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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of English Walnuts, compiled by Walter Fox Allen
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of English Walnuts, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: English Walnuts
+       What You Need to Know about Planting, Cultivating and
+              Harvesting This Most Delicious of Nuts
+
+Author: Various
+
+Compiler: Walter Fox Allen
+
+Release Date: August 13, 2006 [EBook #19038]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH WALNUTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Jeannie Howse and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture
+(CHLA), Cornell University)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p>
+<br />
+<p class="noin">Typographical errors have been corrected in this text.<br />
+For a complete list, please see the <a href="#TN">bottom of this document</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+<h1>ENGLISH<br />
+WALNUTS</h1>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/deco.png" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW<br />
+ABOUT PLANTING, CULTIVATING<br />
+AND HARVESTING THIS<br />
+MOST DELICIOUS OF NUTS</h4>
+<br />
+<br />
+<h4>(<i>Compiled by</i> <span class="smcap">Walter Fox Allen</span>)</h4>
+<br />
+<h5>(Copyright 1912)</h5>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<h3><i>Foreword.</i></h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>Realizing the tremendous interest that is now being directed by
+owners of country estates everywhere to the culture of the
+Persian or English Walnut, I have compiled this little book with
+the idea of supplying the instruction needed on the planting,
+cultivation and harvesting of this most delicious of all nuts.</p>
+
+<p>I have gathered the material herein presented from a large number
+of trustworthy sources, using only such portions of each as would
+seem to be of prime importance to the intending grower.</p>
+
+<p>I am indebted to the United States Department of Agriculture and
+to numerous cultivators of the nut in all sections of the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>I have aimed at accuracy and brevity&mdash;and hope the following
+pages will furnish just that practical information which I have
+felt has long been desired.</p>
+
+<p class="right sc">The Compiler.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span><br />
+
+<h1><i>English Walnuts.</i></h1>
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/deco2.png" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<p>Viewed as a comparatively new industry, the culture of the
+Persian or English Walnut is making remarkable strides in this
+country. Owners of farms and suburban estates everywhere are
+becoming interested in the raising of this delicious article of
+food, thousands of trees being set out every year.</p>
+
+<p>There are two important reasons for the rapidly growing
+enthusiasm that is being manifested toward the English Walnut:
+First, its exceptional value as a food property is becoming
+widely recognized, one pound of walnut meat being equal in
+nutriment to eight pounds of steak. Secondly, its superior worth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+as an ornamental shade tree is admitted by everyone who knows the
+first thing about trees. For this purpose there is nothing more
+beautiful. With their wide-spreading branches and dark-green
+foliage, they are a delight to the eye. Unlike the leaves of some
+of our shade trees, those of this variety do not drop during the
+Summer but adhere until late in the Fall, thus making an
+unusually clean tree for lawn or garden. In addition to all this,
+the walnut is particularly free from scale and other pests.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the present time, the English Walnut has been more largely
+in demand as a shade tree than as a commercial proposition; in
+fact, so little attention has been given to the nuts themselves
+that there are, comparatively speaking, few large producing
+orchards in the United States, the greater portion of the total
+yield of walnuts being procured from scattered field and roadside
+trees. It is a little difficult to understand why they should
+have been so neglected when there are records of single trees <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+bearing as much as 800 pounds of nuts in one year.</p>
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep06.jpg" width="70%" alt="Six Year Old Bearing English Walnut Tree" /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Six Year Old Bearing English Walnut Tree</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1895 this country produced about 4,000,000 pounds, and more
+than 16,000,000 pounds of English Walnuts in 1907, with a
+proportionate annual increase each year to the present. But, when
+it is known that the United States is consuming yearly about
+50,000,000 pounds of nuts, with the demand constantly increasing,
+thereby necessitating the importation annually of something more
+than 25,000,000 pounds, the wonderful possibilities of the
+industry in this country, from a purely business view point, will
+readily be appreciated. And of course the market price of the
+walnut is keeping step with the consumption, having advanced from
+15 to 20 cents a pound in the past few years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>A Rival of the Orange</b></div>
+
+<p>In California the nut industry is becoming a formidable rival of
+the orange; in fact, there are more dollars worth of nuts (all
+varieties) shipped from the state now per<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> year than oranges. One
+grower is shipping $136,000 worth of English Walnuts a year while
+another man, with an orchard just beginning to bear, is getting
+about $200 an acre for his crop.</p>
+
+<p>No standard estimate can at present be placed on the yield per
+acre of orchards in full bearing, but the growers are confident
+that they will soon be deriving from $800 to $1600 per acre, this
+figure being based on the number of individual trees which are
+already producing from $90 to $120 a year. The success with the
+nut in California can be duplicated in the East providing certain
+hardy varieties are planted; and in the few instances where
+orchards have been started in the East, great things have already
+been done and still greater are expected in the next few years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>Origin of the English Walnut</b></div>
+
+<p>But where did this walnut originate? What is its history? Juglans
+Regia (nut of the gods) Persian Walnut, called also Madeira Nut
+and English Walnut, is a native of Western, Central and probably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+Eastern Asia, the home of the peach and the apricot. It was known
+to the Greeks, who introduced it from Persia into Europe at an
+early day, as "Persicon" or "Persian" nut and "Basilicon" or
+"Royal" nut. Carried from Greece to Rome, it became "Juglans"
+(name derived from Jovis and glans, an acorn; literally
+"Jupiter's Acorn", or "the Nut of the Gods"). From Rome it was
+distributed throughout Continental Europe, and according to
+Loudon, it reached England prior to 1562. In England it is
+generally known as the walnut, a term of Anglo-Saxon derivation
+signifying "foreign nut". It has been called Madeira Nut,
+presumably because the fruit was formerly imported into England
+from the Madeira Islands, where it is yet grown to some extent.
