? Would you say <i>corporal</i> strength or + <i>bodily</i> strength?</p> + + <p>(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its + <i>first</i> sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was + <i>incorporated</i> in 1606, and received a charter from King James + I."</p> + + <p>(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by + what corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a + sentence about that.]</p> + + <p>(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and + synonymous with "stoutness"?—Give two synonyms of "corpulent." + <i>Ans.</i> <i>Stout</i>, <i>lusty</i>.—What is the distinction? + <i>Ans.</i> "Corpulent" means fat; "stout" and "lusty" denote a strong + frame.</p> + + <p>(6.) What is meant by an "army <i>corps</i>"? <i>Ans</i>. A body of + from twenty to forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and + divisions.</p> + + <p>(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? <i>Ans. Corps.</i> How + pronounced? <i>Ans. Cores.</i>—What is meant by the "diplomatic + <i>corps</i>"?</p> + + <p>(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? <i>Ans</i>. The + form <i>corse</i> is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the + Burial of Sir John Moore:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note,</p> + <p>As his <i>corse</i> to the ramparts we hurried."</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="credere"></a> +<h4>12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, <i>to believe.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>cred-</b> and <b>credit-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>creed</b>: from the word <i>credo</i>, "I believe," at the + beginning of the Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian + belief.</p> + + <p>2. <b>cred'ible</b>: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, + worthy of belief.</p> + + <p>3. <b>cred'it</b>: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; + (2) reputation; (3) trust given or received.</p> + + <p>4. <b>cred'ulous</b>: through the Lat. adj. <i>credulus</i>, easy of + belief: credul + ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily.</p> + + <p>5. <b>discred'it</b>: dis + credit = to <i>dis</i>believe.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the + King of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could + be walked on, he declared that the statement was not + <i>credible</i>."—What single word will express <i>not + credible</i>?—Combine and define credible + ity.—Give a + synonym of "credible." <i>Ans. Trustworthy.</i>—State the + distinction. <i>Ans</i>. "Credible" is generally applied to things, as + "<i>credible</i> testimony"; "trustworthy" to persons, as "a + <i>trustworthy</i> witness."</p> + + <p>(3.) What is the meaning of <i>credit</i> in the passage,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"John Gilpin was a citizen</p> + <p>Of <i>credit</i> and renown"?</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>Give a synonym of this word. <i>Ans. Trust.</i>—What is the + distinction? <i>Ans</i>. "Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks + back—we <i>credit</i> what has happened; we <i>trust</i> what is to + happen.—What other part of speech than a noun is + "credit"?—Combine and define credit + ed.—Why is the <i>t</i> + not doubled?</p> + + <p>(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud</p> + <p>Led Eve, our <i>credulous</i> mother"?—MILTON.</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the + quality of believing too easily?—What is the negative of + "credulous"<i>?</i>—What is the distinction between "incredible" + and "incredulous"?—Which applies to persons? which to things?</p> + + <p>(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?—Write + a sentence containing this word as a <i>noun</i>; another as a + <i>verb</i>.</p> + +<a name="currere"></a> +<h4>13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, <i>to run</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals used: <b>curr-</b> and <b>curs-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>cur'rent</b>, <i>a</i>.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) + passing from person to person, as a "<i>current</i> report"; (2) now in + progress, as the "<i>current</i> month."</p> + + <p>2. <b>cur'rency</b>: curr + ency = the state of passing from person + to person, as "the report obtained <i>currency</i>": hence + circulation.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—As applied to money, it means that it is in + circulation or passing from hand to hand, as a representative of + value.</blockquote> + + <p>3. <b>cur'sory</b>: curs + ory = runn<i>ing</i> or pass<i>ing</i>: + hence, hasty.</p> + + <p>4. <b>excur'sion</b>: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: + hence, an expedition or jaunt.</p> + + <p>5. <b>incur'sion</b>: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, + an invasion.</p> + + <p>6. <b>precur'sor</b>: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: + hence a forerunner.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is + "current"?—What is now the <i>current</i> year?</p> + + <p>(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? <i>Ans</i>. Because there + are two in the root <i>currere</i>.—Give a synonym of this word in + the sense of "money." <i>Ans.</i> The "circulating medium."—What + was the "currency" of the Indians in early times?—Compose a + sentence using this word.</p> + + <p>(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "<i>cursory</i> glance" + at a subject, what does he mean?—Combine and define cursory + + ly.</p> + + <p>(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a + friendly or a hostile sense?</p> + + <p>(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a + friendly or a hostile sense?—Give a synonym. <i>Ans. + Invasion.</i>—Which implies a hasty expedition?—Compose a + sentence containing the word <i>incursion</i>. MODEL: "The Parthians were + long famed for their rapid <i>incursions</i> into the territory of their + enemies."</p> + + <p>(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the + <i>precursor</i> of Christ?—What is meant by saying that black + clouds are the <i>precursor</i> of a storm?</p> + +<a name="dignus"></a> +<h4>14. DIG'NUS, <i>worthy</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>dign-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>dig'nify</b>: dign + (<i>i</i>)fy = to make of worth: hence, to + advance to honor.</p> + + <p>2. <b>dig'nity</b>: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, + behavior fitted to inspire respect.</p> + + <p>3. <b>indig'nity</b>: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person + in an unworthy (<i>indignus</i>) manner: hence, insult, contumely.</p> + + <p>4. <b>condign'</b>: con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, + deserved.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—The prefix <i>con</i> is here merely + intensive.</blockquote> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? + <i>Ans. Dignified.</i>—Give a stronger word. <i>Ans. + Majestic.</i>—Give a word which denotes the same thing carried to + excess and becoming ridiculous. <i>Ans. Pompous.</i></p> + + <p>(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for + the dignity of his behavior?—Compose a sentence containing this + word.</p> + + <p>(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."—What is meant by saying + that "indignities were heaped on" a person?</p> + + <p>(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? + <i>Ans.</i> In connection with punishment: thus we speak of + "<i>condign</i> punishment," meaning richly deserved punishment.</p> + +<a name="docere"></a> +<h4>15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, <i>to teach.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>doc-</b> and <b>doct-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>doc'ile</b>: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, + teachable.</p> + + <p>2. <b>doc'tor</b>: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has + taken the highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and + teach.</p> + + <p>4. <b>doc'trine</b>: through Lat. n. <i>doctrina</i>, something + taught; hence, a principle taught as part of a system of belief.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.—Give the opposite of + "docile." <i>Ans. Indocile.</i>—Mention an animal that is very + docile.—Mention one remarkable for its want of docility.</p> + + <p>(2.) What is meant by "<i>Doctor</i> of Medicine"?—Give the + abbreviation.—What does LL.D. mean? <i>Ans.</i> It stands for the + words <i>legum doctor</i>, doctor of laws: the double L marks the plural + of the Latin noun.</p> + + <p>(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." <i>Ans. Precept, + tenet.</i>—What does "tenet" literally mean? <i>Ans.</i> Something + <i>held</i>—from Lat. v. <i>tenere</i>, to hold.—Combine and + define doctrine + al.</p> + +<a name="dominus"></a> +<h4>16. DOM'INUS, <i>a master or lord.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>domin-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>domin'ion</b>: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: + hence, (1) rule; (2) a territory ruled over.</p> + + <p>2. <b>dom'inant</b>: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: + hence, prevailing.</p> + + <p>3. <b>domineer'</b>: through Fr. v. <i>dominer</i>; literally, to + "<i>lord</i> it" over one: hence, to rule with insolence.</p> + + <p>4. <b>predom'inate</b>: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master + <i>before</i> another: hence, to be superior, to rule.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw + off the <i>dominion</i> of Great Britain"?</p> + + <p>(2.) What is meant by the "<i>dominant</i> party"? a "<i>dominant</i> + race"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The + blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, <i>domineered</i> for several years + over the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 + with the accession of King William."</p> + + <p>(4.) "The Republicans at present <i>predominate</i> in Mexico": what + does this mean?</p> + +<a name="finis"></a> +<h4>17. FI'NIS, <i>an end or limit.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>fin-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>fi'nite</b>: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an + end: hence, limited in quantity or degree.</p> + + <p>2. <b>fin'ish</b>: through Fr. v. <i>finir</i>; literally, to bring to + an end: hence, to complete.</p> + + <p>3. <b>infin'ity</b>: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: + hence, unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity.</p> + + <p>4. <b>define'</b>: through Fr. v. <i>definer</i>; literally, to bring + a thing down to its limits: hence, to determine with precision.</p> + + <p>5. <b>confine'</b>: con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or + bounds: hence, to restrain.</p> + + <p>6. <b>affin'ity</b>: af (a form of prefix <i>ad</i>) + fin + ity = + close agreement.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are + <i>finite</i>"?</p> + + <p>(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?—Give a synonym. <i>Ans. + Limited.</i>—What participial adjective is formed from the verb to + "finish"?—What is meant by a "<i>finished</i> gentleman"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." <i>Ans. + Boundlessness.</i>—"The microscope reveals the fact that each drop + of water contains an <i>infinity</i> of animalculĉ." What is the sense of + <i>infinity</i> as used in this sentence?</p> + + <p>(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.—Analyze the word + "definition."—Compose a sentence containing the word "define."</p> + + <p>(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.—What other part of + speech than a verb is "confine"? <i> Ans.</i> A noun.—Write a + sentence containing the word "confines."</p> + + <p>(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical + <i>affinity</i>."</p> + +<a name="fluere"></a> +<h4>18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, <i>to flow.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radicals: <b>flu-</b> and <b>flux-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>flux</b>: from flux<i>um</i> = a flowing.</p> + + <p>2. <b>flu'ent</b>: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in + reference to language it means <i>flowing</i> speech: hence, voluble.</p> + + <p>3. <b>flu'id,</b> <i>n.</i>: flu + id = Flow<i>ing</i>: hence, + anything that flows.</p> + + <p>4. <b>flu'ency</b>: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to + language).</p> + + <p>5. <b>af'fluence</b>: af (form of <i>ad</i>) + flu + ence = a flowing + <i>to</i>: hence, an abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, + etc.</p> + + <p>6. <b>con'fluence</b>: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, + (1) the flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a + union.</p> + + <p>7. <b>in'flux</b>: in + flux = a flowing in or into.</p> + + <p>8. <b>super'fluous</b>: super + flu + ous = having the quality of + <i>over</i>flowing: hence, needless, excessive.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?—What word would denote + a speaker who is the reverse of "fluent"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid."</p> + + <p>(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style?</p> + + <p>(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An + "<i>affluence</i> of ideas," means what?</p> + + <p>(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New + York City stands at the —— of two streams."</p> + + <p>(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective + "superfluous."—Compose a sentence containing the word + "superfluous."—What is its opposite? <i>Ans. Scanty, + meager.</i></p> + +<a name="grex"></a> +<h4>19. GREX, gre'gis, <i>a flock or herd.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>greg-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>ag'gregate</b>, <i>v.</i>: ag (for <i>ad</i>) + greg + ate = to + cause to be brought into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble.</p> + + <p>2. <b>egre'gious</b>: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. + <i>egre'gius</i>, chosen from the herd: hence, remarkable.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—Its present use is in association with + inferiority.</blockquote> + + <p>3. <b>con'gregate</b>: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of + flocking together: hence, to assemble.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?—Why + is this word spelled with a double <i>g</i>?</p> + + <p>(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.—What does an + "<i>egregious</i> blunder" mean?—Compose a sentence containing the + word "egregious."</p> + + <p>(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating + <i>together</i>?—Combine and define congregate + ion.</p> + +<a name="ire"></a> +<h4>20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, <i>to go</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>it-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>ambi'tion</b>: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going + around. DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power.</p> + + <blockquote>OBS.—This meaning arose from the habit of candidates + for office in Rome <i>going around</i> to solicit votes: hence, + aspiration for office, and finally, aspiration in general.</blockquote> + + <p>2. <b>ini'tial</b>, <i>a.</i>: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the + <i>in</i>going: hence, marking the commencement.</p> + + <p>3. <b>ini'tiate</b>: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, + to introduce, to commence.</p> + + <p>4. <b>sedi'tion</b>: sed (<i>aside</i>) + it + ion = the act of going + <i>aside</i>; that is, going to a separate and insurrectionary party.</p> + + <p>5. <b>trans'it</b>: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act + of passing; (2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy.</p> + + <p>6. <b>tran'sitory</b>: trans + it + ory = pass<i>ing</i> over: hence, + brief, fleeting.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: + "Napoleon's <i>ambition</i> was his own greatness; Washington's, the + greatness of his country."—What is meant by "military ambition"? + "political ambition"? "literary ambition"?—What adjective means + <i>possessing ambition</i>?—Combine and define un + ambitious.</p> + + <p>(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? <i>Ans. Final, + closing.</i>—What part of speech is "initial" besides an + adjective?—What is meant by "initials"?</p> + + <p>(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was + <i>initiated</i> by an attack on the British in Boston"?—Give the + opposite of "initiate" in the sense of "commence."</p> + + <p>(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." <i>Ans. + Insurrection.</i>—Give another.—Compose a sentence containing + this word.</p> + + <p>(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in <i>transit</i>."—Explain + what is meant by the "Nicaragua <i>transit</i>."—When you speak of + the <i>transit</i> of Venus," you are using a term in what science?</p> + + <p>(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."—Give its opposite. <i>Ans. + Permanent, abiding.</i></p> + +<a name="lapis"></a> +<h4>21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, <i>a stone.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>lapid-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>lap'idary</b>: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one + who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones.</p> + + <p>2. <b>dilap'idated</b>: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition + of a building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into + ruin, decayed.</p> + + <p>3. <b>dilapida'tion</b>: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a + building) in which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, + decay.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria + wanted the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous + <i>lapidary</i> in Holland."</p> + + <p>(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At + Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a <i>dilapidated</i> mill, which + some writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in + the twelfth century."—If we should speak of a "<i>dilapidated</i> + fortune," would the word be used in its literal meaning or in a + figurative sense?</p> + + <p>(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." <i>Ans. Ruin, decay.</i></p> + +<a name="lex"></a> +<h4>22. LEX, le'gis, <i>a law or rule</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>leg-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>le'gal</b>: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful.</p> + + <p>2. <b>ille'gal</b>: il (for <i>in</i>, not) + leg + al = not legal: + hence, unlawful.</p> + + <p>3. <b>leg'islate</b>: from <i>legis</i> + <i>latum</i> (from Lat. v. + <i>fer're, latum</i>, to bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass + laws.</p> + + <p>4. <b>legit'imate</b>: through Lat. adj. <i>legitimus</i>, lawful; + legitim (us) + ate = made lawful: hence, in accordance with established + law.</p> + + <p>5. <b>priv'ilege</b>: Lat. adj. <i>privus</i>, private; literally, a + law passed for the benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, + prerogative, or right.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, + "the <i>legal</i> profession" and "a <i>legal</i> right."—Combine + and define legal + ize.</p> + + <p>(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." <i>Ans. + Unlawful.</i>—Show that they are synonyms. <i>Ans</i>. il + (<i>in</i>) = un; <i>leg</i> = law; and al = ful.—Compose a + sentence containing the word "illegal."—Combine and define illegal + + ity.</p> + + <p>(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making + power?—Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive.</p> + + <p>(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate."</p> + + <p>(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?—Define the meaning of + this word in the passage,—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i4">"He claims his <i>privilege</i>, and says 't is fit</p> + <p class="i4"> Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit."</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="litera"></a> +<h4>23. LIT'ERA, <i>a letter</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>liter-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>lit'eral</b>: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; + that is, exact to the letter.</p> + + <p>2. <b>lit'erary</b>: liter + ary = pertaining to <i>letters</i> or + learning.</p> + + <p>3. <b>obliterate</b>: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed + out: hence, to rub out, in general.</p> + + <p>4. <b>lit'erature</b>: through Lat. n. <i>literatura</i> = the + collective body of literary works.</p> + + <p>5. <b>illit'erate</b>: il (for <i>in</i>, not) + liter + ate = of the + nature of one who does not know his letters.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Define what is meant by a "<i>literal</i> translation."</p> + + <p>(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."—Compose + a sentence containing the terms "literary society."</p> + + <p>(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. + <i>Ans.</i> To <i>erase</i>.—If we should speak of + <i>obliterating</i> the memory of a wrong, would the word be used in its + primary or its derivative sense?</p> + + <p>(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?—Can + you mention a great poem in Greek "literature"?—Compose a sentence + containing the word "literature."</p> + + <p>(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." <i>Ans. + Unlearned</i>.—What is the opposite of "illiterate"? <i>Ans. + Learned</i>.</p> + +<a name="mors"></a> +<h4>24. MORS, mortis, <i>death</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>mort-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>mor'tal</b>: mort + a = relating to death.</p> + + <p>2. <b>mor'tify</b>: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, + (1) to destroy vital functions; (2) to humble.</p> + + <p>3. <b>immor'talize</b>: im (for <i>in</i>, not) + mort + al + ize = to + make not subject to death: hence, to perpetuate.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this + <i>mortal</i> coil"?—Combine and define mortal + ity.—What is + the opposite of "mortal"?—Give a synonym. <i>Ans. + Deathless</i>.</p> + + <p>(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."—What noun is derived + from this verb? <i>Ans. Mortification</i>.—When a surgeon speaks of + "mortification" setting in, what does he mean?—What is meant by + "mortification" when we say that the British felt great + <i>mortification</i> at the recapture of Stony Point by General Anthony + Wayne?</p> + + <p>(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: + "Milton <i>immortalized</i> his name by the production of Paradise + Lost."</p> + +<a name="norma"></a> +<h4>25. NOR'MA, <i>a rule</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>norm-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>nor'mal</b>: norm + al = according to rule.</p> + + <p>2. <b>enor'mous</b>: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out + of all rule: hence, excessive, huge.</p> + + <p>3. <b>enor'mity</b>: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all + rule: hence, an excessive degree—generally used in regard to bad + qualities.</p> + + <p>4. <b>abnor'mal</b>: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being + <i>away</i> from the usual rule: hence, unnatural.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the <i>normal</i> condition of + things"?—"What is the meaning of the term a "<i>normal</i> + school"? <i>Ans.</i> It means a school whose methods of instruction are + to serve as a model for imitation; a school for the education of + teachers.</p> + + <p>(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." <i>Ans. Immense</i>.—Give + another.—"What is meant by "<i>enormous</i> strength"? an + "<i>enormous</i> crime?"—Combine and define enormous + ly.</p> + + <p>(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence.</p> + +<a name="ordo"></a> +<h4>26. OR'DO, or'dinis, <i>order</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>ordin-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>or'dinary</b>: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of + things.</p> + + <p>2. <b>extraor'dinary</b>: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary.</p> + + <p>3. <b>inor'dinate</b>: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not + being within the usual order of things: hence, excessive.</p> + + <p>4. <b>subor'dinate</b>: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of + being under the usual order: hence, inferior, secondary.</p> + + <p>5. <b>or'dinance</b>: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: + hence, a law.</p> + + <p>6. <b>insubordina'tion</b>: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state + of not being under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to + lawful authority.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What is meant by "<i>ordinary</i> language"? an "<i>ordinary</i> + man"?</p> + + <p>(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.—Compose a sentence + using the word "extraordinary."—Give a synonym of "extraordinary." + <i>Ans. Unusual.</i></p> + + <p>(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had + "<i>inordinate</i> vanity."—Is "inordinate" used with reference to + praiseworthy things?</p> + + <p>(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is + "subordinate"?—What is meant by "a <i>subordinate</i>"?—What + does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, "We must <i>subordinate</i> our + wishes to the rules of morality"?—Combine and define subordinate + + ion.</p> + + <p>(5.) What does the expression "the <i>ordinances</i> of the Common + Council of the City of New York" mean?</p> + + <p>(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word + "insubordination."—Give the opposite of "insubordination"? <i>Ans. + Subordination, obedience.</i></p> + +<a name="pars"></a> +<h4>27. PARS, par'tis, <i>a part or share</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>part-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>part</b>: from part<i>is</i> = a share.</p> + + <p>2. <b>par'ticle</b>: part + (<i>i</i>)cle = a small part.</p> + + <p>3. <b>par'tial</b>: part + (<i>i</i>)al = relating to a part rather + than the whole: hence, inclined to favor one party or person or + thing.</p> + + <p>4. <b>par'ty</b>: through Fr. n. <i>partie:</i> a set of persons (that + is, a part of the people) engaged in some design.</p> + + <p>5. <b>par'tisan</b>: through Fr. n. <i>partisan</i> = a party man.</p> + + <p>6. <b>depart'</b>: de + part = to take one's self away from one part + to another.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?—Write a + sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb.</p> + + <p>(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and + "particular." <i>Ans</i>. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute + parts or <i>particles</i> of a given subject.</p> + + <p>(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? <i>Ans. + Impartial.</i>—Define it.</p> + + <p>(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political <i>party</i>."</p> + + <p>(6.) Combine and define depart + ure.</p> + +<a name="pes"></a> +<h4>28. PES, pe'dis, <i>a foot</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>ped-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>ped'al</b>: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the + foot.</p> + + <p>2. <b>bi'ped</b>: bi + ped = a two-footed animal.</p> + + <p>3. <b>quad'ruped</b>: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. + (<i>Quadru</i>, from <i>quatuor</i>, four.)</p> + + <p>4. <b>ped'dler</b>: literally, a trader who travels on foot.</p> + + <p>5. <b>expedite'</b>: ex + ped + ite (<i>ite</i>, equivalent to + <i>ate</i>) = literally, to free the feet from entanglement: hence, to + hasten.</p> + + <p>6. <b>expedi'tion</b>: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: + hence, (1) the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending + forth for the execution of some object of importance.</p> + + <p>7. <b>imped'iment</b>: through Lat. n. <i>impedimentum</i>; literally, + something which <i>impedes</i> or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, + an obstruction.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped."</p> + + <p>(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped."</p> + + <p>(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?—In + what other way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? <i>Ans.</i> It is + sometimes spelled with but one <i>d</i>—thus, <i>pedler</i>.</p> + + <p>(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that + mean?—Give the opposite of "expedite." <i>Ans.</i> To + <i>retard</i>.</p> + + <p>(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the + following sentences: "With winged <i>expedition</i>, swift as + lightning."—<i>Milton</i>. "The <i>expedition</i> of Cortez + miserably failed."—<i>Prescott.</i></p> + + <p>(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."—What + is meant by "<i>impediment</i> of speech"?—Is the word here used in + its literal or its figurative sense?</p> + +<a name="rumpere"></a> +<h4>29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, <i>to break.</i></h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>rupt-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>rup'ture</b>: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; + that is, a <i>breach</i> of friendly relations.</p> + + <p>2. <b>erup'tion</b>: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting + out.</p> + + <p>3. <b>abrupt'</b>: ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a + sudden termination.</p> + + <p>4. <b>corrupt'</b>: cor (for <i>con</i>) + rupt = thoroughly broken + up: hence, decomposed, depraved.</p> + + <p>5. <b>interrupt'</b>: inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to + hinder.</p> + + <p>6. <b>bank'rupt</b>: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay + his debts, an insolvent debtor.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? <i>Ans.</i> A + verb.—Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a + noun.—What does the "<i>rupture</i> of a blood vessel" mean? Is + this the literal sense of the word?—The "<i>rupture</i> of friendly + relations" between Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its + figurative sense?</p> + + <p>(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption."</p> + + <p>(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.—When we + speak of an "<i>abrupt</i> manner," what is meant?—When we speak of + an "<i>abrupt</i> descent," what is meant?</p> + + <p>(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "<i>corrupt</i> + judge."—Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + + corrupt + ible.—What other part of speech than an adjective is + "corrupt"?—What part of speech is it in the sentence "evil + communications <i>corrupt</i> good manners"?</p> + +<a name="tempus"></a> +<h4>30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, <i>time</i>.</h4> + +<p class="center">Radical: <b>tempor-</b>.</p> + + <p>1. <b>tem'poral</b>: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not + everlasting.</p> + + <p>2. <b>tem'porary</b>: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief + time.</p> + + <p>3. <b>contem'porary</b>: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the + same time with another.</p> + + <p>4. <b>tem'perance</b>: through Fr. n. <i>tempérance</i>; literal + meaning, the state of being <i>well timed</i> as to one's habits: hence, + moderation.</p> + + <p>5. <b>extempora'neous</b>: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the + time.</p> + + <p>6. <b>tem'porize</b>: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to + yield to the current of opinion.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." <i>Ans. Eternal.</i> Illustrate + these two words by a sentence from the Bible. <i>Ans.</i> "The things + which are seen are <i>temporal</i>; but the things which are not seen are + <i>eternal</i>."</p> + + <p>(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." <i>Ans. + Permanent.</i>—What is meant by the "<i>temporary</i> government of + a city"?—Give a synonym of "temporary." <i>Ans. + Transitory.</i>—Would you say that man is a "<i>temporary</i> + being" or a "<i>transitory</i> being"?</p> + + <p>(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word + "contemporary."—What adjective corresponds to this adjective?</p> + + <p>(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and + "abstinence."—Write a sentence showing the use of the two + words.</p> + + <p>(5.) What is meant by an "<i>extemporaneous</i> speech?"</p> + + <p>(6.) What is one who <i>temporizes</i> sometimes called? <i>Ans</i>. + A <i>time</i>-server.</p> + +<a name="II.III.II"></a> +<h3>DIVISION II.—ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES.</h3> + + <blockquote>NOTE—In Division II, the English derivatives from + Latin roots are given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs + under the particular <i>radicals</i>, from which the several groups of + derivatives are formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face + type—thus., <b>acr-, acerb-, </b>etc. Derivatives not obviously + connected with the Latin roots are given in the last paragraph of each + section. Pupils are required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the + radicals, thus forming the English derivatives, which may be given either + orally or in writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the + case of words not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition + by reference to the signification of the radicals and the formative + elements, thus, acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of + being bitter, bitterness.</blockquote> + +<h4>1. A'CER, a'cris, <font size="-1">sharp</font>; Acer'bus, <font size="-1">bitter</font>; Ac'idus, <font size="-1">sour</font>; Ace'tum, +<font size="-1">vinegar</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>acr</b>: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. <i>acrimo'nia</i>, + sharpness of temper); acrimo'nious.</p> + + <p><b>acerb</b>: -ity; exac'erbate, <i>to render bitter;</i> + exacerba'tion.</p> + + <p><b>acid</b>: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. + <i>acid'ulus</i>, slightly sour); acid'ulous; subac'id, <i>slightly + acid</i>.</p> + + <p><b>acet</b>: -ate, <i>a certain salt; </i>-ic, <i>pertaining to a + certain acid; </i>-ify, -ification, -ose, -ous.</p> + +<h4>2. AE'DES, <font size="-1">a house</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ed</b>: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. <i>edifi'cium</i>, + a large building); e'dile (Lat. n. <i>aedi'lis</i>, a Roman magistrate + who had charge of buildings).</p> + +<h4>3. Ĉ'QUUS, <font size="-1">equal</font>: Ĉqua'lis, <font size="-1">equal, just</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>equ</b>: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate + (Lat. v. <i>adequa're</i>, <i>adequa'tum</i>, to make equal); inadequacy; + inad'equate; iniq'uity (Lat. n. <i>iniq'uitas</i>, want of equal or just + dealing); iniq'uitous.</p> + + <p><b>equal</b>: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; + une'qual.</p> + +<h4>4. Ĉ'VUM, <font size="-1">an age</font>; Ĉter'nitas, <font size="-1">eternal</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ev</b>: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. <i>lon'gus</i>, long); + prime'val (Lat. adj. <i>pri'mus</i>, first).</p> + + <p><b>etern</b>: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal.</p> + +<h4>5. A'GER, a'gri, <font size="-1">a field, land</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>agri</b>: agra'rian (Lat. adj. <i>agrarius</i>, relating to land); + agra'rianism; ag'riculture (Lat. n. <i>cultu'ra,</i> cultivation), + agricult'ural, agricult'urist.</p> + + <p>Per'egrinate (Lat. v. <i>peregrina'ri,</i> to travel in foreign + lands); peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. <i>pélérin,</i> a wanderer); + pil'grimage.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>AGERE</b>, to do. (See <a href="#agere">p. 23.</a>)</p> + +<h4>6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum <font size="-1">or</font> al'tum, <font size="-1">to nourish</font>; ALES'CERE: +ales'co <font size="-1">to grow up</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>al</b>: al'iment (Lat. n. <i>alimen'tum,</i> nourishment); + alimen'tary; al'imony (Lat. n. <i>alimo'ma,</i> allowance made to a + divorced wife for her support).</p> + + <p><b>alit</b>: coali'tion (-ist).</p> + + <p><b>alesc</b>: coalesce' (-ence, -ent).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ALIENUS</b>. (See <a href="#alienus">p. 25.</a>)</p> + +<h4>7. AL'TER, <font size="-1">another</font>; Alter'nus, <font size="-1">one after another</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>alter</b>: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); + unal'tered; alterca'tion (Lat. n. <i>alterca'tio,</i> a contention).</p> + + <p><b>altern</b>: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, <i>a subordinate + officer.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><b>AMARE; Amicus.</b> (See <a href="#amare">p. 25.</a>)</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ANIMUS; Anima.</b> (See <a href="#animus">p. 26.</a>)</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ANNUS.</b> (See <a href="#annus">p. 27.</a>)</p> + +<h4>8. ANTI'QUUS, <font size="-1">old, ancient</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>antiqu</b>: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. + <i>antique</i>), <i>old, ancient.</i></p> + +<h4>9. AP'TUS, <font size="-1">fit, suitable</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>apt</b>: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or).</p> + +<h4>10. A'QUA, <font size="-1">water</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>aque</b>: -duct (<i>du'cere,</i> to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; + terra'queous (Lat. n. <i>terra</i>, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. + <i>aquat'icus</i>, relating to water); aqua'rium (Lat. n. + <i>aqua'rium,</i> a reservoir of water), <i>a tank for water-plants and + animals.</i></p> + +<h4>11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, <font size="-1">a judge or umpire</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>arbiter</b>: ar'biter, <i>a judge or umpire.</i></p> + + <p><b>arbitr</b>: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. + <i>arbitramen'tum</i>, decision).</p> + +<h4>12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, <font size="-1">a tree</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>arbor</b>: ar'bor, <i>a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a + bower</i>; -et, <i>a little tree</i>; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, + <i>a place where specimens of trees are cultivated</i>; arboricult'ure + (-ist).</p> + +<h4>13. AR'MA, <font size="-1">arms, weapons</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>arm</b>: arm (n. and v.); arms, <i>weapons</i>; -or, <i>defensive + weapons</i>; ar'morer; ar'mory; armo'rial, <i>belonging to the + escutcheon or coat of arms of a family</i>; ar'mistice (<i>sis'tere</i>, + to cause to stand still); disarm'; unarmed'.</p> + + <p>Arma'da (Span, n.), <i>a naval warlike force</i>; ar'my (Fr. n + <i>armée</i>); ar'mament (Lat. n. <i>armamen'ta</i>, utensils); + armadil'lo (Span, n.), <i>an animal armed with a bony shell.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><b>ARS</b>. (See <a href="#ars">page 28.</a>)</p> + +<h4>14. ARTIC'ULUS, <font size="-1">a little joint</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>articul</b>: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly <i>jointed</i> + syllables), -ate (adj. formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; + ar'ticle (Fr. n. <i>article</i>).</p> + +<h4>15. AS'PER, <font size="-1">rough</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>asper</b>: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>AUDIRE</b>. (See <a href="#audire">page 29.</a>)</p> + +<h4>16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, <font size="-1">to increase</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>aug</b>: augment' (v.); augmentation.</p> + + <p><b>auct</b>: -ion, <i>a sale in which the price is increased by + bidders</i>; -ioneer. Author (Lat. n. <i>auc'tor</i>, one who increases + knowledge); author'ity; au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. <i>auxil'ium</i>, + help).</p> + +<h4>17. A'VIS, <font size="-1">a bird</font>; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, <font size="-1">a soothsayer</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>augur</b>: au'gur (n.), <i>one who foretells future events by + observing the</i> <i>flight of birds,</i> (v.) <i>to foretell</i>; + au'gury, <i>an omen</i>; inau'gurate, <i>to invest with an office by + solemn rites;</i> inaugura'tion; inau'gural.</p> + + <p><b>auspici</b>: -ous, <i>favorable</i>; inauspi'cious; aus'pices.</p> + +<h4>18. BAR'BARUS, <font size="-1">savage, uncivilized</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>barbar</b>: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous.</p> + +<h4>19. BIS, <font size="-1">twice or two</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>bi</b>: bi'ennial (Lat. n. <i>an'nus,</i> a year); big'amy (Greek + n. <i>gamos,</i> marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. <i>mil'lio,</i> a million; + literally, twice a million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. <i>pars, par'tis,</i> a + part); bi'ped (Lat. n. <i>pes, pe'dis,</i> foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. + <i>cuit</i>, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. <i>sec'tum,</i> cut); bi'valve + (Lat. n. <i>val'vĉ,</i> folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. adj. <i>bi'ni,</i> + two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. <i>oc'ulus,</i> the eye); combine'; + combina'tion.</p> + +<h4>20. BO'NIS, <font size="-1">good</font>; Be'ne, <font size="-1">well</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>bonus</b>: bonus (something to the <i>good</i> of a person in + addition to compensation), bounty (Fr. n. <i>bonté</i>, kindness); + boun'teous; boun'tiful.</p> + + <p><b>bene</b>: ben'efice (Lat. v. <i>fac'ere, fac'tum,</i> to do), + literally, <i>a benefit, an ecclesiastical living;</i> benef'icence; + benef'icent; benefi'cial; ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; + benedic'tion (Lat. v. <i>dic'ere, dic'tum,</i> to say); benev'olence + (Lat. v. <i>vel'le,</i> to will).</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p><i>In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words + printed in italic:</i> The <i>equator</i> divides the globe into two + <i>equal</i> parts. Good <i>agriculturists</i> read <i>agricultural</i> + papers. In the <i>primeval</i> ages the <i>longevity</i> of man was very + great. The <i>pilgrims</i> have gone on a <i>pilgrimage</i> to the Holy + Land. The <i>subaltern</i> had no <i>alternative</i> but to obey. To + remove the stain a powerful <i>acid</i> must be used. The <i>alimony</i> + which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered <i>adequate</i>. + The discourse, though learned, was not <i>edifying.</i> God is an + <i>eternal</i> and unchangeable being. The handsome <i>edifice</i> was + burned to the ground. The plants and animals in the <i>aquarium</i> were + brought from abroad. Though the style is <i>antiquated</i>, it is not + inelegant. The <i>arbitrary</i> proceedings of the British Parliament + <i>exasperated</i> the Americans. God is the <i>bountiful</i> Giver of + all good. The President made a short <i>inaugural</i> address. By + <i>combined</i> effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called + The <i>Antiquary</i>. It is <i>barbarous</i> needlessly to destroy life. + George Peabody was noted for his <i>benevolence</i>. The Romans were + famous for their great <i>aqueducts</i>.</p> + +<h4>21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, <font size="-1">to fall</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cad</b>: -ence, <i>a falling of the voice</i>; cascade' (Fr. n.); + deca'dence.</p> + + <p><b>cide</b>: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; + decid'uous; in'cident; oc'cident, <i>the place of the falling or setting + sun, the west.</i></p> + + <p><b>case</b>: case, <i>the state in which a thing happens or falls to + be</i>; casual (Lat. n. <i>ca'sus</i>, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, + <i>one who studies cases of conscience</i>; cas'uistry; occa'sion.</p> + + <p>Chance (Fr. v. <i>choir</i>, to fall), <i>something that befalls + without apparent cause</i>; decay (Fr. v. <i>déchoir</i>, to fall + away).</p> + +<h4>22. CĈD'ERE: cĉ'do, cĉ'sum, <font size="-1">to cut, to kill</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cide</b>: decide', <i>to cut off discussion, to determine</i>; + frat'ricide, <i>the killing of a brother</i> (Lat. n. <i>fra'ter</i>, a + brother); hom'icide (<i>ho'mo</i>, a man); infan'ticide (<i>in'fans</i>, + an infant); mat'ricide (<i>ma'ter</i>, a mother); par'ricide + (<i>pa'ter</i>, a father); reg'icide (<i>rex, re'gis</i>, a king); + su'icide (Lat. pro. <i>sui</i>, one's self).</p> + + <p><b>cise</b>: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; + excis'ion, incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion.</p> + +<h4>23. CAL'CULUS, <font size="-1">a pebble</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>calcul</b>: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of + pebbles anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; + miscal'culate.</p> + +<h4>24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, <font size="-1">to be white, to shine +(literally, to burn, to glow)</font>; Can'didus, <font size="-1">white</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cand</b>: -id, <i>fair, sincere</i>; -or, <i>openness, + sincerity</i>; incandes'cent.</p> + + <p><b>can'did</b>: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore <i>white</i> + robes).</p> + + <p>Cen'ser, <i>a vessel in which incense is burned</i>; in'cense (n.), + <i>perfume given off by fire</i>; incense' (v.), <i>to inflame with + anger</i>; incen'diary (Lat. n. <i>incen'dium</i>, a fire); can'dle (Lat. + <i>cande'la</i>, a <i>white</i> light made of wax); chand'ler (literally + a maker or seller of candles); chandelier'; candel'abra.</p> + +<h4>25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, <font size="-1">to sing</font>; Fr chanter, <font size="-1">to sing</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cant</b>: cant, <i>hypocritical sing-song speech</i>; canta'ta, + <i>a poem set to music</i>; can'ticle; can'ticles, <i>the Song of + Solomon</i>; can'to, <i>division of a poem</i>; discant'; incanta'tion, + <i>enchantment</i>; recant', literally, <i>to sing back, to + retract.</i></p> + + <p><b>chant</b>: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'.</p> + + <p>Ac'cent (Lat. <i>ad.</i> and <i>cantus</i>, a song), literally, <i>a + modulation of the voice</i>; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. + <i>prĉcan'ere</i>, to sing before).</p> + +<h4>26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, <font size="-1">to take</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cap</b>: -able, -ability; inca'pable.</p> + + <p><b>cip</b>: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. <i>ma'nus</i>, hand), + literally, <i>to take away from the hand of an owner, to free</i>; + incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. <i>municip'ium</i>, a free town; + <i>mu'nia</i>, official duties, and <i>cap'ere</i>, to take); + partic'ipate (Lat. n. <i>pars, par'tis</i>, a part); par'ticiple; prince + (Lat. n. <i>prin'ceps</i>,—Lat. adj. <i>pri'mus</i>, first: hence, + taking the <i>first</i> place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; + recip'ient; rec'ipe (imperative of <i>recip'ere</i>; literally, "take + thou," being the first word of a medical prescription).</p> + + <p><b>ceive</b> (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; + perceive'; receive'.</p> + + <p><b>capt</b>: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure.</p> + + <p><b>cept</b>: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; + decep'tive; except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; + intercept'; pre'cept; precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; + suscep'tible.</p> + + <p><b>ceit</b> (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; + receipt'.</p> + + <p>Capa'cious (Lat. adj. <i>ca'pax</i>, <i>capa'cis</i>, able to hold: + hence large); capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>CAPUT</b>. (See <a href="#caput">page 30.</a>)</p> + +<h4>27. CA'RO, carnis, <font size="-1">flesh</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>carn</b>: -age, <i>slaughter</i>; -al, -ation, <i>the flesh-colored + flower</i>; incar'nate; incarna'tion.</p> + + <p>Carne'lian (Lat. adj. <i>car'neus</i>, fleshy), <i>a flesh-colored + stone</i>; car'nival (Lat. v. <i>vale</i>, farewell), <i>a festival + preceding Lent</i>; carniv'orous (Lat. v. <i>vora're</i>, to eat); + char'nel (Fr. adj. <i>charnel</i>, containing flesh).</p> + +<h4>28. CAU'SA, <font size="-1">a cause</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>caus</b>: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. <i>cause</i>), n. and + v.</p> + + <p>Accuse' (Fr. v. <i>accuser</i>, to bring a charge against), -ative, + -ation, -er; excuse' (Fr. v. <i>excuser</i>, to absolve); excus'able; + rec'usant (Lat. v. <i>recusa're</i>, to refuse).</p> + +<h4>29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, <font size="-1">to beware</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>caut</b>: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution.</p> + + <p>Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), <i>an + intimation to stop proceedings</i>.</p> + +<h4>30. CA'VUS, <font size="-1">hollow</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cav</b>: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate.</p> + + <p>Cave (Fr. n. <i>cave</i>), literally, <i>a hollow, empty space</i>; + con'cave (Lat. adj. <i>conca'vus</i>, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. + <i>cavil'la</i>, a jest).</p> + +<h4>31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, <font size="-1">to go, to yield</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cede</b>: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; + secede'; unprecedented.</p> + + <p><b>ceed</b>: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-).</p> + + <p><b>cess</b>: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, <i>a collection of matter gone + away, or collected in a cavity;</i> ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; + acces'sory; conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; + interces'sor; preces'sion; proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; + success' (-ful, -ion, -ive).</p> + +<h4>32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, <font size="-1">to weigh, to estimate, to tax</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cens</b>: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion.</p> + + <p>Cen'sus (Lat. n. <i>census</i>, an estimate).</p> + +<h4>33. CEN'TRUM, <font size="-1">the middle point</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>centr</b>: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. <i>fu'gere</i>, to + flee); centrip'etal (Lat. v. <i>pet'ere</i>, to seek); concen'trate; + concentra'tion; concen'tric; eccen'tric; eccentric'ity.</p> + + <p>Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. <i>centre</i>), n. and v.; cen'tered.</p> + +<h4>34. CEN'TUM, <font size="-1">a hundred</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cent</b>: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. + <i>centena'rius</i>); centena'rian; centen'nial (Lat. n. <i>an'nus</i>, a + year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. <i>gra'dus</i>, a degree); cen'tipede (Lat. + n. <i>pes</i>, <i>pe'dis</i>, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. adj. + <i>centu'plex</i>, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. <i>centu'rio</i>, a + captain of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. <i>centu'ria</i>, a hundred + years); percent'age.</p> + +<h4>35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, <font size="-1">to sift, to see, to judge</font>; Discrimen, +discrim'inis, <font size="-1">distinction</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cern</b>: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, + discern'ment.</p> + + <p><b>cret</b>: decre'tal, <i>a book of decrees;</i> discre'tion; + discre'tionary; excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary.</p> + + <p><b>discrimin</b>: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate.</p> + + <p>Decree' (Fr. n. <i>decret</i>); discreet' (Fr. adj. <i>discret</i>); + discrete' (literally, sifted apart), <i>separate</i>.</p> + +<h4>36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, <font size="-1">to contend, to vie</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cert</b>: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; + preconcert'.</p> + +<h4>37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, <font size="-1">to gird</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cinct</b>: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, <i>girded or + tucked up, compressed, concise</i>; succinct'ness.</p> + +<h4>38. CIR'CUS, <font size="-1">a circle</font>; cir'culus, <font size="-1">a little circle</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>circ</b>: cir'cus, <i>an open space for sports</i>; cir'clet.</p> + + <p><b>circul</b>: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory.</p> + + <p>Cir'cle (Fr. n. <i>cercle</i>); encir'cle; sem'icircle.</p> + +<h4>39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, <font size="-1">to stir up, to rouse</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cite</b>: cite, <i>to summon or quote</i>; excite' (-able, + -ability, -ment); incite' (-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. + <i>suscita're</i>, to raise).</p> + + <p><b>citat</b>: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', <i>a species of + musical recitation</i>.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>CIVIS</b>. (See <a href="#civis">p. 31.</a>)</p> + +<h4>40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, <font size="-1">to cry out, to shout</font>; Clam'or, +<font size="-1">a loud cry</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>claim</b>: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, + ex-, pro-, re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble.</p> + + <p><b>clamat</b>: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; + exclama'tion; exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion.</p> + + <p><b>clamor</b>: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>The <i>decay</i> of the tree was caused by the <i>incisions</i> which + had <i>accidentally</i> been made in the bark. The <i>captives</i> will + be set at liberty, but the <i>precise</i> time of their + <i>emancipation</i> has not been fixed. The harbor is <i>capacious</i>, + and can <i>receive</i> vessels of the largest size. The merits of the + <i>candidates</i> were <i>discriminated</i> with great <i>candor</i>. We + were <i>enchanted</i> with the <i>carnival</i> at Rome. This + <i>recitation</i> is satisfactory. Have you ever seen a <i>centigrade</i> + thermometer? Nothing is so <i>successful</i> as <i>success</i>. The + number of <i>concentric circles</i> in the trunk marked the age of the + tree. No <i>censer</i> round our altar beams. The heat being + <i>excessive</i>, we took shelter in the <i>recesses</i> of a + <i>cave</i>. <i>Precision</i> is the <i>principal</i> quality of good + writing. Franklin's father was a tallow <i>chandler</i>. Last + <i>century</i> there was great <i>carnage</i> in America. + <i>Infanticide</i> is much practiced in China. The <i>proclamation</i> + was widely <i>circulated</i>. The president was <i>inaugurated</i> on the + 4th of March. The <i>census</i> is taken every ten years. <i>Conceit</i> + is worse than <i>eccentricity</i>. Have you filed your <i>caveat</i>?</p> + +<h4>41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, <font size="-1">to shut, to close</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>clud</b>: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'.</p> + + <p><b>clus</b>: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; + recluse'; seclu'sion.</p> + + <p><b>close</b>: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' + (-ure); enclose' (-ure).</p> + + <p>Clause (Fr. n. <i>clause</i>); clois'ter (old Fr. n. + <i>cloistre</i>).</p> + +<h4>42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, <font size="-1">to bend</font>; Cli'vus, <font size="-1">a slope or hill</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>clinat</b>: inclina'tion.</p> + + <p><b>cline</b>: de-, in-, re-.</p> + + <p><b>cliv</b>: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity.</p> + +<h4>43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, <font size="-1">to till, to cultivate</font> (<font size="-1">Low Lat.</font> Cultiva're, +<font size="-1">to cultivate</font>).</h4> + + <p><b>cult</b>: cult'ure (Lat. n. <i>cultu'ra</i>, a cultivation); + ag'riculture (Lat. n. <i>a'ger</i>, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. + <i>ar'bor</i>, a tree); flor'iculture (Lat. n. <i>flos</i>, + <i>flo'ris</i>, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. <i>hor'tus</i>, a + garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. <i>ausculta'tio</i>, a listening; hence, + a test of the lungs).</p> + + <p><b>cultiv</b>: -ate, -ation, -ator.</p> + + <p>Col'ony (Lat. n. <i>colo'nia</i>, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; + col'onize.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>COR.</b> (See <a href="#cor">page 32.</a>)</p> + +<p class="center"><b>CORPUS.</b> (See <a href="#corpus">page 33.</a>)</p> + +<p class="center"><b>CREDERE.</b> (See <a href="#credere">page 35.</a>)</p> + +<h4>44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, <font size="-1">to create</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>creat</b>: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-).</p> + +<h4>45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, <font size="-1">to grow</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cresc</b>: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'.</p> + + <p><b>cret</b>: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion.</p> + + <p>Accrue' (Fr. n. <i>accrue</i>, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. + <i>incremen'tum</i>, increase); recruit' (Fr. v. <i>recroitre</i>, + <i>recru</i>, to grow again).</p> + +<h4>46. CRUX, cru'cis, <font size="-1">a cross</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cruc</b>: cru'cial (Fr. adj. <i>cruciale</i>, as if bringing to the + cross: hence, severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot—Lat. n. + <i>crucib'ulum</i>—marked in old times with a cross); cru'ciform + (Lat. n. <i>for'ma</i>, a shape); cru'cify (Lat. v. <i>fig'ere</i>, + <i>fix'um</i>, to fix); crucifix'ion; excru'ciating.</p> + + <p>Cross (Fr. n. <i>croix</i>); cro'sier (Fr. n. <i>crosier</i>); cruise + (Dan. v. <i>kruisen</i>, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. + n. <i>croisade</i>, in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land + made under the banner of the cross); crusad'er.</p> + +<h4>47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (<font size="-1">in compos, <i>cumbo</i></font>), cub'itum, <font size="-1">to lie down</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cub</b>: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator.</p> + + <p><b>cumb</b>: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; + recum'bent; succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent.</p> + + <p>Cu'bit (Lat. n. <i>cub'itus</i>, the elbow, because it serves for + leaning upon); in'cubus (Lat. n. <i>in'cubus</i>), the nightmare.</p> + +<h4>48. CU'RA, <font size="-1">care</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>cur</b>: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; + inac'curate; proc'urator.</p> + + <p>Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from <i>proc'uracy</i>). <i>authority to + act for another;</i> secure' (Lat. adj. <i>secu'rus</i>, from <i>se</i> + for <i>si'ne</i>, without, and <i>cu'ra</i>, care); secu'rity; insecure'; + si'necure (Lat. prep. <i>si'ne</i>, without—an office without + duties).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>CURRERE.</b> (See <a href="#currere">page 32.</a>)</p> + +<h4>49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, <font size="-1">to give</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>dat</b>: date (originally the time at which a public document was + given—<i>da'tum</i>); da'ta (Lat. plural of <i>da'tum</i>), + <i>facts or truths given or admitted;</i> da'tive.</p> + + <p><b>dit</b>: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; + tradi'tion; extradi'tion.</p> + + <p>Add (Lat. v. <i>ad'dere</i>, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. + adden'da), <i>something to be added</i>.</p> + +<h4>50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, <font size="-1">to owe</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>debt</b>: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.).</p> + +<h4>51. DE'CEM, <font size="-1">ten</font>; Dec'imus, <font size="-1">the tenth</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>decem</b>: Decem'ber (formerly the <i>tenth</i> month); + decem'virate (Lat. n. <i>vir</i>, a man), <i>a body of ten + magistrates;</i> decen'nial (Lat. n. <i>an'nus</i>, a year).</p> + + <p><b>decim</b>: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. + <i>duodec'imus</i>, twelfth), <i>a book having twelve leaves to a + sheet</i>.</p> + +<h4>52. DENS, den'tis, <font size="-1">a tooth</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>dent</b>: dent, <i>to notch;</i> den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. + <i>frica're</i>, to rub); den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. <i>denti'tio</i>, + a cutting of the teeth); eden'tate (Lat. adj. <i>edenta'tus</i>, + toothless); indent'; indent'ure; tri'dent (Lat. adj. <i>tres</i>, three), + <i>Neptune's three-pronged scepter;</i> dan'delion (Fr. + <i>dent-de-lion</i>, the lion's tooth), <i>a plant</i>.</p> + +<h4>53. DE'US, <font size="-1">a God</font>; Divi'nus, <font size="-1">relating to God, divine</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>de</b>: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity.</p> + + <p><b>divin</b>: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. <i>divina'tio</i>, a + foretelling the aid of the gods); divin'ity.</p> + +<h4>54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, <font size="-1">to say</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>dict</b>: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary + (Lat. n. <i>dictiona'rium</i>, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), + <i>positive opinion;</i> addict' (Lat. v. <i>addic'ere</i>, to devote); + benedic'tion (Lat. adv. <i>be'ne</i>, well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' + (Lat. v. <i>indic'ere</i>, to proclaim), <i>to charge with a crime;</i> + indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. <i>jus</i>, <i>ju'ris</i>, + justice), <i>relating to the distribution of justice;</i> maledic'tion + (Lat. adv. <i>ma'le</i>, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. + v. <i>va'le</i>, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. <i>ve'rus</i>, true).</p> + + <p>Dit'to, <i>n</i>. (Ital. n. <i>det'to</i>, a word), <i>the aforesaid + thing;</i> indite' (Lat. v. <i>indic'ere</i>, to dictate), <i>to + compose</i>.</p> + +<h4>55. DI'ES, <font size="-1">a day</font>; <font size="-1">French</font> jour, <font size="-1">a day</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>dies</b>: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. + <i>diur'nus</i>, daily); merid'ian (Lat. n. <i>merid'ies</i> = <i>me'dius + di'es</i>, midday); merid'ional; quotid'ian (Lat. adj. + <i>quotidia'nus</i>, daily).</p> + + <p><b>jour</b>: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; + so'journ; so'journer.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>DIGNUS</b> (See <a href="#dignus">page 37.</a>)</p> + +<h4>56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, <font size="-1">to divide, to separate</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>divid</b>: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, + <i>one not to be divided, a single person.</i></p> + + <p><b>divis</b>: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or.</p> + + <p>Device' (Fr. n. <i>devis</i>, something imagined or devised); devise' + (Fr. v. <i>deviser</i>, to form a plan).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>DOCERE</b>. (See <a href="#docere">page 38.</a>)</p> + +<h4>57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, <font size="-1">to grieve</font>.</h4> + + <p>Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent + (literally, not grieving or caring), <i>lazy</i>.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>DOMINUS</b>. (See <a href="#dominus">page 38.</a>)</p> + +<h4>58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, <font size="-1">to lead, to bring forward</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>duc</b>: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; + educa'tion; induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; + redu'cible; seduce'; superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer.</p> + + <p><b>duct</b>: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' + (-ion, -ive); induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; + prod'uct (-ion, -ive); reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct + (Lat. n. <i>a'qua</i>, water); vi'aduct (Lat. n. <i>vi'a</i>, a road); + con'duit (Fr. n. <i>conduit</i>), a channel for conveying water.</p> + +<h4>59. DU'O, <font size="-1">two</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>du</b>: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. + <i>plica're</i>, to fold); dupli'city (Lat. n. <i>duplic'itas</i>, + double dealing).</p> + + <p>Dubi'ety (Lat. n. <i>dubi'etas</i>, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. + <i>du'bius</i>, uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. <i>dubita're</i>, to + doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. <i>double</i>, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. + <i>doubt</i>), -ful, -less; undoubt'ed.</p> + +<h4>60. DU'RUS, <font size="-1">hard, lasting</font>; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, <font size="-1">to last</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>dur</b>: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, <i>state of being held + hard and fast;</i> duresse, <i>hardship, constraint;</i> endure' (-ance); + ob'duracy.</p> + + <p><b>durat</b>: dura'tion; in'durate, <i>to grow hard;</i> indura'tion; + ob'duracy.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>When the speech, was <i>concluded</i> loud acclamation <i>arose</i>. + In many parts of the <i>colony</i> much of the waste land has been + <i>reclaimed</i>, and <i>agricultural</i> operations now <i>receive</i> + the due attention of the <i>colonists</i>. The patient declined to + undergo <i>auscultation</i>. Fishing is a healthful <i>recreation</i>. + Many of the <i>crusaders</i> were inspired with great courage. + <i>Security</i> was offered, but it was not <i>accepted</i>. The + <i>incumbent</i> could not stand the <i>crucial</i> test, and hence + <i>succumbed</i>. A <i>curious excrescence</i> was cut from the tree. To + Neptune with his <i>trident</i> the Greeks ascribed <i>divine</i> power. + A French <i>journalist</i> has been <i>indicted</i>. The + <i>valedictory</i> was pronounced in <i>December</i>. What is the + difference between <i>addition</i> and <i>division</i>? We may easily + <i>predict</i> the ruin of an <i>indolent debtor</i>. How many + <i>maledictions</i> are heaped on <i>dentists</i>! The <i>reduction</i> + of the public <i>debt</i> is desirable. The prisoner was <i>doleful</i> + because he was in <i>duresse</i> vile. An educated man is known by his + <i>accurate</i> use of language. The <i>dandelion</i> is a + <i>productive</i> plant. The <i>pilgrims received</i> the priest's + <i>benediction</i> before setting out on their <i>journey</i>. The + <i>decimal</i> system <i>conduces</i> to the saving of time.</p> + + <p><b>61. EM'ERE: e'mo, emp'tum,</b> to buy or take.</p> + + <p><b>empt</b>: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. + <i>perempto'rius</i>, wholly taken away), <i>decisive</i>, <i>final</i>; + pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, <i>the right of buying before others</i>; + redemp'tion.</p> + + <p>Redeem' (Lat. v. <i>redim'ere</i>, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt + (Lat. adj. <i>promp'tus</i> = <i>pro-emp'tus</i>, taken out; hence, + ready); prompt'er; prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. <i>in + promp'tu</i>, in readiness).</p> + +<h4>62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, <font size="-1">to wander</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>err</b>: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. <i>er'ror</i>); + erro'neous (Lat. adj. <i>erro'neus</i>, erring).</p> + + <p><b>errat</b>: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), <i>a mistake in + printing;</i> aberra'tion.</p> + +<h4>63. ES'SE, <font size="-1">to be</font>; en, en'tis, <font size="-1">being</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ent</b>: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent + (Lat. adj. <i>om'nis</i>, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' + (-ation, -ative); misrepresent'.</p> + + <p>Es'sence (Lat. n. <i>essen'tia</i>, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence + (Lat. adj. <i>quin'tus</i>, fifth), <i>the highest essence; in'terest</i> + (3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of <i>interes'se</i> = it interests or is of + interest); disin'terested.</p> + +<h4>64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, <font size="-1">to do or make</font>; <font size="-1">French</font> Faire.</h4> + + <p><b>fac</b>: face'tious (Lat. adj. <i>face'tus</i>, merry); fac'ile + (Lat. adj. <i>fa'cilis</i>, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; + fac'ulty (Lat. n. <i>facul'tas</i>, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. + adj. <i>sim'ilis</i>, like), literally, <i>make like</i>, <i>an exact + copy</i>; facto'tum (Lat. adj. <i>to'tum</i>, the whole; literally, do + the whole), <i>a servant of all work</i>.</p> + + <p><b>fic</b>: ben'efice (see <i>bene</i>); def'icit (literally, it is + wanting), <i>a lack</i>; defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. + <i>diffic'ilis</i>, arduous); ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. <i>ef'ficax</i>, + <i>effica'cis</i>, powerful); effi'cient, <i>causing effects;</i> of'fice + (Lat. n. <i>offic'ium</i>, a duty); of'ficer; offi'cial; offi'cious; + profi'cient; suffice', literally, <i>to make up what is wanting</i>; + suffi'cient.</p> + + <p><b>fact</b>: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, <i>a party acting in + opposition;</i> fac'tious; facti'tious (Lat. adj. <i>facti'tius</i>, + artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture (Lat. n. <i>ma'nus</i>, the + hand).</p> + + <p><b>fect</b>: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, + literally, <i>made</i> <i>with sugar</i> (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); + effect' (-ive); effect'ual; infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, + literally, <i>thoroughly made</i> (-ion); imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; + refec'tory.</p> + + <p><b>faire</b> (past participle <i>fait</i>): fash'ion (Fr. n. + <i>façon</i>, the make or form of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. + <i>faisible</i>, that may be done); feat; affair'; coun'terfeit, + literally, <i>to make again</i>, <i>to imitate;</i> for'feit, (Fr. v. + <i>forfaire</i>, to misdo), <i>to lose by some fault;</i> sur'feit, v., + <i>to overdo in the way of eating</i>.</p> + +<h4>65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, <font size="-1">to deceive</font>; <font size="-1">French</font> Faillir, <font size="-1">to fall +short or do amiss</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fall</b>: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; + infal'lible.</p> + + <p><b>fals</b>: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or + artificial voice).</p> + + <p><b>fail</b>: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. <i>faulte</i>); fault'y; + fal'ter; default' (-er).</p> + +<h4>66. FA'NUM, <font size="-1">a temple</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fan</b>: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. <i>fanat'icus</i>, literally, + one inspired by divinity—the god of the fane), <i>a wild + enthusiast;</i> fanat'ical; fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be + before or outside of the temple), <i>to desecrate;</i> profane', adj., + <i>unholy</i>; profana'tion; profan'ity.</p> + +<h4>67. FA'RI, fa'tus, <font size="-1">to speak</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fat</b>: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory.</p> + + <p>Affable (Lat. adj. <i>affab'ilis</i>, easy to be spoken to); + affabil'ity; inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, <i>in'fans</i>, + <i>infan'tis</i>, literally, not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; + nefa'rious (Lat. adj. <i>nefa'rius</i>, impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. + <i>préface</i>), <i>something spoken or written by way of + introduction</i>.</p> + +<h4>68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (<font size="-1">in comp.</font> fes'sus), <font size="-1">to acknowledge, to +show</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fess</b>: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, + -or).</p> + +<h4>69. FELIX, feli'cis, <font size="-1">happy</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>felic</b>: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, <i>to make + happy by congratulation.</i></p> + +<h4>70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, <font size="-1">to keep off, to strike</font>.<a name="NtA_6"></a><a href="#Nt_6"><sup>6</sup></a></h4> + + <p><b>fend</b>: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er).</p> + + <p><b>fens</b>: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and + v., abbreviated from defence);<a name="NtA_7"></a><a + href="#Nt_7"><sup>7</sup></a> fencer; fencing.</p> + +<h4>71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, <font size="-1">to bear, to carry</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fer</b>: fer'tile (Lat. adj. <i>fer'tilis</i>, bearing, fruitful); + fertil'ity; fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, <i>a measure carried + around anything;</i> confer', <i>to consult;</i> con'ference; defer'; + def'erence; deferen'tial; dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; + prefer' (-able, -ence, -ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer + (-ance, -able, -er); transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. + <i>co'nus</i>, a cone); florif'erous (Lat. n. <i>flos</i>, + <i>flo'ris</i>, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. <i>fruc'tus</i>, + fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. <i>lux</i>, <i>lucis</i>, light), <i>the + morning or evening star, Satan;</i> pestif'erous (Lat. n. <i>pes'tis</i>, + pest, plague).</p> + + <p><b>lat</b>: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of + Latin nouns); collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, + <i>flattened at the poles;</i> obla'tion, <i>an offering;</i> prel'ate; + prel'acy; pro'late, <i>elongated at the poles;</i> relate' (-ion, -ive); + correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + + lat, through old Fr. verb <i>delayer</i>, to put off).</p> + +<h4>72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, <font size="-1">to boil</font>; Fermen'tum, <font size="-1">leaven</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ferv</b>: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', <i>to bubble or froth + up;</i> efferves'cence.</p> + + <p><b>ferment</b>: fer'ment, -ation.</p> + +<h4>73. FES'TUS, <font size="-1">joyful, merry</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fest</b>: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. <i>feste</i>, a + joyous meal); fête (modern Fr. equivalent of <i>feast</i>), <i>a + festival;</i> festoon (Fr. n. <i>feston</i>, originally an ornament for a + festival).</p> + +<h4>74. FID'ERE: fi'do, <font size="-1">to trust</font>; Fi'des, <font size="-1">faith</font>; Fide'lis, <font size="-1">trusty</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fid</b>: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; + dif'fident; per'fidy (per = through and hence <i>away from</i> good + faith); perfid'ious.</p> + + <p><b>fidel</b>: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity.</p> + + <p>Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. <i>féalté</i> = Lat. <i>fidel'itas</i>), + <i>loy'alty;</i> fidu'cial (Lat. n. <i>fidu'cia</i>, trust); fidu'ciary; + affi'ance, <i>to pledge faith</i>, <i>to betroth;</i> affida'vit (Low + Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), <i>a declaration on oath;</i> + defy' (Fr. v. <i>défier</i>, originally, to dissolve the bond of + allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave).</p> + +<h4>75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, <font size="-1">to join, fix, pierce</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fix</b>: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. <i>crux</i>, <i>cru'cis</i>, a + cross); cru'cify; fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, + something fixed below or on; hence, appended); transfix', <i>to pierce + through</i>.</p> + +<h4>76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, <font size="-1">to form, to feign</font>; Figu'ra, <font size="-1">a shape</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fict</b>: fic'tion; ficti'tious.</p> + + <p><b>figur</b>: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; + prefig'ure; transfig'ure.</p> + + <p>Feign (Fr. v. <i>feindre</i>, <i>feignant</i>, to pretend); feint + (<i>feint</i>, past part. of <i>feindre</i>); ef'figy (Lat. n. + <i>effig'ies</i>, an image or likeness); fig'ment (Lat. n. + <i>figmen'tum</i>, an invention).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>FINIS.</b> (See <a href="#finis">page 40.</a>)</p> + +<h4>77. FIR'MUS, <font size="-1">strong, stable</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>firm</b>: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, + originally, <i>firm foundation;</i> affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' + (-ation, -ative).</p> + +<h4>78. FLAM'MA, <font size="-1">a stream of fire</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>flam</b>: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory).</p> + + <p>Flambeau' (Fr. n. <i>flambeau</i> from v. <i>flamber</i>, to blaze); + flamin'go (Span. n. <i>flamenco</i>), <i>a bird of a flaming red + color.</i></p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>Age does not always <i>exempt</i> one from <i>faults</i>. + <i>Peremptory </i>orders were given that all the princes should be + <i>present</i> at the <i>diet</i>. Many <i>beneficial</i> results must + come from the <i>introduction</i> of drawing into the public schools. The + lady is <i>affable</i> and <i>perfectly</i> free from <i>affectation</i>. + The field is <i>fertile</i> and <i>produces</i> abundant crops. The + <i>professor's</i> lecture <i>related</i> to <i>edentate</i> animals. Men + sometimes <i>feign</i> a <i>fealty</i> they do not feel. The lady + <i>professed</i> that her <i>felicity</i> was ineffable. The King seized + a <i>flambeau</i> with zeal to destroy. It is a <i>nefarious</i> act to + make a <i>false affidavit</i>. <i>Fanaticism</i> is often + <i>infectious</i>. The <i>confirmed offender</i> had issued many + <i>counterfeits</i>. Dickens gives us the <i>quintessence</i> of the + <i>facetious</i>. In <i>figure</i> the earth is an <i>oblate</i> + spheroid.</p> + +<h4>79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, <font size="-1">to bend</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>flect</b>: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion); reflect' (-ion, -ive, + -or).</p> + + <p><b>flex</b>: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), + -ure; flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex.</p> + +<h4>80. FLOS, flo'ris, <font size="-1">a flower</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>flor</b>: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, <i>the goddess of + flowers</i>; flor'iculture (Lat. n. <i>cultu'ra</i>, cultivation); + florif'erous (Lat. v. <i>fer're</i>, to bear); flor'in (originally, a + Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour (literally, the <i>flower</i> + or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); flour'ish (Lat. v. + <i>flores'cere</i>, to begin to blossom, to prosper); efflores'cence; + efflores'cent.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>FLUERE.</b> (See <a href="#fluere">page 41.</a>)</p> + +<h4>81. FŒ'DUS, fœd'eris, <font size="-1">a league or treaty</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>feder</b>: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the + party that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; + confed'erate; confed'eracy; confedera'tion.</p> + +<h4>82. FO'LIUM, <font size="-1">a leaf</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>foli</b>: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of + <i>fo'lium</i>, a leaf), <i>a book made of sheets folded once</i>; + exfo'liate, <i>to come off in</i> <i>scales</i>; foil, <i>a thin leaf of + metal</i>; tre'foil, <i>a plant with three (tres) leaves</i>; cinque'foil + (Fr. <i>cinque</i>, five).</p> + +<h4>83. FOR'MA, <font size="-1">shape, form</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>form</b>: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); + deform' (-ity); inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); + reform' (-ation, -atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. + <i>for'mula</i>, pl. <i>for'mulĉ</i>, a little form, a model); + for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. <i>mul'tus</i>, many); u'niform (Lat. + adj. <i>u'nus</i>, one).</p> + +<h4>84. FOR'TIS, <font size="-1">strong</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fort</b>: fort; for'tress, <i>a fortified place</i>; for'tify; + fortifica'tion; for'titude; com'fort, n., <i>something that strengthens + or cheers</i> (-able, -er, -less); discom'fort; effort, <i>a putting + forth of one's strength</i>; force (Fr. n. <i>force</i>, strength); + for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' (-ment).</p> + +<h4>85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, <font size="-1">to break</font>; Fra'gilis, <font size="-1">easily +broken</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>frang</b>, <b>fring</b>: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; + infringe' (-ment); refran'gible.