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diff --git a/19346.txt b/19346.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9dda98 --- /dev/null +++ b/19346.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8687 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of New Word-Analysis, by William Swinton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: New Word-Analysis + Or, School Etymology of English Derivative Words + +Author: William Swinton + +Release Date: September 22, 2006 [EBook #19346] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + + + + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +NEW WORD-ANALYSIS: + +OR, + +SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS. + +_WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES_ + +IN + +SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND +THE USE OF WORDS. + +BY WILLIAM SWINTON, + +GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF +"SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S +HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC. + +NEW YORK .:. CINCINNATI .:. CHICAGO + +AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY + + +_Copyright_, 1879, + +BY WILLIAM SWINTON + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's +_Word-Analysis_, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large +amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a +manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work +for pupils. + +This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old +_methods_; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new _matter_. + +Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives, +with the exercises thereon, have been retained--under "Part II.: The Latin +Element"--as simply a _method of study_.[1] There have then been added, in +"Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred +and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In +order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of +new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the +English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section, +pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to +class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it +not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been +misplaced. + +To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives, +the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots +are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the _present +infinitive_,--the present indicative and the supine being, of course, +added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the +present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always +given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a +curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative +should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the +accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into +conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will +probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies. + +In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition +of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative +sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of +Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr. +James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and +Anglo-Saxon sections. + +W.S. + +NEW YORK, 1879. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PART I. + + INTRODUCTION. PAGE + + I. ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY 1 + II. ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS 5 + III. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 5 + IV. RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS 6 + + + PART II. + + THE LATIN ELEMENT. + I. LATIN PREFIXES 9 + II. LATIN SUFFIXES 12 + III. DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES 21 + LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 23 + DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY 23 + DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES 50 + + + PART III. + + THE GREEK ELEMENT. + + I. GREEK PREFIXES 105 + II. GREEK ALPHABET 106 + GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 107 + DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS 107 + DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR + DERIVATIVES 120 + + + PART IV. + + THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. + I. ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES 125 + II. ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES 125 + ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES 127 + SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON 132 + SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH 135 + ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH 136 + + + PART V. + + MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. + I. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS 142 + 1. NOUNS 142 + 2. ADJECTIVES 144 + II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES 146 + III. ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES 149 + 1. TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY 149 + 2. TERMS IN GRAMMAR 150 + 3. TERMS IN ARITHMETIC 154 + + + + +WORD-ANALYSIS. + + + + +PART I.--INTRODUCTION. + + +I.--ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY. + +1. ETYMOLOGY[2] is the study which treats of the derivation of words,--that +is, of their structure and history. + +2. ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English +words. + +3. The VOCABULARY[3] of a language is the whole body of words in that +language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the +English language. + + I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct + inquiries,--the study of the _grammar_ of the language, and the study + of its _vocabulary_. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the + vocabulary. + + II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully + distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. + Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in + words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical + etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words. + Thus the relation of _loves, loving, loved_ to the verb _love_ is a + matter of grammatical etymology; but the relation of _lover, lovely_, + or _loveliness_ to _love_ is a matter of historical etymology. + + III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact + that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words. + But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary + purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains + 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary + is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no + more than 15,000 words. + +4. The PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS of the English vocabulary are words of +Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or _French-Latin_ origin. + +5. ANGLO-SAXON is the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of +our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are +Anglo-Saxon. + + I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German[4] division of the Teutonic + stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe--all + of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of + languages--may be seen from the following table:-- + + / CELTIC STOCK..........................as Welsh, Gaelic. + | SLAVONIC STOCK........................as Russian. + INDO- | / Greek / Italian. + EUROPEAN < CLASSIC STOCK \ Latin < Spanish. + FAMILY. | \ French, etc. + | / Scandinavian:.......as Swedish. + | TEUTONIC STOCK< / High Ger:.as Modern German. + \ \ German < + \ Low Ger....as Anglo-Saxon. + + + II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names _Angles_ and + _Saxons_, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., + invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves + of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons + spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British + words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language. + +6. The LATIN element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number +of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods. + + The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly + into English are:-- + + 1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin + Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596. + + 2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century. + + 3. By modern writers. + +7. The FRENCH-LATIN element in the English language consists of French +words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who +conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D. + + I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially + Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and + by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with + them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two + centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the + native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with + an immense infusion of French words. + + II. French-Latin words--that is, Latin words introduced through the + French--can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed + in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language. + Thus-- + + LATIN. FRENCH. ENGLISH. + + inimi'cus ennemi enemy + pop'ulus peuple people + se'nior sire sir + +8. OTHER ELEMENTS.--In addition to its primary constituents--namely, the +Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin--the English vocabulary contains a +large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, +Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from +miscellaneous sources. + + The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; + that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and + Greek:-- + + _Hebrew_: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph. + + _Arabic_: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan, + chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, + sultan. + + _Turkish_: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip. + + _Persian_: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, + orange, paradise, pasha, turban. + + _Hindustani_: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy. + + _Malay_: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango. + + _Chinese_: nankeen, tea. + + _Polynesian_: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo. + + _American Indian_: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco, + tomahawk, tomato, wigwam. + + _Celtic_: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey. + + _Scandinavian_: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap, + plough. + + _Dutch, or Hollandish_: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop, + yacht. + + _Italian_: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta, + soprano, stucco, vista. + + _Spanish_: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee, + mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra. + + _Portuguese_: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver. + +9. PROPORTIONS.--On an examination of passages selected from modern English +authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon +origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined +furnish the remaining five. + + By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon + origin in the English vocabulary,--probably two and a half times as + many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much + more employed--owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions, + prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon + origin)--that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they + greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, + they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing + Anglo-Saxon words, see p. 136. + + +II.--ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS. + +10. CLASSES BY ORIGIN.--With respect to their origin, words are divided +into two classes,--primitive words and derivative words. + +11. A PRIMITIVE word, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more +simple form in the language to which it is native: as, _man, good, run_. + +12. A DERIVATIVE word is one made up of a root and one or more _formative +elements_: as, man_ly_, good_ness_, run_ner_. + +The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See Sec.Sec. 16, 17.) + +13. BY COMPOSITION.--With respect to their composition, words are divided +into two classes,--simple and compound words. + +14. A SIMPLE word consists of a single significant term: as, _school, +master, rain, bow_. + +15. A COMPOUND word is one made up of two or more simple words united: as, +_school-master, rainbow_. + + In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen + as _school-master_; in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms + a single (though not a _simple_) word, as _rainbow_. + +III.--PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. + +16. A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined +with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = _not_ safe; remove = move +_back_; circumnavigate = sail _around_. + +17. A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined +with a word to modify its meaning: as, safeLY = in a safe _manner_; movABLE += that may be moved; navIGATION = _act_ of sailing. + +The word _affix_ signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb _to +affix_ means to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word. + + +EXERCISE. + +Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also +whether simple or compound:-- + + 1 grace + 2 sign + 3 design + 4 midshipman + 5 wash + 6 sea + 7 workman + 8 love + 9 lovely + 10 white + 11 childhood + 12 kingdom + 13 rub + 14 music + 15 musician + 16 music-teacher + 17 footstep + 18 glad + 19 redness + 20 school + 21 fire + 22 watch-key + 23 give + 24 forget + 25 iron + 26 hardihood + 27 young + 28 right + 29 ploughman + 30 day-star + 31 large + 32 truthful + 33 manliness + 34 milkmaid + 35 gentleman + 36 sailor + 37 steamboat + 38 wooden + 39 rich + 40 hilly + 41 coachman + 42 warm + 43 sign-post + 44 greenish + 45 friend + 46 friendly + 47 reform + 48 whalebone + 49 quiet + 50 quietude + 51 gardener + 52 form + 53 formal + 54 classmate + 55 trust + 56 trustworthy + 57 penknife + 58 brightness + 59 grammarian + 60 unfetter + + +IV.--RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS. + +Rule 1.--_Final "e" followed by a Vowel._ + +Final _e_ of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with +a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = +coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity. + + EXCEPTION 1.--Words ending in _ge_ or _ce_ usually retain the _e_ + before a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_, for the reason that _c_ and + _g_ would have the hard sound if the _e_ were dropped: as, peace + able + = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous. + + EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _oe_ retain the _e_ to preserve the sound + of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The _e_ is + retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar + words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with + singing). + +Rule II.--_Final "e" followed by a Consonant._ + +Final _e_ of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with +a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely. + + EXCEPTION 1.--When the final _e_ is preceded by a vowel, it is + sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = + wholly. + + EXCEPTION 2.--A few words ending in _e_ drop the _e_ before a suffix + beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = + lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment. + +Rule III.--_Final "y" preceded by a Consonant._ + +Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally +changed into _i_ on the addition of a suffix. + + EXCEPTION 1.--Before _ing_ or _ish_, the final _y_ is retained to + prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, pity + ing = pitying. + + EXCEPTION 2.--Words ending in _ie_ and dropping the _e_, by Rule I. + change the _i_ into _y_ to prevent the doubling of the _i_: as, die + + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying. + + EXCEPTION 3.--Final _y_ is sometimes changed into _e_: as, duty + ous = + duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous. + +Rule IV.--_Final "y" preceded by a Vowel._ + +Final _y_ of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be +changed into an _i_ before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless. + +Rule V.--_Doubling._ + +Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end +with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after +_qu_, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, +rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + +ing = prefer'ring. + + EXCEPTIONS.--_X_ final, being equivalent to _ks_, is never doubled; and + when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final + consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence. + +Rule VI.--_No Doubling._ + +A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the +accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an +additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur ++ ing = murmuring. + + + + +PART II.--THE LATIN ELEMENT. + + +I.--LATIN PREFIXES. + +Prefix. Signification. Example. Definition. + +A- a-vert to turn _from_. +ab- = _from_ ab-solve to release _from_. +abs- abs-tain to hold _from_. + +AD- ad-here to stick _to_. +a- a-gree to be pleasing _to_. +ac- ac-cede to yield _to_. +af- af-fix to fix _to_. +ag- ag-grieve to give pain _to_. +al- = _to_ al-ly to bind _to_. +an- an-nex to tie _to_. +ap- ap-pend to hang _to_. +ar- ar-rive to reach _to_. +as- as-sent to yield _to_. + +NOTE.--The forms AC-, AF-, etc., are euphonic variations of AD-, and follow +generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to +the initial letter of the root. + +AM- = _around_ am-putate to cut _around_. +amb- amb-ient going _around_. + +ANTE- = _before_ ante-cedent going _before_. +anti- anti-cipate to take _before_. + +BI- = _two_ or bi-ped a _two_-footed animal. +bis- _twice_ bis-cuit _twice_ cooked. + +CIRCUM- = _around_ circum-navigate to sail _around_. +circu- circu-it journey _around_. + +CON- con-vene to come _together_. +co- co-equal equal _with_. +co- = _with_ or co-gnate born _together_. +col- _together_ col-loquy a speaking _with_ another. +com- com-pose to put _together_. +cor- cor-relative relative _with_. + +NOTE.--The forms CO-, COL-, COM-, and COR-, are euphonic variations of +CON-. + +CONTRA- contra-dict to speak _against_ +contro- = _against_ contro-vert to turn _against_ +counter- counter-mand to order _against_ + +DE- = _down_ or de-pose; to put _down_; + _off_ de-fend fend _off_. + +DIS- _asunder_ dis-pel to drive _asunder_. +di- = _apart_ di-vert to turn _apart_. +dif- _opposite of_ dif-fer to bear _apart_; disagree. + +NOTE.--The forms DI- and DIF- are euphonic forms of DIS-; DIF- is used +before a root beginning with a vowel. + +EX- ex-clude to shut _out_. +e- = _out_ or e-ject to cast _out_. +ec- _from_ ec-centric _from_ the center. +ef- ef-flux a flowing _out_. + +NOTE.--E-, EC-, and EF- are euphonic variations of EX-. When prefixed to +the name of an office, EX- denotes that the person formerly held the office +named: as, _ex_-mayor, the former mayor. + +EXTRA- = _beyond_ extra-ordinary _beyond_ ordinary. + +IN- (in nouns and in-clude to shut _in_. +il- verbs) il-luminate to throw light _on_. +im- = _in, into, on_ im-port to carry _in_. +ir- ir-rigate to pour water _on_. +en-, em- en-force to force _on_. + +NOTE.--The forms IL-, IM-, and IR- are euphonic variations of IN-. The +forms EN- and EM- are of French origin. + +IN- (in adjectives in-sane _not_ sane. +i(n) and nouns.) i-gnoble _not_ noble. +il- = _not_ il-legal _not_ legal. +im- im-mature _not_ mature. +ir- ir-regular _not_ regular. + +INTER- = _between_ or inter-cede to go _between_. +intel- _among_ intel-ligent choosing _between_. + +INTRA- = _inside of_ intra-mural _inside of_ the walls. + +INTRO- = _within, into_ intro-duce to lead _into_ + +JUXTA- = _near_ juxta-position a placing _near_ + +NON- = _not_ non-combatant _not_ fighting. + +NOTE.--A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between _non-_ and +the root. + +OB- ob-ject to throw _against_. +o- _in the way_, o-mit to leave _out_. +oc- = _against_, oc-cur to run _against_; + or _out_ hence, to happen. +of- of-fend to strike _against_. +op- op-pose to put one's self + _against_. + +PER- = _through_, per-vade; to pass _through_; +pel- _thoroughly_ per-fect _thoroughly_ made. + pel-lucid _thoroughly_ clear. + +NOTE.--Standing alone, PER- signifies _by_: as, _per annum_, _by_ the year. + +POST- = _after_, post-script written _after_. + _behind_ + +PRE- = _before_ pre-cede to go _before_. + +PRETER- = _beyond_ preter-natural _beyond_ nature. + +PRO _for_, pro-noun _for_ a noun. + = _forth_, or pro-pose to put _forth_. + _forward_ + +NOTE.--In a few instances PRO- is changed into PUR-, as _pur_pose; into +POR-, as _por_tray; and into POL-, as _pol_lute. + +RE- = _back_ or re-pel to drive _back_. +red- _anew_ red-eem to buy _back_. + +RETRO- = _backwards_ retro-grade going _backwards_. + +SE- = _aside_, se-cede to go _apart_. + _apart_ + +SINE- = _without_ sine-cure _without_ care. + +SUB- sub-scribe to write _under_. +suc- suc-ceed to follow _after_. +suf- suf-fer to _undergo_. +sug- = _under_ or sug-gest to bring to mind from + _after_ _under_. +sum- sum-mon to hint from _under_. +sup- sup-port to bear by being _under_. +sus- sus-tain to _under_-hold. + +NOTE.--The euphonic variations SUC-, SUF-, SUG-, SUM-, SUP-, result from +assimilating the _b_ of SUB- to the initial letter of the root. In +"sustain" SUS- is a contraction of _subs-_ for _sub-_. + +SUBTER- = _under_ or subter-fuge a flying _under_. + _beneath_ + +SUPER- = _above_ or super-natural _above_ nature. + _over_ super-vise to _over_-see. + +NOTE.--In derivatives through the French, SUPER- takes the form SUR-, as +_sur-_vey, to look over. + +TRANS- _through_, trans-gress to step _beyond_. +tra- = _over_, tra-verse to pass _over_. + or _beyond_ + +ULTRA- = _beyond_, or ultra-montane _beyond_ the mountain + _extremely_ (the Alps). + ultra-conservativ _extremely_ conservative. + + +II.--LATIN SUFFIXES. + +SUFFIX. SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION. + + +-ABLE = _that may be_; cur-able _that may be_ cured. +-ible _fit to be_ possi-ble _that may be_ done. +-ble solu-ble _that may be_ dissolved. + +-AC _relating to_ cardi-ac _relating to_ the heart. + = or demoni-ac _like_ a demon. + _resembling_ + +NOTE.--The suffix -AC is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin. + +-ACEOUS _of_; sapon-aceous _having the quality of_ + = _having the_ soap. +-acious _quality of_ cap-acious _having the quality of_ + holding much. + + _condition of_ celib-acy _condition of being_ +-ACY = _being_; single. + _office of_ cur-acy _office of_ a curate. + +-AGE _act_, marri-age _act of_ marrying. + = _condition_, or vassal-age _condition of_ a vassal. + _collection of_ foli-age _collection of_ leaves. + +NOTE.--The suffix -AGE is found only in French-Latin derivatives. + + adj. ment-al _relating to_ the mind. +-AL = _relating to_ remov-al _the act of_ removing. + n. _the act of_; capit-al _that which_ forms the + _that which_ head of a column. + +-AN adj. _relating hum-an _relating to_ mankind. +-ane to_ hum-ane _befitting_ a man. + = or _befitting_ artis-an _one who_ follows a trade. + n. _one who_ + +-ANCE _state or_ vigil-ance _state of being_ watchful. +-ancy = _quality_ eleg-ance _quality of being_ + _of being_ elegant. + +-ANT = adj. _being_ vigil-ant _being_ watchful. + n. _one who_ assist-ant _one who_ assists. + +-AR = _relating to; lun-ar _relating to_ the moon. + like_ circul-ar _like_ a circle. + + adj. _relating epistol-ary _relating to_ a letter. +-ARY to_ mission-ary _one who is_ sent out. + = n. _one who_; avi-ary _a place where_ birds + _place where_ are kept. + + n. _one who is_ deleg-ate _one who is_ sent by + adj. _having_ others. +-ATE = _the quality of_ accur-ate _having the quality of_ + v. _to perform_ accuracy. + _the act of_, navig-ate _to perform the act of_ + or _cause_ sailing. + +-CLE = _minute_ vesi-cle a _minute_ vessel. +-cule animal-cule a _minute_ animal. + +-EE = _one to whom_ refer-ee _one to whom_ something + is referred. + +NOTE.--This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-EER engin-eer _one who_ has charge of + = _one who_ an engine. +-ier brigad-ier _one who_ has charge of + a brigade. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-ENE = _having relation terr-ene _having relation to_ the + to_ earth. + +-ENCE _state of being_ pres-ence _state of being_ present. +-ency = or _quality of_ tend-ency _quality of_ tending + towards. + +-ENT n. _one who_ stud-ent _one who_ studies. + = or _which_ equival-ent _being_ equal to, + adj. _being_ equal_ing_. + or _-ing_ + +-ESCENCE = _state of conval-escence _state of becoming_ well. + becoming_ + +-ESCENT = _becoming_ conval-escent _becoming_ well. + +-ESS = _female_ lion-ess a _female_ lion. + +NOTE.--This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin. + +-FEROUS = _producing_ coni-ferous _producing_ cones. + +-FIC = _making, sopori-fic _causing_ sleep. + causing_ + +-FICE = _something done_ arti-fice _something done_ with + or _made_ art. + +-FY = _to make_ forti-fy _to make_ strong. + + rust-ic _one who_ has countrified +-IC n. _one who_ manners. + +-ical = adj. _like_, hero-ic _like_ a hero. + _made of_, metall-ic _made of_ metal. + _relating to_ histor-ical _relating to_ history. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, +namely, adjectives in -IKOS. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in +-IC denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: +as _nitric_ acid. + +-ICE _that which_ just-ice _that which_ is just. + +-ICS _the science of_ mathemat-ics _the science of_ quantity. +-IC arithmet-ic _the science of_ number. + +NOTE.--These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin. + +-ID = _being_ or acr-id; flu-id _being_ bitter; flow_ing_. + _-ing_ + +_-ile_ = _relating to_; puer-ile _relating to_ a boy. + _apt for_ docile _apt for_ being taught. + +-INE = _relating to; femin-ine _relating to_ a woman. + like_ alkal-ine _like_ an alkali. + + _the act of,_ expuls-ion _the act of_ expelling. +-ION = _state of corrupt-ion _state of being_ corrupt. + being_, frict-ion rubb_ing_. + or _-ing_ + +-ISH = _to make_ publ-ish _to make_ public. + +-ISE = _to render_, or fertil-ize _to render_ fertile. +-ize _perform the act + of_ + +NOTE.--The suffix -ISE, -IZE, is of French origin, and is freely added to +Latin roots in forming English derivatives. + +-ISM = _state or act hero-ism _state of_ a hero. + of_; _idiom_ Gallic-ism a French _idiom_. + +NOTE.--This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words +of Greek origin. + + _one who_ art-ist _one who practices_ +-IST = _practices_ or an art. + _is devoted to_ botan-ist _one who is devoted to_ + botany. + +-ITE = n. _one who is_ favor-ite _one who is_ favored. +-yte adj. _being_ defin-ite _being_ well defined. + prosel-yte _one who is_ brought + over. + +NOTE.--The form -YTE is found only in words of Greek origin. + +-ITY = _state or security _state of being_ secure. +-ty quality_ ability _quality of being_ able. + _of being_ liber-ty _state of being_ free. + + n. _one who is_ +-IVE = or _that which_ capt-ive _one who is_ taken. + adj. _having_ cohes-ive _having power_ to stick. + _the power_ + _or quality_ + +-IX = _feminine_ testatr-ix a _woman_ who leaves + a will. + +IZE (See ISE.) + +-MENT _state of being_ excite-ment _state of being_ excited. + = or _act of_; induce-ment _that which_ induces. + _that which_ + +-MONY _state or_ matri-mony _state of_ marriage. + = _quality of_; testi-mony _that which_ is testified. + _that which_ + + _one who_; audit-or _one who_ hears. +-OR = _that which_; mot-or _that which_ moves. + _quality of_ err-or _quality of_ erring. + + adj. _fitted_ or preparat-ory _fitted_ to prepare. +-ORY = _relating to_ + n. _place armor-y _place where_ arms are + where_; kept. + _that which_ + +-OSE = _abounding in_ verb-ose _abounding in_ words. +-ous popul-ous _abounding in_ people. + +-TUDE = _condition or_ servi-tude _condition of_ a slave. + _quality of_ forti-tude _quality of_ being brave. + +-TY (See -ITY.) + +-ULE = _minute_ glob-ule a _minute_ globe. + +-ULENT = _abounding in_ op-ulent _abounding in_ wealth. + +-URE = _act or state depart-ure _act of_ departing. + of_; creat-ure _that which_ is created. + _that which_ + +CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS. + + -an -ent + -ant -ier + -ary -ist = _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._ + -ate -ive + -eer -or + + -ate -ite = _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that + -ee -ive which is._ + + -acy -ism + -age -ity + -ance -ment +NOUN SUFFIXES -ancy -mony = _state; condition; quality; act._ + -ate -tude + -ence -ty + -ency -ure + -ion + + -ary = _place where._ + -ory + + -cle + -cule = _diminutives._ + -ule + +II. + + -ac -ic + -al -ical + -an -id = _relating to; like; being_. + -ar -ile + -ary -ine + -ent -ory + + -ate + -ose = _abounding in; having the quality_. + -ous + +ADJECTIVE -able -ible = _that may be_. +SUFFIXES. -ble -ile + + -ive = _having power_. + + -ferous = _causing_ or _producing_. + -fic + + -aceous = _of; having the quality_. + -acious + + -escent = _becoming_. + +III. + + -ate +VERB SUFFIXES -fy = _to make; render; perform an act_. + -ise + -ize + + +EXERCISE. + +I. + +a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from +the following:-- + +1. Nouns. + +MODEL: _art + ist = artist, one who practices an art._[5] + + 1 art + 2 cash + 3 humor + 4 history + 5 vision + 6 tribute + 7 cure + 8 engine + 9 auction + 10 cannon + 11 flute + 12 drug + 13 tragedy + 14 mutiny + 15 grammar + 16 credit + 17 note + 18 method + 19 music + 20 flower (_flor_-) + +2. Verbs. + + 1 profess + 2 descend + 3 act + 4 imitate + 5 preside + 6 solicit + 7 visit + 8 defend + 9 survey + 10 oppose (_oppon_-) + +3. Adjectives. + + 1 adverse + 2 secret + 3 potent + 4 private + +b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) +from the following:-- + + 1 assign + 2 bedlam + 3 _captum_ (taken) + 4 devote + 5 favor + 6 lease + 7 _natus_ (born) + 8 patent + 9 refer + 10 relate + +c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from +the following:-- + +1. Nouns. + + 1 _magistr_ate + 2 parent + 3 cure + 4 _priv_ate + 5 pilgrim + 6 hero + 7 despot + 8 judge + 9 vassal + 10 vandal + +2. Verbs. + + 1 conspire + 2 marry + 3 forbear + 4 repent + 5 ply + 6 abase + 7 excel + 8 prosper + 9 enjoy + 10 accompany + 11 depart + 12 abound + 13 abhor + 14 compose + 15 deride (_deris_-) + +3. Adjectives. + + 1 _accur_ate + 2 _delic_ate + 3 _dist_ant + 4 _excell_ent + 5 _curr_ent + 6 parallel + 7 prompt (_i_-) + 8 similar + 9 docile + 10 moist + +d. Write and define nouns denoting place WHERE from the following words:-- + + 1 grain + 2 deposit + 3 penitent + 4 arm + 5 observe + +e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:-- + + 1 part + 2 globe + 3 animal + 4 verse + 5 _corpus_ (body) + +II. + +a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from +the following nouns:-- + + 1 parent + 2 nation + 3 fate + 4 elegy + 5 demon + 6 republic + 7 Rome + 8 Europe + 9 Persia + 10 presbytery + 11 globule + 12 _luna_ (the moon) + 13 _oculus_ (the eye) + 14 consul + 15 _sol_ (the sun) + 16 planet + 17 moment + 18 element + 19 second + 20 parliament + 21 honor + 22 poet + 23 despot + 24 majesty + 25 ocean + 26 metal + 27 nonsense + 28 astronomy + 29 botany + 30 period + 31 tragedy + 32 _ferv_or + 33 _splend_or + 34 infant + 35 _puer_ (a boy) + 36 _canis_ (a dog) + 37 _felis_ (a cat) + 38 promise + 39 access + 40 transit + +b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality +of, from the following nouns:-- + + 1 passion + 2 temper + 3 _oper_- (work) + 4 fortune + 5 _popul_- (people) + 6 affection + 7 _aqua_- (water) + 8 verb (a word) + 9 beauty + 10 courage + 11 plenty + 12 envy + 13 victory + 14 joy + 15 globe + +c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, +from the following verbs:-- + + 1 blame + 2 allow + 3 move + 4 admit (_miss_-) + 5 collect + 6 abuse + 7 _aud_- (hear) + 8 divide (_vis_-) + 9 vary + 10 _ara_- (plough) + +Write and define the following adjectives denoting-- + +(_causing_ or _producing_) 1 terror, 2 _sopor_- (sleep), 3 _flor_ (a +flower), 4 _pestis_ (a plague); (_having the quality of_) 5 _farina_ +(meal), 6 crust, 7 _argilla_ (clay), (_becoming_), 8 effervesce. + +III. + +Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, +from the following words:-- + + 1 authentic + 2 person + 3 captive + 4 _anima_ (life) + 5 _melior_ (better) + 6 ample + 7 just + 8 _sanctus_ (holy) + 9 pan + 10 false + 11 _facilis_ (easy) + 12 _magnus_(great) + 13 equal + 14 fertile + 15 legal + +III.--DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES. + +1. A LATIN PRIMITIVE, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number +of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb _du'cere_, to +draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed _educe_, +_education_, _deduction_, _ductile_, _reproductive_, and several hundred +other English words. + +2. LATIN ROOTS consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. + +3. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES from Latin words are generally formed not from the +root itself but from a part of the root called the _radical_. Thus, in the +word "education," the _root-word_ is _ducere_, but the _radical_ is DUC- +(education = e + DUC + ate + ion). + +4. A RADICAL is a word or a part of a word used in forming English +derivatives. + +5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the +different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the +root-word. + +6. VERB-RADICALS are formed principally from two parts of the verb,--the +first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the +_supine_, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in +-ing. Thus:-- + + _1st pers. sing. pres. ind._ duco (I draw) + _Root_ DUC- + _Derivative_ _educe_ + _Supine_ ductum (drawing, or to draw) + _Root_ DUCT- + _Derivative_ _ductile_ + +I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of +the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first +person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine--the second +and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the +infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. +Thus as we say that _loved_, _loving_, etc., are parts of the verb "to +love," so we say that _a'mo_ (present ind.) and _ama'tum_ (supine) are +parts of the verb _ama're_. + +II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate _amo_, _amatum_, +by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which +is _amare_. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great +utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the +Dictionary. + +7. NOUN-RADICALS and ADJECTIVE RADICALS are formed from the nominative and +from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of +speech. Thus:-- + +NOM. CASE. ROOT. DERIVATIVE. +iter (a journey) ITER-. re_iter_ate + +GEN. CASE. ROOT DERIVATIVE. +itineris (of a journey) ITINER- _itiner_ant +felicis (nom. _felix_, happy) FELIC- _felic_ity + + NOTE.--These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by + way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no + knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from + Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the + _radicals actually used_ in word-formation, are given. + +Pronunciation of Latin Words. + +1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or +diphthongs: as _miles_ (= _mi'les_). + +2. _C_ is pronounced like _k_ before _a_, _o_, _u_; and like _s_ before +_e_, _i_, _y_, and the diphthongs _ae_ and _oe_: as _cado_, pronounced +_ka'do_; _cedo_, pronounced _se'do_. + +3. _G_ is pronounced hard before _a_, _o_, _u_, and soft like _j_ before +_e_, _i_, _y_, _ae_, _oe_: as _gusto_, in which _g_ is pronounced as in +_August_; _gero_, pronounced _je'ro_. + +4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as _bene_, +pronounced _be'ne_. + +5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as _mille_, +pronounced _mil'le_. + +6. The diphthongs _ae_ and _oe_ are sounded like _e_: as _caedo_, pronounced +_ce'do_. + +7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as _ager_, pronounced +_a'jer_. + +8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in _a_, the _a_ should be +sounded like _ah_: as _musa_, pronounced _mu'sah_. + +9. _T_, _s_, and _c_, before _ia_, _ie_, _ii_, _io_, _iu_, and _eu_, +preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change +into _sh_ and _zh_: as _fa'cio_, pronounced _fa'sheo_; _san'cio_, +pronounced _san'sheo_; _spa'tium_, pronounced _spa'sheum_. + + NOTE.--According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels + _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ are pronounced as in _baa_, _bait_, _beet_, + _boat_, _boot_; _ae_, _au_, _ei_, _oe_ as in _aisle_, _our_, _eight_, + _oil_; _c_ always like _k_; _g_ as in _get_; _j_ as _y_ in _yes_; _t_ + as in _until_; _v_ as _w_. See any Latin grammar. + + + + +LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + + +DIVISION I.--METHOD OF STUDY. + + +1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, _to do_, _to drive_. + +Radicals: AG- and ACT-. + +1. ACT, _v._ ANALYSIS: from _actum_ by dropping the termination _um_. +DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The _noun_ "act" is formed in the same way. +DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance. + +2. AC'TION: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done. + +3. ACT'IVE: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, +constantly engaged in action. + +4. ACT'OR: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in +anything done; (2) a stage player. + +5. A'GENT: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts +business for another. + +6. AG'ILE: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk. + +7. CO'GENT: from Latin _cogens_, _cogentis_, pres. part, of _cog'ere_ (= +_co + agere_, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, +forcible. + +8. ENACT': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree. + +9. TRANSACT': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?--Write a sentence containing this +word as a verb; another as a noun.--Give a synonym of "act." _Ans. +Deed._--From what is "deed" derived? _Ans._ From the word _do_--hence, +literally, something _done_.