path: root/18897.txt

The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Epic of Gilgamish, by Stephen  Langdon

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: The Epic of Gilgamish
       A Fragment of the Gilgamish Legend in Old-Babylonian Cuneiform

Author: Stephen  Langdon

Release Date: July 23, 2006 [EBook #18897]

Language: EN

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH ***




Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/









                     The Epic of Gilgamish


                               by

                        Stephen Langdon


                   University of Pennsylvania
                     The University Museum
             Publications of the Babylonian Section
                          Vol. X No. 3






INTRODUCTION


In the year 1914 the University Museum secured by purchase a large
six column tablet nearly complete, carrying originally, according to
the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The contents supply the South
Babylonian version of the second book of the epic _sa nagba imuru_,
"He who has seen all things," commonly referred to as the Epic of
Gilgamish. The tablet is said to have been found at Senkere, ancient
Larsa near Warka, modern Arabic name for and vulgar descendant
of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned in Genesis
X. 10. This fact makes the new text the more interesting since the
legend of Gilgamish is said to have originated at Erech and the
hero in fact figures as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of
that ancient city. The dynastic list preserved on a Nippur tablet
[1] mentions him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers at
Erech, who succeeded the dynasty of Kish, a city in North Babylonia
near the more famous but more recent city Babylon. The list at Erech
contains the names of two well known Sumerian deities, Lugalbanda
[2] and Tammuz. The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and
that of Tammuz at 100 years. Gilgamish ruled 126 years. We have to
do here with a confusion of myth and history in which the real facts
are disengaged only by conjecture.

The prehistoric Sumerian dynasties were all transformed into the realm
of myth and legend. Nevertheless these rulers, although appearing
in the pretentious nomenclature as gods, appear to have been real
historic personages. [3] The name Gilgamish was originally written
_d_Gi-bil-aga-mis, and means "The fire god (_Gibil_) is a commander,"
abbreviated to _d_Gi-bil-ga-mis, and _d_Gi(s)-bil-ga-mis, a form
which by full labialization of _b_ to _u_ was finally contracted to
_d_Gi-il-ga-mis. [4] Throughout the new text the name is written with
the abbreviation _d_Gi(s), [5] whereas the standard Assyrian text
has consistently the writing _d_GIS-TU [6]-BAR. The latter method of
writing the name is apparently cryptographic for _d_Gis-bar-aga-(mis);
the fire god _Gibil_ has also the title _Gis-bar_.

A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was
published in 1902, a text from the period of Hammurapi, which showed
that the Babylonian epic differed very much from the Assyrian in
diction, but not in content. The new tablet, which belongs to the same
period, also differs radically from the diction of the Ninevite text
in the few lines where they duplicate each other. The first line of the
new tablet corresponds to Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text, [7]
where Gilgamish begins to relate his dreams to his mother Ninsun. [8]

The last line of Col. I corresponds to the Assyrian version Book I,
Col. VI 29. From this point onward the new tablet takes up a hitherto
unknown portion of the epic, henceforth to be assigned to the second
book. [9]

At the end of Book I in the Assyrian text and at the end of Col. I of
Book II in the new text, the situation in the legend is as follows. The
harlot halts outside the city of Erech with the enamoured Enkidu,
while she relates to him the two dreams of the king, Gilgamish. In
these dreams which he has told to his mother he receives premonition
concerning the advent of the satyr Enkidu, destined to join with him
in the conquest of Elam.

Now the harlot urges Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to clothe
himself like other men and to learn the ways of civilization. When
he enters he sees someone, whose name is broken away, eating bread
and drinking milk, but the beautiful barbarian understands not. The
harlot commands him to eat and drink also:


    "It is the conformity of life,
    Of the conditions and fate of the Land."


He rapidly learns the customs of men, becomes a shepherd and a mighty
hunter. At last he comes to the notice of Gilgamish himself, who is
shocked by the newly acquired manner of Enkidu.

"Oh harlot, take away the man," says the lord of Erech. Once again
the faithful woman instructs her heroic lover in the conventions
of society, this time teaching him the importance of the family
in Babylonian life, and obedience to the ruler. Now the people of
Erech assemble about him admiring his godlike appearance. Gilgamish
receives him and they dedicate their arms to heroic endeavor. At this
point the epic brings in a new and powerful _motif_, the renunciation
of woman's love in the presence of a great undertaking. Gilgamish
is enamoured of the beautiful virgin goddess Ishara, and Enkidu,
fearing the effeminate effects of his friend's attachment, prevents
him forcibly from entering a house. A terrific combat between these
heroes ensues, [10] in which Enkidu conquers, and in a magnanimous
speech he reminds Gilgamish of his higher destiny.

In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text [11] Enkidu rejects
his mistress also, apparently on his own initiative and for ascetic
reasons. This fragment, heretofore assigned to the second book,
probably belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version which
carries the portion related on the new tablet has not been found. Man
redeemed from barbarism is the major theme of Book II.

The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends which
supplied the glyptic artists of Sumer and Accad with subjects for
seals. Obverse III 28-32 describes Enkidu the slayer of lions and
panthers. Seals in all periods frequently represent Enkidu in combat
with a lion. The struggle between the two heroes, where Enkidu strives
to rescue his friend from the fatal charms of Ishara, is probably
depicted on seals also. On one of the seals published by Ward, _Seal
Cylinders of Western Asia_, No. 459, a nude female stands beside the
struggling heroes. [12] This scene not improbably illustrates the
effort of Enkidu to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact the
satyr stands between Gilgamish and Ishara(?) on the seal.