+In America it has commonly been known as English Walnut to
+distinguish it from our native species. From the fact that of all
+the names applied to this nut "Persian" seems to have been the
+first in common use, and that it indicates approximately the home
+of the species, the name "Persian Walnut" is regarded as most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+suitable, but inasmuch as "English Walnut" is better known here,
+we shall use that name in this treatise.</p>
+
+<p>As a material for the manufacture of gunstocks and furniture the
+timber of the nut was long in great demand throughout Europe and
+high prices were paid for it. Early in the last century as much
+as $3,000 was paid for a single large tree for the making of
+gunstocks.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>Planting and Cultivation</b></div>
+
+<p>Everything depends upon the planting and cultivation of English
+Walnuts as indeed it does of all other fruits from which the very
+best results are desired. The following general rules should be
+thoroughly mastered.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="block"><p class="cen sc">Plant English Walnut Trees:</p>
+
+<p class="hang">On any well-drained land where the sub-soil moisture is not
+more than ten or twelve feet from the surface.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Wherever Oaks, Black Walnuts or other tap-root nut trees
+will grow.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Forty to sixty feet apart.</p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+
+<p class="hang">In holes eighteen inches in diameter and thirty inches
+deep.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Two inches deeper than the earth mark showing on the tree.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p class="cen sc">And Remember:</p>
+
+<p class="hang">That the trees need plenty of good, rich soil about their
+roots.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">That the trees should be inclined slightly toward
+prevailing winds.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">That the trees should not be cut back.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">That the ground cannot be packed too hard around the roots
+and the tree.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">That the trees should be mulched in the Fall.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">That the ground should be kept cultivated around the trees
+during the Spring and Summer.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">That English Walnut trees should be transplanted while
+young, as they will often double in size the year the
+tap-root reaches the sub-soil moisture (that is, the
+moist earth).</p>
+
+<p class="hang"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>That tap-root trees are the easiest of all to transplant if
+the work is done while the trees are young and small.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">That trees sometimes bear the third year after
+transplanting three-year-old trees where the sub-soil
+moisture is within six or eight feet of the surface.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">That the age of bearing depends largely on the distance the
+tap-root has to grow to reach the sub-soil moisture.</p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>Peculiarities of Growth</b></div>
+
+<p>The growth of the English Walnut is different from that of most
+fruit trees. The small trees grow about six inches the first
+year, tap-root the same; the second year they grow about twelve
+inches, tap-root the same; the third year they grow about
+eighteen inches, tap-root nearly as much. For the first three
+years the tap-root seems to gain most of the nourishment, and at
+the end of the third year, or about that time, the tree itself
+starts its real growth. After the tap-root reaches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> the sub-soil
+moisture, the tree often grows as much in one year as it has in
+the preceding three or four. If the trees are transplanted
+previous to the time that the tap-root reaches this moisture and
+before the tree starts its rapid growth, very few young trees are
+lost in the process of transplanting.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>Orchard Planting</b></div>
+
+<p>For orchard planting the trees should be placed from forty to
+sixty feet apart and by staggering the rows a greater distance is
+gained between individual trees. Any other small fruits may be
+planted in the orchard between the walnut trees or any cultivated
+crop can be raised satisfactorily on the same land, many
+orchardists gaining triple use of the soil in this way. Besides,
+the cultivation of the earth in proximity to the walnuts proves
+of great benefit to the trees. Before trees are planted the
+tap-root should be trimmed or cut back and most if not all the
+lateral branches trimmed from the tree. The tree itself should
+not be cut back as is customary with either fruit trees, but by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+leaving the terminal bud intact, a much better shaped tree is
+developed. It is not necessary to prune English Walnut trees
+except in cases where some of the lower branches interfere with
+cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>Cultivation in the North should be stopped about the first of
+August, thus halting the growth of the trees and giving them a
+chance to harden their wood for Winter. This is a good plan to
+follow in the cultivation of nearly all the smaller fruit trees.</p>
+
+<p>When planting on the lawn for ornamental purposes a ring from two
+to three feet in diameter should be cultivated about the base of
+the tree.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>Selection of Varieties</b></div>
+
+<p>The tender varieties that have been used in Southern California
+must not be experimented with in the North, as they bloom too
+early and are almost certain to be caught by the frost. These
+varieties have been tried in Northern California without success,
+and the venture is quite likely to be disastrous in any but the
+warmest climates.</p>
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep14.jpg" width="60%" alt="Mr. E.C. Pomeroy, Gathering English Walnuts on
+His Farm in Lockport, N.Y." /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Mr. E.C. Pomeroy, Gathering English Walnuts on
+His Farm in Lockport, N.Y.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>The uncertainty of a crop is often due to the very early blooming
+of the kinds planted. These start to grow at the first warm spell
+in the latter part of the Winter or at the first blush of Spring,
+and almost invariably become victims of frost and consequently
+produce no fruit.</p>
+
+<p>Planting in the Northwest and the East until recently has been
+limited to an extremely narrow area. There was need of a variety
+possessing strong, distinct characteristics, hardy, late to start
+growth, and with the pistillate and staminate blossoms maturing
+at the same time and bearing a nut of good quality and flavor
+with a full rich meat. This variety has now been found, as will
+later be shown.</p>
+
+<p>English Walnuts grown in the North command from three to five
+cents more a pound than the other nuts in the markets, as the
+meat is plumper and the flavor better. Most fruit is at its best
+at the Northern limit of its range.</p>
+
+<p>One experienced grower, in reference to transplanting has said:
+"I have transplanted all the way from a year to six and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> the
+trees have grown and done well, but so far as my experience goes,
+I prefer to move them at three years of age or about that time.
