diff options
Diffstat (limited to '18897.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 18897.txt | 1905 |
1 files changed, 1905 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/18897.txt b/18897.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cfcb18 --- /dev/null +++ b/18897.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1905 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Epic of Gilgamish, by Stephen Langdon + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Epic of Gilgamish + A Fragment of the Gilgamish Legend in Old-Babylonian Cuneiform + +Author: Stephen Langdon + +Release Date: July 23, 2006 [EBook #18897] + +Language: EN + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH *** + + + + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ + + + + + + + + + + The Epic of Gilgamish + + + by + + Stephen Langdon + + + University of Pennsylvania + The University Museum + Publications of the Babylonian Section + Vol. X No. 3 + + + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +In the year 1914 the University Museum secured by purchase a large +six column tablet nearly complete, carrying originally, according to +the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The contents supply the South +Babylonian version of the second book of the epic _sa nagba imuru_, +"He who has seen all things," commonly referred to as the Epic of +Gilgamish. The tablet is said to have been found at Senkere, ancient +Larsa near Warka, modern Arabic name for and vulgar descendant +of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned in Genesis +X. 10. This fact makes the new text the more interesting since the +legend of Gilgamish is said to have originated at Erech and the +hero in fact figures as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of +that ancient city. The dynastic list preserved on a Nippur tablet +[1] mentions him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers at +Erech, who succeeded the dynasty of Kish, a city in North Babylonia +near the more famous but more recent city Babylon. The list at Erech +contains the names of two well known Sumerian deities, Lugalbanda +[2] and Tammuz. The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and +that of Tammuz at 100 years. Gilgamish ruled 126 years. We have to +do here with a confusion of myth and history in which the real facts +are disengaged only by conjecture. + +The prehistoric Sumerian dynasties were all transformed into the realm +of myth and legend. Nevertheless these rulers, although appearing +in the pretentious nomenclature as gods, appear to have been real +historic personages. [3] The name Gilgamish was originally written +_d_Gi-bil-aga-mis, and means "The fire god (_Gibil_) is a commander," +abbreviated to _d_Gi-bil-ga-mis, and _d_Gi(s)-bil-ga-mis, a form +which by full labialization of _b_ to _u_ was finally contracted to +_d_Gi-il-ga-mis. [4] Throughout the new text the name is written with +the abbreviation _d_Gi(s), [5] whereas the standard Assyrian text +has consistently the writing _d_GIS-TU [6]-BAR. The latter method of +writing the name is apparently cryptographic for _d_Gis-bar-aga-(mis); +the fire god _Gibil_ has also the title _Gis-bar_. + +A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was +published in 1902, a text from the period of Hammurapi, which showed +that the Babylonian epic differed very much from the Assyrian in +diction, but not in content. The new tablet, which belongs to the same +period, also differs radically from the diction of the Ninevite text +in the few lines where they duplicate each other. The first line of the +new tablet corresponds to Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text, [7] +where Gilgamish begins to relate his dreams to his mother Ninsun. [8] + +The last line of Col. I corresponds to the Assyrian version Book I, +Col. VI 29. From this point onward the new tablet takes up a hitherto +unknown portion of the epic, henceforth to be assigned to the second +book. [9] + +At the end of Book I in the Assyrian text and at the end of Col. I of +Book II in the new text, the situation in the legend is as follows. The +harlot halts outside the city of Erech with the enamoured Enkidu, +while she relates to him the two dreams of the king, Gilgamish. In +these dreams which he has told to his mother he receives premonition +concerning the advent of the satyr Enkidu, destined to join with him +in the conquest of Elam. + +Now the harlot urges Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to clothe +himself like other men and to learn the ways of civilization. When +he enters he sees someone, whose name is broken away, eating bread +and drinking milk, but the beautiful barbarian understands not. The +harlot commands him to eat and drink also: + + + "It is the conformity of life, + Of the conditions and fate of the Land." + + +He rapidly learns the customs of men, becomes a shepherd and a mighty +hunter. At last he comes to the notice of Gilgamish himself, who is +shocked by the newly acquired manner of Enkidu. + +"Oh harlot, take away the