TRANSLITERATION


    it-bi-e-ma iluGilgamis su-na-tam i-pa-as-sar.
    iz-za-kar-am [13] a-na um-mi-su
    um-mi i-na sa-a-at mu-si-ti-ia
    sa-am-ha-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak
    i-na bi-ri-it id-da-tim
    ib-ba-su-nim-ma ka-ka-'a [14] sa-ma-i
    ki-?-?-rum [15] sa a-nim im-ku-ut a-na si-ri-ia
    as-si-su-ma ik-ta-bi-it [16] e-li-ia
    ilam [17] is-su-ma nu-us-sa-su [18] u-ul el-ti-'i
    ad-ki ma-tum pa-hi-ir [19] e-li-su
    id-lu-tum u-na-sa-ku si-pi-su
    u-um-mi-id-ma     pu-ti
    i-mi- du         ia-ti
    as-si-a-su-ma at-ba-la-as-su a-na si-ri-ki
    um-mi iluGilgamis mu-u-da-a-at ka-la-ma
    iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamis
    mi-in-di iluGilgamish sa ki-ma ka-ti
    i-na si-ri   i-wa-li-id-ma
    u-ra-ab-bi-su   sa-du-u
    ta-mar-su-ma [sa(?)]-ap-ha-ta at-ta
    id-lu-tum u-na-sa-ku si-pi-su [20]
    te-it-ti-ra-su(?) ... su-u-zu
    ta-tar-ra-['a]-su a-na si-[ri-i]a
    [is-(?)] ti-lam-ma [21] i-ta-mar sa-ni-tam
    [su-na-]ta i-ta-wa-a-am a-na um-mi-su
    [um-m]i a-ta-mar sa-ni-tam
    [su-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a i-na zu-ki-im
    [i-na?] Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim [22]
    ha-as-si-nu   na-di-i-ma
    e-li-su   pa-ah- ru
    ha-as-si-nu-um-ma sa-ni bu-nu-su
    a-mur-su-ma ah-ta-ta a-na-ku
    a-ra-am-su-ma ki-ma as-sa-tim
    a-ha-ap-pu-up   el-su
    el-ki-su-ma as-ta-ka-an-su
    a-na     a-hi-ia
    um-mi iluGilgamish mu-da-at ka-la-ma
    [iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamish]
    ...................................


COL. II


    as-sum us-[ta-] ma-ha-ru it-ti-ka.
    iluGilgamish su-na-tam i-pa-sar
    iluEn-ki-[du w]a?-si-ib ma-har ha-ri-im-tim
    UR [ ]-ha-mu DI-?-al-lu-un
    [ ] im-ta-si a-sar i-wa-al-du
    ume 6 [23] u 7 mu-si- a-tim
    iluEn-ki-du te-bi-   i-ma
    sa-[am-ka-ta]   ir- hi
    ha-[ri-im-tu pa-a]-sa i-pu-sa-am-ma
    iz-za-[kar-am] a-na iluEn-ki-du [24]
    a-na-tal-ka dEn-ki-du ki-ma ili ta-ba-as-si
    am-mi-nim it-ti na-ma-as-te-e [25]
    ta-at-ta-[na-al-]la -ak si-ra-am
    al-kam   lu-ur-di-   ka
    a-na libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim
    a-na biti [el-]lim mu-sa-bi sa A-nim
    dEn-ki-du ti-bi lu-ru-ka
    a-na E-[an-n]a mu-sa-bi sa A-nim
    a-sar [iluGilgamis] it-[.........] ne-pi-si-tim(?)
    u at-[   ]-di [   -] ma
    ta-[   ] ra-ma-an-   ka
    al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri
    ma-a-a? [26] -ak   ri-i-im
    is-me a-wa-az-za im-ta-gar ga-ba-sa
    mi-il-kum sa sinnisti
    im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-su
    is-hu-ut li-ib-sa-am
    is-ti-nam [u]-la-ab-bi-is-su
    li-ib- [sa-am]   sa-ni-a-am
    si-i it-ta-al-ba- as
    sa-ab-ta-at   ga-az-   zu
    ki-ma ? i-ri-id-di-su
    a-na gu-up-ri sa ri-i-im
    a-s[ar   ] tar-ba-si-im
    i-na [   ]-hu-ru ri-ia-u [27]
    .............................


(About two lines broken away.)


COL. III


    si-iz-ba sa na-ma-as-te-e
    i-te-en-   ni-   ik
    a-ka-lam is-ku-nu ma-har-su
    ip-te-ik-ma i-na -at-tal [28]
    u ip-pa-al-la-   as
    u-ul i-di dEn-ki- du
    aklam a-na a-ka-lim
    sikaram   a-na sa-te-e-im
    la-a   lum-mu-   ud
    ha-ri-im-lum pi-sa i-pu-sa-am- ma
    iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-ki-du
    a-ku-ul ak-lam dEn-ki-du
    zi-ma-at ba-la-ti-im
    bi-si-ti si-im-ti ma-ti
    i-ku-ul a-ak-lam iluEn-ki-du
    a-di si-bi-e-su
    sikaram is-ti-a-am
    7 as-sa-am-mi-im [29]
    it-tap-sar kab-ta-tum i-na-an-gu
    i-li-is libba- su- ma
    pa-nu-su [it-]ta(?)-bir -ru [30]
    ul-tap-pi-it [............]-i
    su-hu-ra-am pa-ga-ar-su
    sa-am-nam ip-ta-sa-as-ma
    a-we-li-is i-me
    il-ba- as li-ib-sa-am
    ki-ma mu-ti i-ba-as-si
    il-ki ka-ak-ka-su
    la-bi u gi-ir- ri
    is-sa-ak-pu sab-[si]-es mu-si-a-ti
    ut- tap -pi-is sib-ba-ri [31]
    la-bi uk-t[a ]-si-id
    it-ti immer na-ki-[e?] ra-bu-tum
    iluEn-ki-du ma-as-sa-ar-su-nu
    a-we-lum wa-ru-um
    is-[te]-en id-lum
    a-na[ ........ u]-za-ak-ki-ir
    ...........................


(About five lines broken away.)