+The best trees I have were transplanted at this age."</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>Fall or Spring Planting?</b></div>
+
+<p>The following extract on tree planting in general, pertaining to
+all kinds of trees, is contributed by O.K. White of the Michigan
+Experiment Station:</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="block"><p>"The advisability of Fall or Spring planting depends upon
+several conditions. Fall planting has the advantage over
+Spring planting in that the trees become firmly established
+in the soil before Winter sets in, and are able to start
+growth in the Spring before the ground can be marked and put
+in condition for planting. This is important because the
+trees get a good growth in the early part of the season
+before the Summer droughts occur. On the other hand there is
+more or less danger from Winter injury during a severe
+season or from the drying out of the trees if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> the Winter
+is long and dry. Fall planting is much more successful with
+the hardy apples and pears than it is with the tender plums,
+cherries and peaches.</p>
+
+<p>"The convenience of the season will determine in a majority
+of cases whether or not the planting shall be done in the
+Fall or Spring. Very often the rush of the Spring work
+induces the grower to hurry his planting, or to do it
+carelessly; and as a result a poor start is secured, with
+crooked rows. Others have large crops to harvest in the Fall
+and would find it more convenient to do the planting in the
+Spring. If there is any doubt as to the best time to plant,
+let it be in the Spring."</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep16.jpg" width="60%" alt="Thirty Year Old Parent English Walnut Trees In
+Background, Young Bearing Tree in Front" /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">Thirty Year Old Parent English Walnut Trees In
+Background, Young Bearing Tree in Front</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>Fertilizing</b></div>
+
+<p>We now come to the subject of fertilization. Up to the time when
+the young trees come into bearing, cultivation and fertilization
+will help them enormously, the cultivation keeping the soil in
+condition to hold the moisture of the tree. In<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> fertilizing, a
+mulch of stable manure in the Fall is considered by most growers
+to be the best, but the following preparation is thought to be
+exceptionally good for all young orchards:</p>
+
+<p>Dried blood, 1,000 pounds; bone meal, 550 pounds; sulphate of
+potash, 350 pounds. Total, 2,000 pounds. This should be applied
+close up and about the tree, extending out each year in a circle
+somewhat beyond the spread of the branches.</p>
+
+<p>This provides a quickly available plant food, rich in nitrogen
+and especially recommended for rapid growth.</p>
+
+<p>After the tap-root reaches the sub-soil moisture it is well able
+to take care of the tree; and both cultivation and fertilization
+may then be stopped. In fact, by this time practically no further
+care is needed in the nut orchard with the exception of that
+required at the harvesting time, and this is a pleasant and easy
+occupation, especially in the Northern and Eastern states where
+the frost opens<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> the shuck and the nuts drop free upon the ground
+where they may be picked up and put into sacks of 110 to 120
+pounds each, ready for the market.</p>
+
+<p>Just before the first frost it is a very good idea to remove all
+leaves from the ground so that when the nuts fall they can be
+readily seen and gathered. An excellent method of accomplishing
+this is by means of a horse and rake. The nuts may be left on the
+ground to dry or may be removed to any convenient place for that
+purpose.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>The Different Kinds</b></div>
+
+<p>There are three distinct kinds of English Walnuts&mdash;hard-shell,
+soft-shell and paper-shell, the soft-shell being the best. Each
+of these three is divided into a number of varieties, the names
+of some of the more popular ones being the Barthere, Chaberte,
+Cluster, Drew, Ford, Franquette, Gant or Bijou, Grand Noblesse,
+Lanfray, Mammoth, Mayette, Wiltz Mayette, Mesange, Meylan,
+Mission, Parisienne, Poorman,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> Proeparturiens, Santa Barbara,
+Pomeroy, Serotina, Sexton, Vourey, Concord, Chase and the Eureka.</p>
+
+<p>The question of the best varieties for planting in the North as
+well as in the South is somewhat open to discussion, due largely
+to a lack of sufficient information in regard to some of the more
+promising kinds. There is but little question that the best
+proven variety for the Northwest is the Franquette and for the
+East and Northeast, the Pomeroy. Both of these are good producers
+bearing a fine nut, well filled with a white meat of excellent
+flavor, and of good shape and commanding the highest market
+prices. The two varieties are also very late in starting in the
+Spring making them safe against the late frosts. Their pistillate
+and staminate blossoms mature at the same time.</p>
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep20.jpg" width="60%" alt="English Walnuts Bear in Clusters of Two to
+Five" /><br />
+<p class="cen sc" style="margin-top: .2em;">English Walnuts Bear in Clusters of Two to
+Five</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The white-meated nut is far superior to any other. The browning
+or staining is caused by the extremely dry heat and sun in the
+far South. In the North or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> where the tree has an abundant thick
+foliage the meat is invariably whiter.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>The Mission Nut</b></div>
+
+<p>The Mission Nut was introduced by the priests of Los Angeles and
+is the pioneer Persian Walnut of California. Most of the bearing
+orchards of the state are composed of seedling trees of this
+type. The nut is medium-sized with a hard shell of ordinary
+thickness. It succeeds admirably in a few favored districts (of
+Southern California) but fails in productiveness farther North.
+Its most prominent faults are&mdash;early blooming, in consequence of
+which it is often caught by the late frosts; the irregular and
+unequal blooming of its pistillate and staminate blossoms, and
+the consequent failure of the former to be fertilized and to
+develop nuts; and lateness in ripening its wood in the Fall and
+consequent liability to injury by frost at that time.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>The Santa Barbara Nut</b></div>
+
+<p>The Santa Barbara English Walnut (soft-shell) variety is about
+ten days later than the Mission in starting growth and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> in
+blooming in the Spring. It fruits from four to six years from
+seed and usually produces a full crop every year. It is not as
+strong a grower as the Mission and more trees can be grown to the
+acre. The shells are thin and easily broken, therefore the nuts
+are sometimes damaged in long shipment. The kernel is white and
+of very fine quality.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>The Pomeroy Nut</b></div>
+
+<p>The Pomeroy variety was started in a most peculiar and
+interesting way. The late Norman Pomeroy of Lockport, New York,
+made the discovery quite by accident. When he was in Philadelphia
+in 1876 visiting the Centennial Exposition, he awoke one morning
+to be greeted by the leaves of a gorgeous tree, which just
+touched his window and through which the sun shone brightly. He
+soon was examining a magnificent English Walnut tree. On the
+ground directly under he found the nuts, which had fallen during
+the night. Their flavor was more delicious and the meat fuller
+than any he had ever before tasted.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> The shell was unusually thin
+and Mr. Pomeroy was astonished, for he never believed the English
+Walnut grew in the East.</p>
+
+<p>Knowing the varieties grown in California could not be raised in
+the East or North, he questioned his landlord and found that this
+particular tree had been brought from Northern Europe. Mr.
+Pomeroy determined at once that possibly this variety would be
+hardy enough for cultivation in New York State. He procured some
+of the nuts and put them in his satchel which he entrusted to a
+neighbor who was about to start home. The neighbor reached home
+all right and so did the nuts&mdash;but&mdash;the neighbor's children found
+the rare delicacies and ate all but seven. They would doubtless
+have eaten these too but fortunately they had slipped into the
+lining of the satchel where Mr. Pomeroy found them on his return
+to Lockport. These seven nuts, which had so narrow an escape from
+oblivion, are now seven beautiful English Walnut trees, sixty or
+more feet high and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> the progenitors of the Pomeroy orchards, all
+of which are now producing nuts like the originals&mdash;a very fine
+quality.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>Some uses of English Walnuts</b></div>
+
+<p>English Walnuts to be used for making pickles, catsup, oil and
+other culinary products, are gathered when the fruit is about
+half mature or when the shell is soft enough to yield to the
+influence of cooking. The proper stage can be determined by
+piercing the nut with a needle, a certain degree of hardness
+being desired. The nut is often utilized for olive oil in some
+parts of Europe. It takes one hundred pounds of nuts to make
+eighteen pounds of oil.</p>
+
+<p>In England the nuts are preserved fresh for the table where they
+are served with wine. They are buried deep in dry soil or sand so
+as not to be reached by frost, the sun's rays or rain; or by
+placing them in dry cellars and covering with straw. Others seal
+them up in tin cans filled with sand.</p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><b>Examples of Hardiness</b></div>
+
+<p>As an illustration of the hardiness of the English Walnut, there
+is a tree at Red Hill, Virginia, which was brought from
+Edinburgh, Scotland, when six months old, planted in New York,
+where it remained three years, then removed to Staunton,
+Virginia, and after two years taken to Red Hill. In consequence
+of so many changes, the tree at first died back, but is now
+thrifty&mdash;twenty feet high; trunk, eight inches in diameter at the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>During several severe Winters, the thermometer fell so low that
+some peach trees and grape vines growing near English Walnuts on
+the Pomeroy farm near Lockport, N.Y. were killed, while the nut
+trees were not in the least injured.</p>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep25.png" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3><i>The English Walnut at its Best.</i></h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="block">
+<p class="hang">A smooth, soft-shelled nut.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Meat full, with sweet, hickory-nut flavor.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Nuts fall clean and free from outside shuck.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Frosts harvest the nuts&mdash;in October.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">They are self-pruning.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Require no care after arrival at bearing age.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">An alkali sap keeps scales and pests from the trees.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Blossoms immune from late frosts, as they start late.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Pistillate and Staminate blossoms mature at same time in
+the best varieties, insuring perfect fertilization and
+productivity.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Bears more regularly than other nut trees.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Bears heavier crops the older it becomes, unlike other
+fruit trees the size and quality of whose fruit
+degenerates with age.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span><br />
+
+
+<h3><i>Interesting Figures about the English Walnut.</i></h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="block"><p class="hang">In Spain and Southern France there are trees believed to
+be more than 300 years old which bear from fifteen to
+eighteen bushels of nuts each, annually.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">In Whittier, California, is a famous tree which has been
+leased for a term of years at $500.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Orchards seven and eight years old bring all the way from
+$1,000 to $2,000 per acre and are a fine investment,
+yielding from 15 to 125 per cent. according to age.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The total cost of producing and harvesting an English
+Walnut crop is about one and one-half cents a pound.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep27.png" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3><i>Kernels of Fact about the English Walnut.</i></h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="block"><p class="hang">The United States consumes more than 50,000,000 pounds a
+year.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The United States imports about 27,000,000 pounds a year.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The price is advancing steadily with the demand.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Besides being profitable, the English Walnut is a clean,
+highly ornamental shade tree.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">The leaves remain on the tree until late in the Fall, not
+littering up the ground during the Summer.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">English Walnuts are not only a rare table delicacy, but may
+be utilized for catsup, pickles and oil.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">One pound of walnut meat equals eight pounds of steak in
+nutriment&mdash;and is a far more healthful food.</p></div>
+
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span><br />
+
+<h3><i>What Luther Burbank has to say:</i></h3>
+<br />
+
+<div class="block">
+<p>"When you plant another tree, why not plant the English Walnut?