man," says the lord of Erech. Once again +the faithful woman instructs her heroic lover in the conventions +of society, this time teaching him the importance of the family +in Babylonian life, and obedience to the ruler. Now the people of +Erech assemble about him admiring his godlike appearance. Gilgamish +receives him and they dedicate their arms to heroic endeavor. At this +point the epic brings in a new and powerful _motif_, the renunciation +of woman's love in the presence of a great undertaking. Gilgamish +is enamoured of the beautiful virgin goddess Ishara, and Enkidu, +fearing the effeminate effects of his friend's attachment, prevents +him forcibly from entering a house. A terrific combat between these +heroes ensues, [10] in which Enkidu conquers, and in a magnanimous +speech he reminds Gilgamish of his higher destiny. + +In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text [11] Enkidu rejects +his mistress also, apparently on his own initiative and for ascetic +reasons. This fragment, heretofore assigned to the second book, +probably belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version which +carries the portion related on the new tablet has not been found. Man +redeemed from barbarism is the major theme of Book II. + +The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends which +supplied the glyptic artists of Sumer and Accad with subjects for +seals. Obverse III 28-32 describes Enkidu the slayer of lions and +panthers. Seals in all periods frequently represent Enkidu in combat +with a lion. The struggle between the two heroes, where Enkidu strives +to rescue his friend from the fatal charms of Ishara, is probably +depicted on seals also. On one of the seals published by Ward, _Seal +Cylinders of Western Asia_, No. 459, a nude female stands beside the +struggling heroes. [12] This scene not improbably illustrates the +effort of Enkidu to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact the +satyr stands between Gilgamish and Ishara(?) on the seal. + + + + +TRANSLITERATION + + + it-bi-e-ma iluGilgamis su-na-tam i-pa-as-sar. + iz-za-kar-am [13] a-na um-mi-su + um-mi i-na sa-a-at mu-si-ti-ia + sa-am-ha-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak + i-na bi-ri-it id-da-tim + ib-ba-su-nim-ma ka-ka-'a [14] sa-ma-i + ki-?-?-rum [15] sa a-nim im-ku-ut a-na si-ri-ia + as-si-su-ma ik-ta-bi-it [16] e-li-ia + ilam [17] is-su-ma nu-us-sa-su [18] u-ul el-ti-'i + ad-ki ma-tum pa-hi-ir [19] e-li-su + id-lu-tum u-na-sa-ku si-pi-su + u-um-mi-id-ma pu-ti + i-mi- du ia-ti + as-si-a-su-ma at-ba-la-as-su a-na si-ri-ki + um-mi iluGilgamis mu-u-da-a-at ka-la-ma + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamis + mi-in-di iluGilgamish sa ki-ma ka-ti + i-na si-ri i-wa-li-id-ma + u-ra-ab-bi-su sa-du-u + ta-mar-su-ma [sa(?)]-ap-ha-ta at-ta + id-lu-tum u-na-sa-ku si-pi-su [20] + te-it-ti-ra-su(?) ... su-u-zu + ta-tar-ra-['a]-su a-na si-[ri-i]a + [is-(?)] ti-lam-ma [21] i-ta-mar sa-ni-tam + [su-na-]ta i-ta-wa-a-am a-na um-mi-su + [um-m]i a-ta-mar sa-ni-tam + [su-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a i-na zu-ki-im + [i-na?] Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim [22] + ha-as-si-nu na-di-i-ma + e-li-su pa-ah- ru + ha-as-si-nu-um-ma sa-ni bu-nu-su + a-mur-su-ma ah-ta-ta a-na-ku + a-ra-am-su-ma ki-ma as-sa-tim + a-ha-ap-pu-up el-su + el-ki-su-ma as-ta-ka-an-su + a-na a-hi-ia + um-mi iluGilgamish mu-da-at ka-la-ma + [iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamish] + ................................... + + +COL. II + + + as-sum us-[ta-] ma-ha-ru it-ti-ka. + iluGilgamish su-na-tam i-pa-sar + iluEn-ki-[du w]a?-si-ib ma-har ha-ri-im-tim + UR [ ]-ha-mu DI-?-al-lu-un + [ ] im-ta-si a-sar i-wa-al-du + ume 6 [23] u 7 mu-si- a-tim + iluEn-ki-du te-bi- i-ma + sa-[am-ka-ta] ir- hi + ha-[ri-im-tu pa-a]-sa i-pu-sa-am-ma + iz-za-[kar-am] a-na iluEn-ki-du [24] + a-na-tal-ka dEn-ki-du ki-ma ili ta-ba-as-si + am-mi-nim it-ti na-ma-as-te-e [25] + ta-at-ta-[na-al-]la -ak si-ra-am + al-kam lu-ur-di- ka + a-na libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + a-na biti [el-]lim mu-sa-bi sa A-nim + dEn-ki-du ti-bi lu-ru-ka + a-na E-[an-n]a mu-sa-bi sa A-nim + a-sar [iluGilgamis] it-[.........] ne-pi-si-tim(?) + u at-[ ]-di [ -] ma + ta-[ ] ra-ma-an- ka + al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri + ma-a-a? [26] -ak ri-i-im + is-me a-wa-az-za im-ta-gar ga-ba-sa + mi-il-kum sa sinnisti + im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-su + is-hu-ut li-ib-sa-am + is-ti-nam [u]-la-ab-bi-is-su + li-ib- [sa-am] sa-ni-a-am + si-i it-ta-al-ba- as + sa-ab-ta-at ga-az- zu + ki-ma ? i-ri-id-di-su + a-na gu-up-ri sa ri-i-im + a-s[ar ] tar-ba-si-im + i-na [ ]-hu-ru ri-ia-u [27] + ............................. + + +(About two lines broken away.) + + +COL. III + + + si-iz-ba sa na-ma-as-te-e + i-te-en- ni- ik + a-ka-lam is-ku-nu ma-har-su + ip-te-ik-ma i-na -at-tal [28] + u ip-pa-al-la- as + u-ul i-di dEn-ki- du + aklam a-na a-ka-lim + sikaram a-na sa-te-e-im + la-a lum-mu- ud + ha-ri-im-lum pi-sa i-pu-sa-am- ma + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-ki-du + a-ku-ul ak-lam dEn-ki-du + zi-ma-at ba-la-ti-im + bi-si-ti si-im-ti ma-ti + i-ku-ul a-ak-lam iluEn-ki-du + a-di si-bi-e-su + sikaram is-ti-a-am + 7 as-sa-am-mi-im [29] + it-tap-sar kab-ta-tum i-na-an-gu + i-li-is libba- su- ma + pa-nu-su [it-]ta(?)