REVERSE I


    ..............................
    i-ip-pu-us     ul-sa-am
    is-si-ma   i-ni-i-su
    i-ta-mar   a-we-lam
    iz [32]-za-kar-am   a-na  harimti
    sa-am-ka-at uk-ki-si [33] a-we-lam
    a-na mi-nim    il-li-kam
    zi-ki-ir-su   lu-us-su [34]
    ha-ri-im-tum is-ta-si a-we-lam
    i-ba-us-su-um-ma i-ta-mar-su
    e-di-il [35] e-es-ta-hi-[ta-am]
    mi-nu   a-la-ku-zu na-ah- [36] [     -]ma
    e pi-su    i-pu-sa-am-[ma]
    iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-[ki-du]
    bi-ti-is e-mu-tim [                ]
    si-ma-a-at    ni-si-i-   ma
    tu-sa [37]-ar pa-a-ta-tim [38]
    a-na ali dup-sak-ki-i e si-en
    UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi sa-a-a-ha-tim
    a-na sarri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim
    pi-ti pu-uk epsi [39] a-na ha-a-a-ri
    a-na iluGilgamis sarri sa Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim
    pi-ti pu-uk epsi [40]
    a-na ha-a-a-ri
    as-sa-at si-ma-tim i-ra-ah-hi
    su-u pa-na-nu-um-ma
    mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu
    i-na mi-il-ki sa ili ga-bi-ma
    i-na bi-ti-ik a-pu-un-na-ti-su [41]
    si- ma- az- zum
    a-na zi-ik-ri id-li-im
    i-ri-ku pa-nu-su



REVERSE II

............................................................

(About five lines broken away.)


    i-il-la-ak- ..........
    u sa-am-ka-at[     ]ar-ki-su
    i- ru- ub-ma [42] a-na [43] libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim
    ip-hur um-ma-nu-um i-na si-ri-su
    iz-zi-za-am-ma i-na zu-ki-im
    sa Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim
    pa-ah-ra-a-ma ni-su
    i-ta-me-a   i-na si-ri-su pi(?)-it-tam [44]
    a-na mi-[ni] [45] iluGilgamis ma-si-il
    la-nam   sa- pi-  il
    e-si[   pu]-uk-ku-ul
        i ? -ak-ta
    i[-    -]di   i-si?
    si-iz-ba   sa[na-ma-]as-[te]-e
    i-te-  en-  ni-   ik
    ka-ia-na i-na [libbi] Uruk-(ki) kak-ki-a-tum [46]
    id-lu-tum u-te-el-li-   lu
    sa-ki-in  ip-sa-   nu [47]
    a-na idli sa i-tu-ru   zi-mu-su
    a-na iluGilgamis ki-ma i-li-im
    sa-ki-is-sum [48] me-ih-rum
    a-na ilatIs-ha-ra ma-ia-lum
    na-   [di]-i-   ma
    iluGilgamish id-[   ]na-an(?)...
    i-na mu-si in-ni-[    -]id
    i-na-ak [49]-sa-am-    ma
    it-ta-[    ]i-na zuki
    ip-ta-ra-[ku   ]-ak-tam
    sa   iluGilgamish
    ........... da-na(?) ni-is-su



COL. III [ERROR: unhandled comment start] SIC -->


    ur-(?)ha .....................
    iluGilgamis ................
    i-na si-ri ....................
    i-ha-an-ni-ib [pi-ir-ta-su?]
    it-bi-ma ...
    a-na pa-ni- su
    it-tam-ha-ru i-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti
    iluEn-ki-du ba-ba-am ip-ta-ri-ik
    i-na  si-pi-su
    iluGilgamis e-ri-ba-am u-ul id-di-in
    is-sa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-i-im
    i- lu- du [50]
    zi-ip-pa-am 'i-bu- tu
    i-ga-rum ir-tu-tu [51]
    iluGilgamis u iluEn-ki- du
    is-sa-ab-tu-u- ma
    ki-ma li-i-im i-lu-du
    zi-ip-pa-am 'i-bu- tu
    i-ga-rum ir-tu-tu
    ik-mi-is-ma iluGilgamis
    i-na ga-ga-ag-ga-ri si-ip-su
    ip-si-ih [52] us-sa-su- ma
    i-ni-'i i-ra-az-zu
    is-tu i-ra-zu i-ni-hu [53]
    iluEn-ki-du a-na sa-si-im
    iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamis
    ki-ma is-te-en-ma um-ma-ka
    u- li- id- ka
    ri-im-tum sa zu- pu-ri
    ilat-Nin- sun- na
    ul-lu e-li mu-ti ri-es-su
    sar-ru-tam sa ni-si
    i-si-im-kum iluEn-lil



    duppu 2 kam-ma
    su-tu-ur e-li ...
    4 su-si [54]



TRANSLATION


    Gilgamish arose interpreting dreams,
    addressing his mother.
    "My mother! during my night
    I, having become lusty, wandered about
    in the midst of omens.
    And there came out stars in the heavens,
    Like a ... of heaven he fell upon me.
    I bore him but he was too heavy for me.
    He bore a net but I was not able to bear it.
    I summoned the land to assemble unto him,
    that heroes might kiss his feet.
    He stood up before me [55]
    and they stood over against me.
    I lifted him and carried him away unto thee."
    The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things,
    said unto Gilgamish:--
    "Truly oh Gilgamish he is
    born [56] in the fields like thee.
    The mountains have reared him.
    Thou beholdest him and art distracted(?)
    Heroes kiss _his_ feet.
    Thou shalt spare him....
    Thou shalt lead him to me."
    Again he dreamed and saw another dream
    and reported it unto his mother.
    "My mother, I have seen another
    [dream. I beheld] my likeness in the street.
    In Erech of the wide spaces [57]
    he hurled the axe,
    and they assembled about him.
    Another axe seemed his visage.
    I saw him and was astounded.
    I loved him as a woman,
    falling upon him in embrace.
    I took him and made him
    my brother."
    The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things
    [said unto Gilgamish:--]
    ...................................


COL. II


    that he may join with thee in endeavor."
    (Thus) Gilgamish solves (his) dream.
    Enkidu sitting before the hierodule

    [   ] forgot where he was born.
    Six days and seven nights
    came forth Enkidu
    and cohabited with the courtesan.
    The hierodule opened her mouth
    speaking unto Enkidu.
    "I behold thee Enkidu; like a god thou art.
    Why with the animals
    wanderest thou on the plain?
    Come! I will lead thee
    into the midst of Erech of the wide places,
    even unto the holy house, dwelling place of Anu.
    Oh Enkidu, arise, I will conduct thee
    unto Eanna dwelling place of Anu,
    where Gilgamish [_oppresses_] the souls of men(?)
    And as I ............
    thou shalt ........ thyself.
    Come thou, arise from the ground
    unto the place yonder (?) of the shepherd."
    He heard her speak and accepted her words with favor.
    The advice of the woman
    fell upon his heart.
    She tore off one garment
    and clothed him with it.
    With a second garment
    she clothed herself.
    She clasped his hand,
    guiding him like ..............
    unto the mighty presence of the shepherd,
    unto the place of the ... of the sheepfolds.
    In ......... to shepherd
    .............................


(About two lines broken away.)


COL. III


    Milk of the cattle
    he drank.
    Food they placed before him.
    He broke bread [58]
    gazing and looking.
    But Enkidu understood not.
    Bread to eat,
    beer to drink,
    he had not been taught.
    The hierodule opened her mouth
    and said unto Enkidu:--
    "Eat bread, oh Enkidu!
    It is the conformity of life,
    of the conditions and the fate of the land."
    Enkidu ate bread,
    until he was satiated.
    Beer he drank
    seven _times_(?).
    His thoughts became unbounded and he shouted loudly.
    His heart became joyful,
    and his face glowed.
    He stroked.................
    _the hair of the head_. [59] His body
    with oil he anointed.
    He became like a man.
    He attired himself with clothes
    even as does a husband.
    He seized his weapon,
    which the panther and lion
    fells in the night time cruelly.
    He captured the wild mountain goats.
    The panther he conquered.
    Among the great _sheep for sacrifice_
    Enkidu was their guard.
    A man, a leader,
    A hero.
    Unto .......... he elevated
    ...........................


(About five lines broken away.)


REVERSE I


    ..............................
    And he made glad.
    He lifted up his eyes,
    and beheld the man,
    and said unto the hierodule:--
    "Oh harlot, take away the man.
    Wherefore did he come to me?
    I would forget the memory of him."
    The hierodule called unto the man
    and came unto him beholding him.
    She sorrowed and was astonished
    how his ways were ............
    Behold she opened her mouth
    saying unto Enkidu:--
    "At home with a family [_to dwell_??]
    is the fate of mankind.
    Thou shouldest design boundaries(??)
    for a city. The trencher-basket put (upon thy head).
    ....  ......an abode of comfort.
    For the king of Erech of the wide places
    open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband.
    Unto Gilgamish king of Erech of the wide places
    open, addressing thy speech
    as unto a husband.
    He cohabits with the wife decreed for him,
    even he formerly.
    But henceforth
    in the counsel which god has spoken,
    in the work of his presence
    shall be his fate."
    At the mention of the hero
    his face became pale.


REVERSE II

............................................................

(About five lines broken away.)


    going .......................
    and the harlot ..... after him.
    He entered into the midst of Erech of the wide places.
    The artisans gathered about him.
    And as he stood in the street
    of Erech of the wide places,
    the people assembled
    disputing round about him:--
    "How is he become like Gilgamish suddenly?
    In form he is shorter.
    In ........ he is made powerful.


    Milk of the cattle
    he drank.
    Continually in the midst of Erech weapons
    the heroes purified.
    A project was instituted.
    Unto the hero whose countenance was turned away,
    unto Gilgamish like a god
    he became for him a fellow.
    For Ishara a couch
    was laid.
    Gilgamish ...................
    In the night he ..............
    embracing her in sleep.
    They ........ in the street
    halting at the ................
    of Gilgamish.
    .......... mightily(?)


COL. III


    A road(?) ....................
    Gilgamish ...................
    in the plain ..................
    his hair growing thickly like the corn.
    He came forth ...
    into his presence.
    They met in the wide park of the land.
    Enkidu held fast the door
    with his foot,
    and permitted not Gilgamish to enter.
    They grappled with each other
    goring like an ox.
    The threshold they destroyed.
    The wall they demolished.
    Gilgamish and Enkidu
    grappled with each other,
    goring like an ox.
    The threshold they destroyed.
    The wall they demolished.
    Gilgamish bowed
    to the ground at his feet
    and his javelin reposed.
    He turned back his breast.
    After he had turned back his breast,
    Enkidu unto that one
    spoke, even unto Gilgamish.
    "Even as one [60] did thy mother
    bear thee,
    she the wild cow of the cattle stalls,
    Ninsunna,
    whose head she exalted more than a husband.
    Royal power over the people
    Enlil has decreed for thee."

    Second tablet.
    Written upon ...
    240 (lines).







INDEX TO PARTS 2 AND 3


A.

Adab, city, 123, 23.

_addi_, wailing, 117, 31; 137, 22; 161, 12.

_ahu_, brother, 212, 36.

Aja, goddess, 198, 9.

_al (gis)_, _al-gar (gis)_, a musical instrument, 187-191. See also
No. 20 Rev. 7-12. _al-bi_, compound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164
(unpublished) _al-gar_, _al-gar-balag_ in list with _(gis)-a-la_,
also an instrument of music.

_alad_, protecting genius, 154, 18.

_amelis_, like a man, 215, 25.

Amurru, god. Psalm to, 118; 119.

_angubba_, sentinel, 180, 14.

Anu, god. 116, 18:26 ff. 131, 8; 165, 9; 180, 20.

Anunnaki, gods, 114, 17:21; 116, 25; 116 n. 7; 128, 13; 135, 31;
189, 21.

Anunit, goddess, 158, 12; 166, 2.

_apunnatu,_ nostrils, _pitik, apunnati_, 217, 28.

_assammim_ (?), 215, 18.

Arallu, 132, 26; 134, 7.

_aramu_, cover, 198 n. 2.

_araku_, be pale, Prt. _iriku_, 217, 31.

_arhis_, quickly, 199, 28.

Aruru, goddess. Lamentation to, 115. Sister of Enlil, 115, 2; 171,
29; 190, 25. Other references, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34 f.

Asarludug, god, 163, 8; 170, 4.

As-im-ur, title of Moon-god, 136, 12. _as_ omitted, No. 19, 2.

_as-me_, disk, 133, 38.

Assirgi, god, No. 22, Rev. 7.

Azagsud, goddess, 196, 30:33; 197, 38.


B.

Babbar, god, 116, 24; 139, 43; 147, 21; 148, 3; 152.

Babylon, city, 158, 14; 160, 6; 163, 8; 166, 4:11.

_badara_, see 200 n. 2. _badarani_, a weapon, 133, 36.

_balag_, lyre, 138, 52.

_bansur_, table; title of a goddess, 175, 3.

Bau, goddess, 179, 2; 181, 30; 182, 32; 141, 7:10.

_bisitu_, condition, 215, 14.

_bi'u_, cavern, 196, 29.

_bulukku_, crab, 174, 5.

_burgul_, engraver, 185, 8.


C.

Cutha, city. Center of the cult of Nergal, 167, 15.


D.

Dada, god, 192, 6.

Dagan, West Semitic god, 149, 21.

Damu, title of Tammuz, 176, 7.

Deification of kings, 106-9; 127 n. 1.

_depu_, shatter, 195 n. 16.

DI-BAL, ideogram in incantations, 194, 10.

Dilbat, city, 167, 16.

Dilmun, land and city, 112, 2:4.

_dimgul_, _dimdul_, master workman, 150.

_dingir-gal-gal-e-ne_, the great gods, the Anunnaki, 114, 21:125;
149, 19.

dumu-anna, daughter of heaven, title of Bau, 179, 5; 181, 28; 184, 28.

_dumu-sag_, title of Tasmet, 163, 12.

Dungi, king of Ur, liturgy to, 136.

_dupsakku_, trencher basket, 216, 17.

Duranki, epithet for Nippur, 122, 18; 180, 11.


E.

E-anna, temple in Erech, 123, 30; 125; 148, 12; 213, 18.

E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 152; 158, 11; 166, 1. Perhaps read
E-barra.

E-daranna, temple of Enki in Babylon, 169, 25; 170, 29. See BL. 133.

_edelu_ = _ederu_, be gloomy, 216, 10.

_e-dub_, house of learning, 117, 39.

_e-gal_, palace, No. 19, Rev. 3; 115, 11; 131, 7; 134, 22; 158, 9.

_e-gig_ = _kissu_, 191, 11.

E-ibe-Anu, temple in Dilbat, 167, 16.

E-kinammaka, temple, 115, 10.

E-kisibba, temple in Kish, 166, 13.

E-kur, temple, 180, 12; 183, 23; 190, 7; 146, 9; 147, 17; 158, 8;
160, 4; 166, 17; 169, 23.

Emah, Esmah, ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4.

E-malga-sud, temple, 181, 24; 141, 3.

E-meteg, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

E-mete-ursag, temple in Kish, 166, 13.

E-namtila, temple, 160, 4; 169, 24.

_en-a-nu-un_, _en-a-nun_, title of Innini and Gula, 173, 2.

Enbilulu, title of Marduk, 170, 5.

E-ninnu, temple, 181, 22.

_EN-HUL-tim-mu_, 194 n. 2.

_EN-KA-KA, bel dababi_, 194, 2.

Enki, god. Hymn to, No. 20, 113, 7; 114, 10; 116, 21; 122, 7; 149, 16.

Enkidu, satyr, 213, 3:7:10:11; 214, 6; 215, 11:12:15:34; 216, 13;
219, 8:15:25; 131, 11; 134, 16; 178, 13.

Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155-184. Regarded as god of light, 157,
1 ff. 158, 3 f. Other references, 114, 19; 115, 2; 116, 19; 131, 6;
136, 5; 139, 40; 149, 22; 146, 3:7:14; 189, 11:19; 220, 33.

Enul, god, 149, 16.

Enzu, god, 139, 41; 146, 3.

_epsanu_, deeds, 218, 18.

_epu_, be dark, I2 _itepu_, 196, 29.

Erech, city, 125; 149, 13. Erech _ribitim_, 212, 28; 213, 15; 217,
19:21; 217, 3:6.

eri-azag, holy city, Isin, 141, 8.

_erida_, title, 175, 1.

Eridu, city, 113, 20; 136, 13.

Erishkigal, goddess, 131, 10; 134, 11.

_ersagtugmal_, penitential psalm, 118.

E-sagila, temple, 152.

E-sakudkalamma, temple, 166, 10; 169 n. 4.

_esendili_, a title, 177, 10.

_eskar_, fixed tax, 188, 9.

_es-lal_, a sacred place, 161, 14.

E-temen-anki, temple, 169, 25.

E-turkalamma, temple, 166, 14.

Euphrates, river, 183, 12; 183, 20.

E-zida, temple, 166, 12.

Ezina, grain goddess, 174, 9.

Ezira, reading of the divine name _KA-DI_, 177, 11.


F.

Fara, modern Arabic name for the site of Isin (?), 177 n. 4.


G.

_GAB_, baked bread, 200, 33.

_GAB-LAL_, a cake made with honey, 195, 22; 200, 35.

_GAR-sunnu = episan-sunu_, 198, 13.

_gasan-gula_, title of Nina, 119 n. 2.

_gepar_, dark chamber, 123, 30 f., 148, 10; 161, 18.

Gibil, god, 197, 3.

_gi-gal(gis)_,interlude, 151 n. 1; 182, 33.

_gigunna_, 114, 23.

Gilgamish, king of Erech, 207; 211, 1:115 f. 212, 17:37; 213, 2; 217,
21; 218, 9:20:24:29 and below 2; 219, 10;15:20:26. Derivation of name,
208. See also No. 16 Rev. II 15; 197, 42; 124 f.

_gilsa_, a sacred relic, 132, 22.

Girra, _Irra_, god, 174, 7; 177, 12.

_girru_, lion, 215, 29.

Girsu, city, 181, 23.

Guanna, deity, No. 16 Rev. II 18.

