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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/19038-h.zip b/19038-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b91be --- /dev/null +++ b/19038-h.zip diff --git a/19038-h/19038-h.htm b/19038-h/19038-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2f93be --- /dev/null +++ b/19038-h/19038-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1180 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of English Walnuts, compiled by Walter Fox Allen + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .5em; + text-indent: 1em; + } + H1 { + text-align: center; font-family: garamond, serif; /* all headings centered */ + } + H5,H6 { + text-align: center; font-family: garamond, serif; /* all headings centered */ + } + H2 { + text-align: center; font-family: garamond, serif; /* centered and coloured */ + } + H3 { + text-align: center; font-family: garamond, serif; /* centered and coloured */ + } + H4 { + text-align: center; font-family: garamond, serif; /* all headings centered */ + } + HR { width: 33%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + } + a {text-decoration: none} /* no lines under links */ + div.centered {text-align: center;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 1 */ + div.centered table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;} /* work around for IE centering with CSS problem part 2 */ + ul {list-style-type: none} /* no bullets on lists */ + + .cen {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} /* centering paragraphs */ + .sc {font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 95%;} /* small caps, normal size */ + .noin {text-indent: 0em;} /* no indenting */ + .block {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} /* block indent */ + .hang {text-indent: -1.5em;} /* hanging indents */ + .right {text-align: right; padding-right: 2em;} /* right aligning paragraphs */ + .img {text-align: center; padding: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} /* centering images */ + .sidenote {width: 15%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding-left: 1em; font-size: smaller; float: right; clear: right;} + .tr {margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; margin-top: 5%; margin-bottom: 5%; padding: 1em; background-color: #f6f2f2; color: black; border: dotted black 1px;} /* transcriber's notes */ + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; right: 2%; + font-size: 75%; + text-align: right; + text-indent: 0em; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + color: silver; background-color: inherit; + font-variant: normal;} /* page numbers */ + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span {display: block; margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of English Walnuts, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: English Walnuts + What You Need to Know about Planting, Cultivating and + Harvesting This Most Delicious of Nuts + +Author: Various + +Compiler: Walter Fox Allen + +Release Date: August 13, 2006 [EBook #19038] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH WALNUTS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Jeannie Howse and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture +(CHLA), Cornell University) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<div class="tr"> +<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p> +<br /> +<p class="noin">Typographical errors have been corrected in this text.<br /> +For a complete list, please see the <a href="#TN">bottom of this document</a>.</p> +</div> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + + +<h1>ENGLISH<br /> +WALNUTS</h1> + +<br /> + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/deco.png" alt="decoration" /> +</div> + + +<h4>WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW<br /> +ABOUT PLANTING, CULTIVATING<br /> +AND HARVESTING THIS<br /> +MOST DELICIOUS OF NUTS</h4> +<br /> +<br /> +<h4>(<i>Compiled by</i> <span class="smcap">Walter Fox Allen</span>)</h4> +<br /> +<h5>(Copyright 1912)</h5> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h3><i>Foreword.</i></h3> +<br /> + +<p>Realizing the tremendous interest that is now being directed by +owners of country estates everywhere to the culture of the +Persian or English Walnut, I have compiled this little book with +the idea of supplying the instruction needed on the planting, +cultivation and harvesting of this most delicious of all nuts.</p> + +<p>I have gathered the material herein presented from a large number +of trustworthy sources, using only such portions of each as would +seem to be of prime importance to the intending grower.</p> + +<p>I am indebted to the United States Department of Agriculture and +to numerous cultivators of the nut in all sections of the +country.</p> + +<p>I have aimed at accuracy and brevity—and hope the following +pages will furnish just that practical information which I have +felt has long been desired.</p> + +<p class="right sc">The Compiler.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span><br /> + +<h1><i>English Walnuts.</i></h1> + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/deco2.png" alt="decoration" /> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p>Viewed as a comparatively new industry, the culture of the +Persian or English Walnut is making remarkable strides in this +country. Owners of farms and suburban estates everywhere are +becoming interested in the raising of this delicious article of +food, thousands of trees being set out every year.</p> + +<p>There are two important reasons for the rapidly growing +enthusiasm that is being manifested toward the English Walnut: +First, its exceptional value as a food property is becoming +widely recognized, one pound of walnut meat being equal in +nutriment to eight pounds of steak. Secondly, its superior worth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +as an ornamental shade tree is admitted by everyone who knows the +first thing about trees. For this purpose there is nothing more +beautiful. With their wide-spreading branches and dark-green +foliage, they are a delight to the eye. Unlike the leaves of some +of our shade trees, those of this variety do not drop during the +Summer but adhere until late in the Fall, thus making an +unusually clean tree for lawn or garden. In addition to all this, +the walnut is particularly free from scale and other pests.</p> + +<p>Up to the present time, the English Walnut has been more largely +in demand as a shade tree than as a commercial proposition; in +fact, so little attention has been given to the nuts themselves +that there are, comparatively speaking, few large producing +orchards in the United States, the greater portion of the total +yield of walnuts being procured from scattered field and roadside +trees. It is a little difficult to understand why they should +have been so neglected when there are records of single trees <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +bearing as much as 800 pounds of nuts in one year.