--Give the distinction between "act" and +"deed." _Ans_. "Act" is a _single_ action; "deed" is a _voluntary_ action: +thus--"The _action_ which was praised as a good _deed_ was but an _act_ of +necessity." + +(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.--Combine and define in + +action. + +(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.--What +is the _negative_ of "active"? _Ans. Inactive_.--What is the _contrary_ of +"active"? _Ans. Passive_. + +(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: +"Washington and Greene were prominent _actors_ in the war of the +Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English _actor_, was born in +1716."--What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player? + +(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.--What is the distinction between +"active" and "agile"? _Ans_. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; +"agile" denotes a readiness to move the _limbs_.--Give two synonyms of +"agile." _Ans. Brisk_, _nimble_.--Give the opposite of "agile." _Ans. +Sluggish_, _inert_. + +(7.) Explain what is meant by a "_cogent_ argument."--What would be the +contrary of a _cogent_ argument? + +(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.--What is meant by the "_enacting_ +clause" of a legislative bill?--Write a sentence containing the word +"enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament _enacted_ the stamp-law in 1765." + +(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.--What derivative from "perform" is +a synonym of "transaction"? + + +2. ALIE'NUS, _another_, _foreign_. + +Radical: ALIEN-. + +1. AL'IEN: from _alienus_ by dropping the termination _us_. DEFINITION: a +foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is +living. + +2. AL'IENATE: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to +another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to +estrange, to withdraw. + +3. INAL'IENABLE: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Combine and define alien + age.--Can an alien be elected President of +the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause +5.]--What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is +changed from an _alien_ to a _citizen_? + +(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.--Give a synonym of "alienate" in +its _second_ sense. _Ans._ To _estrange_.--What is meant by saying that +"the oppressive measures of the British government gradually _alienated_ +the American colonies from the mother country"? + +(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the +word "inalienable." + + +3. AMA'RE, _to love_, AMI'CUS, _a friend_. + +Radicals: AM- and AMIC-. + +1. A'MIABLE: am(i) + able = fit to be loved. + + OBS.--The Latin adjective is _amabilis_, from which the English + derivative adjective would be _amable_; but it has taken the form + am_i_able. + +2. AM'ITY: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; +good-will. + +3. AM'ICABLE: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; +peaceable. + +4. INIM'ICAL: through Lat. adj. _inimi'cus_, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al += inimical, relating to an enemy. + +5. AMATEUR': adopted through French _amateur_, from Latin _amator_, a +lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without +pursuing it professionally. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? _Ans. Lovable_.--Show how they +are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: +"The _amiable_ qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply +regretted by all Americans."--What noun can you form from "amiable," +meaning the quality of being amiable?--What is the negative of "amiable"? +_Ans. Unamiable_.--The contrary? _Ans. Hateful_. + +(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." _Ans. +Friendship._--State the distinction between these words. _Ans._ +"Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to societies +or nations.--Write a sentence containing the word "amity." MODEL: "The +Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of _amity_ with the +Indians."--What is the opposite of "amity"? + +(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." _Ans. Friendly_.--Which is the stronger? +_Ans. Friendly_.--Why? _Ans._ "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of +regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.--Write a sentence +containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by +the United States and Great Britain made an _amicable_ settlement of the +Alabama difficulties." + +(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? _Ans. +Enemy_.--Give its origin. _Ans._ It comes from the Latin _inimicus_, an +enemy, through the French _ennemi_.--What preposition does "inimical" take +after it? _Ans._ The preposition _to_--thus, "_inimical_ to health," "to +welfare," etc. + +(5.) What is meant by an _amateur_ painter? an _amateur_ musician? + + +4. AN'IMUS, _mind_, _passion_; AN'IMA, _life_. + +Radical: ANIM-. + +1. AN'IMAL: from Lat. n. _anima_ through the Latin _animal_: literally, +something having life. + +2. ANIMAL'CULE: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can +be seen only by the microscope. + +3. AN'IMATE, _v._: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or +infuse courage. + +4. ANIMOS'ITY: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) +passion: hence, violent hatred. + +5. UNANIM'ITY: un (from _unus_, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of +one mind: hence, agreement. + +6. REAN'IMATE: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse +fresh vigor. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science +has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between +an _animal_ and a vegetable." + +(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? _Ans. Animalcules_ or +_animalculae_.--Write a sentence containing this word. + +(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?--What is the +negative of the adjective "animate?" _Ans. Inanimate._--Define it.--Combine +and define animate + ion.--Explain what is meant by an "_animated_ +discussion." + +(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity." + +(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of _one +mind_, is not this "unanimity"?--What is the adjective corresponding to the +noun "unanimity"?--What is the _opposite_ of "unanimity"?--Write a sentence +containing the word "unanimity." + +(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the +signification of each.--Has "reanimate" any other than its literal +meaning?--Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense. +MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' +_reanimated_ the courage of the American sailors."--What does "_animated_ +conversation" mean? + + +5. AN'NUS, _a year_. + +Radical: ANN-. + +1. AN'NALS: from _annus_, through Lat. adj. _annalis_, pertaining to the +year: hence, a record of things done from year to year. + +2. AN'NUAL: through _annuus_ (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly +or performed in a year. + +3. ANNU'ITY: through Fr. n. _annuite_ = a sum of money payable yearly. + +4. MILLEN'NIUM: Lat. n. _millennium_ (from _annus_ and _mille_, a +thousand), a thousand years. + +5. PEREN'NIAL: through Lat. adj. _perennis_ (compounded of _per_ and +_annus_), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." _Ans. History._--What is the distinction +between "annals" and "history"? _Ans._ "Annals" denotes a mere +chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition +to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.--Write a +sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence: +"The _annals_ of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible +statements." + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual." + +(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium." + +(5.) What is the meaning of a "_perennial_ plant" in botany? _Ans._ A plant +continuing more than two years.--Give the contrary of "perennial." _Ans. +Fleeting, short-lived._ + + +6. ARS, ar'tis, _art, skill._ + +Radical: ART-. + +1. ART: from _artis_ by dropping the termination _is_. DEFINITION: 1. +cunning--thus, an animal practices _art_ in escaping from his pursuers; 2. +skill or dexterity--thus, a man may be said to have the _art_ of managing +his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession--as the _art_ of +building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which +are called the "fine arts." + +2. ART'IST: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who +occupies himself with one of the fine arts. + + OBS.--A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not + properly be so called. The French word _artiste_ is sometimes used to + denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not + one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an + _artiste_. + +3. AR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _artisan_, one who practices an art: hence, one +who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative. + +4. ART'FUL: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning. + +5. ART'LESS: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple, +ingenuous. + +6. AR'TIFICE: through Lat. n. _artificium_, something made (_fa'cere_, to +make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from +Shakespeare, "There is no _art_ to read the mind's construction in the +face"? + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."--Would it be proper to +call a famous hair-dresser an _artist_?--What might he be called?--Combine +and define artist + ic + al + ly.--What is the negative of "artistic"? + +(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"? + +(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." _Ans. Ingenuous, natural._--Give the +opposite of "artless." _Ans. Wily._--Combine and define artless + ly; +artless + ness. + +(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."--Combine artifice + er.--Does +"artificer" mean one who practices artifice?--Write a sentence containing +this word.--Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give +the opposite of "artificial." + + +7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, _to hear_. + +Radicals: AUDI-, and AUDIT-. + +1. AU'DIBLE: audi + ble = that may be heard. + +2. AU'DIENCE: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an +assemblage of hearers, an _auditory_. + +3. AU'DIT: from _audit(um)_ = to hear a statement: hence, to examine +accounts. + +4. AU'DITOR: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer. + + OBS.--This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who + examines accounts. + +5. OBE'DIENT: through _obediens, obedient(is)_, the present participle of +_obedire_ (compounded of _ob_, towards, and _audire_): literally, giving +ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it +to form a word denoting what can _not_ be heard?--What is the adverb from +the adjective "audible"?--Write a sentence containing this word. + +(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving _audience_? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL--"The committee +which had to _audit_ the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."--How +do you spell the past tense of "audit"?--Why is the _t_ not doubled? + +(5.) What is the _noun_ corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?--What is +the _verb_ corresponding to these words?--Combine and define dis + +obedient. + + +8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, _the head_. + +Radical: CAPIT-. + +1. CAP'ITAL, _a._ and _n._: capit + al = relating to the _head_: hence, +chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it +means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;--as +a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in +trade. + +2. CAPITA'TION: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted: +hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person. + +3. DECAP'ITATE: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to +behead. + +4. PREC'IPICE: through Lat. n. _praecipitium_: literally, a headlong +descent. + +5. PRECIP'ITATE: from Lat. adj. _praecipit(is)_, head foremost. DEFINITION: +(1) (_as a verb_) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten; +(2) (_as an adjective_) headlong, hasty. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.--Write a +sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of _city_.--Write a +sentence containing "capital" in the sense of _stock_.--Is the _capital_ of +a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state +or country?--What is the _capital_ of New York state?--What is the +_metropolis_ of New York State? + +(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.--Can you name an English king who +was _decapitated_?--Can you name a French king who was _decapitated_? + +(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the +_precipice_ of time it goes"? + +(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.--Write a sentence containing the +adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for +never having made any _precipitate_ movements."--Explain the meaning of the +verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo +Wellington _precipitated_ the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was +divided", "The Romans were wont to _precipitate_ criminals from the +Tarpeian rock." + + +9. CI'VIS, _a citizen_. + +Radical: CIV-. + +1. CIV'IC: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of +a city. + + OBS.--The "_civic_ crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves + and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in + battle. + +2. CIV'IL: Lat adj. _civilis_, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of +the state, political, (3) polite. + +3. CIV'ILIZE: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having +a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous +state. + +4. CIVILIZA'TION: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized. + +5. CIVIL'IAN: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil +life--not a soldier. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?--Give a synonym of +this word.--Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? _Ans._ +"Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil" +without being "polite."--What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in +the sense of "polite"?--Combine and define civil + ity.--Do you say +_un_civility or _in_civility, to denote the negative of "civility"?--Give a +synonym of "uncivil." _Ans. Boorish._--Give another synonym. + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."--Give a participial +adjective from this word.--What compound word expresses _half_ +civilized?--What word denotes a state of society between savage and +civilized? + +(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." _Ans. Culture, refinement._--What +is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient +Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of +_civilization_"?--Compose a sentence of your own, using this word. + + +10. COR, cor'dis, _the heart_. + +Radical: CORD-. + +1. CORE: from _cor_ = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing. + +2. COR'DIAL, _a._: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence, +hearty, sincere. The _noun_ "cordial" means literally something having the +quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a +figurative sense, something cheering. + +3. CON'CORD: con + cord = heart _with (con)_ heart: hence, unity of +sentiment, harmony. + + OBS.--_Concord_ in music is harmony of sound. + +4. DIS'CORD: dis + cord = heart _apart from (dis)_ heart: hence, +disagreement, want of harmony. + +5. RECORD': through Lat. v. _recordari_, to remember (literally, to get by +_heart_): hence, to register. + +6. COUR'AGE: through Fr. n. _courage_: literally, _heartiness_: hence, +bravery, intrepidity. + + OBS.--The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative + sense of courage. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) "The quince was rotten at the _core_"; "The preacher touched the +_core_ of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its +_literal_, in which in its _figurative_, sense? + +(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?--Would you +say a "_cordial_ laugh" or a "_hearty_ laugh"?--What is the opposite of +"cordial"?--Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.--Write a +sentence containing the _noun_ "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: +"Washington's victory at Trenton was like a _cordial_ to the flagging +spirits of the American army." + +(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." _Ans. Accord._--Supply the proper word: +"In your view of this matter, I am in (_accord?_ or _concord?_) with you." +"There should be ---- among friends." "The man who is not moved by ---- of +sweet sounds." + +(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among +brethren?--Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Strife._--State the +distinction. _Ans._ "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there +must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" +consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action. + +(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?--When the accent is placed on the +first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?--Combine and +define record + er; un + record + ed. + +(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout--what?--Give a synonym. _Ans. +Fortitude._--State the distinction. _Ans._ "Courage" enables us to meet +danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.--Would you say "the +Indian shows _courage_ when he endures torment without flinching"?--Would +you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed _fortitude_ in opposing +the entire Persian army"?--What is the contrary of "courage"?--Combine and +define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly. + + +11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, _the body_. + +Radical: CORPOR-. + +1. COR'PORAL: corpor + al = relating to the _body_. + + OBS.--The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from + _corpus_: it comes from the French _caporal_, of which it is a + corruption. + +2. COR'PORATE: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body +or corporation. + +3. INCOR'PORATE: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to +form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another. + +4. CORPORA'TION: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body: +hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person. + +5. COR'PULENT: through Lat. adj. _corpulentus_, fleshy: hence, stout in +body, fleshy. + +6. COR'PUSCLE: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle +of matter. + +7. CORPS: [pronounced _core_] through Fr. n. _corps_, a body. DEFINITION: +(1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one +profession. + +8. CORPSE: through Fr. n. _corps_, the body; that is, _only_ the body--the +spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." _Ans. Corporeal_ and +_bodily_.--What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"? +_Ans._ "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies +material, as opposed to spiritual.--Would you say a _corporal_ or a +_corporeal_ substance? _corporal_ or _corporeal_ punishment? Would you say +_corporal_ strength or _bodily_ strength? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its _first_ +sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was _incorporated_ +in 1606, and received a charter from King James I." + +(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what +corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence +about that.] + +(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and +synonymous with "stoutness"?--Give two synonyms of "corpulent." _Ans._ +_Stout_, _lusty_.--What is the distinction? _Ans._ "Corpulent" means fat; +"stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame. + +(6.) What is meant by an "army _corps_"? _Ans_. A body of from twenty to +forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions. + +(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? _Ans. Corps._ How pronounced? +_Ans. Cores._--What is meant by the "diplomatic _corps_"? + +(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? _Ans_. The form _corse_ +is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John +Moore: + + "Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, + As his _corse_ to the ramparts we hurried." + + +12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, _to believe_. + +Radicals: CRED- and CREDIT-. + +1. CREED: from the word _credo_, "I believe," at the beginning of the +Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief. + +2. CRED'IBLE: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief. + +3. CRED'IT: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2) +reputation; (3) trust given or received. + +4. CRED'ULOUS: through the Lat. adj. _credulus_, easy of belief: credul + +ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily. + +5. DISCRED'IT: dis + credit = to _dis_believe. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King +of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be +walked on, he declared that the statement was not _credible_."--What single +word will express _not credible_?--Combine and define credible + ity.--Give +a synonym of "credible." _Ans. Trustworthy._--State the distinction. _Ans_. +"Credible" is generally applied to things, as "_credible_ testimony"; +"trustworthy" to persons, as "a _trustworthy_ witness." + +(3.) What is the meaning of _credit_ in the passage, + + "John Gilpin was a citizen + Of _credit_ and renown"? + +Give a synonym of this word. _Ans. Trust._--What is the distinction? _Ans_. +"Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back--we _credit_ what has happened; +we _trust_ what is to happen.--What other part of speech than a noun is +"credit"?--Combine and define credit + ed.--Why is the _t_ not doubled? + +(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage, + + "So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud + Led Eve, our _credulous_ mother"?--MILTON. + +What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the +quality of believing too easily?--What is the negative of +"credulous"?--What is the distinction between "incredible" and +"incredulous"?--Which applies to persons? which to things? + +(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?--Write a sentence +containing this word as a _noun_; another as a _verb_. + + +13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, _to run_. + +Radicals used: CURR- and CURS-. + +1. CUR'RENT, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to +person, as a "_current_ report"; (2) now in progress, as the "_current_ +month." + +2. CUR'RENCY: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as +"the report obtained _currency_": hence circulation. + + OBS.--As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or + passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value. + +3. CUR'SORY: curs + ory = runn_ing_ or pass_ing_: hence, hasty. + +4. EXCUR'SION: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an +expedition or jaunt. + +5. INCUR'SION: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion. + +6. PRECUR'SOR: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?--What is now +the _current_ year? + +(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? _Ans_. Because there are two in +the root _currere_.--Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money." +_Ans._ The "circulating medium."--What was the "currency" of the Indians in +early times?--Compose a sentence using this word. + +(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "_cursory_ glance" at a +subject, what does he mean?--Combine and define cursory + ly. + +(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly +or a hostile sense? + +(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly +or a hostile sense?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Invasion._--Which implies a +hasty expedition?--Compose a sentence containing the word _incursion_. +MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid _incursions_ into the +territory of their enemies." + +(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the _precursor_ of +Christ?--What is meant by saying that black clouds are the _precursor_ of a +storm? + + +14. DIG'NUS, _worthy_. + +Radical: DIGN-. + +1. DIG'NIFY: dign + (_i_)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor. + +2. DIG'NITY: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior +fitted to inspire respect. + +3. INDIG'NITY: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an +unworthy (_indignus_) manner: hence, insult, contumely. + +4. CONDIGN': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved. + + OBS.--The prefix _con_ is here merely intensive. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? _Ans. +Dignified._--Give a stronger word. _Ans. Majestic._--Give a word which +denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. _Ans. +Pompous._ + +(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the +dignity of his behavior?--Compose a sentence containing this word. + +(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."--What is meant by saying that +"indignities were heaped on" a person? + +(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? _Ans._ In +connection with punishment: thus we speak of "_condign_ punishment," +meaning richly deserved punishment. + + +15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, _to teach_. + +Radicals: DOC- and DOCT-. + +1. DOC'ILE: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable. + +2. DOC'TOR: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the +highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach. + +4. DOC'TRINE: through Lat. n. _doctrina_, something taught; hence, a +principle taught as part of a system of belief. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.--Give the opposite of "docile." _Ans. +Indocile._--Mention an animal that is very docile.--Mention one remarkable +for its want of docility. + +(2.) What is meant by "_Doctor_ of Medicine"?--Give the abbreviation.--What +does LL.D. mean? _Ans._ It stands for the words _legum doctor_, doctor of +laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun. + +(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." _Ans. Precept, tenet._--What does +"tenet" literally mean? _Ans._ Something _held_--from Lat. v. _tenere_, to +hold.--Combine and define doctrine + al. + + +16. DOM'INUS, _a master or lord_. + +Radical: DOMIN-. + +1. DOMIN'ION: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule; +(2) a territory ruled over. + +2. DOM'INANT: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence, +prevailing. + +3. DOMINEER': through Fr. v. _dominer_; literally, to "_lord_ it" over one: +hence, to rule with insolence. + +4. PREDOM'INATE: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master _before_ +another: hence, to be superior, to rule. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off +the _dominion_ of Great Britain"? + +(2.) What is meant by the "_dominant_ party"? a "_dominant_ race"? + +(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The +blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, _domineered_ for several years over +the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the +accession of King William." + +(4.) "The Republicans at present _predominate_ in Mexico": what does this +mean? + + +17. FI'NIS, _an end or limit_. + +Radical: FIN-. + +1. FI'NITE: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence, +limited in quantity or degree. + +2. FIN'ISH: through Fr. v. _finir_; literally, to bring to an end: hence, +to complete. + +3. INFIN'ITY: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence, +unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity. + +4. DEFINE': through Fr. v. _definer_; literally, to bring a thing down to +its limits: hence, to determine with precision. + +5. CONFINE': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds: +hence, to restrain. + +6. AFFIN'ITY: af (a form of prefix _ad_) + fin + ity = close agreement. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are _finite_"? + +(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. +Limited._--What participial adjective is formed from the verb to +"finish"?--What is meant by a "_finished_ gentleman"? + +(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." _Ans. Boundlessness._--"The microscope +reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an _infinity_ of +animalculae." What is the sense of _infinity_ as used in this sentence? + +(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.--Analyze the word +"definition."--Compose a sentence containing the word "define." + +(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.--What other part of speech than a +verb is "confine"? _Ans._ A noun.--Write a sentence containing the word +"confines." + +(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical _affinity_." + + +18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, _to flow_. + +Radicals: FLU- and FLUX-. + +1. FLUX: from flux_um_ = a flowing. + +2. FLU'ENT: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to +language it means _flowing_ speech: hence, voluble. + +3. FLU'ID, _n._: flu + id = Flow_ing_: hence, anything that flows. + +4. FLU'ENCY: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language). + +5. AF'FLUENCE: af (form of _ad_) + flu + ence = a flowing _to_: hence, an +abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc. + +6. CON'FLUENCE: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the +flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union. + +7. IN'FLUX: in + flux = a flowing in or into. + +8. SUPER'FLUOUS: super + flu + ous = having the quality of _over_flowing: +hence, needless, excessive. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?--What word would denote a speaker +who is the reverse of "fluent"? + +(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid." + +(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style? + +(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "_affluence_ of +ideas," means what? + +(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York +City stands at the ---- of two streams." + +(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."--Compose +a sentence containing the word "superfluous."--What is its opposite? _Ans. +Scanty, meager._ + + +19. GREX, gre'gis, _a flock or herd_. + +Radical: GREG-. + +1. AG'GREGATE, _v._: ag (for _ad_) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought +into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble. + +2. EGRE'GIOUS: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. _egre'gius_, chosen +from the herd: hence, remarkable. + + OBS.--Its present use is in association with inferiority. + +3. CON'GREGATE: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together: +hence, to assemble. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?--Why is this +word spelled with a double _g_? + +(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.--What does an "_egregious_ blunder" +mean?--Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious." + +(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating _together_?--Combine and +define congregate + ion. + + +20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, _to go_. + +Radical: IT-. + +1. AMBI'TION: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around. +DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power. + + OBS.--This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in + Rome _going around_ to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and + finally, aspiration in general. + +2. INI'TIAL, _a._: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the _in_going: hence, +marking the commencement. + +3. INI'TIATE: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to +introduce, to commence. + +4. SEDI'TION: sed (_aside_) + it + ion = the act of going _aside_; that is, +going to a separate and insurrectionary party. + +5. TRANS'IT: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing; +(2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy. + +6. TRAN'SITORY: trans + it + ory = pass_ing_ over: hence, brief, fleeting. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's +_ambition_ was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his +country."--What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"? +"literary ambition"?--What adjective means _possessing ambition_?--Combine +and define un + ambitious. + +(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? _Ans. Final, closing._--What part +of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?--What is meant by "initials"? + +(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was _initiated_ by +an attack on the British in Boston"?--Give the opposite of "initiate" in +the sense of "commence." + +(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." _Ans. Insurrection._--Give +another.--Compose a sentence containing this word. + +(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in _transit_."--Explain what is meant +by the "Nicaragua _transit_."--When you speak of the _transit_ of Venus," +you are using a term in what science? + +(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."--Give its opposite. _Ans. Permanent, +abiding._ + + +21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, _a stone_. + +Radical: LAPID-. + +1. LAP'IDARY: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, +polishes, and engraves precious stones. + +2. DILAP'IDATED: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a +building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, +decayed. + +3. DILAPIDA'TION: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in +which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay. + + +EXERCISE. + +Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted +the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous _lapidary_ in Holland." + +(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At +Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a _dilapidated_ mill, which some +writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the +twelfth century."--If we should speak of a "_dilapidated_ fortune," would +the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense? + +(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." _Ans. Ruin, decay._ + + +22. LEX, le'gis, _a law or rule_. + +Radical: LEG-. + +1. LE'GAL: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful. + +2. ILLE'GAL: il (for _in_, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful. + +3. LEG'ISLATE: from _legis_ + _latum_ (from Lat. v. _fer're, latum_, to +bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws. + +4. LEGIT'IMATE: through Lat. adj. _legitimus_, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = +made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law. + +5. PRIV'ILEGE: Lat. adj. _privus_, private; literally, a law passed for the +benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the +_legal_ profession" and "a _legal_ right."--Combine and define legal + +ize. + +(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." _Ans. Unlawful._--Show that +they are synonyms. _Ans_. il (_in_) = un; _leg_ = law; and al = +ful.--Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."--Combine and define +illegal + ity. + +(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making +power?--Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive. + +(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate." + +(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?--Define the meaning of this word in +the passage,-- + + "He claims his _privilege_, and says 't is fit + Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit." + + +23. LIT'ERA, _a letter_. + +Radical: LITER-. + +1. LIT'ERAL: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact +to the letter. + +2. LIT'ERARY: liter + ary = pertaining to _letters_ or learning. + +3. OBLITERATE: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence, +to rub out, in general. + +4. LIT'ERATURE: through Lat. n. _literatura_ = the collective body of +literary works. + +5. ILLIT'ERATE: il (for _in_, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who +does not know his letters. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Define what is meant by a "_literal_ translation." + +(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."--Compose a sentence +containing the terms "literary society." + +(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. _Ans._ To +_erase_.--If we should speak of _obliterating_ the memory of a wrong, +would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense? + +(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?--Can you mention +a great poem in Greek "literature"?--Compose a sentence containing the word +"literature." + +(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." _Ans. Unlearned_.--What is the +opposite of "illiterate"? _Ans. Learned_. + + +24. MORS, mortis, _death_. + +Radical: MORT-. + +1. MOR'TAL: mort + a = relating to death. + +2. MOR'TIFY: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy +vital functions; (2) to humble. + +3. IMMOR'TALIZE: im (for _in_, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject +to death: hence, to perpetuate. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this +_mortal_ coil"?--Combine and define mortal + ity.--What is the opposite of +"mortal"?--Give a synonym. _Ans. Deathless_. + +(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."--What noun is derived from this +verb? _Ans. Mortification_.--When a surgeon speaks of "mortification" +setting in, what does he mean?--What is meant by "mortification" when we +say that the British felt great _mortification_ at the recapture of Stony +Point by General Anthony Wayne? + +(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton +_immortalized_ his name by the production of Paradise Lost." + + +25. NOR'MA, _a rule_. + +Radical: NORM-. + +1. NOR'MAL: norm + al = according to rule. + +2. ENOR'MOUS: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule: +hence, excessive, huge. + +3. ENOR'MITY: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence, +an excessive degree--generally used in regard to bad qualities. + +4. ABNOR'MAL: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being _away_ from the +usual rule: hence, unnatural. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the _normal_ condition of +things"?--"What is the meaning of the term a "_normal_ school"? _Ans._ It +means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for +imitation; a school for the education of teachers. + +(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." _Ans. Immense_.--Give another.--"What is +meant by "_enormous_ strength"? an "_enormous_ crime?"--Combine and define +enormous + ly. + +(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence. + + +26. OR'DO, or'dinis, _order_. + +Radical: ORDIN-. + +1. OR'DINARY: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things. + +2. EXTRAOR'DINARY: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary. + +3. INOR'DINATE: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within +the usual order of things: hence, excessive. + +4. SUBOR'DINATE: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the +usual order: hence, inferior, secondary. + +5. OR'DINANCE: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a +law. + +6. INSUBORDINA'TION: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being +under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What is meant by "_ordinary_ language"? an "_ordinary_ man"? + +(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.--Compose a sentence using the +word "extraordinary."--Give a synonym of "extraordinary." _Ans. Unusual._ + +(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had +"_inordinate_ vanity."--Is "inordinate" used with reference to +praiseworthy things? + +(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?--What is +meant by "a _subordinate_"?--What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, +"We must _subordinate_ our wishes to the rules of morality"?--Combine and +define subordinate + ion. + +(5.) What does the expression "the _ordinances_ of the Common Council of +the City of New York" mean? + +(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."--Give the +opposite of "insubordination"? _Ans. Subordination, obedience._ + + +27. PARS, par'tis, _a part or share_. + +Radical: PART-. + +1. PART: from part_is_ = a share. + +2. PAR'TICLE: part + (_i_)cle = a small part. + +3. PAR'TIAL: part + (_i_)al = relating to a part rather than the whole: +hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing. + +4. PAR'TY: through Fr. n. _partie_: a set of persons (that is, a part of +the people) engaged in some design. + +5. PAR'TISAN: through Fr. n. _partisan_ = a party man. + +6. DEPART': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?--Write a sentence +containing this word as a noun; another as a verb. + +(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and +"particular." _Ans_. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or +_particles_ of a given subject. + +(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? _Ans. Impartial._--Define it. + +(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political _party_." + +(6.) Combine and define depart + ure. + + +28. PES, pe'dis, _a foot_. + +Radical: PED-. + +1. PED'AL: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot. + +2. BI'PED: bi + ped = a two-footed animal. + +3. QUAD'RUPED: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (_Quadru_, from +_quatuor_, four.) + +4. PED'DLER: literally, a trader who travels on foot. + +5. EXPEDITE': ex + ped + ite (_ite_, equivalent to _ate_) = literally, to +free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten. + +6. EXPEDI'TION: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1) +the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the +execution of some object of importance. + +7. IMPED'IMENT: through Lat. n. _impedimentum_; literally, something which +_impedes_ or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction. + + +EXERCISE. + +(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped." + +(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped." + +(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?--In what other +way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? _Ans._ It is sometimes spelled with but +one _d_--thus, _pedler_. + +(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?--Give the +opposite of "expedite." _Ans._ To _retard_. + +(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following +sentences: "With winged _expedition_, swift as lightning."--_Milton_. "The +_expedition_ of Cortez miserably failed."--_Prescott._ + +(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."--What is meant by +"_impediment_ of speech"?--Is the word here used in its literal or its +figurative sense? + + +29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_. + +Radical: RUPT-. + +1. RUP'TURE: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a +_breach_ of friendly relations. + +2. ERUP'TION: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out. + +3. ABRUPT': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden +termination. + +4. CORRUPT': cor (for _con_) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence, +decomposed, depraved. + +5. INTERRUPT': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder. + +6. BANK'RUPT: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts, +an insolvent debtor. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? _Ans._ A +verb.--Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a +noun.--What does the "_rupture_ of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the +literal sense of the word?--The "_rupture_ of friendly relations" between +Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense? + +(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption." + +(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.--When we speak of an +"_abrupt_ manner," what is meant?--When we speak of an "_abrupt_ descent," +what is meant? + +(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "_corrupt_ +judge."--Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + +ible.--What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?--What part +of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications _corrupt_ good +manners"? + + +30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, _time_. + +Radical: TEMPOR-. + +1. TEM'PORAL: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting. + +2. TEM'PORARY: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time. + +3. CONTEM'PORARY: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with +another. + +4. TEM'PERANCE: through Fr. n. _temperance_; literal meaning, the state of +being _well timed_ as to one's habits: hence, moderation. + +5. EXTEMPORA'NEOUS: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time. + +6. TEM'PORIZE: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the +current of opinion. + + +EXERCISE. + +(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." _Ans. Eternal._ Illustrate these two +words by a sentence from the Bible. _Ans._ "The things which are seen are +_temporal_; but the things which are not seen are _eternal_." + +(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." _Ans. Permanent._--What is meant by +the "_temporary_ government of a city"?--Give a synonym of "temporary." +_Ans. Transitory._--Would you say that man is a "_temporary_ being" or a +"_transitory_ being"? + +(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word +"contemporary."--What adjective corresponds to this adjective? + +(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."--Write a +sentence showing the use of the two words. + +(5.) What is meant by an "_extemporaneous_ speech?" + +(6.) What is one who _temporizes_ sometimes called? _Ans_. A _time_-server. + + +DIVISION II.--ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES. + + NOTE--In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are + given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the + particular _radicals_, from which the several groups of derivatives are + formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type--thus., + ACR-, ACERB-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin + roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are + required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus + forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in + writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words + not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference + to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus, + acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter, + bitterness. + + +1. A'CER, a'cris, _sharp_; Acer'bus, _bitter_; Ac'idus, _sour_; Ace'tum, +_vinegar_. + +ACR: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. _acrimo'nia_, sharpness of temper); +acrimo'nious. + +ACERB: -ity; exac'erbate, _to render bitter_; exacerba'tion. + +ACID: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. _acid'ulus_, slightly sour); +acid'ulous; subac'id, _slightly acid_. + +ACET: -ate, _a certain salt; _-ic, _pertaining to a certain acid; _-ify, +-ification, -ose, -ous. + + +2. AE'DES, _a house_. + +ED: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. _edifi'cium_, a large +building); e'dile (Lat. n. _aedi'lis_, a Roman magistrate who had charge of +buildings). + + +3. AE'QUUS, _equal_: AEqua'lis, _equal, just_. + +EQU: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v. +_adequa're_, _adequa'tum_, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; +iniq'uity (Lat. n. _iniq'uitas_, want of equal or just dealing); +iniq'uitous. + +EQUAL: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual. + + +4. AE'VUM, _an age_; AEter'nitas, _eternal_. + +EV: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. _lon'gus_, long); prime'val (Lat. adj. +_pri'mus_, first). + +ETERN: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal. + + +5. A'GER, a'gri, _a field, land_. + +AGRI: agra'rian (Lat. adj. _agrarius_, relating to land); agra'rianism; +ag'riculture (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation), agricult'ural, +agricult'urist. + +Per'egrinate (Lat. v. _peregrina'ri_, to travel in foreign lands); +peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. _pelerin_, a wanderer); pil'grimage. + +AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.) + + +6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum _or_ al'tum, _to nourish_; ALES'CERE: +ales'co _to grow up_. + +AL: al'iment (Lat. n. _alimen'tum_, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony +(Lat. n. _alimo'ma_, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support). + +ALIT: coali'tion (-ist). + +ALESC: coalesce' (-ence, -ent). + +ALIENUS. (See p. 25.) + + +7. AL'TER, _another_; Alter'nus, _one after another_. + +ALTER: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered; +alterca'tion (Lat. n. _alterca'tio_, a contention). + +ALTERN: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, _a subordinate officer_. + +AMARE; AMICUS. (See p. 25.) + +ANIMUS; ANIMA. (See p. 26.) + +ANNUS. (See p. 27.) + + +8. ANTI'QUUS, _old, ancient_. + +ANTIQU: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. _antique_), _old, +ancient_. + + +9. AP'TUS, _fit, suitable_. + +APT: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or). + + +10. A'QUA, _water_. + +AQUE: -duct (_du'cere_, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat. +n. _terra_, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. _aquat'icus_, relating to water); +aqua'rium (Lat. n. _aqua'rium_, a reservoir of water), _a tank for +water-plants and animals_. + + +11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, _a judge or umpire_. + +ARBITER: ar'biter, _a judge or umpire_. + +ARBITR: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. _arbitramen'tum_, +decision). + + +12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, _a tree_. + +ARBOR: ar'bor, _a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower_; -et, _a +little tree_; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, _a place where specimens +of trees are cultivated_; arboricult'ure (-ist). + + +13. AR'MA, _arms, weapons_. + +ARM: arm (n. and v.); arms, _weapons_; -or, _defensive weapons_; ar'morer; +ar'mory; armo'rial, _belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a +family_; ar'mistice (_sis'tere_, to cause to stand still); disarm'; +unarmed'. + +Arma'da (Span, n.), _a naval warlike force_; ar'my (Fr. n _armee_); +ar'mament (Lat. n. _armamen'ta_, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), _an +animal armed with a bony shell_. + +ARS. (See page 28.) + + +14. ARTIC'ULUS, _a little joint_. + +ARTICUL: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly _jointed_ syllables), -ate (adj. +formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. _article_). + + +15. AS'PER, _rough_. + +ASPER: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration. + +AUDIRE. (See page 29.) + + +16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, _to increase_. + +AUG: augment' (v.); augmentation. + +AUCT: -ion, _a sale in which the price is increased by bidders_; -ioneer. +Author (Lat. n. _auc'tor_, one who increases knowledge); author'ity; +au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. _auxil'ium_, help). + + +17. A'VIS, _a bird_; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, _a soothsayer_. + +AUGUR: au'gur (n.), _one who foretells future events by observing the_ +_flight of birds_, (v.) _to foretell_; au'gury, _an omen_; inau'gurate, _to +invest with an office by solemn rites_; inaugura'tion; inau'gural. + +AUSPICI: -ous, _favorable_; inauspi'cious; aus'pices. + + +18. BAR'BARUS, _savage, uncivilized_. + +BARBAR: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous. + + +19. BIS, _twice or two_. + +BI: bi'ennial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); big'amy (Greek n. _gamos_, +marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. _mil'lio_, a million; literally, twice a +million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n. +_pes, pe'dis_, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. _cuit_, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. +_sec'tum_, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. _val'vae_, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. +adj. _bi'ni_, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. _oc'ulus_, the eye); +combine'; combina'tion. + + +20. BO'NIS, _good_; Be'ne, _well_. + +BONUS: bonus (something to the _good_ of a person in addition to +compensation), bounty (Fr. n. _bonte_, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful. + +BENE: ben'efice (Lat. v. _fac'ere, fac'tum_, to do), literally, _a benefit, +an ecclesiastical living_; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; +ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. _dic'ere, +dic'tum_, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. _vel'le_, to will). + +EXERCISE. + +_In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed +in italic_: The _equator_ divides the globe into two _equal_ parts. Good +_agriculturists_ read _agricultural_ papers. In the _primeval_ ages the +_longevity_ of man was very great. The _pilgrims_ have gone on a +_pilgrimage_ to the Holy Land. The _subaltern_ had no _alternative_ but to +obey. To remove the stain a powerful _acid_ must be used. The _alimony_ +which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered _adequate_. The +discourse, though learned, was not _edifying_. God is an _eternal_ and +unchangeable being. The handsome _edifice_ was burned to the ground. The +plants and animals in the _aquarium_ were brought from abroad. Though the +style is _antiquated_, it is not inelegant. The _arbitrary_ proceedings of +the British Parliament _exasperated_ the Americans. God is the _bountiful_ +Giver of all good. The President made a short _inaugural_ address. By +_combined_ effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The +_Antiquary_. It is _barbarous_ needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody +was noted for his _benevolence_. The Romans were famous for their great +_aqueducts_. + + +21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, _to fall_. + +CAD: -ence, _a falling of the voice_; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence. + +CIDE: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; +oc'cident, _the place of the falling or setting sun, the west_. + +CASE: case, _the state in which a thing happens or falls to be_; casual +(Lat. n. _ca'sus_, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, _one who studies cases of +conscience_; cas'uistry; occa'sion. + +Chance (Fr. v. _choir_, to fall), _something that befalls without apparent +cause_; decay (Fr. v. _dechoir_, to fall away). + + +22. CAED'ERE: cae'do, cae'sum, _to cut, to kill_. + +CIDE: decide', _to cut off discussion, to determine_; frat'ricide, _the +killing of a brother_ (Lat. n. _fra'ter_, a brother); hom'icide (_ho'mo_, a +man); infan'ticide (_in'fans_, an infant); mat'ricide (_ma'ter_, a mother); +par'ricide (_pa'ter_, a father); reg'icide (_rex, re'gis_, a king); +su'icide (Lat. pro. _sui_, one's self). + +CISE: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion, +incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion. + + +23. CAL'CULUS, _a pebble_. + +CALCUL: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles +anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; +miscal'culate. + + +24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, _to be white, to shine +(literally, to burn, to glow)_; Can'didus, _white_. + +CAND: -id, _fair, sincere_; -or, _openness, sincerity_; incandes'cent. + +CAN'DID: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore _white_ robes). + +Cen'ser, _a vessel in which incense is burned_; in'cense (n.), _perfume +given off by fire_; incense' (v.), _to inflame with anger_; incen'diary +(Lat. n. _incen'dium_, a fire); can'dle (Lat. _cande'la_, a _white_ light +made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); +chandelier'; candel'abra. + + +25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, _to sing_; Fr chanter, _to sing_. + +CANT: cant, _hypocritical sing-song speech_; canta'ta, _a poem set to +music_; can'ticle; can'ticles, _the Song of Solomon_; can'to, _division of +a poem_; discant'; incanta'tion, _enchantment_; recant', literally, _to +sing back, to retract_. + +CHANT: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'. + +Ac'cent (Lat. _ad._ and _cantus_, a song), literally, _a modulation of the +voice_; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. _praecan'ere_, to sing before). + + +26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, _to take_. + +CAP: -able, -ability; inca'pable. + +CIP: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. _ma'nus_, hand), literally, _to take +away from the hand of an owner, to free_; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. +_municip'ium_, a free town; _mu'nia_, official duties, and _cap'ere_, to +take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. _pars, par'tis_, a part); par'ticiple; prince +(Lat. n. _prin'ceps_,--Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first: hence, taking the +_first_ place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe +(imperative of _recip'ere_; literally, "take thou," being the first word of +a medical prescription). + +CEIVE (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'. + +CAPT: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure. + +CEPT: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive; +except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept; +precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible. + +CEIT (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'. + +Capa'cious (Lat. adj. _ca'pax_, _capa'cis_, able to hold: hence large); +capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate. + +CAPUT. (See page 30.) + + +27. CA'RO, carnis, _flesh_. + +CARN: -age, _slaughter_; -al, -ation, _the flesh-colored flower_; +incar'nate; incarna'tion. + +Carne'lian (Lat. adj. _car'neus_, fleshy), _a flesh-colored stone_; +car'nival (Lat. v. _vale_, farewell), _a festival preceding Lent_; +carniv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. _charnel_, +containing flesh). + + +28. CAU'SA, _a cause_. + +CAUS: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. _cause_), n. and v. + +Accuse' (Fr. v. _accuser_, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; +excuse' (Fr. v. _excuser_, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v. +_recusa're_, to refuse). + + +29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, _to beware_. + +CAUT: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution. + +Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), _an +intimation to stop proceedings_. + + +30. CA'VUS, _hollow_. + +CAV: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate. + +Cave (Fr. n. _cave_), literally, _a hollow, empty space_; con'cave (Lat. +adj. _conca'vus_, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. _cavil'la_, a jest). + + +31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, _to go, to yield_. + +CEDE: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede'; +unprecedented. + +CEED: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-). + +CESS: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, _a collection of matter gone away, or +collected in a cavity_; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; +conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; +proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive). + + +32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, _to weigh, to estimate, to tax_. + +CENS: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion. + +Cen'sus (Lat. n. _census_, an estimate). + + +33. CEN'TRUM, _the middle point_. + +CENTR: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. _fu'gere_, to flee); centrip'etal +(Lat. v. _pet'ere_, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric; +eccen'tric; eccentric'ity. + +Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. _centre_), n. and v.; cen'tered. + + +34. CEN'TUM, _a hundred_. + +CENT: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. _centena'rius_); centena'rian; +centen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. _gra'dus_, a +degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. _pes_, _pe'dis_, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. +adj. _centu'plex_, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. _centu'rio_, a captain +of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. _centu'ria_, a hundred years); +percent'age. + + +35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, _to sift, to see, to judge_; Discrimen, +discrim'inis, _distinction_. + +CERN: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment. + +CRET: decre'tal, _a book of decrees_; discre'tion; discre'tionary; +excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary. + +DISCRIMIN: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate. + +Decree' (Fr. n. _decret_); discreet' (Fr. adj. _discret_); discrete' +(literally, sifted apart), _separate_. + + +36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, _to contend, to vie_. + +CERT: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'. + + +37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, _to gird_. + +CINCT: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, _girded or tucked up, +compressed, concise_; succinct'ness. + + +38. CIR'CUS, _a circle_; cir'culus, _a little circle_. + +CIRC: cir'cus, _an open space for sports_; cir'clet. + +CIRCUL: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory. + +Cir'cle (Fr. n. _cercle_); encir'cle; sem'icircle. + + +39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, _to stir up, to rouse_. + +CITE: cite, _to summon or quote_; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite' +(-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. _suscita're_, to raise). + +CITAT: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', _a species of musical +recitation_. + +CIVIS. (See p. 31.) + + +40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, _to cry out, to shout_; Clam'or, +_a loud cry_. + +CLAIM: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, +re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble. + +CLAMAT: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion; +exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion. + +CLAMOR: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous. + +EXERCISE. + +The _decay_ of the tree was caused by the _incisions_ which had +_accidentally_ been made in the bark. The _captives_ will be set at +liberty, but the _precise_ time of their _emancipation_ has not been fixed. +The harbor is _capacious_, and can _receive_ vessels of the largest size. +The merits of the _candidates_ were _discriminated_ with great _candor_. We +were _enchanted_ with the _carnival_ at Rome. This _recitation_ is +satisfactory. Have you ever seen a _centigrade_ thermometer? Nothing is so +_successful_ as _success_. The number of _concentric circles_ in the trunk +marked the age of the tree. No _censer_ round our altar beams. The heat +being _excessive_, we took shelter in the _recesses_ of a _cave_. +_Precision_ is the _principal_ quality of good writing. Franklin's father +was a tallow _chandler_. Last _century_ there was great _carnage_ in +America. _Infanticide_ is much practiced in China. The _proclamation_ was +widely _circulated_. The president was _inaugurated_ on the 4th of March. +The _census_ is taken every ten years. _Conceit_ is worse than +_eccentricity_. Have you filed your _caveat_? + + +41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, _to shut, to close_. + +CLUD: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'. + +CLUS: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse'; +seclu'sion. + +CLOSE: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose' +(-ure). + +Clause (Fr. n. _clause_); clois'ter (old Fr. n. _cloistre_). + + +42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, _to bend_; Cli'vus, _a slope or hill_. + +CLINAT: inclina'tion. + +CLINE: de-, in-, re-. + +CLIV: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity. + + +43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, _to till, to cultivate_ (_Low Lat._ +Cultiva're, _to cultivate_). + +CULT: cult'ure (Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n. +_a'ger_, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. _ar'bor_, a tree); flor'iculture +(Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. _hor'tus_, a +garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. _ausculta'tio_, a listening; hence, a test +of the lungs). + +CULTIV: -ate, -ation, -ator. + +Col'ony (Lat. n. _colo'nia_, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; +col'onize. + +COR. (See page 32.) + +CORPUS. (See page 33.) + +CREDERE. (See page 35.) + + +44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, _to create_. + +CREAT: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-). + + +45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, _to grow_. + +CRESC: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'. + +CRET: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion. + +Accrue' (Fr. n. _accrue_, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. _incremen'tum_, +increase); recruit' (Fr. v. _recroitre_, _recru_, to grow again). + + +46. CRUX, cru'cis, _a cross_. + +CRUC: cru'cial (Fr. adj. _cruciale_, as if bringing to the cross: hence, +severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot--Lat. n. _crucib'ulum_--marked +in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. _for'ma_, a shape); +cru'cify (Lat. v. _fig'ere_, _fix'um_, to fix); crucifix'ion; +excru'ciating. + +Cross (Fr. n. _croix_); cro'sier (Fr. n. _crosier_); cruise (Dan. v. +_kruisen_, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. _croisade_, +in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of +the cross); crusad'er. + + +47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (_in compos, _cumbo__), cub'itum, _to lie down_. + +CUB: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator. + +CUMB: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent; +succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent. + +Cu'bit (Lat. n. _cub'itus_, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon); +in'cubus (Lat. n. _in'cubus_), the nightmare. + + +48. CU'RA, _care_. + +CUR: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate; +proc'urator. + +Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from _proc'uracy_). _authority to act for +another_; secure' (Lat. adj. _secu'rus_, from _se_ for _si'ne_, without, +and _cu'ra_, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. _si'ne_, +without--an office without duties). + +CURRERE. (See page 36.) + + +49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, _to give_. + +DAT: date (originally the time at which a public document was +given--_da'tum_); da'ta (Lat. plural of _da'tum_), _facts or truths given +or admitted_; da'tive. + +DIT: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion; +extradi'tion. + +Add (Lat. v. _ad'dere_, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da), +_something to be added_. + + +50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, _to owe_. + +DEBT: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.). + + +51. DE'CEM, _ten_; Dec'imus, _the tenth_. + +DECEM: Decem'ber (formerly the _tenth_ month); decem'virate (Lat. n. _vir_, +a man), _a body of ten magistrates_; decen'nial (Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year). + +DECIM: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. _duodec'imus_, twelfth), +_a book having twelve leaves to a sheet_. + + +52. DENS, den'tis, _a tooth_. + +DENT: dent, _to notch_; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. _frica're_, to rub); +den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. _denti'tio_, a cutting of the teeth); +eden'tate (Lat. adj. _edenta'tus_, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; +tri'dent (Lat. adj. _tres_, three), _Neptune's three-pronged scepter_; +dan'delion (Fr. _dent-de-lion_, the lion's tooth), _a plant_. + + +53. DE'US, _a God_; Divi'nus, _relating to God, divine_. + +DE: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity. + +DIVIN: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. _divina'tio_, a foretelling the aid of +the gods); divin'ity. + + +54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, _to say_. + +DICT: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n. +_dictiona'rium_, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), _positive opinion_; +addict' (Lat. v. _addic'ere_, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. _be'ne_, +well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to proclaim), _to +charge with a crime_; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. _jus_, +_ju'ris_, justice), _relating to the distribution of justice_; maledic'tion +(Lat. adv. _ma'le_, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v. +_va'le_, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true). + +Dit'to, _n_. (Ital. n. _det'to_, a word), _the aforesaid thing_; indite' +(Lat. v. _indic'ere_, to dictate), _to compose_. + + +55. DI'ES, _a day_; _French_ jour, _a day_. + +DIES: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. _diur'nus_, daily); +merid'ian (Lat. n. _merid'ies_ = _me'dius di'es_, midday); merid'ional; +quotid'ian (Lat. adj. _quotidia'nus_, daily). + +JOUR: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ; +so'journer. + +DIGNUS (See page 37.) + + +56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, _to divide, to separate_. + +DIVID: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, _one not to +be divided, a single person_. + +DIVIS: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or. + +Device' (Fr. n. _devis_, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v. +_deviser_, to form a plan). + +DOCERE. (See page 38.) + + +57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, _to grieve_. + +Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally, +not grieving or caring), _lazy_. + +DOMINUS. (See page 38.) + + +58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, _to lead, to bring forward_. + +DUC: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion; +induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce'; +superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer. + +DUCT: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive); +induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive); +reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); +vi'aduct (Lat. n. _vi'a_, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. _conduit_), a channel +for conveying water. + + +59. DU'O, _two_. + +DU: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. _plica're_, to fold) ; +dupli'city (Lat. n. _duplic'itas_, double dealing). + +Dubi'ety (Lat. n. _dubi'etas_, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. _du'bius_, +uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. _dubita're_, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. +_double_, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. _doubt_), -ful, -less ; undoubt'ed. + + +60. DU'RUS, _hard, lasting_; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, _to last_. + +DUR: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, _state of being held hard and +fast_; duresse, _hardship, constraint_; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy. + +DURAT: dura'tion ; in'durate, _to grow hard_; indura'tion; ob'duracy. + +EXERCISE. + +When the speech, was _concluded_ loud acclamation _arose_. In many parts of +the _colony_ much of the waste land has been _reclaimed_, and +_agricultural_ operations now _receive_ the due attention of the +_colonists_. The patient declined to undergo _auscultation_. Fishing is a +healthful _recreation_. Many of the _crusaders_ were inspired with great +courage. _Security_ was offered, but it was not _accepted_. The _incumbent_ +could not stand the _crucial_ test, and hence _succumbed_. A _curious +excrescence_ was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his _trident_ the +Greeks ascribed _divine_ power. A French _journalist_ has been _indicted_. +The _valedictory_ was pronounced in _December_. What is the difference +between _addition_ and _division_? We may easily _predict_ the ruin of an +_indolent debtor_. How many _maledictions_ are heaped on _dentists_! The +_reduction_ of the public _debt_ is desirable. The prisoner was _doleful_ +because he was in _duresse_ vile. An educated man is known by his +_accurate_ use of language. The _dandelion_ is a _productive_ plant. The +_pilgrims received_ the priest's _benediction_ before setting out on their +_journey_. The _decimal_ system _conduces_ to the saving of time. + + +61. EM'ERE: E'MO, EMP'TUM, to buy or take. + +EMPT: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. _perempto'rius_, wholly taken +away), _decisive_, _final_; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, _the right of buying +before others_; redemp'tion. + +Redeem' (Lat. v. _redim'ere_, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj. +_promp'tus_ = _pro-emp'tus_, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er; +prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. _in promp'tu_, in readiness). + + +62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, _to wander_. + +ERR: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. _er'ror_); erro'neous (Lat. adj. +_erro'neus_, erring). + +ERRAT: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), _a mistake in printing_; +aberra'tion. + + +63. ES'SE, _to be_; en, en'tis, _being_. + +ENT: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj. +_om'nis_, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative); +misrepresent'. + +Es'sence (Lat. n. _essen'tia_, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj. +_quin'tus_, fifth), _the highest essence; in'terest_ (3d pers. sing. pres. +indic. of _interes'se_ = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested. + + +64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, _to do or make_; _French_ Faire. + +FAC: face'tious (Lat. adj. _face'tus_, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj. +_fa'cilis_, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n. +_facul'tas_, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. _sim'ilis_, like), +literally, _make like_, _an exact copy_; facto'tum (Lat. adj. _to'tum_, the +whole; literally, do the whole), _a servant of all work_. + +FIC: ben'efice (see _bene_); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), _a lack_; +defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. _diffic'ilis_, arduous); +ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. _ef'ficax_, _effica'cis_, powerful); effi'cient, +_causing effects_; of'fice (Lat. n. _offic'ium_, a duty); of'ficer; +offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, _to make up what +is wanting_; suffi'cient. + +FACT: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, _a party acting in opposition_; fac'tious; +facti'tious (Lat. adj. _facti'tius_, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture +(Lat. n. _ma'nus_, the hand). + +FECT: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, _made_ +_with sugar_ (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual; +infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, _thoroughly made_ (-ion); +imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory. + +FAIRE (past participle _fait_): fash'ion (Fr. n. _facon_, the make or form +of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. _faisible_, that may be done); feat; +affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, _to make again_, _to imitate_; for'feit, +(Fr. v. _forfaire_, to misdo), _to lose by some fault_; sur'feit, v., _to +overdo in the way of eating_. + + +65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, _to deceive_; _French_ Faillir, _to fall +short or do amiss_. + +FALL: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible. + +FALS: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial +voice). + +FAIL: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. _faulte_); fault'y; fal'ter; default' +(-er). + + +66. FA'NUM, _a temple_. + +FAN: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. _fanat'icus_, literally, one inspired by +divinity--the god of the fane), _a wild enthusiast_; fanat'ical; +fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the +temple), _to desecrate_; profane', adj., _unholy_; profana'tion; +profan'ity. + + +67. FA'RI, fa'tus, _to speak_. + +FAT: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory. + +Affable (Lat. adj. _affab'ilis_, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity; +inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, _in'fans_, _infan'tis_, literally, +not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. _nefa'rius_, +impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. _preface_), _something spoken or written by way +of introduction_. + + +68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (_in comp._ fes'sus), _to acknowledge, to +show_. + +FESS: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or). + + +69. FELIX, feli'cis, _happy_. + +FELIC: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, _to make happy by +congratulation_. + + +70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, _to keep off, to strike_.