-bir -ru [30] + ul-tap-pi-it [............]-i + su-hu-ra-am pa-ga-ar-su + sa-am-nam ip-ta-sa-as-ma + a-we-li-is i-me + il-ba- as li-ib-sa-am + ki-ma mu-ti i-ba-as-si + il-ki ka-ak-ka-su + la-bi u gi-ir- ri + is-sa-ak-pu sab-[si]-es mu-si-a-ti + ut- tap -pi-is sib-ba-ri [31] + la-bi uk-t[a ]-si-id + it-ti immer na-ki-[e?] ra-bu-tum + iluEn-ki-du ma-as-sa-ar-su-nu + a-we-lum wa-ru-um + is-[te]-en id-lum + a-na[ ........ u]-za-ak-ki-ir + ........................... + + +(About five lines broken away.) + + +REVERSE I + + + .............................. + i-ip-pu-us ul-sa-am + is-si-ma i-ni-i-su + i-ta-mar a-we-lam + iz [32]-za-kar-am a-na harimti + sa-am-ka-at uk-ki-si [33] a-we-lam + a-na mi-nim il-li-kam + zi-ki-ir-su lu-us-su [34] + ha-ri-im-tum is-ta-si a-we-lam + i-ba-us-su-um-ma i-ta-mar-su + e-di-il [35] e-es-ta-hi-[ta-am] + mi-nu a-la-ku-zu na-ah- [36] [ -]ma + e pi-su i-pu-sa-am-[ma] + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-[ki-du] + bi-ti-is e-mu-tim [ ] + si-ma-a-at ni-si-i- ma + tu-sa [37]-ar pa-a-ta-tim [38] + a-na ali dup-sak-ki-i e si-en + UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi sa-a-a-ha-tim + a-na sarri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + pi-ti pu-uk epsi [39] a-na ha-a-a-ri + a-na iluGilgamis sarri sa Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + pi-ti pu-uk epsi [40] + a-na ha-a-a-ri + as-sa-at si-ma-tim i-ra-ah-hi + su-u pa-na-nu-um-ma + mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu + i-na mi-il-ki sa ili ga-bi-ma + i-na bi-ti-ik a-pu-un-na-ti-su [41] + si- ma- az- zum + a-na zi-ik-ri id-li-im + i-ri-ku pa-nu-su + + + +REVERSE II + +............................................................ + +(About five lines broken away.) + + + i-il-la-ak- .......... + u sa-am-ka-at[ ]ar-ki-su + i- ru- ub-ma [42] a-na [43] libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + ip-hur um-ma-nu-um i-na si-ri-su + iz-zi-za-am-ma i-na zu-ki-im + sa Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim + pa-ah-ra-a-ma ni-su + i-ta-me-a i-na si-ri-su pi(?)-it-tam [44] + a-na mi-[ni] [45] iluGilgamis ma-si-il + la-nam sa- pi- il + e-si[ pu]-uk-ku-ul + i ? -ak-ta + i[- -]di i-si? + si-iz-ba sa[na-ma-]as-[te]-e + i-te- en- ni- ik + ka-ia-na i-na [libbi] Uruk-(ki) kak-ki-a-tum [46] + id-lu-tum u-te-el-li- lu + sa-ki-in ip-sa- nu [47] + a-na idli sa i-tu-ru zi-mu-su + a-na iluGilgamis ki-ma i-li-im + sa-ki-is-sum [48] me-ih-rum + a-na ilatIs-ha-ra ma-ia-lum + na- [di]-i- ma + iluGilgamish id-[ ]na-an(?)... + i-na mu-si in-ni-[ -]id + i-na-ak [49]-sa-am- ma + it-ta-[ ]i-na zuki + ip-ta-ra-[ku ]-ak-tam + sa iluGilgamish + ........... da-na(?) ni-is-su + + + +COL. III [ERROR: unhandled comment start] SIC --> + + + ur-(?)ha ..................... + iluGilgamis ................ + i-na si-ri .................... + i-ha-an-ni-ib [pi-ir-ta-su?] + it-bi-ma ... + a-na pa-ni- su + it-tam-ha-ru i-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti + iluEn-ki-du ba-ba-am ip-ta-ri-ik + i-na si-pi-su + iluGilgamis e-ri-ba-am u-ul id-di-in + is-sa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-i-im + i- lu- du [50] + zi-ip-pa-am 'i-bu- tu + i-ga-rum ir-tu-tu [51] + iluGilgamis u iluEn-ki- du + is-sa-ab-tu-u- ma + ki-ma li-i-im i-lu-du + zi-ip-pa-am 'i-bu- tu + i-ga-rum ir-tu-tu + ik-mi-is-ma iluGilgamis + i-na ga-ga-ag-ga-ri si-ip-su + ip-si-ih [52] us-sa-su- ma + i-ni-'i i-ra-az-zu + is-tu i-ra-zu i-ni-hu [53] + iluEn-ki-du a-na sa-si-im + iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamis + ki-ma is-te-en-ma um-ma-ka + u- li- id- ka + ri-im-tum sa zu- pu-ri + ilat-Nin- sun- na + ul-lu e-li mu-ti ri-es-su + sar-ru-tam sa ni-si + i-si-im-kum iluEn-lil + + + + duppu 2 kam-ma + su-tu-ur e-li ... + 4 su-si [54] + + + +TRANSLATION + + + Gilgamish arose interpreting dreams, + addressing his mother. + "My mother! during my night + I, having become lusty, wandered about + in the midst of omens. + And there came out stars in the heavens, + Like a ... of heaven he fell upon me. + I bore him but he was too heavy for me. + He bore a net but I was not able to bear it. + I summoned the land to assemble unto him, + that heroes might kiss his feet. + He stood up before me [55] + and they stood over against me. + I lifted him and carried him away unto thee." + The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things, + said unto Gilgamish:-- + "Truly oh Gilgamish he is + born [56] in the fields like thee. + The mountains have reared him. + Thou beholdest him and art distracted(?) + Heroes kiss _his_ feet. + Thou shalt spare him.... + Thou shalt lead him to me." + Again he dreamed and saw another dream + and reported it unto his mother. + "My mother, I have seen another + [dream. I beheld] my likeness in the street. + In Erech of the wide spaces [57] + he hurled the axe, + and they assembled