</p> + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep06.jpg" width="70%" alt="Six Year Old Bearing English Walnut Tree" /><br /> +<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Six Year Old Bearing English Walnut Tree</p> +</div> + +<p>In 1895 this country produced about 4,000,000 pounds, and more +than 16,000,000 pounds of English Walnuts in 1907, with a +proportionate annual increase each year to the present. But, when +it is known that the United States is consuming yearly about +50,000,000 pounds of nuts, with the demand constantly increasing, +thereby necessitating the importation annually of something more +than 25,000,000 pounds, the wonderful possibilities of the +industry in this country, from a purely business view point, will +readily be appreciated. And of course the market price of the +walnut is keeping step with the consumption, having advanced from +15 to 20 cents a pound in the past few years.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>A Rival of the Orange</b></div> + +<p>In California the nut industry is becoming a formidable rival of +the orange; in fact, there are more dollars worth of nuts (all +varieties) shipped from the state now per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> year than oranges. One +grower is shipping $136,000 worth of English Walnuts a year while +another man, with an orchard just beginning to bear, is getting +about $200 an acre for his crop.</p> + +<p>No standard estimate can at present be placed on the yield per +acre of orchards in full bearing, but the growers are confident +that they will soon be deriving from $800 to $1600 per acre, this +figure being based on the number of individual trees which are +already producing from $90 to $120 a year. The success with the +nut in California can be duplicated in the East providing certain +hardy varieties are planted; and in the few instances where +orchards have been started in the East, great things have already +been done and still greater are expected in the next few years.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Origin of the English Walnut</b></div> + +<p>But where did this walnut originate? What is its history? Juglans +Regia (nut of the gods) Persian Walnut, called also Madeira Nut +and English Walnut, is a native of Western, Central and probably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +Eastern Asia, the home of the peach and the apricot. It was known +to the Greeks, who introduced it from Persia into Europe at an +early day, as "Persicon" or "Persian" nut and "Basilicon" or +"Royal" nut. Carried from Greece to Rome, it became "Juglans" +(name derived from Jovis and glans, an acorn; literally +"Jupiter's Acorn", or "the Nut of the Gods"). From Rome it was +distributed throughout Continental Europe, and according to +Loudon, it reached England prior to 1562. In England it is +generally known as the walnut, a term of Anglo-Saxon derivation +signifying "foreign nut". It has been called Madeira Nut, +presumably because the fruit was formerly imported into England +from the Madeira Islands, where it is yet grown to some extent. +In America it has commonly been known as English Walnut to +distinguish it from our native species. From the fact that of all +the names applied to this nut "Persian" seems to have been the +first in common use, and that it indicates approximately the home +of the species, the name "Persian Walnut" is regarded as most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +suitable, but inasmuch as "English Walnut" is better known here, +we shall use that name in this treatise.</p> + +<p>As a material for the manufacture of gunstocks and furniture the +timber of the nut was long in great demand throughout Europe and +high prices were paid for it. Early in the last century as much +as $3,000 was paid for a single large tree for the making of +gunstocks.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Planting and Cultivation</b></div> + +<p>Everything depends upon the planting and cultivation of English +Walnuts as indeed it does of all other fruits from which the very +best results are desired. The following general rules should be +thoroughly mastered.</p> + +<br /> + +<div class="block"><p class="cen sc">Plant English Walnut Trees:</p> + +<p class="hang">On any well-drained land where the sub-soil moisture is not +more than ten or twelve feet from the surface.</p> + +<p class="hang">Wherever Oaks, Black Walnuts or other tap-root nut trees +will grow.</p> + +<p class="hang">Forty to sixty feet apart.</p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> + +<p class="hang">In holes eighteen inches in diameter and thirty inches +deep.</p> + +<p class="hang">Two inches deeper than the earth mark showing on the tree.</p> +<br /> + +<p class="cen sc">And Remember:</p> + +<p class="hang">That the trees need plenty of good, rich soil about their +roots.</p> + +<p class="hang">That the trees should be inclined slightly toward +prevailing winds.</p> + +<p class="hang">That the trees should not be cut back.</p> + +<p class="hang">That the ground cannot be packed too hard around the roots +and the tree.</p> + +<p class="hang">That the trees should be mulched in the Fall.</p> + +<p class="hang">That the ground should be kept cultivated around the trees +during the Spring and Summer.</p> + +<p class="hang">That English Walnut trees should be transplanted while +young, as they will often double in size the year the +tap-root reaches the sub-soil moisture (that is, the +moist earth).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>That tap-root trees are the easiest of all to transplant if +the work is done while the trees are young and small.</p> + +<p class="hang">That trees sometimes bear the third year after +transplanting three-year-old trees where the sub-soil +moisture is within six or eight feet of the surface.</p> + +<p class="hang">That the age of bearing depends largely on the distance the +tap-root has to grow to reach the sub-soil moisture.</p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Peculiarities of Growth</b></div> + +<p>The growth of the English Walnut is different from that of most +fruit trees. The small trees grow about six inches the first +year, tap-root the same; the second year they grow about twelve +inches, tap-root the same; the third year they grow about +eighteen inches, tap-root nearly as much. For the first three +years the tap-root seems to gain most of the nourishment, and at +the end of the third year, or about that time, the tree itself +starts its real growth. After the tap-root reaches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> the sub-soil +moisture, the tree often grows as much in one year as it has in +the preceding three or four. If the trees are transplanted +previous to the time that the tap-root reaches this moisture and +before the tree starts its rapid growth, very few young trees are +lost in the process of transplanting.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Orchard Planting</b></div> + +<p>For orchard planting the trees should be placed from forty to +sixty feet apart and by staggering the rows a greater distance is +gained between individual trees. Any other small fruits may be +planted in the orchard between the walnut trees or any cultivated +crop can be raised satisfactorily on the same land, many +orchardists gaining triple use of the soil in this way. Besides, +the cultivation of the earth in proximity to the walnuts proves +of great benefit to the trees. Before trees are planted the +tap-root should be trimmed or cut back and most if not all the +lateral branches trimmed from the tree. The tree itself should +not be cut back as is customary with either fruit trees, but by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +leaving the terminal bud intact, a much better shaped tree is +developed. It is not necessary to prune English Walnut trees +except in cases where some of the lower branches interfere with +cultivation.