</p> + + <p><b>fract</b>: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); + refract' (-ion, -ory).</p> + + <p>Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; <i>fraile</i> = Lat. + <i>fra'gilis</i>); frail'ty.</p> + +<h4>86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, <font size="-1">a brother</font>; Frater'nus, <font size="-1">brotherly</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fratr</b>: frat'ricide (Lat. v. <i>cĉd'ere</i>, to kill).</p> + + <p><b>fratern</b>: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity.</p> + + <p>Fri'ar (Fr. n. <i>frère</i>, a brother); fri'ary.</p> + +<h4>87. FRONS, fron'tis, <font size="-1">the forehead</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>front</b>: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; + effront'ery; fron'tier (Fr. n. <i>frontière</i>); front'ispiece (Lat. n. + <i>frontispi'cium</i>, from <i>frons</i> and <i>spic'ere</i>, to view; + literally, that which is seen in front).</p> + +<h4>88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, <font size="-1">to enjoy</font>; Fru'ges, <font size="-1">corn</font>; French Fruit, <font size="-1">fruit</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fruct</b>: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. <i>fer're</i>, + to bear).</p> + + <p><b>frug</b>: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. <i>fer're</i>, to + bear).</p> + + <p><b>fruit</b>: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion.</p> + +<h4>89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, <font size="-1">to flee</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fug</b>: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. <i>cen'trum</i>, the + center); feb'rifuge (Lat. n. <i>fe'bris</i>, fever); fugue (Lat. n. + <i>fu'ga</i>, a flight), <i>a musical composition</i>; ref'uge (-ee); + sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. <i>ver'mis</i>, a worm).</p> + + <p><b>fugit</b>: fu'gitive (adj. and n.).</p> + +<h4>90. FU'MUS, <font size="-1">smoke</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fum</b>: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. <i>fer're</i>, to + bear), <i>producing smoke</i>; fu'matory, <i>a plant with bitter + leaves</i>; per'fume (-er, -ery).</p> + + <p>Fu'migate (Lat. v. <i>fumiga're</i>, <i>fumiga'tum</i>, to smoke), + <i>to disinfect</i>; fumiga'tion; fu'migatory.</p> + +<h4>91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, <font size="-1">to pour</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>fund</b>: refund'; found (Fr. v. <i>fondre</i> = Lat. + <i>fun'dere</i>), <i>to form by pouring into a mould</i> (-er, -ery); + confound' (Fr. v. <i>confondre</i>, literally, to pour together; hence, + to confuse).</p> + + <p><b>fus</b>: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, + -ive); effuse' (-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' + (-al); suffuse' (-ion); transfuse' (-ion).</p> + +<h4>92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, <font size="-1">to bear or carry</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ger</b>: ger'und, <i>a Latin verbal noun</i>; bellig'erent (Lat. n. + <i>bel'lum</i>, war); con'geries (Lat. n. <i>conge'ries</i>, a + collection); vicege'rent (Lat. <i>vi'ce</i>, in place of), <i>one bearing + rule in place of another</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gest</b>: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. <i>gestic'ulus</i>, a + mimic gesture); gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', + literally, <i>to carry apart</i>: hence, <i>to dissolve food in the + stomach</i> (-ible, -ion, -ive); suggest', literally, <i>to bear into the + mind from below</i>, that is, <i>indirectly</i> (-ion, -ive); reg'ister + (Lat. v. <i>reger'ere</i>, to carry back, to record); reg'istrar; + registra'tion; reg'istry.</p> + +<h4>93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, <font size="-1">to beget</font>; Gens, gen'tis, <font size="-1">a clan or +nation</font>, Ge'nus, gen'eris, <font size="-1">a kind</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>genit</b>: gen'itive, <i>a case of Latin nouns;</i> congen'ital, + <i>born with one;</i> primogen'itor (Lat. adj. <i>pri'mus</i>, first), + <i>an ancestor;</i> primogen'iture, <i> state of being first born;</i> + progen'itor, <i>an ancestor</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gent</b>: genteel' (Lat. adj. <i>genti'lis</i>, pertaining to the + same clan; hence of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle + (<i>genti'lis</i>, of good birth), <i>mild, refined</i>; gen'try + (contracted from gentlery), <i>a class in English society</i>; gen'tile, + <i>belonging to a nation other than the Jewish</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gener</b>: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. <i>genera're, + genera'tum</i>, to produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; + gen'erous; generos'ity; con'gener, <i>of the same kind;</i> degen'erate, + <i>to fall off from the original kind;</i> degen'eracy.</p> + + <p>Gen'der (Fr. n. <i>genre</i> = Lat. <i>ge'nus, gen'eris</i>), <i>the + kind of a noun as regards the sex of the object;</i> gen'ial (Lat. adj. + <i>genia'lis</i>, cheerful); gen'ius (Lat. n. <i>ge'nius</i>, originally, + the divine nature innate in everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. + <i>genui'nus</i>, literally, proceeding from the original stock; hence, + natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many species; engen'der (Fr. v. + <i>engendrer</i>, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. <i>ingenio'sus</i>, + acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. <i>ingen'uus</i>, frank, + sincere).</p> + +<h4>94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, <font size="-1">to walk</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>grad</b>: grada'tion; gra'dient (<i>gra'diens, gradien'tis</i>, + pres. part. of v. <i>gradi</i>), <i>rate of ascent, grade;</i> grad'ual + (Lat. n. <i>gradus</i>, a step); grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); + ingre'dient (Lat. part. <i>ingre'diens</i>, entering); ret'rograde.</p> + + <p><b>gress</b>: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' + (-ion); e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; + transgress' (-ion, -or).</p> + + <p>Grade (Fr. n. <i>grade</i> = Lat. <i>gra'dus</i>, degree or rank); + degree' (Fr. n. <i>degré</i> = <i>de</i> + <i>gradus</i>).</p> + +<h4>95. GRA'TUS, thankful, <font size="-1">pleasing</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>grat</b>: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. <i>gra'tiis</i>, by favor, for + nothing) grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); + congrat'ulate (-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate.</p> + + <p>Grace (Fr. <i>grâce</i> = Lat. <i>gra'tia</i>, favor, grace); + grace'ful; gra'cious; grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. + <i>agréer</i>, to receive kindly), -able, -ment; disagree'.</p> + +<h4>96. GRA'VIS, <font size="-1">heavy</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>grav</b>: <i>grave</i>, literally, <i>heavy</i>: hence, + <i>serious</i>; grav'ity; gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion).</p> + + <p>Grief (Fr. <i>grief</i> = Lat. <i>gra'vis</i>), literally, + <i>heaviness of spirit, sorrow</i>; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>GREX.</b> (See <a href="#grex">page 41.</a>)</p> + +<h4>97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, <font size="-1">to have or hold</font>; HABITA'RE, +hab'ito, habita'tum, <font size="-1">to use frequently, to dwell</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>habit</b>: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, + <i>the natural abode of an animal or a plant;</i> habita'tion; cohab'it; + inhab'it (-able, -ant).</p> + + <p><b>hibit</b>: exhib'it, literally, <i>to hold out, to show</i> (-ion, + -or); inhib'it (-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory).</p> + + <p>Hab'it (Lat. <i>hab'itus</i>, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. + <i>habillement</i>, from v. <i>habiller</i>, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. + <i>hab'ilis</i>, literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, + apt, skillful.)</p> + +<h4>98. HĈRE'RE: hĉ'reo, hĉ'sum, <font size="-1">to stick</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>her</b>: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); + inhere (-ent).</p> + + <p><b>hes</b>: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive.</p> + + <p>Hes'itate (Lat. v. <i>hĉsita're, hĉsita'ium, </i>to be at a stand, to + doubt); hes'itancy; hesita'tion.</p> + +<h4>99. HĈRES, hĉre'dis, <font size="-1">an heir or heiress</font>; French Hériter, <font size="-1">to be heir to</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>hered</b>: hered'itary, <i>descending to heirs</i>.</p> + + <p><b>herit</b>: her'itable; her'itage; inher'it (-ance); + disinher'it.</p> + + <p>Heir (Old Fr. <i>heir</i> = Lat. <i>hĉ'res</i>); heir'ess; heir'loom + (Anglo-Saxon <i>geloma</i>, goods).</p> + +<h4>100. HO'MO, hom'inis, <font size="-1">a man</font>; Huma'nus, <font size="-1">human</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>hom</b>: hom'age (Fr. <i>hommage</i>, literally, acknowledgment by + a <i>man</i> or vassal to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. + <i>cĉd'ere</i>, to kill)</p> + + <p><b>human</b>: hu'man, <i>belonging to a man</i>; humane', <i>having + the feelings proper to a man, kind</i>; human'ity; hu'manize; + inhu'man.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p><i>Floral devices</i> were tastefully <i>introduced</i>. The + <i>friar</i> gives himself to <i>reflection</i>, and does not care a + <i>florin</i> for worldly pleasures. The tree is covered with + <i>foliage</i>, but bears no <i>fruit</i>. The rights of the + <i>fraternity</i> have been <i>infringed</i>. The metal was <i>fused</i> + in iron pans. By the law of <i>primogeniture</i> the eldest son will + <i>succeed</i> to the estate. <i>Congress</i> met, and a <i>general</i> + of the army was chosen president. The <i>gradient</i> is <i>gentle</i>, + and the <i>access</i> easy. The <i>reform</i> of the <i>refractory</i> + was in the highest <i>degree genuine</i>. We <i>received</i> our + <i>frugal</i> meal with <i>gratitude</i>. Many of the <i>inhabitants</i> + perished in the <i>flames</i>. Hamilton and Jay were leading + <i>federalists</i>. To err is <i>human</i>; to forgive, <i>divine</i>. + The boy <i>gesticulated</i> violently, but it was a mere + <i>subterfuge</i>. Your words <i>infuse comfort</i> into my heart. May + one not be <i>human</i> without being <i>humane</i>? Do you know the + <i>difference</i> between the <i>genitive</i> and the <i>ablative + case</i>?</p> + +<h4>101. HU'MUS, <font size="-1">the earth</font>; Hu'milis, <font size="-1">on the ground, lowly</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>hum</b>: exhume' (-ation); inhume.</p> + + <p><b>humil</b>: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. + <i>humble</i> = Lat. <i>hu'milis</i>).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>IRE.</b> (See <a href="#ire">page 41.</a>)</p> + +<h4>102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, <font size="-1">to throw or cast</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ject</b>: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; + dejec'tion; eject' (-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); + object' (-ion, -ionable, -ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' + (-ion); subject' (-ion, -ive); traject'ory.</p> + + <p>Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. <i>ejacula're, ejacula'tum</i>, to hurl or throw); + ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. <i>jéter = ja'cere</i>); jet'ty; + jut.</p> + +<h4>103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, <font size="-1">to join</font>; Ju'gum, <font size="-1">a yoke</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>junct</b>: junc'tion; junct'ure, <i>a point of time made critical + by a joining of circumstances</i>; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; + disjunc'tion; disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined + subordinately to something else).</p> + + <p><b>jug</b>: con'jugal, <i>relating to marriage; </i>conjugate (-ion); + sub'jugate (-ion).</p> + + <p>Join (Fr. v. <i>joindre</i> = Lat. <i>jun'gere</i>); adjoin'; + conjoin'; disjoin'; enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, + <i>joint</i> = Lat. <i>junc'tum</i>); joint'ure, <i>property settled on a + wife</i>, <i>to be enjoyed after her husband's death;</i> jun'ta (Spanish + <i>junta</i> = Lat. <i>junc'tus</i>, joined), <i>a grand council of state + in Spain; </i>jun'to (Span, <i>junt</i>), <i>a body of men united for + some secret intrigue</i>.</p> + +<h4>104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, <font size="-1">to swear</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>jur</b>: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, <i>to + effect something as if by an oath of magic;</i> con'jurer; per'jure, + <i>to forswear;</i> per'jurer; per'jury.</p> + +<h4>105. JUS, ju'ris, <font size="-1">right law</font>; Jus'tus, <font size="-1">lawful</font>; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, <font size="-1">a judge</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>jur</b>: jurid'ical (Lat. v. <i>dica're</i>, to pronounce), + <i>relating to the administration of justice;</i> jurisdic'tion, <i>legal + authority;</i> jurispru'dence, <i>science of law;</i> ju'rist; in'jure; + in'jury.</p> + + <p><b>just</b>: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; + justifica'tion.</p> + + <p><b>judic</b>: ju'dicature, <i>profession of a judge;</i> judi'cious, + <i>according to sound judgment;</i> prej'udice, n., <i>judgment formed + beforehand;</i> prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. <i>juge</i> = Lat. + <i>ju'dex</i>); judg'ment; prejudge'.</p> + +<h4>106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, <font size="-1">to gather, to read</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>leg</b>: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be + read—<i>legen'da</i>—in church); leg'endary; leg'ible; + le'gion (originally, a body of troops <i>gathered</i> or + levied—<i>le'gio</i>); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege (originally, + the gathering or stealing of something sacred—<i>sa'crum</i>).</p> + + <p><b>lig</b>: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, + assiduous): el'igible; intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; + neg'ligent (literally, not—<i>neg</i> = <i>nec</i> = + not—picking up).</p> + + <p><b>lect</b>: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' + (-ion); eclec'tic (Greek <i>ec</i> = <i>ex</i>); elect' (-ion, -or, + -oral); in'tellect; neglect'; predilec'tion, <i>a liking for</i>; + select' (-ion); les'son (Fr. n. <i>leçon</i> = Lat. <i>lec'tio</i>, a + reading).</p> + +<h4>107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, <font size="-1">to raise</font>; Le'vis, <font size="-1">easily raised, light</font>; +<font size="-1">French</font> Lever, <font size="-1">to rise or raise</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>lev</b>: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); + rel'evant, literally, <i>raising up:</i> hence, <i>pertinent, + applicable</i>; rel'evancy; irrel'evant.</p> + + <p><b>lever</b>: leav'en (Fr. <i>levain</i>, yeast); Levant', literally, + <i>the place of the rising sun—the countries near the eastern part + of the Mediterranean Sea</i>; lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>LEX</b>. (See <a href="#lex">page 43.</a>)</p> + +<h4>108. LI'BER, <font size="-1">free</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>liber</b>: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty.</p> + + <p>Deliv'er (Fr. v. <i>délivrer</i> = Lat. <i>delibera're</i>, to set + free); deliv'erance; deliv'ery.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>LITERA</b>. (See <a href="#litera">page 43.</a>)</p> + +<h4>109. LO'CUS: <font size="-1">a place</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>loc</b>: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. + <i>move're</i>, to move); al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate + (-ion).</p> + +<h4>110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, <font size="-1">to speak</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>loqu</b>: loqua'cious; loqua'city; col'loquy; collo'quial; + el'oquent; magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. <i>mag'nus</i>, big, pompous); + ob'loquy; solil'oquy (Lat. adj. <i>so'lus</i>, alone); ventril'oquist + (Lat. n. <i>ven'ter</i>, the stomach).</p> + + <p><b>locut</b>: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor.</p> + +<h4>111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, <font size="-1">to play or deceive</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>lud</b>: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. <i>lu'dicrus</i>, sportive, + laughable); allude', literally, <i>to play at, to refer to + indirectly</i>; delude'; elude'; prelude'.</p> + + <p><b>lus</b>: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; + illu'sion; prelu'sive; prelu'sory.</p> + +<h4>112. LUX, lu'cis, <font size="-1">light</font>; Lu'men, lu'minis, <font size="-1">light</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>luc</b>: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. <i>fer're</i>, to bear); lu'cid; + elu'cidate; translu'cent.</p> + + <p><b>lumin</b>: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine.</p> + +<h4>113. MAG'NUS, <font size="-1">great</font>; Ma'jor, <font size="-1">greater</font>; Magis'ter, <font size="-1">master</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>magn</b>: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. <i>an'imus,</i> soul); mag'nate, + <i>a man of rank;</i> mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. + <i>fac'ere</i>, to make), <i>showing grandeur;</i> mag'nitude.</p> + + <p><b>maj</b>: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty.</p> + + <p><b>magister</b>: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old + Fr. <i>maistre</i> = Lat. <i>magis'ter); </i>mis'tress (Old Fr. + <i>maistresse</i> = Lat <i>magis'tra</i>, fem. of <i>magis'ter</i>).</p> + +<h4>114. MA'NUS, <font size="-1">the hand</font>; <font size="-1">French</font> Main, <font size="-1">the hand</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>man</b>: man'acle (Lat. n. <i>man'ica,</i> a fetter); manip'ulate, + <i>to work with the hand</i> (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. + <i>fac'ere</i>, to make); manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. + <i>mit'tere,</i> to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. <i>scrib'ere, + scrip'tum</i>, to write); amanuen'sis (= <i>ab</i> + <i>ma'nus), one who + does handwriting for another;</i> eman'cipate (Lat. v. <i>cap'ere</i>, to + take); quadru'manous (Lat. <i>quatuor</i>, four).</p> + + <p><b>main</b>: man'ner (Fr. n. <i>manière</i>, originally, the mode in + which a thing is <i>handled</i>); maneu'ver (Fr. n. <i>manœuvre</i>, + literally, hand work; Fr. n. <i>œuvre = o'pus</i>, work); manure', + <i>v</i>. (contracted from Fr. <i>manœuvrer</i>, to cultivate by + manual labor).</p> + +<h4>115. MA'RE, <font size="-1">the sea</font>.</h4> + + <p>Marine' (Lat. adj. <i>mari'nus</i>, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; + mar'itime (Lat. adj. <i>mariti'mus</i> = <i>mari'nus</i>); submarine'; + transmarine'; ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. <i>mer</i> = Lat. + <i>ma're</i>).</p> + +<h4>116. ME'DIUS, <font size="-1">the middle</font>.</h4> + + <p>Mediĉ'val (Lat. n. <i>ĉ'vum</i>, age), <i>relating to the Middle + Ages</i>; me'diate (-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. <i>medio'cris</i>, + middling; hence inferior); medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. + <i>ter'ra</i>, land); me'dium (Lat. n. <i>me'dium</i>, the middle); + imme'diate (prefix <i>in</i> = not), <i>with nothing intervening</i>; + interme'diate.</p> + +<h4>117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, <font size="-1">to remember</font>; Me'mor, <font size="-1">mindful</font>; MEMORA'RE +mem'oro, memora'tum, <font size="-1">to remember, to mention</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>meminisse</b>: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, <i>remember thou), + a reminder, a memorial</i>.</p> + + <p><b>memor</b>: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. <i>memoran'dus</i>, p. + part. of <i>memora're</i>; literally, something to be remembered); + commem'orate (-ion, -ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. <i>memo'ria</i>); memo'rial + (-ize); immemo'rial.</p> + + <p>Mem'oir (Fr. n. <i>mémoire</i> = Lat. <i>memoran'dum</i>); men'tion + (Fr. n. <i>mention</i> = Lat. <i>men'tio</i>, a speaking of); remem'ber + (Old Fr. v. <i>remembrer = Lat. remem'orare</i>); remem'brance; + remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. <i>réminiscence</i>, from Lat. v. + <i>reminis'ci</i>, to recall to mind).</p> + +<h4>118. MENS, men'tis, <font size="-1">the mind</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ment</b>: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, <i>insanity</i>; ve'hement + (Lat. adj. <i>ve'hemens = ve</i>, not, and <i>mens</i>; literally, not + reasonable), <i>furious, ardent.</i></p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>We <i>reject</i> insincere <i>homage</i>. When the body was + <i>exhumed</i> the <i>jury decided</i> that poison had been administered. + <i>Legendary</i> stories were <i>related</i> by the <i>friar</i>. The + <i>lessons</i> were <i>selected</i> with <i>intelligence. Levity</i> and + <i>gravity</i> are <i>different</i> qualities. The <i>mayor's</i> speech + was more <i>ludicrous</i> than <i>facetious</i>. The <i>magistrate</i> + claimed <i>jurisdiction</i> in the <i>locality</i>. We heard Hamlet's + <i>soliloquy</i> finely <i>delivered</i>. Do you <i>recollect</i> the + <i>magnificent</i> lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? The + <i>lecturer</i> was <i>lucid</i> in his <i>allusions</i>. In + <i>mediĉval</i> times <i>homage</i> was exacted of all vassals. The + <i>mariners maneuvered</i> beautifully. Your <i>magnificent donation</i> + will be <i>gratefully remembered</i>. The <i>mermaid</i> is a mere + <i>delusion. Illegible manuscript</i> is a <i>decided nuisance</i>. The + eastern part of the <i>Mediterranean</i> is called the <i>Levant</i>. + Franklin's <i>memoirs</i> are very interesting.</p> + +<h4>119. MER'CES, <font size="-1">hire</font>; Merx, mer'cis, <font size="-1">merchandise</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>merc</b>: mer'cantile (Lat. part. <i>mer'cans, mercan'tis</i>); + mer'cenary (Lat. adj. <i>mercena'rius</i>); mer'cer (Fr. n. <i>mercier), + one who deals</i> <i>in silks and woolens</i>; mer'chant (Lat. part, + <i>mer'cans</i>); mer'chandise; com'merce (Fr. n. <i>commerce</i>); + commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. <i>merca'tus</i>, a place of public + traffic).</p> + +<h4>120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, <font size="-1">to dip, to sink</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>merg</b>: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, <i>that which arises + suddenly;</i> submerge'.</p> + + <p><b>mers</b>: emer'sion; immerse'.</p> + +<h4>121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, <font size="-1">to remove</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>migr</b>: em'igrant (Lat. part. <i>mi'grans, migran'tis</i>).</p> + + <p><b>migrat</b>: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate + (-ion); transmigra'tion, <i>the passage of the soul into another body + after death</i>.</p> + +<h4>122. MI'LES, mil'itis, <font size="-1">a soldier</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>milit</b>: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, <i>to act against</i>; mili'tia, + <i>enrolled soldiers not in a standing army.</i></p> + +<h4>123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, <font size="-1">to hang over</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>min.</b> em'inent (Lat. part, <i>em'inens, </i>standing out); + em'inence; im'minent, literally, <i>threatening to fall</i>; + pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; prom'inence; superem'inent.</p> + +<h4>124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, <font size="-1">to lessen</font>; Mi'nor, <font size="-1">less</font>; +Mi'nus, <font size="-1">less</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>minut</b>: minute'; minu'tiĉ (pl. of Lat. n. <i>minu'tia,</i> a + very small object); min'uend (Lat. part, <i>minuen'dus</i>, to be + lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. <i>minuet</i> = Lat. adj. <i>minu'tus, + </i>small), <i>a dance of small steps</i>; dimin'ish (Lat. v. + <i>diminu'ere</i>, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive.</p> + + <p><b>minor</b>: mi'nor, <i>n</i>. and <i>a</i>.; minor'ity.</p> + + <p><b>minus</b>: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. + super, deg., least); min'im.</p> + +<h4>125. MINIS'TER, <font size="-1">a servant or attendant</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>minister</b>: min'ister; ministe'rial; min'istry; admin'ister; + administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor.</p> + +<h4>126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, <font size="-1">to wonder</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mir</b>: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. + <i>mirac'ulum</i>, a wonderful thing); mirac'ulous.</p> + + <p>Mirage' (Fr. n. <i>mirage</i>, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. + <i>miroir</i>, from v. <i>mirer</i>, to view).</p> + +<h4>127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, <font size="-1">to mingle</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>misc</b>: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous.</p> + + <p><b>mixt</b>: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'.</p> + +<h4>128. MI'SER, <font size="-1">wretched</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>miser</b>: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion).</p> + +<h4>129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, <font size="-1">to send or cast</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mit</b>: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; + intermit' (-ent); manumit' (Lat. n. <i>manus</i>, the hand), <i>to + release from slavery</i>; omit'; permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); + submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. <i>we send</i>), <i>a warrant of + commitment to prison</i>.</p> + + <p><b>miss</b>: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; + com'missary, <i>an officer who furnishes provisions for an army</i>; + commissa'riat; commis'sion (-er); com'promise; demise', <i>death</i>; + em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; + prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; + transmis'sible.</p> + +<h4>130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, <font size="-1">to keep within bounds</font>; +Mo'dus, <font size="-1">a measure or manner</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>moderat</b>: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate.</p> + + <p><b>mod</b>: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; + accom'modate (-ion); commode' (Lat. adj. <i>com'modus</i>, convenient). + <i>a small sideboard</i>; commo'dious, literally, <i>measured with</i>; + commod'ity, literally, <i>a convenience</i>; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. + adv. <i>mo'do</i>, lately, just now); mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. + <i>mod'ulus</i>, a measuring of tones); modula'tion.</p> + +<h4>131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, <font size="-1">to remind, to warn</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mon</b>: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. <i>monumen'tum</i>); + premon'ish; sum'mon (Lat. v. <i>summone're</i> = <i>sub</i> + + <i>mone're</i>, to remind privily), <i>to call by authority</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monit</b>: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; + premon'itory.</p> + +<h4>132. MONS, mon'tis, <font size="-1">a mountain</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mount</b>: mount, n. <i>a high hill</i>; v. <i>to rise or + ascend</i>; moun'tain (-eer, -ous); mount'ebank (It. n. <i>banco</i>, a + bench); amount'; dismount'; par'amount (Fr. <i>par</i> = Lat. <i>per</i>, + exceedingly), <i>of the highest importance</i>; prom'ontory (literally, + the <i>fore</i>-part or projecting part of a mountain); remount'; + surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. <i>tan'tus</i>, so much); + ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian + side).</p> + +<h4>133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, <font size="-1">to point out, to show</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>monstr</b>: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, + literally, <i>to show up</i>, <i>to display</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monstrat</b>: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; + remon'strance.</p> + +<h4>134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, <font size="-1">to bite</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mord</b>: mor'dant, <i>biting</i>, <i>serving to fix colors</i>; + morda'cious (Lat. adj. <i>mor'dax</i>, <i>morda'cis</i>, biting), + <i>severe</i>, <i>sarcastic</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mors</b>: mor'sel, literally, <i>a little bite</i>; remorse', + <i>the biting of conscience</i> (-ful, -less).</p> + +<p class="center"><b>MORS.</b> (See <a href="#mors">page 44.</a>)</p> + +<h4>135. MOS, mo'ris, <font size="-1">manner, custom</font>; <font size="-1">pl.</font> Mo'res, <font size="-1">manners or morals</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mor</b>: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize + (-ation).</p> + +<h4>136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, <font size="-1">to move</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mov</b>: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al).</p> + + <p><b>mot</b>: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. + n. <i>lo'cus</i>; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness).</p> + + <p>Mob (Lat. adj. <i>mob'ilis</i>, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); + momen'tum, <i>the force of a moving body</i>, <i>impetus</i>.</p> + +<h4>137. MUL'TUS, multi, <font size="-1">many, much</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>multi</b>: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; + mul'tiple (Lat. adj. <i>mul'tiplus</i> for <i>mul'tiplex</i>, manifold); + mul'tiply (Lat. adj. <i>mul'tiplex</i>); mul'tiplicate (-ion); + multiplic'ity.</p> + +<h4>138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, <font size="-1">a gift, a service</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mun</b>. munic'ipal (Lat. n. <i>municip'ium</i>, a free town), + <i>pertaining to a corporation</i>; municipal'ity; munif'icent; + munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. <i>commu'nis</i> = <i>con</i> + + <i>munus</i>; literally, ready to be of service); commune', <i>v.</i> + literally, <i>to share (discourse) in common</i>; commun'ion, commu'nity; + com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); commu'nicant; + excommu'nicate; immu'nity (<i>in</i> + <i>munus</i>; literally, absence + of service).</p> + + <p><b>muner</b>: remunerate (-ion, -ive).</p> + +<h4>139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, <font size="-1">to change</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>mut</b>: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' + (-able).</p> + + <p><b>mutat</b>: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion.</p> + +<h4>140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, <font size="-1">na'tus, to be born, to grow</font>; Natu'ra, <font size="-1">nature</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nasc</b>: nas'cent, <i>growing</i>; renaissance' (a style of + decorative art <i>revived</i> by Raphael).</p> + + <p><b>nat</b>: na'tal; na'tion, originally, <i>a distinct race or + stock</i> (-al, -ality, -ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; + in'nate.</p> + + <p><b>natur</b>: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; + supernat'ural.</p> + +<h4>141. NA'VIS, <font size="-1">a ship</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nav</b>: nave, <i>the middle or body of a church</i>; na'val; + na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. adj. <i>nau'ticus</i>, from <i>nauta</i> or + <i>nav'ita</i>, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. <i>naviga're</i> = + <i>na'vis</i> + <i>ag'ere</i>); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; + circumnavigate.</p> + +<h4>142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, <font size="-1">to tie or bind</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nect</b>: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion).</p> + + <p><b>nex</b>: annex'; annexation.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>The <i>administration</i> of affairs is in the hands of her + <i>majesty's ministers</i>. A <i>miscellaneous collection</i> of goods + was sold on <i>commission</i>. The <i>merchant remitted</i> the money + called for in the <i>emergency</i>. The <i>suggestion</i> to + <i>modify</i> the plan was <i>tantamount</i> to its <i>rejection</i>. Do + you <i>admire</i> Bunker Hill <i>Monument</i>? A <i>miser</i> is an + object of <i>commiseration</i> to all who know him. <i>Remuneration</i> + will be allowed according to the <i>amount</i> of labor. The <i>major</i> + has been <i>promoted</i> to the rank of colonel. All who were + <i>connected</i> with the <i>movement</i> were <i>excommunicated</i>. As + the <i>annexed</i> territory is chiefly <i>maritime</i> it will greatly + <i>increase</i> the <i>commerce</i> of the <i>nation</i>. The <i>monitor + admonished</i> the pupils with great <i>gentleness</i>. The + <i>committee</i> said the <i>master</i> had done his work in an + <i>admirable</i> manner. The <i>Pilgrim</i> Fathers <i>emigrated</i> to + this country in 1620. A <i>minute missile moved</i> towards us. What is + the <i>subjunctive mood</i> or <i>mode</i>? A <i>multitude</i> of + <i>communists</i> appeared in Paris.</p> + +<h4>143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, <font size="-1">to deny</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>negat</b>: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, <i>an + apostate</i>.</p> + + <p>Deny' (Fr. v. <i>dénier</i> = Lat. <i>de</i> + <i>nega're</i>, to + contradict); deni'al; undeni'able.</p> + +<h4>144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, <font size="-1">neither of the two</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>neutr</b>: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize).</p> + +<h4>145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, <font size="-1">to hurt</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>noc</b>: no'cent, <i>hurtful</i>; in'nocent; in'nocence; + innoc'uous.</p> + + <p>Nox'ious (Lat. adj. <i>nox'ius</i>, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance + (Fr. v. <i>nuire</i> = Lat. <i>noce're</i>).</p> + +<h4>146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, <font size="-1">a name</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nomen</b>: nomenclat'ure, <i>a list of technical names</i>; + cogno'men, <i>a surname</i>.</p> + + <p><b>nomin</b>: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate + (-ion, -or); ig'nominy (Lat. <i>i(n)</i> + <i>gnomen</i>, old form of + <i>nomen</i>, a deprivation of one's good name); ignomin'ious.</p> + + <p>Noun (Fr. n. <i>nom</i> = Lat. <i>no'men</i>); pro'noun; misno'mer + (Old Fr. <i>mes</i> = wrong, and <i>nommer</i>, to name), <i>a wrong + name</i>.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>NORMA.</b> (See <a href="#norma">page 45.</a>)</p> + +<h4>147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, <font size="-1">to know</font>; No'ta, <font size="-1">a mark</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>not</b>: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; + notifica'tion; noto'rious (Lat. adj. <i>noto'rius</i>, making known), + <i>known in a bad sense</i>; notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'.</p> + + <p>No'ble (Lat. adj. <i>no'bilis</i>, deserving to be known); noblesse' + (Fr. n. <i>noblesse</i> = Lat. <i>nobil'itas</i>); nobil'ity; enno'ble; + igno'ble (Lat. prefix <i>i(n)</i> + <i>gnobilis</i>, old form of + <i>nobilis</i>); cog'nizance (Old Fr. <i>cognizance</i> = Lat. + <i>cognoscen'tia</i>, notice or knowledge), <i>judicial observation</i>; + connoisseur' (Fr. n. <i>connoisseur</i>, a critical judge); incog'nito + (Italian <i>incognito</i>, from Lat. part. <i>incog'nitus</i>, unknown), + <i>unknown, in disguise</i>; rec'ognize (Lat. <i>re</i>, again, and + <i>cognos'cere</i>, to know); recog'nizance, <i>a term in law</i>; + recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. reconnoitre), <i>to survey, to + examine</i>.</p> + +<h4>148. NO'VUS, <font size="-1">new</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nov</b>: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or).</p> + + <p>Nov'el (Lat. adj. <i>novel'lus</i>, diminutive of <i>no'vus</i>); adj. + <i>something new, out of the usual course</i>; n., literally, <i>a story + new and out of the usual course</i>; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, <i>a + beginner</i>; novi'tiate, <i>time of being a novice</i>.</p> + +<h4>149. NU'MERUS, <font size="-1">a number</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>numer</b>: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate + (Lat. v. <i>enumera're</i>, <i>enumera'tum</i>, to count or tell of), + <i>to reckon up singly</i>; enumera'tion; innu'merable (= <i>in</i> + + <i>nu'mer</i> + <i>able</i>, that may not be counted); supernu'merary, + <i>one above the necessary number</i>; num'ber (Old Fr. n. <i>numbre</i> + = Lat. <i>nu'merus</i>).</p> + +<h4>150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, <font size="-1">to announce</font>; Nun'cius, <font size="-1">a +messenger</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nunciat</b>: enun'ciate, <i>to utter</i> (-ion); denuncia'tion; + pronuncia'tion; renuncia'tion, <i>disavowal, relinquishment</i>.</p> + + <p>Nun'cio (Sp. n. <i>nuncio</i> = Lat. <i>nun'cius), a messenger from + the Pope</i>; announce' (Fr. v. <i>annoncer</i> = Lat. <i>ad</i> + + <i>nuncia're</i>), <i>to proclaim</i>; announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. + <i>dénoncer</i> = Lat. <i>de</i> + <i>nuncia're</i>), <i>to accuse + publicly</i>; pronounce' (Fr. v. <i>prononcer</i> = Lat. <i>pro</i> + + <i>nuncia're</i>); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. <i>renoncer</i> = + Lat. <i>re</i> + <i>nuncia're</i>), <i>to disclaim</i>; + renounce'ment.</p> + +<h4>151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, <font size="-1">to nourish</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>nutri</b>: nu'triment, <i>that which nourishes</i>; nutri'tion; + nutri'tious; nu'tritive.</p> + + <p>Nour'ish (Fr. v. <i>nourrir</i> = Lat. <i>nutri'ere</i>); nurse (Fr. v. + <i>nourrice</i>; a nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, <i>a little one who is + nursed</i>; nurt'ure.</p> + +<h4>152. O'PUS, op'eris, <font size="-1">a work or deed</font>; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, <font size="-1">to work</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>oper</b>: operose, <i>requiring labor</i>, <i>tedious</i>.</p> + + <p><b>operat</b>: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, + -or).</p> + + <p>Op'era (It. <i>op'era</i> = <i>opera</i>, pains, pl. of <i>o'pus</i>), + <i>a musical drama</i>; operat'ic.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>ORDO.</b> (See <a href="#ordo">page 45.</a>)</p> + +<h4>153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, <font size="-1">and</font> pas'sum, <font size="-1">to spread</font>; Pas'sus, +<font size="-1">a step</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pand</b>: expand', <i>to spread out</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pans</b>: expanse' (-ion, -ive).</p> + + <p><b>pass</b>: pass; pass'able, <i>that may be passed</i>, + <i>tolerable</i>; pas'sage; com'pass, v. <i>to stretch round</i>; + encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (<i>tres</i> = <i>trans</i>), <i>to pass + beyond due bounds</i>.</p> + + <p>Pace (Fr. n. <i>pas</i> = Lat. <i>pas'sus</i>); pas'senger (Old Eng. + <i>passager</i>); pass'over, <i>a Jewish festival</i>;<a + name="NtA_8"></a><a href="#Nt_8"><sup>8</sup></a> pass'port (= pass + + port, literally, a permission to leave a port or to sail into it.)</p> + +<h4>154. PAR, <font size="-1">equal</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>par</b>: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, <i>to injure by + comparison of unequals</i>; dispar'agement.</p> + + <p>Pair (Fr. adj. <i>paire</i> = Lat. <i>par</i>), <i>two of a kind</i>; + peer (Old Fr. <i>peer</i> or <i>pair</i> = Lat. <i>par</i>), <i>an + equal</i>, <i>a nobleman</i>; peer'age; peer'less; compeer'; non'pareil + (Fr. <i>non</i>, not, and <i>pareil</i>, equal), <i>a peerless thing or + person</i>.</p> + +<h4>155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, <font size="-1">to make ready, to prepare</font>; SEPARA'RE: +sep'aro, separa'tum, <font size="-1">to separate</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>parat</b>: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; + repara'tion.