Guedin, province, 129, 28.

Gunura, goddess of healing, 176, 6.

_gupru_, mighty, 214, 33.

Gutium, land, 120 ff.


H.

Hallab, city, 125; 141.

_hanabu_, grow thickly, Prs. _ibannib_, 219, 4.

_hapapu_, embrace, 212, 34.

_hassinu_, axe, 212, 29:31.

_harbatu_, waste place, 200, 39.

Harsagkalamma, temple, 166, 14.

Hubur, mythical river, 197, 42.

_hulu_, a bird, 199, 31.

_huku_, a bird, 199, 31.


I.

Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 151 n. 2.

_ibsi_, liturgical expression, 120, 5.

Igigi, heaven spirits, 116 n. 6.

_IGI-NAGIN-NA_, 194, 11.

_imib_, weapon, 131, 8. _mi-ib_, ibid. n.3.

_imin_, seven. Seven lands, 130, 35; seventh day, 134, 18.

Immer, god, 177, 8.

Indag, god, consort of Gula, 173, 3.

Innini, goddess, 123. Liturgy to, 184; 123, 29. Consort of Shamash,
148, 4. Other references, 154, 21.

_issur same_, unclean birds, 195 n. 10.

Ishara, goddess, 218, 22.

Isin, city, 122, 15; 176, 4.

Ishme-Dagan, 178 ff. Son of Enlil, 181, 29; 182, 32. Liturgy to, 143.


K.

_KA-DIB-BI, sibit pi_, 194, 10.

_KAK-DIG_, a weapon, 130, 4.

_kakkitu_ (?), weapon. Pl. _kakkiatum_, 218, 16.

_KAK-SIR_, a weapon (?), 130, 4.

_kalama_, the Land, Sumer, 138, 25; 141, 5; 147, 22; 150, 4; 154,
17; 177, 9.

_kanami_=_kalama_, land, 120, 8.

KA-NE, a new ideograph, 153 n. 10.

_kasu_, bind. I2 _liktisu_, 198, 20.

Kenurra, chapel of Ninlil, 114, 22; 123, 20; 160, 4; 166, 18; 166,
8; 169, 24.

Kes, city, 115, 11; 123, 22.

_kesda-azag_, a relic, 132, 27.

_ki_, _kin_ for _gim_ = _kima_, 120, 6.

KI-AG-MAL, _ramu_, 194 n. 4.

Kidurkazal, daughter of Ninkasi, 145.

_ki-malla_, to bend. _tig-zu ki-ma-al-la nu-gi-gi_, "Thy neck wearies
not in bending," 168, 2. [Correct the translation.]

_ki-in-gin, ki-en-gin_, Sumer, 115, 24; 134, 19; 189, 17.

_KI-SAR, kakkara tasabbit_, 199, 29.

Kish, city, 129, 30; 166, 12. _e kis-(ki)-su_, so read, No. 5 Obv. 8.

Kullab, city, 149, 14; 173, 1.

_kunin, gunin_, reed basket, 150 n. 3.

_kurgal_, "great mountain," title of Sumer, 114, 11. Of Enlil, 114,
19; 182, 5.

_KURUN-NA_, (_amelu_), 196, 34.

_KUS-KU-MAL_, 194, 11.


L.

_la'atu_, gore. Prt. _iludu_, 219, 12:17.

_labu_, panther, 215, 29:32.

Lagash, city, 181, 23:26.

_Lahama_, goddess of Chaos, 113, 5.

Laws, promulgated by Dungi, 138, 31.

Libit-Ishtar, king, 141.

_libsu_, garment, 214, 27:29; 215, 26.

Ligirsig, a god, 113, 3.

_lilazag_, epithet of a deified king, 141, 1.

Lillaenna, goddess, 192, 5.

_limenu_, be evil. II1 _ulammenu-inni_, 197, 7.

Lugal-dig, god, 197, 5.

_lu'utu_, pollution, 195, 19.


M.

Magan, land, 112, 2:5.

_maialu_, couch, 218, 22.

_malasu_, shear, 195, 20.

Mamit, 200, 41.

_mandatu_, form, 195, 21.

_mal-gar_ (_gi_), a musical instrument, 191, 10.

_mangu_, disease, 195, 19.

Marduk, god, 151.

_markasu_, leader, 150.

_masu_, seize, 195 n. 5.

_masu_, to forget, 216, 7.

Me-azag, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

_mehru_, fellow, 218, 21.

Mehus, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

Meluhha, land, 112, 6.

Meslam, temple in Cutha, 167, 15.

_mesu_, a tree, 159, 23.

_muk_, now, but now, 217, 26.

Mulgenna, Saturn, 137, 18.

Mulmul, gods, 142.


N.

_nadu_, water bottle, 198, 17.

_naditu_, temple devotee, 188, 7.

_nagu_, shout. Prs. _inangu_, 215, 19.

_naku_, embrace, 218, 26.

_namastu_, cattle, etc., 213, 12:17; 214, 1; 219, 14.

Namtar, god, 197, 3; 132, 24.

Nangt, goddess, 192, 7.

Nannar, god, 115, 12; 116, 23; 133, 38; 137, 11; 150, 2.

Nergal, god, 131, 6.

Nidaba, goddess, 191.

_ni-gal_, cattle, 121, 6.

_nimir = ligir_, 174, 4.

_ninda_, linear measure, 133, 41.

Ningal, goddess, No. 19, 5; 148, 3; 151, 3.

Ningiszida, god, 133, 34.

Nin-isinna, goddess, 122, 16; 191, 15.

Ninkasi, goddess, 144.

Ninki, goddess, 149, 16.

Ninlil, goddess, 116, 20; 123, 20; 137, 12; 146, 14.

Ninmada, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

Ninmah, goddess, 116, 22.

Ninmenna, epithet of Damgalnunna, 190, 27.

Ninsun, goddess, 219, 30; 208 n. 6; 129; 131, 16 (?).

Nintudri, goddess, 123, 26. Nintudra, 137, 16. Creatress of man and
woman, 192.

Ninul, goddess, 149, 16.