</p> + +<p>Cultivation in the North should be stopped about the first of +August, thus halting the growth of the trees and giving them a +chance to harden their wood for Winter. This is a good plan to +follow in the cultivation of nearly all the smaller fruit trees.</p> + +<p>When planting on the lawn for ornamental purposes a ring from two +to three feet in diameter should be cultivated about the base of +the tree.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Selection of Varieties</b></div> + +<p>The tender varieties that have been used in Southern California +must not be experimented with in the North, as they bloom too +early and are almost certain to be caught by the frost. These +varieties have been tried in Northern California without success, +and the venture is quite likely to be disastrous in any but the +warmest climates.</p> + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep14.jpg" width="60%" alt="Mr. E.C. Pomeroy, Gathering English Walnuts on +His Farm in Lockport, N.Y." /><br /> +<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Mr. E.C. Pomeroy, Gathering English Walnuts on +His Farm in Lockport, N.Y.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>The uncertainty of a crop is often due to the very early blooming +of the kinds planted. These start to grow at the first warm spell +in the latter part of the Winter or at the first blush of Spring, +and almost invariably become victims of frost and consequently +produce no fruit.</p> + +<p>Planting in the Northwest and the East until recently has been +limited to an extremely narrow area. There was need of a variety +possessing strong, distinct characteristics, hardy, late to start +growth, and with the pistillate and staminate blossoms maturing +at the same time and bearing a nut of good quality and flavor +with a full rich meat. This variety has now been found, as will +later be shown.</p> + +<p>English Walnuts grown in the North command from three to five +cents more a pound than the other nuts in the markets, as the +meat is plumper and the flavor better. Most fruit is at its best +at the Northern limit of its range.</p> + +<p>One experienced grower, in reference to transplanting has said: +"I have transplanted all the way from a year to six and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> the +trees have grown and done well, but so far as my experience goes, +I prefer to move them at three years of age or about that time. +The best trees I have were transplanted at this age."</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Fall or Spring Planting?</b></div> + +<p>The following extract on tree planting in general, pertaining to +all kinds of trees, is contributed by O.K. White of the Michigan +Experiment Station:</p> + +<br /> + +<div class="block"><p>"The advisability of Fall or Spring planting depends upon +several conditions. Fall planting has the advantage over +Spring planting in that the trees become firmly established +in the soil before Winter sets in, and are able to start +growth in the Spring before the ground can be marked and put +in condition for planting. This is important because the +trees get a good growth in the early part of the season +before the Summer droughts occur. On the other hand there is +more or less danger from Winter injury during a severe +season or from the drying out of the trees if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> the Winter +is long and dry. Fall planting is much more successful with +the hardy apples and pears than it is with the tender plums, +cherries and peaches.</p> + +<p>"The convenience of the season will determine in a majority +of cases whether or not the planting shall be done in the +Fall or Spring. Very often the rush of the Spring work +induces the grower to hurry his planting, or to do it +carelessly; and as a result a poor start is secured, with +crooked rows. Others have large crops to harvest in the Fall +and would find it more convenient to do the planting in the +Spring. If there is any doubt as to the best time to plant, +let it be in the Spring."</p></div> + +<br /> + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep16.jpg" width="60%" alt="Thirty Year Old Parent English Walnut Trees In +Background, Young Bearing Tree in Front" /><br /> +<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Thirty Year Old Parent English Walnut Trees In +Background, Young Bearing Tree in Front</p> +</div> + + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Fertilizing</b></div> + +<p>We now come to the subject of fertilization. Up to the time when +the young trees come into bearing, cultivation and fertilization +will help them enormously, the cultivation keeping the soil in +condition to hold the moisture of the tree. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> fertilizing, a +mulch of stable manure in the Fall is considered by most growers +to be the best, but the following preparation is thought to be +exceptionally good for all young orchards:</p> + +<p>Dried blood, 1,000 pounds; bone meal, 550 pounds; sulphate of +potash, 350 pounds. Total, 2,000 pounds. This should be applied +close up and about the tree, extending out each year in a circle +somewhat beyond the spread of the branches.</p> + +<p>This provides a quickly available plant food, rich in nitrogen +and especially recommended for rapid growth.</p> + +<p>After the tap-root reaches the sub-soil moisture it is well able +to take care of the tree; and both cultivation and fertilization +may then be stopped. In fact, by this time practically no further +care is needed in the nut orchard with the exception of that +required at the harvesting time, and this is a pleasant and easy +occupation, especially in the Northern and Eastern states where +the frost opens<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> the shuck and the nuts drop free upon the ground +where they may be picked up and put into sacks of 110 to 120 +pounds each, ready for the market.</p> + +<p>Just before the first frost it is a very good idea to remove all +leaves from the ground so that when the nuts fall they can be +readily seen and gathered. An excellent method of accomplishing +this is by means of a horse and rake. The nuts may be left on the +ground to dry or may be removed to any convenient place for that +purpose.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>The Different Kinds</b></div> + +<p>There are three distinct kinds of English Walnuts—hard-shell, +soft-shell and paper-shell, the soft-shell being the best. Each +of these three is divided into a number of varieties, the names +of some of the more popular ones being the Barthere, Chaberte, +Cluster, Drew, Ford, Franquette, Gant or Bijou, Grand Noblesse, +Lanfray, Mammoth, Mayette, Wiltz Mayette, Mesange, Meylan, +Mission, Parisienne, Poorman,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> Proeparturiens, Santa Barbara, +Pomeroy, Serotina, Sexton, Vourey, Concord, Chase and the Eureka.