about him. + Another axe seemed his visage. + I saw him and was astounded. + I loved him as a woman, + falling upon him in embrace. + I took him and made him + my brother." + The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things + [said unto Gilgamish:--] + ................................... + + +COL. II + + + that he may join with thee in endeavor." + (Thus) Gilgamish solves (his) dream. + Enkidu sitting before the hierodule + + [ ] forgot where he was born. + Six days and seven nights + came forth Enkidu + and cohabited with the courtesan. + The hierodule opened her mouth + speaking unto Enkidu. + "I behold thee Enkidu; like a god thou art. + Why with the animals + wanderest thou on the plain? + Come! I will lead thee + into the midst of Erech of the wide places, + even unto the holy house, dwelling place of Anu. + Oh Enkidu, arise, I will conduct thee + unto Eanna dwelling place of Anu, + where Gilgamish [_oppresses_] the souls of men(?) + And as I ............ + thou shalt ........ thyself. + Come thou, arise from the ground + unto the place yonder (?) of the shepherd." + He heard her speak and accepted her words with favor. + The advice of the woman + fell upon his heart. + She tore off one garment + and clothed him with it. + With a second garment + she clothed herself. + She clasped his hand, + guiding him like .............. + unto the mighty presence of the shepherd, + unto the place of the ... of the sheepfolds. + In ......... to shepherd + ............................. + + +(About two lines broken away.) + + +COL. III + + + Milk of the cattle + he drank. + Food they placed before him. + He broke bread [58] + gazing and looking. + But Enkidu understood not. + Bread to eat, + beer to drink, + he had not been taught. + The hierodule opened her mouth + and said unto Enkidu:-- + "Eat bread, oh Enkidu! + It is the conformity of life, + of the conditions and the fate of the land." + Enkidu ate bread, + until he was satiated. + Beer he drank + seven _times_(?). + His thoughts became unbounded and he shouted loudly. + His heart became joyful, + and his face glowed. + He stroked................. + _the hair of the head_. [59] His body + with oil he anointed. + He became like a man. + He attired himself with clothes + even as does a husband. + He seized his weapon, + which the panther and lion + fells in the night time cruelly. + He captured the wild mountain goats. + The panther he conquered. + Among the great _sheep for sacrifice_ + Enkidu was their guard. + A man, a leader, + A hero. + Unto .......... he elevated + ........................... + + +(About five lines broken away.) + + +REVERSE I + + + .............................. + And he made glad. + He lifted up his eyes, + and beheld the man, + and said unto the hierodule:-- + "Oh harlot, take away the man. + Wherefore did he come to me? + I would forget the memory of him." + The hierodule called unto the man + and came unto him beholding him. + She sorrowed and was astonished + how his ways were ............ + Behold she opened her mouth + saying unto Enkidu:-- + "At home with a family [_to dwell_??] + is the fate of mankind. + Thou shouldest design boundaries(??) + for a city. The trencher-basket put (upon thy head). + .... ......an abode of comfort. + For the king of Erech of the wide places + open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband. + Unto Gilgamish king of Erech of the wide places + open, addressing thy speech + as unto a husband. + He cohabits with the wife decreed for him, + even he formerly. + But henceforth + in the counsel which god has spoken, + in the work of his presence + shall be his fate." + At the mention of the hero + his face became pale. + + +REVERSE II + +............................................................ + +(About five lines broken away.) + + + going ....................... + and the harlot ..... after him. + He entered into the midst of Erech of the wide places. + The artisans gathered about him. + And as he stood in the street + of Erech of the wide places, + the people assembled + disputing round about him:-- + "How is he become like Gilgamish suddenly? + In form he is shorter. + In ........ he is made powerful. + + + Milk of the cattle + he drank. + Continually in the midst of Erech weapons + the heroes purified. + A project was instituted. + Unto the hero whose countenance was turned away, + unto Gilgamish like a god + he became for him a fellow. + For Ishara a couch + was laid. + Gilgamish ................... + In the night he .............. + embracing her in sleep. + They ........ in the street + halting at the ................ + of Gilgamish. + .......... mightily(?) + + +COL. III + + + A road(?) .................... + Gilgamish ................... + in the plain .................. + his hair growing thickly like the corn. + He came forth ... + into his presence. + They met in the wide park of the land. + Enkidu held fast the door + with his foot, + and permitted not Gilgamish to enter. + They grappled with each other + goring like an ox. + The threshold they destroyed. + The wall they demolished. + Gilgamish and Enkidu + grappled with each other, + goring like an ox. + The threshold they destroyed. + The wall they demolished. + Gilgamish bowed + to the ground at his feet + and his javelin reposed. + He turned back his breast. + After he had turned back his breast, + Enkidu unto that one + spoke, even unto Gilgamish. + "Even as one [60] did thy mother + bear thee, + she the wild cow of the cattle stalls, + Ninsunna, + whose head she exalted more than a husband. + Royal power over the people + Enlil has decreed for thee." + + Second tablet. + Written upon ... + 240 (lines). + + + + + + + +INDEX TO PARTS 2 AND 3 + + +A. + +Adab, city, 123, 23. + +_addi_, wailing, 117, 31; 137, 22; 161, 12. + +_ahu_, brother, 212, 36. + +Aja, goddess, 198, 9. + +_al (gis)_, _al-gar (gis)_, a musical instrument, 187-191. See also +No. 20 Rev. 7-12. _al-bi_, compound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164 +(unpublished) _al-gar_, _al-gar-balag_ in list with _(gis)-a-la_, +also an instrument of music. + +_alad_, protecting genius, 154, 18. + +_amelis_, like a man, 215, 25. + +Amurru, god. Psalm to, 118; 119. + +_angubba_, sentinel, 180, 14. + +Anu, god. 116, 18:26 ff. 131, 8; 165, 9; 180, 20. + +Anunnaki, gods, 114, 17:21; 116, 25; 116 n. 7; 128, 13; 135, 31; +189, 21. + +Anunit, goddess, 158, 12; 166, 2. + +_apunnatu,_ nostrils, _pitik, apunnati_, 217, 28. + +_assammim_ (?), 215, 18. + +Arallu, 132, 26; 134, 7. + +_aramu_, cover, 198 n. 2. + +_araku_, be pale, Prt. _iriku_, 217, 31. + +_arhis_, quickly, 199, 28. + +Aruru, goddess. Lamentation to, 115. Sister of Enlil, 115, 2; 171, +29; 190, 25. Other references, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34 f. + +Asarludug, god, 163, 8; 170, 4. + +As-im-ur, title of Moon-god, 136, 12. _as_ omitted, No. 19, 2. + +_as-me_, disk, 133, 38. + +Assirgi, god, No. 22, Rev. 7. + +Azagsud, goddess, 196, 30:33; 197, 38. + + +B. + +Babbar, god, 116, 24; 139, 43; 147, 21; 148, 3; 152. + +Babylon, city, 158, 14; 160, 6; 163, 8; 166, 4:11. + +_badara_, see 200 n. 2. _badarani_, a weapon, 133, 36. + +_balag_, lyre, 138, 52. + +_bansur_, table; title of a goddess, 175, 3. + +Bau, goddess, 179, 2; 181, 30; 182, 32; 141, 7:10. + +_bisitu_, condition, 215, 14. + +_bi'u_, cavern, 196, 29. + +_bulukku_, crab, 174, 5. + +_burgul_, engraver, 185, 8. + + +C. + +Cutha, city. Center of the cult of Nergal, 167, 15. + + +D. + +Dada, god, 192, 6. + +Dagan, West Semitic god, 149, 21. + +Damu, title of Tammuz, 176, 7. + +Deification of kings, 106-9; 127 n. 1. + +_depu_, shatter, 195 n. 16. + +DI-BAL, ideogram in incantations, 194, 10. + +Dilbat, city, 167, 16. + +Dilmun, land and city, 112, 2:4. + +_dimgul_, _dimdul_, master workman, 150. + +_dingir-gal-gal-e-ne_, the great gods, the Anunnaki, 114, 21:125; +149, 19. + +dumu-anna, daughter of heaven, title of Bau, 179, 5; 181, 28; 184, 28. + +_dumu-sag_, title of Tasmet, 163, 12. + +Dungi, king of Ur, liturgy to, 136. + +_dupsakku_, trencher basket, 216, 17. + +Duranki, epithet for Nippur, 122, 18; 180, 11. + + +E. + +E-anna, temple in Erech, 123, 30; 125; 148, 12; 213, 18. + +E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 152; 158, 11; 166, 1. Perhaps read +E-barra. + +E-daranna, temple of Enki in Babylon, 169, 25; 170, 29. See BL. 133. + +_edelu_ = _ederu_, be gloomy, 216, 10. + +_e-dub_, house of learning, 117, 39. + +_e-gal_, palace, No. 19, Rev. 3; 115, 11; 131, 7; 134, 22; 158, 9. + +_e-gig_ = _kissu_, 191, 11. + +E-ibe-Anu, temple in Dilbat, 167, 16. + +E-kinammaka, temple, 115, 10. + +E-kisibba, temple in Kish, 166, 13. + +E-kur, temple, 180, 12; 183, 23; 190, 7; 146, 9; 147, 17; 158, 8; +160, 4; 166, 17; 169, 23. + +Emah, Esmah, ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4. + +E-malga-sud, temple, 181, 24; 141, 3. + +E-meteg, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +E-mete-ursag, temple in Kish, 166, 13. + +E-namtila, temple, 160, 4; 169, 24. + +_en-a-nu-un_, _en-a-nun_, title of Innini and Gula, 173, 2. + +Enbilulu, title of Marduk, 170, 5. + +E-ninnu, temple, 181, 22. + +_EN-HUL-tim-mu_, 194 n. 2. + +_EN-KA-KA, bel dababi_, 194, 2. + +Enki, god. Hymn to, No. 20, 113, 7; 114, 10; 116, 21; 122, 7; 149, 16. + +Enkidu, satyr, 213, 3:7:10:11; 214, 6; 215, 11:12:15:34; 216, 13; +219, 8:15:25; 131, 11; 134, 16; 178, 13. + +Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155-184. Regarded as god of light, 157, +1 ff. 158, 3 f. Other references, 114, 19; 115, 2; 116, 19; 131, 6; +136, 5; 139, 40; 149, 22; 146, 3:7:14; 189, 11:19; 220, 33. + +Enul, god, 149, 16. + +Enzu, god, 139, 41; 146, 3. + +_epsanu_, deeds, 218, 18. + +_epu_, be dark, I2 _itepu_, 196, 29. + +Erech, city, 125; 149, 13. Erech _ribitim_, 212, 28; 213, 15; 217, +19:21; 217, 3:6. + +eri-azag, holy city, Isin, 141, 8. + +_erida_, title, 175, 1. + +Eridu, city, 113, 20; 136, 13. + +Erishkigal, goddess, 131, 10; 134, 11. + +_ersagtugmal_, penitential psalm, 118. + +E-sagila, temple, 152. + +E-sakudkalamma, temple, 166, 10; 169 n. 4. + +_esendili_, a title, 177, 10. + +_eskar_, fixed tax, 188, 9. + +_es-lal_, a sacred place, 