Ninurasa, god, 191, 12; 146, 12.

Ninzuanna, goddess, 122, 13.

Nippur, city, 112, 8; 122, 18:19; 160, 3; 169, 21; 180, 11; 149, 18;
158, 7; 165, 16.

_NI-SUR_ (_amelu_), 196, 35.

Nudimmud, god, 199, 25. No. 20, 10.

_nugiganna_, epithet of Innini, 185, 2.

_nun apsi_, unclean fish, 195 n. 11.

Nunamnirri, god, 190, 28; 146, 13; 180, 10:13:17.

_nun-ur_, epithet of Amurru, 119, 3.

Nusiligga, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

Nusku, god, 146, 7; 163, 13.


P.

Pabilsag, god. Son and consort of Gula, 173 n. 3; 176, 5. A form
of Tammuz.

_pananumma_, formerly, 217, 25.

Panunnaki, goddess, consort of Marduk, 163, 9.

_pataku_, fashion, break, 214, 4.

_paturru_, a weapon, 200, 37.

Pleiades, 142.


R.

_ratatu_, demolish, 219, 19.

Rimat ilatNinsun, 208 n. 6; 219, 29.

Ruskisag, goddess, 132, 28.

_RU-TIG_, an epithet, 141, 2.


S.

_sa-bar; sa-sud-da_, liturgical note, 182, 31.

_sabsis_, cruelly, 215, 30.

Sagilla, temple, 158, 15. E-sagila, 160, 5; 166, 5; 166, 11.

_sahatu_, be astounded, 216, 10. Arabic _sahita_.

_saiahatu_, desire, comfort, 216, 18.

_sakapu_, fell. I2 _issakpu_, 215, 30.

_salutu_, enmity, 199, 27.

Samas, god, 197, 4:8; 198, 10:13; 199, 25:31.

Samas-sum-ukin, king. Incantations for, 193-200; 199, 23.

Samsuiluna, king, 151.

_SAR-DI-DA_, a relic, 133, 37.

Serpent adversary, 183, 21; 148, 12.

Seven, sacred number. Seven gods, 196, 30.

Ship, in legend, 113, 2.

Silsirsir, a chapel.

Sin, god. Hymn to, No. 19.

_sippu_, threshold, 219, 13:18.

_Sippar_, city, 158, 10; 160, 5; 166, 19.

_sirgidda_, long song, 140, 54.

Siris, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

Siriskas, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

Siriskasgig, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

_sirsagga_, first melody, 117, 28; 139, 48.

_SU-AN = kat ili_, 194, 12. See also _SU-d_INNINI, 194, 12.

_SU-NAM-ERIM-MA_, 194, 13.

_SU-NAM-LU-GAL-LU_, 194, 13.

_subura_, earth, 175, 3.

_su-ud, su-ud-am_, epithet of goddess of Suruppak, 177, 10 and note 4.

_suhuru_, hair (?), 215, 23.

_sukkal-zid_, title of Nebo, 163, 10.

Sulpae, god, No. 16 II 22.

Sumer, land, 113, 21; 114, 11; 136, 2.

_sumugan_, title of Girra, 177, 12 and note; 179, 3.


T.

Tablet of fates, 132 n. 3.

Tammuz, ancient ruler, 208. Liturgy to, 191. Other references, 126;
208; 131, 20.

_tapasu_, seize, capture, II2 _uttappis_, 215, 31.

_temeru_, cook, 196, 35.

Tigris, river, 183, 12.

Tummal, land, 190, 9; 191, 10.


U.

_ud_, spirit, word, 150, 1:4; 158, 16; 159, 17:24.

_ul-al-tar_, 191 n. 6.

_ulinnu_, girdle cord, 195, 20.

Ulmas, temple of Anunit, 158, 13; 166, 3.

Ur, city, 134, 21; 137, 6. Lamentation for, 150. Other references,
No. 19, 4:7:8:16:28: Rev. 5; 151, 3.

Ur-azag, king of Isin (?), 140 n. 2.

Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 126 ff.

_urinu_, spear (?), 173, 3.

_ursaggal_, epithet for Ninurasa, 165, 11. For Enbilulu, 170, 5.

_usumgal_, 117, 33.


Z.

_zabu_, flow. _li-zu-bu_, 198, 16. Cf. _gam = za'ibu, mitirtu_,
words for canal, SAI. 691-3.

_zag-sal_, liturgical note, 103 f. No. 21 end.

_za-am_, 138, 34; 139, 38; 140, 56.

_zenu_, be enraged, II1 _uzinu-inni_, 197, 6.

_ZI-TAR-RU-DA = nikis napisti_, 194 n. 6.




DESCRIPTION OF TABLETS


Number in this volume.  1

Museum number.   7771

Description.

Dark brown unbaked tablet. Three columns. Lower edge slightly
broken. Knobs at left upper and left lower corners to facilitate the
holding of the tablet. H. 7 inches: W. 6 1/2; T. 1 1/2. Second tablet
of the Epic of Gilgamish.




NOTES


[1] Ni. 13981, published by Dr. Poebel in PBS. V, No. 2.

[2] The local Bel of Erech and a bye-form of Enlil, the earth god. Here
he is the consort of the mother goddess Ninsun.

[3] Tammuz is probably a real personage, although _Dumu-zi_, his
original name, is certainly later than the title _Ab-u_, probably the
oldest epithet of this deity, see _Tammuz and Ishtar_, p. 8. _Dumu-zi_
I take to have been originally the name of a prehistoric ruler of
Erech, identified with the primitive deity Abu.

[4] See _ibid._, page 40.

[5] Also Meissner's early Babylonian duplicate of Book X has invariably
the same writing, see Dhorme, _Choix de Textes Religieux_, 298-303.

[6] Sign whose gunufied form is read _aga_.

[7] The standard text of the Assyrian version is by Professor Paul
Haupt, _Das Babylonische Nimrodepos_, Leipzig, 1884.

[8] The name of the mother of Gilgamish has been erroneously read
_ri-mat ilat_Nin-lil, or _Rimat-Belit_, see Dhorme 202, 37; 204,
30, etc. But Dr. Poebel, who also copied this text, has shown that
_Nin-lil_ is an erroneous reading for _Nin-sun_. For _Ninsun_ as
mother of Gilgamish see SBP. 153 n. 19 and R.A., IX 113 III 2. _Ri-mat
ilat_Nin-sun should be rendered "The wild cow Ninsun."

[9] The fragments which have been assigned to Book II in the British
Museum collections by Haupt, Jensen, Dhorme and others belong to
later tablets, probably III or IV.

[10] Rm. 289, latter part of Col. II (part of the Assyrian version)
published in HAUPT, _ibid._, 81-4 preserves a defective text of this
part of the epic. This tablet has been erroneously assigned to Book
IV, but it appears to be Book III.

[11] K. 2589 and duplicate (unnumbered) in Haupt, _ibid._, 16-19.

[12] See also Ward, No. 199.

[13] Here this late text includes both variants _pasaru_ and
_zakaru_. The earlier texts have only the one or the other.

[14] For _kakabe_; _b_ becomes _u_ and then is reduced to the
breathing.

[15] The variants have _kima kisri_; _ki-[ma]?-rum_ is a possible
reading. The standard Assyrian texts regard Enkidu as the subject.

[16] Var. _da-an_

[17] _SAM-KAK_ = _ilu_, net. The variant has _ultaprid ki-is-su-su_,
"he shook his murderous weapon." For _kissu_ see ZA. 9,220,4 =
CT. 12,14b 36, _gis-kud_ = _ki-is-su_.

[18] Var. _nussu_ for _nus-su_ = _nussa-su_. The previous translations
of this passage are erroneous.

[19] This is to my knowledge the first occurence of the infinitive
of this verb, _paheru_, not _paharu_.

[20] Text _ma_?

[21] _istanamma_ > _istilamma_.

[22] Cf. Code of Hammurapi IV 52 and Streck in _Babyloniaca_ II 177.

[23] Restored from Tab. I Col. IV 21.

[24] Cf. Dhorme _Choix de Textes Religieux_ 198, 33.

[25] _namastu_ a late form which has followed the analogy of _restu_
in assuming the feminine _t_ as part of the root. The long _u_ is
due to analogy with _namassu_ a Sumerian loan-word with nisbe ending.

[26] Room for a small sign only, perhaps _A; maiak_? For _maka_,
there, see BEHRENS, LSS. II page 1 and index.

[27] Infinitive "to shepherd"; see also Poebel, PBS. V 106 I,
_ri-ia-u_, _ri-te-ia-u_.

[28] The text has clearly _AD-RI_.

[29] Or _azzammim_? The word is probably an adverb; hardly a word
for cup, mug (??).

[30] _it_ is uncertain and _ta_ more likely than _us_. One expects
_ittabriru_. Cf. _muttabrirru_, CT. 17, 15, 2; _littatabrar_, EBELING,
KTA. 69, 4.

[31] For _sapparu_. Text and interpretation uncertain. _uttappis_
II2 from _tapasu_, Hebrew _tapas_, seize.

[32] Text _ta_!

[33] On _ekesu_, drive away, see Zimmern, _Shurpu_, p. 56. Cf. _uk-kis
_ Myhrman, PBS. I 14, 17; _uk-ki-si_, King, Cr. App. V 55; etc., etc.

[34] The Hebrew cognate of _masu_, to forget, is _nasa_, Arabic
_nasijia_, and occurs here in Babylonian for the first time. See also
Brockelman, _Vergleichende Grammatik_ 160 a.

[35] Probably phonetic variant of _edir_. The preterite of _ederu_,
to be in misery, has not been found. If this interpretation be correct
the preterite _edir_ is established. For the change _r_ > _l_ note also
_attalah_ < _attarah_, Harper, _Letters_ 88, 10, _bilku_ < _birku_,
RA. 9, 77 II 13; _uttakkalu_ < _uttakkaru_, Ebeling, KTA. 49 IV 10.

[36] Also _na_-'-[     -]_ma_ is possible.

[37] The text cannot be correct since it has no intelligible sign. My
reading is uncertain.

[38] Text uncertain, _kal-lu-tim_ is possible.

[39] _KAK-si_.

[40] _KAK-si_.

[41] Literally nostrils. _pitik apunnati-su_, work done in his
presence(?). The meaning of the idiom is uncertain.

[42] Text _ZU_!

[43] Text has erroneous form.

[44] Text _PA-it-tam_ clearly!

[45] Omitted by the scribe.

[46] Sic! The plural of _kakku_, _kakkitu_(?).

[47] Cf. _e-pi-sa-an-su-nu libaru_, "May they see their doings,"
_Maklu_ VII 17.

[48] For _sakin-sum_.

[49] On the verb _naku_ see the Babylonian Book of Proverbs Sec. 27.

[50] The verb _la'atu_, to pierce, devour, forms its preterite _ilut_;
see VAB. IV 216, 1.  The present tense which occurs here as _ilut_
also.

[51] Note _BUL(tu-ku)_ = _ratatu_ (falsely entered in Meissner,
SAI. 7993), and _irattutu_ in Zimmern, _Shurpu_, Index.

[52] "For _ipsah_."

[53] Sic! _hu_ reduced to the breathing _'u_; read _i-ni-'u_.

[54] The tablet is reckoned at forty lines in each column,

[55] Literally "he attained my front."

[56] IV1 of _waladu_.

[57] I.e., in the suburb of Erech.

[58] _pataku_ has apparently the same sense originally as _bataku_,
although the one forms its preterite _iptik_, and the other
_ibtuk_. Cf. also _mahasu_ break, hammer and construct.

[59] The passage is obscure. Here _suhuru_ is taken as a loan-word
from sugur = kimmatu, hair of the head. The infinitive II1 of _saharu_
is philologically possible.

[60] I.e., an ordinary man.






End of Project Gutenberg's The Epic of Gilgamish, by Stephen  Langdon

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH ***

***** This file should be named 18897.txt or 18897.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/8/9/18897/

Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.