</p> + +<p>The question of the best varieties for planting in the North as +well as in the South is somewhat open to discussion, due largely +to a lack of sufficient information in regard to some of the more +promising kinds. There is but little question that the best +proven variety for the Northwest is the Franquette and for the +East and Northeast, the Pomeroy. Both of these are good producers +bearing a fine nut, well filled with a white meat of excellent +flavor, and of good shape and commanding the highest market +prices. The two varieties are also very late in starting in the +Spring making them safe against the late frosts. Their pistillate +and staminate blossoms mature at the same time.</p> + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep20.jpg" width="60%" alt="English Walnuts Bear in Clusters of Two to +Five" /><br /> +<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">English Walnuts Bear in Clusters of Two to +Five</p> +</div> + +<p>The white-meated nut is far superior to any other. The browning +or staining is caused by the extremely dry heat and sun in the +far South. In the North or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> where the tree has an abundant thick +foliage the meat is invariably whiter.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>The Mission Nut</b></div> + +<p>The Mission Nut was introduced by the priests of Los Angeles and +is the pioneer Persian Walnut of California. Most of the bearing +orchards of the state are composed of seedling trees of this +type. The nut is medium-sized with a hard shell of ordinary +thickness. It succeeds admirably in a few favored districts (of +Southern California) but fails in productiveness farther North. +Its most prominent faults are—early blooming, in consequence of +which it is often caught by the late frosts; the irregular and +unequal blooming of its pistillate and staminate blossoms, and +the consequent failure of the former to be fertilized and to +develop nuts; and lateness in ripening its wood in the Fall and +consequent liability to injury by frost at that time.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>The Santa Barbara Nut</b></div> + +<p>The Santa Barbara English Walnut (soft-shell) variety is about +ten days later than the Mission in starting growth and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> in +blooming in the Spring. It fruits from four to six years from +seed and usually produces a full crop every year. It is not as +strong a grower as the Mission and more trees can be grown to the +acre. The shells are thin and easily broken, therefore the nuts +are sometimes damaged in long shipment. The kernel is white and +of very fine quality.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>The Pomeroy Nut</b></div> + +<p>The Pomeroy variety was started in a most peculiar and +interesting way. The late Norman Pomeroy of Lockport, New York, +made the discovery quite by accident. When he was in Philadelphia +in 1876 visiting the Centennial Exposition, he awoke one morning +to be greeted by the leaves of a gorgeous tree, which just +touched his window and through which the sun shone brightly. He +soon was examining a magnificent English Walnut tree. On the +ground directly under he found the nuts, which had fallen during +the night. Their flavor was more delicious and the meat fuller +than any he had ever before tasted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> The shell was unusually thin +and Mr. Pomeroy was astonished, for he never believed the English +Walnut grew in the East.</p> + +<p>Knowing the varieties grown in California could not be raised in +the East or North, he questioned his landlord and found that this +particular tree had been brought from Northern Europe. Mr. +Pomeroy determined at once that possibly this variety would be +hardy enough for cultivation in New York State. He procured some +of the nuts and put them in his satchel which he entrusted to a +neighbor who was about to start home. The neighbor reached home +all right and so did the nuts—but—the neighbor's children found +the rare delicacies and ate all but seven. They would doubtless +have eaten these too but fortunately they had slipped into the +lining of the satchel where Mr. Pomeroy found them on his return +to Lockport. These seven nuts, which had so narrow an escape from +oblivion, are now seven beautiful English Walnut trees, sixty or +more feet high and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> the progenitors of the Pomeroy orchards, all +of which are now producing nuts like the originals—a very fine +quality.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Some uses of English Walnuts</b></div> + +<p>English Walnuts to be used for making pickles, catsup, oil and +other culinary products, are gathered when the fruit is about +half mature or when the shell is soft enough to yield to the +influence of cooking. The proper stage can be determined by +piercing the nut with a needle, a certain degree of hardness +being desired. The nut is often utilized for olive oil in some +parts of Europe. It takes one hundred pounds of nuts to make +eighteen pounds of oil.</p> + +<p>In England the nuts are preserved fresh for the table where they +are served with wine. They are buried deep in dry soil or sand so +as not to be reached by frost, the sun's rays or rain; or by +placing them in dry cellars and covering with straw. Others seal +them up in tin cans filled with sand.</p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> + +<div class="sidenote"><b>Examples of Hardiness</b></div> + +<p>As an illustration of the hardiness of the English Walnut, there +is a tree at Red Hill, Virginia, which was brought from +Edinburgh, Scotland, when six months old, planted in New York, +where it remained three years, then removed to Staunton, +Virginia, and after two years taken to Red Hill. In consequence +of so many changes, the tree at first died back, but is now +thrifty—twenty feet high; trunk, eight inches in diameter at the +ground.</p> + +<p>During several severe Winters, the thermometer fell so low that +some peach trees and grape vines growing near English Walnuts on +the Pomeroy farm near Lockport, N.Y. were killed, while the nut +trees were not in the least injured.</p> + +<br /> + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep25.png" alt="decoration" /> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span><br /> + +<h3><i>The English Walnut at its Best.</i></h3> +<br /> + +<div class="block"> +<p class="hang">A smooth, soft-shelled nut.</p> + +<p class="hang">Meat full, with sweet, hickory-nut flavor.</p> + +<p class="hang">Nuts fall clean and free from outside shuck.</p> + +<p class="hang">Frosts harvest the nuts—in October.</p> + +<p class="hang">They are self-pruning.</p> + +<p class="hang">Require no care after arrival at bearing age.</p> + +<p class="hang">An alkali sap keeps scales and pests from the trees.</p> + +<p class="hang">Blossoms immune from late frosts, as they start late.