161, 14. + +E-temen-anki, temple, 169, 25. + +E-turkalamma, temple, 166, 14. + +Euphrates, river, 183, 12; 183, 20. + +E-zida, temple, 166, 12. + +Ezina, grain goddess, 174, 9. + +Ezira, reading of the divine name _KA-DI_, 177, 11. + + +F. + +Fara, modern Arabic name for the site of Isin (?), 177 n. 4. + + +G. + +_GAB_, baked bread, 200, 33. + +_GAB-LAL_, a cake made with honey, 195, 22; 200, 35. + +_GAR-sunnu = episan-sunu_, 198, 13. + +_gasan-gula_, title of Nina, 119 n. 2. + +_gepar_, dark chamber, 123, 30 f., 148, 10; 161, 18. + +Gibil, god, 197, 3. + +_gi-gal(gis)_,interlude, 151 n. 1; 182, 33. + +_gigunna_, 114, 23. + +Gilgamish, king of Erech, 207; 211, 1:115 f. 212, 17:37; 213, 2; 217, +21; 218, 9:20:24:29 and below 2; 219, 10;15:20:26. Derivation of name, +208. See also No. 16 Rev. II 15; 197, 42; 124 f. + +_gilsa_, a sacred relic, 132, 22. + +Girra, _Irra_, god, 174, 7; 177, 12. + +_girru_, lion, 215, 29. + +Girsu, city, 181, 23. + +Guanna, deity, No. 16 Rev. II 18. + +Guedin, province, 129, 28. + +Gunura, goddess of healing, 176, 6. + +_gupru_, mighty, 214, 33. + +Gutium, land, 120 ff. + + +H. + +Hallab, city, 125; 141. + +_hanabu_, grow thickly, Prs. _ibannib_, 219, 4. + +_hapapu_, embrace, 212, 34. + +_hassinu_, axe, 212, 29:31. + +_harbatu_, waste place, 200, 39. + +Harsagkalamma, temple, 166, 14. + +Hubur, mythical river, 197, 42. + +_hulu_, a bird, 199, 31. + +_huku_, a bird, 199, 31. + + +I. + +Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 151 n. 2. + +_ibsi_, liturgical expression, 120, 5. + +Igigi, heaven spirits, 116 n. 6. + +_IGI-NAGIN-NA_, 194, 11. + +_imib_, weapon, 131, 8. _mi-ib_, ibid. n.3. + +_imin_, seven. Seven lands, 130, 35; seventh day, 134, 18. + +Immer, god, 177, 8. + +Indag, god, consort of Gula, 173, 3. + +Innini, goddess, 123. Liturgy to, 184; 123, 29. Consort of Shamash, +148, 4. Other references, 154, 21. + +_issur same_, unclean birds, 195 n. 10. + +Ishara, goddess, 218, 22. + +Isin, city, 122, 15; 176, 4. + +Ishme-Dagan, 178 ff. Son of Enlil, 181, 29; 182, 32. Liturgy to, 143. + + +K. + +_KA-DIB-BI, sibit pi_, 194, 10. + +_KAK-DIG_, a weapon, 130, 4. + +_kakkitu_ (?), weapon. Pl. _kakkiatum_, 218, 16. + +_KAK-SIR_, a weapon (?), 130, 4. + +_kalama_, the Land, Sumer, 138, 25; 141, 5; 147, 22; 150, 4; 154, +17; 177, 9. + +_kanami_=_kalama_, land, 120, 8. + +KA-NE, a new ideograph, 153 n. 10. + +_kasu_, bind. I2 _liktisu_, 198, 20. + +Kenurra, chapel of Ninlil, 114, 22; 123, 20; 160, 4; 166, 18; 166, +8; 169, 24. + +Kes, city, 115, 11; 123, 22. + +_kesda-azag_, a relic, 132, 27. + +_ki_, _kin_ for _gim_ = _kima_, 120, 6. + +KI-AG-MAL, _ramu_, 194 n. 4. + +Kidurkazal, daughter of Ninkasi, 145. + +_ki-malla_, to bend. _tig-zu ki-ma-al-la nu-gi-gi_, "Thy neck wearies +not in bending," 168, 2. [Correct the translation.] + +_ki-in-gin, ki-en-gin_, Sumer, 115, 24; 134, 19; 189, 17. + +_KI-SAR, kakkara tasabbit_, 199, 29. + +Kish, city, 129, 30; 166, 12. _e kis-(ki)-su_, so read, No. 5 Obv. 8. + +Kullab, city, 149, 14; 173, 1. + +_kunin, gunin_, reed basket, 150 n. 3. + +_kurgal_, "great mountain," title of Sumer, 114, 11. Of Enlil, 114, +19; 182, 5. + +_KURUN-NA_, (_amelu_), 196, 34. + +_KUS-KU-MAL_, 194, 11. + + +L. + +_la'atu_, gore. Prt. _iludu_, 219, 12:17. + +_labu_, panther, 215, 29:32. + +Lagash, city, 181, 23:26. + +_Lahama_, goddess of Chaos, 113, 5. + +Laws, promulgated by Dungi, 138, 31. + +Libit-Ishtar, king, 141. + +_libsu_, garment, 214, 27:29; 215, 26. + +Ligirsig, a god, 113, 3. + +_lilazag_, epithet of a deified king, 141, 1. + +Lillaenna, goddess, 192, 5. + +_limenu_, be evil. II1 _ulammenu-inni_, 197, 7. + +Lugal-dig, god, 197, 5. + +_lu'utu_, pollution, 195, 19. + + +M. + +Magan, land, 112, 2:5. + +_maialu_, couch, 218, 22. + +_malasu_, shear, 195, 20. + +Mamit, 200, 41. + +_mandatu_, form, 195, 21. + +_mal-gar_ (_gi_), a musical instrument, 191, 10. + +_mangu_, disease, 195, 19. + +Marduk, god, 151. + +_markasu_, leader, 150. + +_masu_, seize, 195 n. 5. + +_masu_, to forget, 216, 7. + +Me-azag, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +_mehru_, fellow, 218, 21. + +Mehus, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Meluhha, land, 112, 6. + +Meslam, temple in Cutha, 167, 15. + +_mesu_, a tree, 159, 23. + +_muk_, now, but now, 217, 26. + +Mulgenna, Saturn, 137, 18. + +Mulmul, gods, 142. + + +N. + +_nadu_, water bottle, 198, 17. + +_naditu_, temple devotee, 188, 7. + +_nagu_, shout. Prs. _inangu_, 215, 19. + +_naku_, embrace, 218, 26. + +_namastu_, cattle, etc., 213, 12:17; 214, 1; 219, 14. + +Namtar, god, 197, 3; 132, 24. + +Nangt, goddess, 192, 7. + +Nannar, god, 115, 12; 116, 23; 133, 38; 137, 11; 150, 2. + +Nergal, god, 131, 6. + +Nidaba, goddess, 191. + +_ni-gal_, cattle, 121, 6. + +_nimir = ligir_, 174, 4. + +_ninda_, linear measure, 133, 41. + +Ningal, goddess, No. 19, 5; 148, 3; 151, 3. + +Ningiszida, god, 133, 34. + +Nin-isinna, goddess, 122, 16; 191, 15. + +Ninkasi, goddess, 144. + +Ninki, goddess, 149, 16. + +Ninlil, goddess, 116, 20; 123, 20; 137, 12; 146, 14. + +Ninmada, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Ninmah, goddess, 