</p> + + <p><b>separ</b>: sep'arate, literally, <i>to prepare aside</i>: hence, + <i>to disjoin</i>; separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable.</p> + + <p>Parade' (Fr. n. <i>parade</i>, literally, a parrying), <i>military + display</i>; pare (Fr. v. <i>parer</i>, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. + v. <i>parer</i>, to ward off); appara'tus (Lat. <i>appara'tus</i> = + <i>ad</i> + <i>paratus</i>, literally, something prepared for a purpose); + appar'el (Fr. n. <i>appareil</i>, preparation); compare' (Fr. v. + <i>comparer</i> = Lat. <i>compara're</i>), <i>to set things together to + see how far they resemble each other</i>; prepare' (Fr. v. + <i>preparer</i> = Lat. <i>prepara're</i>); repair' (Fr. v. <i>réparer</i> + = Lat. <i>repara're</i>), literally, <i>to prepare again</i>, hence, + <i>to restore after injury</i>; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. + <i>sevrer</i> = Lat. <i>separa're</i>), <i>to render asunder</i>; + sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. <i>several</i> = Lat. <i>separa'lis</i>, + separate); sev'erance; dissev'er.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>PARS.</b> (See <a href="#pars">page 46.</a>)</p> + +<h4>156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, <font size="-1">a father</font>; Pa'tria, <font size="-1">one's native country</font>.</h4> + + <p>Pater'nal (Lat. adj. <i>pater'nus</i>, pertaining to a father); + pater'nity (Lat. n. <i>pater'nitas</i>, Fr. <i>paternité</i>), + <i>fathership</i>; patri'cian (Lat. adj. <i>patri'cius</i>, from + <i>pa'tres</i>, fathers or senators), <i>a Roman nobleman</i>; pat'rimony + (Lat. n. <i>patrimo'nium</i>), <i>an estate inherited from one's + ancestors</i>; pa'tron (Lat. n. <i>patro'nus</i>, a protector), <i>one + who countenances or supports</i>; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. + n. <i>pattern</i>, something to be copied), <i>a model</i>; expatriate, + <i>to banish</i>; expatria'tion.</p> + +<h4>157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, <font size="-1">to bear, to suffer</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pati</b>: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, + <i>consistent with</i>; compat'ibility; incompat'ible.</p> + + <p><b>pass</b>: pas'sion, <i>strong agitation of the mind</i>; pas'sive; + impas'sive, <i>insensible</i>; compas'sion, <i>sympathy</i>; + compas'sionate.</p> + +<h4>158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, <font size="-1">to drive</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pel</b> (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-).</p> + + <p><b>puls</b>: pulse, <i>the beating of an artery as blood is driven + through it</i>; pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; + expul'sion; propul'sion; repulse'; repul'sive.</p> + +<h4>159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, <font size="-1">to hang</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pend</b>: pen'dant, <i>a long, narrow flag</i>; pend'ing, <i>not + decided, during</i>; append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); + independ'ent; independ'ence; suspend'.</p> + + <p><b>pens</b>: pen'sile, <i>hanging</i>; suspense'(-ion).</p> + + <p>Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. <i>pen'dulus</i>, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. + <i>pen'dulus)</i>; appen'dix (Lat. n. <i>appen'dix</i>, an addition).</p> + +<h4>160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, <font size="-1">to weigh, to pay</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pend</b>: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. + n. <i>compen'dium</i>, that which is weighed, saved, shortened); + compen'dious (Lat. adj. <i>compendio'sus</i>, brief, succinct); expend'; + expen'diture; sti'pend (Lat. n. <i>stipen'dium</i>, literally, the pay + of soldiers); stipendiary.</p> + + <p><b>pens</b>: pen'sive, <i>thoughtful</i>; pen'sion, <i>an allowance + for past services</i> (-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', <i>to deal + out</i> (-ary); dispensa'tion; indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); + rec'ompense.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>PES</b>. (See <a href="#pes">page 47.</a>)</p> + +<h4>161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, <font size="-1">to attack, to seek</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pet</b>: centrip'etal (Lat. n. <i>cen'trum</i>, center); compete'; + com'petent, <i>fit, suitable</i>; com'petence, <i>sufficiency</i>; + incom'petent.</p> + + <p><b>petit</b>: peti'tion, <i>a request</i> (-er); compet'itor; + compet'itive; repeti'tion.</p> + + <p>Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. <i>petulant</i>, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. + <i>appétit</i>), <i>a seeking for hunger</i>; impet'uous (Lat. adj. + <i>impetuo'sus</i>, vehement); impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. + <i>im'petus</i>, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. <i>répéter</i> = Lat. + <i>repet'ere</i>).</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE</h4> + + <p><i>Numerous objections</i> were <i>submitted</i> against the + <i>innovations</i> about to be <i>introduced</i>. The <i>obnoxious</i> + articles have been <i>removed</i>. The <i>nominee</i> by his + <i>ludicrous</i> speech <i>neutralized</i> all that his friends did for + him. <i>Part</i> of the <i>apparatus prepared</i> for the <i>occasion</i> + was damaged in <i>transmission</i>. The <i>patronage</i> of the + <i>nobility</i> and <i>gentry connected</i> with the neighborhood was + asked. Many <i>parts</i> of the <i>edifice</i> are highly <i>ornate</i>. + Christ had <i>compassion</i> on the <i>multitude</i>, for they had been a + long time without food. The <i>petitioner's application</i> for a + <i>pension</i> was not <i>repeated</i>. How can an <i>acid</i> be + <i>neutralized</i>? The <i>renegade</i> was brought to <i>ignominy</i>. + The <i>prince</i> was travelling <i>incognito</i>. The young lady seems + <i>pensive</i> rather than <i>petulant</i>. Here is a new <i>edition</i> + of the <i>novel</i>, with <i>annotations</i> by the <i>author</i>. The + <i>opera</i> seems to be well <i>patronized</i> this winter. Webster had + a <i>compendious mode</i> of stating great truths. What is meant by + <i>centripetal motion</i>? What is the <i>difference</i> between the + <i>numerator</i> and the <i>denominator</i>?</p> + +<h4>162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, <font size="-1">to twist</font>; PLICA'RE: pli'co, +plica'tum, <font size="-1">and</font> plic'itum, <font size="-1">to fold</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>plex</b>: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; + complex'ity; perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly—<i>per</i>: + hence, to puzzle or embarrass); perplex'ity.</p> + + <p><b>plic</b>: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable.</p> + + <p><b>plicat</b>: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; + im'plicate (-ion); replica'tion, <i>an answer in law</i>; sup'plicate, + <i>to entreat earnestly</i>; supplica'tion.</p> + + <p><b>plicit</b>: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly + stated); implic'it, <i>implied</i>.</p> + + <p>Ply (Fr. v. <i>plier</i> = Lat. <i>plica're</i>), <i>to work + diligently</i>; pli'able, <i>easily bent</i>; pli'ant; pli'ancy; + accom'plice, <i>an associate in crime</i>; apply' (Old Fr. <i>applier</i> + = Lat. <i>applica're</i>); appli'ance, <i>the thing applied</i>; comply' + (Fr. v. <i>plier</i>), <i>to fold with</i>: hence, <i>to conform or + assent</i>; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. <i>desployer</i>, to + unfold); doub'le (Fr. adj. <i>double</i> = Lat. <i>du'plex</i>, twofold); + du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. <i>duplic'itas</i>, from <i>du'plex</i>, + double); employ' (Fr. v. <i>employer</i> = Lat. <i>implica're</i>), <i>to + keep at work</i>; employé; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' (Fr. n. + <i>exploit</i> = Lat. <i>explic'itum</i>, literally, something unfolded, + set forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, <i>to + infold</i>: hence <i>to involve</i>, <i>to signify</i>; mul'tiply (Fr. v. + <i>multiplier</i> = Lat. <i>mul'tus</i> much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. + <i>qua'tuor</i>, four); reply' (Old Fr. v. <i>replier</i> = Lat. + <i>replica're</i>, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. <i>simplex</i>, gen. + <i>simplicis</i>), <i>not compounded</i>, <i>artless</i>; sim'pleton + (compare It. <i>simplicione</i>, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. + <i>simplic'itas</i>); sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. <i>souple</i> = Lat. + <i>sup'plex</i>, bending the knee, from <i>sub</i> and <i>plica're</i>); + sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, kneeling down); treb'le + (Old Fr. adj. <i>treble</i> = Lat. <i>tri'plex</i>, threefold); trip'le + (Lat. <i>tri'plex</i>); trip'let, <i>three lines rhyming + alternately</i>.</p> + +<h4>163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, <font size="-1">to place</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pon</b>: compo'nent, <i>forming a compound</i>; depone', <i>to bear + testimony</i>; depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment).</p> + + <p><b>posit</b>: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, <i>a system of + philosophy</i>; pos'itivist, <i>a believer in the positive + philosophy</i>; ap'posite, <i>adapted to</i>; compos'ite, + <i>compound</i>; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; depos'it + (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, <i>the giving testimony under oath</i>; + exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; juxtaposi'tion; + op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; + suppositi'tious; transposi'tion.</p> + + <p>Pose (Fr. v. <i>poser</i> = Lat. <i>pon'ere</i>), <i>to bring to a + stand by questions</i>; post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. <i>posture</i> = + Lat. <i>positu'ra</i>, position); compose' (Fr. v. <i>composer</i> = Lat. + <i>compon'ere</i>); compos'ure; com'pound (Lat. v. <i>compon'ere</i>); + com'post, <i>a mixture</i>, <i>a manure</i>; depot' (Fr. n. <i>dépôt</i> + = Lat. <i>depos'itum</i>); dispose' (Fr. v. <i>disposer</i>); dispo'sal; + expose' (Fr. v. <i>exposer</i>); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. + <i>imposer</i>); im'post, <i>a tax placed on imported goods</i>; + impos'tor, <i>one guilty of fraud</i>; impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; + propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. <i>provost</i>, from Lat <i>prĉpos'itus</i>, + placed before, a chief), <i>the principal of a college</i>; pur'pose (Old + Fr. n. <i>purpos</i>, <i>propos</i> = Lat. <i>propos'itum</i>), <i>an end + set before</i> <i>one</i>; repose' (Fr. v. <i>reposer</i>); suppose' (Fr. + v. <i>supposer</i>); transpose' (Fr. v. <i>transposer</i>).</p> + +<h4>164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, <font size="-1">to carry</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>port</b>: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, + -er); im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, <i>design</i>; report' (-er); + support'; insupport'able; transport' (-ation).</p> + + <p>Portfo'lio (Lat. n. <i>fo'lium</i>, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. + <i>manteau</i>, a cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. <i>importu'nus</i>, + unseasonable); import'unate; importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. + <i>opportu'nus,</i> literally, at or before the port or harbor: hence, + seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune.</p> + +<h4>165. POS'SE, <font size="-1">to be able</font>; Po'tens, poten'tis, <font size="-1">powerful, mighty</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>posse</b>: pos'sible (Lat. adj. <i>possib'ilis</i>); possibil'ity; + impos'sible.</p> + + <p><b>potent</b>: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; + omnip'otent (Lat. adj. <i>om'nis</i>, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. + <i>ple'nus</i>, full).</p> + +<h4>166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, <font size="-1">to lay hold of, to +seize</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>prehend</b>: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'.</p> + + <p><b>prehens</b>: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; + comprehen'sible; comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible.</p> + + <p>Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. <i>apprentis</i>, from v. <i>apprendre</i>, to + learn); apprise' (Fr. v. <i>apprendre</i>, part. <i>appris</i>, to + inform); comprise' (Fr. v. <i>comprendre, compris</i>), <i>to + include</i>; en'terprise (Fr. n. <i>entrepise</i>, something undertaken); + impreg'nable (Fr. adj. <i>imprenable</i>, not to be taken); pris'on (Fr. + n. <i>prison</i>); prize (Fr. n. <i>prise</i>, something taken, from + <i>prendre, pris</i>, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. <i>repreuver</i>, + to condemn), <i>to grant a respite</i>; repri'sal; surprise'.</p> + +<h4>167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, <font size="-1">to press</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>press</b>: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); + express' (-ion, -ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; + oppress' ('-ion, -ive, -or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion).</p> + + <p>Print (abbreviated from <i>imprint</i>, from Old Fr. v. + <i>preindre</i> = Lat. <i>prem'ere</i>); im'print, <i>the name of the + publisher and the title page of a book</i>; imprima'tur (Lat. <i>let it + be printed</i>), originally, <i>a license to print a book, the imprint of + a publisher</i>.</p> + +<h4>168. PRI'MUS, <font size="-1">first</font>; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, <font size="-1">chief, original</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>prim</b>: prime; pri'mate, <i>the highest dignitary of a + church</i>; pri'macy; prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. <i>ĉ'vum</i>, + an age); prim'itive; primogen'itor (Lat. n. <i>gen'itor</i>, a begetter); + primogeniture (Lat. n. <i>genitu'ra</i>, a begetting), <i>the exclusive + right of inheritance which in English law belongs to the eldest son or + daughter</i>; primor'dial (Lat. v. <i>ordi'ri</i>, to begin), <i>existing + from the beginning</i>; prim'rose (Lat. n. <i>ro'sa</i>); prin'cess; + prince (Fr. n. <i>prince</i> = Lat. <i>prin'ceps</i>); prin'cipal; + prin'ciple.</p> + + <p>Pre'mier (Fr. adj. <i>premier</i>, first), <i>the prime minister</i>; + pri'or (Lat. adj. <i>prior</i>, former); pri'oress, <i>the female + superior of a convent</i>; pri'ory, <i>a convent</i>; prior'ity, <i>state + of being first</i>; pris'tine (Lat. adj. <i>pristi'nus</i>, primitive), + <i>original, ancient.</i></p> + +<h4>169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, <font size="-1">to try, to prove</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>prob</b>: prob'able, <i>likely, credible</i>; probabil'ity; + improb'able; pro'bate, <i>the proof of a will</i>; proba'tion, <i>the act + of trying</i>; proba'tioner; proba'tionary; probe, <i>to try by an + instrument</i>; prob'ity, <i>tried integrity</i>; approba'tion, + <i>commendation</i>; rep'robate (adj. literally, proved against), + <i>base, condemned</i>.</p> + + <p>Prove (Old Fr. <i>prover</i>, New Fr. <i>prouver</i> = Lat. + <i>proba're</i>); proof (Old Fr. n. <i>prove</i> = Lat. <i>pro'ba</i>, + proof); approve' (Fr. v. <i>approuver</i> = Lat. <i>approba're</i>); + approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; reproof'.</p> + +<h4>170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, <font size="-1">to prick</font>; Punc'tum, <font size="-1">a point</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>pung</b>: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', <i>to mark out</i>.</p> + + <p><b>punct</b>: punctil'io (Sp. <i>punctillo</i>, from Lat. + <i>punc'tum</i>, a point), <i>a nice point of exactness in conduct</i>, + etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; + compunc'tion, <i>remorse</i>.</p> + + <p>Punch (abbreviated from <i>puncheon</i>, from Lat. n. <i>punc'tio</i>, + a pricking), <i>an instrument for cutting holes</i>; point (Fr. n. + <i>pointe</i> = Lat. <i>punc'tum)</i>; poign'ant (Fr. part. + <i>poignant</i>, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. <i>poignard</i>), <i>a small + dagger</i>.</p> + +<h4>171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, <font size="-1">to think, to prune, to count or reckon</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>put</b>: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. + <i>deputa're</i>, to allot), <i>to empower to act</i>; dep'uty; dispute' + (-ant); indis'putable; impute' (literally, to reckon in), <i>to + charge</i>; repute'; disrepute' (-able).</p> + + <p><b>putat</b>: pu'tative, <i>supposed</i>; am'putate, <i>to cut off the + limb from an animal</i>; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion.</p> + + <p>Count (Fr. v. <i>compter</i> = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; + recount'.</p> + +<h4>172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, <font size="-1">to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry +away</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>rap</b>: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. <i>ra'pax, rapa'cis</i>, greedy); + rapac'ity; rap'id (Lat. adj. <i>rap'idus</i>, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; + rap'ine (Lat. n. <i>rapi'na</i>, robbery).</p> + + <p><b>rapt</b>: rapt, <i>transported</i>; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; + surrepti'tious (Lat. v. <i>surrip'ere, surrep'tum</i>, to take away + secretly), <i>done by stealth</i>.</p> + + <p>Rav'age (Fr. v. <i>ravager</i> = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. + <i>ravir</i> = Lat. <i>rap'ere</i>).</p> + +<h4>173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, <font size="-1">to rule</font>; Rec'tus, <font size="-1">straight</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>reg</b>: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. <i>reg'imen</i>, that + by which one guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. + <i>regimen'tum</i>); re'gion (Lat. <i>re'gio, regio'nis</i>, a region); + cor'rigible (Lat. v. <i>corrig'ere</i> = <i>con</i> + <i>reg'ere</i>); + incor'rigible.</p> + + <p><b>rect</b>: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. + <i>corrig'ere</i> = <i>con</i> + <i>reg'ere), to remove faults</i>; + direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion.</p> + + <p>Re'gal (Lat. n. <i>rex, re'gis</i>, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. + v. <i>cĉd'ere</i>, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. <i>reg'ula</i>, a rule); + reg'ulate; realm (Old Fr. <i>realme</i>, from Lat. adj. <i>rega'lis</i>, + royal); reign (Fr. n. <i>règne</i> = Lat. <i>reg'num); </i>corrigen'da + (sing. <i>corrigen'dum), things</i> <i>to be corrected;</i> dress (Fr. v. + <i>dresser</i> = Lat <i>dirig'ere</i>); address' (Fr. v. <i>adresser</i>, + to direct); redress' (Fr. v. <i>redresser</i> = Lat. <i>re</i> + + <i>dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair</i>; source (Fr. n. <i>source</i>, + from Lat. <i>sur'gere</i>, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. + <i>insur'gere</i>).</p> + +<h4>174. RI'VUS, <font size="-1">a river</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>riv</b>: ri'val (Lat. n. <i>riva'lis</i>, one who used a brook in + common with another); ri'valry; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. + <i>riv'ulus</i>, diminutive of <i>ri'vus</i>); derive' (literally, to + receive as from a source); deriva'tion; deriv'ative.</p> + +<h4>175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, <font size="-1">to ask</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>rog</b>: ar'rogant, <i>proud, overbearing</i>; ar'rogance; + prorogue' (Fr. v. <i>proroger</i> = Lat. <i>proroga're</i>).</p> + + <p><b>rogat</b>: ab'rogate; <i>to repeal</i>; ar'rogate, <i>to + assume</i>; arroga'tion; derog'atory, <i>detracting</i>; inter'rogate + (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative (literally, that is asked before others + for an opinion: hence, preference), <i>exclusive or peculiar right or + privilege</i>; proroga'tion, <i>prolonga'tion</i>; superer'ogate (Lat. + <i>super</i> + <i>eroga're</i>, to spend or pay out over and above), + <i>to do more than is necessary</i>; supereroga'tion.</p> + +<h4>176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, <font size="-1">to break</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>rupt</b>: rupt'ure, <i>to part violently</i>; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); + bank'rupt (It. n. <i>banco</i>, a merchant's place of business); + bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, -ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion; interrupt' + (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive.</p> + +<h4>177. SA'CER, sa'cri, <font size="-1">holy</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sacr</b>: sac'rament (Lat. n. <i>sacramen'tum</i>, an oath, a sacred thing); + sa'cred (orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. <i>sacre</i>, to consecrate); + sac'rifice (Lat. v. <i>fac'ere</i>, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that + steals—properly gathers, picks up, <i>leg'ere</i>—sacred things); + sac'ristan (Low Lat. <i>sacrista'nus)</i>, a church officer.</p> + + <p><b>secr</b>: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); + ex'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. <i>sacer'dos, + sacerdo'tis</i>, priest), <i>pertaining to the priesthood.</i></p> + +<h4>178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, <font size="-1">health</font>; Sal'vus, <font size="-1">safe</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>salut</b>: sal'utary, <i>promoting health</i>; salu'tatory, + <i>giving salutation</i>; salute' (-ion).</p> + + <p><b>salv</b>: sal'vage, <i>reward for saving goods</i>; sal'vo, <i>a + volley</i>; salva'tion.</p> + + <p>Safe (through Old Fr. <i>salf</i> or <i>sauf</i>); safe'ty; save; + sav'ior salu'brious (Lat. adj. <i>salu'bris</i>, health-giving); + salu'brity.</p> + +<h4>179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (<font size="-1">in comp.</font> scen'do), scan'dum (<font size="-1">in comp.</font> +scen'sum), <font size="-1">to climb</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>scend</b>: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' + (-ing); transcend' (-ent); transcendental.</p> + + <p><b>scens</b>: ascen'sion; ascent'; condescen'sion.</p> + +<h4>180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, <font size="-1">to write</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>scrib</b>: ascribe', <i>to impute to</i>; circumscribe', <i>to draw + a line around, to limit</i>; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', <i>to + order or appoint</i>; pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), <i>to + interdict</i>; subscribe'; superscribe'; transcribe'.</p> + + <p><b>script</b>: script, <i>type in imitation of handwriting</i>; + script'ure; ascrip'tion; con'script, <i>one taken by lot and enrolled for + military service</i>; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; + man'uscript (see <i>manus</i>); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; + subscription; superscrip'tion; tran'script.</p> + + <p>Scribe (Fr. n. <i>scribe</i>); scrib'ble; escritoire'.</p> + +<h4>181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, <font size="-1">to cut</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sec</b>: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. <i>se'cans</i>, <i>secan'tis</i>), + <i>a line that cuts another</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sect</b>: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others + by peculiar doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. + <i>bis</i>, two); dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose + body is apparently cut in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. + <i>vora're</i>, to feed); intersect' (-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. + <i>vena</i>, a vein).</p> + + <p>Seg'ment (Lat. n. <i>segmen'tum), a part cut off.</i></p> + +<h4>182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (<font size="-1">in comp.</font> se'do), ses'sum, <font size="-1">to sit</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sed</b>: sed'entary (Lat. adj. <i>sedenta'rius</i>, accustomed to + sit); sed'iment (Lat. n. <i>sedimen'tum</i>, a settling or sinking down); + sedimen'tary; sed'ulous (Lat. adj. <i>sed'ulus</i>, sitting close to an + employment); supersede'.</p> + + <p><b>sid</b>: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting + in wait against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); + pres'ident; presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; + subsidiary.</p> + + <p><b>sess</b>: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a + person or thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. + <i>possid'ere, posses'sum</i>, to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, + to have or hold); posses'sion; possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', + <i>to take possession of beforehand, to prejudice.</i></p> + +<h4>183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, <font size="-1">to feel, to think</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sent</b>: scent (Old English <i>sent</i>), <i>odor</i>; sen'tence + (Lat. n. <i>senten'tia</i>); senten'tious (Lat. adj. + <i>sententio'sus</i>, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. n. + <i>sentiment</i>); sentimen'tal; assent', <i>to agree to</i>; consent' + (literally, to think or feel together), <i>to acquiesce, to permit</i>; + dissent' (-er); dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel + back), <i>to take ill</i>; resent'ment.</p> + + <p><b>sens</b>: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; + non'sense; sen'sual (Lat. adj. <i>sensua'lis</i>); sen'sualist; + sen'suous.</p> + +<h4>184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, <font size="-1">to follow</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sequ</b>: se'quence, <i>order of succession</i>; consequent; + con'sequence; consequential; ob'sequies, <i>formal rites</i>; obse'quious + (literally, following in the way of another), <i>meanly + condescending</i>; sub'sequent (-ly).</p> + + <p><b>secut</b>: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute + (-ion).</p> + + <p>Se'quel (Lat. n. <i>seque'la</i>, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. + <i>suire</i>, New Fr. <i>suivre = se'qui), to follow at law</i>; suit; + suit'able; suit'or; suite (Fr. n. <i>suite</i>), <i>a train or set</i>; + ensue' (Fr. v. <i>ensuivre</i>, to follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. + v. <i>poursuivre</i>, to follow hard, to chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; + pursuit'; pur'suivant, <i>a state messenger</i>; ex'ecute (Fr. v. + <i>executer</i> = Lat. <i>ex'sequi</i>); execu'tion; exec'utor; + exec'utrix.</p> + +<h4>185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, <font size="-1">to save, to keep, to bind</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>serv</b>: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); + reserve'; unreserved'.</p> + + <p><b>servat</b>: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; + observ'atory; preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion.</p> + + <p>Res'ervoir (Fr. n. <i>réservoir</i> = Lat. <i>reservato'rium</i>, a + place where anything is kept in store).</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>The puzzle is <i>complicated</i> and <i>displays</i> much + <i>ingenuity</i> on the <i>part</i> of the inventor. A <i>reply</i> may + be <i>explicit</i> without showing <i>duplicity</i>. It was urged that + the <i>election</i> of <i>delegates</i> be <i>postponed</i>. The + <i>portmanteau</i> containing <i>important</i> papers was left at the + <i>merchant's office</i>. An <i>impostor</i> is sure to show + <i>opposition</i> to the course of <i>justice</i>. Coleridge holds that + it is <i>possible</i> to <i>apprehend</i> a truth without + <i>comprehending</i> it. The <i>bankrupt</i> was so <i>arrogant</i> that + his <i>creditors</i> were not <i>disposed</i> to be lenient with him. + Most of the questions <i>proposed</i> by the <i>rector</i> were answered + in the <i>negative</i>. What is the origin of the word <i>derivation</i>? + The <i>region</i> is <i>described</i> as healthful. The <i>manuscript</i> + was <i>transcribed</i> and <i>subscribed</i> by the <i>author</i>. It is + <i>salutary</i> to be <i>rivals</i> in all worthy <i>ambitions</i>.</p> + +<h4>186. SIG'NUM, <font size="-1">a sign</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sign</b>: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; + signif'icance; significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. <i>assigna're</i>, to + designate); assignee'; consign' (Lat. v. <i>consigna're</i>, to seal) + <i>to intrust to another</i>; consign'ment; coun'tersign, <i>to sign what + has already been signed by another</i>; design', <i>to plan</i>; + design'er; des'ignate, <i>to name</i>, <i>to point out</i>; designa'tion; + en'sign, <i>the officer who carries the flag of a regiment</i>; + insig'nia, <i>badges of office</i>; resign' (-ation); sig'nature (Lat. n. + <i>signatu'ra</i>, a sign or stamp).</p> + +<h4>187. SIM'ILIS, <font size="-1">like</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>simil</b>: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, <i>a formal likening or + comparison</i>; simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. <i>ve'rus</i>, + true); dissim'ilar; assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. <i>v. fac'ere</i>, to + make), an exact copy; sim'ulate (Lat. v. <i>simula're</i>, + <i>simula'tum</i>, to make like).</p> + + <p>Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. <i>dissimula're</i>, <i>dissimula'tum</i>, to + feign); dissem'ble (Fr. v. <i>dissembler</i> = Lat. <i>dissimula're</i>); + resem'ble (Fr. v. <i>ressembler</i>).</p> + +<h4>188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, <font size="-1">to cause to stand, to stand</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sist</b>: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; + exist' (for ex-sist), <i>to stand out</i>: hence, <i>to be, to live</i>; + exist'ence; co-exist'; pre-exist'; insist', <i>to stand upon, to urge + firmly</i>; persist' (-ent, -ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist + (-ence).</p> + +<h4>189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, <font size="-1">to loosen</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>solv</b>: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; + resolve'.</p> + + <p><b>solut</b>: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); + res'olute (-ion).</p> + + <p>Sol'uble (Lat. adj. <i>solu'bilis</i>); solubil'ity.</p> + +<h4>190. SPEC'ERE <font size="-1">or</font> SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio <font size="-1">or</font> spi'cio, spec'tum, <font size="-1">to behold</font>; Spe'cies, <font size="-1">a kind</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>spic</b>: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of + birds); auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. <i>conspic'uus</i>, wholly + visible); conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. <i>despicab'ilis</i>, deserving + to be despised); perspic'uous (Lat. adj. <i>perspic'uus</i>, that may be + seen through); perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious.</p> + + <p><b>spect</b>: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); + inspect' (-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. + n. <i>prospec'tus</i>, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look + again: hence, to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; + re'tro-spect (-ive); suspect'.</p> + + <p><b>species</b>: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; + spec'ify (-ic, -ication); spe'cious, <i>showy</i>.</p> + + <p>Spec'imen (Lat. n. <i>spec'imen</i>, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. + <i>spectac'ulum</i>, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. + <i>specta'tor</i>, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. <i>spec'trum</i>, an + image); spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), <i>an image</i>; + spec'troscope (Gr. v. <i>skopein</i>, to view), <i>an instrument for + analysing light</i>; spec'ulate (Lat. n. <i>spec'ula</i>, a lookout), + <i>to contemplate</i>, <i>to traffic for great profit</i>; specula'tion; + spec'ulative.</p> + +<h4>191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, <font size="-1">to breathe</font>; Spir'itus, <font size="-1">breath, spirit</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>spir</b>: spir'acle, <i>a breathing pore</i>; aspire' (-ant); + conspire' (-acy); expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; + transpire'.</p> + + <p><b>spirat</b>: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; + perspira'tion; respira'tion; respir'atory.</p> + + <p><b>spiritus</b>: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous.</p> + + <p>Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of + spirit).</p> + +<h4>192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, <font size="-1">to promise</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>spond</b>: correspond', <i>to answer one to another</i>; + correspond'ence; correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: + hence, to give up, to despond); despond'ency; respond'.</p> + + <p><b>spons</b>: spon'sor, <i>a surety</i>; response' (-ible, -ibility, + -ive); irrespon'sible.</p> + + <p>Spouse (Old Fr. n. <i>espous</i>, <i>espouse</i> = Lat. + <i>spon'sus</i>, <i>spon'sa</i>); espouse' (Old Fr. v. <i>espouser</i> = + Lat. <i>sponsa're</i>, to betroth, from <i>spondere</i>).</p> + +<h4>193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (<font size="-1">in comp.</font> sti'tum, <font size="-1">to stand; pres. part.</font> +stans, stan'tis, <font size="-1">standing</font>); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, <font size="-1">to +cause to stand</font>; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, <font size="-1">to station, +to fix, to place</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>stant</b>: cir'cumstance (from part. <i>circumstans'</i>, + <i>circumstan'tis</i>, through Lat. n. <i>circumstan'tia</i>, Fr. + <i>circonstance</i>), <i>the condition of things surrounding or attending + an event</i>; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; con'stant; con'stancy; + dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, remote, reserved); + dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; transubstan'tiate, <i>to + change to another substance</i>.</p> + + <p><b>stat</b>: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; + states'man; stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure.</p> + + <p><b>stit</b>: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if + awe-struck); supersti'tious.</p> + + <p><b>statut</b>: stat'ute (-ory).</p> + + <p><b>stitu</b>: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: + hence, to establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; + constit'uency; des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, + in want of); in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to + commence); restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion).</p> + + <p>Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. <i>stab'ilis</i>, standing firmly); stab'lish; + estab'lish (-ment); stay, literally, <i>to keep standing</i>; ar'mistice + (Lat. n. <i>ar'ma</i>, arms), <i>a temporary stand-still of war</i>; + arrest' (Old Fr. <i>arrester</i> = Lat. <i>ad</i> + <i>restare</i>, to + stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. <i>contra</i> + <i>sta're</i>, to + stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice (Lat. n. + <i>sol</i>, the sun).</p> + +<h4>194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, <font size="-1">to bind; to draw tight</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>string</b>: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency.</p> + + <p><b>strict</b>: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, <i>a defined portion + of a country</i>; restrict' (-ion).</p> + + <p>Strain (Old Fr. <i>straindre</i> = Lat. <i>strin'gere</i>); + constrain'; dis-train'; restrain'; restraint'.</p> + +<h4>195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, <font size="-1">to build, to place in order</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>struct</b>: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; + destruc'tion; instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); + superstruct'ure.</p> + + <p>Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. <i>instrumen'tum</i>); + instrumental'ity.</p> + +<h4>196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, <font size="-1">to take</font>; Sump'tus, <font size="-1">cost, expense</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>sum</b>: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'.</p> + + <p><b>sumpt</b>: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. <i>sumptuo'sus</i>, expensive); + sumpt'uary, <i>relating to expense</i>; assumption; consumption; + consump'tive; presump'tion; presump'tive; presump'tuous.</p> + +<h4>197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, <font size="-1">to touch</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>tang</b>: tan'gent, <i>a straight line which touches a circle or + curve</i>; tan'gible.</p> + + <p><b>tact</b>: tact, <i>peculiar faculty or skill</i>; con'tact; + intact'.</p> + + <p>Attain' (Fr. v. <i>attaindre</i>, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, + <i>communication of disease by contact or touch</i>; contam'inate, <i>to + defile, to infect</i>; contig'uous; contin'gent.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>TEMPUS</b>. (See <a href="#tempus">page 48.</a>)</p> + +<h4>198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum <font size="-1">or</font> ten'tum, <font size="-1">to stretch</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>tend</b>: tend, <i>to aim at, take care of</i>; tend'ency; attend' + (-ance, -ant); contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to + stretch to), <i>to purpose, to design</i>; portend' (literally, to + stretch forward), <i>to presage, to betoken</i>; pretend' (literally, to + stretch forth), <i>to affect, feel</i>; subtend', <i>to extend under</i>; + superintend' (-ence, -ent).</p> + + <p><b>tens</b>: tense (adj.), <i>stretched</i>; ten'sion; intense' + (-ify); osten'sible (Lat. v. <i>osten'dere</i>, to stretch out or spread + before one), <i>apparent</i>; pretense'.</p> + + <p><b>tent</b>: tent, literally, <i>a shelter of stretched canvas</i>; + tentac'ula, <i>the feelers of certain animals</i>; atten'tion; + atten'tive; conten'tion; conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); + ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; por'tent, <i>an ill omen</i>.</p> + +<h4>199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, <font size="-1">to hold</font>; <font size="-1">French</font> Tenir (<font size="-1">radical</font> tain), +<font size="-1">to hold</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ten</b>: ten'able; ten'ant, <i>one who holds property under + another</i>; ten'antry; ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. <i>tenet</i>, literally, + "he holds"), <i>a doctrine held as true</i>; ten'ure.</p> + + <p><b>tin</b> (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; + incon'tinent; per'tinent; imper'tinent.</p> + + <p><b>tent</b>: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; + reten'tion; reten'tive; sus'tenance.</p> + + <p><b>tain</b>: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' + (-ment); pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'.</p> + + <p>Tena'cious (Lat. adj. <i>te'nax, tena'cis</i>, holding firmly); + tenac'ity; appur'tenance, <i>that which belongs to something else</i>; + contin'ue (Fr. v. <i>continuer</i> = Lat. <i>contine're</i>); contin'ual; + contin'uance; continua'tion; continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance + (literally, the contents of a body: hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. + n. <i>lieu</i>, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. <i>main</i>, the hand), + literally, <i>to hold by the hand</i>: hence, <i>to support, to + uphold</i>; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, <i>a + train of attendants</i>.</p> + +<h4>200. TER'RA, <font size="-1">the earth</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>terr</b>: ter'race (Fr. n. <i>terrasse</i>); terra'queous (Lat. n. + <i>a'qua</i>, water); terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, <i>a + small dog that goes into the ground after burrowing animals;</i> + Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. <i>me'dius</i>, middle); subterra'nean.</p> + + <p>Inter, <i>to put in the earth, to bury;</i> inter'ment; disinter'.</p> + +<h4>201. TES'TIS, <font size="-1">a witness</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>test</b>: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); + protest' (-ation, -ant); prot'estantism.</p> + + <p>Tes'tament (Lat. n. <i>testamen'tum</i>, a will); testamen'tary; + testa'tor; tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, <i>not having left a + will.