+Then, besides sentiment, shade and leaves, you may have a
+perennial supply of nuts, the improved kind of which furnish the
+most delicious, nutritious and healthful food which has ever been
+known. The consumption of nuts is probably increasing among all
+civilized nations today faster than that of any other food; and
+we should keep up with this growing demand and make it still more
+rapid by producing nuts of uniform good quality, with a
+consequent increase in the health and a permanent increase in the
+wealth of ourselves and neighbors."&mdash;<i>From Address at Santa Rosa,
+California, in the Fall of 1905.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<div class="img">
+<img border="0" src="images/imagep29.png" alt="decoration" />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+<div class="tr">
+<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p>
+<br />
+Page 21: suceeds replaced with succeeds<br />
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of English Walnuts, by Various
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of English Walnuts, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: English Walnuts
+       What You Need to Know about Planting, Cultivating and
+       Harvesting This Most Delicious of Nuts
+
+Author: Various
+
+Compiler: Walter Fox Allen
+
+Release Date: August 13, 2006 [EBook #19038]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH WALNUTS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Jeannie Howse and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+produced by Core Historical Literature in Agriculture
+(CHLA), Cornell University)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Transcriber's Note:                                  |
+    |                                                      |
+    | Typographical errors have been corrected in this     |
+    | text. For a complete list, please see the bottom of  |
+    | this document.                                       |
+    |                                                      |
+    | Bold text is marked so: =bold=.                      |
+    | Italicized text is marked so: _italics_              |
+    |                                                      |
+    +------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ENGLISH
+WALNUTS
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
+ABOUT PLANTING, CULTIVATING
+AND HARVESTING THIS
+MOST DELICIOUS OF NUTS
+
+
+(_Compiled by_ WALTER FOX ALLEN)
+
+(Copyright 1912)
+
+
+
+
+_Foreword._
+
+
+Realizing the tremendous interest that is now being directed by
+owners of country estates everywhere to the culture of the
+Persian or English Walnut, I have compiled this little book with
+the idea of supplying the instruction needed on the planting,
+cultivation and harvesting of this most delicious of all nuts.
+
+I have gathered the material herein presented from a large number
+of trustworthy sources, using only such portions of each as would
+seem to be of prime importance to the intending grower.
+
+I am indebted to the United States Department of Agriculture and
+to numerous cultivators of the nut in all sections of the
+country.
+
+I have aimed at accuracy and brevity--and hope the following
+pages will furnish just that practical information which I have
+felt has long been desired.
+
+               THE COMPILER.
+
+
+
+
+_English Walnuts._
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+Viewed as a comparatively new industry, the culture of the
+Persian or English Walnut is making remarkable strides in this
+country. Owners of farms and suburban estates everywhere are
+becoming interested in the raising of this delicious article of
+food, thousands of trees being set out every year.
+
+There are two important reasons for the rapidly growing
+enthusiasm that is being manifested toward the English Walnut:
+First, its exceptional value as a food property is becoming
+widely recognized, one pound of walnut meat being equal in
+nutriment to eight pounds of steak. Secondly, its superior worth
+as an ornamental shade tree is admitted by everyone who knows the
+first thing about trees. For this purpose there is nothing more
+beautiful. With their wide-spreading branches and dark-green
+foliage, they are a delight to the eye. Unlike the leaves of some
+of our shade trees, those of this variety do not drop during the
+Summer but adhere until late in the Fall, thus making an
+unusually clean tree for lawn or garden. In addition to all this,
+the walnut is particularly free from scale and other pests.
+
+Up to the present time, the English Walnut has been more largely
+in demand as a shade tree than as a commercial proposition; in
+fact, so little attention has been given to the nuts themselves
+that there are, comparatively speaking, few large producing
+orchards in the United States, the greater portion of the total
+yield of walnuts being procured from scattered field and roadside
+trees. It is a little difficult to understand why they should
+have been so neglected when there are records of single trees
+bearing as much as 800 pounds of nuts in one year.
+
+  [Illustration: SIX YEAR OLD BEARING ENGLISH WALNUT TREE]
+
+In 1895 this country produced about 4,000,000 pounds, and more
+than 16,000,000 pounds of English Walnuts in 1907, with a
+proportionate annual increase each year to the present. But, when
+it is known that the United States is consuming yearly about
+50,000,000 pounds of nuts, with the demand constantly increasing,
+thereby necessitating the importation annually of something more
+than 25,000,000 pounds, the wonderful possibilities of the
+industry in this country, from a purely business view point, will
+readily be appreciated. And of course the market price of the
+walnut is keeping step with the consumption, having advanced from
+15 to 20 cents a pound in the past few years.
+
+  [Sidenote: =A Rival of the Orange=]
+
+In California the nut industry is becoming a formidable rival of
+the orange; in fact, there are more dollars worth of nuts (all
+varieties) shipped from the state now per year than oranges. One
+grower is shipping $136,000 worth of English Walnuts a year while
+another man, with an orchard just beginning to bear, is getting
+about $200 an acre for his crop.
+
+No standard estimate can at present be placed on the yield per
+acre of orchards in full bearing, but the growers are confident
+that they will soon be deriving from $800 to $1600 per acre, this
+figure being based on the number of individual trees which are
+already producing from $90 to $120 a year. The success with the
+nut in California can be duplicated in the East providing certain
+hardy varieties are planted; and in the few instances where
+orchards have been started in the East, great things have already
+been done and still greater are expected in the next few years.
+
+  [Sidenote: =Origin of the English Walnut=]
+
+But where did this walnut originate? What is its history? Juglans
+Regia (nut of the gods) Persian Walnut, called also Madeira Nut
+and English Walnut, is a native of Western, Central and probably
+Eastern Asia, the home of the peach and the apricot. It was known
+to the Greeks, who introduced it from Persia into Europe at an
+early day, as "Persicon" or "Persian" nut and "Basilicon" or
+"Royal" nut. Carried from Greece to Rome, it became "Juglans"
+(name derived from Jovis and glans, an acorn; literally
+"Jupiter's Acorn", or "the Nut of the Gods"). From Rome it was
+distributed throughout Continental Europe, and according to
+Loudon, it reached England prior to 1562. In England it is
+generally known as the walnut, a term of Anglo-Saxon derivation
+signifying "foreign nut". It has been called Madeira Nut,
+presumably because the fruit was formerly imported into England
+from the Madeira Islands, where it is yet grown to some extent.
+In America it has commonly been known as English Walnut to
+distinguish it from our native species. From the fact that of all
+the names applied to this nut "Persian" seems to have been the
+first in common use, and that it indicates approximately the home
+of the species, the name "Persian Walnut" is regarded as most
+suitable, but inasmuch as "English Walnut" is better known here,
+we shall use that name in this treatise.
+
+As a material for the manufacture of gunstocks and furniture the
+timber of the nut was long in great demand throughout Europe and
+high prices were paid for it. Early in the last century as much
+as $3,000 was paid for a single large tree for the making of
+gunstocks.
+
+  [Sidenote: =Planting and Cultivation=]
+
+Everything depends upon the planting and cultivation of English
+Walnuts as indeed it does of all other fruits from which the very
+best results are desired. The following general rules should be
+thoroughly mastered.
+
+
+    PLANT ENGLISH WALNUT TREES:
+
+    On any well-drained land where the sub-soil moisture is not
+      more than ten or twelve feet from the surface.
+
+    Wherever Oaks, Black Walnuts or other tap-root nut trees
+      will grow.
+
+    Forty to sixty feet apart.
+
+    In holes eighteen inches in diameter and thirty inches
+      deep.
+
+    Two inches deeper than the earth mark showing on the tree.
+
+
+    AND REMEMBER:
+
+    That the trees need plenty of good, rich soil about their
+      roots.
+
+    That the trees should be inclined slightly toward
+      prevailing winds.
+
+    That the trees should not be cut back.
+
+    That the ground cannot be packed too hard around the roots
+      and the tree.
+
+    That the trees should be mulched in the Fall.
+
+    That the ground should be kept cultivated around the trees
+      during the Spring and Summer.
+
+    That English Walnut trees should be transplanted while
+      young, as they will often double in size the year the
+      tap-root reaches the sub-soil moisture (that is, the
+      moist earth).
+
+    That tap-root trees are the easiest of all to transplant if
+      the work is done while the trees are young and small.
+
+    That trees sometimes bear the third year after
+      transplanting three-year-old trees where the sub-soil
+      moisture is within six or eight feet of the surface.
+
+    That the age of bearing depends largely on the distance the
+      tap-root has to grow to reach the sub-soil moisture.
+
+  [Sidenote: =Peculiarities of Growth=]
+
+The growth of the English Walnut is different from that of most
+fruit trees. The small trees grow about six inches the first
+year, tap-root the same; the second year they grow about twelve
+inches, tap-root the same; the third year they grow about
+eighteen inches, tap-root nearly as much. For the first three
+years the tap-root seems to gain most of the nourishment, and at
+the end of the third year, or about that time, the tree itself
+starts its real growth. After the tap-root reaches the sub-soil
+moisture, the tree often grows as much in one year as it has in
+the preceding three or four. If the trees are transplanted
+previous to the time that the tap-root reaches this moisture and
+before the tree starts its rapid growth, very few young trees are
+lost in the process of transplanting.
+
+  [Sidenote: =Orchard Planting=]
+
+For orchard planting the trees should be placed from forty to
+sixty feet apart and by staggering the rows a greater distance is
+gained between individual trees. Any other small fruits may be
+planted in the orchard between the walnut trees or any cultivated
+crop can be raised satisfactorily on the same land, many
+orchardists gaining triple use of the soil in this way. Besides,
+the cultivation of the earth in proximity to the walnuts proves
+of great benefit to the trees. Before trees are planted the
+tap-root should be trimmed or cut back and most if not all the
+lateral branches trimmed from the tree. The tree itself should
+not be cut back as is customary with either fruit trees, but by
+leaving the terminal bud intact, a much better shaped tree is
+developed. It is not necessary to prune English Walnut trees
+except in cases where some of the lower branches interfere with
+cultivation.
+
+Cultivation in the North should be stopped about the first of
+August, thus halting the growth of the trees and giving them a
+chance to harden their wood for Winter. This is a good plan to
+follow in the cultivation of nearly all the smaller fruit trees.
+
+When planting on the lawn for ornamental purposes a ring from two
+to three feet in diameter should be cultivated about the base of
+the tree.
+
+  [Sidenote: =Selection of Varieties=]
+
+The tender varieties that have been used in Southern California
+must not be experimented with in the North, as they bloom too
+early and are almost certain to be caught by the frost. These
+varieties have been tried in Northern California without success,
+and the venture is quite likely to be disastrous in any but the
+warmest climates.
+
+  [Illustration: MR. E.C. POMEROY, GATHERING ENGLISH WALNUTS ON
+  HIS FARM IN LOCKPORT, N.Y.]
+
+The uncertainty of a crop is often due to the very early blooming
+of the kinds planted. These start to grow at the first warm spell
+in the latter part of the Winter or at the first blush of Spring,
+and almost invariably become victims of frost and consequently
+produce no fruit.
+
+Planting in the Northwest and the East until recently has been
+limited to an extremely narrow area. There was need of a variety
+possessing strong, distinct characteristics, hardy, late to start
+growth, and with the pistillate and staminate blossoms maturing
+at the same time and bearing a nut of good quality and flavor
+with a full rich meat. This variety has now been found, as will
+later be shown.
+
+English Walnuts grown in the North command from three to five
+cents more a pound than the other nuts in the markets, as the
+meat is plumper and the flavor better. Most fruit is at its best
+at the Northern limit of its range.
+
+One experienced grower, in reference to transplanting has said:
+"I have transplanted all the way from a year to six and the
+trees have grown and done well, but so far as my experience goes,
+I prefer to move them at three years of age or about that time.
+The best trees I have were transplanted at this age."
+
+  [Sidenote: =Fall or Spring Planting?=]
+
+The following extract on tree planting in general, pertaining to
+all kinds of trees, is contributed by O.K. White of the Michigan
+Experiment Station:
+
+   "The advisability of Fall or Spring planting depends upon
+   several conditions. Fall planting has the advantage over
+   Spring planting in that the trees become firmly established
+   in the soil before Winter sets in, and are able to start
+   growth in the Spring before the ground can be marked and put
+   in condition for planting. This is important because the
+   trees get a good growth in the early part of the season
+   before the Summer droughts occur. On the other hand there is
+   more or less danger from Winter injury during a severe
+   season or from the drying out of the trees if the Winter
+   is long and dry. Fall planting is much more successful with
+   the hardy apples and pears than it is with the tender plums,
+   cherries and peaches.
+
+   "The convenience of the season will determine in a majority
+   of cases whether or not the planting shall be done in the
+   Fall or Spring. Very often the rush of the Spring work
+   induces the grower to hurry his planting, or to do it
+   carelessly; and as a result a poor start is secured, with
+   crooked rows. Others have large crops to harvest in the Fall
+   and would find it more convenient to do the planting in the
+   Spring. If there is any doubt as to the best time to plant,
+   let it be in the Spring."
+
+[Illustration: THIRTY YEAR OLD PARENT ENGLISH WALNUT TREES IN
+BACKGROUND, YOUNG BEARING TREE IN FRONT]
+
+  [Sidenote: =Fertilizing=]
+
+We now come to the subject of fertilization. Up to the time when
+the young trees come into bearing, cultivation and fertilization
+will help them enormously, the cultivation keeping the soil in
+condition to hold the moisture of the tree. In fertilizing, a
+mulch of stable manure in the Fall is considered by most growers
+to be the best, but the following preparation is thought to be
+exceptionally good for all young orchards:
+
+Dried blood, 1,000 pounds; bone meal, 550 pounds; sulphate of
+potash, 350 pounds. Total, 2,000 pounds. This should be applied
+close up and about the tree, extending out each year in a circle
+somewhat beyond the spread of the branches.
+
+This provides a quickly available plant food, rich in nitrogen
+and especially recommended for rapid growth.
+
+After the tap-root reaches the sub-soil moisture it is well able
+to take care of the tree; and both cultivation and fertilization
+may then be stopped. In fact, by this time practically no further
+care is needed in the nut orchard with the exception of that
+required at the harvesting time, and this is a pleasant and easy
+occupation, especially in the Northern and Eastern states where
+the frost opens the shuck and the nuts drop free upon the ground
+where they may be picked up and put into sacks of 110 to 120
+pounds each, ready for the market.
+
+Just before the first frost it is a very good idea to remove all
+leaves from the ground so that when the nuts fall they can be
+readily seen and gathered. An excellent method of accomplishing
+this is by means of a horse and rake. The nuts may be left on the
+ground to dry or may be removed to any convenient place for that
+purpose.
+
+  [Sidenote: =The Different Kinds=]
+
+There are three distinct kinds of English Walnuts--hard-shell,
+soft-shell and paper-shell, the soft-shell being the best. Each
+of these three is divided into a number of varieties, the names
+of some of the more popular ones being the Barthere, Chaberte,
+Cluster, Drew, Ford, Franquette, Gant or Bijou, Grand Noblesse,
+Lanfray, Mammoth, Mayette, Wiltz Mayette, Mesange, Meylan,
+Mission, Parisienne, Poorman, Proeparturiens, Santa Barbara,
+Pomeroy, Serotina, Sexton, Vourey, Concord, Chase and the Eureka.
+
+The question of the best varieties for planting in the North as
+well as in the South is somewhat open to discussion, due largely
+to a lack of sufficient information in regard to some of the more
+promising kinds. There is but little question that the best
+proven variety for the Northwest is the Franquette and for the
+East and Northeast, the Pomeroy. Both of these are good producers
+bearing a fine nut, well filled with a white meat of excellent
+flavor, and of good shape and commanding the highest market
+prices. The two varieties are also very late in starting in the
+Spring making them safe against the late frosts. Their pistillate
+and staminate blossoms mature at the same time.
+
+[Illustration: ENGLISH WALNUTS BEAR IN CLUSTERS OF TWO TO
+FIVE]
+
+The white-meated nut is far superior to any other. The browning
+or staining is caused by the extremely dry heat and sun in the
+far South. In the North or where the tree has an abundant thick
+foliage the meat is invariably whiter.
+
+  [Sidenote: =The Mission Nut=]
+
+The Mission Nut was introduced by the priests of Los Angeles and
+is the pioneer Persian Walnut of California. Most of the bearing
+orchards of the state are composed of seedling trees of this
+type. The nut is medium-sized with a hard shell of ordinary
+thickness. It succeeds admirably in a few favored districts (of
+Southern California) but fails in productiveness farther North.
+Its most prominent faults are--early blooming, in consequence of
+which it is often caught by the late frosts; the irregular and
+unequal blooming of its pistillate and staminate blossoms, and
+the consequent failure of the former to be fertilized and to
+develop nuts; and lateness in ripening its wood in the Fall and
+consequent liability to injury by frost at that time.
+
+  [Sidenote: =The Santa Barbara Nut=]
+
+The Santa Barbara English Walnut (soft-shell) variety is about
+ten days later than the Mission in starting growth and in
+blooming in the Spring. It fruits from four to six years from
+seed and usually produces a full crop every year. It is not as
+strong a grower as the Mission and more trees can be grown to the
+acre. The shells are thin and easily broken, therefore the nuts
+are sometimes damaged in long shipment. The kernel is white and
+of very fine quality.
+
+  [Sidenote: =The Pomeroy Nut=]
+
+The Pomeroy variety was started in a most peculiar and
+interesting way. The late Norman Pomeroy of Lockport, New York,
+made the discovery quite by accident. When he was in Philadelphia
+in 1876 visiting the Centennial Exposition, he awoke one morning
+to be greeted by the leaves of a gorgeous tree, which just
+touched his window and through which the sun shone brightly. He
+soon was examining a magnificent English Walnut tree. On the
+ground directly under he found the nuts, which had fallen during
+the night. Their flavor was more delicious and the meat fuller
+than any he had ever before tasted. The shell was unusually thin
+and Mr. Pomeroy was astonished, for he never believed the English
+Walnut grew in the East.
+
+Knowing the varieties grown in California could not be raised in
+the East or North, he questioned his landlord and found that this
+particular tree had been brought from Northern Europe. Mr.
+Pomeroy determined at once that possibly this variety would be
+hardy enough for cultivation in New York State. He procured some
+of the nuts and put them in his satchel which he entrusted to a
+neighbor who was about to start home. The neighbor reached home
+all right and so did the nuts--but--the neighbor's children found
+the rare delicacies and ate all but seven. They would doubtless
+have eaten these too but fortunately they had slipped into the
+lining of the satchel where Mr. Pomeroy found them on his return
+to Lockport. These seven nuts, which had so narrow an escape from
+oblivion, are now seven beautiful English Walnut trees, sixty or
+more feet high and the progenitors of the Pomeroy orchards, all
+of which are now producing nuts like the originals--a very fine
+quality.
+
+  [Sidenote: =Some uses of English Walnuts=]
+
+English Walnuts to be used for making pickles, catsup, oil and
+other culinary products, are gathered when the fruit is about
+half mature or when the shell is soft enough to yield to the
+influence of cooking. The proper stage can be determined by
+piercing the nut with a needle, a certain degree of hardness
+being desired. The nut is often utilized for olive oil in some
+parts of Europe. It takes one hundred pounds of nuts to make
+eighteen pounds of oil.
+
+In England the nuts are preserved fresh for the table where they
+are served with wine. They are buried deep in dry soil or sand so
+as not to be reached by frost, the sun's rays or rain; or by
+placing them in dry cellars and covering with straw. Others seal
+them up in tin cans filled with sand.
+
+  [Sidenote: =Examples of Hardiness=]
+
+As an illustration of the hardiness of the English Walnut, there
+is a tree at Red Hill, Virginia, which was brought from
+Edinburgh, Scotland, when six months old, planted in New York,
+where it remained three years, then removed to Staunton,
+Virginia, and after two years taken to Red Hill. In consequence
+of so many changes, the tree at first died back, but is now
+thrifty--twenty feet high; trunk, eight inches in diameter at the
+ground.
+
+During several severe Winters, the thermometer fell so low that
+some peach trees and grape vines growing near English Walnuts on
+the Pomeroy farm near Lockport, N.Y. were killed, while the nut
+trees were not in the least injured.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+_The English Walnut at its Best._
+
+
+    A smooth, soft-shelled nut.
+
+    Meat full, with sweet, hickory-nut flavor.
+
+    Nuts fall clean and free from outside shuck.
+
+    Frosts harvest the nuts--in October.
+
+    They are self-pruning.
+
+    Require no care after arrival at bearing age.
+
+    An alkali sap keeps scales and pests from the trees.
+
+    Blossoms immune from late frosts, as they start late.
+
+    Pistillate and Staminate blossoms mature at same time in
+      the best varieties, insuring perfect fertilization and
+      productivity.
+
+    Bears more regularly than other nut trees.
+
+    Bears heavier crops the older it becomes, unlike other
+      fruit trees the size and quality of whose fruit
+      degenerates with age.
+
+
+
+
+_Interesting Figures about the English Walnut._
+
+
+    In Spain and Southern France there are trees believed to
+      be more than 300 years old which bear from fifteen to
+      eighteen bushels of nuts each, annually.
+
+    In Whittier, California, is a famous tree which has been
+      leased for a term of years at $500.
+
+    Orchards seven and eight years old bring all the way from
+      $1,000 to $2,000 per acre and are a fine investment,
+      yielding from 15 to 125 per cent. according to age.
+
+    The total cost of producing and harvesting an English
+      Walnut crop is about one and one-half cents a pound.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+_Kernels of Fact about the English Walnut._
+
+
+    The United States consumes more than 50,000,000 pounds a
+      year.
+
+    The United States imports about 27,000,000 pounds a year.
+
+    The price is advancing steadily with the demand.
+
+    Besides being profitable, the English Walnut is a clean,
+      highly ornamental shade tree.
+
+    The leaves remain on the tree until late in the Fall, not
+      littering up the ground during the Summer.
+
+    English Walnuts are not only a rare table delicacy, but may
+      be utilized for catsup, pickles and oil.
+
+    One pound of walnut meat equals eight pounds of steak in
+      nutriment--and is a far more healthful food.
+
+
+
+
+_What Luther Burbank has to say:_
+
+
+"When you plant another tree, why not plant the English Walnut?
+Then, besides sentiment, shade and leaves, you may have a
+perennial supply of nuts, the improved kind of which furnish the
+most delicious, nutritious and healthful food which has ever been
+known. The consumption of nuts is probably increasing among all
+civilized nations today faster than that of any other food; and
+we should keep up with this growing demand and make it still more
+rapid by producing nuts of uniform good quality, with a
+consequent increase in the health and a permanent increase in the
+wealth of ourselves and neighbors."--_From Address at Santa Rosa,
+California, in the Fall of 1905._
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    +------------------------------------------------------+
+    | Typographical error corrected in text:               |
+    |                                                      |
+    | Page 21: suceeds replaced with succeeds              |
+    |                                                      |
+    +------------------------------------------------------+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of English Walnuts, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGLISH WALNUTS ***
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:54:44 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-15 04:54:44 -0700
commit	8c8691f79f45d4181a4a895470ba0f521febd7b3 (patch)
tree	979b36a664945ac545606958f04c91f133396ac8