[6] + +FEND: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er). + +FENS: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v., +abbreviated from defence);[7] fencer; fencing. + + +71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, _to bear, to carry_. + +FER: fer'tile (Lat. adj. _fer'tilis_, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; +fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, _a measure carried around anything_; +confer', _to consult_; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; +dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, +-ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); +transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. _co'nus_, a cone); +florif'erous (Lat. n. _flos_, _flo'ris_, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. +_fruc'tus_, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. _lux_, _lucis_, light), _the morning +or evening star, Satan_; pestif'erous (Lat. n. _pes'tis_, pest, plague). + +LAT: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); +collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, _flattened at the poles_; +obla'tion, _an offering_; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, _elongated at the +poles_; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; +translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb _delayer_, to +put off). + + +72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, _to boil_; Fermen'tum, _leaven_. + +FERV: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', _to bubble or froth up_; +efferves'cence. + +FERMENT: fer'ment, -ation. + + +73. FES'TUS, _joyful, merry_. + +FEST: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. _feste_, a joyous meal); +fete (modern Fr. equivalent of _feast_), _a festival_; festoon (Fr. n. +_feston_, originally an ornament for a festival). + + +74. FID'ERE: fi'do, _to trust_; Fi'des, _faith_; Fide'lis, _trusty_. + +FID: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; +per'fidy (per = through and hence _away from_ good faith); perfid'ious. + +FIDEL: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity. + +Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. _fealte_ = Lat. _fidel'itas_), _loy'alty_; fidu'cial +(Lat. n. _fidu'cia_, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, _to pledge faith_, _to +betroth_; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), _a +declaration on oath_; defy' (Fr. v. _defier_, originally, to dissolve the +bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave). + + +75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, _to join, fix, pierce_. + +FIX: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. _crux_, _cru'cis_, a cross); cru'cify; +fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below +or on; hence, appended); transfix', _to pierce through_. + + +76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, _to form, to feign_; Figu'ra, _a shape_. + +FICT: fic'tion; ficti'tious. + +FIGUR: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure; +transfig'ure. + +Feign (Fr. v. _feindre_, _feignant_, to pretend); feint (_feint_, past +part. of _feindre_); ef'figy (Lat. n. _effig'ies_, an image or likeness); +fig'ment (Lat. n. _figmen'tum_, an invention). + +FINIS. (See page 40). + + +77. FIR'MUS, _strong, stable_. + +FIRM: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, _firm +foundation_; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative). + + +78. FLAM'MA, _a stream of fire_. + +FLAM: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory). + +Flambeau' (Fr. n. _flambeau_ from v. _flamber_, to blaze); flamin'go (Span. +n. _flamenco_), _a bird of a flaming red color_. + +EXERCISE. + +Age does not always _exempt_ one from _faults_. _Peremptory _orders were +given that all the princes should be _present_ at the _diet_. Many +_beneficial_ results must come from the _introduction_ of drawing into the +public schools. The lady is _affable_ and _perfectly_ free from +_affectation_. The field is _fertile_ and _produces_ abundant crops. The +_professor's_ lecture _related_ to _edentate_ animals. Men sometimes +_feign_ a _fealty_ they do not feel. The lady _professed_ that her +_felicity_ was ineffable. The King seized a _flambeau_ with zeal to +destroy. It is a _nefarious_ act to make a _false affidavit_. _Fanaticism_ +is often _infectious_. The _confirmed offender_ had issued many +_counterfeits_. Dickens gives us the _quintessence_ of the _facetious_. In +_figure_ the earth is an _oblate_ spheroid. + + +79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, _to bend_. + +FLECT: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion) ; reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or). + +FLEX: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; +flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex. + + +80. FLOS, flo'ris, _a flower_. + +FLOR: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, _the goddess of flowers_; flor'iculture +(Lat. n. _cultu'ra_, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to +bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour +(literally, the _flower_ or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); +flour'ish (Lat. v. _flores'cere_, to begin to blossom, to prosper); +efflores'cence; efflores'cent. + +FLUERE. (See page 41.) + + +81. FOE'DUS, foed'eris, _a league or treaty_. + +FEDER: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the party +that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate; +confed'eracy; confedera'tion. + + +82. FO'LIUM, _a leaf_. + +FOLI: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of _fo'lium_, a leaf), _a +book made of sheets folded once_; exfo'liate, _to come off in scales_; +foil, _a thin leaf of metal_; tre'foil, _a plant with three (tres) leaves_; +cinque'foil (Fr. _cinque_, five). + + +83. FOR'MA, _shape, form_. + +FORM: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); deform' (-ity); +inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); reform' (-ation, +-atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. _for'mula_, pl. +_for'mulae_, a little form, a model); for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. +_mul'tus_, many); u'niform (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one). + + +84. FOR'TIS, _strong_. + +FORT: fort; for'tress, _a fortified place_; for'tify; fortifica'tion; +for'titude; com'fort, n., _something that strengthens or cheers_ (-able, +-er, -less); discom'fort; effort, _a putting forth of one's strength_; +force (Fr. n. _force_, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' +(-ment). + + +85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum, _to break_; Fra'gilis, _easily +broken_. + +FRANG, FRING: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; infringe' (-ment); +refran'gible. + +FRACT: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); refract' (-ion, +-ory). + +Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; _fraile_ = Lat. _fra'gilis_); +frail'ty. + + +86. FRA'TER, fra'tris, _a brother_; Frater'nus, _brotherly_. + +FRATR: frat'ricide (Lat. v. _caed'ere_, to kill). + +FRATERN: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity. + +Fri'ar (Fr. n. _frere_, a brother); fri'ary. + + +87. FRONS, fron'tis, _the forehead_. + +FRONT: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; effront'ery; +fron'tier (Fr. n. _frontiere_); front'ispiece (Lat. n. _frontispi'cium_, +from _frons_ and _spic'ere_, to view; literally, that which is seen in +front). + + +88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus, _to enjoy_; Fru'ges, _corn_; French Fruit, _fruit_. + +FRUCT: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear). + +FRUG: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear). + +FRUIT: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion. + + +89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum, _to flee_. + +FUG: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, the center); feb'rifuge +(Lat. n. _fe'bris_, fever); fugue (Lat. n. _fu'ga_, a flight), _a musical +composition_; ref'uge (-ee); sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. _ver'mis_, a +worm). + +FUGIT: fu'gitive (adj. and n.). + + +90. FU'MUS, _smoke_. + +FUM: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear), _producing +smoke_; fu'matory, _a plant with bitter leaves_; per'fume (-er, -ery). + +Fu'migate (Lat. v. _fumiga're_, _fumiga'tum_, to smoke), _to disinfect_; +fumiga'tion; fu'migatory. + + +91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum, _to pour_. + +FUND: refund'; found (Fr. v. _fondre_ = Lat. _fun'dere_), _to form by +pouring into a mould_ (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. v. _confondre_, +literally, to pour together; hence, to confuse). + +FUS: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, -ive); effuse' +(-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' (-al); suffuse' +(-ion); transfuse' (-ion). + + +92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum, _to bear or carry_. + +GER: ger'und, _a Latin verbal noun_; bellig'erent (Lat. n. _bel'lum_, war); +con'geries (Lat. n. _conge'ries_, a collection); vicege'rent (Lat. _vi'ce_, +in place of), _one bearing rule in place of another_. + +GEST: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. _gestic'ulus_, a mimic gesture); +gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', literally, _to carry +apart_: hence, _to dissolve food in the stomach_ (-ible, -ion, -ive); +suggest', literally, _to bear into the mind from below_, that is, +_indirectly_ (-ion, -ive); reg'ister (Lat. v. _reger'ere_, to carry back, +to record); reg'istrar; registra'tion; reg'istry. + + +93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum, _to beget_; Gens, gen'tis, _a clan or +nation_, Ge'nus, gen'eris, _a kind_. + +GENIT: gen'itive, _a case of Latin nouns_; congen'ital, _born with one_; +primogen'itor (Lat. adj. _pri'mus_, first), _an ancestor_; primogen'iture, +_ state of being first born_; progen'itor, _an ancestor_. + +GENT: genteel' (Lat. adj. _genti'lis_, pertaining to the same clan; hence, +of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle (_genti'lis_, of good birth), +_mild, refined_; gen'try (contracted from gentlery), _a class in English +society_; gen'tile, _belonging to a nation other than the Jewish_. + +GENER: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. _genera're, genera'tum_, to +produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; gen'erous; generos'ity; +con'gener, _of the same kind_; degen'erate, _to fall off from the original +kind_; degen'eracy. + +Gen'der (Fr. n. _genre_ = Lat. _ge'nus, gen'eris_), _the kind of a noun as +regards the sex of the object_; gen'ial (Lat. adj. _genia'lis_, cheerful); +gen'ius (Lat. n. _ge'nius_, originally, the divine nature innate in +everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. _genui'nus_, literally, proceeding from +the original stock; hence, natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many +species; engen'der (Fr. v. _engendrer_, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. +_ingenio'sus_, acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. _ingen'uus_, frank, +sincere). + + +94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus, _to walk_. + +GRAD: grada'tion; gra'dient (_gra'diens, gradien'tis_, pres. part. of v. +_gradi_), _rate of ascent, grade_; grad'ual (Lat. n. _gradus_, a step); +grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); ingre'dient (Lat. part. _ingre'diens_, +entering); ret'rograde. + +GRESS: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' (-ion); +e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; transgress' +(-ion, -or). + +Grade (Fr. n. _grade_ = Lat. _gra'dus_, degree or rank); degree' (Fr. n. +_degre_ = _de_ + _gradus_). + + +95. GRA'TUS, thankful, _pleasing_. + +GRAT: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. _gra'tiis_, by favor, for nothing) +grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); congrat'ulate +(-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate. + +Grace (Fr. _grace_ = Lat. _gra'tia_, favor, grace); grace'ful; gra'cious; +grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. _agreer_, to receive kindly), -able, +-ment; disagree'. + + +96. GRA'VIS, _heavy_. + +GRAV: _grave_, literally, _heavy_: hence, _serious_; grav'ity; +gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion). + +Grief (Fr. _grief_ = Lat. _gra'vis_), literally, _heaviness of spirit, +sorrow_; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous. + +GREX. (See page 41.) + + +97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum, _to have or hold_; HABITA'RE, +hab'ito, habita'tum, _to use frequently, to dwell_. + +HABIT: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, _the natural +abode of an animal or a plant_; habita'tion; cohab'it; inhab'it (-able, +-ant). + +HIBIT: exhib'it, literally, _to hold out, to show_ (-ion, -or); inhib'it +(-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory). + +Hab'it (Lat. _hab'itus_, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. +_habillement_, from v. _habiller_, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. _hab'ilis_, +literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, apt, skillful.) + + +98. HAERE'RE: hae'reo, hae'sum, _to stick_. + +HER: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); inhere' (-ent). + +HES: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive. + +Hes'itate (Lat. v. _haesita're, haesita'ium, _to be at a stand, to doubt); +hes'itancy ; hesita'tion. + + +99. HAERES, haere'dis, _an heir or heiress_; French Heriter, _to be heir +to_. + +HERED: hered'itary, _descending to heirs_. + +HERIT: her'itable ; her'itage ; inher'it (-ance); disinher'it. + +Heir (Old Fr. _heir_ = Lat. _hae'res_); heir'ess; heir'loom (Anglo-Saxon +_geloma_, goods). + + +100. HO'MO, hom'inis, _a man_; Huma'nus, _human_. + +HOM: hom'age (Fr. _hommage_, literally, acknowledgment by a _man_ or vassal +to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. _caed'ere_, to kill) + +HUMAN: hu'man, _belonging to a man_; humane', _having the feelings proper +to a man, kind_; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man. + +EXERCISE. + +_Floral devices_ were tastefully _introduced_. The _friar_ gives himself to +_reflection_, and does not care a _florin_ for worldly pleasures. The tree +is covered with _foliage_, but bears no _fruit_. The rights of the +_fraternity_ have been _infringed_. The metal was _fused_ in iron pans. By +the law of _primogeniture_ the eldest son will _succeed_ to the estate. +_Congress_ met, and a _general_ of the army was chosen president. The +_gradient_ is _gentle_, and the _access_ easy. The _reform_ of the +_refractory_ was in the highest _degree genuine_. We _received_ our +_frugal_ meal with _gratitude_. Many of the _inhabitants_ perished in the +_flames_. Hamilton and Jay were leading _federalists_. To err is _human_; +to forgive, _divine_. The boy _gesticulated_ violently, but it was a mere +_subterfuge_. Your words _infuse comfort_ into my heart. May one not be +_human_ without being _humane_? Do you know the _difference_ between the +_genitive_ and the _ablative case_? + + +101. HU'MUS, _the earth_; Hu'milis, _on the ground, lowly_. + +HUM: exhume' (-ation); inhume. + +HUMIL: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. _humble_ = Lat. +_hu'milis_). + +IRE. (See page 41.) + + +102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum, _to throw or cast_. + +JECT: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; dejec'tion; eject' +(-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); object' (-ion, -ionable, +-ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' (-ion); subject' (-ion, +-ive); traject'ory. + +Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. _ejacula're, ejacula'tum_, to hurl or throw); +ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. _jeter = ja'cere_); jet'ty; jut. + + +103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum, _to join_; Ju'gum, _a yoke_. + +JUNCT: junc'tion; junct'ure, _a point of time made critical by a joining of +circumstances_; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; disjunc'tion; +disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined subordinately to +something else). + +JUG: con'jugal, _relating to marriage; _conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate +(-ion). + +Join (Fr. v. _joindre_ = Lat. _jun'gere_); adjoin'; conjoin'; disjoin'; +enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, _joint_ = Lat. _junc'tum_); +joint'ure, _property settled on a wife_, _to be enjoyed after her husband's +death_; jun'ta (Spanish _junta_ = Lat. _junc'tus_, joined), _a grand +council of state in Spain; _jun'to (Span, _junt_), _a body of men united +for some secret intrigue_. + + +104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum, _to swear_. + +JUR: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, _to effect +something as if by an oath of magic_; con'jurer; per'jure, _to forswear_; +per'jurer; per'jury. + + +105. JUS, ju'ris, _right law_; Jus'tus, _lawful_; Ju'dex, ju'dicis, +_a judge_. + +JUR: jurid'ical (Lat. v. _dica're_, to pronounce), _relating to the +administration of justice_; jurisdic'tion, _legal authority_; +jurispru'dence, _science of law_; ju'rist; in'jure; in'jury. + +JUST: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; justifica'tion. + +JUDIC: ju'dicature, _profession of a judge_; judi'cious, _according to +sound judgment_; prej'udice, n., _judgment formed beforehand_; +prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. _juge_ = Lat. _ju'dex_); judg'ment; prejudge'. + + +106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum, _to gather, to read_. + +LEG: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be read--_legen'da_--in +church); leg'endary; leg'ible; le'gion (originally, a body of troops +_gathered_ or levied--_le'gio_); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege +(originally, the gathering or stealing of something sacred--_sa'crum_). + +LIG: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, assiduous): el'igible; +intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; neg'ligent (literally, +not--_neg_ = _nec_ = not--picking up). + +LECT: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' (-ion); +eclec'tic (Greek _ec_ = _ex_) ; elect' (-ion, -or, -oral); in'tellect; +neglect'; predilec'tion, _a liking for_; select' (-ion) ; les'son (Fr. n. +_lecon_ = Lat. _lec'tio_, a reading). + + +107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum, _to raise_; Le'vis, _easily raised, light_; +_French_ Lever, _to rise or raise_. + +LEV: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); rel'evant, +literally, _raising up_: hence, _pertinent, applicable_; rel'evancy; +irrel'evant. + +LEVER: leav'en (Fr. _levain_, yeast); Levant', literally, _the place of the +rising sun--the countries near the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea_; +lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y. + +LEX. (See page 43.) + + +108. LI'BER, _free_. + +LIBER: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty. + +Deliv'er (Fr. v. _delivrer_ = Lat. _delibera're_, to set free); +deliv'erance; deliv'ery. + +LITERA. (See page 43.) + + +109. LO'CUS: _a place_. + +LOC: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. _move're_, to move); +al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion). + + +110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus, _to speak_. + +LOQU: loqua'cious ; loqua'city ; col'loquy; collo'quial ; el'oquent; +magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. _mag'nus_, big, pompous); ob'loquy; solil'oquy +(Lat. adj. _so'lus_, alone); ventril'oquist (Lat. n. _ven'ter_, the +stomach). + +LOCUT: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor. + + +111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum, _to play or deceive_. + +LUD: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. _lu'dicrus_, sportive, laughable); allude', +literally, _to play at, to refer to indirectly_; delude'; elude'; prelude'. + +LUS: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; illu'sion; prelu'sive; +prelu'sory. + + +112. LUX, lu'cis, _light_; Lu'men, lu'minis, _light_. + +LUC: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. _fer're_, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate; +translu'cent. + +LUMIN: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine. + + +113. MAG'NUS, _great_; Ma'jor, _greater_; Magis'ter, _master_. + +MAGN: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. _an'imus_, soul); mag'nate, _a man of rank_; +mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make), _showing +grandeur_; mag'nitude. + +MAJ: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty. + +MAGISTER: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old Fr. +_maistre_ = Lat. _magis'ter); _mis'tress (Old Fr. _maistresse_ = Lat +_magis'tra_, fem. of _magis'ter_). + + +114. MA'NUS, _the hand_; _French_ Main, _the hand_. + +MAN: man'acle (Lat. n. _man'ica_, a fetter); manip'ulate, _to work with the +hand_ (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); +manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. _mit'tere_, to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. +_scrib'ere, scrip'tum_, to write); amanuen'sis (= _ab_ + _ma'nus), one who +does handwriting for another_; eman'cipate (Lat. v. _cap'ere_, to take); +quadru'manous (Lat. _quatuor_, four). + +MAIN: man'ner (Fr. n. _maniere_, originally, the mode in which a thing is +_handled_); maneu'ver (Fr. n. _manoeuvre_, literally, hand work; Fr. n. +_oeuvre = o'pus_, work); manure', _v_. (contracted from Fr. _manoeuvrer_, +to cultivate by manual labor). + + +115. MA'RE, _the sea_. + +Marine' (Lat. adj. _mari'nus_, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; mar'itime +(Lat. adj. _mariti'mus_ = _mari'nus_); submarine'; transmarine'; +ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. _mer_ = Lat. _ma're_). + + +116. ME'DIUS, _the middle_. + +Mediae'val (Lat. n. _ae'vum_, age), _relating to the Middle Ages_; me'diate +(-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. _medio'cris_, middling; hence inferior); +medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _ter'ra_, land); me'dium (Lat. n. +_me'dium_, the middle) ; imme'diate (prefix _in_ = not), _with nothing +intervening_; interme'diate. + + +117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini, _to remember_; Me'mor, _mindful_; MEMORA'RE +mem'oro, memora'tum, _to remember, to mention_. + +MEMINISSE: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, _remember thou), a reminder, a +memorial_. + +MEMOR: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. _memoran'dus_, p. part. of +_memora're_; literally, something to be remembered); commem'orate (-ion, +-ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. _memo'ria_); memo'rial (-ize); immemo'rial. + +Mem'oir (Fr. n. _memoire_ = Lat. _memoran'dum_); men'tion (Fr. n. _mention_ += Lat. _men'tio_, a speaking of); remem'ber (Old Fr. v. _remembrer = Lat. +remem'orare_); remem'brance; remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. +_reminiscence_, from Lat. v. _reminis'ci_, to recall to mind). + + +118. MENS, men'tis, _the mind_. + +MENT: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, _insanity_; ve'hement (Lat. adj. +_ve'hemens = ve_, not, and _mens_; literally, not reasonable), _furious, +ardent_. + +EXERCISE. + +We _reject_ insincere _homage_. When the body was _exhumed_ the _jury +decided_ that poison had been administered. _Legendary_ stories were +_related_ by the _friar_. The _lessons_ were _selected_ with _intelligence. +Levity_ and _gravity_ are _different_ qualities. The _mayor's_ speech was +more _ludicrous_ than _facetious_. The _magistrate_ claimed _jurisdiction_ +in the _locality_. We heard Hamlet's _soliloquy_ finely _delivered_. Do you +_recollect_ the _magnificent_ lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? +The _lecturer_ was _lucid_ in his _allusions_. In _mediaeval_ times _homage_ +was exacted of all vassals. The _mariners maneuvered_ beautifully. Your +_magnificent donation_ will be _gratefully remembered_. The _mermaid_ is a +mere _delusion. Illegible manuscript_ is a _decided nuisance_. The eastern +part of the _Mediterranean_ is called the _Levant_. Franklin's _memoirs_ +are very interesting. + + +119. MER'CES, _hire_; Merx, mer'cis, _merchandise_. + +MERC: mer'cantile (Lat. part. _mer'cans, mercan'tis_); mer'cenary (Lat. +adj. _mercena'rius_); mer'cer (Fr. n. _mercier_), _one who deals in silks +and woolens_; mer'chant (Lat. part, _mer'cans_); mer'chandise; com'merce +(Fr. n. _commerce_); commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. _merca'tus_, a place of +public traffic). + + +120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum, _to dip, to sink_. + +MERG: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, _that which arises suddenly_; submerge'. + +MERS: emer'sion; immerse'. + + +121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum, _to remove_. + +MIGR: em'igrant (Lat. part. _mi'grans, migran'tis_). + +MIGRAT: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion); +transmigra'tion, _the passage of the soul into another body after death_. + + +122. MI'LES, mil'itis, _a soldier_. + +MILIT: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, _to act against_; mili'tia, _enrolled +soldiers not in a standing army_. + + +123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum, _to hang over_. + +MIN. em'inent (Lat. part, _em'inens, _standing out); em'inence ; im'minent, +literally, _threatening to fall_; pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; +prom'inence; superem'inent. + + +124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum, _to lessen_; Mi'nor, _less_; +Mi'nus, _less_. + +MINUT: minute'; minu'tiae (pl. of Lat. n. _minu'tia_, a very small object); +min'uend (Lat. part, _minuen'dus_, to be lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. +_minuet_ = Lat. adj. _minu'tus, _small), _a dance of small steps_; +dimin'ish (Lat. v. _diminu'ere_, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive. + +MINOR: mi'nor, _n_. and a.; minor'ity. + +MINUS: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. super, +deg., least); min'im. + + +125. MINIS'TER, _a servant or attendant_. + +MINISTER: min'ister ; ministe'rial; min'istry ; admin'ister; +administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor. + + +126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus, _to wonder_. + +MIR: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. _mirac'ulum_, a wonderful +thing); mirac'ulous. + +Mirage' (Fr. n. _mirage_, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. _miroir_, from v. +_mirer_, to view). + + +127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum, _to mingle_. + +MISC: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous. + +MIXT: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'. + + +128. MI'SER, _wretched_. + +MISER: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion). + + +129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum, _to send or cast_. + +MIT: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; intermit' (-ent); +manumit' (Lat. n. _manus_, the hand), _to release from slavery_; omit'; +permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. +_we send_), _a warrant of commitment to prison_. + +MISS: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, _an +officer who furnishes provisions for an army_; commissa'riat; commis'sion +(-er); com'promise; demise', _death_; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; +permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); +submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible. + + +130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus, _to keep within bounds_; +Mo'dus, _a measure or manner_. + +MODERAT: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate. + +MOD: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; accom'modate (-ion); +commode' (Lat. adj. _com'modus_, convenient). _a small sideboard_; +commo'dious, literally, _measured with_; commod'ity, literally, _a +convenience_; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. adv. _mo'do_, lately, just now); +mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. _mod'ulus_, a measuring of tones); +modula'tion. + + +131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum, _to remind, to warn_. + +MON: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. _monumen'tum_); premon'ish; sum'mon +(Lat. v. _summone're_ = _sub_ + _mone're_, to remind privily), _to call by +authority_. + +MONIT: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; +premon'itory. + + +132. MONS, mon'tis, _a mountain_. + +MOUNT: mount, n. _a high hill_; v. _to rise or ascend_; moun'tain (-eer, +-ous); mount'ebank (It. n. _banco_, a bench); amount'; dismount'; +par'amount (Fr. _par_ = Lat. _per_, exceedingly), _of the highest +importance_; prom'ontory (literally, the _fore_-part or projecting part of +a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. _tan'tus_, +so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian +side). + + +133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum, _to point out, to show_. + +MONSTR: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, _to show +up_, _to display_. + +MONSTRAT: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; remon'strance. + + +134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum, _to bite_. + +MORD: mor'dant, _biting_, _serving to fix colors_; morda'cious (Lat. adj. +_mor'dax_, _morda'cis_, biting), _severe_, _sarcastic_. + +MORS: mor'sel, literally, _a little bite_; remorse', _the biting of +conscience_ (-ful, -less). + +MORS. (See page 44.) + + +135. MOS, mo'ris, _manner, custom_; _pl._ Mo'res, _manners or morals_. + +MOR: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize (-ation). + + +136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum, _to move_. + +MOV: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al). + +MOT: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. n. +_lo'cus_; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness). + +Mob (Lat. adj. _mob'ilis_, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); momen'tum, _the +force of a moving body_, _impetus_. + + +137. MUL'TUS, multi, _many, much_. + +MULTI: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; mul'tiple +(Lat. adj. _mul'tiplus_ for _mul'tiplex_, manifold); mul'tiply (Lat. adj. +_mul'tiplex_); mul'tiplicate (-ion); multiplic'ity. + + +138. MU'NUS, mu'neris, _a gift, a service_. + +MUN. munic'ipal (Lat. n. _municip'ium_, a free town), _pertaining to a +corporation_; municipal'ity; munif'icent; munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. +_commu'nis_ = _con_ + _munus_; literally, ready to be of service); +commune', _v._ literally, _to share (discourse) in common_; commun'ion, +commu'nity; com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); +commu'nicant; excommu'nicate; immu'nity (_in_ + _munus_; literally, absence +of service). + +MUNER: remunerate (-ion, -ive). + + +139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum, _to change_. + +MUT: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' (-able). + +MUTAT: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion. + + +140. NAS'CI: nas'cor, _na'tus, to be born, to grow_; Natu'ra, _nature_. + +NASC: nas'cent, _growing_; renaissance' (a style of decorative art +_revived_ by Raphael). + +NAT: na'tal; na'tion, originally, _a distinct race or stock_ (-al, -ality, +-ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate. + +NATUR: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; supernat'ural. + + +141. NA'VIS, _a ship_. + +NAV: nave, _the middle or body of a church_; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. +adj. _nau'ticus_, from _nauta_ or _nav'ita_, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. +_naviga're_ = _na'vis_ + _ag'ere_); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; +circumnavigate. + + +142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um, _to tie or bind_. + +NECT: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion). + +NEX: annex'; annexation. + +EXERCISE. + +The _administration_ of affairs is in the hands of her _majesty's +ministers_. A _miscellaneous collection_ of goods was sold on _commission_. +The _merchant remitted_ the money called for in the _emergency_. The +_suggestion_ to _modify_ the plan was _tantamount_ to its _rejection_. Do +you _admire_ Bunker Hill _Monument_? A _miser_ is an object of +_commiseration_ to all who know him. _Remuneration_ will be allowed +according to the _amount_ of labor. The _major_ has been _promoted_ to the +rank of colonel. All who were _connected_ with the _movement_ were +_excommunicated_. As the _annexed_ territory is chiefly _maritime_ it will +greatly _increase_ the _commerce_ of the _nation_. The _monitor admonished_ +the pupils with great _gentleness_. The _committee_ said the _master_ had +done his work in an _admirable_ manner. The _Pilgrim_ Fathers _emigrated_ +to this country in 1620. A _minute missile moved_ towards us. What is the +_subjunctive mood_ or _mode_? A _multitude_ of _communists_ appeared in +Paris. + + +143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum, _to deny_. + +NEGAT: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, _an apostate_. + +Deny' (Fr. v. _denier_ = Lat. _de_ + _nega're_, to contradict); deni'al; +undeni'able. + + +144. NEU'TER, neu'trum, _neither of the two_. + +NEUTR: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize). + + +145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum, _to hurt_. + +NOC: no'cent, _hurtful_; in'nocent; in'nocence; innoc'uous. + +Nox'ious (Lat. adj. _nox'ius_, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance (Fr. v. +_nuire_ = Lat. _noce're_). + + +146. NO'MEN, nom'inis, _a name_. + +NOMEN: nomenclat'ure, _a list of technical names_; cogno'men, _a surname_. + +NOMIN: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or); +ig'nominy (Lat. _i(n)_ + _gnomen_, old form of _nomen_, a deprivation of +one's good name); ignomin'ious. + +Noun (Fr. n. _nom_ = Lat. _no'men_); pro'noun; misno'mer (Old Fr. _mes_ = +wrong, and _nommer_, to name), _a wrong name_. + +NORMA. (See page 45.) + + +147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum, _to know_; No'ta, _a mark_. + +NOT: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notifica'tion; +noto'rious (Lat. adj. _noto'rius_, making known), _known in a bad sense_; +notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'. + +No'ble (Lat. adj. _no'bilis_, deserving to be known); noblesse' (Fr. n. +_noblesse_ = Lat. _nobil'itas_); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Lat. prefix +_i(n)_ + _gnobilis_, old form of _nobilis_); cog'nizance (Old Fr. +_cognizance_ = Lat. _cognoscen'tia_, notice or knowledge), _judicial +observation_; connoisseur' (Fr. n. _connoisseur_, a critical judge); +incog'nito (Italian _incognito_, from Lat. part. _incog'nitus_, unknown), +_unknown, in disguise_; rec'ognize (Lat. _re_, again, and _cognos'cere_, to +know); recog'nizance, _a term in law_; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. +reconnoitre), _to survey, to examine_. + + +148. NO'VUS, _new_. + +NOV: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or). + +Nov'el (Lat. adj. _novel'lus_, diminutive of _no'vus_); adj. _something +new, out of the usual course_; n., literally, _a story new and out of the +usual course_; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, _a beginner_; novi'tiate, +_time of being a novice_. + + +149. NU'MERUS, _a number_. + +NUMER: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Lat. v. +_enumera're_, _enumera'tum_, to count or tell of), _to reckon up singly_; +enumera'tion; innu'merable (= _in_ + _nu'mer_ + _able_, that may not be +counted); supernu'merary, _one above the necessary number_; num'ber (Old +Fr. n. _numbre_ = Lat. _nu'merus_). + + +150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum, _to announce_; Nun'cius, _a +messenger_. + +NUNCIAT: enun'ciate, _to utter_ (-ion); denuncia'tion; pronuncia'tion; +renuncia'tion, _disavowal, relinquishment_. + +Nun'cio (Sp. n. _nuncio_ = Lat. _nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope_; +announce' (Fr. v. _annoncer_ = Lat. _ad_ + _nuncia're_), _to proclaim_; +announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. _denoncer_ = Lat. _de_ + _nuncia're_), _to +accuse publicly_; pronounce' (Fr. v. _prononcer_ = Lat. _pro_ + +_nuncia're_); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. _renoncer_ = Lat. _re_ + +_nuncia're_), _to disclaim_; renounce'ment. + + +151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum, _to nourish_. + +NUTRI: nu'triment, _that which nourishes_; nutri'tion; nutri'tious; +nu'tritive. + +Nour'ish (Fr. v. _nourrir_ = Lat. _nutri'ere_); nurse (Fr. v. _nourrice_; a +nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, _a little one who is nursed_; nurt'ure. + + +152. O'PUS, op'eris, _a work or deed_; OPERA'RI, opera'tus, _to work_. + +OPER: operose, _requiring labor_, _tedious_. + +OPERAT: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, -or). + +Op'era (It. _op'era_ = _opera_, pains, pl. of _o'pus_), _a musical drama_; +operat'ic. + +ORDO. (See page 45.) + + +153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum, _and_ pas'sum, _to spread_; Pas'sus, +_a step_. + +PAND: expand', _to spread out_. + +PANS: expanse' (-ion, -ive). + +PASS: pass; pass'able, _that may be passed_, _tolerable_; pas'sage; +com'pass, v. _to stretch round_; encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (_tres_ = +_trans_), _to pass beyond due bounds_. + +Pace (Fr. n. _pas_ = Lat. _pas'sus_); pas'senger (Old Eng. _passager_); +pass'over, _a Jewish festival_;[8] pass'port (= pass + port, literally, a +permission to leave a port or to sail into it.) + + +154. PAR, _equal_. + +PAR: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, _to injure by comparison of +unequals_; dispar'agement. + +Pair (Fr. adj. _paire_ = Lat. _par_), _two of a kind_; peer (Old Fr. _peer_ +or _pair_ = Lat. _par_), _an equal_, _a nobleman_; peer'age; peer'less; +compeer'; non'pareil (Fr. _non_, not, and _pareil_, equal), _a peerless +thing or person_. + + +155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum, _to make ready, to prepare_; SEPARA'RE: +sep'aro, separa'tum, _to separate_. + +PARAT: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; repara'tion. + +SEPAR: sep'arate, literally, _to prepare aside_: hence, _to disjoin_; +separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable. + +Parade' (Fr. n. _parade_, literally, a parrying), _military display_; pare +(Fr. v. _parer_, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. v. _parer_, to ward +off); appara'tus (Lat. _appara'tus_ = _ad_ + _paratus_, literally, +something prepared for a purpose); appar'el (Fr. n. _appareil_, +preparation); compare' (Fr. v. _comparer_ = Lat. _compara're_), _to set +things together to see how far they resemble each other_; prepare' (Fr. v. +_preparer_ = Lat. _prepara're_); repair' (Fr. v. _reparer_ = Lat. +_repara're_), literally, _to prepare again_, hence, _to restore after +injury_; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. _sevrer_ = Lat. _separa're_), _to +render asunder_; sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. _several_ = Lat. _separa'lis_, +separate); sev'erance; dissev'er. + +PARS. (See page 46.) + + +156. PAT'ER, pa'tris, _a father_; Pa'tria, _one's native country_. + +Pater'nal (Lat. adj. _pater'nus_, pertaining to a father); pater'nity (Lat. +n. _pater'nitas_, Fr. _paternite_), _fathership_; patri'cian (Lat. adj. +_patri'cius_, from _pa'tres_, fathers or senators), _a Roman nobleman_; +pat'rimony (Lat. n. _patrimo'nium_), _an estate inherited from one's +ancestors_; pa'tron (Lat. n. _patro'nus_, a protector), _one who +countenances or supports_; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. n. +_pattern_, something to be copied), _a model_; expatriate, _to banish_; +expatria'tion. + + +157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus, _to bear, to suffer_. + +PATI: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, _consistent with_; +compat'ibility; incompat'ible. + +PASS: pas'sion, _strong agitation of the mind_; pas'sive; impas'sive, +_insensible_; compas'sion, _sympathy_; compas'sionate. + + +158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum, _to drive_. + +PEL (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-). + +PULS: pulse, _the beating of an artery as blood is driven through it_; +pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion; +repulse'; repul'sive. + + +159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum, _to hang_. + +PEND: pen'dant, _a long, narrow flag_; pend'ing, _not decided, during_; +append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); independ'ent; +independ'ence; suspend'. + +PENS: pen'sile, _hanging_; suspense'(-ion). + +Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. _pen'dulus_, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. +_pen'dulus)_; appen'dix (Lat. n. _appen'dix_, an addition). + + +160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum, _to weigh, to pay_. + +PEND: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n. +_compen'dium_, that which is weighed, saved, shortened) ; compen'dious +(Lat. adj. _compendio'sus_, brief, succinct); expend'; expen'diture ; +sti'pend (Lat. n. _stipen'dium_, literally, the pay of soldiers); +stipendiary. + +PENS: pen'sive, _thoughtful_; pen'sion, _an allowance for past services_ +(-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', _to deal out_ (-ary); dispensa'tion; +indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense. + +PES. (See page 47.) + + +161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum, _to attack, to seek_. + +PET: centrip'etal (Lat. n. _cen'trum_, center); compete'; com'petent, _fit, +suitable_; com'petence, _sufficiency_; incom'petent. + +PETIT: peti'tion, _a request_ (-er); compet'itor; compet'itive ; +repeti'tion. + +Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. _petulant_, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. _appetit_), _a +seeking for hunger_; impet'uous (Lat. adj. _impetuo'sus_, vehement); +impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. _im'petus_, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. +_repeter_ = Lat. _repet'ere_). + +EXERCISE + +_Numerous objections_ were _submitted_ against the _innovations_ about to +be _introduced_. The _obnoxious_ articles have been _removed_. The +_nominee_ by his _ludicrous_ speech _neutralized_ all that his friends did +for him. _Part_ of the _apparatus prepared_ for the _occasion_ was damaged +in _transmission_. The _patronage_ of the _nobility_ and _gentry connected_ +with the neighborhood was asked. Many _parts_ of the _edifice_ are highly +_ornate_. Christ had _compassion_ on the _multitude_, for they had been a +long time without food. The _petitioner's application_ for a _pension_ was +not _repeated_. How can an _acid_ be _neutralized_? The _renegade_ was +brought to _ignominy_. The _prince_ was travelling _incognito_. The young +lady seems _pensive_ rather than _petulant_. Here is a new _edition_ of the +_novel_, with _annotations_ by the _author_. The _opera_ seems to be well +_patronized_ this winter. Webster had a _compendious mode_ of stating great +truths. What is meant by _centripetal motion_? What is the _difference_ +between the _numerator_ and the _denominator_? + + +162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um, _to twist_; PLICA'RE: pli'co, +plica'tum, _and_ plic'itum, _to fold_. + +PLEX: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; complex'ity; +perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly--_per_: hence, to puzzle or +embarrass); perplex'ity. + +PLIC: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable. + +PLICAT: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; im'plicate (-ion); +replica'tion, _an answer in law_; sup'plicate, _to entreat earnestly_; +supplica'tion. + +PLICIT: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly stated); +implic'it, _implied_. + +Ply (Fr. v. _plier_ = Lat. _plica're_), _to work diligently_; pli'able, +_easily bent_; pli'ant; pli'ancy; accom'plice, _an associate in crime_; +apply' (Old Fr. _applier_ = Lat. _applica're_); appli'ance, _the thing +applied_; comply' (Fr. v. _plier_), _to fold with_: hence, _to conform or +assent_; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. _desployer_, to unfold); doub'le +(Fr. adj. _double_ = Lat. _du'plex_, twofold); du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. +_duplic'itas_, from _du'plex_, double); employ' (Fr. v. _employer_ = Lat. +_implica're_), _to keep at work_; employe; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' +(Fr. n. _exploit_ = Lat. _explic'itum_, literally, something unfolded, set +forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, _to infold_: +hence _to involve_, _to signify_; mul'tiply (Fr. v. _multiplier_ = Lat. +_mul'tus_ much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. _qua'tuor_, four); reply' (Old Fr. +v. _replier_ = Lat. _replica're_, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. _simplex_, gen. +_simplicis_), _not compounded_, _artless_; sim'pleton (compare It. +_simplicione_, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. _simplic'itas_); +sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. _souple_ = Lat. _sup'plex_, bending the knee, +from _sub_ and _plica're_); sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, +kneeling down); treb'le (Old Fr. adj. _treble_ = Lat. _tri'plex_, +threefold); trip'le (Lat. _tri'plex_); trip'let, _three lines rhyming +alternately_. + + +163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum, _to place_. + +PON: compo'nent, _forming a compound_; depone', _to bear testimony_; +depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment). + +POSIT: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, _a system of philosophy_; +pos'itivist, _a believer in the positive philosophy_; ap'posite, _adapted +to_; compos'ite, _compound_; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; +depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, _the giving testimony under +oath_; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; +juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; +suppositi'tious; transposi'tion. + +Pose (Fr. v. _poser_ = Lat. _pon'ere_), _to bring to a stand by questions_; +post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. _posture_ = Lat. _positu'ra_, position); +compose' (Fr. v. _composer_ = Lat. _compon'ere_); compos'ure; com'pound +(Lat. v. _compon'ere_); com'post, _a mixture_, _a manure_; depot' (Fr. n. +_depot_ = Lat. _depos'itum_); dispose' (Fr. v. _disposer_); dispo'sal; +expose' (Fr. v. _exposer_); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. _imposer_); im'post, +_a tax placed on imported goods_; impos'tor, _one guilty of fraud_; +impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. _provost_, +from Lat _praepos'itus_, placed before, a chief), _the principal of a +college_; pur'pose (Old Fr. n. _purpos_, _propos_ = Lat. _propos'itum_), +_an end set before one_; repose' (Fr. v. _reposer_); suppose' (Fr. v. +_supposer_); transpose' (Fr. v. _transposer_). + + +164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum, _to carry_. + +PORT: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, -er); +im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, _design_; report' (-er); support'; +insupport'able; transport' (-ation). + +Portfo'lio (Lat. n. _fo'lium_, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. _manteau_, a +cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. _importu'nus_, unseasonable); import'unate; +importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. _opportu'nus_, literally, at or before +the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune. + + +165. POS'SE, _to be able_; Po'tens, poten'tis, _powerful, mighty_. + +POSSE: pos'sible (Lat. adj. _possib'ilis_); possibil'ity; impos'sible. + +POTENT: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent +(Lat. adj. _om'nis_, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. _ple'nus_, full). + + +166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum, _to lay hold of, to +seize_. + +PREHEND: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'. + +PREHENS: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; comprehen'sible; +comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible. + +Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. _apprentis_, from v. _apprendre_, to learn); +apprise' (Fr. v. _apprendre_, part. _appris_, to inform); comprise' (Fr. v. +_comprendre, compris_), _to include_; en'terprise (Fr. n. _entrepise_, +something undertaken); impreg'nable (Fr. adj. _imprenable_, not to be +taken); pris'on (Fr. n. _prison_); prize (Fr. n. _prise_, something taken, +from _prendre, pris_, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. _repreuver_, to +condemn), _to grant a respite_; repri'sal; surprise'. + + +167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum, _to press_. + +PRESS: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); express' (-ion, +-ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; oppress' ('-ion, -ive, +-or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion). + +Print (abbreviated from _imprint_, from Old Fr. v. _preindre_ = Lat. +_prem'ere_); im'print, _the name of the publisher and the title page of a +book_; imprima'tur (Lat. _let it be printed_), originally, _a license to +print a book, the imprint of a publisher_. + + +168. PRI'MUS, _first_; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis, _chief, original_. + +PRIM: prime; pri'mate, _the highest dignitary of a church_; pri'macy; +prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. _ae'vum_, an age); prim'itive; +primogen'itor (Lat. n. _gen'itor_, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n. +_genitu'ra_, a begetting), _the exclusive right of inheritance which in +English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter_; primor'dial (Lat. v. +_ordi'ri_, to begin), _existing from the beginning_; prim'rose (Lat. n. +_ro'sa_); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. _prince_ = Lat. _prin'ceps_); +prin'cipal ; prin'ciple. + +Pre'mier (Fr. adj. _premier_, first), _the prime minister_; pri'or (Lat. +adj. _prior_, former); pri'oress, _the female superior of a convent_; +pri'ory, _a convent_; prior'ity, _state of being first_; pris'tine (Lat. +adj. _pristi'nus_, primitive), _original, ancient_. + + +169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum, _to try, to prove_. + +PROB: prob'able, _likely, credible_; probabil'ity; improb'able; pro'bate, +_the proof of a will_; proba'tion, _the act of trying_; proba'tioner; +proba'tionary; probe, _to try by an instrument_; prob'ity, _tried +integrity_; approba'tion, _commendation_; rep'robate (adj. literally, +proved against), _base, condemned_. + +Prove (Old Fr. _prover_, New Fr. _prouver_ = Lat. _proba're_); proof (Old +Fr. n. _prove_ = Lat. _pro'ba_, proof); approve' (Fr. v. _approuver_ = Lat. +_approba're_); approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; +reproof'. + + +170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum, _to prick_; Punc'tum, _a point_. + +PUNG: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', _to mark out_. + +PUNCT: punctil'io (Sp. _punctillo_, from Lat. _punc'tum_, a point), _a nice +point of exactness in conduct_, etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); +punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; compunc'tion, _remorse_. + +Punch (abbreviated from _puncheon_, from Lat. n. _punc'tio_, a pricking), +_an instrument for cutting holes_; point (Fr. n. _pointe_ = Lat. +_punc'tum)_; poign'ant (Fr. part. _poignant_, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. +_poignard_), _a small dagger_. + + +171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum, _to think, to prune, to count or reckon_. + +PUT: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. _deputa're_, to allot), _to +empower to act_; dep'uty; dispute' (-ant); indis'putable; impute' +(literally, to reckon in), _to charge_; repute'; disrepute' (-able). + +PUTAT: pu'tative, _supposed_; am'putate, _to cut off the limb from an +animal_; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion. + +Count (Fr. v. _compter_ = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; recount'. + + +172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum, _to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry +away_. + +RAP: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. _ra'pax, rapa'cis_, greedy); rapac'ity; rap'id +(Lat. adj. _rap'idus_, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; rap'ine (Lat. n. +_rapi'na_, robbery). + +RAPT: rapt, _transported_; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; surrepti'tious +(Lat. v. _surrip'ere, surrep'tum_, to take away secretly), _done by +stealth_. + +Rav'age (Fr. v. _ravager_ = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. _ravir_ = Lat. +_rap'ere_). + + +173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum, _to rule_; Rec'tus, _straight_. + +REG: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. _reg'imen_, that by which one +guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. _regimen'tum_); re'gion +(Lat. _re'gio, regio'nis_, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ = +_con_ + _reg'ere_); incor'rigible. + +RECT: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. _corrig'ere_ += _con_ + _reg'ere), to remove faults_; direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; +insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion. + +Re'gal (Lat. n. _rex, re'gis_, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. v. +_caed'ere_, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. _reg'ula_, a rule); reg'ulate; realm +(Old Fr. _realme_, from Lat. adj. _rega'lis_, royal); reign (Fr. n. _regne_ += Lat. _reg'num); _corrigen'da (sing. _corrigen'dum_), _things to be +corrected_; dress (Fr. v. _dresser_ = Lat _dirig'ere_); address' (Fr. v. +_adresser_, to direct); redress' (Fr. v. _redresser_ = Lat. _re_ + +_dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair_; source (Fr. n. _source_, from Lat. +_sur'gere_, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. _insur'gere_). + + +174. RI'VUS, _a river_. + +RIV: ri'val (Lat. n. _riva'lis_, one who used a brook in common with +another); ri'valry ; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. _riv'ulus_, diminutive of +_ri'vus_); derive' (literally, to receive as from a source); deriva'tion; +deriv'ative. + + +175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum, _to ask_. + +ROG: ar'rogant, _proud, overbearing_; ar'rogance; prorogue' (Fr. v. +_proroger_ = Lat. _proroga're_). + +ROGAT: ab'rogate; _to repeal_; ar'rogate, _to assume_; arroga'tion; +derog'atory, _detracting_; inter'rogate (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative +(literally, that is asked before others for an opinion: hence, preference), +_exclusive or peculiar right or privilege_; proroga'tion, _prolonga'tion_; +superer'ogate (Lat. _super_ + _eroga're_, to spend or pay out over and +above), _to do more than is necessary_; supereroga'tion. + + +176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, _to break_. + +RUPT: rupt'ure, _to part violently_; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); bank'rupt (It. +n. _banco_, a merchant's place of business); bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, +-ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion ; interrupt' (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive. + + +177. SA'CER, sa'cri, _holy_. + +SACR: sac'rament (Lat. n. _sacramen'tum_, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred +(orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. _sacre_, to consecrate); sac'rifice +(Lat. v. _fac'ere_, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that steals--properly +gathers, picks up, _leg'ere_--sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat. +_sacrista'nus)_, a church officer. + +SECR: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrate (-ion); +ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. _sacer'dos, sacerdo'tis_, priest), +_pertaining to the priesthood_. + + +178. SA'LUS, salu'tis, _health_; Sal'vus, _safe_. + +SALUT: sal'utary, _promoting health_; salu'tatory, _giving salutation_; +salute' (-ion). + +SALV: sal'vage, _reward for saving goods_; sal'vo, _a volley_; salva'tion. + +Safe (through Old Fr. _salf_ or _sauf_); safe'ty; save; sav'ior salu'brious +(Lat. adj. _salu'bris_, health-giving); salu'brity. + + +179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (_in comp._ scen'do), scan'dum (_in comp._ +scen'sum), _to climb_. + +SCEND: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' (-ing); +transcend' (-ent) ; transcendental. + +SCENS: ascen'sion ; ascent'; condescen'sion. + + +180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum, _to write_. + +SCRIB: ascribe', _to impute to_; circumscribe', _to draw a line around, to +limit_; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', _to order or appoint_; +pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), _to interdict_; subscribe'; +superscribe'; transcribe'. + +SCRIPT: script, _type in imitation of handwriting_; script'ure; +ascrip'tion; con'script, _one taken by lot and enrolled for military +service_; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see +_manus_); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription; +superscrip'tion; tran'script. + +Scribe (Fr. n. _scribe_); scrib'ble ; escritoire'. + + +181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum, _to cut_. + +SEC: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. _se'cans_, _secan'tis_), _a line that cuts +another_. + +SECT: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others by peculiar +doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. _bis_, two); +dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose body is apparently cut +in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. _vora're_, to feed); intersect' +(-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. _vena_, a vein). + +Seg'ment (Lat. n. _segmen'tum), a part cut off_. + + +182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (_in comp._ se'do), ses'sum, _to sit_. + +SED: sed'entary (Lat. adj. _sedenta'rius_, accustomed to sit); sed'iment +(Lat. n. _sedimen'tum_, a settling or sinking down); sedimen'tary; +sed'ulous (Lat. adj. _sed'ulus_, sitting close to an employment); +supersede'. + +SID: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting in wait +against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); pres'ident; +presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; subsidiary. + +SESS: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a person or +thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. _possid'ere, posses'sum_, +to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); posses'sion; +possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', _to take possession of beforehand, to +prejudice_. + + +183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum, _to feel, to think_. + +SENT: scent (Old English _sent_), _odor_; sen'tence (Lat. n. _senten'tia_); +senten'tious (Lat. adj. _sententio'sus_, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. +n. _sentiment_); sentimen'tal; assent', _to agree to_; consent' (literally, +to think or feel together), _to acquiesce, to permit_; dissent' (-er); +dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel back), _to take +ill_; resent'ment. + +SENS: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; non'sense; sen'sual +(Lat. adj. _sensua'lis_); sen'sualist ; sen'suous. + + +184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus, _to follow_. + +SEQU: se'quence, _order of succession_; consequent; con'sequence; +consequential; ob'sequies, _formal rites_; obse'quious (literally, +following in the way of another), _meanly condescending_; sub'sequent +(-ly). + +SECUT: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute (-ion). + +Se'quel (Lat. n. _seque'la_, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. _suire_, +New Fr. _suivre = se'qui), to follow at law_; suit; suit'able; suit'or; +suite (Fr. n. _suite_), _a train or set_; ensue' (Fr. v. _ensuivre_, to +follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. v. _poursuivre_, to follow hard, to +chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; pursuit'; pur'suivant, _a state messenger_; +ex'ecute (Fr. v. _executer_ = Lat. _ex'sequi_); execu'tion; exec'utor; +exec'utrix. + + +185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum, _to save, to keep, to bind_. + +SERV: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); reserve'; +unreserved'. + +SERVAT: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; observ'atory; +preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion. + +Res'ervoir (Fr. n. _reservoir_ = Lat. _reservato'rium_, a place where +anything is kept in store). + +EXERCISE. + +The puzzle is _complicated_ and _displays_ much _ingenuity_ on the _part_ +of the inventor. A _reply_ may be _explicit_ without showing _duplicity_. +It was urged that the _election_ of _delegates_ be _postponed_. The +_portmanteau_ containing _important_ papers was left at the _merchant's +office_. An _impostor_ is sure to show _opposition_ to the course of +_justice_. Coleridge holds that it is _possible_ to _apprehend_ a truth +without _comprehending_ it. The _bankrupt_ was so _arrogant_ that his +_creditors_ were not _disposed_ to be lenient with him. Most of the +questions _proposed_ by the _rector_ were answered in the _negative_. What +is the origin of the word _derivation_? The _region_ is _described_ as +healthful. The _manuscript_ was _transcribed_ and _subscribed_ by the +_author_. It is _salutary_ to be _rivals_ in all worthy _ambitions_. + + +186. SIG'NUM, _a sign_. + +SIGN: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance; +significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. _assigna're_, to designate); assignee'; +consign' (Lat. v. _consigna're_, to seal) _to intrust to another_; +consign'ment; coun'tersign, _to sign what has already been signed by +another_; design', _to plan_; design'er; des'ignate, _to name_, _to point +out_; designa'tion; en'sign, _the officer who carries the flag of a +regiment_; insig'nia, _badges of office_; resign' (-ation); sig'nature +(Lat. n. _signatu'ra_, a sign or stamp). + + +187. SIM'ILIS, _like_. + +SIMIL: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, _a formal likening or comparison_; +simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. _ve'rus_, true); dissim'ilar; +assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. _v. fac'ere_, to make), an exact copy; +sim'ulate (Lat. v. _simula're_, _simula'tum_, to make like). + +Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. _dissimula're_, _dissimula'tum_, to feign); +dissem'ble (Fr. v. _dissembler_ = Lat. _dissimula're_); resem'ble (Fr. v. +_ressembler_). + + +188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum, _to cause to stand, to stand_. + +SIST: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for +ex-sist), _to stand out_: hence, _to be, to live_; exist'ence; co-exist'; +pre-exist'; insist', _to stand upon, to urge firmly_; persist' (-ent, +-ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence). + + +189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum, _to loosen_. + +SOLV: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; resolve'. + +SOLUT: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); res'olute (-ion). + +Sol'uble (Lat. adj. _solu'bilis_); solubil'ity. + + +190. SPEC'ERE _or_ SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio _or_ spi'cio, spec'tum, _to behold_; +Spe'cies, _a kind_. + +SPIC: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of birds); +auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. _conspic'uus_, wholly visible); +conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. _despicab'ilis_, deserving to be despised); +perspic'uous (Lat. adj. _perspic'uus_, that may be seen through); +perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious. + +SPECT: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); inspect' +(-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. n. +_prospec'tus_, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look again: hence, +to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; re'tro-spect (-ive); +suspect'. + +SPECIES: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; spec'ify (-ic, +-ication); spe'cious, _showy_. + +Spec'imen (Lat. n. _spec'imen_, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. +_spectac'ulum_, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. +_specta'tor_, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. _spec'trum_, an image); +spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), _an image_; spec'troscope (Gr. v. +_skopein_, to view), _an instrument for analysing light_; spec'ulate (Lat. +n. _spec'ula_, a lookout), _to contemplate_, _to traffic for great profit_; +specula'tion; spec'ulative. + + +191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum, _to breathe_; Spir'itus, _breath, +spirit_. + +SPIR: spir'acle, _a breathing pore_; aspire' (-ant); conspire' (-acy); +expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; transpire'. + +SPIRAT: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; perspira'tion; +respira'tion; respir'atory. + +SPIRITUS: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous. + +Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of +spirit). + + +192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum, _to promise_. + +SPOND: correspond', _to answer one to another_; correspond'ence; +correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: hence, to give up, to +despond); despond'ency; respond'. + +SPONS: spon'sor, _a surety_; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive); +irrespon'sible. + +Spouse (Old Fr. n. _espous_, _espouse_ = Lat. _spon'sus_, _spon'sa_); +espouse' (Old Fr. v. _espouser_ = Lat. _sponsa're_, to betroth, from +_spondere_). + + +193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (_in comp._ sti'tum, _to stand; pres. part._ +stans, stan'tis, _standing_); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum, _to +cause to stand_; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum, _to station, +to fix, to place_. + +STANT: cir'cumstance (from part. _circumstans'_, _circumstan'tis_, through +Lat. n. _circumstan'tia_, Fr. _circonstance_), _the condition of things +surrounding or attending an event_; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; +con'stant; con'stancy ; dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, +remote, reserved); dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; +transubstan'tiate, _to change to another substance_. + +STAT: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; states'man; +stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure. + +STIT: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if awe-struck); +supersti'tious. + +STATUT: stat'ute (-ory). + +STITU: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: hence, to +establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency; +des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, in want of); +in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to commence); +restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion). + +Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. _stab'ilis_, standing firmly); stab'lish; estab'lish +(-ment); stay, literally, _to keep standing_; ar'mistice (Lat. n. _ar'ma_, +arms), _a temporary stand-still of war_; arrest' (Old Fr. _arrester_ = Lat. +_ad_ + _restare_, to stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. _contra_ + +_sta're_, to stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice +(Lat. n. _sol_, the sun). + + +194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum, _to bind; to draw tight_. + +STRING: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency. + +STRICT: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, _a defined portion of a country_; +restrict' (-ion). + +Strain (Old Fr. _straindre_ = Lat. _strin'gere_); constrain'; dis-train'; +restrain'; restraint'. + + +195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum, _to build, to place in order_. + +STRUCT: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; destruc'tion; +instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); superstruct'ure. + +Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. _instrumen'tum_); +instrumental'ity. + + +196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum, _to take_; Sump'tus, _cost, expense_. + +SUM: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'. + +SUMPT: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. _sumptuo'sus_, expensive); sumpt'uary, +_relating to expense_; assumption; consumption; consump'tive; presump'tion; +presump'tive; presump'tuous. + + +197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum, _to touch_. + +TANG: tan'gent, _a straight line which touches a circle or curve_; +tan'gible. + +TACT: tact, _peculiar faculty or skill_; con'tact; intact'. + +Attain' (Fr. v. _attaindre_, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, +_communication of disease by contact or touch_; contam'inate, _to defile, +to infect_; contig'uous; contin'gent. + +TEMPUS. (See page 48.) + + +198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum _or_ ten'tum, _to stretch_. + +TEND: tend, _to aim at, take care of_; tend'ency; attend' (-ance, -ant); +contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to stretch to), _to +purpose, to design_; portend' (literally, to stretch forward), _to presage, +to betoken_; pretend' (literally, to stretch forth), _to affect, feel_; +subtend', _to extend under_; superintend' (-ence, -ent). + +TENS: tense (adj.), _stretched_; ten'sion; intense' (-ify); osten'sible +(Lat. v. _osten'dere_, to stretch out or spread before one), _apparent_; +pretense'. + +TENT: tent, literally, _a shelter of stretched canvas_; tentac'ula, _the +feelers of certain animals_; atten'tion; atten'tive; conten'tion; +conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; +por'tent, _an ill omen_. + + +199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum, _to hold_; _French_ Tenir (_radical_ tain), +_to hold_. + +TEN: ten'able; ten'ant, _one who holds property under another_; ten'antry; +ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. _tenet_, literally, "he holds"), _a doctrine held +as true_; ten'ure. + +TIN (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; incon'tinent; +per'tinent; imper'tinent. + +TENT: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; reten'tion; +reten'tive; sus'tenance. + +TAIN: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' (-ment); +pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'. + +Tena'cious (Lat. adj. _te'nax, tena'cis_, holding firmly); tenac'ity; +appur'tenance, _that which belongs to something else_; contin'ue (Fr. v. +_continuer_ = Lat. _contine're_); contin'ual; contin'uance; continua'tion; +continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance (literally, the contents of a body: +hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. n. _lieu_, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. +_main_, the hand), literally, _to hold by the hand_: hence, _to support, to +uphold_; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, _a train of +attendants_. + + +200. TER'RA, _the earth_. + +TERR: ter'race (Fr. n. _terrasse_); terra'queous (Lat. n. _a'qua_, water); +terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, _a small dog that goes into the +ground after burrowing animals_; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. _me'dius_, +middle); subterra'nean. + +Inter, _to put in the earth, to bury_; inter'ment; disinter'. + + +201. TES'TIS, _a witness_. + +TEST: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); protest' +(-ation, -ant); prot'estantism. + +Tes'tament (Lat. n. _testamen'tum_, a will); testamen'tary; testa'tor; +tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, _not having left a will_. + + +202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum, _to twist_. + +TORT: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' (-ion, -ionate); +retort'. + +Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. _tortuo'sus_, very twisted); tortuos'ity; torment' +(Lat. n. _tormen'tum_, extreme pain). + + +203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum, _to draw_; _Fr._ Trair, _past part._ +Trait. + +TRACT: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' (-ion, -ive); +contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, -or); +protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion). + +Trace (Fr. n. _trace_); track (Old Fr. n. _trac_); train; trait; treat +(-ise, -ment, -y). + + +204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum, _to allot, to give_. + +TRIBUT: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); distrib'ute (-ion, +-ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive. + + +205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum, _to thrust_. + +TRUD: detrude', _to thrust down_; extrude'; intrude' (-er); obtrude'; +protrude'. + +TRUS: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be +understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion. + + +206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus _or_ tu'tus, _to watch_. + +TUIT: tui'tion, _instruction_; intui'tion, _the act or power of the mind by +which it at once perceives the truth of a thing without argument_; +intu'itive. + +TUT: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage. + + +207. UN'DA, _a wave_. + +UND: abun'dance, literally, condition of overflowing--(_abunda're_, to +overflow); abun'dant; superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant +(literally, running back or over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); +redundance; redun'dancy. + +Un'dulate (Lat. n. _un'dula_, a little wave); undula'tion; un'dulatory; +abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. _redonder_ = Lat. _redunda're_, +to roll back as a wave or flood). + + +208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus, _to use_. + +UT: uten'sil (Lat. n. _uten'sile_, something that may be used); util'ity +(Lat. n. _util'itas_, usefulness); u'tilize. + +US: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. _usua'lis_, of +frequent use); u'sury, _illegal interest paid for the use of money_; +u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'. + + +209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum, _to go_. + +VAD: evade'; invade'; pervade'. + +VAS: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive. + + +210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum, _to be strong, to be of value_; Val'idus, +_strong_; Va'le, _farewell_. + +VAL: valedic'tory, _bidding farewell_; valetudina'rian (Lat. n. +_valetu'do_, state of health), _a person in ill-health_; val'iant, _brave_, +_heroic_; val'or (-ous); val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, +_regaining health_; equiv'alent (Lat. adj. _e'quus_, equal); prev'alent, +_very common or general_; prevalence. + +VAIL: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'. + +VALID: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid. + + +211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum, _to come, to go_. + +VENT: vent'ure, literally, _something gone upon_; vent'uresome; ad'vent; +adventi'tious, _accidental, casual_; advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; +contraven'tion; con'vent, _a monastery, a nunnery_; conven'ticle, _a place +of assembly_; conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' +(literally, to come upon), _to find out, to contrive_; inven'tion; +invent'ive; invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive). + +Av'enue (Fr. n. _avenue_, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; +conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, _conve'niens, convenien'tis_, literally, +coming together), _suitable_; conven'ience; cov'enant _an agreement between +two parties_; intervene'; rev'enue; supervene', _to come upon, to happen_. + + +212. VER'BUM, _a word_. + +VERB: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb. + +Verba'tim (Lat. adv. _verba'tim_, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. n. +_verbiage_, wordiness). + + +213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum, _to turn_. + +VERT: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind to), +_heedless_; ad'vertise, _to turn public attention to_; adver'tisement; +animadvert' (Lat. n. _an'imus_, the mind), _to turn the mind to, to +censure_; avert'; controvert', _to oppose_; convert', _to change into +another form or state_; divert'; invert', literally, _to turn the outside +in_; pervert', _to turn from the true purpose_; retrovert'; revert'; +subvert'. + +VERS: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, _the yearly_ +(Lat. n. _an'nus_, a year) _celebration of an event_; averse', _having a +dislike to_; aver'sion; con'troversy; converse' (-ant, -ation); +conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); +retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); subver'sion; subversive; +tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. _ter'gum_, the back), _a subterfuge_; transverse', +_lying or being across_; u'niverse (Lat. adj. _u'nus_, one), _the system of +created things_; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, _a universal school in +which are taught all branches of learning_. + +Verse (Lat. n. _ver'sus_, a furrow), _a line in poetry_; ver'sify; +versifica'tion; ver'sion, _that which is turned from one language into +another, a statement_; ver'satile (Lat. adj. _versat'ilis_, turning with +ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), _the summit_; vertical; vertebra (pl. +ver'tebrae); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. _vor'tex_, a +whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. _divorce), a separation_. + + +214. VE'RUS, _true_; Ve'rax, vera'cis, _veracious_. + +VER: ver'dict (Lat. n. _dic'tum_, a saying), _the decision of a jury_; +ver'ify, _to prove to be true; _verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. _ver'itas_, +truth); ver'itable; verisim'ilar, _truth-like_; verisimil'itude; aver', _to +declare truer_; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y. + +VERAC: v'era'cious; verac'ity. + + +215. VI'A, _a way_. + +VIA: vi'aduct (Lat. v. _du'cere, duc'tum_, to lead); viat'icum (Lat. n. +_viat'icum_, literally, traveling money), _the sacrament administered to a +dying person_; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; ob'viate, _to meet in the way, to +remove_; ob'vious; per'vious, _affording a passage through_; imper'vious. + +Voy'age (Fr. n. _voyage_); convoy', _to escort_; en'voy (Fr. v. _envoyer_, +to send), _one sent on a special mission_; triv'ial (Lat. n. _triv'ium_, a +cross road), _trifling_; trivial'ity. + + +216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum, _to see_. + +VID: ev'ident, _clearly seen; _ev'idence; invid'ious, literally, _looking +against_: hence, _likely to provoke envy_; provide', _to look out for, to +supply_; prov'idence; prov'ident. + +VIS: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, _expedient_; +im'provise, _to compose and recite without premeditation_; provis'ion; +revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or. + +View (Fr. v. _voir_, to see, _vu_, seen); review'; in'terview; vis'age (Fr. +n. _visage_, the countenance); vis'it (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, _part of +a helmet perforated to see through; _vis'ta (It. n. _vista_, sight), _a +prospect as seen through an avenue of trees _; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. +_envie_ = Lat. _invid'ia_, from _invide're_, to see against); in'voice (It. +n. _avviso_, notice), _a priced list of goods_; peruse' (Lat. v. +_pervide're, pervi'sum_, to look through); provi'so, _a stipulation_; +pru'dent (Lat. adj. _pru'dens _from _prov'idens_); pru'dence; purvey', _to +look out for in the way of buying provisions_; purvey'or; survey' (-or). + + +217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum, _to conquer_. + +VINC: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', _to show clearly_ + +VICT: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', _to prove guilty of crime_; +evict', _to dispossess_; evic'tion. + +Vanquish (Fr. v. _vaincre, vaincu_ = Lat. _vin'cere_); prov'ince (Fr. n. +_province_ = Lat. _provin'cia_, literally, a conquered country). + + +218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum, _to call_; Vox, vo'cis, _the voice_. + +VOCAT: voca'tion, literally, _calling, occupation_; voc'ative, _the case of +a noun in which the subject is called, or addressed_; ad'vocate _to plead +for_; convoca'tion, _an assembly, a meeting_; equivocate (Lat. adj. +_e'quus_, equal), _to use words of doubtful meaning_; equivoca'tion; +evoca'tion, _act of calling forth_; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; +provo'cative; revoca'tion. + +VOC: vo'cable (Lat. n. _vocab'ulum_, that which is sounded with the voice), +_a word_; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, _to cry with a loud +voice_; ad'vocacy, _a pleading for, a defense_; irrev'ocable. + +Voice (Fr. n. _voix_ = Lat. _vox), sound uttered by the mouth_; vouch, _to +call out, or affirm strongly_; vow'el (Fr. n. _vouelle_, a voice-sound); +advow'son, _right of perpetual calling to a benefice_; convoke', _to call +together_; evoke'; invoke'; revoke'. + + +219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum, _to roll_. + +VOLV: circumvolve'; convolve', _to roll together_; devolve'; evolve'; +involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist). + +VOLUT: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, -ize). + +Vol'ume (Lat. n. _volu'men_, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled +up), _a single book_; volute', _a kind of rolled or spiral scroll_; +vol'uble, literally, _rolling easily_: hence, _having great fluency of +speech_; convol'vulus, _a genus of twining plants_; revolt'. + + +220. VUL'GUS, _the common people_. + +VULG: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, _a Latin version of the +Scriptures_. + +Divulge', _to make known something before kept secret_; divulge'ment; +promulgate (-ion). + + + + + +PART III.--THE GREEK ELEMENT. + + +I.--GREEK PREFIXES. + +PREFIX SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION + + +a- = _without_; a-pathy state of being _without_ +an- _not_ an-omalous feeling. + _not_ similar. + +amphi- = _around_; amphi-theater place for seeing all + _both_ amphi-bious _around_. + living in _both_ land and + water. + +ana- = _back_, ana-logy reasoning _back_. + _throughout_ ana-lysis loosening _throughout_. + +anti- = _against_; anti-pathy a feeling _against_. +ant- _opposite_ ant-arctic _opposite_ the Arctic. + +apo- = _away_; apo-stle one sent _out_. +ap- _out_ ap-helion _away_ from the sun. + +cata- = _down_ or cata-ract a rushing _down_. +cat- _against_ cat-arrh a flowing _down_. + +dia- = _through_ or dia-meter measure _through_ the + _across_ dia-logue center. + speaking _across_ (from + one another). + +dis- = _two_, dis-syllable word of _two_ syllables. +di- _double_ di-lemma a _double_ assumption. + +dys- = _ill_ dys-pepsia _ill_ digestion. + +ec- = _out of_ ec-centric _out of_ the center. +ex- ex-odies an _outgoing_. + +Note--EX- is used before a root beginning with a vowel. + +en- = _in_ or en-ergy power _in_ one. +em- _on_ em-phasis stress _on_. + +epi- = _upon_; epi-dermis skin _upon_ skin. +ep- _for_ ep-hemeral lasting _for_ a day. + +Note--EP- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a _h_ aspirate + +eu- = _well_ or eu-phonic sounding _well_. +ev- _good_ ev-angel _good_ news. + +hemi- = _half_ hemi-sphere _half_ a sphere + +hyper- = _over_ or hyper-critical _over_-critical. + _beyond_ hyper-borean _beyond_ the North. + +hypo- = _under_ hypo-thesis a placing _under_ (= Lat. + supposition.) + +meta- = _beyond_; meta-physics science _beyond_ physics. +met- _transference_ met-onymy _transference_ of name. + +para- = _by the_ par-helion mock sun _by the side of_ +par- _side of_ the real. + +peri- = around peri-meter the measure _around_ + anything. + +pro- = before pro-gramme something written + _before_. + +pros- = to pros-elyte one coming _to_ a new + religion. + +syn- _with_ syn-thesis placing _together_. +sy- = or sy-stem part _with_ part. +syl- _together_ syl-lable letters taken _together_. +sym- sym-pathy feeling _together_. + +NOTE.--The form SY- is used before _s_; SYL- before _l_, SYM- before _b, p_ +or _m_. + + +II.--GREEK ALPHABET. + +[Greek: A a] a _Alpha._ +[Greek: B b *] b _Beta._ +[Greek: G g] g _Gamma._ +[Greek: D d] d _Delta._ +[Greek: E e] e as in _met_ _Epsilon._ +[Greek: Z z] z _Zeta._ +[Greek: E e] e as in _me_ _Eta._ +[Greek: Th th *] th _Theta._ +[Greek: I i] i _Iota_ +[Greek: K k] k _Kappa._ +[Greek: L l] l _Lambda._ +[Greek: M m] m _Mu._ +[Greek: N n] n _Nu._ +[Greek: X x] x _Xi._ +[Greek: O o] o as in _not_ _Omicron._ +[Greek: P p *] p _Pi_ +[Greek: R r] r _Rho._ +[Greek: S s, s] final s _Sigma._ +[Greek: T t] t _Tau._ +[Greek: U u] u, or y _Upsilon._ +[Greek: Ph ph] ph _Phi._ +[Greek: Ch ch] ch _Chi._ +[Greek: Ps ps] ps _Psi._ +[Greek: O o] o as in _no_ _Omega._ + +Pronunciation of Greek Words. + +_Gamma_ has always the hard sound of _g_, as in _give_. + +_Kappa_ is represented by _c_ in English words, although in Greek it has +but one sound, that of our _k_. + +_Upsilon_ is represented by _y_ in English words; in Greek it has always +the sound of _u_ in mute. + +_Chi_ is represented in English by _ch_ having the sound of _k_; as in +_chronic_. + +In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there +are vowels and diphthongs. + +An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our _h_ +precedes that letter. + + +GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + +DIVISION I.--PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS. + + +1. A'ER, _the air_. + +A'ERATE, _to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid_. + +A-E'RIAL, _belonging to the air_. + +A'ERIFORM, _having the form of air_. + +A'EROLITE (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _a meteoric stone_. + +A'ERONAUT (Gr. n. _nau'tes_, a sailor), _a balloonist_. + +AEROSTA'TION, _aerial navigation_. + +AIR, _the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a person_. + +AIR'Y, _open to the air; gay, sprightly_. + + +2. AG'EIN, _to lead_. + +APAGO'GE, _a leading away; an indirect argument_ + +DEM'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _a misleader of the people_. + +PARAGO'GE (literally, a leading or extension beyond), _the addition of a +letter or syllable to the end of a word_. + +PED'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _pais_, a child), _a schoolmaster; a pedantic person_.. + +SYN'AGOGUE, _a Jewish place of worship_. + + +3. A'GON, a contest. + +AG'ONY, _extreme pain_. + +AG'ONIZE, _to be in agony_. + +ANTAG'ONISM, _direct opposition_. + +ANTAG'ONIST, _or_ ANTAGONIS'TIC, _contending against_. + + +4. ANG'ELLEIN, _to bring tidings_; ANG'ELLOS, _a messenger_. + +AN'GEL, _a spiritual messenger_. + +ANGEL'IC, _relating to an angel_. + +ARCHAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _archi-_, chief), _an angel of the highest order_. + +EVAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _eu_, well), _good tidings; the gospel_. + +EVAN'GELIST, _one of the writers of the four gospels_. + + +5. AR'CHE, _beginning, government, chief_. + +AN'ARCHY, _want of government_. + +AR'CHITECT (Gr. n. _tek'ton_, workman), literally, _a chief builder, one +who devises plans for buildings_. + +AR'CHIVES, _records_. + +HEP'TARCHY (Gr. _hepta_, seven), _a sevenfold government_. + +HI'ERARCHY (Gr. adj. _hi'eros_, sacred), _dominion in sacred things; a +sacred body of rulers_. + +MON'ARCH (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _one who rules alone, a sovereign_. + +MON'ARCHY, _government by one person, a kingdom_. + +OLIGARCHY (Gr. adj. _ol'igos_, few), _government by a few, an aristocracy_. + +PA'TRIARCH (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _the father and ruler of a family_. + +PATRIAR'CHAL, _relating to patriarchs_. + + +6. AS'TRON, _a star_. + +AS'TERISK, _a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes +to mark an omission of words_. + +AS'TEROID (Gr. adj. _ei'dos_, like), _one of the numerous small planets +between Mars and Jupiter_. + +AS'TRAL, _belonging to the stars_. + +ASTROL'OGY, _the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars_. + +ASTRON'OMY (Gr. n. _nom'os_, a law), _the science that treats of the +stars_. + +ASTRON'OMER, _one skilled in astronomy_. + +DISAS'TER, _calamity, misfortune_. + +DISAS'TROUS, _unlucky; calamitous_. + + +7. AU'TOS, _one's self_. + +AUTOBIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life, _graph'ein_, to write), _the life of +a person written by himself_. + +AU'TOCRAT (Gr. n. _krat'os_, power), _an absolute ruler_. + +AUTOCRAT'IC, _like an autocrat_. + +AU'TOGRAPH, _one's own handwriting_. + +AUTOM'ATON (Gr. _mema'otes_, striving after), _a self-acting machine_. + +AUTHEN'TIC, _genuine, true_. + +AUTHENTIC'ITY, _genuineness_. + + +8. BAL'LEIN, _to throw or cast_. + +EM'BLEM, _a representation; a type_. + +EMBLEMAT'ICAL, _containing an emblem_. + +HYPER'BOLE, _a figure of speech which represents things greater or less +than they are_. + +PAR'ABLE, _a story which illustrates some fact or doctrine_. + +PARAB'OLA, _one of the conic sections_. + +PROB'LEM, _a question proposed for solution_. + +SYM'BOL, _a sign; a representation_. + +SYMBOLICAL, _representing by signs_. + + +9. BAP'TEIN, _to wash, to dip_. + +BAP'TISM, _a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which the individual +is sprinkled with or immersed in water_. + +BAPTIZE', _to sprinkle with or immerse in water_. + +BAPTISMAL, _pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows_. + +BAP'TIST, _one who approves only of baptism by immersion_. + +ANABAP'TIST, _one who believes that only adults should be baptized_. + +CATABAP'TIST, _one opposed to baptism_. + +PEDOBAP'TISM (Gr. _pais_, _paidos_, a child), _infant baptism_. + + +10. CHRON'OS, time. + +CHRON'IC, _lasting a long time_; _periodical_. + +CHRON'ICLE, _a record of events in the order of time_; _a history recording +facts in order of time_. + +CHRONOL'OGY, _the science of computing the dates of past events_. + +CHRONOM'ETER (Gr. n. _me'tron_, a measure), _an instrument for measuring +time_. + +ANACH'RONISM, _an error in computing time_. + +SYN'CHRONAL, SYN'CHRONOUS, _existing at the same time_. + + +11. GRAM'MA, _a letter_ + +GRAM'MAR, _the science of language_. + +GRAMMA'RIAN, _one skilled in or who teaches grammar_. + +GRAMMAT'ICAL, _according to the rules of grammar_. + +AN'AGRAM, _the change of one word into another by transposing the letters_. + +DI'AGRAM, _a writing or drawing made for illustration_. + +EP'IGRAM, _a short poem ending with a witty thought_. + +MON'OGRAM (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _a character composed of several +letters interwoven_. + +PRO'GRAMME, _order of any entertainment_. + +TEL'EGRAM (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _a message sent by telegraph_. + + +12. GRAPH'EIN, _to write_. + +GRAPH'IC, _well delineated; giving vivid description_. + +AU'TOGRAPH. See _au'tos_. + +BIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life), _the history of a life_. + +CALIG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _beautiful writing_. + +GEOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a description of the earth_. + +HISTORIOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _histo'ria_, history), _one appointed to write +history_. + +HOL'OGRAPH (Gr. adj. _hol'os_, whole), _a deed or will wholly written by +the grantor or testator_. + +LEXICOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _lex'icon_, a dictionary), _the compiler of a +dictionary_. + +LITH'OGRAPH (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _an impression of a drawing made +on stone_. + +LITHOG'RAPHY, _the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone_. + +ORTHOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _or'thos_, correct), _the correct spelling of +words_. + +PHO'NOGRAPH (Gr. n. _pho'ne_, sound), _an instrument for the mechanical +registration and reproduction of audible sounds_. + +PHONOG'RAPHY, _a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using +the phonograph_. + +PHOTOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _phos, phot'os_, light), _the art of producing +pictures by light_. + +STENOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _sten'os_, narrow), _the art of writing in +short-hand_. + +TEL'EGRAPH (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _an apparatus for conveying +intelligence to a distance by means of electricity_. + +TOPOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _top'os_, a place), _the description of a particular +place_. + +TYPOGRAPHY (Gr. n. _tu'pos_, a type), _the art or operation of printing_. + + +13. HOD'OS, _a way_. + +EP'ISODE, _an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative_. + +EX'ODUS, _departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament_. + +METH'OD, _order, system, way, manner_. + +METH'ODIST, _the followers of John Wesley_. (The name has reference to the +strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians). + +PE'RIOD (Gr. n. _period'os_, a passage round), _the time in which anything +is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark_. + +SYN'OD, _a meeting of ecclesiastics_. + + +14. HU'DOR, _water_. + +HY'DRA, _a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules_. + +HYDRAN'GEA, _a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water_. + +HY'DRANT, _a water-plug_. + +HYDRAU'LIC (Gr. n. _au'los_, a pipe), _relating to the motion of water +through pipes; worked by water_. + +HYDRAU'LICS, _the science which treats of fluids in motion_. + +HYDROCEPH'ALUS (Gr. n. _keph'ale_, the head), _dropsy of the head_. + +HY'DROGEN (Gr. v. _gen'ein_, to beget), _a gas which with oxygen produces +water_. + +HYDROG'RAPHY, _the art of maritime surveying and mapping_. + +HYDROP'ATHY (Gr. n. _path'os_, feeling), _the water-cure_. + +HYDROPHO'BIA (Gr. n. _phob'os_, fear), literally, _dread of water; canine +madness_. + +HY'DROPSY, _a collection of water in the body_. ("Dropsy" is a contraction +of _hydropsy_). + +HYDROSTAT'ICS, _the science which treats of fluids at rest_. + + +15. KRAT'OS, _rule, government, strength_. + +ARISTOC'RACY (Gr. adj. _aris'tos_, best), _government by nobles_. + +ARIS'TOCRAT, _one who favors aristocracy_. + +AU'TOCRAT. See _au'tos_. + +DEMOC'RACY (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _government by the people_. + +DEM'OCRAT, _one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of +the democratic party_. + +THEOC'RACY, _government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient +Jewish state_. + + +16. LOG'OS, _speech, ratio, description, science_. + +LOG'IC, _the science and art of reasoning_. + +LOGI'CIAN, _one skilled in logic_. + +LOG'ARITHMS (Gr. n. _arith'mos_, number), _a class of numbers that abridge +arithmetical calculations_. + +ANAL'OGY, _a resemblance of ratios_. + +AP'OLOGUE, _a moral fable_. + +APOL'OGY, _a defense, an excuse_. + +CAT'ALOGUE, _a list of names in order_. + +CHRONOL'OGY. (See _chronos_.) + +CONCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _kon'chos_, a shell), _the science of shells_. + +DEC'ALOGUE (Gr. _dek'a_, ten), _the ten commandments_. + +DOXOL'OGY (Gr. n. _doxa_, glory), _a hymn expressing glory to God_. + +EC'LOGUE, _a pastoral poem_. + +ENTOMOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ento'ma_, insects, and v. _tem'nein_, to cut), _the +natural history of insects_. + +EP'ILOGUE, _a short poem or speech at the end of a play_. + +ETYMOL'OGY (Gr. _et'umon_, true source), _a part of grammar; the science of +the derivation of words_. + +EU'LOGY, _praise, commendation_. + +GENEAL'OGY (Gr. n. _gen'os_, birth), _history of the descent of families_. + +GEOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _the science which treats of the +internal structure of the earth_. + +MINERAL'OGY, _the science of minerals_. + +MYTHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _mu'thos_, a fable), _a system or science of fables_. + +ORNITHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _or'nis, or'nithos_, a bird), _the natural history of +birds_. + +PATHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _path'os_, suffering), _that part of medicine which +treats of the causes and nature of diseases_. + +PHILOL'OGY (Gr. _phil'os_, loving, fond of), _the science which treats of +languages_. + +PHRENOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phren_, the mind), _the art of reading the mind from +the form of the skull_. + +PHYSIOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phu'sis_, nature), _the science which treats of the +organism of plants and animals_. + +PRO'LOGUE, _verses recited as introductory to a play_. + +PSYCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _psu'che_, the soul), _mental philosophy; doctrine of +man's spiritual nature_. + +SYL'LOGISM, _a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions_. + +TAUTOL'OGY (Gr. _tau'to_, the same), _a repetition of the same idea in +different words_. + +TECHNOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tech'ne_, art), _a description of the arts_. + +THEOL'OGY. See _theos_. + +TOXICOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tox'icon_, poison) _the science which treats of +poisons and their effects_. + +ZOOL'OGY (Gr. n. _zo'on_, an animal), _that part of natural history which +treats of animals_. + + +17. MET'RON _a measure_. + +ME'TER, _arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length_. + +MET'RIC, _denoting measurement_. + +MET'RICAL, _pertaining to meter_. + +ANEMOM'ETER (Gr. n. _an'emos_, the wind), _an instrument measuring the +force and velocity of the wind_. + +BAROM'ETER (Gr. n. _ba'ros_, weight), _an instrument that indicates changes +in the weather_. + +DIAM'ETER, _measure through anything_. + +GEOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a branch of mathematics_. + +HEXAM'ETER (Gr. _hex_, six), _a line of six poetic feet_. + +HYDROM'ETER (Gr. n. _hu'dor_, water), _an instrument for determining the +specific gravities of liquids_. + +HYGROM'ETER (Gr. adj. _hu'gros_, wet), _an instrument for measuring the +degree of moisture of the atmosphere_. + +PENTAM'ETER (Gr. _pen'te_, five), _a line of five poetic feet_. + +PERIM'ETER, _the external boundary of a body or figure_. + +SYM'METRY, _the proportion or harmony of parts_. + +THERMOM'ETER (Gr. adj. _ther'mos_, warm), _an instrument for measuring the +heat of bodies_. + +TRIGONOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _trigo'non_, a triangle), _a branch of mathematics_. + + +18. MON'OS, _sole, alone_. + +MON'ACHISM, _the condition of monks; a monastic life_. + +MON'AD, _something ultimate and indivisible_. + +MON'ASTERY, _a house of religious retirement_. + +MONK (Gr. n. _mon'achos_), _a religious recluse_. + +MONOG'AMY (Gr. n. _gam'os_, MARRIAGE), _the marriage of one wife only_. + +MON'OLOGUE (Gr. n. _log'os_), _a speech uttered by a person alone_. + +MONOMA'NIA (Gr. n. _ma'nia_, madness), _madness confined to one subject_. + +MONOP'OLY (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), _the sole power of selling anything_. + +MONOSYL'LABLE, _a word of one syllable_. + +MON'OTHEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the belief in the existence of only +one God_. + +MON'OTONE, _uniformity of tone_. + +MONOT'ONY, _sameness of sound; want of variety_. + + +19. O'DE, _a song_. + +ODE, _a lyric poem_. + +MEL'ODY (Gr. n. _mel'os_, a song), _an agreeable succession of musical +sounds_. + +PAR'ODY, _the alteration of the works of an author to another subject_. + +PROS'ODY, _the study of versification_. + +PSAL'MODY, _the practice of singing psalms_. + +TRAG'EDY (Gr. n. _trag'os_, a goat[9]), _a dramatic representation of a sad +or calamitous event_. + +EXERCISE. + +The _periods_ of _astronomy_ go far beyond any _chronology_. The +_phonograph_ and the _telegraph_ are both American inventions. By the aid +of a _diagram_ the _problem_ was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the _Autocrat_ +of the Breakfast Table, has written many _parodies_. In the struggle +between _monarchy_ and _democracy_ Mexico has often been in a state of +_anarchy_. His _antagonist_ suffered great _agony_ from the _disaster_ that +occurred. The _eulogy_ pronounced on the great _zooelogist_ Agassiz was well +deserved. What is the _etymological_ distinction between _geography_ and +_geology_? The _aeronaut_ took with him a _barometer_, a _thermometer_, and +a _chronometer_. I owe you an _apology_ for not better knowing your +_genealogy. Typography_ has been well called "the art preservative of all +the arts." Who is called the great American _lexicographer? Tautology_ is +to be avoided by all who make any pretence to _grammar_. One may be a +_democrat_ without being a _demagogue_. You cannot be an _architect_ +without knowing _geometry. Zoology_ shows that there is great _symmetry_ in +the structure of animals. The pretensions of _astrology_ are now dissipated +into thin _air_. Many persons skilled in _physiology_ do not believe in +hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in _hexameter_, and +Milton's "Paradise Lost" in _pentameter_. + + +20. ON'OMA, _a name_. + +ANON'YMOUS, _without a name_. + +METON'YMY, _a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another_. + +ON'OMATOPOE'IA, _the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense_. + +PARON'YMOUS, _of like derivation_. + +PATRONYM'IC (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _a name derived from a parent or +ancestor_. + +PSEU'DONYM (Gr. adj. _pseu'des_, false), _a fictitious name_. + +SYN'ONYM, _a word having the same meaning as another in the same language_. + + +21. PAN, PANTOS, _all; whole_. + +PANACE'A (Gr. v. _ak'eomai_, I cure), _a universal cure_. + +PAN'CREAS (Gr. n. _kre'as_, flesh), _a fleshy gland situated at the bottom +of the stomach_. + +PAN'DECT, _a treatise which combines the whole of any science_. + +PANEGYR'IC (Gr. n. _ag'ora_, an assembly), _an oration in praise of some +person or event_. + +PAN'OPLY (Gr. n. _hop'la_, armor), _a complete suit of armor_. + +PANORA'MA (Gr. n. _hor'ama_, a sight or view), _a large picture gradually +unrolled before an assembly_. + +PAN'THEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the doctrine that nature is God_. + +PAN'THEON, _a temple dedicated to all the gods_. + +PAN'TOMIME, _a scene or representation in dumb show_. + + +22. PA'THOS, _suffering, feeling_. + +PATHET'IC, _affecting the emotions_. + +PATHOL'OGY, _the science of diseases_. + +ALLOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_. + +ANTIP'ATHY, _dislike, aversion_. + +AP'ATHY, _want of feeling_. + +HOMEOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_. + +HYDROP'ATHY. See _hudor_. + +SYM'PATHY, _fellow-feeling_. + + +23. PHIL'OS, _a friend, a lover_. + +PHILADEL'PHIA (Gr. n. _adel'phos_, a brother), literally, _the city of +brotherly love_. + +PHILANTHROPY (Gr. n. _anthro'pos_, a man), _love of mankind_. + +PHILHARMON'IC (Gr. n. _harmo'nia_, harmony), _loving harmony or music_. + +PHILOS'OPHY (Gr. n. _sophi'a_, wisdom), _the general laws or principles +belonging to any department of knowledge_. + +PHILOS'OPHER, _one versed in philosophy or science_. + +PHILOSOPH'IC, PHILOSOPH'ICAL, _relating to philosophy_. + + +24. PHA'NEIN, _to cause to appear_; PHANTA'SIA, _an image, an idea_. + +DIAPH'ANOUS, _translucent_. + +EPIPH'ANY, _the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by +the star of Bethlehem_. + +FAN'CY, _a pleasing image; a conceit or whim_. + +FAN'CIFUL, _full of fancy; abounding in wild images_. + +FANTA'SIA, _a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary +musical rules_. + +PHAN'TOM, _a specter, an apparation_. + +PHASE, _an appearance_. + +PHENOM'ENON, _anything presented to the senses by experiment or +observation; an unusual appearance_. + +SYC'OPHANT (Gr. n. _sukon_, a fig, and, literally, an informer against +stealers of figs), _a mean flatterer_. + + +25. PHO'NE, _a sound_. + +PHONET'IC, PHON'IC _according to sound_. + +EU'PHONY, _an agreeable sound of words_. + +SYM'PHONY, _harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full +band of instruments_. + + +26. PHOS, PHOTOS, _light_. + +PHOS'PHORUS (Gr. v. _pherein_, to bear), _a substance resembling wax, +highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark_. + +PHOS'PHATE, _a salt of phosphoric acid_. + +PHOSPHORES'CENT, _luminous in the dark_. + +PHOSPHOR'IC, _relating to or obtained from phosphorus_. + +PHOTOG'RAPHY. See _graphein_. + + +27. PHU'SIS, _nature_. + +PHYS'IC, _medicines_. + +PHYS'ICAL, _natural; material; relating to the body_. + +PHYSI'CIAN, _one skilled in the art of healing_. + +PHYS'ICIST, _a student of nature_. + +PHYS'ICS, _natural philosophy_. + +PHYSIOG'NOMY (Gr. n. _gno'mon_, a judge), _the art of discerning the +character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of +features or countenance_. + +PHYSIOL'OGY. See _logos_. + +METAPHYS'ICS, literally, _after or beyond physics_; hence, _the science of +mind_. + +METAPHYSI'CIAN, _one versed in metaphysics_. + + +28. POL'IS, _a city_. + +POLICE', _the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a +city_. + +POL'ICY, _the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public +affairs; prudence_. + +POL'ITIC, _wise, expedient_. + +POLIT'ICAL, _relating to politics_. + +POLITI'CIAN, _one devoted to politics_. + +POL'ITICS, _the art or science of government; struggle of parties_. + +POL'ITY, _the constitution of civil government_. + +ACROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _ak'ros_, high), _a citadel_. + +COSMOP'OLITE (Gr. n. _kos'mos_, the world), _a citizen of the world_. + +METROP'OLIS (Gr. n. _me'ter_, a mother), _the chief city of a country_. + +NECROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _nek'ros_, dead), _a burial-place; a city of the +dead_. + + +29. RHE'O, _I flow, I speak_. + +RHET'ORIC, _the art of composition; the science of oratory_. + +RHETORI'CIAN, _one skilled in rhetoric_. + +RHEU'MATISM, _a disease of the limbs_ (so called because the ancients +supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors). + +RES'IN, _a gum which flows from certain trees_. + +CATARRH', _a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head_. + +DIARRHOE'A, _purging_. + +HEM'ORRHAGE (Gr. n. _haima_, blood), _a flowing of blood_. + + +30. SKOP'EIN, _to see, to watch_. + +SCOPE, _space, aim, intention_. + +BISH'OP (Gr. n. _epis'kopos_, overseer), _a clergyman who has charge of a +diocese_. + +EPIS'COPACY, _church government by bishops_. + +EPIS'COPAL, _relating to episcopacy_. + +KALEI'DOSCOPE (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _an optical instrument in +which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of +position_. + +MI'CROSCOPE (Gr. adj. _mik'ros_, small), _an instrument for examining small +objects_. + +MICROS'COPIST, _one skilled in the use of the microscope_. + +STETH'OSCOPE (Gr. n. _steth'os_, the breast), _an instrument for examining +the state of the chest by sound_. + +TEL'ESCOPE (Gr. _te'le_, afar off), _an instrument for viewing objects far +off_. + + +31. TAK'TOS, _arranged_; TAX'IS, _arrangement_. + +TAC'TICS, _the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces_; +_the science or art which relates to these_. + +TACTI'CIAN, _one skilled in tactics_. + +SYN'TAX, _the arrangement of words into sentences_. + +SYNTAC'TICAL, _relating to syntax_. + +TAX'IDERMY (Gr. n. _der'ma_, skin), _the art of preparing and arranging the +skins of animals in their natural appearance_. + +TAX'IDERMIST, _one skilled in taxidermy_. + + +32. TECH'NE, _art_. + +TECH'NICAL, _relating to an art or profession_. + +TECHNICAL'ITY, _a technical expression_; _that which is technical_. + +TECHNOL'OGY, _a treatise on or description of the arts_. + +TECHNOL'OGIST, _one skilled in technology_. + +POLYTECH'NIC (Gr. adj. _pol'us_, many), _comprising many arts_. + +PYR'OTECHNY (Gr. n. _pur_, fire), _the art of making fireworks_. + + +33. THE'OS, _God_. + +THE'ISM, _belief in the existence of a God_. + +THEO'CRACY. (See _kratos_.) + +THEO'LOGY. (See _logos_.) + +APOTHEO'SIS, _glorification, deification_. + +A'THEISM, _disbelief in the existence of God_. + +A'THEIST, _one who does not believe in the existence of God_. + +ENTHU'SIASM, _heat of imagination_; _ardent zeal_. + +PAN'THEISM. (See _pan_.) + +POL'YTHEISM (Gr. adj. _polus_, many), _the doctrine of a plurality of +Gods_. + + +34. TITH'ENI, _to place, to set_. + +THEME, _a subject set forth for discussion_. + +THE'SIS, _a proposition set forth for discussion_. + +ANATH'EMA, _an ecclesiastical curse_. + +ANTITHESIS, _opposition or contrast in words or deeds_. + +HYPOTH'ESIS, _a supposition_. + +PAREN'THESIS, _something inserted in a sentence which is complete without +it_. + +SYN'THESIS, _a putting together, as opposed to analysis_. + + +35. TON'OS, _tension, tone_. + +TONE, _tension, vigor, sound_. + +TON'IC, adj. _increasing tension or vigor_; n. _a medicine which increases +strength_. + +TUNE, _a series of musical notes on a particular key_. + +ATTUNE', _to make musical_; _to make one sound agree with another_. + +BAR'YTONE (Gr. adj. _ba'rus_, heavy), _a male voice_. + +DIATON'IC, _proceeding by tones and semitones_. + +IN'TONATE, _to sound; to modulate the voice_. + +INTONE', _to give forth a slow, protracted sound_. + +SEM'ITONE, _half a tone_. + + +REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES. + +1. Derivation of "antithesis"?--Compose an example of an antithesis.--Point +out the antithesis in the following:-- + + "The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself." + "A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits." + "Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull, + Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full." + +2. Derivation of "hypothesis."--Give an adjective formed from this +noun.--What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? _Ans. +Supposition_.--Show this. _Ans._ Supposition is composed of sub = hypo +(under), and position (from _ponere_, to place) = thesis, a placing--What +adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? _Ans. +Supposititious._ + +3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?--Compose a parenthetical sentence. + +4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?--Give the distinction _Ans. +Analysis_ is taking apart, _synthesis_ is putting together--What adjective +is derived from the noun "synthesis"? + +5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? _Ans. Demagogic_ or +_demagogical_--Define it--Compose a sentence containing the word +"demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of +a _demagogue_." + +6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? _Ans. Pedagogic_--What would +the "_pedagogic_ art" mean?--Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a +complimentary sense?--Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense. + +7. Derivation of "anarchy"?--Compose a sentence containing this word. +MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by +_anarchy_." + +8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? _Ans. Monarchical_--Define +it.--Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical +government?--What is the ruler of a monarchy called? + +9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the +Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under +the rule of an _oligarchy_." + +10. From what root is "democracy" derived?--What adjective is formed from +"democracy"?--Is Russia at present a _democracy_?--Can you mention any +ancient governments that for a time were democracies? + +11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?--What noun will denote one +who believes in aristocracy? _Ans. Aristocrat_--What does "aristocrat" +ordinarily mean? _Ans._ A proud or haughty person who holds himself above +the common people. + +12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"? + +13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence. + +14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? _Ans. Diametrical_--What +adverb is formed from "diametrical"?--What is meant by the expression +"_diametrically_ opposed"? + +15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? _Ans. Astrology_--Give +the derivative of this word.--What word denotes one who is skilled in +astronomy?--Form an adjective from "astronomy."--Compose a sentence +containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of +_astronomy_ are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton." + +16. From what root is "telescope" derived?--Combine and define telescop + +ic.--Compose a sentence using the word "telescope." + +17. From what root is "microscope" derived?--Combine and define microscop + +ic.--What single word denotes microscopic animals? _Ans. +Animalculae_.--Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL: +"As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the _microscope_ +reveals the infinitely little." + +18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we +sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in +the lines: + + 'The reason why I cannot tell, + I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'" + +19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"? + +20. Derivation of "sympathy"?--Give a synonym of this Greek derivative. +_Ans. Compassion_.--Show why they are literal synonyms. _Ans._ Sym = con or +com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.--Give an English +derivative expressing the same thing. _Ans. Fellow-feeling._ + +21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?--Form an adjective from +"autocrat."--Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?--Could the +Queen of England be called an _autocrat_?--Why not? + +22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are +only two or three _autographs_ of Shakespeare in existence." + +23. Derivation of "automaton"?--Illustrate the signification of the word by +a sentence. + +24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir +to"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea." + +25. Derivation of "panoply"?--In the following sentence is "panoply" used +in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian +_panoply_, to put on the whole armor of God." + +26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?--What word is used to +denote one who believes in pantheism? + +27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many +gods?--Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would +designate a temple dedicated to _all_ the gods? + +28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."--Compose a sentence +using the word "panorama." + +29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?--Illustrate its meaning by a +sentence.--Form an adjective from "eulogy." + +30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?--Give an example of a pseudonym. + +DIVISION II.--ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR +DERIVATIVES. + +ACH'OS, _pain_--ache, headache. +AINIG'MA, _a riddle_--enigma. +AK'ME, _a point_--acme. +AKOU'EIN, _to hear_--acoustics. +AK'ROS, _high_--_acropolis (polis)._ +ALLEL'ON, _each other_--parallel, parallelogram. +AN'ER, _a man_--Andrew, Alexander. +AN'THOS, _a flower_--anther, anthology, polyanthus. +ANTHRO'POS, _a man_--anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, + philanthropist, philanthropy. +ARK'TOS, _a bear_--arctic, antarctic. +AR'GOS, _idle_--lethargy, lethargic. +ARIS'TOS, _best_--aristocrat _(kratos)_, aristocracy, aristocratic. +ARITH'MOS, _number_--arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic. +ARO'MA, _spice, odor_--aromatic. +ARTE'RIA, _a bloodvessel_--artery, arterial. +ASK'EIN, _to discipline_--ascetic, asceticism. +ASPHAL'TOS, _pitch_--asphalt. +ATH'LOS, _a contest_--athlete, athletic. +AT'MOS, _vapor, smoke_--atmosphere, atmospheric. +AU'LOS, _a pipe_--hydraulic. + +BAL'SAMON, _balsam_--balm, embalm. +BA'ROS, _weight_--barometer, barytes. +BA'SIS, _the bottom_--base, baseless, basement, basis. +BIB'LION, _a book_--bible, biblical. +BI'OS, _life_--biography, biology. +BO'TANE, _a plant_--botanic, botanical, botanist, botany. +BRON'CHOS, _the throat_--bronchial, bronchitis. +BUS'SOS, _bottom_--abyss. + +CHA'LUPS, _steel_--chalybeate. +CHARAS'SEIN, _to stamp_--character, characterize, characteristic. +CHA'RIS, _grace_--eucharist. +CHEIR, _the hand_--surgeon (short for _chirurgeon_), surgical. +CHLO'ROS, _green_--chloride, chlorine +CHOL'E, _bile_--choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy. +CHOR'DE, _a string_--chord, cord, cordage. +CHRIS'TOS, _anointed_--chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, + antichrist. +CHRO'MA, _color_--chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic. +CHRU'SOS, _gold_--chrysalis, chrysolite. +CHU'LOS, _the milky juice formed by digestion_--chyle, chylifaction. +CHU'MOS, _juice_--chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist. + +DAI'MON, _a spirit_--demon, demoniac, demonology. +DE'MOS, _the people_--demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic. +DEN'DRON, _a tree_--dendrology, rhododendron. +DER'MA, _the skin_--epidermis. +DES'POTES, _a ruler_--despot, despotic, despotism. +DIAI'TA, _manner of life_--diet, dietary, dietetic. +DIDO'NI, _to give_--dose, antidote, anecdote. +DOG'MA, _an opinion_--dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism. +DOX'A, _an opinion, glory_--doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox. +DRAM'A, _a stage-play_--drama, dramatic, dramatist. +DROM'OS, _a course_--dromedary, hippodrome. +DRUS, _an oak_--dryad. +DUNA'THAI, _to be able_--dynamics, dynamical, dynasty. +DUS, _ill, wrong_--dysentery (_entera_, the bowels), dyspepsia (_peptein_, + to digest). + +EKKLE'SIA, _the church_--ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical. +E'CHEIN, _to sound_--echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen. +EKLEI'PEIN, _to fail_--eclipse, ecliptic. +ELEK'TRON, _amber_--electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype. +EM'EIN, _to vomit_--emetic. +EP'OS, _a word_--epic, orthoepy. +ER'EMOS, _desert, solitary_--hermit, hermitage. +ER'GON, _a work_--energy, energetic, surgeon (_cheir_, the hand). +ETH'NOS, _a nation_--ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology. +ETH'OS, _custom, manner_--ethics, ethical. +EU, _good, well_--eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical. + +GAM'OS, _marriage_--bigamy, polygamy, misogamist. +GAS'TER, _the stomach_--gastric, gastronomy. +GE, _the earth_--geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, + perigee. +GEN'NAEIN, _to produce_--genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, + hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen. +GIGNOS'KEIN, _to know_--diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate. +GLOS'SA, GLOT'TA, _the tongue_--glossary, glottis, polyglot. +GLU'PHEIN, _to carve_--hieroglyphics. +GNO'MON, _an indicator_--gnomon, physiognomy (_phusis_). +GO'NIA, _a corner_--diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry. +GUM'NOS, _naked_--gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics. + +HAI'REIN, _to take or choose_--heresy, heretic, heretical. +HARMO'NIA, _a fitting together_--harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium. +HEK'ATON, _a hundred_--hecatomb. +HE'LIOS, _the sun_--heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion. +HE'MERA, _a day_--ephemeral. +HEP'TA, _seven_--heptagon, heptarchy. +HE'ROS, _a hero_--hero, heroic, heroine, heroism. +HET'EROS, _another, unlike_--heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous. +HEX, _six_--hexagon, hexangular. +HI'EROS, _sacred_--hierarchy, hieroglyphics (_glyphein_, to carve). +HIP'POS, _a horse_--hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic. +HOL'OS, _all_--holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity. +HOM'OS, _like, the same_--homogeneous (_gennaein_, to produce). +HOR'OS, _a boundary_--horizon, aphorism. +HU'MEN, _the god of marriage_--hymeneal. +HUM'NOS, _a song of praise_--hymn, hymnal, hynmology. + +ICH'THUS, _a fish_--ichthyology. +ID'EA, _a form or pattern_--idea, ideal. +ID'IOS, _peculiar_--idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic. +IS'OS, _equal_--isothermal. + +KAI'EIN, _to burn_--caustic, cauterize, holocaust (_holos_, whole). +KA'KOS, _bad_--cacophony. +KA'LOS, _beautiful_--caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (_skopein_). +KAL'UPTEIN, _to conceal_--apocalypse. +KAN'ON, _a rule_--canon, canonical, canonize. +KAR'DIA, _the heart_--cardiac, pericardium. +KEN'OS, _empty_--cenotaph. +KEPH'ALE, _the head_--acephalous, hydrocephalus (_hydor_). +KER'AS, _a horn_--rhinoceros. +KLE'ROS, _a portion_--clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship. +KLI'MAX, _a ladder_--climax. +KLI'NEIN, _to bend_--clinical, recline. +KO'MOS, _a merry feast_--comedy, (_ode_), comedian, comic, encomium. +KO'NEIN, _to serve_--deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate. +KO'NOS, Lat. CONUS, _a cone_--cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform. +KOP'TEIN, _to cut_--coppice, copse, syncope. +KOS'MOS, _the world_--cosmography, cosmopolitan. +KRI'TES, _a judge_--crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, + hypocrite. +KRUP'TEIN, _to conceal_--crypt, apocrypha. +KRUSTAL'LOS, _ice_--crystal, crystallize. +KUK'LOS, _a circle_--cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia. +KULIN'DROS, _a roller_--cylinder. + +LAM'BANEIN, _to take_--syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable. +LAM'PEIN, _to shine_--lamp. +LA'OS, _the people_--layman, laity. +LATREI'A, _worship_--idolatry, heliolatry. +LITH'OS, _a stone_--litharge, lithograph, aerolite. +LU'EIN, _to loosen_--analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy. + +MAN'IA, _madness_--mania, maniac. +MAR'TUR, _a witness_--martyr, martyrdom, martyrology. +MEL'AS, _black_--melancholy, Melanesia. +ME'TER, _a mother_--metropolis. +MIK'ROS, _small_--microcosm, microscope, microscopic. +MI'MOS, _an imitator_--mimic, mimicry, pantomime. +MOR'PHE, _shape_--amorphous, metamorphosis. +MU'RIAS, _ten thousand_--myriad. +MU'THOS, _a fable_--myth, mythology. + +NAR'KE, _torpor_--narcissus, narcotic. +NAUS, _a ship_--nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aeronaut. +NEK'ROS, _dead_--necropolis. +NE'SOS, _an island_--Polynesia. +NOM'OS, _a law_--astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (_oikos_, a house), + economic. + +OL'IGOS, _few_--oligarchy (_arche_). +OR'PHANOS, _deserted_--orphan, orphanage. +OR'THOS, _right, straight_--orthodox, orthoepy, orthography. + +PAIDEI'A, _instruction_--cyclopaedia. +PAIS, _a child_--pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist. +PAP'AS, Lat. PAPA, _a father_--papacy, pope, popedom, popery. +PARADEI'SOS, _a pleasant garden_--paradise. +PAT'EIN, _to walk_--peripatetic. +PEN'TE, _five_--pentagon, pentecost. +PET'RA, _a rock_--Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter. +PHOB'OS, _fear_--hydrophobia (_hudor_, water). +PHRA'SIS, _speech_--phrase, phraseology, paraphrase. +PHREN, _the mind_--phrenology, frantic, frenzy. +PHU'TON, _a plant_--zoophyte. +PLA'NAEIN, _to wander_--planet, planetary. +PLAS'SEIN, _to mould_--plaster, plastic. +PLEU'RA, _the side_--pleurisy. +PNEU'MA, _breath_, _spirit_--pneumatic. +PO'LEIN, _to sell_--bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize. +POL'US, _many_--polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic. +POR'OS, _a passage_--pore, porosity, porous, emporium. +POT'AMOS, _a river_--hippopotamus. +POUS, _the foot_--antipodes, polypus, tripod. +PRAS'SEIN, _to do_--practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable. +PRESBU'TEROS, _elder_--presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism. +PRO'TOS, _first_--protomartyr. +PSAL'LEIN, _to touch_, _to sing_--psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter. +PUR, _fire_--pyramid, pyrotechny. + +RHIN, _the nose_--rhinoceros. +RHOD'ON, _a rose _--rhododendron. + +SARX, _flesh_--sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus. +SCHED'E, _a sheet_--schedule. +SCHE'MA, _a plan_--scheme. +SCHIS'MA, _a division_--schism, schismatic. +SIT'OS, _corn_--parasite, parasitical. +SKAN'DALON, _disgrace_--scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, + slanderous. +SKEPTES'THAI, _to consider_--sceptic, sceptical, scepticism. +SKEP'TRON, _an emblem of office_--scepter. +SOPH'IA, _wisdom_--sophist, sophistry, philosopher (_philos_), philosophy. +SPHAI'RA, _a globe_--sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere. +STAL'AEIN, _to drop_--stalactite, stalagmite. +STEL'LEIN, _to send_--apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary. +STEN'OS, _narrow_--stenography. +STHEN'OS, _strength_--calisthenics. +STIG'MA, _a mark_--stigma, stigmatize. +STRAT'OS, _an army_--stratagem, strategy, strategist. +STROPH'E, _a turning_--apostrophe, catastrophe. + +TA'PHOS, _a tomb_--epitaph, cenotaph. +TAU'TO, _the same_--tautology. +TEK'TON, _a builder_--architect. +TE'LE, _far off_--telegraph, telescope. +TEM'NEIN, _to cut_--atom, anatomy, anatomist. +TET'RA, _four_--tetragon, tetrarch. +THER'ME, _heat_--thermal. +THRON'OS, _a throne_--throne, enthrone. +TOP'OS, _a place_--topography. +TREP'EIN, _to turn_--trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope. +TU'POS, _a stamp_--type, typography, prototype. +TURAN'NOS, _a ruler_--tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny. + +ZEIN, _to boil_--zeal, zealous. +ZEPHU'ROS, _the west wind_--zephyr. +ZO'ON, _an animal_--zodiac, zoology, zoological, zooephyte. + + + + +PART IV.--THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT. + + +I.--ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES. + +A--(corrupted from A.-S. _on_) signifies _in_, _on_, _at_: as abed, aboard, +aside, aback; and gives the adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, +aboard. + +BE--gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is sometimes +intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, as in +bedim. _Be_, as a form of _by_, also denotes proximity, as in beside: as +bystander. + +FOR[10]--means privation, or opposition: as forbear, forbid, forget. + +FORE--_before_: as foretell, forebode. + +MIS--_error_, _wrongness_: as mistake, misstate, misinform. + +N--has a negative signification, as in many languages: thus, never, +neither, none. + +OFF--from offspring. + +OUT--_beyond_: as outdo, outlaw. + +OVER--_above_: as overhang, overflow, overturn. + +TO--in to-day, to-morrow. + +UN--_not_, _the reverse_: as, unskilled, unlearned. + +UNDER--_beneath_: as undermine. + +WITH--_against_ (German _wider_): as withstand. + + +II.--ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES. + +AR, ARD, ER, YER, STER[11]--signifying _agent_ or _doer_; as in beggar, +drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. _Er_ forms verbs of adjectives, as +lower, from low, and also forms the comparatives of adjectives. + +ESS, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French. + +DOM, SHIP, RIC, WIC--from _dom_, judgment; _ship_, shape or condition; +_ric_, _rice_, power; _wic_, a dwelling--signify state, condition, quality, +etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick. + +EL, KIN (= _chen_, German), LET (from French), LING, OCK--have a +_diminutive_ effect, as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, +cockerel. + +EN--adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also converts +adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep. + +FOLD--from _fealdan_, to fold; a numeral termination, like _ple_, from the +Latin _plico_, I fold. + +FUL--full; truthful. + +HOOD, NESS--of uncertain derivation, signify state, etc., as in priesthood, +righteousness. + +ISH--_isc_ (Saxon), _isch_ (German), denotes a quality; like rakish, +knavish, churlish, Danish. _Ish_ is also employed as a +diminutive--blackish. + +LESS--_loss_: as penniless, hopeless. + +LIKE and LY--_like_; _lic_ (A.-S.): as warlike, manly. + +SOME--_sum_ (A.-S.), _sam_ (German), lonesome, handsome. + +TEEN--ten, as in fourteen. + +TY--from _tig_ (A.-S ), ten; _zig_ (German), as in six-_ty_. _Teen_ adds +ten--_ty_ multiplies by ten. + +WARD--_weard_, _waerts_ (German), _versus_ (Latin), against, direction, +towards; downward, eastward. + +WISE--_wisa_, manner; likewise. + +Y--_ig_, an adjective termination; _dreorig_ (A.-S.), dreary. + + +ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. + +The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern German or +the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern English. + +The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: _j_, _k_, _q_, _v_, +and _z_. _K_ is commonly represented by _c_; thus, _cyning_ (king) is +pronounced _kining_; _cyrtel_, _kirtle_; _qu_ is represented by _cw_, as +_cwic_, _quick_; _cwen_, _queen_; _cwellan_, to _quell_; _th_ is +represented by two peculiar characters, one of which in its reduced form +resembles _y_, as in _ye olden times_, where _ye_ should be pronounced +_the_, and not _ye_, as is often ignorantly done. + +Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long +vowels are _a_ as _far_, _ae_ as in _fare_, _e_ as in _they_, _i_ as in +_pique_, _o_ as in _bone_, _u_ as in _rule_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). Short +vowels are _a_ as in _fast_, _ae_ as in _man_, _e_ as in _men_, _i_ as in +_pin_, _o_ as in _God_, _u_ as in _full_, _y_ as in _i_ (nearly). + +In the diphthongs _ea_, _eo_, and _ie_, the first element receives the +stress; the second is pronounced very lightly. + +There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The vowel +of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of +consonants, as in _hlud_, loud, _cniht_, knight, _cnif_, knife, each +consonant has its distinct sound. + +_E_ before _a_ and _o_ has the sound of _y_ as a consonant; _i_ before _e_ +and _u_ has the same sound: thus, _Earl_ = _yarl_; _eow_ = _you_; _iett_ = +_yett_; and _iugoth_ = _yugoth_, youth. + +AC, _an oak_--oak, oaken. +ACSIAN, _to inquire_--ask. +AECER, _a field_--acre, acreage. +AER, _before_--early, ere, erelong, erst. +AFT, _hind-part_--after, abaft. +AGAN, _to have_--owe, own, owner, ought, disown. +ARISAN, _to arise_--raise, rise, rouse. + +BACAN, _to bake_--baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch. +BAEC, _back_--backbite, backslide, backward, aback. +BAELG, _a bag_. +BALD, _bold, brave_--bold, boldness. +BANA, _death_--bane, baneful, henbane. +BANC, _a bank or raised place_--bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, + embankment. +BEACNIAN, _to beckon_--beck, beckon, beacon. +BELLAN, _to roar_--bawl, bellow. +BEORGAN, _to protect_--borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, + harbor, berth. +BEORHT, _bright_--bright. +BERAN, _to bear, to bring forth_--barrow, bear, bier, birth. +BIDAN, _to wait_--abide. +BIDDAN, _to pray_, _to bid_--bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, + unbidden. +BINDAN, _to bind_--band, bond, bondage, bundle. +BLAEC, _pale_--bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness. +BLAWAN, _to blow_--blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, + blow, blush, bluster. +BLETSIAN, _to bless_--bless, blessing. +BRAD, _broad_--broad, breadth, board, aboard. +BRECAN, _to break_--bray (_to pound_), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, + broken. +BREOST, _the breast_--breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast. +BREOWAN, _to brew_--brew, brewer, brewery. +BRUCAN, _to use_--broker, brokerage, brook (_to endure_). +BUAN, _to cultivate_--boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood. +BUGAN, _to bow or bend_--bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow. +BYLDAN, _to design_, _to make_--build, builder, building. +BYRNAN, _to burn_--brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, + auburn, firebrand. + +CAELAN, _to cool_--chill, chilblain. +CEAPIAN, _to buy_--cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman. +CENNAN, _to produce_--kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind. +CEORL, _a churl_--carle, churlish. +CLAENE, _clean_--clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean. +CLATH, _cloth_--clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad. +CLEOFAN, _to cleave_; CLIFIAN, _to adhere_--cleaver, cliff, clover, club. +CNAFA, _a boy_--knave, knavery. +CNAWAN, _to know_--knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown. +CNYLL, _a loud noise_--knell. +CNYTTAN, _to knit_--knitting, knot, knotty, net, network. +CRACIAN, _to crack_; CEARCIAN, _to creak_--crack, crackle, creak, cricket, + croak, screech, shriek. +CUMAN, _to come_--comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome. +CUNNAN, _to know_, _to be powerful_--can, con, cunning, keen. +CWELLAN, _to slay_--kill, quell. + +DAEG, _a day_--dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye. +DAEL, _a part_--deal, dole, ordeal. +DEMAN, _to think_--deem. +DEOR, _a wild animal_--deer. +DEORE, _dusky or black_--dark, darken, darkly, darkness. +DIC, _a dyke_--dig, ditch, ditcher. +DISC, _a plate_--desk, disc, dish. +DOM, _judgment_--doom, doomsday. +DON, _to do_--doer, deed, undo. +DRAGAN, _to draw_--drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray. +DRIFAN, _to drive_--drift, driver, drove. +DRIGAN, _to dry_--drysalter, drought, drug (originally _dried plants_), + druggist. +DRINCAN, _to suck in_--drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken. +DRYPAN, _to drip or drop_--drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel. +DWINAN, _to pine_--dwindle, dwine. +DYN, _a noise_--din, dun. + +EAGE, _the eye_--eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid. +EALD, _old_--alderman, earl. +EFEN, _just_--even, evenness. +ERIAN, _to plough_, _to ear_--earth, earthy, earthquake. + +FAEGER, _bright_--fair, fairness. +FAER, _fear_--fearful, fearless. +FARAN, _to go_--fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer. +FEDAN, _to feed_--feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly. +FEOND, _an enemy_--fiend, fiendish. +FLEOGAN, _to fly_--flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight. +FLEOTAN, _to float_--float, fleet. +FLOWAN, _to flow_--flood, flow. +FOLGIAN, _to go after_--follow. +FON, _to seize _--fang, finger. +FOT, _the foot_--foot, fetter, fetlock. +FREON, _to love_--free, freedom, friend, friendship. +FRETAN, _to gnaw_--fret, fretful. +FUGEL, _a bird_--fowl, fowler, fowling-piece. +FUL, _unclean_--filth, filthy, foul, fulsome. +FULLIAN, _to whiten_--full (_to scour and thicken cloth in a mill_), + fuller, fuller's-earth. +FYR, _fire_--fiery, fireworks, bonfire. + +GABBAN, _to mock_--gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber. +GALAN, _to sing_--nightingale. +GANGAN, _to go_--gang, gangway. +GAST, _a ghost_--gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast. +GEARD, _an enclosure _--garden, orchard, yard. +GEOTAN, _to pour_--gush, gut. +GEREFA, _a governor_--grieve (_an overseer_), sheriff, sheriffdom. +GETAN, _to get_--get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful. +GIFAN, _to give_--give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven. +GLOWAN, _to glow_--glow, glowing. +GOD, _good_--gospel, gossip. +GRAES, _grass_--grass, graze, grazier. +GRAFAN, _to dig_--grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave. +GRAPIAN, _to grapple_; GRIPAN, _to gripe_; GROPIAN, _to grope_--grapple, + grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel. +GREOT, _dust_--gritty, groats. +GROWAN, _to grow_--grow, growth. +GRUND, _the ground_--ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork. + +HABBAN, _to have_--have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave. +HAEGE, _a hedge_--haw, hawthorn. +HAEL, _sound_, _whole_--hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, + holiness, whole, wholesome. +HAM, _a dwelling_--hamlet, home, homely, homeliness. +HANGIAN, _to hang_--hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang. +HAT, _heat_--heat, heater, hot. +HEALDAN, _to hold_--halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, + withhold. +HEARD, _hard_--harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy. +HEBBAN, _to lift_--heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval. +HEDAN, _to heed_--heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness. +HEORTE, _the heart_--hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, + dishearten. +HLAF, _bread_--loaf. +HLEAPAN, _to leap_--leap, overleap, elope, elopement. +HOL, _a hole_--hole, hold (_of a ship_), hollow, hollowness. +HRISTLAN, _to make quick sounds_--rustle, rustling. +HUNTIAN, _to rush_--hunt, hunter, huntsman. +HUS, _house_--housewife, husband, hustings. +HWEORFAN, _to turn_--swerve, wharf. +HYRAN, _to hear_--hear, hearer, hearsay. + +LAEDAN, _to lead_--lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead. +LAEFAN, _to leave_--left, eleven, twelve. +LAERAN, _to teach_--learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned. +LANG, _long_--long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger. +LECGAN, _to lay_--lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, + ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw. +LEOFIAN, LYBBAN, _to live_--live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, + outlive. +LEOHT, _light_--lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten. +LIC, _like_--like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike. +LOCIAN, _to stretch forward_--look. +LOMA, _utensils_, _furniture_--loom, hand-loom, power-loom. +LOSIAN, _to lose_--lose, loser, loss. +LUF, _love_; LUFIAN, _to love_--lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, + unlovely. +LYFAN, _to permit_--leave (_permission_), belief, believe, believer, + misbelieve. +LYFT, _the air_--loft, lofty, aloft. + +MACIAN, _to make_--make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate. +MAENGAN, _to mix_--among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel. +MAGAN, _to be able_--may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay. +MEARC, _a boundary_--mark, marksman, marches, remark. +METAN, _to measure_--meet, meeting, meet (_fit_), meetness. +MUND, _a defence_--mound. +MURNAN, _to murmur_--mourn, mourner, mournful. +MYND, _the mind_--mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind. + +NAES, _a nose_--naze, ness. +NAMA, _a name_--name, nameless, namesake, misname. +NEAD, _need_--need, needful, needless, needs, needy. +NEAH, _nigh_--near, next, neighbor. +NIHT, _night_--night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade. + +OGA, _dread_--ugly, ugliness. + +PAETH, _a path_--pathless, pathway, footpath. +PLEGAN, _to exercise_, _to sport_--play, player, playful, playmate. + +RAECAN, _to reach_--reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent. +RAEDAN, _to read_--read, readable, reader, reading, riddle. +READ, _red_--red, redden, ruddy. +REAFIAN, _to seize_--bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, + robber, robbery, rove, rover. +RECAN, _to heed_--reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning. +RIDAN, _to ride_--ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead. +RINNAN, _to run_--run, runner, runaway, outrun. +RIPAN, _to reap_--reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe. +RUH, _rough_--rough, roughness. + +SAEGAN, _to say_--say, saying, hearsay, unsay. +SAR, _painful_--sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry. +SCACAN, _to shake_--shake, shaky, shock, shocking. +SCEADAN, _to shade_--shade, shady, shadow, shed (_a covered enclosure_). +SCEDAN, _to scatter_, _to shed_--shed (_to spill_), watershed. +SCEOFAN, _to push_--shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf. +SCEOTAN, _to shoot_--shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, + undershot, upshot. +SCERAN, _to cut_--scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire. +SCINAN, _to shine_--sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine. +SCREOPAN, _to creak_--scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book. +SCROB, _a bush_--shrub, shrubbery. +SCYPPAN, _to form_--shape, shapeless, landscape. +SELLAN, _to give_--sale, sell, sold. +SEON, _to see_--see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze. +SETTAN, _to set_; SITTAN, _to sit_--set, setter, settle, settler, + settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset. +SIDE, _side_--side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside. +SINGAN, _to sing_--sing, singer, song. +SLAEC, _slack_--slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish. +SLEAN, _to slay_--slay, slaughter, sledge (_a heavy hammer_). +SLIDAN, _to slide_--slide, sled, sledge. +SLIPAN, _to glide_--slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod. +SMITAN, _to smite_--smite, smiter, smith, smithy. +SNICAN, _to creep_--snake, sneak. +SOCC, _a shoe_--sock, socket. +SOFT, _soft_--soften, softly, softness. +SOTH, _true_--sooth, soothsayer. +SPECAN, _to speak_--speak, speaker, speech, bespeak. +SPELL, _a message_--spell (_discourse_), gospel. +SPINNAN, _to spin_--spinner, spider. +STAN, _a stone_--stony, stoneware. +STANDAN, _to stand_--standard, understand, understanding, withstand. +STEALL, _a place_--stall, forestall, install, pedestal. +STEORFAN, _to die_--starve, starvation, starveling. +STICIAN, _to stick_--stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, + stock, stockade, stocking. +STIGAN, _to ascend_--stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty. +STRECCAN, _to stretch_--stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, + straightness, outstretch, overstretch. +STYRAN, _to steer_--steer, steerage, steersman, stern (_the hind part of a + ship_), astern. +STYRIAN, _to stir_--stir, bestir. +SUR, _sour_--sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness. +SWERIAN, _to swear_--swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered. +SWET, _sweet_--sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness. + +TAECAN, _to show, to teach_--teach, teachable, teacher. +TELLAN, _to count_--tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell. +THINCAN, _to seem_; pret. thuh-te, _methinks_, _methought_. +THRINGAN, _to press_--throng. +THYR, _dry_--thirst, thirsty. +TREOWE, _true_--true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, + trusty. +TWA, _two_--twice, twine, twist, between, entwine. +TYRNAN, _to turn_--turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, + return, upturn. + +WACAN, _to awake_--wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, + watchfulness, watchman. +WARNIAN, _to defend_, _to beware_--warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, + aware, beware. +WEARM, _glowing_--warm, warmth. +WEGAN, _to move_--wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, + weighty. +WEORDH, _worth_--worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy. +WERIAN, _to cover_--wear, wearable, weary, wearisome. +WINNAN, _to labor_--win, won. +WITAN, _to know_--wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty. +WRINGAN, _to twist_--wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle. +WRITHAN, _to twist_--wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, + wrong. +WUNIAN, _to dwell_--wont, wonted. +WYRM, _a worm, a serpent_--worm. + +Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally +translated into Modern English. + + +_EXTRACT FROM CAEDMON'S PARAPHRASE._ + +_Caedmon: died about 680._ + +Nu we sceolan herian | Now we shall praise +heofon-rices weard, | the guardian of heaven, +metodes mihte, | the might of the creator, +and his mod-ge-thonc, | and his mind's thought, +wera wuldor-faeder! | the glory-father of men! +swa he wundra ge-hwaes, | how he of all wonders, +ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, +oord onstealde. | formed the beginning. +He aerest ge-sceop | He first created +ylda bearnum | for the children of men +heofon to hrofe, | heaven as a roof, +halig scyppend! | the holy creator! +tha middan-geard | them the world +mon-cynnes weard, | the guardian of mankind +ece dryhten, | the eternal lord, +aefter teode, | produced afterwards, +firum foldan, | the earth for men, +frea aelmihtig! | the almighty master! + +_PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED._ + +_Bede: died 735._ + +For tham ned-fere | Before the necessary journey +neni wirtheth | no one becomes +thances suotera | more prudent in thought +thonne him thearf sy, | than is needful to him, +to ge-hicgeune | to search out +er his heonon-gange | before his going hence +hwet his gaste | what to his spirit +godes othe yveles | of good or of evil +efter deathe heonon | after his death hence +demed weorthe. | will be judged. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE--Tenth Century._ + +Tha feng AElfred AEthelwulfing to | Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf +West-Seaxna rice; and thaes ymb aenne | to the West Saxon's kingdom; and +monath gefeaht AElfred cyning with | that after one month fought Alfred +ealne thone here lytle werode aet | king against all the army with a +Wiltoune, and hine lange on daeg | little band at Wilton, and them long +geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton | during the day routed and then the +wael-stowe geweald. And thaes geares | Danes obtained of the battle-field +wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten | possession. And this year were nine +with thone here on tham cyne-rice be | great battles fought with the army +suthan Temese, butan tham the him | in the kingdom to the south of the +AElfred, and ealdormen, and cyninges | Thames, besides those in which +thegnas oft rada onridon the man na | Alfred, and the alder-men, and the +ne rimde. And thaes geares waeron | king's thanes oft inrode--against +of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an | which one nothing accounted. And +cyning; and thy geare namon | this year were slain nine earls and +West-Seaxan frith with thone here. | one king; and this year made the + | West-Saxons peace with the army. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS--Eleventh Century._ + +LUCAE, Cap. I. v. 5-10. | LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10. + | +5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, | 5. In the days of Herod the king of +waes sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, of| Judea, there was a certain priest by +Abian tune: and his wif waes of | name Zacharias, of the course of +Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama waes | Abia: and his wife was of the +Elizabeth. | daughters of Aaron, and her name was + | Elizabeth. + +6. Sothlice hig waeron butu rihtwise | 6. And they were both righteous +beforan Gode, gangende on eallum his | before God, walking in all the +bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan | commandments and ordinances of the +wrohte. | Lord without blame. + +7. And hig naefdon nan bearn, fortham | 7. And they had no child, because +the Elizabeth waes unberende; and hig | that Elizabeth was barren; and they +on heora dagum butu forth-eodon. | in her days were both of great age. + +8. Sothlice waes geworden tha | 8. And it befell that when Zacharias +Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on | should do the office of the +his gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan | priesthood in the order of his +Gode, | course before God, + +9. AEfter gewunan thaes sacerdhades | 9. After the custom of the +hlotes, he eode that he his offrunge | priesthood he went forth by lot, to +sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode. | burn incense when he into God's + | temple went. + +10. Eall werod thaes folces waes ute | 10. And all the multitude of the +gebiddende on thaere offrunge timan. | people were without praying at the + | time of incense. + +_THE LORD'S PRAYER._ + +Faeder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; | Father our, thou who art in heaven; +si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume thin| be thine name hallowed; let come +rice; geweordhe thin willa on | thine kingdom; let be done thine +eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge| will on earth, so as in the heavens. +daeghwamlican hlaf syle us to-daeg; and| Our also daily bread give thou us +forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we | to-day; and forgive thou to us our +forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne | debts, so as we forgive our debtors; +gelaede thu us on costnunge, ac alys | and not lead thou us into +us of yfle, etc. | temptations, but deliver thou us + | from evil, etc. + +SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH. + +_EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON--About 1180._ + +He nom tha Englisca boc | He took the English book +Tha makede Seint Beda; | That Saint Bede made; +An other he nom on Latin, | Another he took in Latin, +Tha makede Seinte Albin, | That Saint Albin made, +And the feire Austin, | And the fair Austin, +The fulluht broute hider in. | That baptism brought hither in. +Boc he nom the thridde, | The third book he took, +Leide ther amidden, | _And_ laid there in midst, +Tha makede a Frenchis clerc, | That made a French clerk, +Wace was ihoten, | Wace was _he_ called, +The wel couthe writen, | That well could write, +And he hoc yef thare aethelen | And he it gave to the noble +Allienor, the wes Henries quene, | Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen, +Thes heyes kinges. | The high king's. + +_EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.--1258._ + +Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on | Henry, through God's support, King +Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloand, | of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of +Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on | Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of +Anjou, send I greting, to alle hise | Anjou, sends greeting to all his +holde, ilaerde and ilewede on | subjects, learned and unlearned, of +Huntindonnschiere. Thaet witen ge wel | Huntingdonshire. This know ye well +alle, haet we willen and unnen thaet | all, that we will and grant what our +ure raedesmen alle, other the moare | counsellors all, or the more part of +del of heom, thaet beoth ichosen thurg| them, that be chosen through us and +us and thurg thaet loandes-folk on ure| through the landfolk of our kingdom, +kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen| have done, and shall do, to the +don in the worthnes of God, and ure | honor of God, and our allegiance, +treowthe, for the freme of the | for the good of the land, etc. +loande, etc. | + +Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English. + +That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the employment of +Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have some clue to +direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following extracts, +embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to his +attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in _Italics_. + +MILTON. + + Of man's first _disobedience_, and the _fruit_ + Of that forbidden tree, whose _mortal taste_ + Brought death into the world, and all our woe, + With loss of _Eden_, till one greater man + _Restore_ us and _regain_ the blissful seat-- + Sing, heavenly _Muse_. + + With thee _conversing_, I forget all time, + All _seasons_, and their _change_; all _please_ alike. + Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, + With _charm_ of earliest birds; _pleasant_ the sun + When first on this _delightful_ land he spreads + His _orient_ beams on _herb_, tree, _fruit_, and _flower_, + Glistering with dew; _fragrant_ the _fertile_ earth, + After soft showers; and sweet the coming on + Of _grateful_ evening mild; then _silent_ night + With this her _solemn_ bird, and this fair moon, + And these the _gems_ of heaven, her starry _train_. + +SHAKESPEARE. + + To be, or not to be, that is the _question_; + Whether 't is _nobler_ in the mind to _suffer_ + The stings and arrows of _outrageous fortune_, + Or to take _arms_ against a sea of _troubles_, + And, by _opposing_, end them? To die, to sleep; + No more;--and by a sleep to say we end + The heart_ache_ and the thousand _natural_ shocks + That flesh is _heir_ to! 't were a _consummation_ + _Devoutly_ to be wished. To die; to sleep; + To sleep?--_perchance_ to dream! + + All the world's a _stage_, + And all the men and women _merely_ players. + They have their _exits_ and their _entrances_, + And one man in his time plays many _parts_; + His _acts_ being seven _ages_. At first the _infant_, + Mewling and puking in his _nurse's arms_. + And then the whining _school_-boy, with his _satchel_ + And shining morning _face_, creeping like snail + Unwillingly to _school_. And then the lover, + Sighing like _furnace_, with a woeful _ballad_ + Made to his _mistress'_ eyebrow. Then a _soldier_, + Full of _strange_ oaths, and bearded like the _pard_, + _Jealous_ in _honour_, _sudden_ and quick in _quarrel_; + Seeking the bubble _reputation_ + Even in the _cannon's_ mouth. + +TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE. + +In the beginning God _created_ the heaven and the earth. And the earth was +without _form_, and _void_; and darkness was upon the _face_ of the deep: +and the _Spirit_ of God _moved_ upon the _face_ of the waters. And God +said, Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw the light, that +it was good; and God _divided_ the light from the darkness. And God called +the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the +morning were the first day.--_Genesis_ i. 1-6. + +And it came to _pass_, that when _Isaac_ was old, and his eyes were dim, so +that he could not see, he called _Esau_, his eldest son, and said unto him, +My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here am I. And he said, Behold now, I +am old, I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I _pray_ thee, +thy weapons, thy _quiver_ and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me +some _venison_; and make me _savoury_ meat, such as I love, and bring it to +me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And _Rebekah_ +heard when _Isaac_ spake to _Esau_ his son. And _Esau_ went to the field to +hunt for _venison_, and to bring it. And _Rebekah_ spake unto _Jacob_ her +son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto _Esau_ thy brother, +saying, Bring me _venison_, and make me _savoury_ meat, that I may eat, and +bless thee before the Lord before my death.--_Genesis_ xxvii. 