</p> + +<p class="hang">Pistillate and Staminate blossoms mature at same time in +the best varieties, insuring perfect fertilization and +productivity.</p> + +<p class="hang">Bears more regularly than other nut trees.</p> + +<p class="hang">Bears heavier crops the older it becomes, unlike other +fruit trees the size and quality of whose fruit +degenerates with age.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span><br /> + + +<h3><i>Interesting Figures about the English Walnut.</i></h3> +<br /> + +<div class="block"><p class="hang">In Spain and Southern France there are trees believed to +be more than 300 years old which bear from fifteen to +eighteen bushels of nuts each, annually.</p> + +<p class="hang">In Whittier, California, is a famous tree which has been +leased for a term of years at $500.</p> + +<p class="hang">Orchards seven and eight years old bring all the way from +$1,000 to $2,000 per acre and are a fine investment, +yielding from 15 to 125 per cent. according to age.</p> + +<p class="hang">The total cost of producing and harvesting an English +Walnut crop is about one and one-half cents a pound.</p></div> + +<br /> + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep27.png" alt="decoration" /> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span><br /> + +<h3><i>Kernels of Fact about the English Walnut.</i></h3> +<br /> + +<div class="block"><p class="hang">The United States consumes more than 50,000,000 pounds a +year.</p> + +<p class="hang">The United States imports about 27,000,000 pounds a year.</p> + +<p class="hang">The price is advancing steadily with the demand.</p> + +<p class="hang">Besides being profitable, the English Walnut is a clean, +highly ornamental shade tree.</p> + +<p class="hang">The leaves remain on the tree until late in the Fall, not +littering up the ground during the Summer.</p> + +<p class="hang">English Walnuts are not only a rare table delicacy, but may +be utilized for catsup, pickles and oil.</p> + +<p class="hang">One pound of walnut meat equals eight pounds of steak in +nutriment—and is a far more healthful food.</p></div> + + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span><br /> + +<h3><i>What Luther Burbank has to say:</i></h3> +<br /> + +<div class="block"> +<p>"When you plant another tree, why not plant the English Walnut? +Then, besides sentiment, shade and leaves, you may have a +perennial supply of nuts, the improved kind of which furnish the +most delicious, nutritious and healthful food which has ever been +known. The consumption of nuts is probably increasing among all +civilized nations today faster than that of any other food; and +we should keep up with this growing demand and make it still more +rapid by producing nuts of uniform good quality, with a +consequent increase in the health and a permanent increase in the +wealth of ourselves and neighbors."—<i>From Address at Santa Rosa, +California, in the Fall of 1905.</i></p> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep29.png" alt="decoration" /> +</div> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + + +<div class="tr"> +<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p> +<br /> +Page 21: suceeds replaced with succeeds<br /> +</div> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of English Walnuts, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH WALNUTS *** + +***** This file should be named 19038-h.htm or 19038-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/0/3/19038/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Jeannie Howse and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture +(CHLA), Cornell University) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: English Walnuts + What You Need to Know about Planting, Cultivating and + Harvesting This Most Delicious of Nuts + +Author: Various + +Compiler: Walter Fox Allen + +Release Date: August 13, 2006 [EBook #19038] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH WALNUTS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Jeannie Howse and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture +(CHLA), Cornell University) + + + + + + + * * * * * + + +------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Note: | + | | + | Typographical errors have been corrected in this | + | text. For a complete list, please see the bottom of | + | this document. | + | | + | Bold text is marked so: =bold=. | + | Italicized text is marked so: _italics_ | + | | + +------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + + + + +ENGLISH +WALNUTS + + [Illustration] + +WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW +ABOUT PLANTING, CULTIVATING +AND HARVESTING THIS +MOST DELICIOUS OF NUTS + + +(_Compiled by_ WALTER FOX ALLEN) + +(Copyright 1912) + + + + +_Foreword._ + + +Realizing the tremendous interest that is now being directed by +owners of country estates everywhere to the culture of the +Persian or English Walnut, I have compiled this little book with +the idea of supplying the instruction needed on the planting, +cultivation and harvesting of this most delicious of all nuts. + +I have gathered the material herein presented from a large number +of trustworthy sources, using only such portions of each as would +seem to be of prime importance to the intending grower. + +I am indebted to the United States Department of Agriculture and +to numerous cultivators of the nut in all sections of the +country. + +I have aimed at accuracy and brevity--and hope the following +pages will furnish just that practical information which I have +felt has long been desired. + + THE COMPILER. + + + + +_English Walnuts._ + + [Illustration] + + +Viewed as a comparatively new industry, the culture of the +Persian or English Walnut is making remarkable strides in this +country. Owners of farms and suburban estates everywhere are +becoming interested in the raising of this delicious article of +food, thousands of trees being set out every year. + +There are two important reasons for the rapidly growing +enthusiasm that is being manifested toward the English Walnut: +First, its exceptional value as a food property is becoming +widely recognized, one pound of walnut meat being equal in +nutriment to eight pounds of steak. Secondly, its superior worth +as an ornamental shade tree is admitted by everyone who knows the +first thing about trees. For this purpose there is nothing more +beautiful. With their wide-spreading branches and dark-green +foliage, they are a delight to the eye. Unlike the leaves of some +of our shade trees, those of this variety do not drop during the +Summer but adhere until late in the Fall, thus making an +unusually clean tree for lawn or garden. In addition to all this, +the walnut is particularly free from scale and other pests. + +Up to the present time, the English Walnut has been more largely +in demand as a shade tree than as a commercial proposition; in +fact, so little attention has been given to the nuts themselves +that there are, comparatively speaking, few large producing +orchards in the United States, the greater portion of the total +yield of walnuts being procured from scattered field and roadside +trees. It is a little difficult to understand why they should +have been so neglected when there are records of single trees +bearing as much as 800 pounds of nuts in one year. + + [Illustration: SIX YEAR OLD BEARING ENGLISH WALNUT TREE] + +In 1895 this country produced about 4,000,000 pounds, and more +than 16,000,000 pounds of English Walnuts in 1907, with a +proportionate annual increase each year to the present. But, when +it is known that the United States is consuming yearly about +50,000,000 pounds of nuts, with the demand constantly increasing, +thereby necessitating the importation annually of something more +than 25,000,000 pounds, the wonderful possibilities of the +industry in this country, from a purely business view point, will +readily be appreciated. And of course the market price of the +walnut is keeping step with the consumption, having advanced from +15 to 20 cents a pound in the past few years. + + [Sidenote: =A Rival of the Orange=] + +In California the nut industry is becoming a formidable rival of +the orange; in fact, there are more dollars worth of nuts (all +varieties) shipped from the state now per year than oranges. One +grower is shipping $136,000 worth of English Walnuts a year while +another man, with an orchard just beginning to bear, is getting +about $200 an acre for his crop. + +No standard estimate can at present be placed on the yield per +acre of orchards in full bearing, but the growers are confident +that they will soon be deriving from $800 to $1600 per acre, this +figure being based on the number of individual trees which are +already producing from $90 to $120 a year. The success with the +nut in California can be duplicated in the East providing certain +hardy varieties are planted; and in the few instances where +orchards have been started in the East, great things have already +been done and still greater are expected in the next few years. + + [Sidenote: =Origin of the English Walnut=] + +But where did this walnut originate? What is its history? Juglans +Regia (nut of the gods) Persian Walnut, called also Madeira Nut +and English Walnut, is a native of Western, Central and probably +Eastern Asia, the home of the peach and the apricot. It was known +to the Greeks, who introduced it from Persia into Europe at an +early day, as "Persicon" or "Persian" nut and "Basilicon" or +"Royal" nut. Carried from Greece to Rome, it became "Juglans" +(name derived from Jovis and glans, an acorn; literally +"Jupiter's Acorn", or "the Nut of the Gods"). From Rome it was +distributed throughout Continental Europe, and according to +Loudon, it reached England prior to 1562. In England it is +generally known as the walnut, a term of Anglo-Saxon derivation +signifying "foreign nut". It has been called Madeira Nut, +presumably because the fruit was formerly imported into England +from the Madeira Islands, where it is yet grown to some extent. +In America it has commonly been known as English Walnut to +distinguish it from our native species. From the fact that of all +the names applied to this nut "Persian" seems to have been the +first in common use, and that it indicates approximately the home +of the species, the name "Persian Walnut" is regarded as most +suitable, but inasmuch as "English Walnut" is better known here, +we shall use that name in this treatise. + +As a material for the manufacture of gunstocks and furniture the +timber of the nut was long in great demand throughout Europe and +high prices were paid for it. Early in the last century as much +as $3,000 was paid for a single large tree for the making of +gunstocks. + + [Sidenote: =Planting and Cultivation=] + +Everything depends upon the planting and cultivation of English +Walnuts as indeed it does of all other fruits from which the very +best results are desired. The following general rules should be +thoroughly mastered. + + + PLANT ENGLISH WALNUT TREES: + + On any well-drained land where the sub-soil moisture is not + more than ten or twelve feet from the surface. + + Wherever Oaks, Black Walnuts or other tap-root nut trees + will grow. + + Forty to sixty feet apart. + + In holes eighteen inches in diameter and thirty inches + deep. + + Two inches deeper than the earth mark showing on the tree. + + + AND REMEMBER: + + That the trees need plenty of good, rich soil about their + roots. + + That the trees should be inclined slightly toward + prevailing winds. + + That the trees should not be cut back. + + That the ground cannot be packed too hard around the roots + and the tree. + + That the trees should be mulched in the Fall. + + That the ground should be kept cultivated around the trees + during the Spring and Summer. + + That English Walnut trees should be transplanted while + young, as they will often double in size the year the + tap-root reaches the sub-soil moisture (that is, the + moist earth). + + That tap-root trees are the easiest of all to transplant if + the work is done while the trees are young and small. + + That trees sometimes bear the third year after + transplanting three-year-old trees where the sub-soil + moisture is within six or eight feet of the surface. + + That the age of bearing depends largely on the distance the + tap-root has to grow to reach the sub-soil moisture. + + [Sidenote: =Peculiarities of Growth=] + +The growth of the English Walnut is different from that of most +fruit trees. The small trees grow about six inches the first +year, tap-root the same; the second year they grow about twelve +inches, tap-root the same; the third year they grow about +eighteen inches, tap-root nearly as much. For the first three +years the tap-root seems to gain most of the nourishment, and at +the end of the third year, or about that time, the tree itself +starts its real growth. After the tap-root reaches the sub-soil +moisture, the tree often grows as much in one year as it has in +the preceding three or four. If the trees are transplanted +previous to the time that the tap-root reaches this moisture and +before the tree starts its rapid growth, very few young trees are +lost in the process of transplanting. + + [Sidenote: =Orchard Planting=] + +For orchard planting the trees should be placed from forty to +sixty feet apart and by staggering the rows a greater distance is +gained between individual trees. Any other small fruits may be +planted in the orchard between the walnut trees or any cultivated +crop can be raised satisfactorily on the same land, many +orchardists gaining triple use of the soil in this way. Besides, +the cultivation of the earth in proximity to the walnuts proves +of great benefit to the trees. Before trees are planted the +tap-root should be trimmed or cut back and most if not all the +lateral branches trimmed from the tree. The tree itself should +not be cut back as is customary with either fruit trees, but by +leaving the terminal bud intact, a much better shaped tree is +developed. It is not necessary to prune English Walnut trees +except in cases where some of the lower branches interfere with +cultivation. + +Cultivation in the North should be stopped about the first of +August, thus halting the growth of the trees and giving them a +chance to harden their wood for Winter. This is a good plan to +follow in the cultivation of nearly all the smaller fruit trees. + +When planting on the lawn for ornamental purposes a ring from two +to three feet in diameter should be cultivated about the base of +the tree. + + [Sidenote: =Selection of Varieties=] + +The tender varieties that have been used in Southern California +must not be experimented with in the North, as they bloom too +early and are almost certain to be caught by the frost. These +varieties have been tried in Northern California without success, +and the venture is quite likely to be disastrous in any but the +warmest climates. + + [Illustration: MR. E.C. POMEROY, GATHERING ENGLISH WALNUTS ON + HIS FARM IN LOCKPORT, N.Y.] + +The uncertainty of a crop is often due to the very early blooming +of the kinds planted. These start to grow at the first warm spell +in the latter part of the Winter or at the first blush of Spring, +and almost invariably become victims of frost and consequently +produce no fruit. + +Planting in the Northwest and the East until recently has been +limited to an extremely narrow area. There was need of a variety +possessing strong, distinct characteristics, hardy, late to start +growth, and with the pistillate and staminate blossoms maturing +at the same time and bearing a nut of good quality and flavor +with a full rich meat. This variety has now been found, as will +later be shown. + +English Walnuts grown in the North command from three to five +cents more a pound than the other nuts in the markets, as the +meat is plumper and the flavor better. Most fruit is at its best +at the Northern limit of its range. + +One experienced grower, in reference to transplanting has said: +"I have transplanted all the way from a year to six and the +trees have grown and done well, but so far as my experience goes, +I prefer to move them at three years of age or about that time. +The best trees I have were transplanted at this age." + + [Sidenote: =Fall or Spring Planting?=] + +The following extract on tree planting in general, pertaining to +all kinds of trees, is contributed by O.K. White of the Michigan +Experiment Station: + + "The advisability of Fall or Spring planting depends upon + several conditions. Fall planting has the advantage over + Spring planting in that the trees become firmly established + in the soil before Winter sets in, and are able to start + growth in the Spring before the ground can be marked and put + in condition for planting. This is important because the + trees get a good growth in the early part of the season + before the Summer droughts occur. On the other hand there is + more or less danger from Winter injury during a severe + season or from the drying out of the trees if the Winter + is long and dry. Fall planting is much more successful with + the hardy apples and pears than it is with the tender plums, + cherries and peaches. + + "The convenience of the season will determine in a majority + of cases whether or not the planting shall be done in the + Fall or Spring. Very often the rush of the Spring work + induces the grower to hurry his planting, or to do it + carelessly; and as a result a poor start is secured, with + crooked rows. Others have large crops to harvest in the Fall + and would find it more convenient to do the planting in the + Spring. If there is any doubt as to the best time to plant, + let it be in the Spring." + +[Illustration: THIRTY YEAR OLD PARENT ENGLISH WALNUT TREES IN +BACKGROUND, YOUNG BEARING TREE IN FRONT] + + [Sidenote: =Fertilizing=] + +We now come to the subject of fertilization. Up to the time when +the young trees come into bearing, cultivation and fertilization +will help them enormously, the cultivation keeping the soil in +condition to hold the moisture of the tree. In fertilizing, a +mulch of stable manure in the Fall is considered by most growers +to be the best, but the following preparation is thought to be +exceptionally good for all young orchards: + +Dried blood, 1,000 pounds; bone meal, 550 pounds; sulphate of +potash, 350 pounds. Total, 2,000 pounds. This should be applied +close up and about the tree, extending out each year in a circle +somewhat beyond the spread of the branches. + +This provides a quickly available plant food, rich in nitrogen +and especially recommended for rapid growth. + +After the tap-root reaches the sub-soil moisture it is well able +to take care of the tree; and both cultivation and fertilization +may then be stopped. In fact, by this time practically no further +care is needed in the nut orchard with the exception of that +required at the harvesting time, and this is a pleasant and easy +occupation, especially in the Northern and Eastern states where +the frost opens the shuck and the nuts drop free upon the ground +where they may be picked up and put into sacks of 110 to 120 +pounds each, ready for the market. + +Just before the first frost it is a very good idea to remove all +leaves from the ground so that when the nuts fall they can be +readily seen and gathered. An excellent method of accomplishing +this is by means of a horse and rake. The nuts may be left on the +ground to dry or may be removed to any convenient place for that +purpose. + + [Sidenote: =The Different Kinds=] + +There are three distinct kinds of English Walnuts--hard-shell, +soft-shell and paper-shell, the soft-shell being the best. Each +of these three is divided into a number of varieties, the names +of some of the more popular ones being the Barthere, Chaberte, +Cluster, Drew, Ford, Franquette, Gant or Bijou, Grand Noblesse, +Lanfray, Mammoth, Mayette, Wiltz Mayette, Mesange, Meylan, +Mission, Parisienne, Poorman, Proeparturiens, Santa Barbara, +Pomeroy, Serotina, Sexton, Vourey, Concord, Chase and the Eureka. + +The question of the best varieties for planting in the North as +well as in the South is somewhat open to discussion, due largely +to a lack of sufficient information in regard to some of the more +promising kinds. There is but little question that the best +proven variety for the Northwest is the Franquette and for the +East and Northeast, the Pomeroy. Both of these are good producers +bearing a fine nut, well filled with a white meat of excellent +flavor, and of good shape and commanding the highest market +prices. The two varieties are also very late in starting in the +Spring making them safe against the late frosts. Their pistillate +and staminate blossoms mature at the same time. + +[Illustration: ENGLISH WALNUTS BEAR IN CLUSTERS OF TWO TO +FIVE] + +The white-meated nut is far superior to any other. The browning +or staining is caused by the extremely dry heat and sun in the +far South. In the North or where the tree has an abundant thick +foliage the meat is invariably whiter. + + [Sidenote: =The Mission Nut=] + +The Mission Nut was introduced by the priests of Los Angeles and +is the pioneer Persian Walnut of California. Most of the bearing +orchards of the state are composed of seedling trees of this +type. The nut is medium-sized with a hard shell of ordinary +thickness. It succeeds admirably in a few favored districts (of +Southern California) but fails in productiveness farther North. +Its most prominent faults are--early blooming, in consequence of +which it is often caught by the late frosts; the irregular and +unequal blooming of its pistillate and staminate blossoms, and +the consequent failure of the former to be fertilized and to +develop nuts; and lateness in ripening its wood in the Fall and +consequent liability to injury by frost at that time. + + [Sidenote: =The Santa Barbara Nut=] + +The Santa Barbara English Walnut (soft-shell) variety is about +ten days later than the Mission in starting growth and in +blooming in the Spring. It fruits from four to six years from +seed and usually produces a full crop every year. It is not as +strong a grower as the Mission and more trees can be grown to the +acre. The shells are thin and easily broken, therefore the nuts +are sometimes damaged in long shipment. The kernel is white and +of very fine quality. + + [Sidenote: =The Pomeroy Nut=] + +The Pomeroy variety was started in a most peculiar and +interesting way. The late Norman Pomeroy of Lockport, New York, +made the discovery quite by accident. When he was in Philadelphia +in 1876 visiting the Centennial Exposition, he awoke one morning +to be greeted by the leaves of a gorgeous tree, which just +touched his window and through which the sun shone brightly. He +soon was examining a magnificent English Walnut tree. On the +ground directly under he found the nuts, which had fallen during +the night. Their flavor was more delicious and the meat fuller +than any he had ever before tasted. The shell was unusually thin +and Mr. Pomeroy was astonished, for he never believed the English +Walnut grew in the East. + +Knowing the varieties grown in California could not be raised in +the East or North, he questioned his landlord and found that this +particular tree had been brought from Northern Europe. Mr. +Pomeroy determined at once that possibly this variety would be +hardy enough for cultivation in New York State. He procured some +of the nuts and put them in his satchel which he entrusted to a +neighbor who was about to start home. The neighbor reached home +all right and so did the nuts--but--the neighbor's children found +the rare delicacies and ate all but seven. They would doubtless +have eaten these too but fortunately they had slipped into the +lining of the satchel where Mr. Pomeroy found them on his return +to Lockport. These seven nuts, which had so narrow an escape from +oblivion, are now seven beautiful English Walnut trees, sixty or +more feet high and the progenitors of the Pomeroy orchards, all +of which are now producing nuts like the originals--a very fine +quality. + + [Sidenote: =Some uses of English Walnuts=] + +English Walnuts to be used for making pickles, catsup, oil and +other culinary products, are gathered when the fruit is about +half mature or when the shell is soft enough to yield to the +influence of cooking. The proper stage can be determined by +piercing the nut with a needle, a certain degree of hardness +being desired. The nut is often utilized for olive oil in some +parts of Europe. It takes one hundred pounds of nuts to make +eighteen pounds of oil. + +In England the nuts are preserved fresh for the table where they +are served with wine. They are buried deep in dry soil or sand so +as not to be reached by frost, the sun's rays or rain; or by +placing them in dry cellars and covering with straw. Others seal +them up in tin cans filled with sand. + + [Sidenote: =Examples of Hardiness=] + +As an illustration of the hardiness of the English Walnut, there +is a tree at Red Hill, Virginia, which was brought from +Edinburgh, Scotland, when six months old, planted in New York, +where it remained three years, then removed to Staunton, +Virginia, and after two years taken to Red Hill. In consequence +of so many changes, the tree at first died back, but is now +thrifty--twenty feet high; trunk, eight inches in diameter at the +ground. + +During several severe Winters, the thermometer fell so low that +some peach trees and grape vines growing near English Walnuts on +the Pomeroy farm near Lockport, N.Y. were killed, while the nut +trees were not in the least injured. + + [Illustration] + + + + +_The English Walnut at its Best._ + + + A smooth, soft-shelled nut. + + Meat full, with sweet, hickory-nut flavor. + + Nuts fall clean and free from outside shuck. + + Frosts harvest the nuts--in October. + + They are self-pruning. + + Require no care after arrival at bearing age. + + An alkali sap keeps scales and pests from the trees. + + Blossoms immune from late frosts, as they start late. + + Pistillate and Staminate blossoms mature at same time in + the best varieties, insuring perfect fertilization and + productivity. + + Bears more regularly than other nut trees. + + Bears heavier crops the older it becomes, unlike other + fruit trees the size and quality of whose fruit + degenerates with age. + + + + +_Interesting Figures about the English Walnut._ + + + In Spain and Southern France there are trees believed to + be more than 300 years old which bear from fifteen to + eighteen bushels of nuts each, annually. + + In Whittier, California, is a famous tree which has been + leased for a term of years at $500. + + Orchards seven and eight years old bring all the way from + $1,000 to $2,000 per acre and are a fine investment, + yielding from 15 to 125 per cent. according to age. + + The total cost of producing and harvesting an English + Walnut crop is about one and one-half cents a pound. + + [Illustration] + + + + +_Kernels of Fact about the English Walnut._ + + + The United States consumes more than 50,000,000 pounds a + year. + + The United States imports about 27,000,000 pounds a year. + + The price is advancing steadily with the demand. + + Besides being profitable, the English Walnut is a clean, + highly ornamental shade tree. + + The leaves remain on the tree until late in the Fall, not + littering up the ground during the Summer. + + English Walnuts are not only a rare table delicacy, but may + be utilized for catsup, pickles and oil. + + One pound of walnut meat equals eight pounds of steak in + nutriment--and is a far more healthful food. + + + + +_What Luther Burbank has to say:_ + + +"When you plant another tree, why not plant the English Walnut? +Then, besides sentiment, shade and leaves, you may have a +perennial supply of nuts, the improved kind of which furnish the +most delicious, nutritious and healthful food which has ever been +known. The consumption of nuts is probably increasing among all +civilized nations today faster than that of any other food; and +we should keep up with this growing demand and make it still more +rapid by producing nuts of uniform good quality, with a +consequent increase in the health and a permanent increase in the +wealth of ourselves and neighbors."--_From Address at Santa Rosa, +California, in the Fall of 1905._ + + [Illustration] + + + * * * * * + + +------------------------------------------------------+ + | Typographical error corrected in text: | + | | + | Page 21: suceeds replaced with succeeds | + | | + +------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of English Walnuts, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH WALNUTS *** + +***** This file should be named 19038.txt or 19038.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/0/3/19038/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Jeannie Howse and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture +(CHLA), Cornell University) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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