116, 22. + +Ninmenna, epithet of Damgalnunna, 190, 27. + +Ninsun, goddess, 219, 30; 208 n. 6; 129; 131, 16 (?). + +Nintudri, goddess, 123, 26. Nintudra, 137, 16. Creatress of man and +woman, 192. + +Ninul, goddess, 149, 16. + +Ninurasa, god, 191, 12; 146, 12. + +Ninzuanna, goddess, 122, 13. + +Nippur, city, 112, 8; 122, 18:19; 160, 3; 169, 21; 180, 11; 149, 18; +158, 7; 165, 16. + +_NI-SUR_ (_amelu_), 196, 35. + +Nudimmud, god, 199, 25. No. 20, 10. + +_nugiganna_, epithet of Innini, 185, 2. + +_nun apsi_, unclean fish, 195 n. 11. + +Nunamnirri, god, 190, 28; 146, 13; 180, 10:13:17. + +_nun-ur_, epithet of Amurru, 119, 3. + +Nusiligga, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Nusku, god, 146, 7; 163, 13. + + +P. + +Pabilsag, god. Son and consort of Gula, 173 n. 3; 176, 5. A form +of Tammuz. + +_pananumma_, formerly, 217, 25. + +Panunnaki, goddess, consort of Marduk, 163, 9. + +_pataku_, fashion, break, 214, 4. + +_paturru_, a weapon, 200, 37. + +Pleiades, 142. + + +R. + +_ratatu_, demolish, 219, 19. + +Rimat ilatNinsun, 208 n. 6; 219, 29. + +Ruskisag, goddess, 132, 28. + +_RU-TIG_, an epithet, 141, 2. + + +S. + +_sa-bar; sa-sud-da_, liturgical note, 182, 31. + +_sabsis_, cruelly, 215, 30. + +Sagilla, temple, 158, 15. E-sagila, 160, 5; 166, 5; 166, 11. + +_sahatu_, be astounded, 216, 10. Arabic _sahita_. + +_saiahatu_, desire, comfort, 216, 18. + +_sakapu_, fell. I2 _issakpu_, 215, 30. + +_salutu_, enmity, 199, 27. + +Samas, god, 197, 4:8; 198, 10:13; 199, 25:31. + +Samas-sum-ukin, king. Incantations for, 193-200; 199, 23. + +Samsuiluna, king, 151. + +_SAR-DI-DA_, a relic, 133, 37. + +Serpent adversary, 183, 21; 148, 12. + +Seven, sacred number. Seven gods, 196, 30. + +Ship, in legend, 113, 2. + +Silsirsir, a chapel. + +Sin, god. Hymn to, No. 19. + +_sippu_, threshold, 219, 13:18. + +_Sippar_, city, 158, 10; 160, 5; 166, 19. + +_sirgidda_, long song, 140, 54. + +Siris, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Siriskas, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +Siriskasgig, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. + +_sirsagga_, first melody, 117, 28; 139, 48. + +_SU-AN = kat ili_, 194, 12. See also _SU-d_INNINI, 194, 12. + +_SU-NAM-ERIM-MA_, 194, 13. + +_SU-NAM-LU-GAL-LU_, 194, 13. + +_subura_, earth, 175, 3. + +_su-ud, su-ud-am_, epithet of goddess of Suruppak, 177, 10 and note 4. + +_suhuru_, hair (?), 215, 23. + +_sukkal-zid_, title of Nebo, 163, 10. + +Sulpae, god, No. 16 II 22. + +Sumer, land, 113, 21; 114, 11; 136, 2. + +_sumugan_, title of Girra, 177, 12 and note; 179, 3. + + +T. + +Tablet of fates, 132 n. 3. + +Tammuz, ancient ruler, 208. Liturgy to, 191. Other references, 126; +208; 131, 20. + +_tapasu_, seize, capture, II2 _uttappis_, 215, 31. + +_temeru_, cook, 196, 35. + +Tigris, river, 183, 12. + +Tummal, land, 190, 9; 191, 10. + + +U. + +_ud_, spirit, word, 150, 1:4; 158, 16; 159, 17:24. + +_ul-al-tar_, 191 n. 6. + +_ulinnu_, girdle cord, 195, 20. + +Ulmas, temple of Anunit, 158, 13; 166, 3. + +Ur, city, 134, 21; 137, 6. Lamentation for, 150. Other references, +No. 19, 4:7:8:16:28: Rev. 5; 151, 3. + +Ur-azag, king of Isin (?), 140 n. 2. + +Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 126 ff. + +_urinu_, spear (?), 173, 3. + +_ursaggal_, epithet for Ninurasa, 165, 11. For Enbilulu, 170, 5. + +_usumgal_, 117, 33. + + +Z. + +_zabu_, flow. _li-zu-bu_, 198, 16. Cf. _gam = za'ibu, mitirtu_, +words for canal, SAI. 691-3. + +_zag-sal_, liturgical note, 103 f. No. 21 end. + +_za-am_, 138, 34; 139, 38; 140, 56. + +_zenu_, be enraged, II1 _uzinu-inni_, 197, 6. + +_ZI-TAR-RU-DA = nikis napisti_, 194 n. 6. + + + + +DESCRIPTION OF TABLETS + + +Number in this volume. 1 + +Museum number. 7771 + +Description. + +Dark brown unbaked tablet. Three columns. Lower edge slightly +broken. Knobs at left upper and left lower corners to facilitate the +holding of the tablet. H. 7 inches: W. 6 1/2; T. 1 1/2. Second tablet +of the Epic of Gilgamish. + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] Ni. 13981, published by Dr. Poebel in PBS. V, No. 2. + +[2] The local Bel of Erech and a bye-form of Enlil, the earth god. Here +he is the consort of the mother goddess Ninsun. + +[3] Tammuz is probably a real personage, although _Dumu-zi_, his +original name, is certainly later than the title _Ab-u_, probably the +oldest epithet of this deity, see _Tammuz and Ishtar_, p. 8. _Dumu-zi_ +I take to have been originally the name of a prehistoric ruler of +Erech, identified with the primitive deity Abu. + +[4] See _ibid._, page 40. + +[5] Also Meissner's early Babylonian duplicate of Book X has invariably +the same writing, see Dhorme, _Choix de Textes Religieux_, 298-303. + +[6] Sign whose gunufied form is read _aga_. + +[7] The standard text of the Assyrian version is by Professor Paul +Haupt, _Das Babylonische Nimrodepos_, Leipzig, 1884. + +[8] The name of the mother of Gilgamish has been erroneously read +_ri-mat ilat_Nin-lil, or _Rimat-Belit_, see Dhorme 202, 37; 204, +30, etc. But Dr. Poebel, who also copied this text, has shown that +_Nin-lil_ is an erroneous