</i></p> + +<h4>202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, <font size="-1">to twist</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>tort</b>: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' + (-ion, -ionate); retort'.</p> + + <p>Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. <i>tortuo'sus</i>, very twisted); tortuos'ity; + torment' (Lat. n. <i>tormen'tum</i>, extreme pain).</p> + +<h4>203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, <font size="-1">to draw</font>; <font size="-1">Fr.</font> Trair, <font size="-1">past part.</font> +Trait.</h4> + + <p><b>tract</b>: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' + (-ion, -ive); contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, + -or); protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion).</p> + + <p>Trace (Fr. n. <i>trace</i>); track (Old Fr. n. <i>trac</i>); train; + trait; treat (-ise, -ment, -y).</p> + +<h4>204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, <font size="-1">to allot, to give</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>tribut</b>: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); + distrib'ute (-ion, -ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive.</p> + +<h4>205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, <font size="-1">to thrust</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>trud</b>: detrude', <i>to thrust down;</i> extrude'; intrude' + (-er); obtrude'; protrude'.</p> + + <p><b>trus</b>: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be + understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion.</p> + +<h4>206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus <font size="-1">or</font> tu'tus, <font size="-1">to watch</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>tuit</b>: tui'tion, <i>instruction</i>; intui'tion, <i>the act or + power of the mind by which it at once perceives the truth of a thing + without argument</i>; intu'itive.</p> + + <p><b>tut</b>: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage.</p> + +<h4>207. UN'DA, <font size="-1">a wave</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>und</b>: abun'dance, literally, condition of + overflowing—(<i>abunda're</i>, to overflow); abun'dant; + superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant (literally, running back or + over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); redundance; redun'dancy.</p> + + <p>Un'dulate (Lat. n. <i>un'dula</i>, a little wave); undula'tion; + un'dulatory; abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. <i>redonder</i> + = Lat. <i>redunda're</i>, to roll back as a wave or flood).</p> + +<h4>208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, <font size="-1">to use</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ut</b>: uten'sil (Lat. n. <i>uten'sile</i>, something that may be + used); util'ity (Lat. n. <i>util'itas</i>, usefulness); u'tilize.</p> + + <p><b>us</b>: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. + <i>usua'lis</i>, of frequent use); u'sury, <i>illegal interest paid for + the use of money</i>; u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'.</p> + +<h4>209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, <font size="-1">to go</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vad</b>: evade'; invade'; pervade'.</p> + + <p><b>vas</b>: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive.</p> + +<h4>210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, <font size="-1">to be strong, to be of value</font>; Val'idus, +<font size="-1">strong</font>; Va'le, <font size="-1">farewell</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>val</b>: valedic'tory, <i>bidding farewell</i>; valetudina'rian + (Lat. n. <i>valetu'do</i>, state of health), <i>a person in + ill-health</i>; val'iant, <i>brave</i>, <i>heroic</i>; val'or (-ous); + val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, <i>regaining health</i>; + equiv'alent (Lat. adj. <i>e'quus</i>, equal); prev'alent, <i>very common + or general</i>; prevalence.</p> + + <p><b>vail</b>: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'.</p> + + <p><b>valid</b>: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid.</p> + +<h4>211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, <font size="-1">to come, to go</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vent</b>: vent'ure, literally, <i>something gone upon</i>; + vent'uresome; ad'vent; adventi'tious, <i>accidental, casual</i>; + advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; contraven'tion; con'vent, <i> a + monastery, a nunnery</i>; conven'ticle, <i>a place of assembly</i>; + conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' (literally, to come + upon), <i>to find out, to contrive</i>; inven'tion; invent'ive; + invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive).</p> + + <p>Av'enue (Fr. n. <i>avenue</i>, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; + conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, <i>conve'niens, convenien'tis</i>, + literally, coming together), <i>suitable</i>; conven'ience; cov'enant + <i>an agreement between two parties</i>; intervene'; rev'enue; + supervene', <i>to come upon, to happen</i>.</p> + +<h4>212. VER'BUM, <font size="-1">a word</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>verb</b>: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb.</p> + + <p>Verba'tim (Lat. adv. <i>verba'tim</i>, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. + n. <i>verbiage</i>, wordiness).</p> + +<h4>213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, <font size="-1">to turn</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vert</b>: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind + to), <i>heedless</i>; ad'vertise, <i>to turn public attention to</i>; + adver'tisement; animadvert' (Lat. n. <i>an'imus</i>, the mind), <i>to + turn the mind to, to censure</i>; avert'; controvert', <i>to oppose</i>; + convert', <i>to change into another form or state</i>; divert'; invert', + literally, <i>to turn the outside in</i>; pervert', <i>to turn from the + true purpose</i>; retrovert'; revert'; subvert'.</p> + + <p><b>vers</b>: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, + <i>the yearly</i> (Lat. n. <i>an'nus</i>, a year) <i>celebration of an + event</i>; averse', <i>having a dislike to</i>; aver'sion; con'troversy; + converse' (-ant, -ation); conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); + ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); + subver'sion; subversive; tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. <i>ter'gum</i>, the + back), <i>a subterfuge</i>; transverse', <i>lying or being across</i>; + u'niverse (Lat. adj. <i>u'nus</i>, one), <i>the system of created + things</i>; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, <i>a universal school in + which are taught all branches of learning.</i></p> + + <p>Verse (Lat. n. <i>ver'sus</i>, a furrow), <i>a line in poetry</i>; + ver'sify; versifica'tion; ver'sion, <i>that which is turned from one + language into another, a statement</i>; ver'satile (Lat. adj. + <i>versat'ilis</i>, turning with ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), <i>the + summit</i>; vertical; vertebra (pl. ver'tebrĉ); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; + vor'tex (Lat. n. <i>vor'tex</i>, a whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. + <i>divorce), a separation.</i></p> + +<h4>214. VE'RUS, <font size="-1">true</font>; Ve'rax, vera'cis, <font size="-1">veracious</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>ver</b>: ver'dict (Lat. n. <i>dic'tum</i>, a saying), <i>the + decision of a jury</i>; ver'ify, <i>to prove to be true; + </i>verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. <i>ver'itas</i>, truth); ver'itable; + verisim'ilar, <i>truth-like</i>; verisimil'itude; aver', <i>to declare + truer</i>; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y.</p> + + <p><b>verac</b>: v'era'cious; verac'ity.</p> + +<h4>215. VI'A, <font size="-1">a way</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>via</b>: vi'aduct (Lat. v. <i>du'cere, duc'tum</i>, to lead); + viat'icum (Lat. n. <i>viat'icum</i>, literally, traveling money), <i>the + sacrament administered to a dying person</i>; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; + ob'viate, <i>to meet in the way, to remove</i>; ob'vious; per'vious, + <i>affording a passage through</i>; imper'vious.</p> + + <p>Voy'age (Fr. n. <i>voyage</i>); convoy', <i>to escort</i>; en'voy (Fr. + v. <i>envoyer</i>, to send), <i>one sent on a special mission</i>; + triv'ial (Lat. n. <i>triv'ium</i>, a cross road), <i>trifling</i>; + trivial'ity.</p> + +<h4>216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, <font size="-1">to see</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vid</b>: ev'ident, <i>clearly seen; </i>ev'idence; invid'ious, + literally, <i>looking against</i>: hence, <i>likely to provoke envy</i>; + provide', <i>to look out for, to supply</i>; prov'idence; prov'ident.</p> + + <p><b>vis</b>: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, + <i>expedient</i>; im'provise, <i>to compose and recite without + premeditation</i>; provis'ion; revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; + supervis'or.</p> + + <p>View (Fr. v. <i>voir</i>, to see, <i>vu</i>, seen); review'; + in'terview; vis'age (Fr. n. <i>visage</i>, the countenance); vis'it + (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, <i>part of a helmet perforated to see + through; </i>vis'ta (It. n. <i>vista</i>, sight), <i>a prospect as seen + through an avenue of trees </i>; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. <i>envie</i> = + Lat. <i>invid'ia</i>, from <i>invide're</i>, to see against); in'voice + (It. n. <i>avviso</i>, notice), <i>a priced list of goods</i>; peruse' + (Lat. v. <i>pervide're, pervi'sum</i>, to look through); provi'so, <i>a + stipulation</i>; pru'dent (Lat. adj. <i>pru'dens </i>from + <i>prov'idens</i>); pru'dence; purvey', <i>to look out for in the way of + buying provisions</i>; purvey'or; survey' (-or).</p> + +<h4>217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, <font size="-1">to conquer</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vinc</b>: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', <i>to show + clearly</i></p> + + <p><b>vict</b>: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', <i>to prove guilty of + crime</i>; evict', <i>to dispossess</i>; evic'tion.</p> + + <p>Vanquish (Fr. v. <i>vaincre, vaincu</i> = Lat. <i>vin'cere</i>); + prov'ince (Fr. n. <i>province</i> = Lat. <i>provin'cia</i>, literally, a + conquered country).</p> + +<h4>218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, <font size="-1">to call</font>; Vox, vo'cis, <font size="-1">the voice</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vocat</b>: voca'tion, literally, <i>calling, occupation</i>; + voc'ative, <i>the case of a noun in which the subject is called, or + addressed</i>; ad'vocate <i>to plead for</i>; convoca'tion, <i>an + assembly, a meeting</i>; equivocate (Lat. adj. <i>e'quus</i>, equal), + <i>to use words of doubtful meaning</i>; equivoca'tion; evoca'tion, + <i>act of calling forth</i>; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; provo'cative; + revoca'tion.</p> + + <p><b>voc</b>: vo'cable (Lat. n. <i>vocab'ulum</i>, that which is sounded + with the voice), <i>a word</i>; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); + vociferate, <i>to cry with a loud voice</i>; ad'vocacy, <i>a pleading + for, a defense</i>; irrev'ocable.</p> + + <p>Voice (Fr. n. <i>voix</i> = Lat. <i>vox), sound uttered by the + mouth</i>; vouch, <i>to call out, or affirm strongly</i>; vow'el (Fr. n. + <i>vouelle</i>, a voice-sound); advow'son, <i>right of perpetual calling + to a benefice</i>; convoke', <i>to call together</i>; evoke'; invoke'; + revoke'.</p> + +<h4>219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, <font size="-1">to roll</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>volv</b>: circumvolve'; convolve', <i>to roll together</i>; + devolve'; evolve'; involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist).</p> + + <p><b>volut</b>: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, + -ize).</p> + + <p>Vol'ume (Lat. n. <i>volu'men</i>, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet + rolled up), <i>a single book</i>; volute', <i>a kind of rolled or spiral + scroll</i>; vol'uble, literally, <i>rolling easily</i>: hence, <i>having + great fluency of speech</i>; convol'vulus, <i>a genus of twining + plants</i>; revolt'.</p> + +<h4>220. VUL'GUS, <font size="-1">the common people</font>.</h4> + + <p><b>vulg</b>: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, <i>a Latin + version of the Scriptures</i>.</p> + + <p>Divulge', <i>to make known something before kept secret</i>; + divulge'ment; promulgate (-ion).</p> + +<a name="III.I"></a> +<h2>PART III.—THE GREEK ELEMENT.</h2> + +<h3>I.—GREEK PREFIXES.</h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Prefix.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Signification.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Example.</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Definition</b></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a-</p> + <p>an-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>without</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>not</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a-pathy</p> + <p>an-omalous</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>state of being <i>without</i> feeling.</p> + <p><i>not</i> similar.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>amphi-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>around</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>both</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>amphi-theater</p> + <p>amphi-bious</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>place for seeing all <i>around</i>.</p> + <p>living in <i>both</i> land and water.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ana-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>back</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>throughout</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ana-logy</p> + <p>ana-lysis</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>reasoning <i>back</i>.</p> + <p>loosening <i>throughout</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>anti-</p> + <p>ant-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>against;</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>opposite</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>anti-pathy</p> + <p>ant-arctic</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a feeling <i>against</i>.</p> + <p><i>opposite</i> the Arctic.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>apo-</p> + <p>ap-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>away</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>out</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>apo-stle</p> + <p>ap-helion</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>one sent <i>out</i>.</p> + <p><i>away</i> from the sun.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>cata-</p> + <p>cat-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>down</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>against</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>cata-ract</p> + <p>cat-arrh</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a rushing <i>down</i>.</p> + <p>a flowing <i>down</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dia-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>through</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>across</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dia-meter</p> + <p>dia-logue</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>measure <i>through</i> the center.</p> + <p>speaking <i>across</i> (from one another).</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dis-</p> + <p>di-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>two</i>,</p> + <p class="i2"><i>double</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dis-syllable</p> + <p>di-lemma</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>word of <i>two</i> syllables.</p> + <p>a <i>double</i> assumption.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dys-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>ill</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>dys-pepsia</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>ill</i> digestion.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ec-</p> + <p>ex-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>out of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>ec-centric</p> + <p>ex-odies</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>out of</i> the center.</p> + <p>an <i>outgoing</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>Note—<b>ex-</b> is used before a root beginning with a + vowel.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>en-</p> + <p>em-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>in</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>on</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>en-ergy</p> + <p>em-phasis</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>power <i>in</i> one.</p> + <p>stress <i>on</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>epi-</p> + <p>ep-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>upon</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>for</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>epi-dermis</p> + <p>ep-hemeral</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>skin <i>upon</i> skin.</p> + <p>lasting <i>for</i> a day.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>Note—<b>ep-</b> is used before a root beginning with a vowel or + a <i>h</i> aspirate</p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="8%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>eu-</p> + <p>ev-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>well</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>good</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>eu-phonic</p> + <p>ev-angel</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>sounding <i>well</i>.</p> + <p><i>good</i> news.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hemi-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>half</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hemi-sphere</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>half</i> a sphere</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hyper-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>over</i> or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>beyond</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hyper-critical</p> + <p>hyper-borean</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>over</i>-critical.</p> + <p><i>beyond</i> the North.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hypo-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>under</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hypo-thesis</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a placing <i>under</i> (= Lat. supposition.)</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>meta-</p> + <p>met-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>beyond</i>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>transference</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>meta-physics</p> + <p>met-onymy</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>science <i>beyond</i> physics.</p> + <p><i>transference</i> of name.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>para-</p> + <p>par-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= <i>by the</i></p> + <p class="i2"><i>side of</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>par-helion</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>mock sun <i>by the side of</i> the real.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>peri-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= around</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>peri-meter</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>the measure <i>around</i> anything.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pro-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= before</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pro-gramme</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>something written <i>before</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pros-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>= to</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>pros-elyte</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>one coming <i>to</i> a new religion.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="m"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>syn-</p> + <p>sy-</p> + <p>syl-</p> + <p>sym-</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="24%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"><i>with</i></p> + <p>= or</p> + <p class="i2"><i>together</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="26%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>syn-thesis</p> + <p>sy-stem</p> + <p>syl-lable</p> + <p>sym-pathy</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="33%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>placing <i>together</i>.</p> + <p>part <i>with</i> part.</p> + <p>letters taken <i>together</i>.</p> + <p>feeling <i>together</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>NOTE.—The form <b>sy-</b> is used before <i>s</i>; <b>syl-</b> + before <i>l</i>, <b>sym-</b> before <i>b, p</i> or <i>m</i>.</p> + +<a name="III.II"></a> + <h3><b>II.—GREEK ALPHABET.</b></h3> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="m" width="30%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Α α</p> + <p>Β β <img src="images/alt-beta.png" alt="alternative beta" height="16" width="16" /></p> + <p>Γ γ</p> + <p>Δ δ</p> + <p>Ε ε</p> + <p>Ζ ζ</p> + <p>Η η</p> + <p>Θ θ <img src="images/alt-theta.png" alt="alternative theta" height="16" width="16" /></p> + <p>Ι ι</p> + <p>Κ κ</p> + <p>Λ λ</p> + <p>Μ μ</p> + <p>Ν ν</p> + <p>Ξ ξ</p> + <p>Ο ο</p> + <p>Π π <img src="images/alt-pi.png" alt="alternative pi" height="16" width="16" /></p> + <p>Ρ ρ</p> + <p>Σ σ, ς final</p> + <p>Τ τ</p> + <p>Υ υ</p> + <p>Φ φ</p> + <p>Χ χ</p> + <p>Ψ ψ</p> + <p>Ω ω</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="30%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>a</p> + <p>b</p> + <p>g</p> + <p>d</p> + <p>e as in <i>met</i></p> + <p>z</p> + <p>e as in <i>me</i></p> + <p>th</p> + <p>i</p> + <p>k</p> + <p>l</p> + <p>m</p> + <p>n</p> + <p>x</p> + <p>o as in <i>not</i></p> + <p>p</p> + <p>r</p> + <p>s</p> + <p>t</p> + <p>u, or y</p> + <p>ph</p> + <p>ch</p> + <p>ps</p> + <p>o as in <i>no</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="m" width="30%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Alpha.</i></p> + <p><i>Beta.</i></p> + <p><i>Gamma.</i></p> + <p><i>Delta.</i></p> + <p><i>Epsilon.</i></p> + <p><i>Zeta.</i></p> + <p><i>Eta.</i></p> + <p><i>Theta.</i></p> + <p><i>Iota</i></p> + <p><i>Kappa.</i></p> + <p><i>Lambda.</i></p> + <p><i>Mu.</i></p> + <p><i>Nu.</i></p> + <p><i>Xi.</i></p> + <p><i>Omicron.</i></p> + <p><i>Pi</i></p> + <p><i>Rho.</i></p> + <p><i>Sigma.</i></p> + <p><i>Tau.</i></p> + <p><i>Upsilon.</i></p> + <p><i>Phi.</i></p> + <p><i>Chi.</i></p> + <p><i>Psi.</i></p> + <p><i>Omega.</i></p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<h3>Pronunciation of Greek Words.</h3> + + <p><i>Gamma</i> has always the hard sound of <i>g</i>, as in + <i>give</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Kappa</i> is represented by <i>c</i> in English words, although in + Greek it has but one sound, that of our <i>k</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Upsilon</i> is represented by <i>y</i> in English words; in Greek + it has always the sound of <i>u</i> in mute.</p> + + <p><i>Chi</i> is represented in English by <i>ch</i> having the sound of + <i>k</i>; as in <i>chronic</i>.</p> + + <p>In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as + there are vowels and diphthongs.</p> + + <p>An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our + <i>h</i> precedes that letter.</p> + +<a name="III.II.I"></a> +<h2>GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.</h2> + +<h3>DIVISION I.—PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS.</h3> + +<h4>1. A'ER (αηρ), <i>the air.</i></h4> + + <p><b>a'erate</b>, <i>to combine with air; to mix with carbonic + acid</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a-e'rial</b>, <i>belonging to the air</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a'eriform</b>, <i>having the form of air.</i></p> + + <p><b>a'erolite</b> (Gr. n. <i>lith'os</i>, a stone), <i>a meteoric + stone</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a'eronaut</b> (Gr. n. <i>nau'tēs</i>, a sailor), <i>a + balloonist</i>.</p> + + <p><b>aerosta'tion</b>, <i>aerial navigation</i>.</p> + + <p><b>air</b>, <i>the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a + person</i>.</p> + + <p><b>air'y</b>, <i>open to the air; gay, sprightly.</i></p> + +<h4>2. AG'EIN (αγειν), <i>to lead.</i></h4> + + <p><b>apago'ge</b>, <i>a leading away; an indirect argument</i></p> + + <p><b>dem'agogue</b> (Gr. n. <i>de'mos</i>, the people), <i>a misleader + of the people.</i></p> + + <p><b>parago'ge</b> (literally, a leading or extension beyond), <i>the + addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ped'agogue</b> (Gr. n. <i>pais</i>, a child), <i>a schoolmaster; a + pedantic person.</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syn'agogue</b>, <i>a Jewish place of worship</i>.</p> + +<h4>3. A'GON (αγων), a contest.</h4> + + <p><b>ag'ony</b>, <i>extreme pain</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ag'onize</b>, <i>to be in agony</i>.</p> + + <p><b>antag'onism</b>, <i>direct opposition</i>.</p> + + <p><b>antag'onist</b>, <i>or</i> <b>antagonis'tic</b>, <i>contending + against</i>.</p> + +<h4>4. ANG'ELLEIN (αγγελλειν), <i>to bring tidings;</i> ANG'ELLOS (αγγελλος), <i>a messenger.</i></h4> + + <p><b>an'gel,</b> <i>a spiritual messenger.</i></p> + + <p><b>angel'ic,</b> <i>relating to an angel.</i></p> + + <p><b>archan'gel</b> (Gr. prefix <i>archi-</i>, chief), <i>an angel of + the highest order.</i></p> + + <p><b>evan'gel</b> (Gr. prefix <i>eu</i>, well), <i>good tidings; the + gospel.</i></p> + + <p><b>evan'gelist,</b> <i>one of the writers of the four gospels.</i></p> + +<h4>5. AR'CHE (αρχη), <i>beginning, government, chief.</i></h4> + + <p><b>an'archy,</b> <i>want of government.</i></p> + + <p><b>ar'chitect</b> (Gr. n. <i>tek'tōn</i>, workman), literally, + <i>a chief builder, one who devises plans for buildings.</i></p> + + <p><b>ar'chives,</b> <i>records.</i></p> + + <p><b>hep'tarchy</b> (Gr. <i>hepta</i>, seven), <i>a sevenfold + government.</i></p> + + <p><b>hi'erarchy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>hi'eros</i>, sacred), <i>dominion in + sacred things; a sacred body of rulers.</i></p> + + <p><b>mon'arch</b> (Gr. adj. <i>mon'os</i>, alone), <i>one who rules + alone, a sovereign.</i></p> + + <p><b>mon'archy,</b> <i>government by one person, a kingdom.</i></p> + + <p><b>oligarchy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>ol'igos</i>, few), <i>government by a + few, an aristocracy.</i></p> + + <p><b>pa'triarch</b> (Gr. n. <i>pat'ēr</i>, a father), <i>the father + and ruler of a family.</i></p> + + <p><b>patriar'chal,</b> <i>relating to patriarchs.</i></p> + +<h4>6. AS'TRON (αστρον), <i>a star.</i></h4> + + <p><b>as'terisk,</b> <i>a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, + and sometimes to mark an omission of words.</i></p> + + <p><b>as'teroid</b> (Gr. adj. <i>ei'dos</i>, like), <i>one of the + numerous small planets between Mars and Jupiter.</i></p> + + <p><b>as'tral,</b> <i>belonging to the stars.</i></p> + + <p><b>astrol'ogy,</b> <i>the pretended science of foretelling events by + the stars.</i></p> + + <p><b>astron'omy</b> (Gr. n. <i>nom'os</i>, a law), <i>the science that + treats of the stars.</i></p> + + <p><b>astron'omer,</b> <i>one skilled in astronomy.</i></p> + + <p><b>disas'ter,</b> <i>calamity, misfortune.</i></p> + + <p><b>disas'trous,</b> <i>unlucky; calamitous.</i></p> + +<h4>7. AU'TOS (αυτος), <i>one's self.</i></h4> + + <p><b>autobiog'raphy</b> (Gr. n. <i>bi'os</i>, life, <i>graph'ein</i>, to + write), <i>the life of a person written by himself.</i></p> + + <p><b>au'tocrat</b> (Gr. n. <i>krat'os</i>, power), <i>an absolute + ruler.</i></p> + + <p><b>autocrat'ic,</b> <i>like an autocrat.</i></p> + + <p><b>au'tograph,</b> <i>one's own handwriting.</i></p> + + <p><b>autom'aton</b> (Gr. <i>mema'otes</i>, striving after), <i>a + self-acting machine.</i></p> + + <p><b>authen'tic,</b> <i>genuine, true.</i></p> + + <p><b>authentic'ity,</b> <i>genuineness.</i></p> + +<h4>8. BAL'LEIN (βαλλειν), <i>to throw or cast.</i></h4> + + <p><b>em'blem</b>, <i>a representation; a type</i>.</p> + + <p><b>emblemat'ical</b>, <i>containing an emblem</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hyper'bole</b>, <i>a figure of speech which represents things + greater or less than they are</i>.</p> + + <p><b>par'able</b>, <i>a story which illustrates some fact or + doctrine</i>.</p> + + <p><b>parab'ola</b>, <i>one of the conic sections</i>.</p> + + <p><b>prob'lem</b>, <i>a question proposed for solution</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sym'bol</b>, <i>a sign; a representation</i>.</p> + + <p><b>symbolical</b>, <i>representing by signs</i>.</p> + +<h4>9. BAP'TEIN (βαπτειν), <i>to wash, to dip.</i></h4> + + <p><b>bap'tism</b>, <i>a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which + the individual is sprinkled with or immersed in water.</i></p> + + <p><b>baptize'</b>, <i>to sprinkle with or immerse in water</i>.</p> + + <p><b>baptismal</b>, <i>pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows</i>.</p> + + <p><b>bap'tist</b>, <i>one who approves only of baptism by + immersion</i>.</p> + + <p><b>anabap'tist</b>, <i>one who believes that only adults should be + baptized</i>.</p> + + <p><b>catabap'tist</b>, <i>one opposed to baptism</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pedobap'tism</b> (Gr. <i>pais</i>, <i>paidos</i>, a child), + <i>infant baptism</i>.</p> + +<h4>10. CHRON'OS (χρονος), time.</h4> + + <p><b>chron'ic</b>, <i>lasting a long time</i>; <i>periodical</i>.</p> + + <p><b>chron'icle</b>, <i>a record of events in the order of time</i>; + <i>a history recording facts in order of time</i>.</p> + + <p><b>chronol'ogy</b>, <i>the science of computing the dates of past + events</i>.</p> + + <p><b>chronom'eter</b> (Gr. n. <i>me'tron</i>, a measure), <i>an + instrument for measuring time</i>.</p> + + <p><b>anach'ronism</b>, <i>an error in computing time</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syn'chronal</b>, <b>syn'chronous</b>, <i>existing at the same + time</i>.</p> + +<h4>11. GRAM'MA (γραμμα), <i>a letter</i></h4> + + <p><b>gram'mar</b>, <i>the science of language</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gramma'rian</b>, <i>one skilled in or who teaches grammar</i>.</p> + + <p><b>grammat'ical</b>, <i>according to the rules of grammar</i>.</p> + + <p><b>an'agram</b>, <i>the change of one word into another by + transposing the letters</i>.</p> + + <p><b>di'agram</b>, <i>a writing or drawing made for + illustration</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ep'igram</b>, <i>a short poem ending with a witty thought</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'ogram</b> (Gr. adj. <i>mon'os</i>, alone), <i>a character + composed of several letters interwoven</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pro'gramme</b>, <i>order of any entertainment</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tel'egram</b> (Gr. <i>te'le</i>, at a distance), <i>a message sent + by telegraph</i>.</p> + +<h4>12. GRAPH'EIN (γραφειν), <i>to write.</i></h4> + + <p><b>graph'ic</b>, <i>well delineated; giving vivid description.</i></p> + + <p><b>au'tograph.</b> See <i>au'tos.</i></p> + + <p><b>biog'raphy</b> (Gr. n. <i>bi'os</i>, life), <i>the history of a + life.</i></p> + + <p><b>calig'raphy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>kal'os</i>, beautiful), <i>beautiful + writing.</i></p> + + <p><b>geog'raphy</b> (Gr. n. <i>gē</i>, the earth), <i>a description + of the earth.</i></p> + + <p><b>historiog'rapher</b> (Gr. n. <i>histo'ria</i>, history), <i>one + appointed to write history.</i></p> + + <p><b>hol'ograph</b> (Gr. adj. <i>hol'os</i>, whole), <i>a deed or will + wholly written by the grantor or testator.</i></p> + + <p><b>lexicog'rapher</b> (Gr. n. <i>lex'icon</i>, a dictionary), <i>the + compiler of a dictionary.</i></p> + + <p><b>lith'ograph</b> (Gr. n. <i>lith'os</i>, a stone), <i>an impression + of a drawing made on stone.</i></p> + + <p><b>lithog'raphy</b>, <i>the art of writing on and taking impressions + from stone</i>.</p> + + <p><b>orthog'raphy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>or'thos</i>, correct), <i>the correct + spelling of words</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pho'nograph</b> (Gr. n. <i>pho'ne</i>, sound), <i>an instrument for + the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds.</i></p> + + <p><b>phonog'raphy</b>, <i>a system of short hand; the art of + constructing or of using the phonograph.</i></p> + + <p><b>photog'raphy</b> (Gr. n. <i>phos, phot'os</i>, light), <i>the art + of producing pictures by light.</i></p> + + <p><b>stenog'raphy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>sten'os</i>, narrow), <i>the art of + writing in short-hand.</i></p> + + <p><b>tel'egraph</b> (Gr. <i>te'le</i>, at a distance), <i>an apparatus + for conveying intelligence to a distance by means of electricity.</i></p> + + <p><b>topog'raphy</b> (Gr. n. <i>top'os</i>, a place), <i>the description + of a particular place.</i></p> + + <p><b>typography</b> (Gr. n. <i>tu'pos</i>, a type), <i>the art or + operation of printing.</i></p> + +<h4>13. HOD'OS ('οδος), <i>a way.</i></h4> + + <p><b>ep'isode</b>, <i>an incidental story introduced into a poem or + narrative.</i></p> + + <p><b>ex'odus</b>, <i>departure from a place; the second book of the Old + Testament.</i></p> + + <p><b>meth'od</b>, <i>order, system, way, manner.</i></p> + + <p><b>Meth'odist</b>, <i>the followers of John Wesley</i>. (The name has + reference to the strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians).</p> + + <p><b>pe'riod</b> (Gr. n. <i>period'os</i>, a passage round), <i>the time + in which anything is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation + mark.</i></p> + + <p><b>syn'od</b>, <i>a meeting of ecclesiastics.</i></p> + +<h4>14. HU'DOR ('υδορ), <i>water</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>hy'dra</b>, <i>a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by + Hercules.</i></p> + + <p><b>hydran'gea</b>, <i>a genus of plants remarkable for their + absorption of water.</i></p> + + <p><b>hy'drant</b>, <i>a water-plug.</i></p> + + <p><b>hydrau'lic</b> (Gr. n. <i>au'los</i>, a pipe), <i>relating to the + motion of water through pipes; worked by water.</i></p> + + <p><b>hydrau'lics</b>, <i>the science which treats of fluids in + motion</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydroceph'alus</b> (Gr. n. <i>keph'ale</i>, the head), <i>dropsy of + the head</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hy'drogen</b> (Gr. v. <i>gen'ein</i>, to beget), <i>a gas which + with oxygen produces water</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydrog'raphy</b>, <i>the art of maritime surveying and + mapping</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydrop'athy</b> (Gr. n. <i>path'os</i>, feeling), <i>the + water-cure</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydropho'bia</b> (Gr. n. <i>phob'os</i>, fear), literally, <i>dread + of water; canine madness</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hy'dropsy</b>, <i>a collection of water in the body</i>. ("Dropsy" + is a contraction of <i>hydropsy</i>).</p> + + <p><b>hydrostat'ics</b>, <i>the science which treats of fluids at + rest</i>.</p> + +<h4>15. KRAT'OS (χρατος), <i>rule, government, strength.</i></h4> + + <p><b>aristoc'racy</b> (Gr. adj. <i>aris'tos</i>, best), <i>government by + nobles</i>.</p> + + <p><b>aris'tocrat</b>, <i>one who favors aristocracy.</i></p> + + <p><b>au'tocrat.</b> See <i>au'tos</i>.</p> + + <p><b>democ'racy</b> (Gr. n. <i>de'mos</i>, the people), <i>government by + the people</i>.</p> + + <p><b>dem'ocrat</b>, <i>one who upholds democracy; in the United States, + a member of the democratic party</i>.</p> + + <p><b>theoc'racy</b>, <i>government of a state by divine direction, as + the ancient Jewish state</i>.</p> + +<h4>16. LOG'OS (λογος), <i>speech, ratio, description, science</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>log'ic,</b> <i>the science and art of reasoning.</i></p> + + <p><b>logi'cian,</b> <i>one skilled in logic.</i></p> + + <p><b>log'arithms</b> (Gr. n. <i>arith'mos</i>, number), <i>a class of + numbers that abridge arithmetical calculations.</i></p> + + <p><b>anal'ogy,</b> <i>a resemblance of ratios.</i></p> + + <p><b>ap'ologue,</b> <i>a moral fable.</i></p> + + <p><b>apol'ogy,</b> <i>a defense, an excuse.</i></p> + + <p><b>cat'alogue,</b> <i>a list of names in order.</i></p> + + <p><b>chronol'ogy.</b> (See <i>chronos</i>.)</p> + + <p><b>conchol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>kon'chos</i>, a shell), <i>the science + of shells.</i></p> + + <p><b>dec'alogue</b> (Gr. <i>dek'a</i>, ten), <i>the ten + commandments.</i></p> + + <p><b>doxol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>doxa</i>, glory), <i>a hymn expressing + glory to God.</i></p> + + <p><b>ec'logue,</b> <i>a pastoral poem.</i></p> + + <p><b>entomol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>ento'ma</i>, insects, and v. + <i>tem'nein</i>, to cut), <i>the natural history of insects.</i></p> + + <p><b>ep'ilogue,</b> <i>a short poem or speech at the end of a + play.</i></p> + + <p><b>etymol'ogy</b> (Gr. <i>et'umon</i>, true source), <i>a part of + grammar; the science of the derivation of words.</i></p> + + <p><b>eu'logy,</b> <i>praise, commendation.</i></p> + + <p><b>geneal'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>gen'os</i>, birth), <i>history of the + descent of families.</i></p> + + <p><b>geol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>gē</i>, the earth), <i>the science + which treats of the internal structure of the earth.</i></p> + + <p><b>mineral'ogy,</b> <i>the science of minerals.</i></p> + + <p><b>mythol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>mu'thos</i>, a fable), <i>a system or + science of fables.</i></p> + + <p><b>ornithol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>or'nis, or'nithos,</i> a bird), <i>the + natural history of birds.</i></p> + + <p><b>pathol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>path'os</i>, suffering), <i>that part of + medicine which treats of the causes and nature of diseases.</i></p> + + <p><b>philol'ogy</b> (Gr. <i>phil'os</i>, loving, fond of), <i>the + science which treats of languages</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phrenol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>phrén</i>, the mind), <i>the art of + reading the mind from the form of the skull</i>.</p> + + <p><b>physiol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>phu'sis</i>, nature), <i>the science + which treats of the organism of plants and animals</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pro'logue</b>, <i>verses recited as introductory to a play</i>.</p> + + <p><b>psychol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>psu'che</i>, the soul), <i>mental + philosophy; doctrine of man's spiritual nature</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syl'logism</b>, <i>a form of reasoning consisting of three + propositions</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tautol'ogy</b> (Gr. <i>tau'to</i>, the same), <i>a repetition of + the same idea in different words</i>.</p> + + <p><b>technol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>tech'ne</i>, art), <i>a description of + the arts</i>.</p> + + <p><b>theol'ogy</b>. See <i>theos</i>.</p> + + <p><b>toxicol'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>tox'icon</i>, poison) <i>the science + which treats of poisons and their effects</i>.</p> + + <p><b>zool'ogy</b> (Gr. n. <i>zo'on</i>, an animal), <i>that part of + natural history which treats of animals</i>.</p> + +<h4>17. MET'RON (μετρον) <i>a measure</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>me'ter</b>, <i>arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of + length</i>.</p> + + <p><b>met'ric</b>, <i>denoting measurement</i>.</p> + + <p><b>met'rical</b>, <i>pertaining to meter</i>.</p> + + <p><b>anemom'eter</b> (Gr. n. <i>an'emos</i>, the wind), <i>an instrument + measuring the force and velocity of the wind</i>.</p> + + <p><b>barom'eter</b> (Gr. n. <i>ba'ros</i>, weight), <i>an instrument + that indicates changes in the weather</i>.</p> + + <p><b>diam'eter</b>, <i>measure through anything</i>.</p> + + <p><b>geom'etry</b> (Gr. n. <i>ge</i>, the earth), <i>a branch of + mathematics</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hexam'eter</b> (Gr. <i>hex</i>, six), <i>a line of six poetic + feet</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydrom'eter</b> (Gr. n. <i>hu'dor</i>, water), <i>an instrument for + determining the specific gravities of liquids</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hygrom'eter</b> (Gr. adj. <i>hu'gros</i>, wet), <i>an instrument + for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pentam'eter</b> (Gr. <i>pen'te</i>, five), <i>a line of five poetic + feet</i>.</p> + + <p><b>perim'eter</b>, <i>the external boundary of a body or + figure</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sym'metry</b>, <i>the proportion or harmony of parts</i>.</p> + + <p><b>thermom'eter</b> (Gr. adj. <i>ther'mos</i>, warm), <i>an instrument + for measuring the heat of bodies</i>.</p> + + <p><b>trigonom'etry</b> (Gr. n. <i>trigo'non</i>, a triangle), <i>a + branch of mathematics</i>.</p> + +<h4>18. MON'OS (μονος), <i>sole, alone</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>mon'achism</b>, <i>the condition of monks; a monastic life</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'ad</b>, <i>something ultimate and indivisible</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'astery</b>, <i>a house of religious retirement</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monk</b> (Gr. n. <i>mon'achos</i>), <i>a religious recluse</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monog'amy</b> (Gr. n. <i>gam'os</i>, <b>marriage</b>), <i>the + marriage of one wife only</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'ologue</b> (Gr. n. <i>log'os</i>), <i>a speech uttered by a + person alone</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monoma'nia</b> (Gr. n. <i>ma'nia</i>, madness), <i>madness confined + to one subject</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monop'oly</b> (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), <i>the sole power of + selling anything</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monosyl'lable</b>, <i>a word of one syllable</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'otheism</b> (Gr. n. <i>the'os</i>, God), <i>the belief in the + existence of only one God</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mon'otone</b>, <i>uniformity of tone</i>.</p> + + <p><b>monot'ony</b>, <i>sameness of sound; want of variety</i>.</p> + +<h4>19. O'DE (ωδε), <i>a song</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>ode</b>, <i>a lyric poem</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mel'ody</b> (Gr. n. <i>mel'os</i>, a song), <i>an agreeable + succession of musical sounds</i>.</p> + + <p><b>par'ody</b>, <i>the alteration of the works of an author to another + subject</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pros'ody</b>, <i>the study of versification</i>.</p> + + <p><b>psal'mody</b>, <i>the practice of singing psalms</i>.</p> + + <p><b>trag'edy</b> (Gr. n. <i>trag'os</i>, a goat<a name="NtA_9"></a><a + href="#Nt_9"><sup>9</sup></a>), <i>a dramatic representation of a sad or + calamitous event</i>.</p> + +<h4>EXERCISE.</h4> + + <p>The <i>periods</i> of <i>astronomy</i> go far beyond any + <i>chronology</i>. The <i>phonograph</i> and the <i>telegraph</i> are + both American inventions. By the aid of a <i>diagram</i> the + <i>problem</i> was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the <i>Autocrat</i> of the + Breakfast Table, has written many <i>parodies</i>. In the struggle + between <i>monarchy</i> and <i>democracy</i> Mexico has often been in a + state of <i>anarchy</i>. His <i>antagonist</i> suffered great + <i>agony</i> from the <i>disaster</i> that occurred. The <i>eulogy</i> + pronounced on the great <i>zoölogist</i> Agassiz was well deserved. What + is the <i>etymological</i> distinction between <i>geography</i> and + <i>geology</i>? The <i>aeronaut</i> took with him a <i>barometer</i>, a + <i>thermometer</i>, and a <i>chronometer</i>. I owe you an <i>apology</i> + for not better knowing your <i>genealogy. Typography</i> has been well + called "the art preservative of all the arts." Who is called the great + American <i>lexicographer? Tautology</i> is to be avoided by all who make + any pretence to <i>grammar</i>. One may be a <i>democrat</i> without + being a <i>demagogue</i>. You cannot be an <i>architect</i> without + knowing <i>geometry. Zoology</i> shows that there is great + <i>symmetry</i> in the structure of animals. The pretensions of + <i>astrology</i> are now dissipated into thin <i>air</i>. Many persons + skilled in <i>physiology</i> do not believe in hydropathy. Longfellow's + "Evangeline" is written in <i>hexameter</i>, and Milton's "Paradise Lost" + in <i>pentameter</i>.</p> + +<h4>20. ON'OMA (ονομα), <i>a name</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>anon'ymous</b>, <i>without a name</i>.</p> + + <p><b>meton'ymy</b>, <i>a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for + another</i>.</p> + + <p><b>on'omatopoe'ia</b>, <i>the forming of words whose sound suggests + the sense</i>.</p> + + <p><b>paron'ymous</b>, <i>of like derivation</i>.</p> + + <p><b>patronym'ic</b> (Gr. n. <i>pat'er</i>, a father), <i>a name derived + from a parent or ancestor.</i></p> + + <p><b>pseu'donym</b> (Gr. adj. <i>pseu'des</i>, false), <i>a fictitious + name.</i></p> + + <p><b>syn'onym</b>, <i>a word having the same meaning as another in the + same language.</i></p> + +<h4>21. PAN (παν, παντος), <i>all; whole</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>panace'a</b> (Gr. v. <i>ak'eomai</i>, I cure), <i>a universal + cure.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'creas</b> (Gr. n. <i>kre'as,</i> flesh), <i>a fleshy gland + situated at the bottom of the stomach.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'dect</b>, <i>a treatise which combines the whole of any + science.</i></p> + + <p><b>panegyr'ic</b> (Gr. n. <i>ag'ora,</i> an assembly), <i>an oration + in praise of some person or event.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'oply</b> (Gr. n. <i>hop'la,</i> armor), <i>a complete suit of + armor.</i></p> + + <p><b>panora'ma</b> (Gr. n. <i>hor'ama,</i> a sight or view), <i>a large + picture gradually unrolled before an assembly.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'theism</b> (Gr. n. <i>the'os,</i> God), <i>the doctrine that + nature is God.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'theon</b>, <i>a temple dedicated to all the gods.</i></p> + + <p><b>pan'tomime</b>, <i>a scene or representation in dumb show.</i></p> + +<h4>22. PA'THOS (παθος), <i>suffering, feeling.</i></h4> + + <p><b>pathet'ic</b>, <i>affecting the emotions.</i></p> + + <p><b>pathol'ogy</b>, <i>the science of diseases.</i></p> + + <p><b>allop'athy</b>, <i>a mode of medical practice.</i></p> + + <p><b>antip'athy</b>, <i>dislike, aversion.</i></p> + + <p><b>ap'athy</b>, <i>want of feeling.</i></p> + + <p><b>homeop'athy</b>, <i>a mode of medical practice</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hydrop'athy</b>. See <i>hudor</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sym'pathy</b>, <i>fellow-feeling.</i></p> + +<h4>23. PHIL'OS (φιλος), <i>a friend, a lover.</i></h4> + + <p><b>Philadel'phia</b> (Gr. n. <i>adel'phos,</i> a brother), literally, + <i>the city of brotherly love.</i></p> + + <p><b>philanthropy</b> (Gr. n. <i>anthro'pos,</i> a man), <i>love of + mankind.</i></p> + + <p><b>philharmon'ic</b> (Gr. n. <i>harmo'nia,</i> harmony), <i>loving + harmony or music.</i></p> + + <p><b>philos'ophy</b> (Gr. n. <i>sophi'a,</i> wisdom), <i>the general laws + or principles belonging to any department of knowledge.</i></p> + + <p><b>philos'opher</b>, <i>one versed in philosophy or science.</i></p> + + <p><b>philosoph'ic</b>, <b>philosoph'ical</b>, <i>relating to + philosophy.</i></p> + +<h4>24. PHA'NEIN (φαινειν), <i>to cause to appear</i>; PHANTA'SIA (φαντασια), +<i>an image, an idea.</i></h4> + + <p><b>diaph'anous</b>, <i>translucent.</i></p> + + <p><b>epiph'any</b>, <i>the festival commemorative of the manifestation + of Christ by the star of Bethlehem.</i></p> + + <p><b>fan'cy</b>, <i>a pleasing image; a conceit or whim.</i></p> + + <p><b>fan'ciful</b>, <i>full of fancy; abounding in wild images.</i></p> + + <p><b>fanta'sia</b>, <i>a musical composition avowedly not governed by + the ordinary musical rules</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phan'tom</b>, <i>a specter, an apparation</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phase</b>, <i>an appearance</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phenom'enon</b>, <i>anything presented to the senses by experiment + or observation; an unusual appearance.</i></p> + + <p><b>syc'ophant</b> (Gr. n. <i>sukon</i>, a fig, and, literally, an + informer against stealers of figs), <i>a mean flatterer</i>.</p> + +<h4>25. PHO'NE (φωνη), <i>a sound</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>phonet'ic</b>, <b>phon'ic</b>} <i>according to sound</i>.</p> + + <p><b>eu'phony</b>, <i>an agreeable sound of words</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sym'phony</b>, <i>harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition + for a full band of instruments</i>.</p> + +<h4>26. PHOS (φως, φωτος), <i>light</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>phos'phorus</b> (Gr. v. <i>pherein</i>, to bear), <i>a substance + resembling wax, highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phos'phate</b>, <i>a salt of phosphoric acid</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phosphores'cent</b>, <i>luminous in the dark</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phosphor'ic</b>, <i>relating to or obtained from + phosphorus</i>.</p> + + <p><b>photog'raphy</b>. See <i>graphein</i>.</p> + +<h4>27. PHU'SIS (φυσις), <i>nature</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>phys'ic</b>, <i>medicines</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phys'ical</b>, <i>natural; material; relating to the body</i>.</p> + + <p><b>physi'cian</b>, <i>one skilled in the art of healing</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phys'icist</b>, <i>a student of nature</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phys'ics</b>, <i>natural philosophy</i>.</p> + + <p><b>physiog'nomy</b> (Gr. n. <i>gno'mon</i>, a judge), <i>the art of + discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face; the + particular cast of features or countenance</i>.</p> + + <p><b>physiol'ogy</b>. See <i>logos</i>.</p> + + <p><b>metaphys'ics</b>, literally, <i>after or beyond physics</i>; hence, + <i>the science of mind</i>.</p> + + <p><b>metaphysi'cian</b>, <i>one versed in metaphysics</i>.</p> + +<h4>28. POL'IS (πολις), <i>a city.</i></h4> + + <p><b>police'</b>, <i>the body of officers employed to secure the good + order of a city</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pol'icy</b>, <i>the art or manner of governing a nation or + conducting public affairs; prudence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pol'itic</b>, <i>wise, expedient</i>.</p> + + <p><b>polit'ical</b>, <i>relating to politics</i>.</p> + + <p><b>politi'cian</b>, <i>one devoted to politics</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pol'itics</b>, <i>the art or science of government; struggle of + parties</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pol'ity</b>, <i>the constitution of civil government</i>.</p> + + <p><b>acrop'olis</b> (Gr. adj. <i>ak'ros</i>, high), <i>a + citadel</i>.</p> + + <p><b>cosmop'olite</b> (Gr. n. <i>kos'mos</i>, the world), <i>a citizen + of the world</i>.</p> + + <p><b>metrop'olis</b> (Gr. n. <i>me'ter</i>, a mother), <i>the chief city + of a country</i>.</p> + + <p><b>necrop'olis</b> (Gr. adj. <i>nek'ros</i>, dead), <i>a burial-place; + a city of the dead</i>.</p> + +<h4>29. RHE'O ('ρεω), <i>I flow, I speak</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>rhet'oric</b>, <i>the art of composition; the science of + oratory</i>.</p> + + <p><b>rhetori'cian</b>, <i>one skilled in rhetoric</i>.</p> + + <p><b>rheu'matism</b>, <i>a disease of the limbs</i> (so called because + the ancients supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors).</p> + + <p><b>res'in</b>, <i>a gum which flows from certain trees</i>.</p> + + <p><b>catarrh'</b>, <i>a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold + in the head</i>.</p> + + <p><b>diarrhoe'a</b>, <i>purging</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hem'orrhage</b> (Gr. n. <i>haima</i>, blood), <i>a flowing of + blood</i>.</p> + +<h4>30. SKOP'EIN (σκοπειν), <i>to see, to watch</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>scope</b>, <i>space, aim, intention</i>.</p> + + <p><b>bish'op</b> (Gr. n. <i>epis'kopos</i>, overseer), <i>a clergyman + who has charge of a diocese</i>.</p> + + <p><b>epis'copacy</b>, <i>church government by bishops</i>.</p> + + <p><b>epis'copal</b>, <i>relating to episcopacy</i>.</p> + + <p><b>kalei'doscope</b> (Gr. adj. <i>kal'os</i>, beautiful), <i>an + optical instrument in which we see an endless variety of beautiful + patterns by simple change of position</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mi'croscope</b> (Gr. adj. <i>mik'ros</i>, small), <i>an instrument + for examining small objects</i>.</p> + + <p><b>micros'copist</b>, <i>one skilled in the use of the + microscope</i>.</p> + + <p><b>steth'oscope</b> (Gr. n. <i>steth'os</i>, the breast), <i>an + instrument for examining the state of the chest by sound</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tel'escope</b> (Gr. <i>te'le</i>, afar off), <i>an instrument for + viewing objects far off</i>.</p> + +<h4>31. TAK'TOS (τακτος), <i>arranged</i>; TAX'IS (ταξις), <i>arrangement</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>tac'tics</b>, <i>the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and + naval forces</i>; <i>the science or art which relates to these</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tacti'cian</b>, <i>one skilled in tactics</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syn'tax</b>, <i>the arrangement of words into sentences</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syntac'tical</b>, <i>relating to syntax</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tax'idermy</b> (Gr. n. <i>der'ma</i>, skin), <i>the art of + preparing and arranging the skins of animals in their natural + appearance</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tax'idermist</b>, <i>one skilled in taxidermy</i>.</p> + +<h4>32. TECH'NE (τεχνη), <i>art</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>tech'nical</b>, <i>relating to an art or profession</i>.</p> + + <p><b>technical'ity</b>, <i>a technical expression</i>; <i>that which is + technical</i>.</p> + + <p><b>technol'ogy</b>, <i>a treatise on or description of the + arts</i>.</p> + + <p><b>technol'ogist</b>, <i>one skilled in technology</i>.</p> + + <p><b>polytech'nic</b> (Gr. adj. <i>pol'us</i>, many), <i>comprising many + arts</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pyr'otechny</b> (Gr. n. <i>pur</i>, fire), <i>the art of making + fireworks</i>.</p> + +<h4>33. THE'OS (θεος), <i>God</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>the'ism</b>, <i>belief in the existence of a God</i>.</p> + + <p><b>theo'cracy</b>. (See <i>kratos</i>.)</p> + + <p><b>theo'logy</b>. (See <i>logos</i>.)</p> + + <p><b>apotheo'sis</b>, <i>glorification, deification</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a'theism</b>, <i>disbelief in the existence of God</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a'theist</b>, <i>one who does not believe in the existence of + God</i>.</p> + + <p><b>enthu'siasm</b>, <i>heat of imagination</i>; <i>ardent + zeal</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pan'theism</b>. (See <i>pan</i>.)</p> + + <p><b>pol'ytheism</b> (Gr. adj. <i>polus</i>, many), <i>the doctrine of a + plurality of Gods</i>.</p> + +<h4>34. TITH'ENI (τιθεναι), <i>to place, to set</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>theme</b>, <i>a subject set forth for discussion</i>.</p> + + <p><b>the'sis</b>, <i>a proposition set forth for discussion</i>.</p> + + <p><b>anath'ema</b>, <i>an ecclesiastical curse</i>.</p> + + <p><b>antithesis</b>, <i>opposition or contrast in words or + deeds</i>.</p> + + <p><b>hypoth'esis</b>, <i>a supposition</i>.</p> + + <p><b>paren'thesis</b>, <i>something inserted in a sentence which is + complete without it</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syn'thesis</b>, <i>a putting together, as opposed to + analysis</i>.</p> + +<h4>35. TON'OS (τονος), <i>tension, tone</i>.</h4> + + <p><b>tone</b>, <i>tension, vigor, sound</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ton'ic</b>, adj. <i>increasing tension or vigor</i>; n. <i>a + medicine which increases strength</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tune</b>, <i>a series of musical notes on a particular key</i>.</p> + + <p><b>attune'</b>, <i>to make musical</i>; <i>to make one sound agree + with another</i>.</p> + + <p><b>bar'ytone</b> (Gr. adj. <i>ba'rus</i>, heavy), <i>a male + voice</i>.</p> + + <p><b>diaton'ic</b>, <i>proceeding by tones and semitones</i>.</p> + + <p><b>in'tonate</b>, <i>to sound; to modulate the voice</i>.</p> + + <p><b>intone'</b>, <i>to give forth a slow, protracted sound</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sem'itone</b>, <i>half a tone</i>.</p> + +<h3>REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES.</h3> + + <p>1. Derivation of "antithesis"?—Compose an example of an + antithesis.—Point out the antithesis in the following:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself."</p> + <p>"A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits."</p> + <p>"Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull,</p> + <p>Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full."</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>2. Derivation of "hypothesis."—Give an adjective formed from + this noun.—What Latin derivative corresponds literally to + "hypothesis"? <i>Ans. Supposition.</i>—Show this. <i>Ans.</i> + Supposition is composed of sub = hypo (under), and position (from + <i>ponere</i>, to place) = thesis, a placing—What adjective from + "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? <i>Ans. + Supposititious.</i></p> + + <p>3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?—Compose a parenthetical + sentence.</p> + + <p>4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?—Give the distinction + <i>Ans. Analysis</i> is taking apart, <i>synthesis</i> is putting + together—What adjective is derived from the noun "synthesis"?</p> + + <p>5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? <i>Ans. Demagogic</i> + or <i>demagogical</i>—Define it—Compose a sentence containing + the word "demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced + the arts of a <i>demagogue</i>."</p> + + <p>6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? <i>Ans. + Pedagogic</i>—What would the "<i>pedagogic</i> art" mean?—Is + "pedagogue" usually employed in a complimentary sense?—Give a + synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense.</p> + + <p>7. Derivation of "anarchy"?—Compose a sentence containing this + word. MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by + <i>anarchy</i>."</p> + + <p>8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? <i>Ans. + Monarchical</i>—Define it.—Can you mention a country at + present ruled by a monarchical government?—What is the ruler of a + monarchy called?</p> + + <p>9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: + "During the Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and + Venice, were under the rule of an <i>oligarchy</i>."</p> + + <p>10. From what root is "democracy" derived?—What adjective is + formed from "democracy"?—Is Russia at present a + <i>democracy</i>?—Can you mention any ancient governments that for + a time were democracies?</p> + + <p>11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?—What noun will + denote one who believes in aristocracy? <i>Ans. Aristocrat</i>—What + does "aristocrat" ordinarily mean? <i>Ans.</i> A proud or haughty person + who holds himself above the common people.</p> + + <p>12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"?</p> + + <p>13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a + sentence.</p> + + <p>14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? <i>Ans. + Diametrical</i>—What adverb is formed from + "diametrical"?—What is meant by the expression + "<i>diametrically</i> opposed"?</p> + + <p>15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? <i>Ans. + Astrology</i>—Give the derivative of this word.—What word + denotes one who is skilled in astronomy?—Form an adjective from + "astronomy."—Compose a sentence containing the word "astronomy." + MODEL: "The three great founders of <i>astronomy</i> are Copernicus, + Kepler, and Newton."</p> + + <p>16. From what root is "telescope" derived?—Combine and define + telescop + ic.—Compose a sentence using the word "telescope."</p> + + <p>17. From what root is "microscope" derived?—Combine and define + microscop + ic.—What single word denotes microscopic animals? + <i>Ans. Animalculĉ</i>.—Compose a sentence containing the word + "microscope." MODEL: "As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so + the <i>microscope</i> reveals the infinitely little."</p> + + <p>18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That + we sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated + in the lines:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>'The reason why I cannot tell,</p> + <p>I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'"</p> + </div> + </div> + <p>19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"?</p> + + <p>20. Derivation of "sympathy"?—Give a synonym of this Greek + derivative. <i>Ans. Compassion</i>.—Show why they are literal + synonyms. <i>Ans.</i> Sym = con or com, and pathy = passion; hence, + compassion = sympathy.—Give an English derivative expressing the + same thing. <i>Ans. Fellow-feeling.</i></p> + + <p>21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?—Form an adjective + from "autocrat."—Who is the present "autocrat of all the + Russias"?—Could the Queen of England be called an + <i>autocrat</i>?—Why not?</p> + + <p>22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There + are only two or three <i>autographs</i> of Shakespeare in existence."</p> + + <p>23. Derivation of "automaton"?—Illustrate the signification of + the word by a sentence.</p> + + <p>24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is + heir to"?—Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea."</p> + + <p>25. Derivation of "panoply"?—In the following sentence is + "panoply" used in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take + the Christian <i>panoply</i>, to put on the whole armor of God."</p> + + <p>26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?—What word is + used to denote one who believes in pantheism?</p> + + <p>27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many gods?—Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would + designate a temple dedicated to <i>all</i> the gods?</p> + + <p>28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."—Compose a + sentence using the word "panorama."</p> + + <p>29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?—Illustrate its meaning + by a sentence.—Form an adjective from "eulogy."</p> + + <p>30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?—Give an example of a + pseudonym.</p> + +<a name="III.II.II"></a> +<h3>DIVISION II.—ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR +DERIVATIVES.</h3> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ach'os,</b> <i>pain</i>—ache, headache.</p> + <p><b>ainig'ma,</b> <i>a riddle</i>—enigma.</p> + <p><b>ak'me,</b> <i>a point</i>—acme.</p> + <p><b>akou'ein,</b> <i>to hear</i>—acoustics.</p> + <p><b>ak'ros,</b> <i>high</i>—<i>acropolis (polis).</i></p> + <p><b>allel'on,</b> <i>each other</i>—parallel, parallelogram.</p> + <p><b>an'er,</b> <i>a man</i>—Andrew, Alexander.</p> + <p><b>an'thos,</b> <i>a flower</i>—anther, anthology, polyanthus.</p> + <p><b>anthro'pos,</b> <i>a man</i>—anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, philanthropist, philanthropy.</p> + <p><b>ark'tos,</b> <i>a bear</i>—arctic, antarctic.</p> + <p><b>ar'gos,</b> <i>idle</i>—lethargy, lethargic.</p> + <p><b>aris'tos,</b> <i>best</i>—aristocrat <i>(kratos)</i>, aristocracy, aristocratic.</p> + <p><b>arith'mos,</b> <i>number</i>—arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic.</p> + <p><b>aro'ma,</b> <i>spice, odor</i>—aromatic.</p> + <p><b>arte'ria,</b> <i>a bloodvessel</i>—artery, arterial.</p> + <p><b>ask'ein,</b> <i>to discipline</i>—ascetic, asceticism.</p> + <p><b>asphal'tos,</b> <i>pitch</i>—asphalt.</p> + <p><b>ath'los,</b> <i>a contest</i>—athlete, athletic.</p> + <p><b>at'mos,</b> <i>vapor, smoke</i>—atmosphere, atmospheric.</p> + <p><b>au'los,</b> <i>a pipe</i>—hydraulic.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>bal'samon,</b> <i>balsam</i>—balm, embalm.</p> + <p><b>ba'ros,</b> <i>weight</i>—barometer, barytes.</p> + <p><b>ba'sis,</b> <i>the bottom</i>—base, baseless, basement, basis.</p> + <p><b>bib'lion,</b> <i>a book</i>—bible, biblical.</p> + <p><b>bi'os,</b> <i>life</i>—biography, biology.</p> + <p><b>bo'tane,</b> <i>a plant</i>—botanic, botanical, botanist, botany.</p> + <p><b>bron'chos,</b> <i>the throat</i>—bronchial, bronchitis.</p> + <p><b>bus'sos,</b> <i>bottom</i>—abyss.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>cha'lups,</b> <i>steel</i>—chalybeate.</p> + <p><b>charas'sein,</b> <i>to stamp</i>—character, characterize, characteristic.</p> + <p><b>cha'ris,</b> <i>grace</i>—eucharist.</p> + <p><b>cheir,</b> <i>the hand</i>—surgeon (short for <i>chirurgeon</i>), surgical.</p> + <p><b>chlo'ros,</b> <i>green</i>—chloride, chlorine</p> + <p><b>chol'e,</b> <i>bile</i>—choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy.</p> + <p><b>chor'de,</b> <i>a string</i>—chord, cord, cordage.</p> + <p><b>chris'tos</b>, <i>anointed</i>—chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, antichrist.</p> + <p><b>chro'ma</b>, <i>color</i>—chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic.</p> + <p><b>chru'sos</b>, <i>gold</i>—chrysalis, chrysolite.</p> + <p><b>chu'los</b>, <i>the milky juice formed by digestion</i>—chyle, chylifaction.</p> + <p><b>chu'mos</b>, <i>juice</i>—chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>dai'mon</b>, <i>a spirit</i>—demon, demoniac, demonology.</p> + <p><b>de'mos</b>, <i>the people</i>—demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic.</p> + <p><b>den'dron</b>, <i>a tree</i>—dendrology, rhododendron.</p> + <p><b>der'ma</b>, <i>the skin</i>—epidermis.</p> + <p><b>des'potes</b>, <i>a ruler</i>—despot, despotic, despotism.</p> + <p><b>diai'ta</b>, <i>manner of life</i>—diet, dietary, dietetic.</p> + <p><b>dido'ni</b>, <i>to give</i>—dose, antidote, anecdote.</p> + <p><b>dog'ma</b>, <i>an opinion</i>—dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism.</p> + <p><b>dox'a</b>, <i>an opinion, glory</i>—doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox.</p> + <p><b>dram'a</b>, <i>a stage-play</i>—drama, dramatic, dramatist.</p> + <p><b>drom'os</b>, <i>a course</i>—dromedary, hippodrome.</p> + <p><b>drus</b>, <i>an oak</i>—dryad.</p> + <p><b>duna'thai</b>, <i>to be able</i>—dynamics, dynamical, dynasty.</p> + <p><b>dus</b>, <i>ill, wrong</i>—dysentery (<i>entera</i>, the bowels), dyspepsia (<i>peptein</i>, to digest).</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ekkle'sia</b>, <i>the church</i>—ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical.</p> + <p><b>e'chein</b>, <i>to sound</i>—echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen.</p> + <p><b>eklei'pein</b>, <i>to fail</i>—eclipse, ecliptic.</p> + <p><b>elek'tron</b>, <i>amber</i>—electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype.</p> + <p><b>em'ein</b>, <i>to vomit</i>—emetic.</p> + <p><b>ep'os</b>, <i>a word</i>—epic, orthoepy.</p> + <p><b>er'emos</b>, <i>desert, solitary</i>—hermit, hermitage.</p> + <p><b>er'gon</b>, <i>a work</i>—energy, energetic, surgeon (<i>cheir</i>, the hand).</p> + <p><b>eth'nos</b>, <i>a nation</i>—ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology.</p> + <p><b>eth'os</b>, <i>custom, manner</i>—ethics, ethical.</p> + <p><b>eu</b>, <i>good, well</i>—eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>gam'os</b>, <i>marriage</i>—bigamy, polygamy, misogamist.</p> + <p><b>gas'ter</b>, <i>the stomach</i>—gastric, gastronomy.</p> + <p><b>ge</b>, <i>the earth</i>—geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, perigee.</p> + <p><b>gen'naein</b>, <i>to produce</i>—genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.</p> + <p><b>gignos'kein</b>, <i>to know</i>—diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate.</p> + <p><b>glos'sa, glot'ta</b>, <i>the tongue</i>—glossary, glottis, polyglot.</p> + <p><b>glu'phein</b>, <i>to carve</i>—hieroglyphics.</p> + <p><b>gno'mon</b>, <i>an indicator</i>—gnomon, physiognomy (<i>phusis</i>).</p> + <p><b>go'nia</b>, <i>a corner</i>—diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry.</p> + <p><b>gum'nos</b>, <i>naked</i>—gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>hai'rein</b>, <i>to take or choose</i>—heresy, heretic, heretical.</p> + <p><b>harmo'nia,</b> <i>a fitting together</i>—harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium.</p> + <p><b>hek'aton,</b> <i>a hundred</i>—hecatomb.</p> + <p><b>he'lios,</b> <i>the sun</i>—heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion.</p> + <p><b>he'mera,</b> <i>a day</i>—ephemeral.</p> + <p><b>hep'ta,</b> <i>seven</i>—heptagon, heptarchy.</p> + <p><b>he'ros,</b> <i>a hero</i>—hero, heroic, heroine, heroism.</p> + <p><b>het'eros,</b> <i>another, unlike</i>—heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous.</p> + <p><b>hex,</b> <i>six</i>—hexagon, hexangular.</p> + <p><b>hi'eros,</b> <i>sacred</i>—hierarchy, hieroglyphics (<i>glyphein</i>, to carve).</p> + <p><b>hip'pos,</b> <i>a horse</i>—hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic.</p> + <p><b>hol'os,</b> <i>all</i>—holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity.</p> + <p><b>hom'os,</b> <i>like, the same</i>—homogeneous (<i>gennaein</i>, to produce).</p> + <p><b>hor'os,</b> <i>a boundary</i>—horizon, aphorism.</p> + <p><b>hu'men,</b> <i>the god of marriage</i>—hymeneal.</p> + <p><b>hum'nos,</b> <i>a song of praise</i>—hymn, hymnal, hynmology.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ich'thus,</b> <i>a fish</i>—ichthyology.</p> + <p><b>id'ea,</b> <i>a form or pattern</i>—idea, ideal.</p> + <p><b>id'ios,</b> <i>peculiar</i>—idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic.</p> + <p><b>is'os,</b> <i>equal</i>—isothermal.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>kai'ein,</b> <i>to burn</i>—caustic, cauterize, holocaust (<i>holos</i>, whole).</p> + <p><b>ka'kos,</b> <i>bad</i>—cacophony.</p> + <p><b>ka'los,</b> <i>beautiful</i>—caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (<i>skopein</i>).</p> + <p><b>kal'uptein,</b> <i>to conceal</i>—apocalypse.</p> + <p><b>kan'on,</b> <i>a rule</i>—canon, canonical, canonize.</p> + <p><b>kar'dia,</b> <i>the heart</i>—cardiac, pericardium.</p> + <p><b>ken'os,</b> <i>empty</i>—cenotaph.</p> + <p><b>keph'ale,</b> <i>the head</i>—acephalous, hydrocephalus (<i>hydor</i>).</p> + <p><b>ker'as,</b> <i>a horn</i>—rhinoceros.</p> + <p><b>kle'ros,</b> <i>a portion</i>—clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship.</p> + <p><b>kli'max,</b> <i>a ladder</i>—climax.</p> + <p><b>kli'nein,</b> <i>to bend</i>—clinical, recline.</p> + <p><b>ko'mos,</b> <i>a merry feast</i>—comedy, (<i>odè</i>), comedian, comic, encomium.</p> + <p><b>ko'nein,</b> <i>to serve</i>—deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate.</p> + <p><b>ko'nos,</b> Lat. <b>conus</b>, <i>a cone</i>—cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform.</p> + <p><b>kop'tein,</b> <i>to cut</i>—coppice, copse, syncope.</p> + <p><b>kos'mos,</b> <i>the world</i>—cosmography, cosmopolitan.</p> + <p><b>kri'tes,</b> <i>a judge</i>—crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, hypocrite.</p> + <p><b>krup'tein,</b> <i>to conceal</i>—crypt, apocrypha.</p> + <p><b>krustal'los,</b> <i>ice</i>—crystal, crystallize.</p> + <p><b>kuk'los,</b> <i>a circle</i>—cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia.</p> + <p><b>kulin'dros,</b> <i>a roller</i>—cylinder.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>lam'banein,</b> <i>to take</i>—syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable.</p> + <p><b>lam'pein,</b> <i>to shine</i>—lamp.</p> + <p><b>la'os,</b> <i>the people</i>—layman, laity.</p> + <p><b>latrei'a,</b> <i>worship</i>—idolatry, heliolatry.</p> + <p><b>lith'os,</b> <i>a stone</i>—litharge, lithograph, aërolite.</p> + <p><b>lu'ein</b>, <i>to loosen</i>—analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>man'ia</b>, <i>madness</i>—mania, maniac.</p> + <p><b>mar'tur</b>, <i>a witness</i>—martyr, martyrdom, martyrology.</p> + <p><b>mel'as</b>, <i>black</i>—melancholy, Melanesia.</p> + <p><b>me'ter</b>, <i>a mother</i>—metropolis.</p> + <p><b>mik'ros</b>, <i>small</i>—microcosm, microscope, microscopic.</p> + <p><b>mi'mos</b>, <i>an imitator</i>—mimic, mimicry, pantomime.</p> + <p><b>mor'phe</b>, <i>shape</i>—amorphous, metamorphosis.</p> + <p><b>mu'rias</b>, <i>ten thousand</i>—myriad.</p> + <p><b>mu'thos</b>, <i>a fable</i>—myth, mythology.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>nar'ke</b>, <i>torpor</i>—narcissus, narcotic.</p> + <p><b>naus</b>, <i>a ship</i>—nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aëronaut.</p> + <p><b>nek'ros</b>, <i>dead</i>—necropolis.</p> + <p><b>ne'sos</b>, <i>an island</i>—Polynesia.</p> + <p><b>nom'os</b>, <i>a law</i>—astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (<i>oikos</i>, a house), economic.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ol'igos</b>, <i>few</i>—oligarchy (<i>arche</i>).</p> + <p><b>or'phanos</b>, <i>deserted</i>—orphan, orphanage.</p> + <p><b>or'thos</b>, <i>right, straight</i>—orthodox, orthoepy, orthography.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>paidei'a</b>, <i>instruction</i>—cyclopĉdia.</p> + <p><b>pais</b>, <i>a child</i>—pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist.</p> + <p><b>pap'as</b>, Lat. <b>papa</b>, <i>a father</i>—papacy, pope, popedom, popery.</p> + <p><b>paradei'sos</b>, <i>a pleasant garden</i>—paradise.</p> + <p><b>pat'ein</b>, <i>to walk</i>—peripatetic.</p> + <p><b>pen'te</b>, <i>five</i>—pentagon, pentecost.</p> + <p><b>pet'ra</b>, <i>a rock</i>—Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter.</p> + <p><b>phob'os</b>, <i>fear</i>—hydrophobia (<i>hudor</i>, water).</p> + <p><b>phra'sis</b>, <i>speech</i>—phrase, phraseology, paraphrase.</p> + <p><b>phren</b>, <i>the mind</i>—phrenology, frantic, frenzy.</p> + <p><b>phu'ton</b>, <i>a plant</i>—zoophyte.</p> + <p><b>pla'naein</b>, <i>to wander</i>—planet, planetary.</p> + <p><b>plas'sein</b>, <i>to mould</i>—plaster, plastic.</p> + <p><b>pleu'ra</b>, <i>the side</i>—pleurisy.</p> + <p><b>pneu'ma</b>, <i>breath</i>, <i>spirit</i>—pneumatic.</p> + <p><b>po'lein</b>, <i>to sell</i>—bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize.</p> + <p><b>pol'us</b>, <i>many</i>—polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic.</p> + <p><b>por'os</b>, <i>a passage</i>—pore, porosity, porous, emporium.</p> + <p><b>pot'amos</b>, <i>a river</i>—hippopotamus.</p> + <p><b>pous</b>, <i>the foot</i>—antipodes, polypus, tripod.</p> + <p><b>pras'sein</b>, <i>to do</i>—practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable.</p> + <p><b>presbu'teros</b>, <i>elder</i>—presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism.</p> + <p><b>pro'tos</b>, <i>first</i>—protomartyr.</p> + <p><b>psal'lein</b>, <i>to touch</i>, <i>to sing</i>—psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter.</p> + <p><b>pur</b>, <i>fire</i>—pyramid, pyrotechny.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>rhin</b>, <i>the nose</i>—rhinoceros.</p> + <p><b>rhod'on</b>, <i>a rose </i>—rhododendron.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>sarx</b>, <i>flesh</i>—sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus.</p> + <p><b>sched'e</b>, <i>a sheet</i>—schedule.</p> + <p><b>sche'ma</b>, <i>a plan</i>—scheme.</p> + <p><b>schis'ma</b>, <i>a division</i>—schism, schismatic.</p> + <p><b>sit'os</b>, <i>corn</i>—parasite, parasitical.</p> + <p><b>skan'dalon</b>, <i>disgrace</i>—scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, slanderous.</p> + <p><b>skeptes'thai</b>, <i>to consider</i>—sceptic, sceptical, scepticism.</p> + <p><b>skep'tron</b>, <i>an emblem of office</i>—scepter.</p> + <p><b>soph'ia</b>, <i>wisdom</i>—sophist, sophistry, philosopher (<i>philos</i>), philosophy.</p> + <p><b>sphai'ra</b>, <i>a globe</i>—sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere.</p> + <p><b>stal'aein</b>, <i>to drop</i>—stalactite, stalagmite.</p> + <p><b>stel'lein</b>, <i>to send</i>—apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary.</p> + <p><b>sten'os</b>, <i>narrow</i>—stenography.</p> + <p><b>sthen'os</b>, <i>strength</i>—calisthenics.</p> + <p><b>stig'ma</b>, <i>a mark</i>—stigma, stigmatize.</p> + <p><b>strat'os</b>, <i>an army</i>—stratagem, strategy, strategist.</p> + <p><b>stroph'e</b>, <i>a turning</i>—apostrophe, catastrophe.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ta'phos</b>, <i>a tomb</i>—epitaph, cenotaph.</p> + <p><b>tau'to</b>, <i>the same</i>—tautology.</p> + <p><b>tek'ton</b>, <i>a builder</i>—architect.</p> + <p><b>te'le</b>, <i>far off</i>—telegraph, telescope.</p> + <p><b>tem'nein</b>, <i>to cut</i>—atom, anatomy, anatomist.</p> + <p><b>tet'ra</b>, <i>four</i>—tetragon, tetrarch.</p> + <p><b>ther'me</b>, <i>heat</i>—thermal.</p> + <p><b>thron'os</b>, <i>a throne</i>—throne, enthrone.</p> + <p><b>top'os</b>, <i>a place</i>—topography.</p> + <p><b>trep'ein</b>, <i>to turn</i>—trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope.</p> + <p><b>tu'pos</b>, <i>a stamp</i>—type, typography, prototype.</p> + <p><b>turan'nos</b>, <i>a ruler</i>—tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>zein</b>, <i>to boil</i>—zeal, zealous.</p> + <p><b>zephu'ros</b>, <i>the west wind</i>—zephyr.</p> + <p><b>zo'on</b>, <i>an animal</i>—zodiac, zoology, zoological, zoöphyte.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="IV.I"></a> +<h2>PART IV.—THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.</h2> + +<h3>I.—ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES.</h3> + + <p><b>A</b>—(corrupted from A.-S. <i>on</i>) signifies <i>in</i>, + <i>on</i>, <i>at</i>: as abed, aboard, aside, aback; and gives the + adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, aboard.</p> + + <p><b>Be</b>—gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is + sometimes intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, + as in bedim. <i>Be</i>, as a form of <i>by</i>, also denotes proximity, + as in beside: as bystander.</p> + + <p><b>For</b><a name="NtA_10"></a><a + href="#Nt_10"><sup>10</sup></a>—means privation, or opposition: as + forbear, forbid, forget.</p> + + <p><b>Fore</b>—<i>before</i>: as foretell, forebode.</p> + + <p><b>Mis</b>—<i>error</i>, <i>wrongness</i>: as mistake, misstate, + misinform.</p> + + <p><b>N</b>—has a negative signification, as in many languages: + thus, never, neither, none.</p> + + <p><b>Off</b>—from offspring.</p> + + <p><b>Out</b>—<i>beyond</i>: as outdo, outlaw.</p> + + <p><b>Over</b>—<i>above</i>: as overhang, overflow, overturn.</p> + + <p><b>To</b>—in to-day, to-morrow.</p> + + <p><b>Un</b>—<i>not</i>, <i>the reverse</i>: as, unskilled, + unlearned.</p> + + <p><b>Under</b>—<i>beneath</i>: as undermine.</p> + + <p><b>With</b>—<i>against</i> (German <i>wider</i>): as + withstand.</p> + +<a name="IV.II"></a> +<h3>II.—ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES.</h3> + + <p><b>Ar</b>, <b>ard</b>, <b>er</b>, <b>yer</b>, <b>ster</b><a + name="NtA_11"></a><a href="#Nt_11"><sup>11</sup></a>—signifying + <i>agent</i> or <i>doer</i>; as in beggar, drunkard, beginner, lawyer, + spinster. <i>Er</i> forms verbs of adjectives, as lower, from low, and + also forms the comparatives of adjectives.</p> + + <p><b>Ess</b>, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French.</p> + + <p><b>Dom</b>, <b>ship</b>, <b>ric</b>, <b>wic</b>—from <i>dom</i>, + judgment; <i>ship</i>, shape or condition; <i>ric</i>, <i>rice</i>, + power; <i>wic</i>, a dwelling—signify state, condition, quality, + etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick.</p> + + <p><b>El</b>, <b>kin</b> (= <i>chen</i>, German), <b>let</b> (from + French), <b>ling</b>, <b>ock</b>—have a <i>diminutive</i> effect, + as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, cockerel.</p> + + <p><b>En</b>—adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also + converts adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep.</p> + + <p><b>Fold</b>—from <i>fealdan</i>, to fold; a numeral termination, + like <i>ple</i>, from the Latin <i>plico</i>, I fold.</p> + + <p><b>Ful</b>—full; truthful.</p> + + <p><b>Hood</b>, <b>ness</b>—of uncertain derivation, signify + state, etc., as in priesthood, righteousness.</p> + + <p><b>Ish</b>—<i>isc</i> (Saxon), <i>isch</i> (German), denotes a + quality; like rakish, knavish, churlish, Danish. <i>Ish</i> is also + employed as a diminutive—blackish.</p> + + <p><b>Less</b>—<i>loss</i>: as penniless, hopeless.</p> + + <p><b>Like</b> and <b>ly</b>—<i>like</i>; <i>lic</i> (A.-S.): as + warlike, manly.</p> + + <p><b>Some</b>—<i>sum</i> (A.-S.), <i>sam</i> (German), lonesome, + handsome.</p> + + <p><b>Teen</b>—ten, as in fourteen.</p> + + <p><b>Ty</b>—from <i>tig</i> (A.-S ), ten; <i>zig</i> (German), as + in six-<i>ty</i>. <i>Teen</i> adds ten—<i>ty</i> multiplies by + ten.</p> + + <p><b>Ward</b>—<i>weard</i>, <i>wärts</i> (German), <i>versus</i> + (Latin), against, direction, towards; downward, eastward.</p> + + <p><b>Wise</b>—<i>wisa</i>, manner; likewise.</p> + + <p><b>Y</b>—<i>ig</i>, an adjective termination; <i>dreorig</i> + (A.-S.), dreary.</p> + +<a name="IV.A"></a> +<h3>ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.</h3> + + <p>The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern + German or the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern + English.</p> + + <p>The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: <i>j</i>, + <i>k</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>v</i>, and <i>z</i>. <i>K</i> is commonly + represented by <i>c</i>; thus, <i>cyning</i> (king) is pronounced + <i>kining</i>; <i>cyrtel</i>, <i>kirtle</i>; <i>qu</i> is represented by + <i>cw</i>, as <i>cwic</i>, <i>quick</i>; <i>cwen</i>, <i>queen</i>; + <i>cwellan</i>, to <i>quell</i>; <i>th</i> is represented by two peculiar + characters, one of which in its reduced form resembles <i>y</i>, as in + <i>ye olden times</i>, where <i>ye</i> should be pronounced <i>the</i>, + and not <i>ye</i>, as is often ignorantly done.</p> + + <p>Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long + vowels are <i>a</i> as <i>far</i>, <i>ae</i> as in <i>fare</i>, <i>e</i> + as in <i>they</i>, <i>i</i> as in <i>pique</i>, <i>o</i> as in + <i>bone</i>, <i>u</i> as in <i>rule</i>, <i>y</i> as in <i>i</i> + (nearly). Short vowels are <i>a</i> as in <i>fast</i>, <i>ae</i> as in + <i>man</i>, <i>e</i> as in <i>men</i>, <i>i</i> as in <i>pin</i>, + <i>o</i> as in <i>God</i>, <i>u</i> as in <i>full</i>, <i>y</i> as in + <i>i</i> (nearly).</p> + + <p>In the diphthongs <i>ea</i>, <i>eo</i>, and <i>ie</i>, the first + element receives the stress; the second is pronounced very lightly.</p> + + <p>There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The + vowel of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of + consonants, as in <i>hlud</i>, loud, <i>cniht</i>, knight, <i>cnif</i>, + knife, each consonant has its distinct sound.</p> + + <p><i>E</i> before <i>a</i> and <i>o</i> has the sound of <i>y</i> as a + consonant; <i>i</i> before <i>e</i> and <i>u</i> has the same sound: + thus, <i>Earl</i> = <i>yarl</i>; <i>eow</i> = <i>you</i>; <i>iett</i> = + <i>yett</i>; and <i>iúgoth</i> = <i>yúgoth</i>, youth.</p> + + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>ac</b>, <i>an oak</i>—oak, oaken.</p> + <p><b>acsian</b>, <i>to inquire</i>—ask.</p> + <p><b>ĉcer</b>, <i>a field</i>—acre, acreage.</p> + <p><b>ĉr</b>, <i>before</i>—early, ere, erelong, erst.</p> + <p><b>aft</b>, <i>hind-part</i>—after, abaft.</p> + <p><b>ágan</b>, <i>to have</i>—owe, own, owner, ought, disown.</p> + <p><b>arisan</b>, <i>to arise</i>—raise, rise, rouse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>bácan</b>, <i>to bake</i>—baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch.</p> + <p><b>bĉc</b>, <i>back</i>—backbite, backslide, backward, aback.</p> + <p><b>bĉlg</b>, <i>a bag</i>.</p> + <p><b>bald</b>, <i>bold, brave</i>—bold, boldness.</p> + <p><b>bána</b>, <i>death</i>—bane, baneful, henbane.</p> + <p><b>banc</b>, <i>a bank or raised place</i>—bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, embankment.</p> + <p><b>beacnian</b>, <i>to beckon</i>—beck, beckon, beacon.</p> + <p><b>bellan</b>, <i>to roar</i>—bawl, bellow.</p> + <p><b>beorgan</b>, <i>to protect</i>—borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, harbor, berth.</p> + <p><b>beorht</b>, <i>bright</i>—bright.</p> + <p><b>beran</b>, <i>to bear, to bring forth</i>—barrow, bear, bier, birth.</p> + <p><b>bidan</b>, <i>to wait</i>—abide.</p> + <p><b>biddan</b>, <i>to pray</i>, <i>to bid</i>—bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, unbidden.</p> + <p><b>bindan</b>, <i>to bind</i>—band, bond, bondage, bundle.</p> + <p><b>blĉc</b>, <i>pale</i>—bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness.</p> + <p><b>blawan</b>, <i>to blow</i>—blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, blow, blush, bluster.</p> + <p><b>bletsian</b>, <i>to bless</i>—bless, blessing.</p> + <p><b>brád</b>, <i>broad</i>—broad, breadth, board, aboard.</p> + <p><b>brécan</b>, <i>to break</i>—bray (<i>to pound</i>), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, broken.</p> + <p><b>breost</b>, <i>the breast</i>—breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast.</p> + <p><b>breówan</b>, <i>to brew</i>—brew, brewer, brewery.</p> + <p><b>brucan</b>, <i>to use</i>—broker, brokerage, brook (<i>to endure</i>).</p> + <p><b>buan</b>, <i>to cultivate</i>—boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood.</p> + <p><b>bugan</b>, <i>to bow or bend</i>—bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow.</p> + <p><b>byldan</b>, <i>to design</i>, <i>to make</i>—build, builder, building.</p> + <p><b>byrnan</b>, <i>to burn</i>—brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, auburn, firebrand.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>cĉlan</b>, <i>to cool</i>—chill, chilblain.</p> + <p><b>ceapian</b>, <i>to buy</i>—cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman.</p> + <p><b>cénnan</b>, <i>to produce</i>—kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind.</p> + <p><b>ceorl</b>, <i>a churl</i>—carle, churlish.</p> + <p><b>clĉne</b>, <i>clean</i>—clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean.</p> + <p><b>cláth</b>, <i>cloth</i>—clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad.</p> + <p><b>cleófan</b>, <i>to cleave</i>; <b>clifian</b>, <i>to adhere</i>—cleaver, cliff, clover, club.</p> + <p><b>cnafa</b>, <i>a boy</i>—knave, knavery.</p> + <p><b>cnáwan</b>, <i>to know</i>—knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown.</p> + <p><b>cnyll</b>, <i>a loud noise</i>—knell.</p> + <p><b>cnyttan</b>, <i>to knit</i>—knitting, knot, knotty, net, network.</p> + <p><b>cracian</b>, <i>to crack</i>; <b>cearcian</b>, <i>to creak</i>—crack, crackle, creak, cricket, croak, screech, shriek.</p> + <p><b>cuman</b>, <i>to come</i>—comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome.</p> + <p><b>cunnan</b>, <i>to know</i>, <i>to be powerful</i>—can, con, cunning, keen.</p> + <p><b>cwellan</b>, <i>to slay</i>—kill, quell.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>dĉg</b>, <i>a day</i>—dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye.</p> + <p><b>dǽl</b>, <i>a part</i>—deal, dole, ordeal.</p> + <p><b>déman</b>, <i>to think</i>—deem.</p> + <p><b>deor</b>, <i>a wild animal</i>—deer.</p> + <p><b>deore</b>, <i>dusky or black</i>—dark, darken, darkly, darkness.</p> + <p><b>dic</b>, <i>a dyke</i>—dig, ditch, ditcher.</p> + <p><b>disc</b>, <i>a plate</i>—desk, disc, dish.</p> + <p><b>dóm</b>, <i>judgment</i>—doom, doomsday.</p> + <p><b>dón</b>, <i>to do</i>—doer, deed, undo.</p> + <p><b>dragan</b>, <i>to draw</i>—drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray.</p> + <p><b>drifan</b>, <i>to drive</i>—drift, driver, drove.</p> + <p><b>drigan</b>, <i>to dry</i>—drysalter, drought, drug (originally <i>dried plants</i>), druggist.</p> + <p><b>drincan</b>, <i>to suck in</i>—drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken.</p> + <p><b>drypan</b>, <i>to drip or drop</i>—drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel.</p> + <p><b>dwinan</b>, <i>to pine</i>—dwindle, dwine.</p> + <p><b>dyn</b>, <i>a noise</i>—din, dun.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>eage</b>, <i>the eye</i>—eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid.</p> + <p><b>eald</b>, <i>old</i>—alderman, earl.</p> + <p><b>efen</b>, <i>just</i>—even, evenness.</p> + <p><b>erian</b>, <i>to plough</i>, <i>to ear</i>—earth, earthy, earthquake.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>faeger</b>, <i>bright</i>—fair, fairness.</p> + <p><b>fáer</b>, <i>fear</i>—fearful, fearless.</p> + <p><b>faran</b>, <i>to go</i>—fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer.</p> + <p><b>fedan</b>, <i>to feed</i>—feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly.</p> + <p><b>feond</b>, <i>an enemy</i>—fiend, fiendish.</p> + <p><b>fleógan</b>, <i>to fly</i>—flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight.</p> + <p><b>fleótan</b>, <i>to float</i>—float, fleet.</p> + <p><b>flówan</b>, <i>to flow</i>—flood, flow.</p> + <p><b>folgian</b>, <i>to go after</i>—follow.</p> + <p><b>fón</b>, <i>to seize </i>—fang, finger.</p> + <p><b>fót</b>, <i>the foot</i>—foot, fetter, fetlock.</p> + <p><b>freón</b>, <i>to love</i>—free, freedom, friend, friendship.</p> + <p><b>fretan</b>, <i>to gnaw</i>—fret, fretful.</p> + <p><b>fugel</b>, <i>a bird</i>—fowl, fowler, fowling-piece.</p> + <p><b>fúl</b>, <i>unclean</i>—filth, filthy, foul, fulsome.</p> + <p><b>fullian</b>, <i>to whiten</i>—full (<i>to scour and thicken cloth in a mill</i>), fuller, fuller's-earth.</p> + <p><b>fŭr</b>, <i>fire</i>—fiery, fireworks, bonfire.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>gabban</b>, <i>to mock</i>—gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber.</p> + <p><b>galan</b>, <i>to sing</i>—nightingale.</p> + <p><b>gangan</b>, <i>to go</i>—gang, gangway.</p> + <p><b>gást</b>, <i>a ghost</i>—gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast.</p> + <p><b>geard</b>, <i>an enclosure </i>—garden, orchard, yard.</p> + <p><b>geotan</b>, <i>to pour</i>—gush, gut.</p> + <p><b>gerefa</b>, <i>a governor</i>—grieve (<i>an overseer</i>), sheriff, sheriffdom.</p> + <p><b>getan</b>, <i>to get</i>—get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful.</p> + <p><b>gifan</b>, <i>to give</i>—give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven.</p> + <p><b>glowan</b>, <i>to glow</i>—glow, glowing.</p> + <p><b>gód</b>, <i>good</i>—gospel, gossip.</p> + <p><b>grĉs</b>, <i>grass</i>—grass, graze, grazier.</p> + <p><b>grafan</b>, <i>to dig</i>—grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave.</p> + <p><b>grapian</b>, <i>to grapple</i>; <b>grípan</b>, <i>to gripe</i>; <b>gropian</b>, <i>to grope</i>—grapple, grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel.</p> + <p><b>greot</b>, <i>dust</i>—gritty, groats.</p> + <p><b>grówan</b>, <i>to grow</i>—grow, growth.</p> + <p><b>grúnd</b>, <i>the ground</i>—ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>habban</b>, <i>to have</i>—have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave.</p> + <p><b>hĉge</b>, <i>a hedge</i>—haw, hawthorn.</p> + <p><b>hĉl</b>, <i>sound</i>, <i>whole</i>—hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, holiness, whole, wholesome.</p> + <p><b>hám</b>, <i>a dwelling</i>—hamlet, home, homely, homeliness.</p> + <p><b>hangian</b>, <i>to hang</i>—hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang.</p> + <p><b>hát</b>, <i>heat</i>—heat, heater, hot.</p> + <p><b>healdan</b>, <i>to hold</i>—halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, withhold.</p> + <p><b>heard</b>, <i>hard</i>—harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy.</p> + <p><b>hebban</b>, <i>to lift</i>—heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval.</p> + <p><b>hédan</b>, <i>to heed</i>—heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness.</p> + <p><b>heorte</b>, <i>the heart</i>—hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, dishearten.</p> + <p><b>hláf</b>, <i>bread</i>—loaf.</p> + <p><b>hleapan</b>, <i>to leap</i>—leap, overleap, elope, elopement.</p> + <p><b>hol</b>, <i>a hole</i>—hole, hold (<i>of a ship</i>), hollow, hollowness.</p> + <p><b>hristlan</b>, <i>to make quick sounds</i>—rustle, rustling.</p> + <p><b>huntian</b>, <i>to rush</i>—hunt, hunter, huntsman.</p> + <p><b>hús</b>, <i>house</i>—housewife, husband, hustings.</p> + <p><b>hweorfan</b>, <i>to turn</i>—swerve, wharf.</p> + <p><b>hŭran</b>, <i>to hear</i>—hear, hearer, hearsay.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>lǽdan</b>, <i>to lead</i>—lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead.</p> + <p><b>lĉfan</b>, <i>to leave</i>—left, eleven, twelve.</p> + <p><b>lǽran</b>, <i>to teach</i>—learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned.</p> + <p><b>lang</b>, <i>long</i>—long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger.</p> + <p><b>lecgan</b>, <i>to lay</i>—lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw.</p> + <p><b>leofian</b>, <b>lybban</b>, <i>to live</i>—live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, outlive.</p> + <p><b>leoht</b>, <i>light</i>—lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten.</p> + <p><b>líc</b>, <i>like</i>—like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike.</p> + <p><b>locian</b>, <i>to stretch forward</i>—look.</p> + <p><b>loma</b>, <i>utensils</i>, <i>furniture</i>—loom, hand-loom, power-loom.</p> + <p><b>losian</b>, <i>to lose</i>—lose, loser, loss.</p> + <p><b>lúf</b>, <i>love</i>; <b>lufian</b>, <i>to love</i>—lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, unlovely.</p> + <p><b>lyfan</b>, <i>to permit</i>—leave (<i>permission</i>), belief, believe, believer, misbelieve.</p> + <p><b>lyft</b>, <i>the air</i>—loft, lofty, aloft.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>macian</b>, <i>to make</i>—make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate.</p> + <p><b>mĉngan</b>, <i>to mix</i>—among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel.</p> + <p><b>magan</b>, <i>to be able</i>—may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay.</p> + <p><b>mearc</b>, <i>a boundary</i>—mark, marksman, marches, remark.</p> + <p><b>metan</b>, <i>to measure</i>—meet, meeting, meet (<i>fit</i>), meetness.</p> + <p><b>mund</b>, <i>a defence</i>—mound.</p> + <p><b>murnan</b>, <i>to murmur</i>—mourn, mourner, mournful.</p> + <p><b>mynd</b>, <i>the mind</i>—mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>nĉs</b>, <i>a nose</i>—naze, ness.</p> + <p><b>nama</b>, <i>a name</i>—name, nameless, namesake, misname.</p> + <p><b>nead</b>, <i>need</i>—need, needful, needless, needs, needy.</p> + <p><b>neah</b>, <i>nigh</i>—near, next, neighbor.</p> + <p><b>niht</b>, <i>night</i>—night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>oga</b>, <i>dread</i>—ugly, ugliness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>pĉth</b>, <i>a path</i>—pathless, pathway, footpath.</p> + <p><b>plegan</b>, <i>to exercise</i>, <i>to sport</i>—play, player, playful, playmate.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>rĉcan</b>, <i>to reach</i>—reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent.</p> + <p><b>rǽdan</b>, <i>to read</i>—read, readable, reader, reading, riddle.</p> + <p><b>read</b>, <i>red</i>—red, redden, ruddy.</p> + <p><b>reafian</b>, <i>to seize</i>—bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, robber, robbery, rove, rover.</p> + <p><b>recan</b>, <i>to heed</i>—reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning.</p> + <p><b>rídan</b>, <i>to ride</i>—ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead.</p> + <p><b>rinnan</b>, <i>to run</i>—run, runner, runaway, outrun.</p> + <p><b>ripan</b>, <i>to reap</i>—reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe.</p> + <p><b>ruh</b>, <i>rough</i>—rough, roughness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>sĉgan</b>, <i>to say</i>—say, saying, hearsay, unsay.</p> + <p><b>sar</b>, <i>painful</i>—sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry.</p> + <p><b>scacan</b>, <i>to shake</i>—shake, shaky, shock, shocking.</p> + <p><b>sceadan</b>, <i>to shade</i>—shade, shady, shadow, shed (<i>a covered enclosure</i>).</p> + <p><b>scedan</b>, <i>to scatter</i>, <i>to shed</i>—shed (<i>to spill</i>), watershed.</p> + <p><b>sceofan</b>, <i>to push</i>—shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf.</p> + <p><b>sceótan</b>, <i>to shoot</i>—shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, undershot, upshot.</p> + <p><b>scéran</b>, <i>to cut</i>—scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire.</p> + <p><b>scínan</b>, <i>to shine</i>—sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine.</p> + <p><b>screopan</b>, <i>to creak</i>—scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book.</p> + <p><b>scrob</b>, <i>a bush</i>—shrub, shrubbery.</p> + <p><b>scyppan</b>, <i>to form</i>—shape, shapeless, landscape.</p> + <p><b>sellan</b>, <i>to give</i>—sale, sell, sold.</p> + <p><b>seon</b>, <i>to see</i>—see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze.</p> + <p><b>settan</b>, <i>to set</i>; <b>sittan</b>, <i>to sit</i>—set, setter, settle, settler, settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset.</p> + <p><b>síde</b>, <i>side</i>—side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside.</p> + <p><b>singan</b>, <i>to sing</i>—sing, singer, song.</p> + <p><b>slĉc</b>, <i>slack</i>—slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish.</p> + <p><b>sleán</b>, <i>to slay</i>—slay, slaughter, sledge (<i>a heavy hammer</i>).</p> + <p><b>slidan</b>, <i>to slide</i>—slide, sled, sledge.</p> + <p><b>slipan</b>, <i>to glide</i>—slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod.</p> + <p><b>smitan</b>, <i>to smite</i>—smite, smiter, smith, smithy.</p> + <p><b>snican</b>, <i>to creep</i>—snake, sneak.</p> + <p><b>socc</b>, <i>a shoe</i>—sock, socket.</p> + <p><b>soft</b>, <i>soft</i>—soften, softly, softness.</p> + <p><b>soth</b>, <i>true</i>—sooth, soothsayer.</p> + <p><b>specan</b>, <i>to speak</i>—speak, speaker, speech, bespeak.</p> + <p><b>spell</b>, <i>a message</i>—spell (<i>discourse</i>), gospel.</p> + <p><b>spinnan</b>, <i>to spin</i>—spinner, spider.</p> + <p><b>stán</b>, <i>a stone</i>—stony, stoneware.</p> + <p><b>standan</b>, <i>to stand</i>—standard, understand, understanding, withstand.</p> + <p><b>steall</b>, <i>a place</i>—stall, forestall, install, pedestal.</p> + <p><b>steorfan</b>, <i>to die</i>—starve, starvation, starveling.</p> + <p><b>stician</b>, <i>to stick</i>—stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, stock, stockade, stocking.</p> + <p><b>stigan</b>, <i>to ascend</i>—stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty.</p> + <p><b>streccan</b>, <i>to stretch</i>—stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, straightness, outstretch, overstretch.</p> + <p><b>stŭran</b>, <i>to steer</i>—steer, steerage, steersman, stern (<i>the hind part of a ship</i>), astern.</p> + <p><b>stŭrian</b>, <i>to stir</i>—stir, bestir.</p> + <p><b>súr</b>, <i>sour</i>—sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness.</p> + <p><b>swerian</b>, <i>to swear</i>—swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered.</p> + <p><b>swét</b>, <i>sweet</i>—sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>táecan</b>, <i>to show, to teach</i>—teach, teachable, teacher.</p> + <p><b>tellan</b>, <i>to count</i>—tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell.</p> + <p><b>thincan</b>, <i>to seem</i>; pret. thuh-te, <i>methinks</i>, <i>methought</i>.</p> + <p><b>thringan</b>, <i>to press</i>—throng.</p> + <p><b>thyr</b>, <i>dry</i>—thirst, thirsty.</p> + <p><b>treowe</b>, <i>true</i>—true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, trusty.</p> + <p><b>twa</b>, <i>two</i>—twice, twine, twist, between, entwine.</p> + <p><b>tyrnan</b>, <i>to turn</i>—turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, return, upturn.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>wacan</b>, <i>to awake</i>—wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, watchfulness, watchman.</p> + <p><b>warnian</b>, <i>to defend</i>, <i>to beware</i>—warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, aware, beware.</p> + <p><b>wearm</b>, <i>glowing</i>—warm, warmth.</p> + <p><b>wegan</b>, <i>to move</i>—wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, weighty.</p> + <p><b>weordh</b>, <i>worth</i>—worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy.</p> + <p><b>werian</b>, <i>to cover</i>—wear, wearable, weary, wearisome.</p> + <p><b>winnan</b>, <i>to labor</i>—win, won.</p> + <p><b>witan</b>, <i>to know</i>—wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty.</p> + <p><b>wringan</b>, <i>to twist</i>—wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle.</p> + <p><b>writhan</b>, <i>to twist</i>—wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, wrong.</p> + <p><b>wunian</b>, <i>to dwell</i>—wont, wonted.</p> + <p><b>wyrm</b>, <i>a worm, a serpent</i>—worm.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="IV.B"></a> +<h3>Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally +translated into Modern English.</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>EXTRACT FROM CĈDMON'S PARAPHRASE.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Cĉdmon: died about 680.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nu we sceolan herian</p> + <p>heofon-rices weard,</p> + <p>metodes mihte,</p> + <p>and his mod-ge-thonc,</p> + <p>wera wuldor-fĉder!</p> + <p>swa he wundra ge-hwĉs,</p> + <p>ece dryhten,</p> + <p>oord onstealde.</p> + <p>He ĉrest ge-scéop</p> + <p>ylda bearnum</p> + <p>heofon to hrófe,</p> + <p>halig scyppend!</p> + <p>tha middan-geard</p> + <p>mon-cynnes weard,</p> + <p>ece dryhten,</p> + <p>ĉfter teode,</p> + <p>firum foldan,</p> + <p>frea ĉlmihtig!</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Now we shall praise</p> + <p>the guardian of heaven,</p> + <p>the might of the creator,</p> + <p>and his mind's thought,</p> + <p>the glory-father of men!</p> + <p>how he of all wonders,</p> + <p>the eternal lord,</p> + <p>formed the beginning.</p> + <p>He first created</p> + <p>for the children of men</p> + <p>heaven as a roof,</p> + <p>the holy creator!</p> + <p>them the world</p> + <p>the guardian of mankind</p> + <p>the eternal lord,</p> + <p>produced afterwards,</p> + <p>the earth for men,</p> + <p>the almighty master!</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Bede: died 735.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>For tham ned-fere</p> + <p>neni wirtheth</p> + <p>thances suotera</p> + <p>thonne him thearf sy,</p> + <p>to ge-hicgeune</p> + <p>er his heonon-gange</p> + <p>hwet his gaste</p> + <p>godes othe yveles</p> + <p>efter deathe heonon</p> + <p>demed weorthe.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Before the necessary journey</p> + <p>no one becomes</p> + <p>more prudent in thought</p> + <p>than is needful to him,</p> + <p>to search out</p> + <p>before his going hence</p> + <p>what to his spirit</p> + <p>of good or of evil</p> + <p>after his death hence</p> + <p>will be judged.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE—Tenth Century.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <p>Tha feng Ĉlfred Ĉthelwulfing to West-Seaxna rice; and thĉs ymb ĉnne + monath gefeaht Ĉlfred cyning with ealne thone here lytle werode ĉt + Wiltoune, and hine lange on dĉg geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton + wĉl-stowe geweald. And thĉs geares wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten with + thone here on tham cyne-rice be suthan Temese, butan tham the him Ĉlfred, + and ealdormen, and cyninges thegnas oft rada onridon the man na ne rimde. + And thĉs geares wĉron of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an cyning; and thy + geare namon West-Seaxan frith with thone here.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf to the West Saxon's kingdom; and + that after one month fought Alfred king against all the army with a + little band at Wilton, and them long during the day routed and then the + Danes obtained of the battle-field possession. And this year were nine + great battles fought with the army in the kingdom to the south of the + Thames, besides those in which Alfred, and the alder-men, and the king's + thanes oft inrode—against which one nothing accounted. And this + year were slain nine earls and one king; and this year made the + West-Saxons peace with the army.</p> +</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS—Eleventh Century.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> +<p class="center">LUCĈ, Cap. I. v. 5-10.</p> + + <p>5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, wĉs sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, + of Abian tune: and his wif wĉs of Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama wĉs + Elizabeth.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> +<p class="center">LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10.</p> + + <p>5. In the days of Herod the king of Judea, there was a certain priest + by name Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the + daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>6. Sothlice hig wĉron butu rihtwise beforan Gode, gangende on eallum + his bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan wrohte.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>6. And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the + commandments and ordinances of the Lord without blame.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>7. And hig nĉfdon nan bearn, fortham the Elizabeth wĉs unberende; and + hig on heora dagum butu forth-eodon.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>7. And they had no child, because that Elizabeth was barren; and they + in her days were both of great age.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>8. Sothlice wĉs geworden tha Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on his + gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan Gode,</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>8. And it befell that when Zacharias should do the office of the + priesthood in the order of his course before God,</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>9. Ĉfter gewunan thĉs sacerdhades hlotes, he eode that he his + offrunge sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>9. After the custom of the priesthood he went forth by lot, to burn + incense when he into God's temple went.</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>10. Eall werod thĉs folces wĉs ute gebiddende on thĉre offrunge + timan.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>10. And all the multitude of the people were without praying at the + time of incense.</p> +</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>THE LORD'S PRAYER.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <p>Fĉder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume + thin rice; geweordhe thin willa on eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge + dĉghwamlican hlaf syle us to-dĉg; and forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we + forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne gelĉde thu us on costnunge, ac alys us + of yfle, etc.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>Father our, thou who art in heaven; be thine name hallowed; let come + thine kingdom; let be done thine will on earth, so as in the heavens. Our + also daily bread give thou us to-day; and forgive thou to us our debts, + so as we forgive our debtors; and not lead thou us into temptations, but + deliver thou us from evil, etc.</p> +</td></tr></table> + +<a name="IV.C"></a> +<h3><b>Specimens of Semi-Saxon and Early English.</b></h3> + +<p class="center"><i>EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON—About 1180.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>He nom tha Englisca boc</p> + <p>Tha makede Seint Beda;</p> + <p>An other he nom on Latin,</p> + <p>Tha makede Seinte Albin,</p> + <p>And the feire Austin,</p> + <p>The fulluht broute hider in.</p> + <p>Boc he nom the thridde,</p> + <p>Leide ther amidden,</p> + <p>Tha makede a Frenchis clerc,</p> + <p>Wace was ihoten,</p> + <p>The wel couthe writen,</p> + <p>And he hoc yef thare aethelen</p> + <p>Allienor, the wes Henries quene,</p> + <p>Thes heyes kinges.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <div class="noflo"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>He took the English book</p> + <p>That Saint Bede made;</p> + <p>Another he took in Latin,</p> + <p>That Saint Albin made,</p> + <p>And the fair Austin,</p> + <p>That baptism brought hither in.</p> + <p>The third book he took,</p> + <p><i>And</i> laid there in midst,</p> + <p>That made a French clerk,</p> + <p>Wace was <i>he</i> called,</p> + <p>That well could write,</p> + <p>And he it gave to the noble</p> + <p>Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen,</p> + <p>The high king's.</p> + </div> + </div> +</td></tr></table> + +<p class="center"><i>EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.—1258.</i></p> + + +<table border="1" width="100%"><tr><td class="t" width="49%"> + <p>Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on + Yrloand, Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on Anjou, send I greting, to + alle hise holde, ilĉrde and ilewede on Huntindonnschiere. Thĉt witen ge + wel alle, hĉt we willen and unnen thĉt ure rĉdesmen alle, other the moare + del of heom, thĉt beoth ichosen thurg us and thurg thĉt loandes-folk on + ure kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen don in the worthnes of God, and + ure treowthe, for the freme of the loande, etc.</p> +</td> +<td class="tbar" width="48%"> + <p>Henry, through God's support, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke + of Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of Anjou, sends greeting to all his + subjects, learned and unlearned, of Huntingdonshire. This know ye well + all, that we will and grant what our counsellors all, or the more part of + them, that be chosen through us and through the landfolk of our kingdom, + have done, and shall do, to the honor of God, and our allegiance, for the + good of the land, etc.</p> +</td></tr></table> + +<a name="IV.D"></a> +<h3>Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English.</h3> + + <p>That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the + employment of Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have + some clue to direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following + extracts, embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to + his attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in <i>Italics</i>.</p> + +<p class="center">MILTON.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">Of man's first <i>disobedience</i>, and the <i>fruit</i></p> + <p>Of that forbidden tree, whose <i>mortal taste</i></p> + <p>Brought death into the world, and all our woe,</p> + <p>With loss of <i>Eden</i>, till one greater man</p> + <p><i>Restore</i> us and <i>regain</i> the blissful seat—</p> + <p>Sing, heavenly <i>Muse</i>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">With thee <i>conversing</i>, I forget all time,</p> + <p>All <i>seasons</i>, and their <i>change</i>; all <i>please</i> alike.</p> + <p>Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet,</p> + <p>With <i>charm</i> of earliest birds; <i>pleasant</i> the sun</p> + <p>When first on this <i>delightful</i> land he spreads</p> + <p>His <i>orient</i> beams on <i>herb</i>, tree, <i>fruit</i>, and <i>flower</i>,</p> + <p>Glistering with dew; <i>fragrant</i> the <i>fertile</i> earth,</p> + <p>After soft showers; and sweet the coming on</p> + <p>Of <i>grateful</i> evening mild; then <i>silent</i> night</p> + <p>With this her <i>solemn</i> bird, and this fair moon,</p> + <p>And these the <i>gems</i> of heaven, her starry <i>train</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">SHAKESPEARE.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">To be, or not to be, that is the <i>question</i>;</p> + <p>Whether 't is <i>nobler</i> in the mind to <i>suffer</i></p> + <p>The stings and arrows of <i>outrageous fortune</i>,</p> + <p>Or to take <i>arms</i> against a sea of <i>troubles</i>,</p> + <p>And, by <i>opposing</i>, end them? To die, to sleep;</p> + <p>No more;—and by a sleep to say we end</p> + <p>The heart<i>ache</i> and the thousand <i>natural</i> shocks</p> + <p>That flesh is <i>heir</i> to! 't were a <i>consummation</i></p> + <p><i>Devoutly</i> to be wished. To die; to sleep;</p> + <p>To sleep?—<i>perchance</i> to dream!</p> + </div> + </div> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">All the world's a <i>stage</i>,</p> + <p>And all the men and women <i>merely</i> players.</p> + <p>They have their <i>exits</i> and their <i>entrances</i>,</p> + <p>And one man in his time plays many <i>parts</i>;</p> + <p>His <i>acts</i> being seven <i>ages</i>. At first the <i>infant</i>,</p> + <p>Mewling and puking in his <i>nurse's arms</i>.</p> + <p>And then the whining <i>school</i>-boy, with his <i>satchel</i></p> + <p>And shining morning <i>face</i>, creeping like snail</p> + <p>Unwillingly to <i>school</i>. And then the lover,</p> + <p>Sighing like <i>furnace</i>, with a woeful <i>ballad</i></p> + <p>Made to his <i>mistress'</i> eyebrow. Then a <i>soldier</i>,</p> + <p>Full of <i>strange</i> oaths, and bearded like the <i>pard</i>,</p> + <p><i>Jealous</i> in <i>honour</i>, <i>sudden</i> and quick in <i>quarrel</i>;</p> + <p>Seeking the bubble <i>reputation</i></p> + <p>Even in the <i>cannon's</i> mouth.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE.</p> + + <p>In the beginning God <i>created</i> the heaven and the earth. And the + earth was without <i>form</i>, and <i>void</i>; and darkness was upon the + <i>face</i> of the deep: and the <i>Spirit</i> of God <i>moved</i> upon + the <i>face</i> of the waters. And God said, Let there be light; and + there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God + <i>divided</i> the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, + and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were + the first day.—<i>Genesis</i> i. 1-6.</p> + + <p>And it came to <i>pass</i>, that when <i>Isaac</i> was old, and his + eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called <i>Esau</i>, his + eldest son, and said unto him, My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here + am I. And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death. + Now therefore take, I <i>pray</i> thee, thy weapons, thy <i>quiver</i> + and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some <i>venison</i>; + and make me <i>savoury</i> meat, such as I love, and bring it to me, that + I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And <i>Rebekah</i> + heard when <i>Isaac</i> spake to <i>Esau</i> his son. And <i>Esau</i> + went to the field to hunt for <i>venison</i>, and to bring it. And + <i>Rebekah</i> spake unto <i>Jacob</i> her son, saying, Behold, I heard + thy father speak unto <i>Esau</i> thy brother, saying, Bring me + <i>venison</i>, and make me <i>savoury</i> meat, that I may eat, and + bless thee before the Lord before my death.—<i>Genesis</i> xxvii. + 1-7.</p> + +<p class="center">THOMSON.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">These as they <i>change</i>, Almighty Father! these</p> + <p>Are but the <i>varied</i> God. The <i>rolling</i> year</p> + <p>Is full of thee. Forth in the <i>pleasing</i> spring</p> + <p>Thy <i>beauty</i> walks, thy <i>tenderness</i> and love.</p> + <p>Wide flush the fields; the softening <i>air</i> is <i>balm</i>;</p> + <p><i>Echo</i> the <i>mountains round</i>; the <i>forest</i> smiles;</p> + <p>And every <i>sense</i> and every heart is <i>joy</i>.</p> + <p>Then comes thy <i>glory</i> in the summer months,</p> + <p>With light and heat <i>refulgent</i>. Then thy sun</p> + <p>Shoots full <i>perfection</i> through the swelling year.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">ADDISON.</p> + + <p>I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the + night <i>insensibly</i> fell upon me. I at first <i>amused</i> myself + with all the richness and <i>variety</i> of <i>colours</i> which + <i>appeared</i> in the western <i>parts</i> of heaven. In + <i>proportion</i> as they <i>faded</i> away and went out, <i>several</i> + stars and <i>planets appeared</i>, one after another, till the whole + <i>firmament</i> was in a glow. The blueness of the <i>ether</i> was + <i>exceedingly</i> heightened and enlivened by the <i>season</i> of the + year.</p> + +<p class="center">YOUNG.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Let <i>Indians</i>, and the <i>gay</i>, like <i>Indians</i>, fond</p> + <p>Of feathered <i>fopperies</i>, the sun <i>adore</i>:</p> + <p>Darkness has more <i>divinity</i> for me;</p> + <p>It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul</p> + <p>To settle on herself, our <i>point supreme</i>.</p> + <p>There lies our <i>theater</i>: there sits our <i>judge</i>.</p> + <p>Darkness the <i>curtain</i> drops o'er life's dull <i>scene</i>:</p> + <p>'T is the kind hand of <i>Providence</i> stretched out</p> + <p>'Twixt man and <i>vanity</i>; 't is <i>reason's reign</i>,</p> + <p>And <i>virtue's</i> too; these <i>tutelary</i> shades</p> + <p>Are man's <i>asylum</i> from the <i>tainted</i> throng.</p> + <p>Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too.</p> + <p>It no less <i>rescues virtue</i>, than <i>inspires</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">SWIFT.</p> + + <p>Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last <i>cost</i> you + the <i>pains</i> to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer + has the thicker, homelier, and the <i>coarser coat</i>; and whereof, to a + <i>judicious palate</i>, the <i>maggots</i> are the best. 'Tis a <i>sack + posset</i>, wherein the deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But + then, lastly, 'tis a nut, which, unless you choose with <i>judgment</i>, + may <i>cost</i> you a tooth, and <i>pay</i> you with nothing but a + worm.</p> + +<p class="center">HUME.</p> + + <p>The <i>beauties</i> of her <i>person</i> and <i>graces</i> of her + <i>air combined</i> to make her the most <i>amiable</i> of women; and the + <i>charms</i> of her <i>address</i> and <i>conversation aided</i> the + <i>impression</i> which her lovely <i>figure</i> made on the heart of all + beholders. <i>Ambitious</i> and <i>active</i> in her <i>temper</i>, yet + <i>inclined</i> to <i>cheerfulness</i> and <i>society</i>; of a lofty + <i>spirit</i>, <i>constant</i> and even <i>vehement</i> in her + <i>purpose</i>, yet <i>politic, gentle</i>, and <i>affable</i>, in her + <i>demeanor</i>, she <i>seemed</i> to <i>par</i>take only so much of the + <i>male virtues</i> as to <i>render</i> her <i>estimable</i>, without + <i>relinquishing</i> those soft <i>graces</i> which <i>compose</i> the + <i>proper ornament</i> of her <i>sex</i>.</p> + +<p class="center">GIBBON.</p> + + <p>In the <i>second century</i> of the <i>Christian era</i>, the + <i>empire</i> of <i>Rome comprehended</i> the fairest <i>part</i> of the + earth, and the most <i>civilized portion</i> of mankind. The + <i>frontiers</i> of that <i>extensive monarchy</i> were guarded by + <i>ancient renown</i>, and <i>disciplined valour</i>. The <i>gentle</i> + but <i>powerful influence</i> of laws and <i>manners</i> had <i>gradually + cemented</i> the <i>union</i> of the <i>provinces</i>. Their <i>peaceful + inhabitants enjoyed</i> and <i>abused</i> the <i>advantages</i> of wealth + and <i>luxury</i>. The <i>image</i> of a free <i>constitution</i> was + <i>preserved</i> with <i>decent reverence</i>.</p> + +<p class="center">JOHNSON.</p> + + <p>Of <i>genius</i>, that <i>power</i> which <i>constitutes</i> a + <i>poet</i>; that <i>quality</i> without which <i>judgment</i> is cold, + and knowledge is <i>inert</i>; that <i>energy</i> which <i>collects</i>, + <i>combines</i>, <i>amplifies</i>, and <i>animates</i>; the + <i>superiority</i> must, with some <i>hesitation</i>, be <i>allowed</i> + to Dryden. It is not to be <i>inferred</i> that of this <i>poetical vigor + Pope</i> had only a little, <i>because</i> Dryden had more; for every + other writer since Milton must give <i>place</i> to <i>Pope</i>; and even + of Dryden it must be said, that if he has brighter <i>paragraphs</i>, he + has not better <i>poems</i>.</p> + +<p class="center">BYRON.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Ancient</i> of days! <i>august Athena!</i> where,</p> + <p>Where are thy men of might—thy <i>grand</i> in soul?</p> + <p>Gone—glimmering through the dream of things that were.</p> + <p>First in the race that led to <i>Glory's goal</i>,</p> + <p>They won, and <i>passed</i> away. Is this the whole?</p> + <p>A <i>school</i>-boy's tale—the wonder of an <i>hour</i>!</p> + <p>The warrior's-weapon and the <i>sophist's stole</i></p> + <p>Are sought in <i>vain</i>, and o'er each <i>mouldering</i> tower,</p> + <p>Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of <i>power</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">SIR WALTER SCOTT.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The way was long, the wind was cold,</p> + <p>The <i>Minstrel</i> was <i>infirm</i> and old;</p> + <p>His withered cheek and <i>tresses</i> gray</p> + <p><i>Seemed</i> to have known a better day;</p> + <p>The harp, his <i>sole remaining joy</i>,</p> + <p>Was carried by an <i>orphan</i> boy.</p> + <p>The last of all the bards was he</p> + <p>Who sung of border <i>chivalry</i>;</p> + <p>For, well-a-day! their <i>dale</i> was fled;</p> + <p>His <i>tune</i>ful brethren all were dead;</p> + <p>And he, <i>neglected</i> and <i>oppressed</i>,</p> + <p>Wished to be with them and at rest.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">WORDSWORTH.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ah! little doth the young one dream,</p> + <p>When full of play and childish cares,</p> + <p>What <i>power</i> is in his wildest scream,</p> + <p>Heard by his mother unawares!</p> + <p>He knows it not, he cannot guess;</p> + <p>Years to a mother bring <i>distress</i>;</p> + <p>But do not make her love the less.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>My son, if thou be <i>humbled</i>, <i>poor</i>,</p> + <p>Hopeless of <i>honor</i> and of <i>gain</i>,</p> + <p>Oh! do not dread thy mother's door;</p> + <p>Think not of me with <i>grief</i> and <i>pain</i>.</p> + <p>I now can see with better eyes;</p> + <p>And worldly <i>grandeur</i> I <i>despise</i>,</p> + <p>And <i>Fortune</i> with her gifts and lies.</p> + </div> + </div> +<p class="center">TENNYSON.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Not wholly in the busy world, nor <i>quite</i></p> + <p>Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love.</p> + <p>News from the humming <i>city</i> comes to it</p> + <p>In <i>sound</i> of <i>funeral</i> or of <i>marriage</i> bells;</p> + <p>And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear</p> + <p>The windy clanging of the winter clock;</p> + <p>Although between it and the garden lies</p> + <p>A <i>league</i> of grass, washed by a slow broad stream,</p> + <p>That, stirred with <i>languid pulses</i> of the oar,</p> + <p>Waves all its lazy <i>lilies</i>, and creeps on,</p> + <p>Barge laden, to three <i>arches</i> of a bridge,</p> + <p><i>Crowned</i> with the <i>minster-towers</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<a name="V.I.1"></a> +<h2>PART V.—MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.</h2> + +<h3>I.—WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS.</h3> + +<h3>1.—NOUNS.</h3> + + <p><b>at'las</b>, <i>a collection of maps bound together</i>: "Atlas," a + fabled giant who, according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his + shoulders.</p> + + <p><b>acad'emy</b>, <i>a superior grade school, a society of learned + men</i>: "Academus," a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught.</p> + + <p><b>ammo'nia</b>, <i>the pungent matter of smelling salts</i>: "Jupiter + Ammon," near whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained.</p> + + <p><b>bac'chanal</b>, <i>one who indulges in drunken revels</i>: + "Bacchus," the god of wine.</p> + + <p><b>bow'ie knife</b>, <i>an American weapon</i>: Colonel "Bowie," the + inventor.</p> + + <p><b>braggado'cio</b>, <i>a vain boaster</i>: "Braggadochio," a boastful + character in Spenser's Faery Queen.</p> + + <p><b>bud'dhism</b>, <i>a wide-spread Asiatic religion</i>: "Buddha," a + Hindoo sage who lived about 1000 B.C.</p> + + <p><b>cal'vinism</b>, <i>the doctrines of Calvin</i>: "Calvin," a Swiss + theologian of the 16th century.</p> + + <p><b>camel'lia</b>, <i>a genus of evergreen shrubs</i>: "Camelli," a + Spaniard who brought them from Asia.</p> + + <p><b>cicero'ne</b> (sis e-ro'ne or chĭ chĕ-ro'-ne), <i>a + guide</i>: "Cicero," the Roman orator.</p> + + <p><b>cincho'na</b>, <i>Peruvian bark</i>: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a + Spanish governor of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she + was cured of an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she + aided in the diffusion of the remedy.</p> + + <p><b>daguerre'otype</b>, <i>a picture produced on a metal plate</i>: + "Daguerre," the inventor (1789-1851).</p> + + <p><b>dahl'ia</b>, <i>a garden plant</i>: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist.</p> + + <p><b>dunce</b>, <i>a dull, slow-witted person</i>: "Duns Scotus," a + subtle philosopher of the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very + popular in the schools during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful + hair-splitter was called a Dunse; but at last, through the influence of + the antagonists of the philosopher, the word passed into a term of + reproach.</p> + + <p><b>ep'icure</b>, <i>one fond of good living</i>: "Epicurus," a Greek + philosopher who was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good.</p> + + <p><b>Fah'renheit</b>, <i>a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of + water at</i> 32° (which is different from both the centigrade and the + Reaumur thermometer): "Fahrenheit," the inventor.</p> + + <p><b>fuchsia</b> (fu'sĭ-a), <i>a genus of flowering plants</i>: + "Leonard Fuchs," a German botanist of the 16th century.</p> + + <p><b>gal'vanism</b>, <i>a branch of the science of electricity</i>: + "Galvani," an Italian physician, its discoverer.</p> + + <p><b>gen'tian</b>, <i>a medicinal root</i>: "Gentian," king of Illyria, + who is said to have first experienced the virtues of the plant.</p> + + <p><b>gob'elin</b>, <i>a rich tapestry</i>: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish + dyer.</p> + + <p><b>guillotine'</b>, <i>an instrument for beheading</i>: "Guillotin," + who invented and brought it into use at the time of the French + Revolution, last century.</p> + + <p><b>hy'giene</b>, <i>the principles and rules of health</i>: "Hygeia," + the goddess of health in classical mythology.</p> + + <p><b>Jes'uit</b>, <i>a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by + Ignatius Loyola in</i> 1534: "Jesus."</p> + + <p><b>lynch</b>, <i>to punish without the usual forms of law</i>: said to + be from "Lynch," a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own + hands.</p> + + <p><b>macad'amize</b>, <i>to cover a road with small broken stones</i>: + "Macadam," the inventor.</p> + + <p><b>magno'lia</b>, <i>a species of trees found in the southern parts of + the United States</i>: "Magnol," a French botanist.</p> + + <p><b>men'tor</b>, <i>a faithful monitor</i>: "Mentor," the counselor of + Telemachus.</p> + + <p><b>mor'phia</b>, <i>the narcotic principle of opium</i>: "Morpheus," + the god of sleep.</p> + + <p><b>ne'gus</b>, <i>a mixture of wine, water, and sugar</i>: Colonel + "Negus," who introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne.</p> + + <p><b>or'rery</b>, <i>an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the + heavenly bodies</i>: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was + made.</p> + + <p><b>palla'dium</b>, <i>something that affords effectual defense, + protection, and safety</i>: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas + Athene," which was kept hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of + the safety of the town where it was lodged.</p> + + <p><b>pan'ic</b>, <i>a sudden fright</i>: "Pan," the god of shepherds, + who is said to have caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance.</p> + + <p><b>pe'ony</b>, <i>a plant of the genus</i> PĈONIA, <i>having beautiful + showy flowers</i>: "Pĉon," its discoverer.</p> + + <p><b>pet'rel</b>, <i>an ocean bird</i>: diminutive of Peter, probably so + called in allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea.</p> + + <p><b>pha'eton</b>, <i>an open carriage</i>: "Phaethon," the fabled son + of Phœbus or the Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive.</p> + + <p><b>pinch'beck</b>, <i>an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold</i>: + said to be from one "Pinchbeck," the inventor.</p> + + <p><b>quas'sia</b>, <i>a bitter wood used as a tonic</i>: "Quassy," a + negro who discovered its qualities.</p> + + <p><b>rodomontade'</b>, <i>vainbluster</i>: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero + who figures in Ariosto's poem of the <i>Orlando Furioso</i>.</p> + + <p><b>silhouette</b> (sil oo et'), <i>the outline of an object filled in + with black color</i>: "Silhouette" (see Webster).</p> + + <p><b>tan'talize</b>, <i>to torment or tease</i>: "Tantalus," according + to the poets, an ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the + chin in water with fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both + receded when he wished to partake.</p> + + <p><b>typhoon'</b>, <i>a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese + seas</i>: "Typhon," a fabled giant who was taught to produce them.</p> + + <p><b>volca'no</b>, <i>a burning mountain</i>: "Vulcan," the god of + fire.</p> + +<a name="V.I.2"></a> +<h3>2.—ADJECTIVES.</h3> + + <p><b>Amer'ican</b>, <i>relating to America</i>: from "Amerigo (Latin, + <i>Americus</i>) Vespucci"—contemporary of Columbus.</p> + + <p><b>A'rian</b>, <i>relating to Arius</i>: a theologian of the 4th + century who denied the divinity of Christ.</p> + + <p><b>Aristote'lian</b>, <i>relating to the deductive method of reasoning + set forth by Aristotle</i>: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century + B.C.</p> + + <p><b>Armin'ian</b>, <i>relating to Arminius</i>: a Dutch theologian of + the 16th century, who opposed the doctrines of Calvin.</p> + + <p><b>Baco'nian</b>, <i>relating to the inductive method of reasoning set + forth by Bacon</i>: an English philosopher of the 17th century.</p> + + <p><b>Carte'sian</b>, <i>relating to the philosophy of Descartes</i>: a + French philosopher of the 17th century.</p> + + <p><b>ce'real</b>, <i>relating to grain</i>: from "Ceres"—the Roman + goddess of corn and tillage.</p> + + <p><b>Coper'nican</b>, <i>relating to Copernicus</i>: a German + philosopher of the 16th century, who taught the theory of the solar + system now received, and called the <i>Copernican system</i>.</p> + + <p><b>Eliz'abethan</b>, <i>relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of + England</i>: (1558-1603).</p> + + <p><b>Eo'lian</b>, <i>relating to the wind</i>: from "Ĉolus"—the + god of the winds in classic mythology.</p> + + <p><b>Eras'tian</b>, <i>relating to Erastus</i>:—a German + theologian of the 16th century, who maintained that the Church is wholly + dependent on the State for support or authority.</p> + + <p><b>Escula'pian</b>, <i>relating to the healing art</i>: from + "Esculapius"—the god of the healing art among the Greeks.</p> + + <p><b>Gor'dian</b>, <i>intricate, complicated, difficult</i>: from + "Gordius"—king of Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be + untied.</p> + + <p><b>Hercule'an</b>, <i>very large and strong</i>: from + "Hercules"—a hero of antiquity celebrated for his strength.</p> + + <p><b>hermet'ic</b>, <i>relating to Hermes</i>—the fabled inventor + of alchemy; adv., <b>hermetically</b>, <i>in a perfectly close + manner</i>.</p> + + <p><b>Hudibras'tic</b>, <i>in the manner of the satirical poem called + Hudibras</i>, by Samuel Butler (1612-1680).</p> + + <p><b>jo'vial</b>, <i>gay, merry</i>: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),—the + planet of that name having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those + who were born under it of a joyous temper.</p> + + <p><b>Linnĉ'an</b>, <i>relating to Linnĉus</i>—the celebrated + Swedish botanist.</p> + + <p><b>Lu'theran</b>, <i>relating to the doctrines of Luther</i>—a + German religious teacher of the 16th century.</p> + + <p><b>Machiavel'ian</b>, <i>cunning and sinister in politics</i>: from + "Machiaveli"—an Italian writer of the 15th century.</p> + + <p><b>mercu'rial</b>, <i>active, sprightly</i>—having the qualities + fabled to belong to the god "Mercury."</p> + + <p><b>Mosa'ic</b>, <i>relating to Moses, his writings or his + time</i>.</p> + + <p><b>Newto'nian</b>, <i>relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his + philosophy</i>.</p> + + <p><b>Pindar'ic</b>, <i>after the style and manner of Pindar</i>—a + lyric poet of Greece.</p> + + <p><b>platon'ic</b>, <i>relating to the opinions or the school of + Plato</i>,—a philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C.</p> + + <p><b>Pluton'ic</b>, <i>relating to the interior of the earth, or to the + Plutonic theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire</i>: + from "Pluto"—in classic mythology, the god of the infernal + regions.</p> + + <p><b>procrus'tean</b>, <i>relating to or resembling the mode of torture + employed by Procrustes</i>—a celebrated highwayman of ancient + Attica, who tied his victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, + either stretched out or cut off their legs to adapt them to its + length.</p> + + <p><b>Prome'thean</b>, <i>relating to Prometheus</i>—a god fabled + by the ancient poets to have formed men from clay and to have given them + life by means of fire stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, + sent Mercury to bind him to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey + upon his liver.</p> + + <p><b>Quixot'ic</b>, <i>absolutely romantic, like Don + Quixote</i>—described by Cervantes, a Spanish writer of the 16th + century.</p> + + <p><b>Satur'nian</b>, <i>distinguished for purity, integrity, and + simplicity</i>; <i>golden, happy</i>: from "Saturn"—one of the gods + of antiquity whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his + government, was called the <i>golden age</i>.</p> + + <p><b>Socrat'ic</b>, <i>relating to the philosophy or the method of + teaching of Socrates</i>—the celebrated philosopher of Greece + (468-399 B.C.).</p> + + <p><b>stento'rian</b>, <i>very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of + Stentor</i>—a Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud + voice.</p> + + <p><b>Thes'pian</b>, <i>relating to tragic action</i>: from + "Thespis"—the founder of the Greek drama.</p> + + <p><b>Titan'ic</b>, <i>enormous in size and strength</i>: from the + "Titans"—fabled giants in classic mythology.</p> + + <p><b>Uto'pian</b>, <i>ideal, fanciful, chimerical</i>: from + "Utopia"—an imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a + work called "Utopia," as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics + laws, and society.</p> + + <p><b>volta'ic</b>, <i>relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity</i>: + from "Volta"—who first devised apparatus for developing electric + currents by chemical action.</p> + +<a name="V.II"></a> +<h3>II.—WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES.</h3> + + <p><b>ag'ate</b>, <i>a precious stone</i>: "Achates," a river in Sicily + where it is found.</p> + + <p><b>al'abaster</b>, <i>a variety of soft marble</i>: "Alabastrum," in + Egypt, where it is found.</p> + + <p><b>ar'ras</b>, <i>tapestry</i>: "Arras," in France, where it is + manufactured.</p> + + <p><b>arte'sian</b>, <i>applied to wells made by boring into the earth + till the instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure</i>: + "Artois" (anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells + have been made.</p> + + <p><b>At'tic</b>, <i>marked by such qualities as characterized the + Athenians, as delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc.</i>: + "Attica," the country of the Athenians.</p> + + <p><b>ban'tam</b>, <i>a small domestic fowl</i>: "Bantam," in Java, + whence it was brought.</p> + + <p><b>barb</b>, <i>a Barbary horse</i>: "Barbary," in Africa.</p> + + <p><b>bay'onet</b>, <i>a dagger fixed on the end of a musket</i>: + "Bayonne," in France, where it was invented, in 1679.</p> + + <p><b>bedlam</b>, <i>a lunatic asylum</i>: "Bethlehem," a monastery in + London, afterwards used as an asylum for lunatics.</p> + + <p><b>bur'gundy</b>, <i>a French wine</i>: "Burgundy," where it is + made.</p> + + <p><b>cal'ico</b>, <i>a kind of cotton cloth</i>: "Calicut," in India, + where it was first manufactured.</p> + + <p><b>cana'ry</b>, <i>a wine and a bird</i>: the "Canary" Islands.</p> + + <p><b>can'ter</b>, <i>an easy gallop</i>: "Canterbury," in allusion to + the easy pace at which the pilgrims used to ride thither.</p> + + <p><b>car'ronade</b>, <i>a short cannon</i>: "Carron," in Scotland, where + it was first made.</p> + + <p><b>cash'mere</b>, <i>a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet + goat</i>: "Cashmere," the country where first made.</p> + + <p><b>chalced'ony</b>, <i>a variety of uncrystalized quartz</i>: + "Chalcedon," in Asia Minor, where obtained.</p> + + <p><b>champagne'</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Champagne," in France, where + produced.</p> + + <p><b>cher'ry</b>, <i>a red stoned fruit</i>: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), + in Pontus, Asia Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy.</p> + + <p><b>chest'nut</b>, <i>a fruit</i>: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it + was introduced into Europe.</p> + + <p><b>cog'nac</b>, <i>a kind of French brandy</i>: "Cognac," in France, + where extensively made.</p> + + <p><b>cop'per</b>, <i>a metal</i>: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich + mines of the metal.</p> + + <p><b>cord'wainer</b>, <i>a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish + leather</i>: "Cordova," in Spain.</p> + + <p><b>curaçoa'</b>, <i>a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel</i>: + the island of "Curaçoa," where it was first made.</p> + + <p><b>cur'rant</b>, <i>a small dried grape</i>: "Corinth," in Greece, of + which "currant" is a corruption.</p> + + <p><b>dam'ask</b>, <i>figured linen or silk</i>: "Damascus," in Syria, + where first made.</p> + + <p><b>dam'son</b>, <i>a small black plum</i>: (shortened from + "Damascene") Damascus.</p> + + <p><b>delf</b>, <i>a kind of earthenware</i>: "Delft," in Holland, where + it was orignally made.</p> + + <p><b>di'aper</b>, <i>a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, + etc.</i>: "Ypres," in Flanders, where originally manufactured.</p> + + <p><b>dim'ity</b>, <i>a figured cotton cloth</i>: "Damietta," in + Egypt.</p> + + <p><b>gamboge'</b>, <i>a yellow resin used as a paint</i>: "Cambodia, + where it is obtained.</p> + + <p><b>ging'ham</b>, <i>cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven</i>: + "Guincamp," in France, where it was first made.</p> + + <p><b>guin'ea</b>, <i>an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one + shillings</i>: "Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was + first struck.</p> + + <p><b>gyp'sy</b>, <i>one of a wandering race</i>: old English "Gyptian," + from "Egypt," whence the race was supposed to have originated.</p> + + <p><b>hol'land</b>, <i>a kind of linen cloth</i>: "Holland," where first + made.</p> + + <p><b>hol'lands</b>, <i>a spirit flavored with juniper berries</i>: + "Holland," where it is extensively produced..</p> + + <p><b>in'digo</b>, <i>a blue dye</i>: "India".</p> + + <p><b>jal'ap</b>, <i>a cathartic medicine</i>: "Jalapa," in Mexico, + whence it was first imported in 1610.</p> + + <p><b>jet</b>, <i>a mineral used for ornament</i>: "Gagates," a river in + Asia Minor, whence it was obtained.</p> + + <p><b>lan'dau</b>, <b>lan'daulet</b>, <i>a kind of carriage opening at + the top</i>: "Landau," a town in Germany.</p> + + <p><b>madei'ra</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Madeira," where produced.</p> + + <p><b>magne'sia</b>, <i>a primitive earth</i>: "Magnesia," in + Thessaly.</p> + + <p><b>mag'net</b>, <i>the loadstone, or Magnesian stone</i>.</p> + + <p><b>malm'sey</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Malvasia," in the Morea.</p> + + <p><b>mar'sala</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Marsala," in Sicily.</p> + + <p><b>mean'der</b>, <i>to flow in a winding course</i>: "Meander," a + winding river in Asia Minor.</p> + + <p><b>mil'liner</b>, <i>one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc.</i>: "Milan," + in Italy.</p> + + <p><b>moroc'co</b>, <i>a fine kind of leather</i>: "Morocco," in Africa, + where it was originally made.</p> + + <p><b>nankeen'</b>, <i>a buff-colored cloth</i>: "Nankin," in China, + where first made.</p> + + <p><b>pheas'ant</b>, <i>a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food</i>: + "Phasis," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe.</p> + + <p><b>pis'tol</b>, <i>a small hand gun</i>: "Pistoja," in Italy, where + first made.</p> + + <p><b>port</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively + shipped.</p> + + <p><b>sardine'</b>, <i>a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring + family</i>: "Sardinia" around whose coasts the fish abounds.</p> + + <p><b>sauterne'</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Sauterne," in France, where + produced.</p> + + <p><b>sher'ry</b>, <i>a wine</i>: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely + manufactured.</p> + + <p><b>span'iel</b>, <i>a dog of remarkable sagacity</i>: "Hispaniola," + now Hayti, where originally found.</p> + + <p><b>tar'iff</b>, <i>a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods + imported or exported</i>: from an Arabic word, <i>tarif</i>, + information.</p> + + <p><b>to'paz</b>, <i>a precious stone</i>: "Topazos," an island in the + Red Sea, where it is found.</p> + + <p><b>trip'oli</b>, <i>a fine grained earth used in polishing stones</i>: + "Tripoli," in Africa, where originally obtained.</p> + + <p><b>turquois'</b>, <i>a bluish-green stone</i>: "Turkey," whence it was + originally brought.</p> + + <p><b>worst'ed</b>, <i>well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool</i>: + "Worsted," a village in Norfolk, England, where first made.</p> + +<a name="V.III.1"></a> +<h2>III.—ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL +SCHOOL STUDIES.</h2> + +<h3>1.—TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY.</h3> + + <p><b>antarc'tic</b>: Gr. <i>anti</i>, opposite, and <i>arktos</i>, a + bear. See <i>arctic</i>.</p> + + <p><b>archipel'ago</b>: Gr. <i>archi</i>, chief, and <i>pelagos</i>, sea, + originally applied to the Ĉgean Sea, which is studded with numerous + islands.</p> + + <p><b>arc'tic</b>: Gr. <i>arktikos</i>, from <i>arktos</i>, a bear and a + northern constellation so called.</p> + + <p><b>Atlan'tic</b>: Lat. <i>Atlanticus</i>, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan + who was condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands.</p> + + <p><b>ax'is</b>: Lat. <i>axis</i>, an axletree.</p> + + <p><b>bar'barous</b>: Gr. <i>barbaros</i>, foreign.</p> + + <p><b>bay</b>: Fr. <i>baie</i>, from Lat. <i>baia</i>, an inlet.</p> + + <p><b>can'cer</b>: Lat. <i>cancer</i>, a crab (the name of one of the + signs of the zodiac).</p> + + <p><b>cape</b>: Fr. <i>cap</i>, from Lat. <i>caput</i>, head.</p> + + <p><b>cap'ital</b>: Lat. <i>capitalis</i>, from <i>caput</i>, head.</p> + + <p><b>cap'ricorn</b>: Lat. <i>caper</i>, goat, and <i>cornu</i>, horn + (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).</p> + + <p><b>car'dinal</b>: adj Lat. <i>cardinalis</i>, from <i>cardo, + cardinis</i>, a hinge.</p> + + <p><b>chan'nel</b>: Lat. <i>canalis</i>, from <i>canna</i>, a reed or + pipe.</p> + + <p><b>cir'cle</b>: Lat. <i>circus</i>, from Gr. <i>kirkos</i>, a + ring.</p> + + <p><b>circum'ference</b>: Lat. <i>circum</i>, around, and <i>ferre</i>, + to bear.</p> + + <p><b>cit'y</b>: Fr. <i>cite</i>, from Lat. <i>civitas</i>, a state or + community.</p> + + <p><b>civ'ilized</b>: Lat. <i>civilis</i>, pertaining to an organized + community.</p> + + <p><b>cli'mate</b>: Gr. <i>klima, klimatos</i>, slope, the supposed slope + of the earth from the Equator to the poles.</p> + + <p><b>coast</b>: Old Fr. <i>coste</i> (New Fr. <i>côte</i>), from Lat. + <i>costa</i>, rib, side.</p> + + <p><b>con'fluence</b>: Lat. <i>con</i>, together, and <i>fluere</i>, to + flow.</p> + + <p><b>con'tinent</b>: Lat. <i>con</i>, together, and <i>tenere</i>, to + hold.</p> + + <p><b>con'tour</b>: Lat. <i>con</i>, together, and <i>tornus</i>, a + lathe.</p> + + <p><b>coun'ty</b>: Fr. <i>comte</i>, from Lat. <i>comitatus</i>, governed + by a count.</p> + + <p><b>degree'</b>: Lat. <i>de</i>, and <i>gradus</i>, a step</p> + + <p><b>diam'eter</b>: Gr. <i>dia</i>, through, and <i>metron</i>, + measure.</p> + + <p><b>Equa'tor</b>: Lat. <i>equus</i>, equal.</p> + + <p><b>es'tuary</b>: Lat. <i>ĉstuare</i>, to boil up, or be furious, the + reference being to the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current + and the tide.</p> + + <p><b>frig'id</b>: Lat. <i>frigidus</i>, from <i>frigere</i>, to be + cold.</p> + + <p><b>geog'raphy</b>: Gr. <i>ge</i>, the earth, and <i>graphe</i>, a + description.</p> + + <p><b>globe</b>: Lat. <i>globus</i>, a round body.</p> + + <p><b>gulf</b>: Fr. <i>golfe</i>, from Gr. <i>kolpos</i>, bosom, bay.</p> + + <p><b>har'bor</b>: Anglo-Saxon, <i>hereberga</i>, from <i>beorgan</i>, to + shelter.</p> + + <p><b>hem'isphere</b>: Gr. <i>hemi</i>, half, and <i>sphaira</i>, + sphere.</p> + + <p><b>hori'zon</b>: Gr. <i>horizein</i>, to bound.</p> + + <p><b>In'dian</b> (ocean): India.</p> + + <p><b>isth'mus</b>: Gr. <i>isthmos</i>, a neck.</p> + + <p><b>lake</b>: Lat. <i>lacus</i>, a lake.</p> + + <p><b>lat'itude</b>: Lat. <i>latitudo</i>, from <i>latus</i>, broad.</p> + + <p><b>lon'gitude</b>: Lat. <i>longitudo</i>, from <i>longus</i>, + long.</p> + + <p><b>merid'ian</b>: Lat. <i>meridies</i> (= <i>medius</i>, middle, and + <i>dies</i>, day), noon.</p> + + <p><b>metrop'olis</b>: Gr. <i>meter</i>, mother, and <i>polis</i>, + city.</p> + + <p><b>mon'archy</b>: Gr. <i>monarchés</i>, from <i>monos</i>, alone, and + <i>archein</i>, to rule.</p> + + <p><b>moun'tain</b>: Fr. <i>montagne</i>, from Lat. <i>mons</i>, + <i>montis</i>, a mountain.</p> + + <p><b>ob'late</b>: Lat. <i>oblatus</i> (<i>ob</i> and past part. of + <i>ferre</i>, to bring), brought forward.</p> + + <p><b>o'cean</b>: Gr. <i>okeanus</i>, from <i>okus</i>, rapid, and + <i>nacin</i>, to flow.</p> + + <p><b>Pacif'ic</b>: Lat. <i>pacificus</i>, from <i>pax</i>, <i>pacis</i>, + peace, and <i>facere</i>, to make.</p> + + <p><b>par'allel</b>: Gr. <i>para</i>, beside, and <i>allelon</i>, of one + another.</p> + + <p><b>penin'sula</b>: Lat. <i>penes</i>, almost, and <i>insula</i>, + island.</p> + + <p><b>phys'ical</b>: Gr. <i>physis</i> (<i>phusis</i>), nature.</p> + + <p><b>plain</b>: Lat. <i>planus</i>, flat.</p> + + <p><b>plane</b>: Lat. <i>planus</i>, flat.</p> + + <p><b>pole</b>: Gr. <i>polos</i>, a pivot.</p> + + <p><b>polit'ical</b>: Gr. <i>polis</i>, a city or state.</p> + + <p><b>prom'ontory</b>: Lat. <i>pro</i>, before, and <i>mons</i>, + <i>montis</i>, a mountain.</p> + + <p><b>relief'</b>: Fr. <i>relever</i>, from Lat. <i>relevare</i>, to + raise.</p> + + <p><b>repub'lic</b>: Lat. <i>res</i>, an affair, and <i>publica</i>, + public: that is, a <i>commonwealth</i>.</p> + + <p><b>riv'er</b>: Fr. <i>rivière</i>, from Lat. <i>ripa</i>, a shore or + bank.</p> + + <p><b>sav'age</b>: Fr. <i>sauvage</i>, from Lat. <i>silva</i>, a + wood.</p> + + <p><b>sea</b>: Anglo-Saxon, <i>sĉ</i>, the sea.</p> + + <p><b>soci'ety</b>: Lat. <i>societas</i>, from <i>socius</i>, a + companion.</p> + +<a name="V.III.2"></a> +<h3>2.—TERMS IN GRAMMAR.</h3> + + <p><b>ad'jective</b>, Lat. <i>adjectivus</i>, from <i>ad</i> and + <i>jacere</i>, to add to: <i>a word joined to a noun or pronoun to limit + or describe its meaning</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ad'junct</b>, Lat. <i>adjunctus</i>, from <i>ad</i> and + <i>jungere</i>, to join to: <i>a modifier or subordinate element of a + sentence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ad'verb</b>, Lat. <i>adverbium</i>, from <i>ad</i>, to, and + <i>verbum</i>, word, verb: <i>a word used to modify the meaning of a + verb, an adjective, or another adverb</i>.</p> + + <p><b>anal'ysis</b>, Gr. <i>analusis</i>, from <i>ana</i> and + <i>luein</i>, to unloose, to resolve into its elements: <i>the separation + of a sentence into its constituent elements</i>.</p> + + <p><b>antece'dent</b>, Lat. <i>antecedens</i>, pres. part. of + <i>antecedere</i>, to go before: <i>the noun or pronoun represented by a + relative pronoun</i>.</p> + + <p><b>apposi'tion</b>, Lat. <i>appositio</i>, from <i>ad</i>, to, and + <i>ponere</i>, to place beside: <i>the state of two nouns put in the same + case without a connecting word between them</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ar'ticle</b>, Lat. <i>articulus</i>, a little joint: <i>one of the + three words</i>, a, an, <i>or</i> the.</p> + + <p><b>auxil'iary</b>, Lat. <i>auxiliaris</i>, from <i>auxilium</i>, help, + aid: <i>a verb used to assist in conjugating other verbs</i>.</p> + + <p><b>case</b>, Lat. <i>casus</i>, from <i>cadere</i>, to fall, to + happen: <i>a grammatical form denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun + to some other word in the sentence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>clause</b>, Lat. <i>claudere</i>, <i>clausum</i>, to shut: <i>a + dependent proposition introduced by a connective</i>.</p> + + <p><b>compar'ison</b>, Lat. <i>comparatio</i>, from <i>comparare</i>, to + liken to: <i>a variation in the form of an adjective or adverb to express + degrees of quantity or quality</i>.</p> + + <p><b>com'plement</b>, Lat. <i>complementum</i>, from <i>con</i> and + <i>plere</i>, to fill fully: <i>the word or words required to complete + the predication of a transitive verb</i>.</p> + + <p><b>com'plex</b> (sentence), Lat. <i>complexus</i>, from <i>con</i> and + <i>plectere</i>, to twist around: <i>a sentence consisting of one + independent proposition and one or more clauses</i>.</p> + + <p><b>com'pound</b> (sentence), Lat. <i>componere</i> (= <i>con</i> and + <i>ponere</i>), to put together: <i>a sentence consisting of two or more + independent propositions</i>.</p> + + <p><b>conjuga'tion</b>, Lat. <i>conjugatio</i>, from <i>con</i> and + <i>jugare</i>, to join together: <i>the systematic arrangement of a verb + according to its various grammatical forms</i>.</p> + + <p><b>conjunction</b>, Lat. <i>conjunctio</i>, from <i>con</i> and + <i>jungere</i>, to join together: <i>a word used to connect sentences or + the elements of sentences</i>.</p> + + <p><b>declen'sion</b>, Lat. <i>declinatio</i>, from <i>declinare</i>, to + lean or incline: <i>the process of giving in regular order the cases and + numbers of a noun or pronoun</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ellip'sis</b>, Gr. <i>elleipsis</i>, a leaving or defect: <i>the + omission of a word or words necessary to complete the grammatical + structure of the sentence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>etymol'ogy</b>, Gr. <i>etumologia</i>, from <i>etumon</i>, the true + literal sense of a word, and <i>logos</i>, a discourse: <i>that division + of grammar which treats of the classification and grammatical forms of + words</i>.</p> + + <p><b>fem'inine</b> (gender), Lat. <i>femininus</i>, from <i>femina</i>, + woman: <i>the gender of a noun denoting a person of the female + sex</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gen'der</b>, Lat. <i>genus</i>, <i>generis</i>, kind: <i>a + grammatical form expressing the sex or non-sex of an object named by a + noun</i>.</p> + + <p><b>gram'mar</b>, Gr. <i>gramma</i>, a letter, through Fr. + <i>grammaire</i>: the science of language.</p> + + <p><b>imper'ative</b> (mood), Lat. <i>imperativus</i>, from + <i>imperare</i>, to command: <i>the mood of a verb used in the statement + of a command or request</i>.</p> + + <p><b>indic'ative</b> (mood), Lat. <i>indicativus</i>, from + <i>indicare</i>, to proclaim: <i>the mood of a verb used in the statement + of a fact, or of a matter taken as a fact</i>.</p> + + <p><b>inflec'tion</b>, Lat. <i>inflexio</i>, from <i>inflectere</i>, to + bend in: <i>a change in the ending of a word</i>.</p> + + <p><b>interjec'tion</b>, Lat. <i>interjectio</i>, from <i>inter</i> and + <i>jacere</i>, to throw between: <i>a word which expresses an emotion, + but which does not enter into the construction of the sentence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>intran'sitive</b> (verb), Lat. <i>intransitivus</i> = <i>in</i>, + not, and <i>transitivus</i>, from <i>trans</i> and <i>ire</i>, + <i>itum</i>, to go beyond: <i>a verb that denotes a state or condition, + or an action not terminating on an object</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mas'culine</b> (gender), Lat. <i>masculus</i>, male: <i>the gender + of a noun describing a person of the male sex</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mode</b>. See <i>mood</i>.</p> + + <p><b>mood</b>, Lat. <i>modus</i>, through Fr. <i>mode</i>, manner: <i>a + grammatical form denoting the style of predication</i>.</p> + + <p><b>neu'ter</b> (gender), Lat. <i>neuter</i>, neither: <i>the gender of + a noun denoting an object without life</i>.</p> + + <p><b>nom'inative</b> (case), Lat. <i>nominativus</i>, from <i>nomen</i>, + a name: <i>that form which a noun has when it is the subject of a + verb</i>.</p> + + <p><b>noun</b>, Lat. <i>nomen</i>, a name, through Fr. <i>nom</i>: <i>a + name-word, the name of anything</i>.</p> + + <p><b>num'ber</b>, Lat. <i>numerus</i>, through Fr. <i>nombre</i>, + number: <i>a grammatical form expressing one or more than one of the + objects named by a noun or pronoun</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ob'ject</b>, Lat. <i>ob</i> and <i>jacere</i>, to set before: + <i>that toward which an activity is directed or is considered to be + directed</i>.</p> + + <p><b>objec'tive</b> (case), Lat. <i>objectivus</i>, from <i>ob</i> and + <i>jacere</i>: <i>the case which follows a transitive verb or a + preposition</i>.</p> + + <p><b>parse</b>, Lat. <i>pars</i>, a part: <i>to point out the several + parts of speech in a sentence and their relation to one another</i>.</p> + + <p><b>par'ticiple</b>, Lat. <i>participium</i>, from <i>pars</i>, part, + and <i>capere</i>, to take, to share: <i>a verbal adjective, a word which + shares or participates in the nature both of the verb and of the + adjective</i>.</p> + + <p><b>per'son</b>, Lat. <i>persona</i>, the part taken by a performer: + <i>a grammatical form which shows whether the speaker is meant, the + person spoken to, or the person spoken of</i>.</p> + + <p><b>phrase</b>, Gr. <i>phrasis</i>, a brief expression, from + <i>phrazein</i>, to speak: <i>a combination of related words forming an + element of a sentence</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ple'onasm</b>, Gr. <i>pleonasmos</i>, from <i>pleion</i>, more: + <i>the use of more words to express an idea than are necessary</i>.</p> + + <p><b>plu'ral</b> (number), Lat. <i>pluralis</i>, from <i>plus</i>, + <i>pluris</i>, more: <i>the number which designates more than + one</i>.</p> + + <p><b>possess'ive</b> (case), Lat. <i>possessivus</i>, from + <i>possidere</i>, to own: <i>that form which a noun or pronoun has in + order to denote ownership or possession</i>.</p> + + <p><b>poten'tial</b> (mood), Lat. <i>potens</i>, <i>potentis</i>, being + able: <i>the mood of a verb used in the statement of something possible + or contingent</i>.</p> + + <p><b>predicate</b>, Lat. <i>prĉdicatum</i>, from <i>prĉ</i> and + <i>dicare</i>, to proclaim: <i>the word or words in a proposition which + express what is affirmed of the subject</i>.</p> + + <p><b>preposi'tion</b>, Lat. <i>prĉpositio</i>, from <i>prĉ</i> and + <i>ponere</i>, to put before: <i>a connective word expressing a relation + of meaning between a noun or pronoun and some other word</i>.</p> + + <p><b>pro'noun</b>, Lat. <i>pronomen</i>, from <i>pro</i>, for, and + <i>nomen</i>, a noun: <i>a word used instead of a noun.</i></p> + + <p><b>prop'osition</b>, Lat. <i>propositio</i>, from <i>proponere</i> + (<i>pro</i> and <i>ponere</i>), to put forth: <i>the combination of a + subject with a predicate</i>.</p> + + <p><b>rel'ative</b> (pronoun), Lat. <i>relativus</i>, from <i>re</i> and + <i>ferre</i>, <i>latus</i>, to bear back: <i>a pronoun that refers to an + antecedent noun or pronoun</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sen'tence</b>, Lat. <i>sententia</i>, from <i>sentire</i>, to + think: <i>a combination of words expressing a complete thought</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sim'ple</b> (sentence), Lat. <i>simplex</i>, from <i>sine</i>, + without, and <i>plica</i>, fold: <i>a sentence having but one subject and + one predicate</i>.</p> + + <p><b>sub'ject</b>, Lat. <i>subjectus</i>, from <i>sub</i> and + <i>jacere</i>, to place under: <i>that of which something is + predicated</i>.</p> + + <p><b>subjunc'tive</b> (mood), Lat. <i>subjunctivus</i>, from <i>sub</i> + and <i>jungere</i>, to subjoin: <i>the mood used in the statement of + something merely thought of</i>.</p> + + <p><b>syn'tax</b>, Gr. <i>suntaxis</i>, from <i>sun</i>, together, and + <i>taxis</i>, arrangement: <i>that division of grammar which treats of + the relations of words in sentences</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tense</b>, Lat. <i>tempus</i>, time, through Fr. <i>temps</i>: <i>a + grammatical form of the verb denoting the time of the action or + event</i>.</p> + + <p><b>tran'sitive</b>, Lat. <i>transitivus</i>, from <i>trans</i> and + <i>ire</i>, <i>itum</i>, to pass over: <i>a verb that denotes an action + terminating on some object</i>.</p> + + <p><b>verb</b>, Lat. <i>verbum</i>, a word: <i>a word that predicates + action or being</i>.</p> + + <p><b>voice</b>, Lat. <i>vox</i>, <i>vocis</i>, voice, through Fr. + <i>voix</i>: <i>a grammatical form of the transitive verb, expressing + whether the subject names the actor or the recipient of the + action</i>.</p> + +<a name="V.III.3"></a> +<h3>3.—TERMS IN ARITHMETIC.</h3> + + <p><b>addi'tion</b>, Lat. <i>additio</i>, from <i>addere</i>, to add.</p> + + <p><b>al'iquot</b>, Lat. <i>aliquot</i>, some.</p> + + <p><b>arith'metic</b>, Gr. adj. <i>arithmetike</i>, numerical, from n. + <i>arithmos</i>, number.</p> + + <p><b>avoirdupois'</b>, Fr. <i>avoir du pois</i>, to have [a fixed or + standard] weight.</p> + + <p><b>cancella'tion</b>, Lat. <i>cancellatio</i>, from <i>cancellare</i>, + to make like a lattice (<i>cancelli</i>), to strike or cross out.</p> + + <p><b>cent</b>, Lat. <i>centum</i>, a hundred.</p> + + <p><b>ci'pher</b>, Arabic <i>sifrun</i>, empty, zero.</p> + + <p><b>cube</b>, Gr. <i>kubos</i>, a cubical die.</p> + + <p><b>dec'imal</b>, Lat. <i>decimus</i>, tenth, from <i>decem</i>, + ten.</p> + + <p><b>denom'inator</b>, Lat. <i>denominare</i>, from <i>de</i> and + <i>nominare</i> (<i>nomen</i>, a name), to call by name.</p> + + <p><b>dig'it</b>, Lat. <i>digitus</i>, a finger.</p> + + <p><b>div'idend</b>, Lat. <i>dividendus</i>, to be divided, from + <i>dividere</i>, to divide.</p> + + <p><b>divis'ion</b>, Lat. <i>divisio</i>, from <i>dividere</i>, to + divide.</p> + + <p><b>divi'sor</b>, Sp. <i>divisor</i>, that which divides, from Lat. + <i>dividere</i>, to divide.</p> + + <p><b>dol'lar</b>, Ger. <i>thaler</i>, an abbreviation of + <i>Joachimsthaler</i>, i.e. a piece of money first coined, about 1518, in + the valley (<i>thal</i>) of <i>St. Joachim</i>, in Bohemia.</p> + + <p><b>equa'tion</b>, Lat. <i>ĉquatio</i>, from <i>ĉquus</i>, equal.</p> + + <p><b>expo'nent</b>, Lat. <i>exponens</i>, pres. part. of + <i>exponere</i>, to set forth (= <i>ex</i> and <i>ponere</i>).</p> + + <p><b>fac'tor</b>, Lat. <i>factor</i>, that which does something, from + <i>facere</i>, <i>factum</i>, to do or make.</p> + + <p><b>fig'ure</b>, Lat. <i>figura</i>, shape, from <i>fingere</i>, to + form or shape.</p> + + <p><b>frac'tion</b>, Lat. <i>fractio</i>, from <i>frangere</i>, to + break.</p> + + <p><b>in'teger</b>, Lat. <i>integer</i>, untouched, whole.</p> + + <p><b>in'terest</b>, Lat. <i>interest</i> = it interests, is of interest + (3d per. sing. pres. indic. of <i>interesse</i>, to be between, to be of + importance).</p> + + <p><b>min'uend</b>, Lat. <i>minuendus</i>, to be diminished, from + <i>minuere</i>, to lessen.</p> + + <p><b>mul'tiple</b>, Lat. <i>multiplex</i>, from <i>multus</i>, much, and + <i>plicare</i>, to fold.</p> + + <p><b>mul'tiply</b>, <b>multiplication</b>, etc. See <i>multiple</i>.</p> + + <p><b>naught</b>, Anglo-Sax. <i>nawhit</i>, from <i>ne</i>, not, and + <i>awiht</i> or <i>auht</i>, aught, anything.</p> + + <p><b>nota'tion</b>, Lat. <i>notatio</i>, from <i>notare</i>, to mark + (<i>nota</i>, a mark).</p> + + <p><b>numera'tion</b>, Lat. <i>numeratio</i>, from <i>numerus</i>, a + number.</p> + + <p><b>quo'tient</b>, Lat. <i>quoties</i>, how often, how many times, from + <i>quot</i>, how many.</p> + + <p><b>subtraction</b>, Lat. <i>subtractio</i>, from <i>sub</i> and + <i>trahere</i>, to draw from under.</p> + + <p><b>u'nit</b>, Lat. <i>unus</i>, one.</p> + + <p><b>ze'ro</b>, Arabic <i>çifrun</i>, empty, cipher.</p> + +<hr /><a name="Footnotes"></a><h2>Notes.</h2><div class="note"> + <p><a name="Nt_1"></a><a href="#NtA_1">1</a> To teachers who are + unacquainted with the original <i>Word-Analysis</i>, the following + extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:—</p> + + <p>"The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and + important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and + organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their + primary meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its + relation with the root, and in fact <i>makes</i> its primary meaning by + the very process of analyzing the word into its primitive and its + modifying prefix or suffix. It presents, also, a marked improvement in + the method of approaching the definition,—a method by which the + definition is seen to <i>grow out of</i> the primary meaning, and by + which the analytic faculty of the pupil is exercised in tracing the + transition from the primary meaning to the secondary and figurative + meanings,—thus converting what is ordinarily a matter of rote into + an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another point of novelty + in the method of treatment is presented in the copious practical + exercises on the <i>use of words</i>. The experienced instructor very + well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and + definitions without having any realization of the actual living power of + words. Such a realization can only be gained by <i>using</i> the + word,—by turning it over in a variety of ways, and by throwing upon + it the side-lights of its synonym and contrasted word. The method of thus + utilizing English derivatives gives a study which possesses at once + <i>simplicity</i> and <i>fruitfulness</i>,—the two desiderata of an + instrument of elementary discipline."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_2"></a><a href="#NtA_2">2</a> "Etymology," Greek + <i>et'umon</i>, the true literal sense of a word according to its + derivation, and <i>log'os</i>, a discourse.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_3"></a><a href="#NtA_3">3</a> "Vocabulary," Latin + <i>vocabula'rium</i>, a stock of words; from <i>vox, vocis</i>, a voice, a + word.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_4"></a><a href="#NtA_4">4</a> By the <i>Low</i> German + languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat countries of North + Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the language of + Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to <i>High</i> + German, or German proper.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_5"></a><a href="#NtA_5">5</a> For the full definition, + reference should be had to a dictionary; but in the present exercise the + literal or etymological signification may suffice.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_6"></a><a href="#NtA_6">6</a> <i>Fen'do</i>, + <i>fen'dere</i>, is used in Latin only in composition.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_7"></a><a href="#NtA_7">7</a> Another mode of spelling + <i>defense</i>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_8"></a><a href="#NtA_8">8</a> From <i>pass</i> and + <i>over</i>, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate the + providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the + first-born of the Egyptians <i>passed over</i> the houses of the + Israelites, which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_9"></a><a href="#NtA_9">9</a> For the explanation of the + etymology see Webster's <i>Unabridged</i>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_10"></a><a href="#NtA_10">10</a> <i>For</i> is different + from <i>fore</i>, and corresponds to the German <i>ver</i>, different + from <i>vor</i>.</p> + + <p><i>A</i>, <i>be</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>ge</i>, are often indifferently + prefixed to verbs, especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, + as well as to verbal nouns.—BOSWORTH.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_11"></a><a href="#NtA_11">11</a> <i>Ster</i> was the + Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once conducted the work of + brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these words were + afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. <i>Ster</i> + is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of New Word-Analysis, by William Swinton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + +***** This file should be named 19346-h.htm or 19346-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/3/4/19346/ + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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