1-7. + +THOMSON. + + These as they _change_, Almighty Father! these + Are but the _varied_ God. The _rolling_ year + Is full of thee. Forth in the _pleasing_ spring + Thy _beauty_ walks, thy _tenderness_ and love. + Wide flush the fields; the softening _air_ is _balm_; + _Echo_ the _mountains round_; the _forest_ smiles; + And every _sense_ and every heart is _joy_. + Then comes thy _glory_ in the summer months, + With light and heat _refulgent_. Then thy sun + Shoots full _perfection_ through the swelling year. + +ADDISON. + +I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the night +_insensibly_ fell upon me. I at first _amused_ myself with all the richness +and _variety_ of _colours_ which _appeared_ in the western _parts_ of +heaven. In _proportion_ as they _faded_ away and went out, _several_ stars +and _planets appeared_, one after another, till the whole _firmament_ was +in a glow. The blueness of the _ether_ was _exceedingly_ heightened and +enlivened by the _season_ of the year. + +YOUNG. + + Let _Indians_, and the _gay_, like _Indians_, fond + Of feathered _fopperies_, the sun _adore_: + Darkness has more _divinity_ for me; + It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul + To settle on herself, our _point supreme_. + There lies our _theater_: there sits our _judge_. + Darkness the _curtain_ drops o'er life's dull _scene_: + 'T is the kind hand of _Providence_ stretched out + 'Twixt man and _vanity_; 't is _reason's reign_, + And _virtue's_ too; these _tutelary_ shades + Are man's _asylum_ from the _tainted_ throng. + Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too. + It no less _rescues virtue_, than _inspires_. + +SWIFT. + +Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last _cost_ you the +_pains_ to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer has the +thicker, homelier, and the _coarser coat_; and whereof, to a _judicious +palate_, the _maggots_ are the best. 'Tis a _sack posset_, wherein the +deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But then, lastly, 'tis a nut, +which, unless you choose with _judgment_, may _cost_ you a tooth, and _pay_ +you with nothing but a worm. + +HUME. + +The _beauties_ of her _person_ and _graces_ of her _air combined_ to make +her the most _amiable_ of women; and the _charms_ of her _address_ and +_conversation aided_ the _impression_ which her lovely _figure_ made on the +heart of all beholders. _Ambitious_ and _active_ in her _temper_, yet +_inclined_ to _cheerfulness_ and _society_; of a lofty _spirit_, _constant_ +and even _vehement_ in her _purpose_, yet _politic, gentle_, and _affable_, +in her _demeanor_, she _seemed_ to _par_take only so much of the _male +virtues_ as to _render_ her _estimable_, without _relinquishing_ those soft +_graces_ which _compose_ the _proper ornament_ of her _sex_. + +GIBBON. + +In the _second century_ of the _Christian era_, the _empire_ of _Rome +comprehended_ the fairest _part_ of the earth, and the most _civilized +portion_ of mankind. The _frontiers_ of that _extensive monarchy_ were +guarded by _ancient renown_, and _disciplined valour_. The _gentle_ but +_powerful influence_ of laws and _manners_ had _gradually cemented_ the +_union_ of the _provinces_. Their _peaceful inhabitants enjoyed_ and +_abused_ the _advantages_ of wealth and _luxury_. The _image_ of a free +_constitution_ was _preserved_ with _decent reverence_. + +JOHNSON. + +Of _genius_, that _power_ which _constitutes_ a _poet_; that _quality_ +without which _judgment_ is cold, and knowledge is _inert_; that _energy_ +which _collects_, _combines_, _amplifies_, and _animates_; the +_superiority_ must, with some _hesitation_, be _allowed_ to Dryden. It is +not to be _inferred_ that of this _poetical vigor Pope_ had only a little, +_because_ Dryden had more; for every other writer since Milton must give +_place_ to _Pope_; and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has +brighter _paragraphs_, he has not better _poems_. + +BYRON. + + _Ancient_ of days! _august Athena!_ where, + Where are thy men of might--thy _grand_ in soul? + Gone--glimmering through the dream of things that were. + First in the race that led to _Glory's goal_, + They won, and _passed_ away. Is this the whole? + A _school_-boy's tale--the wonder of an _hour_! + The warrior's-weapon and the _sophist's stole_ + Are sought in _vain_, and o'er each _mouldering_ tower, + Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of _power_. + +SIR WALTER SCOTT. + + The way was long, the wind was cold, + The _Minstrel_ was _infirm_ and old; + His withered cheek and _tresses_ gray + _Seemed_ to have known a better day; + The harp, his _sole remaining joy_, + Was carried by an _orphan_ boy. + The last of all the bards was he + Who sung of border _chivalry_; + For, well-a-day! their _dale_ was fled; + His _tune_ful brethren all were dead; + And he, _neglected_ and _oppressed_, + Wished to be with them and at rest. + +WORDSWORTH. + + Ah! little doth the young one dream, + When full of play and childish cares, + What _power_ is in his wildest scream, + Heard by his mother unawares! + He knows it not, he cannot guess; + Years to a mother bring _distress_; + But do not make her love the less. + + My son, if thou be _humbled_, _poor_, + Hopeless of _honor_ and of _gain_, + Oh! do not dread thy mother's door; + Think not of me with _grief_ and _pain_. + I now can see with better eyes; + And worldly _grandeur_ I _despise_, + And _Fortune_ with her gifts and lies. + +TENNYSON. + + Not wholly in the busy world, nor _quite_ + Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love. + News from the humming _city_ comes to it + In _sound_ of _funeral_ or of _marriage_ bells; + And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear + The windy clanging of the winter clock; + Although between it and the garden lies + A _league_ of grass, washed by a slow broad stream, + That, stirred with _languid pulses_ of the oar, + Waves all its lazy _lilies_, and creeps on, + Barge laden, to three _arches_ of a bridge, + _Crowned_ with the _minster-towers_. + + + + +PART V.--MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES. + + +I.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS. + +1.--NOUNS. + +AT'LAS, _a collection of maps bound together_: "Atlas," a fabled giant who, +according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his shoulders. + +ACAD'EMY, _a superior grade school, a society of learned men_: "Academus," +a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught. + +AMMO'NIA, _the pungent matter of smelling salts_: "Jupiter Ammon," near +whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained. + +BAC'CHANAL, _one who indulges in drunken revels_: "Bacchus," the god of +wine. + +BOW'IE KNIFE, _an American weapon_: Colonel "Bowie," the inventor. + +BRAGGADO'CIO, _a vain boaster_: "Braggadochio," a boastful character in +Spenser's Faery Queen. + +BUD'DHISM, _a wide-spread Asiatic religion_: "Buddha," a Hindoo sage who +lived about 1000 B.C. + +CAL'VINISM, _the doctrines of Calvin_: "Calvin," a Swiss theologian of the +16th century. + +CAMEL'LIA, _a genus of evergreen shrubs_: "Camelli," a Spaniard who brought +them from Asia. + +CICERO'NE (sis e-ro'ne or chi che-ro'-ne), _a guide_: "Cicero," the Roman +orator. + +CINCHO'NA, _Peruvian bark_: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a Spanish governor +of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she was cured of an +intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she aided in the +diffusion of the remedy. + +DAGUERRE'OTYPE, _a picture produced on a metal plate_: "Daguerre," the +inventor (1789-1851). + +DAHL'IA, _a garden plant_: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist. + +DUNCE, _a dull, slow-witted person_: "Duns Scotus," a subtle philosopher of +the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very popular in the schools +during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful hair-splitter was called a +Dunse; but at last, through the influence of the antagonists of the +philosopher, the word passed into a term of reproach. + +EP'ICURE, _one fond of good living_: "Epicurus," a Greek philosopher who +was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good. + +FAH'RENHEIT, _a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of water at_ 32 deg. +(which is different from both the centigrade and the Reaumur thermometer): +"Fahrenheit," the inventor. + +FUCHSIA (fu'si-a), _a genus of flowering plants_: "Leonard Fuchs," a German +botanist of the 16th century. + +GAL'VANISM, _a branch of the science of electricity_: "Galvani," an Italian +physician, its discoverer. + +GEN'TIAN, _a medicinal root_: "Gentian," king of Illyria, who is said to +have first experienced the virtues of the plant. + +GOB'ELIN, _a rich tapestry_: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish dyer. + +GUILLOTINE', _an instrument for beheading_: "Guillotin," who invented and +brought it into use at the time of the French Revolution, last century. + +HY'GIENE, _the principles and rules of health_: "Hygeia," the goddess of +health in classical mythology. + +JES'UIT, _a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius Loyola in_ +1534: "Jesus." + +LYNCH, _to punish without the usual forms of law_: said to be from "Lynch," +a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own hands. + +MACAD'AMIZE, _to cover a road with small broken stones_: "Macadam," the +inventor. + +MAGNO'LIA, _a species of trees found in the southern parts of the United +States_: "Magnol," a French botanist. + +MEN'TOR, _a faithful monitor_: "Mentor," the counselor of Telemachus. + +MOR'PHIA, _the narcotic principle of opium_: "Morpheus," the god of sleep. + +NE'GUS, _a mixture of wine, water, and sugar_: Colonel "Negus," who +introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne. + +OR'RERY, _an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the heavenly +bodies_: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was made. + +PALLA'DIUM, _something that affords effectual defense, protection, and +safety_: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas Athene," which was kept +hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of the safety of the town +where it was lodged. + +PAN'IC, _a sudden fright_: "Pan," the god of shepherds, who is said to have +caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance. + +PE'ONY, _a plant of the genus_ PAEONIA, _having beautiful showy flowers_: +"Paeon," its discoverer. + +PET'REL, _an ocean bird_: diminutive of Peter, probably so called in +allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea. + +PHA'ETON, _an open carriage_: "Phaethon," the fabled son of Phoebus or the +Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive. + +PINCH'BECK, _an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold_: said to be from +one "Pinchbeck," the inventor. + +QUAS'SIA, _a bitter wood used as a tonic_: "Quassy," a negro who discovered +its qualities. + +RODOMONTADE', _vainbluster_: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero who figures in +Ariosto's poem of the _Orlando Furioso_. + +SILHOUETTE (sil oo et'), _the outline of an object filled in with black +color_: "Silhouette" (see Webster). + +TAN'TALIZE, _to torment or tease_: "Tantalus," according to the poets, an +ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the chin in water with +fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both receded when he wished to +partake. + +TYPHOON', _a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas_: "Typhon," +a fabled giant who was taught to produce them. + +VOLCA'NO, _a burning mountain_: "Vulcan," the god of fire. + + +2.--ADJECTIVES. + +AMER'ICAN, _relating to America_: from "Amerigo (Latin, _Americus_) +Vespucci"--contemporary of Columbus. + +A'RIAN, _relating to Arius_: a theologian of the 4th century who denied the +divinity of Christ. + +ARISTOTE'LIAN, _relating to the deductive method of reasoning set forth by +Aristotle_: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century B.C. + +ARMIN'IAN, _relating to Arminius_: a Dutch theologian of the 16th century, +who opposed the doctrines of Calvin. + +BACO'NIAN, _relating to the inductive method of reasoning set forth by +Bacon_: an English philosopher of the 17th century. + +CARTE'SIAN, _relating to the philosophy of Descartes_: a French philosopher +of the 17th century. + +CE'REAL, _relating to grain_: from "Ceres"--the Roman goddess of corn and +tillage. + +COPER'NICAN, _relating to Copernicus_: a German philosopher of the 16th +century, who taught the theory of the solar system now received, and called +the _Copernican system_. + +ELIZ'ABETHAN, _relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of England_: +(1558-1603). + +EO'LIAN, _relating to the wind_: from "AEolus"--the god of the winds in +classic mythology. + +ERAS'TIAN, _relating to Erastus_:--a German theologian of the 16th century, +who maintained that the Church is wholly dependent on the State for support +or authority. + +ESCULA'PIAN, _relating to the healing art_: from "Esculapius"--the god of +the healing art among the Greeks. + +GOR'DIAN, _intricate, complicated, difficult_: from "Gordius"--king of +Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be untied. + +HERCULE'AN, _very large and strong_: from "Hercules"--a hero of antiquity +celebrated for his strength. + +HERMET'IC, _relating to Hermes_--the fabled inventor of alchemy; adv., +HERMETICALLY, _in a perfectly close manner_. + +HUDIBRAS'TIC, _in the manner of the satirical poem called Hudibras_, by +Samuel Butler (1612-1680). + +JO'VIAL, _gay, merry_: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),--the planet of that name +having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those who were born under +it of a joyous temper. + +LINNAE'AN, _relating to Linnaeus_--the celebrated Swedish botanist. + +LU'THERAN, _relating to the doctrines of Luther_--a German religious +teacher of the 16th century. + +MACHIAVEL'IAN, _cunning and sinister in politics_: from "Machiaveli"--an +Italian writer of the 15th century. + +MERCU'RIAL, _active, sprightly_--having the qualities fabled to belong to +the god "Mercury." + +MOSA'IC, _relating to Moses, his writings or his time_. + +NEWTO'NIAN, _relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his philosophy_. + +PINDAR'IC, _after the style and manner of Pindar_--a lyric poet of Greece. + +PLATON'IC, _relating to the opinions or the school of Plato_,--a +philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C. + +PLUTON'IC, _relating to the interior of the earth, or to the Plutonic +theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire_: from +"Pluto"--in classic mythology, the god of the infernal regions. + +PROCRUS'TEAN, _relating to or resembling the mode of torture employed by +Procrustes_--a celebrated highwayman of ancient Attica, who tied his +victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched out +or cut off their legs to adapt them to its length. + +PROME'THEAN, _relating to Prometheus_--a god fabled by the ancient poets to +have formed men from clay and to have given them life by means of fire +stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, sent Mercury to bind him +to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey upon his liver. + +QUIXOT'IC, _absolutely romantic, like Don Quixote_--described by Cervantes, +a Spanish writer of the 16th century. + +SATUR'NIAN, _distinguished for purity, integrity, and simplicity_; _golden, +happy_: from "Saturn"--one of the gods of antiquity whose age or reign, +from the mildness and wisdom of his government, was called the _golden +age_. + +SOCRAT'IC, _relating to the philosophy or the method of teaching of +Socrates_--the celebrated philosopher of Greece (468-399 B.C.). + +STENTO'RIAN, _very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of Stentor_--a +Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice. + +THES'PIAN, _relating to tragic action_: from "Thespis"--the founder of the +Greek drama. + +TITAN'IC, _enormous in size and strength_: from the "Titans"--fabled giants +in classic mythology. + +UTO'PIAN, _ideal, fanciful, chimerical_: from "Utopia"--an imaginary +island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called "Utopia," as +enjoying the greatest perfection in politics laws, and society. + +VOLTA'IC, _relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity_: from "Volta"--who +first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical +action. + + +II.--WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES. + +AG'ATE, _a precious stone_: "Achates," a river in Sicily where it is found. + +AL'ABASTER, _a variety of soft marble_: "Alabastrum," in Egypt, where it is +found. + +AR'RAS, _tapestry_: "Arras," in France, where it is manufactured. + +ARTE'SIAN, _applied to wells made by boring into the earth till the +instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure_: "Artois" +(anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells have been +made. + +AT'TIC, _marked by such qualities as characterized the Athenians, as +delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc._: "Attica," the country of +the Athenians. + +BAN'TAM, _a small domestic fowl_: "Bantam," in Java, whence it was brought. + +BARB, _a Barbary horse_: "Barbary," in Africa. + +BAY'ONET, _a dagger fixed on the end of a musket_: "Bayonne," in France, +where it was invented, in 1679. + +BEDLAM, _a lunatic asylum_: "Bethlehem," a monastery in London, afterwards +used as an asylum for lunatics. + +BUR'GUNDY, _a French wine_: "Burgundy," where it is made. + +CAL'ICO, _a kind of cotton cloth_: "Calicut," in India, where it was first +manufactured. + +CANA'RY, _a wine and a bird_: the "Canary" Islands. + +CAN'TER, _an easy gallop_: "Canterbury," in allusion to the easy pace at +which the pilgrims used to ride thither. + +CAR'RONADE, _a short cannon_: "Carron," in Scotland, where it was first +made. + +CASH'MERE, _a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet goat_: "Cashmere," +the country where first made. + +CHALCED'ONY, _a variety of uncrystalized quartz_: "Chalcedon," in Asia +Minor, where obtained. + +CHAMPAGNE', _a wine_: "Champagne," in France, where produced. + +CHER'RY, _a red stoned fruit_: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), in Pontus, Asia +Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy. + +CHEST'NUT, _a fruit_: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it was introduced +into Europe. + +COG'NAC, _a kind of French brandy_: "Cognac," in France, where extensively +made. + +COP'PER, _a metal_: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich mines of the +metal. + +CORD'WAINER, _a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish leather_: +"Cordova," in Spain. + +CURACOA', _a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel_: the island of +"Curacoa," where it was first made. + +CUR'RANT, _a small dried grape_: "Corinth," in Greece, of which "currant" +is a corruption. + +DAM'ASK, _figured linen or silk_: "Damascus," in Syria, where first made. + +DAM'SON, _a small black plum_: (shortened from "Damascene") Damascus. + +DELF, _a kind of earthenware_: "Delft," in Holland, where it was orignally +made. + +DI'APER, _a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, etc._: "Ypres," +in Flanders, where originally manufactured. + +DIM'ITY, _a figured cotton cloth_: "Damietta," in Egypt. + +GAMBOGE', _a yellow resin used as a paint_: "Cambodia, where it is +obtained. + +GING'HAM, _cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven_: "Guincamp," in +France, where it was first made. + +GUIN'EA, _an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one shillings_: +"Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was first struck. + +GYP'SY, _one of a wandering race_: old English "Gyptian," from "Egypt," +whence the race was supposed to have originated. + +HOL'LAND, _a kind of linen cloth_: "Holland," where first made. + +HOL'LANDS, _a spirit flavored with juniper berries_: "Holland," where it is +extensively produced.. + +IN'DIGO, _a blue dye_: "India". + +JAL'AP, _a cathartic medicine_: "Jalapa," in Mexico, whence it was first +imported in 1610. + +JET, _a mineral used for ornament_: "Gagates," a river in Asia Minor, +whence it was obtained. + +LAN'DAU, LAN'DAULET, _a kind of carriage opening at the top_: "Landau," a +town in Germany. + +MADEI'RA, _a wine_: "Madeira," where produced. + +MAGNE'SIA, _a primitive earth_: "Magnesia," in Thessaly. + +MAG'NET, _the loadstone, or Magnesian stone_. + +MALM'SEY, _a wine_: "Malvasia," in the Morea. + +MAR'SALA, _a wine_: "Marsala," in Sicily. + +MEAN'DER, _to flow in a winding course_: "Meander," a winding river in Asia +Minor. + +MIL'LINER, _one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc._: "Milan," in Italy. + +MOROC'CO, _a fine kind of leather_: "Morocco," in Africa, where it was +originally made. + +NANKEEN', _a buff-colored cloth_: "Nankin," in China, where first made. + +PHEAS'ANT, _a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food_: "Phasis," a river +in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe. + +PIS'TOL, _a small hand gun_: "Pistoja," in Italy, where first made. + +PORT, _a wine_: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively shipped. + +SARDINE', _a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring family_: "Sardinia" +around whose coasts the fish abounds. + +SAUTERNE', _a wine_: "Sauterne," in France, where produced. + +SHER'RY, _a wine_: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely manufactured. + +SPAN'IEL, _a dog of remarkable sagacity_: "Hispaniola," now Hayti, where +originally found. + +TAR'IFF, _a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods imported or +exported_: from an Arabic word, _tarif_, information. + +TO'PAZ, _a precious stone_: "Topazos," an island in the Red Sea, where it +is found. + +TRIP'OLI, _a fine grained earth used in polishing stones_: "Tripoli," in +Africa, where originally obtained. + +TURQUOIS', _a bluish-green stone_: "Turkey," whence it was originally +brought. + +WORST'ED, _well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool_: "Worsted," a +village in Norfolk, England, where first made. + + +III.--ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL +SCHOOL STUDIES. + +1.--TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY. + +ANTARC'TIC: Gr. _anti_, opposite, and _arktos_, a bear. See _arctic_. + +ARCHIPEL'AGO: Gr. _archi_, chief, and _pelagos_, sea, originally applied to +the AEgean Sea, which is studded with numerous islands. + +ARC'TIC: Gr. _arktikos_, from _arktos_, a bear and a northern constellation +so called. + +ATLAN'TIC: Lat. _Atlanticus_, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan who was +condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands. + +AX'IS: Lat. _axis_, an axletree. + +BAR'BAROUS: Gr. _barbaros_, foreign. + +BAY: Fr. _baie_, from Lat. _baia_, an inlet. + +CAN'CER: Lat. _cancer_, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the +zodiac). + +CAPE: Fr. _cap_, from Lat. _caput_, head. + +CAP'ITAL: Lat. _capitalis_, from _caput_, head. + +CAP'RICORN: Lat. _caper_, goat, and _cornu_, horn (the name of one of the +signs of the zodiac). + +CAR'DINAL: adj Lat. _cardinalis_, from _cardo, cardinis_, a hinge. + +CHAN'NEL: Lat. _canalis_, from _canna_, a reed or pipe. + +CIR'CLE: Lat. _circus_, from Gr. _kirkos_, a ring. + +CIRCUM'FERENCE: Lat. _circum_, around, and _ferre_, to bear. + +CIT'Y: Fr. _cite_, from Lat. _civitas_, a state or community. + +CIV'ILIZED: Lat. _civilis_, pertaining to an organized community. + +CLI'MATE: Gr. _klima, klimatos_, slope, the supposed slope of the earth +from the Equator to the poles. + +COAST: Old Fr. _coste_ (New Fr. _cote_), from Lat. _costa_, rib, side. + +CON'FLUENCE: Lat. _con_, together, and _fluere_, to flow. + +CON'TINENT: Lat. _con_, together, and _tenere_, to hold. + +CON'TOUR: Lat. _con_, together, and _tornus_, a lathe. + +COUN'TY: Fr. _comte_, from Lat. _comitatus_, governed by a count. + +DEGREE': Lat. _de_, and _gradus_, a step + +DIAM'ETER: Gr. _dia_, through, and _metron_, measure. + +EQUA'TOR: Lat. _equus_, equal. + +ES'TUARY: Lat. _aestuare_, to boil up, or be furious, the reference being to +the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current and the tide. + +FRIG'ID: Lat. _frigidus_, from _frigere_, to be cold. + +GEOG'RAPHY: Gr. _ge_, the earth, and _graphe_, a description. + +GLOBE: Lat. _globus_, a round body. + +GULF: Fr. _golfe_, from Gr. _kolpos_, bosom, bay. + +HAR'BOR: Anglo-Saxon, _hereberga_, from _beorgan_, to shelter. + +HEM'ISPHERE: Gr. _hemi_, half, and _sphaira_, sphere. + +HORI'ZON: Gr. _horizein_, to bound. + +IN'DIAN (ocean): India. + +ISTH'MUS: Gr. _isthmos_, a neck. + +LAKE: Lat. _lacus_, a lake. + +LAT'ITUDE: Lat. _latitudo_, from _latus_, broad. + +LON'GITUDE: Lat. _longitudo_, from _longus_, long. + +MERID'IAN: Lat. _meridies_ (= _medius_, middle, and _dies_, day), noon. + +METROP'OLIS: Gr. _meter_, mother, and _polis_, city. + +MON'ARCHY: Gr. _monarches_, from _monos_, alone, and _archein_, to rule. + +MOUN'TAIN: Fr. _montagne_, from Lat. _mons_, _montis_, a mountain. + +OB'LATE: Lat. _oblatus_ (_ob_ and past part. of _ferre_, to bring), brought +forward. + +O'CEAN: Gr. _okeanus_, from _okus_, rapid, and _nacin_, to flow. + +PACIF'IC: Lat. _pacificus_, from _pax_, _pacis_, peace, and _facere_, to +make. + +PAR'ALLEL: Gr. _para_, beside, and _allelon_, of one another. + +PENIN'SULA: Lat. _penes_, almost, and _insula_, island. + +PHYS'ICAL: Gr. _physis_ (_phusis_), nature. + +PLAIN: Lat. _planus_, flat. + +PLANE: Lat. _planus_, flat. + +POLE: Gr. _polos_, a pivot. + +POLIT'ICAL: Gr. _polis_, a city or state. + +PROM'ONTORY: Lat. _pro_, before, and _mons_, _montis_, a mountain. + +RELIEF': Fr. _relever_, from Lat. _relevare_, to raise. + +REPUB'LIC: Lat. _res_, an affair, and _publica_, public: that is, a +_commonwealth_. + +RIV'ER: Fr. _riviere_, from Lat. _ripa_, a shore or bank. + +SAV'AGE: Fr. _sauvage_, from Lat. _silva_, a wood. + +SEA: Anglo-Saxon, _sae_, the sea. + +SOCI'ETY: Lat. _societas_, from _socius_, a companion. + + +2.--TERMS IN GRAMMAR. + +AD'JECTIVE, Lat. _adjectivus_, from _ad_ and _jacere_, to add to: _a word +joined to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning_. + +AD'JUNCT, Lat. _adjunctus_, from _ad_ and _jungere_, to join to: _a +modifier or subordinate element of a sentence_. + +AD'VERB, Lat. _adverbium_, from _ad_, to, and _verbum_, word, verb: _a word +used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb_. + +ANAL'YSIS, Gr. _analusis_, from _ana_ and _luein_, to unloose, to resolve +into its elements: _the separation of a sentence into its constituent +elements_. + +ANTECE'DENT, Lat. _antecedens_, pres. part. of _antecedere_, to go before: +_the noun or pronoun represented by a relative pronoun_. + +APPOSI'TION, Lat. _appositio_, from _ad_, to, and _ponere_, to place +beside: _the state of two nouns put in the same case without a connecting +word between them_. + +AR'TICLE, Lat. _articulus_, a little joint: _one of the three words_, a, +an, _or_ the. + +AUXIL'IARY, Lat. _auxiliaris_, from _auxilium_, help, aid: _a verb used to +assist in conjugating other verbs_. + +CASE, Lat. _casus_, from _cadere_, to fall, to happen: _a grammatical form +denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the +sentence_. + +CLAUSE, Lat. _claudere_, _clausum_, to shut: _a dependent proposition +introduced by a connective_. + +COMPAR'ISON, Lat. _comparatio_, from _comparare_, to liken to: _a variation +in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or +quality_. + +COM'PLEMENT, Lat. _complementum_, from _con_ and _plere_, to fill fully: +_the word or words required to complete the predication of a transitive +verb_. + +COM'PLEX (sentence), Lat. _complexus_, from _con_ and _plectere_, to twist +around: _a sentence consisting of one independent proposition and one or +more clauses_. + +COM'POUND (sentence), Lat. _componere_ (= _con_ and _ponere_), to put +together: _a sentence consisting of two or more independent propositions_. + +CONJUGA'TION, Lat. _conjugatio_, from _con_ and _jugare_, to join together: +_the systematic arrangement of a verb according to its various grammatical +forms_. + +CONJUNCTION, Lat. _conjunctio_, from _con_ and _jungere_, to join together: +_a word used to connect sentences or the elements of sentences_. + +DECLEN'SION, Lat. _declinatio_, from _declinare_, to lean or incline: _the +process of giving in regular order the cases and numbers of a noun or +pronoun_. + +ELLIP'SIS, Gr. _elleipsis_, a leaving or defect: _the omission of a word or +words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence_. + +ETYMOL'OGY, Gr. _etumologia_, from _etumon_, the true literal sense of a +word, and _logos_, a discourse: _that division of grammar which treats of +the classification and grammatical forms of words_. + +FEM'ININE (gender), Lat. _femininus_, from _femina_, woman: _the gender of +a noun denoting a person of the female sex_. + +GEN'DER, Lat. _genus_, _generis_, kind: _a grammatical form expressing the +sex or non-sex of an object named by a noun_. + +GRAM'MAR, Gr. _gramma_, a letter, through Fr. _grammaire_: the science of +language. + +IMPER'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _imperativus_, from _imperare_, to command: _the +mood of a verb used in the statement of a command or request_. + +INDIC'ATIVE (mood), Lat. _indicativus_, from _indicare_, to proclaim: _the +mood of a verb used in the statement of a fact, or of a matter taken as a +fact_. + +INFLEC'TION, Lat. _inflexio_, from _inflectere_, to bend in: _a change in +the ending of a word_. + +INTERJEC'TION, Lat. _interjectio_, from _inter_ and _jacere_, to throw +between: _a word which expresses an emotion, but which does not enter into +the construction of the sentence_. + +INTRAN'SITIVE (verb), Lat. _intransitivus_ = _in_, not, and _transitivus_, +from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to go beyond: _a verb that denotes a state +or condition, or an action not terminating on an object_. + +MAS'CULINE (gender), Lat. _masculus_, male: _the gender of a noun +describing a person of the male sex_. + +MODE. See _mood_. + +MOOD, Lat. _modus_, through Fr. _mode_, manner: _a grammatical form +denoting the style of predication_. + +NEU'TER (gender), Lat. _neuter_, neither: _the gender of a noun denoting an +object without life_. + +NOM'INATIVE (case), Lat. _nominativus_, from _nomen_, a name: _that form +which a noun has when it is the subject of a verb_. + +NOUN, Lat. _nomen_, a name, through Fr. _nom_: _a name-word, the name of +anything_. + +NUM'BER, Lat. _numerus_, through Fr. _nombre_, number: _a grammatical form +expressing one or more than one of the objects named by a noun or pronoun_. + +OB'JECT, Lat. _ob_ and _jacere_, to set before: _that toward which an +activity is directed or is considered to be directed_. + +OBJEC'TIVE (case), Lat. _objectivus_, from _ob_ and _jacere_: _the case +which follows a transitive verb or a preposition_. + +PARSE, Lat. _pars_, a part: _to point out the several parts of speech in a +sentence and their relation to one another_. + +PAR'TICIPLE, Lat. _participium_, from _pars_, part, and _capere_, to take, +to share: _a verbal adjective, a word which shares or participates in the +nature both of the verb and of the adjective_. + +PER'SON, Lat. _persona_, the part taken by a performer: _a grammatical form +which shows whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken to, or the +person spoken of_. + +PHRASE, Gr. _phrasis_, a brief expression, from _phrazein_, to speak: _a +combination of related words forming an element of a sentence_. + +PLE'ONASM, Gr. _pleonasmos_, from _pleion_, more: _the use of more words to +express an idea than are necessary_. + +PLU'RAL (number), Lat. _pluralis_, from _plus_, _pluris_, more: _the number +which designates more than one_. + +POSSESS'IVE (case), Lat. _possessivus_, from _possidere_, to own: _that +form which a noun or pronoun has in order to denote ownership or +possession_. + +POTEN'TIAL (mood), Lat. _potens_, _potentis_, being able: _the mood of a +verb used in the statement of something possible or contingent_. + +PREDICATE, Lat. _praedicatum_, from _prae_ and _dicare_, to proclaim: _the +word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the +subject_. + +PREPOSI'TION, Lat. _praepositio_, from _prae_ and _ponere_, to put before: _a +connective word expressing a relation of meaning between a noun or pronoun +and some other word_. + +PRO'NOUN, Lat. _pronomen_, from _pro_, for, and _nomen_, a noun: _a word +used instead of a noun._ + +PROP'OSITION, Lat. _propositio_, from _proponere_ (_pro_ and _ponere_), to +put forth: _the combination of a subject with a predicate_. + +REL'ATIVE (pronoun), Lat. _relativus_, from _re_ and _ferre_, _latus_, to +bear back: _a pronoun that refers to an antecedent noun or pronoun_. + +SEN'TENCE, Lat. _sententia_, from _sentire_, to think: _a combination of +words expressing a complete thought_. + +SIM'PLE (sentence), Lat. _simplex_, from _sine_, without, and _plica_, +fold: _a sentence having but one subject and one predicate_. + +SUB'JECT, Lat. _subjectus_, from _sub_ and _jacere_, to place under: _that +of which something is predicated_. + +SUBJUNC'TIVE (mood), Lat. _subjunctivus_, from _sub_ and _jungere_, to +subjoin: _the mood used in the statement of something merely thought of_. + +SYN'TAX, Gr. _suntaxis_, from _sun_, together, and _taxis_, arrangement: +_that division of grammar which treats of the relations of words in +sentences_. + +TENSE, Lat. _tempus_, time, through Fr. _temps_: _a grammatical form of the +verb denoting the time of the action or event_. + +TRAN'SITIVE, Lat. _transitivus_, from _trans_ and _ire_, _itum_, to pass +over: _a verb that denotes an action terminating on some object_. + +VERB, Lat. _verbum_, a word: _a word that predicates action or being_. + +VOICE, Lat. _vox_, _vocis_, voice, through Fr. _voix_: _a grammatical form +of the transitive verb, expressing whether the subject names the actor or +the recipient of the action_. + + +3.--TERMS IN ARITHMETIC. + +ADDI'TION, Lat. _additio_, from _addere_, to add. + +AL'IQUOT, Lat. _aliquot_, some. + +ARITH'METIC, Gr. adj. _arithmetike_, numerical, from n. _arithmos_, number. + +AVOIRDUPOIS', Fr. _avoir du pois_, to have [a fixed or standard] weight. + +CANCELLA'TION, Lat. _cancellatio_, from _cancellare_, to make like a +lattice (_cancelli_), to strike or cross out. + +CENT, Lat. _centum_, a hundred. + +CI'PHER, Arabic _sifrun_, empty, zero. + +CUBE, Gr. _kubos_, a cubical die. + +DEC'IMAL, Lat. _decimus_, tenth, from _decem_, ten. + +DENOM'INATOR, Lat. _denominare_, from _de_ and _nominare_ (_nomen_, a +name), to call by name. + +DIG'IT, Lat. _digitus_, a finger. + +DIV'IDEND, Lat. _dividendus_, to be divided, from _dividere_, to divide. + +DIVIS'ION, Lat. _divisio_, from _dividere_, to divide. + +DIVI'SOR, Sp. _divisor_, that which divides, from Lat. _dividere_, to +divide. + +DOL'LAR, Ger. _thaler_, an abbreviation of _Joachimsthaler_, i.e. a piece +of money first coined, about 1518, in the valley (_thal_) of _St. Joachim_, +in Bohemia. + +EQUA'TION, Lat. _aequatio_, from _aequus_, equal. + +EXPO'NENT, Lat. _exponens_, pres. part. of _exponere_, to set forth (= _ex_ +and _ponere_). + +FAC'TOR, Lat. _factor_, that which does something, from _facere_, _factum_, +to do or make. + +FIG'URE, Lat. _figura_, shape, from _fingere_, to form or shape. + +FRAC'TION, Lat. _fractio_, from _frangere_, to break. + +IN'TEGER, Lat. _integer_, untouched, whole. + +IN'TEREST, Lat. _interest_ = it interests, is of interest (3d per. sing. +pres. indic. of _interesse_, to be between, to be of importance). + +MIN'UEND, Lat. _minuendus_, to be diminished, from _minuere_, to lessen. + +MUL'TIPLE, Lat. _multiplex_, from _multus_, much, and _plicare_, to fold. + +MUL'TIPLY, MULTIPLICATION, etc. See _multiple_. + +NAUGHT, Anglo-Sax. _nawhit_, from _ne_, not, and _awiht_ or _auht_, aught, +anything. + +NOTA'TION, Lat. _notatio_, from _notare_, to mark (_nota_, a mark). + +NUMERA'TION, Lat. _numeratio_, from _numerus_, a number. + +QUO'TIENT, Lat. _quoties_, how often, how many times, from _quot_, how +many. + +SUBTRACTION, Lat. _subtractio_, from _sub_ and _trahere_, to draw from +under. + +U'NIT, Lat. _unus_, one. + +ZE'RO, Arabic _cifrun_, empty, cipher. + + * * * * * + +NOTES. + +[1] To teachers who are unacquainted with the original _Word-Analysis_, the +following extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:-- + +"The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and +important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and +organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their primary +meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its relation with +the root, and in fact _makes_ its primary meaning by the very process of +analyzing the word into its primitive and its modifying prefix or suffix. +It presents, also, a marked improvement in the method of approaching the +definition,--a method by which the definition is seen to _grow out of_ the +primary meaning, and by which the analytic faculty of the pupil is +exercised in tracing the transition from the primary meaning to the +secondary and figurative meanings,--thus converting what is ordinarily a +matter of rote into an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another +point of novelty in the method of treatment is presented in the copious +practical exercises on the _use of words_. The experienced instructor very +well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and definitions +without having any realization of the actual living power of words. Such a +realization can only be gained by _using_ the word,--by turning it over in +a variety of ways, and by throwing upon it the side-lights of its synonym +and contrasted word. The method of thus utilizing English derivatives gives +a study which possesses at once _simplicity_ and _fruitfulness_,--the two +desiderata of an instrument of elementary discipline." + +[2] "Etymology," Greek _et'umon_, the true literal sense of a word +according to its derivation, and _log'os_, a discourse. + +[3] "Vocabulary," Latin _vocabula'rium_, a stock of words; from _vox, +vocis_, a voice, a word. + +[4] By the _Low_ German languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat +countries of North Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the +language of Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to _High_ +German, or German proper. + +[5] For the full definition, reference should be had to a dictionary; but +in the present exercise the literal or etymological signification may +suffice. + +[6] _Fen'do_, _fen'dere_, is used in Latin only in composition. + +[7] Another mode of spelling _defense_. + +[8] From _pass_ and _over_, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate +the providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the +first-born of the Egyptians _passed over_ the houses of the Israelites, +which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb. + +[9] For the explanation of the etymology see Webster's _Unabridged_. + +[10] _For_ is different from _fore_, and corresponds to the German _ver_, +different from _vor_. + +_A_, _be_, _for_, _ge_, are often indifferently prefixed to verbs, +especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, as well as to verbal +nouns.--BOSWORTH. + +[11] _Ster_ was the Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once +conducted the work of brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these +words were afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. +_Ster_ is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of New Word-Analysis, by William Swinton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS *** + +***** This file should be named 19346.txt or 19346.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/3/4/19346/ + +Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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