reading for _Nin-sun_. For _Ninsun_ as +mother of Gilgamish see SBP. 153 n. 19 and R.A., IX 113 III 2. _Ri-mat +ilat_Nin-sun should be rendered "The wild cow Ninsun." + +[9] The fragments which have been assigned to Book II in the British +Museum collections by Haupt, Jensen, Dhorme and others belong to +later tablets, probably III or IV. + +[10] Rm. 289, latter part of Col. II (part of the Assyrian version) +published in HAUPT, _ibid._, 81-4 preserves a defective text of this +part of the epic. This tablet has been erroneously assigned to Book +IV, but it appears to be Book III. + +[11] K. 2589 and duplicate (unnumbered) in Haupt, _ibid._, 16-19. + +[12] See also Ward, No. 199. + +[13] Here this late text includes both variants _pasaru_ and +_zakaru_. The earlier texts have only the one or the other. + +[14] For _kakabe_; _b_ becomes _u_ and then is reduced to the +breathing. + +[15] The variants have _kima kisri_; _ki-[ma]?-rum_ is a possible +reading. The standard Assyrian texts regard Enkidu as the subject. + +[16] Var. _da-an_ + +[17] _SAM-KAK_ = _ilu_, net. The variant has _ultaprid ki-is-su-su_, +"he shook his murderous weapon." For _kissu_ see ZA. 9,220,4 = +CT. 12,14b 36, _gis-kud_ = _ki-is-su_. + +[18] Var. _nussu_ for _nus-su_ = _nussa-su_. The previous translations +of this passage are erroneous. + +[19] This is to my knowledge the first occurence of the infinitive +of this verb, _paheru_, not _paharu_. + +[20] Text _ma_? + +[21] _istanamma_ > _istilamma_. + +[22] Cf. Code of Hammurapi IV 52 and Streck in _Babyloniaca_ II 177. + +[23] Restored from Tab. I Col. IV 21. + +[24] Cf. Dhorme _Choix de Textes Religieux_ 198, 33. + +[25] _namastu_ a late form which has followed the analogy of _restu_ +in assuming the feminine _t_ as part of the root. The long _u_ is +due to analogy with _namassu_ a Sumerian loan-word with nisbe ending. + +[26] Room for a small sign only, perhaps _A; maiak_? For _maka_, +there, see BEHRENS, LSS. II page 1 and index. + +[27] Infinitive "to shepherd"; see also Poebel, PBS. V 106 I, +_ri-ia-u_, _ri-te-ia-u_. + +[28] The text has clearly _AD-RI_. + +[29] Or _azzammim_? The word is probably an adverb; hardly a word +for cup, mug (??). + +[30] _it_ is uncertain and _ta_ more likely than _us_. One expects +_ittabriru_. Cf. _muttabrirru_, CT. 17, 15, 2; _littatabrar_, EBELING, +KTA. 69, 4. + +[31] For _sapparu_. Text and interpretation uncertain. _uttappis_ +II2 from _tapasu_, Hebrew _tapas_, seize. + +[32] Text _ta_! + +[33] On _ekesu_, drive away, see Zimmern, _Shurpu_, p. 56. Cf. _uk-kis +_ Myhrman, PBS. I 14, 17; _uk-ki-si_, King, Cr. App. V 55; etc., etc. + +[34] The Hebrew cognate of _masu_, to forget, is _nasa_, Arabic +_nasijia_, and occurs here in Babylonian for the first time. See also +Brockelman, _Vergleichende Grammatik_ 160 a. + +[35] Probably phonetic variant of _edir_. The preterite of _ederu_, +to be in misery, has not been found. If this interpretation be correct +the preterite _edir_ is established. For the change _r_ > _l_ note also +_attalah_ < _attarah_, Harper, _Letters_ 88, 10, _bilku_ < _birku_, +RA. 9, 77 II 13; _uttakkalu_ < _uttakkaru_, Ebeling, KTA. 49 IV 10. + +[36] Also _na_-'-[ -]_ma_ is possible. + +[37] The text cannot be correct since it has no intelligible sign. My +reading is uncertain. + +[38] Text uncertain, _kal-lu-tim_ is possible. + +[39] _KAK-si_. + +[40] _KAK-si_. + +[41] Literally nostrils. _pitik apunnati-su_, work done in his +presence(?). The meaning of the idiom is uncertain. + +[42] Text _ZU_! + +[43] Text has erroneous form. + +[44] Text _PA-it-tam_ clearly! + +[45] Omitted by the scribe. + +[46] Sic! The plural of _kakku_, _kakkitu_(?). + +[47] Cf. _e-pi-sa-an-su-nu libaru_, "May they see their doings," +_Maklu_ VII 17. + +[48] For _sakin-sum_. + +[49] On the verb _naku_ see the Babylonian Book of Proverbs Sec. 27. + +[50] The verb _la'atu_, to pierce, devour, forms its preterite _ilut_; +see VAB. IV 216, 1. The present tense which occurs here as _ilut_ +also. + +[51] Note _BUL(tu-ku)_ = _ratatu_ (falsely entered in Meissner, +SAI. 7993), and _irattutu_ in Zimmern, _Shurpu_, Index. + +[52] "For _ipsah_." + +[53] Sic! _hu_ reduced to the breathing _'u_; read _i-ni-'u_. + +[54] The tablet is reckoned at forty lines in each column, + +[55] Literally "he attained my front." + +[56] IV1 of _waladu_. + +[57] I.e., in the suburb of Erech. + +[58] _pataku_ has apparently the same sense originally as _bataku_, +although the one forms its preterite _iptik_, and the other +_ibtuk_. Cf. also _mahasu_ break, hammer and construct. + +[59] The passage is obscure. Here _suhuru_ is taken as a loan-word +from sugur = kimmatu, hair of the head. The infinitive II1 of _saharu_ +is philologically possible. + +[60] I.e., an ordinary man. + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Epic of Gilgamish, by Stephen Langdon + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH *** + +***** This file should be named 18897.txt or 18897.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/8/9/18897/ + +Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |