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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:54:19 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:54:19 -0700 |
| commit | bb2f1923eb6b7eeeac56ed0972e73c4e264a0fea (patch) | |
| tree | 6090c9dde6f45b77096bd22ce69991307dc08a6b /18866-h | |
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diff --git a/18866-h/18866-h.htm b/18866-h/18866-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4233e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/18866-h/18866-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,6991 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> + +<title> +The Project Gutenberg eBook of Scientific American, March 29, 1879 +</title> + +<style type="text/css"> +<!-- + body {margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; background-color: white} + img {border: 0;} + p { text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3 {text-align: center;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + hr.short {width: 25%;} + hr.long {width: 75%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + + .note {margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + .ind {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + ins.correction { + text-decoration:none; /* replace default underline.. */ + border-bottom: thin dotted gray; /* ..with delicate gray line */ + } + td.rt {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;} + .rt {text-align: right;} + + .center {text-align: center; } + .center table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + .signature {font-variant: small-caps; + text-align: right;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .hang { text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 1em;} + .caption { text-align: center; font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + +--> +</style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, +March 29, 1879, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879 + A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science, + Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures + +Author: Various + +Release Date: July 18, 2006 [EBook #18866] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VOLUME *** + + + + +Produced by Leonard D Johnson, Juliet Sutherland and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="center" style="margin-left: -10%; margin-right: -10%"> +<a name="Page_0191" id="Page_0191"></a> +<a href="./images/title.png"> +<img src="./images/title_th.png" alt="Issue Title." title="Issue Title." /></a> +</div> + +<h1>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN</h1> + +<h2>A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, +MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.</h2> + +<h2>NEW YORK, MARCH 29, 1879.</h2> + +<p class="center"><b>Vol. XL., No. 13. [<span class="smcap">New Series.</span>]</b></p> + +<p class="center"><b>$3.20 per Annum. [POSTAGE PREPAID.]</b></p> + +<hr /> + + + +<hr /> +<h2>Scientific American.</h2> + +<p class="center">ESTABLISHED 1845.</p> +<hr class="short" /> +<p class="center">MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors.</p> +<hr class="short" /> +<p class="center">PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT<br /> + +NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.</p> +<hr class="long" /> +<hr class="long" /> + +<p class="center">O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH.</p> + +<h2>TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.</h2> + +<table width="100%" summary="copy cost"> +<tr><td>One copy, one year, postage included</td><td class="rt"> $3 20</td></tr> +<tr><td>One copy, six months, postage included</td><td class="rt"> 1 60</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><b>Clubs.</b>—One extra copy of <span class="smcap">The Scientific American</span> will be supplied +gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional copies at +same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.</p> + +<p>Single copies of any desired number of the <span class="smcap">Supplement</span> sent to one +address on receipt of 10 cents.</p> + +<p>Remit by postal order. Address</p> + +<p class="rt">MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.</p> + + +<h3>The Scientific American Supplement</h3> + +<p>is a distinct paper from the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>. THE SUPPLEMENT +is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, with handsome +cover, uniform in size with <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>. Terms of subscription +for <span class="smcap">Supplement</span>, $5.00 a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies +10 cents. Sold by all news dealers throughout the country.</p> + +<p><b>Combined Rates.</b>—The S<span class="smcap">cientific American</span> and <span class="smcap">Supplement</span> +will be sent for one year, postage free, on receipt of <i>seven dollars</i>. Both +papers to one address or different addresses, as desired.</p> + +<p>The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter.</p> + +<p class="signature">Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, N. Y.</p> + +<h3>Scientific American Export Edition.</h3> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> Export Edition is a large and splendid periodical, +issued once a month. Each number contains about one hundred +large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.) Most of the +plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the <span class="smcap">Scientific +American</span>, with its splendid engravings and valuable information; (2.) +Commercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements of leading houses. +Terms for Export Edition, $5.00 a year, sent prepaid to any part of the +world. Single copies 50 cents. Manufacturers and others who desire +to secure foreign trade may have large, and handsomely displayed announcements +published in this edition at a very moderate cost.</p> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> Export Edition has a large guaranteed circulation +in all commercial places throughout the world. Address MUNN & +CO., 37 Park Row, New York.</p> + + + + + +<h2>VOL. XL., No. 13. [<span class="smcap">New Series.</span>] <i>Thirty-fourth Year</i>.</h2> + +<p class="center">NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MARCH 29, 1879.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Contents.</b></p> + + + + +<p class="center">(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)</p> + + +<table width="100%" summary="Table of Contents"> +<tr><td><a href="#africa">Africa crossed again</a></td><td> 193</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#alum">Aluminum</a></td><td>197</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#baro">Barometer, aneroid</a></td><td>201</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#bolt">Bolt, door, improved*</a></td><td>198</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#bread">Bread, snow-raised</a></td><td>199</td></tr> +<tr><td><ins class="correction" + title="Transcriber's note: Missing from original."> + + +Buffalo, domestication of the</ins></td><td>197</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#carpet">Carpet beetle, remedy for the</a></td><td>195</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#chim">Chimney flues</a></td><td>198</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#clock">Clocks, pneumatic</a></td><td>196</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#coop">Cooper, Peter, as an inventor</a></td><td>193</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#crush">Crusher, ore, novel*</a></td><td>194</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#elect">Electricity, statical, phenom. in.</a></td><td>194</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#flour">Flour, banana</a></td><td>195</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#furn">Furnace, imp., for burn'g garbage*</a></td><td>198</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#hard">Hardware, English & American</a></td><td>201</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#ice">Ice cave of Decorah, Iowa</a></td><td>196</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#invent">Inventions, new agricultural</a></td><td>199</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#iron">Iron, advance in</a></td><td>201</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#light">Light, albo-carbon</a></td><td>201</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#magnet">Magnetism, curious facts in</a></td><td>194</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#motor">Motor, Gary, the*</a></td><td>196</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#natur">Natural science, charms of</a></td><td>200</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#neut">Neutral line, Gary's</a></td><td>196</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#note">Notes and queries</a></td><td>203</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#patent1">Patent laws</a></td><td>192</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#patent2">Patents, American, recent</a></td><td>194</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#pen">Pen, stencil, new*</a></td><td>195</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#people">People, a strange</a></td><td>195</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#phos">Phosphorescence</a></td><td>199</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#plant">Plants protected by insects</a></td><td>201</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#pleuro">Pleuro-pneumonia</a></td><td>192</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#rail">Railway, Vesuvius</a></td><td>200</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#read1">Reading and eyesight</a></td><td>199</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#read2">Reading, taste for</a></td><td>193</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#regul">Regulator, engine, novel*</a></td><td>195</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#spain">Spain a field for machinery</a></td><td>193</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#speci"><ins class="correction" title="Transcriber's note: Missing from original Table of Contents.">Specimen, a rare geological</ins></a></td><td>196</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#sponge">Sponges, glass*</a></td><td>200</td></tr> +<tr><td><ins class="correction" title="Transcriber's note: Missing from original.">Steamship, ocean, large</ins></td><td>196</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#table">Table, ironing, new*</a></td><td>194</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#teleg1">Telegraph, writing</a></td><td>196</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#teleg2">Telegraph, writing, Cowper's</a></td><td>197</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#teleg3">Telegraphy, ocean, progress of</a></td><td>195</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#tiller">Tiller, steam, new*</a></td><td> 191</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#tree">Tree, pottery</a></td><td>200</td></tr> +<tr><td><a href="#vase">Vase, Greek, ancient*</a></td><td>199</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr /> + +<p class="center">TABLE OF CONTENTS OF<br /> + +<b>THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT</b><br /> + +<b>No. 169,</b><br /> + +<b>For the Week ending March 29, 1879.</b><br /> + +Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers.</p> + + +<p class="hang">I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.—The Herreshoff Torpedo Boat, +recently built at Bristol, R. I., for the British Government. The novelties +in the placing of the screw, etc. The Peculiar Boiler. 4 figures.—Improved +Hopper Steam Dredger. 2 figures.—The St. Gothard Tunnel.—The +Beacon Tower of Lavezzi. 3 figures.</p> + + +<p class="hang">II. ARCHITECTURE.—Bath Abbey Church. Full page illustration.</p> + +<p class="hang">III. TECHNOLOGY.—The Achison Stone Cutting Machine. 1 engraving.—The +Deep Mines of the World.—Shoemakers' Wax.—Gruber's New +Method of Germination. 1 engraving.—Improved Process for Treating +Wood, etc., for Paper Manufacture.—Bronzing Plaster of Paris Casts.—Sal +Soda for Unhairing Hides and Skins.—Sieburger's Paste.—To Tan +Lace Leather with Softsoap.<br /> +<br /> +Practical Dyeing Recipes: Blue white zephyr, Scotch blue on worsted, +Scotch green on worsted, jacquineaux on worsted, drab on worsted, +gold on venetian carpet yarn, red brown slubbing, scarlet braid, +slate braid, light drab on cotton, blue on cotton, brown on cotton, +chrome orange on cotton carpet yarn, black on common mixed carpet +yarn for filling, black on cotton and wool mixed yarn.<br /> +<br /> +Damar Varnish for Negatives.—To Make Vignetters by Means of +Gelatino-Chromate.—Resorcine Colors.—Phosphate Soaps.—Substitution +of Different Metals in Ultramarine Colors.—A Harmless Green for +Paper Hangings.—Siegwart's Bath for Etching Glass.—Composition of +French Bronzes.—A New Enemy to the Tea Plant.—The Bradford Oil +Sand.</p> + +<p class="hang">IV. CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY.—Apparatus for Titration, 1 +figure.—Palladium.—Hæmocyanin.—Test for Alcohol in Ethereal Oils +and Chloroform.—Reaction of Tartaric and Citric Acid.—A Peculiar +Observation.—Insolubility of Iodate of Lead.—Mode of Preventing the +Contamination of Water with Lead.—Separating Phosphorus from +Iron and Steel.—Production of Alcohol without Fermentation.</p> + +<p class="hang">V. ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT, ETC.—Some Facts in regard to Telescopic +and Stereoscopic Vision.—The Centenary of the Birth of Sir +Humphry Davy. His boyish days. His first chemical experiments. +His first lecture at the Royal Institution. A very entertaining biographical +sketch.—Light and Heat in Gas Flames.—Nickel Needles for +Compasses.—The Nature of the Elements.—A New Compound Prism +for Direct Vision Spectroscopes.</p> + +<p class="hang">VI. MEDICINE AND HYGIENE.—Filaria in the Eye. By <span class="smcap">Chas. S. +Turnbull</span>, M. D.—The Species of Tapeworm now Prevalent.—Nitrous +Oxide under Pressure.</p> + +<p class="hang">VII. NATURAL HISTORY, GEOLOGY, ETC.—A Gigantic American +Deep-sea Crustacean, 1 engraving.—Glaciers in the United States.—The +Toulomne Cave.—Achæological Explorations in Tennessee. By <span class="smcap">F. W. +Putnam</span>. 6 figures.—Memorably Cold Winters.—Life at Timber Line. +By Professor <span class="smcap">C. E. Robins</span>, Summit, Colorado.—The Walled Lake in +Iowa.</p> + +<p class="hang">VIII. ASTRONOMY.—Is the Moon Inhabited? By <span class="smcap">Camille Flammarion</span>. +The various opinions that have been held in regard to the moon. The +best we can do with our present telescopes. The means we possess +for judging of the condition of the moon. Recent changes on the +moon. Photographs of the moon and their defects. Facts that have +been observed by the persevering eyes of astronomers.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="tiller" id="tiller"></a>A NEW STEAM TILLER.</h2> + +<p>Steam is now made to perform almost everything in the +way of heavy labor, to the saving of muscle and energy that +may be more profitably employed; and since inventive +genius has devised means of governing steam with absolute +accuracy, there seems to be no limit to its economical application.</p> + +<p>A recent invention in steam engineering, which exhibits +in a marked degree the controllability and adaptability of +steam, is Mr. Herbert Wadsworth's +steam tiller, an engraving +of which we present +herewith.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/1b.png"><img src="./images/1b-th.png" alt="Fig. 1, 2, 3." /></a> +</div> + +<p>This machine (Fig. 1) is provided +with a steam cylinder, +similar to the cylinder of a +steam engine, containing a piston, +the rod of which is attached +to a crosshead, A, that slides +on ways, B, secured to the +bed supporting the cylinder.</p> + +<p>The tiller, D, as it is carried +to starboard or port, +slides through a socket, E, +pivoted to the crosshead.</p> + +<p>The motion of the rudder +is communicated to the steam +cut-off by means of the shaft, +C, crank, J, rod, K, crank, I, +and the hollow valve spindle. +When the tiller is amidships +the valve handle, H, is at right +angles to the cylinder, and +parallel to the tiller. By moving +the lever, H, to right or +left, steam is admitted to one +end or the other of the cylinder, +which, acting on the tiller +through the piston, piston +rod, and crosshead, moves the +rudder; and when the rudder +reaches the desired position +the cut-off will have been +moved the amount necessary +to prevent further entrance +of steam. When the rudder is influenced by the waves or +by the expansion or contraction of steam, the cut-off alters its +position in relation to the valve and automatically arranges +the steam passages so that the piston is returned to its proper +position. The details of the cut-off are shown in Fig. 2; +the valve, G, which covers the cut-off, F, acts like a four +way cock. The spindle of the cut-off, F, is connected with +the lever, I, and is moved by the rudder, as already described. +By enlarging or gradually narrowing the ends of +the steam ports great rigidity or elasticity may be given to +the hold of this engine, according to the requirements of the +particular vessel.</p> + +<p>Few and simple as are the parts of this machine it is possible, +by balancing the valves and suiting the diameter of the cylinder +to the work to be performed, to overcome great resistances +with a slight effort. The inventor says that this system of +valves is considered by experts to be novel and very valuable.</p> + +<p>In Fig. 3 is shown a pattern of a slide valve suited to special +purposes. Its working is +essentially the same as that of +the valve already described. +The ports are set side by side, +parallel with the sides of the +valve. The supply port is in +the middle, the other ports +lead to opposite ends of the +cylinder.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/1a.png"><img src="./images/1a-th.png" alt="Fig. 4." /></a> +</div> + +<p>In Fig. 4 is shown another +application of the controlling +valve and cut-off described +above. Two oscillating steam +cylinders are employed in +working the rudder. They +are placed on opposite sides +of the chest, A, and are supplied +with steam through the +controlling valve, B. The +piston rods of the two cylinders +are connected with +cranks placed on opposite +ends of the shaft, C, at right +angles to each other. Upon +this shaft, half-way between +the pillow blocks which support +it, there is a worm which +engages a toothed sector, D, +on the rudder-post, E. To +an extension of the rudder-post +is secured an arm, F, +which is connected with the +arm, G, of the controlling +valve. By shifting the lever, +H, the supply of steam to +the two cylinders may be increased +or diminished, or its direction may be changed, so +that the engines will be reversed or stopped. This engine +is remarkable for its simplicity. The cylinders may +be detached and changed if required, one size of bed answering +for three different sizes of cylinder, which may vary only +in diameter, the stroke being the same, so that the castings +for engines of different power are the same except in the +matter of the cylinders and pistons, and all the parts are interchangeable—a +feature of modern engine building that +cannot be too highly valued.</p> + +<p>Further information may be obtained from Herbert Wadsworth, +26 Merchants' Bank Building, 28 State street, Boston, +Mass.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<p><a name="Page_0192" id="Page_0192"></a></p> + +<h2><a name="patent1" id="patent1"></a>HOW OUR PATENT LAWS PROMOTE AND IMPROVE +AMERICAN INDUSTRIES.</h2> + +<p>On another page we print in full a most suggestive paper +recently read before the Manchester (Eng.) Scientific and +Mechanical Society, by Mr. Frederick Smith, a prominent +builder of that city, contrasting the qualities, styles, and +prices of American and English builders' hardware—a +paper which the <i>Ironmonger</i> pronounces one of the most +serious indictments yet preferred against British workmanship +in that department.</p> + +<p>The field covered by the paper—the supplying of house +builders' hardware—embraces a multitude of conveniences, +but no real necessities. Why is it that America has been +prolific in novel devices and clever improvements in this department +of manufacture as in so many others, while England +has gone on stolidly copying ancient forms, changing only +to cheapen by the introduction of poor material and sham +construction? Mr. Smith mentions several reasons that +English manufacturers have given him for the state of +things he, as an Englishman, so greatly deplores; but evidently +he is not satisfied with any of them, and very justly; +for none of them touches the real cause—the radically different +attitude of the public mind toward inventions, characteristic +of the two countries.</p> + +<p>In England the user of household inconveniences accepts +them as matters of fact; or if he grumbles at them he never +thinks of trying to change them. It is not his business; +and if he should devise an improvement, ten to one he could +not get it made. To patent it is practically out of the question, +for if it were not condemned off-hand as trivial, the +patent fees would make it cost more than it was likely to +be worth. The mechanic who makes such things is trained +to work to pattern, and not waste his time on experiments. +Besides, if he should make a clever invention he would not +be able to raise the necessary fees for a patent, or to get any +one to help him thereto. The manufacturer "makes what +his customers call for." Why should he spend his money +and spoil his plant to introduce improvements? So things +go, until some pestilent Yankees flood the markets with +better articles at a lower price; and British consumers suddenly +discover that they want something that the native +manufacturer cannot make. The need was there; but invention +did not follow. How happened it that the American +manufacturer did not pursue the same uninventive course? +What produced the radically different attitude of the American +mind toward newfangled notions out of which inventions +proceeded and flourished?</p> + +<p>No doubt several causes have been at work: freedom of +thought and action; popular education; a blending of races; +and the tide of adventurous spirits naturally resorting to a +new and free land. These have had their influence undoubtedly; +but all these have existed, more or less completely, +in other new lands, without that outburst of creative +energy which has made America the nursery of inventions, +great and small. The determining cause, the one +condition that prevailed here and not elsewhere, was the +circumstance that almost from the start new ideas were +given a market value in this country. Unlike all others, +the American patent law directly encouraged independent +thinking in all classes. The fees were low and the protection +offered fairly good. Men soon found that it paid to +invent; that one of the surest roads to competency was a +patented improvement on something of general use. If a +household utensil or appliance went wrong or worked badly, +every user was directly interested in devising something +better; and, more than that, he was interested in making +his invention known and in securing its adoption. The +workman at his bench had an ever-present inducement to +contrive something at once cheaper and better than the article +he was hired to make. He could patent his improvement, +or the wholly original device he might hit upon, for a +few dollars; and his patent would count as capital. It would +make him his own master, possibly bring him a fortune. +The manufacturer could not rest contented with the thing +he set out to make, for the meanest hired man in his employ +might suddenly become a competitor. He must be +constantly alert for possible improvements, or his rivals +would get ahead of him. The result is a nation of inventors, +at whose hands the newest of lands has leaped to the leadership +in the arts, almost at a bound.</p> + +<p>There is talk of changing all this; of emulating the conservative +spirit of the Old World; of putting inventors under +bonds; of stopping the rush of industrial improvement—to +enable a few short-sighted yet grasping corporations to get +along without paying license fees for such inventions as +they happen to approve of. They profess to want inventors to +go on making improvements. They are willing to ascribe +all honor to the successful inventor; but they are determined +not to pay him for his work. Still more they are determined +to change the attitude of the public mind toward +inventors and inventions, if such a change can be wrought +by plausible misrepresentations. The fact that they were +able to inveigle one branch of the American Congress into +assenting to their unjust and mischievous scheme is one of +the anomalies of our recent history. It should be taken as a +timely warning of impending danger to all the industrial +interests of the country. It is outrageous that the +inventors of the land, after having raised their country to +the first rank among industrial nations, should have to defend +their constitutional rights against Congressional invasion; +but the fact exists; and the defense should be made +a matter of personal interest and effort not only by every inventor +and manufacturer, but by every honest citizen.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="pleuro" id="pleuro"></a>PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.</h2> + +<p>The cattle plague, which is creating so much anxiety +throughout the Eastern States, is a contagious fever, affecting +cows chiefly, characterized by extensive exudations into +the respiratory organs, and attended by a low typhus inflammation +of the lungs, pluræ, and bronchia. It has prevailed +in Europe for ages, at times developing into wide-spread +scourges, causing incalculable loss. It was imported into +England in 1839, and again three years later; and it was estimated +that within twenty-five years thereafter the losses by +deaths alone in England had amounted to $450,000,000. In +1858 the disease was carried to Australia by an English cow, +and, spreading to the cattle ranges, almost depopulated them.</p> + +<p>In 1843 an infected Dutch cow brought the disease to Brooklyn, +where it has since lingered, slowly spreading among the +cattle in Kings and Queens counties. In 1847 several head +of infected English cattle were imported into New Jersey, +and, spreading among a herd of valuable cattle, made it necessary +for them all to be slaughtered, the only certain method +of stamping out the disease. In 1859 four infected cows were +imported into Massachusetts from Holland; the plague spread +rapidly, and was stamped out only by persistent effort, the +State paying for over 1,000 slaughtered cattle. Since 1867 +the disease has not been known there. Meantime the pest +had invaded Eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, +where it has since prevailed in isolated localities. The +absence of large herds of moving cattle in these districts, +except for speedy slaughter, has prevented the disease from +developing into a general plague.</p> + +<p>The recent action of the British Council in forbidding the +importation of American live cattle is likely to prove of inestimable +benefit to this country, in forcibly calling attention +to the grave risk that the presence of the disease on Long +Island and elsewhere constantly entails. Fortunately the +drift of the cattle traffic is eastward, and as yet there has +been no propagation of the poison in the great cattle ranges +of the West. Unless summarily arrested, however, the disease +will surely reach those sources of our cattle supply, and +occasion losses that can be estimated only in hundreds of +millions of dollars.</p> + +<p>The experience of all countries into which this disease has +gained access appears to prove that there is only one way of +getting rid of it—namely, the immediate killing of all infected +cattle, and the thorough disinfection of the premises in which +they are found.</p> + +<p>The disease is purely infectious, and is never found in regions +where it has not gained a foothold by importation. +Palliative measures have in every instance failed to eradicate +the disease, and are only justifiable, as in Australia, +after the plague has reached dimensions utterly beyond the +reach of any process of extermination.</p> + +<p>Professor Law, of Cornell University, one of our best informed +veterinary surgeons, most emphatically opposes every +attempt to control the disease by quarantining the sick or +by the inoculation of the healthy. "We may quarantine +the sick," he says, "but we cannot quarantine the air." To +establish quarantine yards is simply to maintain prolific +manufacturers of the poison, which is given off by the breath +of the sick, and by their excretions, to such an extent that +no watchfulness can insure against its dissemination. Besides, +the expense of thorough quarantining operations would +amount to more than the value of the infected animals whose +lives might be saved thereby. Inoculation is still less to be +tolerated at this stage of the pest.</p> + +<p>The Professor says: "Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, +and England, have been treating the victims of this plague +for nearly half a century, but the result has only been the +increase of disease and death. Our own infected States have +been treating it for a third of a century, and to-day it exists +over a wider area than ever before. Contrast this with the +results in Massachusetts and Connecticut, where the disease +has been repeatedly crushed out at small expense, and there +can be no doubt as to which is the wisest course. As all the +plagues are alike in the propagation of the poison in the +bodies of the sick, I may be allowed to adduce the experience +of two adjacent counties in Scotland when invaded by the +rinderpest. Aberdeen raised a fund of £2,000, and though +she suffered several successive invasions, she speedily crushed +out the poison wherever it appeared by slaughtering the sick +beasts and disinfecting the premises. The result was that +little more than half the fund was wanted to reimburse the +owners for their losses, and the splendid herds of the county +were preserved. Forfar, on the other hand, set herself +to cure the plague, with the result of a universal infection, +the loss of many thousands of cattle, and the ruin of hundreds +of farmers. Finally the malady was crushed out in +the entire island by the method adopted by Aberdeen and +other well advised counties at the outset."</p> + +<p>And again, "Cattle have been inoculated by the tens of +thousands in Belgium and Holland, and of all Europe these +are the countries now most extensively infected. France, +Prussia, Italy, Austria, and England have each practiced it +on a large scale, and each remains a home of the plague. +Australia has followed the practice, and is now and must +continue an infected country. Our own infected States have +inoculated, and the disease has survived and spread in spite +of it, and even by its aid. Whatever country has definitively +exterminated the plague (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holstein, +Mecklenburg, Switzerland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut), +that country has prohibited inoculation and all +other methods that prevail on the principle of preserving the +sick, and has relied on the slaughter of the infected and the +thorough disinfection of their surroundings. So will it be +<a name="Page_0193" id="Page_0193"></a>with us. If any State adopts or allows any of these temporizing +measures, that State will only repeat the experience of +the past alike in the Old World and the New, will perpetuate +the disease in the country, will entail great losses on its +citizens, will keep up the need for constant watchfulness +and great expense by the adjoining States for their own protection, +and will indefinitely postpone the resumption of the +foreign live stock trade, which, a few months ago, promised +to be one of the most valuable branches of our international +commerce."</p> + +<p>We are persuaded that the position taken by Professor +Law, and other similar-minded veterinary surgeons, is the +only safe one. The disease can be stamped out now with +comparatively small loss. If trifled with, and tolerated, it +cannot but result in a great national calamity.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="spain" id="spain"></a>SPAIN A FIELD FOR MACHINERY AND PATENTS.</h2> + +<p>From a too lengthy communication to admit in full to our +columns, a resident of Madrid communicates to the <span class="smcap">Scientific +American</span> some facts relative to the fertility of the +soil of Spain, her necessity for improved agricultural and +other implements, and closes with the assertion that it is a +good field withal for patents. We cull from the letter as +follows:</p> + +<p>I have lived, says the writer, for a number of years in this +beautiful country, so little understood by foreigners, so little +appreciated by its own inhabitants. The Spain of romance, +poetry, and song, is the garden as well as the California of +Europe. But it stands in great need of the health-giving +touch of the North American enterprise. We have here the +same mineral treasures, the same unrivaled advantages of +climate, that made Spain once the industrial and commercial +emporium of the world.</p> + +<p>But Spain is awakening. She is endeavoring to shake off +her lethargy. The late Exhibition of Paris has proved this; +and those who are familiar with the past history and present +condition of Spain have been astonished at the result +of this effort. A new era has commenced for the country, +and it is everywhere evident that a strong current of enterprise +and industry has set in. But it is with nations, as with +individuals, when they have remained long in complete inaction, +brain and muscles are torpid and cannot at first obey +the will. Spain needs the assistance of other nations hardened +and inured to toil.</p> + +<p>The plows now used to till the land are precisely such as +were those left by the Moors in the unfinished furrow, when +with tears and sighs they bade farewell to their broad fields, +their mosques and palaces, whose ideal architecture is still +the wonder of the world, to go forth as outcasts and exiles +in obedience to the cruel edict that drove them away to the +deserts of Africa.</p> + +<p>I doubt whether there is an American plow in Spain, +much less a steam plow. Sowing and reaping machines are +here unknown, and grain is tread out by oxen and mules +just as it was in Scripture times, and cleaned by women, +who toss it in the air to scatter the chaff. Everything is +primitive and Oriental here as yet.</p> + +<p>Spain could supply all Europe with butter and cheese, +and, on the contrary, these articles are imported in large +quantities from England, Holland, and Switzerland. The +traveler crosses leagues and leagues of meadow land where</p> + +<p>not a tree is to be seen, nor one sheep pasture, and which are +nevertheless watered by broad rivers that carry away to the +ocean the water that would, by irrigation, convert these fields +into productive farms. There are many places in Spain +where the wine is thrown away for want of purchasers and +vats in which to keep it. In the Upper Aragon, the mortar +with which the houses are built is made with wine instead of +water, the former being the most plentiful. Aragon needs +an enterprising American company to convert into wholesome +table wine the infinite varieties there produced, and +which our neighbors the French buy and carry away to convert +into Bordeaux.</p> + +<p>We want American enterprise in Galicia and Asturias, +where milk is almost given away, to convert it into the best +of butter and cheese; and also in those same provinces, +where delicious fruit is grown in such abundance that it is +left on the ground for the swine.</p> + +<p>Spain needs many more railroads and canals, all of which, +when constructed, are subsidized by the government; the +railroads at the rate of $12,000 a kilometer, and many more +additional advantages are offered for canals.</p> + +<p>With regard to commerce with Spain, we have to lament +the same indifference on the part of the Americans. I have, +for instance, an American double-burner petroleum lamp. +All who see it admire and covet it, but they are not to be +had here. If we except one American in Madrid, who +brings mostly pumps and similar articles on a very small +scale, we have no dealers in American goods here. Wooden +clothes pins, lemon squeezers, clothes horses, potato peelers, +and the hundreds of domestic appliances of American invention, +elsewhere considered indispensable, are in Spain +unknown.</p> + +<p>We had confidently expected that the new Spanish law on +patents would draw the attention of American inventors toward +this country, that to-day offers a wide field for every +new practical invention, but I am sorry to see that, with the +exception of Edison and a few others, the Americans have +not yet availed themselves of the easy facility for taking +patents for Spain, where new inventions and new industries +are now eagerly accepted and adopted. And while the +Americans are thus careless as to their own interests, the +French take out and negotiate, in Spain, American patents +with insignificant variations.</p> + +<p>Let American inventors be assured that any new invention, +useful and practical, and above all, requiring but little capital +to establish it as an industry, will find a ready sale in +Spain.</p> + +<p>I could enlarge to a much greater extent upon the indifference +of American inventors, merchants, manufacturers, +and business men, as to the market they have in Spain in +their respective lines, and upon the importance of building +up a trade with this country, but to do so would require +more space than I think you would feel justified in occupying +in your columns.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="coop" id="coop"></a>PETER COOPER AS AN INVENTOR.</h2> + +<p>The successes of Peter Cooper's long and useful life are +well known. Not so many are aware of his varied experience +in the direction of failure, particularly in the field of +invention. More than once he has found his best devices +profitless because ahead of his time, or because of conditions, +political or otherwise, which no one could foresee. He possessed +the rare qualities, however, of pluck and perseverance, +and when one thing failed he lost no time in trying something +else. Before he was of age he had learned three trades—and +he did not make his fortune at either.</p> + +<p>In a familiar conversation with a <i>Herald</i> writer recently, +Mr. Cooper related some of his early experiences, particularly +with reference to enterprises which did not succeed. +His father was a hatter, and as a boy young Cooper learned +how to make a hat in all its parts. The father was not successful +in business, and the hatter's trade seems to have +offered little encouragement to the son. Accordingly he +learned the art of making ale. Why he did not stick to that +calling and become a millionaire brewer, Mr. Cooper does +not say. Most probably the national taste for stronger tipple +could not at that time be overcome, and ale could not +compete with New England rum and apple-jack. The young +mechanic next essayed the art of coachmaking, at which he +served a full apprenticeship. At the end of his time his employer +offered to set him up in business, but the offer was +not accepted, through fear of losing another's money. He +felt that if he took the money and lost it he would have to be +a slave for life. So he quit coachmaking and went to work +for a man at Hempstead, L. I., making machines for shearing +cloth. In three years, on $1.50 a day, Cooper had saved +enough money to buy his employer's patent. Immediately +he introduced improvements in the manufacture and in the +machine, which the war with England made a great demand +for by excluding foreign cloths. At this time Cooper +married. In due time the family numbered three, and the +young father's inventive faculty was again called upon.</p> + +<p>"In those days," said Mr. Cooper to the reporter, smiling +as the remembrance came to his mind, "we kept no servants +as they do nowadays, and my wife and myself had to do all +that was to be done. After our first child was born I used +to come into the house and find my wife rocking the cradle, +and I relieved her from that while I was there. After doing +that for a few days I thought to myself that I could make +that thing go of itself. So I went into my shop, and made a +pendulous cradle that would rock the child. Then I attached +a musical instrument which would sing for it, and at the +same time the machine would keep the flies off. The latter +was very simple; by hanging something to the cross bar, as +the cradle swung under it, backward and forward, it would +create wind enough to drive away the flies. The machine +was wound up by a weight, and would run for nearly half +an hour without stopping. I took out a patent for it, and +one day a peddler came along with a horse and wagon, as they +do in the country, and saw the cradle. He struck a bargain +with me and bought the patent right for the State of Connecticut, +giving for it his horse and wagon and all the goods +he had with him. They afterward made some there, but nothing +like as good as mine. It was a beautiful piece of furniture," +said Mr. Cooper regretfully, as he thought of it as a +thing of the past. "They afterward substituted springs for +the weight movement, but that kind was not so good."</p> + +<p>About this time the war with England ended and the market +was spoiled for the shearing machines. Then, we believe, +Mr. Cooper tried his hand at cabinetmaking, but that +failed, and he set up a grocery store where the Bible House +now stands. While selling groceries Mr. Cooper made an +invention which ought to have made his fortune, but it did +not. The story is best told in Mr. Cooper's own words:</p> + +<p>"It was just before the Erie Canal was completed, and I +conceived a plan by which to tow boats by the use of all the +elevated waters on the line of the canal. To demonstrate that +that was practicable I made with my own hands a chain two +miles long, and placed posts 200 feet apart in the East River +from Bellevue dock down town about a mile. These posts +supported grooved wheels to lay the chain in, forming an +endless chain. The whole was moved by an overshot waterwheel +placed at the Bellevue dock. A reservoir twelve feet +square and three deep held the water to turn the wheel."</p> + +<p>At the suggestion of Governor Clinton Mr. Cooper tightened +his chain and pulled up the end post just before the +grand trial of his device was to come off. He succeeded in +getting stone enough to anchor the post, however, and the +experiment went off swimmingly. The boat was hooked on +to the chain, and the passage back and forward—two miles—was +made in eleven minutes.</p> + +<p>"I ran that boat some ten days," says Mr. Cooper, "to let +people see what could be done, and carried nearly a thousand +people. Part of the time I ran two boats. Once I counted +52 people in one boat. I made the whole chain myself and +planted the posts. As I could find no wheels to suit me I +made the moulds and cast the wheels myself out of block tin +and zinc. It was no small job, I can tell you."</p> + +<p>This was unquestionably a grand invention. In itself it +was a perfect success; but it was not used. Mr. Cooper tells +why:</p> + +<p>"It demonstrated completely that the elevated water +power along the line of the canal and every lock in the canal +could be made use of to drive the boats. Governor Clinton +gave me $800 for the privilege of buying the right to the +plan in case he should want to use it on the Erie Canal. In +making the canal he had promised the people along the route +that as soon as it was finished they could sell their horses to +tow the boats, their grain and fodder to feed the horses, and +their provisions for the passengers. On reflection he thought +that if he took all that away from them he would have to run +the gantlet again, and he could not afford to do that. There +never was anything done with the plan until a few years ago, +when Mr. Welch, president of the Camden and Amboy Railroad +and Canal, invented exactly the same thing and put it +in practice on his locks on the canal. He found it saved half +the time and great expense. He went to Washington to take +out a patent for it, and when he got there he found that I +had patented the same thing fifty-three years before. My patent +had run out, so he could use the plan on his canal. It +has also been used on one lock on the Erie Canal. If they +could have used that chain on the whole length of the Erie +Canal it would have saved many millions of dollars."</p> + +<p>This would not be a bad place, were there room for it, to +speak of "undeveloped" and therefore worthless inventions; +and the assumption that if an inventor does not make his invention +immediately profitable it must be good for nothing, +and should be dispatented. But the moral goes without telling.</p> + +<p>Mr. Cooper's next attempt at invention was made about the +same time, but in quite a different direction. It was during +the struggle of the Greeks for independence, and wishing to +do something for their assistance, Mr. Cooper undertook to +make a torpedo boat for them. Mr. Cooper says:</p> + +<p>"It was a small one that could be taken on board ship and +used to destroy any vessel that came to destroy them. It +was fixed with a rotary steam engine and a screw wheel to +propel it. It was intended to be guided from the ship or the +shore. There were two steel wires fixed to the tiller of the +rudder, and the operator could pull on one side or the other +and guide the vessel just as a horse is guided with reins. It +was so arranged that at night it would carry a light with its +dark side toward the object to be destroyed, and by simply +keeping the light in range with the vessel it would be sure to +hit it. The torpedo was carried on a little iron rod, projecting +in front of the torpedo vessel a few inches under water. +Contact would discharge the torpedo and bend this iron rod. +This would reverse the action of the engine and cause the torpedo +vessel to return right back from whence it came, ready +to carry another torpedo."</p> + +<p>Unfortunately the torpedo boat was not ready in time to go +with the ship carrying the contributions for Greece. It was +stored in Mr. Cooper's factory (he had then turned his attention +to glue) and was destroyed by the burning of the factory. +It seems to have been quite a promising affair for the time. +Mr. Cooper says:</p> + +<p>"I experimented with it at once to see how far it could be +guided. I made a steel wire ten miles long and went down +to the Narrows to test the matter. I had steel yards fastened +to one end of the wire, and to the other end the torpedo vessel +as attached. It got about six miles away when a vessel +coming into the harbor crossed the wire and broke it. +Although the experiment was not complete it showed that +for at least six miles I could guide the vessel as easily as I +could guide a horse."</p> + +<p>Mr. Cooper's work as the pioneer locomotive builder +in this country; his later inventions and improvements in the +manufacture of railway iron and wrought iron beams for fireproof +buildings; his application of anthracite coal to iron +puddling, and his other successes are almost as widely known +as his philanthropic efforts for the education and advancement +of the industrial classes of this city.</p> + +<p>After all, we are not sure but the story of his long and varied +and always honorable career, told by himself, would not +be worth, to young people who have to make their way in +life through many difficulties, more even than the advantages +of the noble institution which bears his name.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="smcap"><a name="read2" id="read2"></a>Taste for Reading.</span>—Sir John Herschel has declared +that "if he were to pray for a taste which should stand under +every variety of circumstance and be a source of happiness +and cheerfulness to him through life, it would be a taste +for reading." Give a man, he affirms, that taste, and the +means of gratifying it, and you cannot fail of making him +good and happy; for you bring him in contact with the best +society in all ages, with the tenderest, the bravest, and the +purest men who have adorned humanity, making him a +denizen of all nations, a contemporary of all times, and giving +him a practical proof that the world has been created for +him, for his solace, and for his enjoyment.</p> + +<hr /> + + + +<h3><a name="africa" id="africa"></a>Africa Crossed Again.</h3> + +<p>Information has been received by way of Lisbon, March +12, that the Portuguese explorer, Pinto, has succeeded in +traversing Africa from west to east, and has reached Transvaal. +The latitude of his course across is not mentioned.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<p><a name="Page_0194" id="Page_0194"></a></p> + +<h2><a name="magnet" id="magnet"></a>CURIOUS FACTS IN MAGNETISM.</h2> + +<p>At the meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences +February 17th, the article in the March number of <i>Harper's +Magazine</i>, entitled "Gary's Magnetic Motor," was incidentally +alluded to, and Prof. C. A. Seeley made the following remarks: +The article claims that Mr. Gary has made a discovery +of a neutral line or surface, at which the polarity of an +induced magnet, while moving in the field of the inducing +pole, is changed. The alleged discovery appears to be an +exaggerated statement of some curious facts, which, although +not new, are not commonly recognized. If a bar of iron be +brought up, end on, near a magnetic pole, the bar becomes +an induced magnet, but an induced magnet quite different +from what our elementary treatises seem to predict. On the +first scrutiny it is a magnet without a neutral point, and only +one kind of magnetism—namely, that of the inducing pole. +Moreover, the single pole is pretty evenly distributed over +the whole surface, so that if iron filings be sprinkled on the +bar they will be attracted at all points and completely cover +it. Now, if while the bar is covered by filings it be moved +away from the inducing pole, the filings will gradually and +progressively fall, beginning at the end nearest the inducing +pole and continuing to some point near the middle of the bar; +the filings at the remote end will generally be held permanently. +When the bar is carried beyond +the field of the inducing pole it is +simply a weak magnet of ordinary properties—<i>i. e.</i>, +of two poles and a +neutral point between them.</p> + +<p>A plausible and simple explanation of +this case is that the inducing pole holds +or binds the induced magnetism of opposite +name, so that it has no external +influence; the two magnetisms are related +to each other as are the positive and +negative electricities of the Leyden jar. +Let the inducing pole be N.; the S. +of the bar will be attracted by it and +bound, while the N. of the bar becomes +abnormally free and active. On moving +the bar from the pole the bound +magnetism is released and a part becomes +residual magnetism. Now when +the residual balances the free magnetism +which is of opposite name, we are +on Gary's neutral line. In a restricted +sense there is a change of polarity over +the half of the bar contiguous to the inducing +pole; on the other half there is +no change of pole in any sense. Experiment +with a shingle nail in the place of +the filings, <i>à la</i> Gary, bring the nail to +the induced bound pole, and it may be +held, except at the neutral line. Now +if one will read the magazine article +with such ideas as these he will feel +pretty sure that the writer of it has used +words recklessly, that Gary has not +made an original discovery, and that the "neutral" line, +whatever it be, has only an imagined relation to the "principle" +of the motor.</p> + +<p>The Gary Motor as a perpetual motion scheme, of course, +is not worthy of serious notice from a society devoted to science. +It has no noteworthy novelty of construction or +conception. Mr. Gary is afflicted with the very old delusion +of the cut-off or shield of magnetism, which is to cost less +than what comes from it. His cut-off is a sheet of iron, +which we know acts simply as an armature.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="elect" id="elect"></a>A New Phenomenon in Statical Electricity.</h2> + +<p>M. E. Duter, in a paper read before the French Academy +in December, showed that when a Leyden jar is charged with +either positive or negative electricity its internal volume increases, +and that this effect is a new phenomenon, unexplainable +by either a theory of an increase of temperature or of +an electrical pressure. The experiment was performed by +means of a flask-shaped Leyden jar with +a long tube attached to its neck, and containing +a liquid which served as the inner +armature. The author's attention had been +called to the fact that this phenomenon had +been observed ten years ago by M. Gori.</p> + +<p>His researches, just made public, leave no +doubt of the accuracy of M. Duter's view, +that the glass of the jar really expands. +According to the theory of elasticity, the +effect of an internal pressure in a hollow +sphere is in the inverse ratio of its thickness. +M. Duter, therefore, had three flasks +made of the same volume, but of thicknesses +of 4 mm., 0.8 mm., and 0.5 mm. +respectively. They were filled with water +and enveloped by tin foil. Each carried a +capillary thermometer tube, in which the +variations of the height of liquid served to +measure the changes in volume due to +electrification. He found that these +changes were imperceptible in the thick +glass, very marked in the flask of mean +thickness, and rose to 30 mm. in the thinnest. +The variations in volume were very +nearly in inverse ratio of the square roots +of the thicknesses.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="crush" id="crush"></a>A NEW ORE CRUSHER.</h2> + +<p>The accompanying engravings represent an improved ore +crusher, which is said to be very effective and economical +in the use of power.</p> + +<div class="center" > +<a href="./images/4b.png"><img src="./images/4b-th.png" alt="BROWNS ORE CRUSHER." title="BROWNS ORE CRUSHER." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 1—BROWN'S ORE CRUSHER.</span> +</div> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/4a.png" alt="HORIZONTAL SECTION." title="HORIZONTAL SECTION." /> +<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 2—HORIZONTAL SECTION.</span> +</div> + +<p>A short vertical cast iron cylinder, A, having in one side +a discharge opening, H, contains all of the movable +parts.</p> + +<p>The upper portion of the cylinder is lined with chilled iron +plates, L, and an inclined chute, X, leads to the discharge +opening, H.</p> + +<p>A rigid shaft, B, carries the circular crusher, C, and +moves in a ball and socket joint at the upper end, and extends +eccentrically through the boss of a bevel wheel, G, at +its lower end, and rests on a step supported by a lever that +may be adjusted by the screw, R. The wheel, G, is driven +by the pinion, P, on whose shaft there are a pulley and a fly-wheel.</p> + +<p>The double gyratory motion of the crusher, C, causes it +to approach all portions of the lining, L, crushing whatever +lies between.</p> + +<p>It is said that this machine is capable of crushing 10 +tons of the hardest ore per hour. Its weight is 6,500 lbs.—<i>Musée +de l'Industrie.</i></p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="patent2" id="patent2"></a>RECENT AMERICAN PATENTS.</h2> + +<p>Enos Richmond, of Troy, N. Y., has invented a steak +tenderer, having a plunger studded with chisel-pointed rods, +and arranged in a case in connection with an elevating +spring. A blow upon the knob at the top of the plunger +forces the chisel-pointed rods through holes in the casing +into the meat, the casing resting on the surface of the +steak.</p> + +<p>Messrs. A. W. Southard and Volney R. Sears, of Falls +City, Neb., have patented an improved invalid bedstead, +which is provided with ingenious mechanism for placing +the invalid in different positions.</p> + +<p>An improved spring attachment for carriage tops, which +is designed to prevent the rear bow from being bent by the +weight of the top when turned back, has been patented by +Mr. Robert E. McCormick, of Doylestown, O.</p> + +<p>Mr. Espy Gallipher, of Schellsburg, Pa., has devised an +axle journal having a groove lengthwise upon its upper side +which extends back upon the surface of the axle and communicates +with an oil cup. A sliding rod occupies a portion +of the groove; when this rod is drawn out it permits the +oil to fill the groove; when it is pushed into the groove in the +axle, the oil is ejected and a further supply is cut off.</p> + +<p>An improved pill machine, invented by Messrs. W. N. +Fort and R. R. Moore, of Lewisville, +Ark., is adapted to the manufacture of +pills in large quantities. The machine +has mechanism for grinding and mixing +ingredients, a grooved wheel and +trough for forming the pills, and a +device for applying powder.</p> + +<p>An improvement in millstone adjustments +has been patented by Mr. +Stephen P. Walling, of South Edmeston, +N. Y. This invention consists in +a screw applied to the end of the mill +spindle on which the stone is rigidly +held, so that the running stone may be +forced by the screw away from the +stationary stone and held against the +action of a spring at the opposite end +of the spindle, the object being to +prevent the stones from becoming +dulled by contact with each other.</p> + +<p>An improved attachment for sewing +machines for soaking or waxing the +thread as it passes the needle, has been +patented by Mr. Pedro F. Fernandez, +of San Juan, Porto Rico. The invention +consists in a frame secured to the +arm of a sewing machine by a thumb-screw, +and provided with a clamping +device for holding wax or soap.</p> + +<p>A novel combination of a toggle and +springs and levers for operating a drag +saw has been patented by Mr. Harvey +Hughes, of Wheat Ridge, Ohio. The +saw, while properly guided, is free +to move up or down without affecting the leverage.</p> + +<p>An improvement in filters, which consists in re-enforcing +the felt disk with a backing of wire cloth to enable it to +resist heavy water pressure, has been patented by Mr. B. P. +Chatfield, of Aiken, S. C.</p> + +<p>A basket having light sheet metal sides attached to a +wooden bottom by crimping the edges over a rib on the +periphery of the bottom, has been patented by Mr. Samuel +Friend, of Decatur, Ill. The handle and lid may be easily +removed to permit of packing and storage.</p> + +<p>An improved cross bar for fastening doors, patented by +Mr. Richard Condon, of La Salle, Ill., has a spring acted +portion which engages a socket on the door casing, and is +retained in that position by a spring catch.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="table" id="table"></a>A NEW IRONING TABLE.</h2> + +<p>The accompanying engraving represents a convenient and +inexpensive table recently patented by Mr. Albert H. Hogins, +of Morrisania, N. Y. It is more especially +designed for ironing, but it may be +used for other purposes when closed up. +The top is made in two tapering sections, +A B. The section, B, is narrower than +the other, and is pivoted at its wider end +to a bar, E, which slides into a socket +formed in the table. The table has five +legs, one of which, D, is attached to a +sliding rail that supports the narrower +end of the movable part of the top. The +table is provided with a drawer in one end +and with a tray, C, for containing blankets, +etc.</p> + + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="./images/4c.png"><img src="./images/4c-th.png" alt="HOGINS IMPROVED TABLE." title="HOGINS IMPROVED TABLE." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">HOGINS' IMPROVED TABLE.</span> +</div> + +<p>The convenience and practicability of +this table for general laundry use, will +be apparent without further explanation. +The board, B, when drawn out will be +used for ironing skirts, shirts, and other +garments requiring a board of this character, +and when the table is closed together +and fastened by the hooks, it may +be used in ironing larger articles. When +closed it presents the appearance of an ordinary +table and may be used as such.</p> + +<p>Further information may be obtained +by addressing the inventor as above.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><a name="Page_0195" id="Page_0195"></a></p> + + +<h2><a name="regul" id="regul"></a>A NOVEL ENGINE REGULATOR.</h2> + +<p>The accompanying engraving represents two different +styles of regulator, invented by Mr. Stenberg, in which the +effect of centrifugal force is utilized. In a vessel, A, of parabolic +shape is placed a disk, C, which floats on glycerine contained +by the vessel, and is attached to the walls of the vessel +by an annular membrane, so that it may rise and fall in a +vertical direction as the glycerine is carried with more or +less force toward the edge of the vessel by centrifugal action. +The inner surface of the vessel, A, is provided with +radial grooves, by which the rotary motion of +the vessel is communicated to the glycerine. +To the center of the disk, C, is attached a vertical +rod, which extends downward through +the hollow shaft and is connected with governor +valve. An increase of speed throws the +glycerine toward the periphery of the valve, +and, raising the disk, C, closes the steam valve; +a diminution of speed permits the glycerine to +fall back, when the disk descends and the +valve opens.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="./images/5a.png"><img src="./images/5a-th.png" alt="STENBERG REGULATOR." title="STENBERG REGULATOR." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">STENBERG REGULATOR.</span> +</div> + +<p>The disk, C, has a small aperture for the +admission and escape of air, and the apparatus +is adjusted by pouring lead into the groove +in the disk.</p> + +<p>The regulator shown in Fig. 2 operates upon +the same principle, but it is adjusted by means +of a spring.</p> + +<p>This apparatus is manufactured by Blancke +Bros., Magdeburg.—<i>Musée de l'Industrie.</i></p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h3><a name="people" id="people"></a>A Strange People.</h3> + +<p>Botel Tobago is an island in the South Seas +which has lately been visited by a party of +United States naval officers. They were surveying +a rock east of the South Cape of Formosa, +and called at this island. They found +a curious race of Malay stock. These aborigines +did not know what money was good +for. Nor had they ever used tobacco or rum. +They gave the officers goats and pigs for tin +pots and brass buttons, and hung around the +vessel all day in their canoes waiting for a +chance to dive for something which might be thrown overboard. +They wore clouts only, ate taro and yams, and had +axes, spears, and knives made of common iron. Their canoes +were made without nails, and were ornamented with +geometrical lines. They wore the beards of goats and small +shells as ornaments.</p> + +<p>Such is the account of these strange people given by +Dr. Siegfried, in a letter read at the last meeting of the +Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="carpet" id="carpet"></a>REMEDY FOR THE NEW CARPET BEETLE.</h2> + +<p>Noticing a statement made by Mr. J. A. Lintner, to the effect +that the Persian insect powder would probably prove unavailing +as a remedy against the ravages of the new carpet +beetle (<i>Anthrenus</i>), W. L. Carpenter, of the U.S.A., was led +to institute some experiments with this well known insecticide, +the results of which he communicates to the current +number of the <i>Naturalist</i>. A small quantity of the powder +was introduced, on the point of a penknife, under a tumbler +beneath which various insects were consecutively confined. +The movements of the insects brought them in contact with +the poison, which readily adhered to their body; in endeavoring +to remove it from their appendages a few particles +would be carried to the mouth and thence to the stomach, +with fatal effect. The results were briefly thus: A honey +bee became helpless in 15 minutes; a mad wasp in 8 minutes; +a small ant in 5 minutes; a large butterfly resisted the effects +for over an hour, and apparently recovered, but died the next +day; a house-fly became helpless in 10 minutes; a mosquito +in 15; and a flea in 3 minutes. In experimenting on beetles, +an insect was secured as nearly the size of the carpet beetle +as could be found. It was easily affected, and became helpless +in 12 minutes.</p> + +<p>In these, and experiments with various other insects, the +scent from the powder did not produce any bad effect on +those subjected to its odor where actual contact was not possible; +but when carried to the mandibles the effect was to +produce complete paralysis of the motor nerves. The experiments +prove that all insects having open mouth parts are peculiarly +susceptible to this popular insecticide. As a result, +the writer does not hesitate to recommend the powder to +housekeepers as an infallible agent in destroying the carpet +beetle and preventing its ravages. The Persian insect powder +liberally sprinkled upon the floor before putting down a +carpet, and afterward freely placed around the edges, and +never swept away, will suffice to preserve a large sized carpet. +No ill effects from its use need be feared by the householder, +since the drug is poisonous to no kinds of animals except +insects.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h3><a name="flour" id="flour"></a>Banana Flour.</h3> + +<p>The banana has recently found a new use in Venezuela. +It has the property of keeping the soil moist round it, in a +country where sometimes no rain falls for months; so it has +been employed to give freshness, as well as shade, to the +coffee plant, whose cultivation has been greatly extended +(Venezuela produced 38,000,000 kilogrammes of coffee in +1876). The Venezuelans can consume but little of the banana +fruit thus furnished, so that attention is being given to increasing +its value as an export. At the Paris Exhibition +were samples of banana flour (got by drying and pulverizing +the fruit before maturity) and brandy (from the ripe fruit) +The flour has been analyzed by MM. Marcano and Muntz. +It contains 66.1 per cent of starch, and only 2.9 of azotized +matter.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="pen" id="pen"></a>NEW STENCIL PEN.</h2> + +<p>The accompanying engraving shows new form of stencil +pen invented by Mr. J. W. Brickenridge, of La Fayette, Ind. +In Fig. 1 the entire apparatus is shown in perspective; Fig. +2 is a longitudinal section of the pen; and Fig. 3 is a vertical +section of a portion of the driving apparatus. In this instrument +compressed air is used as a motive force for driving +the perforating needle. The inverted cup, shown in detail +in Fig. 3, has its mouth closed with a flexible diaphragm, +which is vibrated rapidly by a pitman having a convex end +attached by its center to the middle of the diaphragm. The +pitman is reciprocated by a simple treadle motion, which will +be readily understood by reference to Fig. 1.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/5b.png"><img src="./images/5b-th.png" alt="BRICKENRIDGE’S PNEUMATIC STENCIL PEN." title="BRICKENRIDGE’S PNEUMATIC STENCIL PEN." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">BRICKENRIDGE'S PNEUMATIC STENCIL PEN.</span> +</div> + + +<p>The cup has a small aperture covered by a valve to admit +of the entrance of air when the diaphragm is drawn down. +The pen, shown in detail in Fig. 2, has a cup and flexible +diaphragm similar to the one already described. The diaphragm +rests upon the enlarged end of a bar which carries at +its lower end a perforating needle. The pen is connected with +the driving mechanism by a flexible tube. The needle bar +is pressed lightly against the diaphragm by a spiral spring.</p> + + +<p>When the treadle motion is operated the impelling diaphragm +is rapidly vibrated, and through the medium of the +air contained in the flexible tube it communicates motion to +the pen diaphragm and consequently to the needle bar and +needle. If, while the needle is reciprocated in this way, the +pen is moved over the surface of the paper, a line of fine perforations +will be made. With this instrument stencils may +be made for making multiplied copies of maps, drawings, +and manuscripts.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="teleg3" id="teleg3"></a>Origin and Progress of Ocean Telegraphy.</h2> + +<p>At the celebration in this city of the twenty-fifth anniversary +of the formation of the company for laying the +first Atlantic cable, Monday, March 10, the projector of the +enterprise, Mr. Cyrus W. Field, spoke as follows:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Neighbors and Friends:</span> Twenty-five years ago this +evening, in this house, in this room, and on this table, and +at this very hour, was signed the agreement to form the +New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company—the +first company ever formed to lay an ocean cable. +It was signed by five persons, four of whom—Peter +Cooper, Moses Taylor, Marshall O. +Roberts, and myself—are here to-night. The +fifth, Mr. Chandler White, died two years +after, and his place was taken by Mr. Wilson +G. Hunt, who is also present. Of my associates, +it is to be said to their honor—as might +have been expected from men of their high +position and character—that they stood by +the undertaking manfully for twelve long +years, through discouragements such as nobody +knows but themselves. Those who +applaud our success know little through what +struggles it was obtained. One disappointment +followed another, till "hope deferred +made the heart sick." We had little help +from outside, for few had any faith in our +enterprise. But not a man deserted the ship: +all stood by it to the end. My brother Dudley +is also here, who, as the counsel of the company, +was present at the signing of the agreement, +and went with Mr. White and myself +the week after to Newfoundland, to obtain +the charter, and was our legal adviser through +those anxious and troubled years, when success +seemed very doubtful. At St. John's the +first man to give us a hearty welcome, and +who aided us in obtaining our charter, was +Mr. Edward M. Archibald, then Prime Minister +of Newfoundland, and now for more +than twenty years the honored representative +of Her Majesty's Government at this port, +who is also here to-night. It is a matter for +grateful acknowledgment that we were spared to see accomplished +the work that we began; and that we meet now, +at the end of a quarter of a century, to look with wonder +at what has been wrought since in other parts of the world.</p> + +<p>Our little company came into existence only a few weeks +before the Western Union Telegraph Company, which is entitled +to share in our congratulations, and has kindly brought +a connecting wire into this room, by which we can this +evening communicate with every town and village from the +Atlantic to the Pacific; and by our sea cables, with Europe, +Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies, and +South America. While our small circle has been broken by +death but once, very different has it been with the Atlantic +Telegraph Company, which was formed in London in 1856, +to extend our line across the ocean. At its beginning there +were eighteen English and twelve American directors, thirty +in all, of whom twenty-nine have either died or retired from +the board. I alone still remain one of the directors.</p> + +<p>Many of the great men of science on both sides of the Atlantic, +who inspired us by their knowledge and their enthusiasm, +have passed away. We have lost Bache, whose Coast +Survey mapped out the whole line of the American shores; +and Maury, who first taught us to find a path through the +depths of the seas; and Berryman, who sounded across the +Atlantic; and Morse; and last, but not least, Henry. Across +the water we miss some who did as much as any men in +their generation to make the name of England great—Faraday +and Wheatstone, Stephenson and Brunel—all of whom +gave us freely of their invaluable counsel, refusing all compensation, +because of the interest which they felt in the solution +of a great problem of science and engineering skill. It +is a proud satisfaction to remember that while the two Governments +aided us so generously with their ships, making +surveys of the ocean, and even carrying our cables in the +first expeditions, such men as these gave their support to an +enterprise which was to unite the two countries, and in the +end to bring the whole world together.</p> + +<p>Others there are, among the living and the dead, to whom +we are under great obligations. But I cannot repeat the +long roll of illustrious names. Yet I must pay a passing +tribute to one who was my friend, as he was the steadfast +friend of my country—Richard Cobden. He was one of the +first to look forward with the eye of faith to what has since +come to pass. As long ago as 1851 he had a sort of prophet's +dream that the ocean might yet be crossed, and advised +Prince Albert to devote the profits of the great London +Exhibition of that year to an attempt thus to unite England +with America. He did not live to see his dream fulfilled.</p> + +<p>But though men die, their works, their discoveries, and +their inventions live. From that small beginning under this +roof, arose an art till then scarcely known, that of telegraphing +through the depths of the sea. Twenty-five years ago +there was not an ocean cable in the world. A few short +lines had been laid across the channel from England to the +Continent, but all were in shallow water. Even science +hardly dared to conceive of the possibility of sending human +intelligence through the abysses of the ocean. But when we +struck out to cross the Atlantic, we had to lay a cable over +2,000 miles long, in water over 2 miles deep. That great +success gave an immense impulse to submarine telegraphy +<a name="Page_0196" id="Page_0196"></a>then in its infancy, but which has since grown till it has +stretched out its fingers tipped with fire into all the waters +of the globe. "Its lines have gone into all the earth, and its +words to the ends of the world." To-day there are over +70,000 miles of cable, crossing the seas and the oceans. And, +as if it were not enough to have messages sent with the +speed of lightning, they must be sent in opposite directions +at the same moment. I have just received a telegram from +Valentia, Ireland, which reads, "This anniversary witnesses +duplex working across the Atlantic as an accomplished +fact"—by which the capacity of all our ocean cables is +doubled.</p> + +<p>Who can measure the effect of this swift intelligence passing +to and fro? Already it regulates the markets of the +world. But better still is the new relation into which it +brings the different kindreds of mankind. Nations are made +enemies by their ignorance of each other. A better acquaintance +leads to a better understanding; the sense of nearness, +the relation of neighborhood, awakens the feeling of brotherhood. +Is it not a sign that a better age is coming, when +along the ocean beds strewn with the wrecks of war, now +glide the messages of peace?</p> + +<p>One thing only remains which I still hope to be spared to +see, and in which to take a part, the laying of a cable from +San Francisco to the Sandwich Islands—for which I have +received this very day a concession from King Kalakaua, by +his Minister, who is here to night—and from thence to Japan, +by which the island groups of the Pacific may be brought +into communication with the continents on either side—Asia +and America—thus completing the circuit of the globe.</p> + +<p>But life is passing, and perhaps that is to be left to other +hands. Many of our old companions have fallen, and we +must soon give place to our successors. But though we +shall pass away, it is a satisfaction to have been able to +do something that shall remain when we are gone. If in +what I have done to advance this enterprise, I have done +something for the honor of my country and the good of the +world, I am devoutly grateful to my Creator. This has +been the great ambition of my life, and is the chief inheritance +which I leave to my children.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" /> + + + +<h2>Correspondence.</h2> + +<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3><a name="motor" id="motor"></a>The Gary Motor.</h3> + +<p><i>To the Editor of the Scientific American:</i></p> + +<div class="figleft"> +<img src="./images/6a.png" alt="Gary Motor." /> +</div> +<p>In your article on the "Gary Motor," issue of March 8, +page 144, you say: "There is no neutral line in the sense +that polarity changes when Mr. Gary moves his piece of +sheet iron with its attached shingle nail across the pole or +near the pole of a magnet." "The most delicate instruments +fail to detect such a change of polarity," etc. Mr. +Gary's claim of a neutral line is of course absurd, but you +are wrong in saying that the polarity does not change under +the conditions described in the <i>Harper's Monthly</i> article. +Mr. Gary is perfectly correct in claiming a change of polarity +in that experiment, although his other claim of deriving +from this change of polarity a continuous motion without +consuming energy are manifestly absurd.</p> + + + +<div class="figright"> +<img src="./images/6b.png" alt="Gary Motor." /> +</div> + +<p>The change of polarity is easily explained. If a bar of +soft iron, whose length is two or +three times the distance between +the poles of the horseshoe magnet, +be placed in front of the latter as +in the sketch, and at some distance, +poles will be induced, as shown by +the letters N S. Now let the bar +approach the magnet. When +within a short distance consequent +points will be formed and the polarity +at the ends will be reversed, +the bar having four poles, as in the second sketch. The +bar of soft iron must have certain dimensions depending +on the size and power of the horseshoe +magnet. By using a powerful +electro-magnet in place of a +permanent one, a soft iron bar of +considerable size may be used, and +the change of polarity exhibited by +showing the repulsion in one case for +the south pole and in the other for +the north pole of a heavy permanent +magnet. When in the proper +position a very small movement of +the soft iron bar is sufficient to produce the change.</p> + +<p class="signature">Wm. A. Anthony.</p> + +<p>Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., March 2, 1879.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h3><a name="neut" id="neut"></a>Gary's Neutral Line.</h3> + +<p><i>To the Editor of the Scientific American:</i></p> + +<div class="figleft"> +<img src="./images/6c.png" alt="Gary’s Neutral Line." title="Gary’s Neutral Line." /> +</div> + +<p>I have just read the article in the issue of March 8, on the +Gary Motor, and cannot refrain from offering a suggestion +on the subject. When I read the article referred to in <i>Harper's</i>, +I formed the same opinion of the so-called invention +that the writer in the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> has expressed, +and, in the main, such is my opinion still. I, however, +tried the experiment by which Gary claims to prove the existence +of his neutral line, and soon found the same explanation +that the writer in the <span class="smcap">American</span> has given. I then, +curiously enough, modified the experiment in precisely the +manner he suggests, placing the magnet in a vertical position, +and using first a piece of sheet iron and then an iron +wire under it. This was before seeing the article in the +<span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>. My experiment is well illustrated +by the writer's diagram, except that the nail should be at +the end of the iron wire, where its polarity is of course +most strongly marked. But the result is not as he states it. +For, as the wire is brought up toward the magnet, the nail +drops off before the wire touches the magnet. When the +sheet iron is used, the point at which the nail drops off is +farther from the magnet than in the case of the wire, and +when it is brought nearer it will again pick up the nail, +which then continues to cling until the iron touches the +magnet and afterwards. Thus the existence of a line in +which the soft iron, or induced +magnet, does not attract the +nail, and above and below which +it does attract it, is demonstrated. +That the polarity of the induced +magnet is reversed when it +crosses this line may be demonstrated +as follows: When it +is held beyond (or below) this line +(Fig. 1), the negative pole of the permanent +magnet, the positive being +kept at a distance, may be made to approach the iron and +touch it, without causing the nail to drop. (Fig. 3.) But when +contact occurs, the whole of the iron must possess the polarity +of that part of the magnet which it touches, namely, +negative. Hence in the position indicated in Fig. 1, the polarity +of the induced magnet does not correspond with that of +the permanent magnet, but is +as indicated by the letters. +On the other hand, if the positive +pole alone be made to approach, +the nail will drop; but when it +is very near, or in contact, it +again holds the nail, and the +iron is now positive; and if the +negative pole also be now +brought into contact, the polarity +of the soft iron will correspond with that of the magnet, +as shown in Fig. 2.</p> +<div class="figright"> +<img src="./images/6d.png" alt="Gary’s Neutral Line." title="Gary’s Neutral Line." /></div> + +<div class="figleft"> +<img src="./images/6e.png" alt="Gary’s Neutral Line." title="Gary’s Neutral Line." /> +</div> +<p>These experiments should be performed with the soft iron +under both poles of the magnet, and the ends of the former +should extend somewhat beyond the poles of the latter, or +the nail is liable to jump to the magnet as the "neutral" +line is crossed. The position of the letters in Fig. 1, of the +previous article, represents the polarity +of the induced magnet to +be the same as that of the permanent, +which is true only within (or +above) the line described; and this, +together with his statement that no +such line can be discovered, appears +to indicate that the writer relied +upon his knowledge of the laws +of magnetism to state what would +be the result, without testing it experimentally. +It is probable that this reversal of polarity is +susceptible of explanation by the known laws of magnetic +currents, but if it has hitherto escaped observation, its discovery +is certainly deserving of notice, and may lead to +valuable results. Of the fact, any one may easily convince +himself by the simple experiments above described.</p> + + +<p class="signature">G. H. FELTON, M.D.</p> + +<p>Haverhill, Mass., February 28, 1879.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + + +<h3><a name="clock" id="clock"></a>Pneumatic Clocks.</h3> + +<p><i>To the Editor of the Scientific American:</i></p> + +<p>In the description of the pneumatic clock, copied from <i>La +Nature</i>, and published in your journal of date 1st of March, +the invention is credited to me. Such is not the case. By an +arrangement between Mr. Wenzel, Mr. Brandon of Paris, and +myself, patents have been obtained in France, England, etc., +for the clock, and issued in my name; but the honor of the +invention belongs exclusively to Hermann J. Wenzel, of San +Francisco.</p> + +<p>Yours faithfully,</p> + +<p class="signature">E. J. Muybridge.</p> + +<p>San Francisco, Cal., February 27, 1879.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h3><a name="ice" id="ice"></a>The Ice Cave of Decorah, Iowa.</h3> + +<p><i>To the Editor of the Scientific American:</i></p> + +<p>Some years ago I visited the "Ice Cave" of Decorah, +Winneshiek county, Iowa, and having since been unable to +receive any explanation of the wonderful phenomenon exhibited +by it, I write, hoping that you or some correspondent +may explain the paradox.</p> + +<p>The thriving town of Decorah lies in a romantic valley of +the Upper Iowa River, and the cave is almost within its corporate +limits. Following the left bank of the stream, one +soon reaches the vicinity, and with a hard scramble through +a loose shale, up the side of a precipitous hill, forming the +immediate bank of the river, the entrance is gained—an opening +5 feet wide and 8 feet high. These dimensions generally +describe the cave's section. From the entrance the course is +a steep decline—seldom less than 40°. At times the ceiling +is so low that progress on hands and knees is necessary. +About 125 feet from the entrance the "Ice Chamber" is +reached. At this spot the cave widens into a well proportioned +room, 8 by 12 feet. The floor is solid ice of unknown +thickness, and on the right hand wall of the room a curtain +of ice drops to the floor, from a crevice extending horizontally +in the rock at the height of one's eyes. Close examination +discovers the water oozing from this crevice, and as it +finds its way down the side it freezes in the low temperature +of the chamber. Singularly this one crevice, and that no +wider than a knife edge, furnishes this, nature's ice house, +with the necessary water. It was a hot day in August, the +thermometer marking 80° in the shade when the visit was +made, and comparatively the cold was intense. In common +with all visitors, we detached some large pieces of ice and +with them hurriedly departed, glad to regain the warmth of +the outside world.</p> + +<p>The most remarkable fact in connection with this wonder +is that the water only freezes in the summer. As the cold of +actual winter comes on the ice of the cave gradually melts, +and when the river below is frozen by the fierce cold of +Northern Iowa, the ice has disappeared and a muddy slush has +taken the place of the frigid floor. I would add that the ice +chamber forms the terminus of the cave. Beyond a shallow +crevice in the crumbling rock forbids further advance. The +rock formation of this region is the Portland sandstone.</p> + +<p>Why should the temperature of the ice chamber be such +as to freeze the water trickling into it? And above all, +why should the ice disappear with the cold of winter?</p> + +<p class="center"> +Mansfield, O. H. M. W.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + + + + +<h2><a name="teleg1" id="teleg1"></a>THE WRITING TELEGRAPH.</h2> + +<p>On the evening of February 26, 1879, the writing telegraph +of Mr. E. A. Cowper, of London, was exhibited in operation +before the Society of Telegraph Engineers, in +that city. It is a curious and remarkable invention. +By its use the handwriting of the +operator may be transmitted, but a double +circuit, that is, two telegraph wires, are used. +The operator moves with his hand an upright +pointer or stylus, with which he writes the +message on paper. The stylus has two arms +connected with it, one of which arms, when +the stylus makes an upward movement, +causes a current to be sent over one wire, +while the other arm causes a current to pass +over the other wire when the stylus is moved +laterally. These two motions are, at the receiving +end of the line, made to operate on +the needles of galvanometers, and the latter +are by silk threads combined or connected +with a delicately suspended ink tube, from +which a minute stream of ink falls upon the +strip of paper below it; the arrangement +being such that the combined motions of the +galvanometers so move the ink pen as to +make it correspond to the motion of the +stylus at the sending end. The apparatus is +said to work very well, and it is expected that +it will form a useful adjunct to the art of +telegraphy. We present herewith a facsimile +of writing done by this new instrument, +which has been worked with success over a +line of forty miles length. It is hardly probable +that it can compete in rapidity with +some of the telegraph instruments now in use; +but for many purposes it is likely to become +important, while in point of ingenuity it is +certainly a great achievement, and the author +is deserving of the highest credit.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/6f.png"><img src="./images/6f-th.png" alt="Writing Telegraph." title="Writing Telegraph." /></a> +</div> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="speci" id="speci"></a>A Rare Geological Specimen.</h2> + +<p>Rev. R. M. Luther, while absent in attendance +upon the Missionary Convention, held in +Addison, Vt., obtained through the kindness +of the Rev. Mr. Nott a rare and curious geological +specimen from the shores of Lake +Champlain. It is a slab of limestone, about +eleven inches long by six inches wide, which +seems to be composed almost entirely of fossils. +There is not half an inch square of the +surface which does not show a fossil. There +are many varieties, some of which have not +been identified, but among those which have +been are many remains of the Trinucleus conceniricus, +some specimens of Petraia, fragments +of the Orthis, a number of Discinæ, +several well preserved specimens of Leptenæ, +and impressions of Lingula. The latter is the +only shell which has existed from the first +dawn of life until the present time without +change. The specimens of existing Lingula +are precisely similar to those found in the +earliest geological formations. There are +also in the slab several rare specimens of +seaweed, remains of which are seldom found +at so early an age in the geological history +of the world. The slab belongs to the lower +Silurian formation, the first in which organic remains are +found. It is probably from the Trenton epoch of that +age. If geologists can be trusted, at the time the little animals, +whose remains are thus preserved, were living, the +only part of this continent which had appeared above the +primeval ocean was a strip of land along the present St. Lawrence +River and the northern shores of the great lakes, with +a promontory reaching out toward the Adirondacks, and a +few islands along what is now the Atlantic coast line.—<i>Bennington +(Vt.) Banner.</i></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><a name="Page_0197" id="Page_0197"></a></p> + + +<h2><a name="teleg2" id="teleg2"></a>COWPER'S WRITING TELEGRAPH.</h2> + +<p>The most recent of the brilliant series of telegraphic marvels +which has from time to time, and especially of late, +engaged the attention of the world, is the "telegraphic +pen" of Mr. E. A. Cowper, the well known engineer of Great +George street, Westminster. This ingenious apparatus, +which constitutes the first real telegraph, was publicly +shown by its inventor at the meeting of the Society of Telegraph +Engineers on Wednesday, February 26.</p> + +<p>There had been no lack of copying telegraphs hitherto. +We have Bakewell's, Casselli's, Meyer's, and D'Arlincourt's, +so recently tried at our General Post Office by Mr. Preece. +All of these instruments telegraph an almost perfect copy of +the writing or sketch submitted to them by means of synchronous +mechanism. But the process is necessarily complex +and slow; whereas by the new device a person may +take the writing pencil in his hand, and himself transmit +his message in the act of writing it.</p> + +<p>The principle which guided Mr. Cowper to a solution of +the problem which he has successfully overcome, is the well +known mathematical fact that the position of any point in +a curve can be determined by its distance from two rectangular +co-ordinates. It follows, then, that every position of +the point of a pencil, stylus, or pen, as it forms a letter, can +be determined by its distance from two fixed lines, say the +adjacent edges of the paper. Moreover it is obvious that if +these distances could be transmitted by telegraph and recombined +so as to give a resultant motion to a duplicate pen, +a duplicate copy of the original writing would be produced. +But inasmuch as the writing stylus moves continuously over +the paper, the process of transmission would require to be +a continuous one; that is to say, the current traversing the +telegraph line, and conveying the distances in question (or +what comes to the same thing, the up and down, and direct +sidelong ranges of the stylus) would require to vary continuously +in accordance with the range to be transmitted.</p> + +<p>Mr. Cowper effects this by employing two separate telegraphic +circuits, +each with its +own wire, battery, +sending, and +receiving apparatus. +One of +these circuits is +made to transmit +the up and +down component +writing of +the pencil's motion, +while the +other simultaneously +transmits +its sidelong +component. At +the receiving +station these two +components are +then recomposed +by a pantograph +arrangement of +taut cords, or +levers, and the +resultant motion +is communicated +to the duplicate +pen at that place. +The plan adopted +by Mr. Cowper +to transmit +each continuously +varying component +is to +cause the resistance +of the circuit +to vary very +closely with the +component in +question. Fig. +5 shows how the +apparatus is +theoretically arranged +for this +purpose. P is +the writing style, which is held in the writer's hand in the ordinary +way, while he shapes the letters one by one on paper +pulled uniformly underneath by means of clockwork. To +P are attached, at right angles, two arms, <i>a a</i>, one for each +circuit; but as it is only necessary to consider one of the +circuits, say that sending up and down motions, we will confine +our attention for the present to the arm, <i>a</i>. One pole +of the sending battery, B, is connected to the arm, <i>a</i>, the +other pole being connected to earth. Now the arm, <i>a</i>, is +fitted with a sliding contact at its free extremity, and as the +pencil, P, is moved in writing, <i>a</i> slides lengthwise across +the edges of a series of thin metal contact plates, C, insulated +from each other by paraffined paper. Between each +pair of these plates there is a resistance coil, C, and the last +of these is connected through the last plate to the line, L. +It will be seen that as <i>a</i> slides outward across the plates the +current from the battery has to pass through fewer coils, +since a short-circuits a number of coils proportional to its +motion. But the fewer of these coils in circuit the stronger +will be the current in the line; so that the extent of the motion +of the arm, <i>a</i>, in the direction of its length, that is to +say, the direct component of the motion of the pencil along +the line of the arm, <i>a</i>, is attended by a corresponding change +in the current traversing the line. If the pencil makes a +long up and down stroke there will be a strong current in +the line, if a short one there will be a weak current, and so +on. A precisely similar arrangement is used to transmit the +sidelong motion of the pencil along the line, L.</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/7a.png"><img src="./images/7a-th.png" alt="Fig. 5." title="Fig. 5." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 5.</span> +</div> + +<p>The current from the line, L, flows at the receiving station +through a powerful galvanometer, G, to earth. The galvanometer +has a stout needle, one tip of which is connected +to a duplicate pen, P, by a thread, <i>t</i>, which is kept taut by +a second thread stretched by a spring, <i>s</i>'. The current from +the line, L', flows through a similar galvanometer, G', to +earth. The needle of G' is also connected to the pen, P, by +a taut thread, <i>t</i>', stretched by means of the spring, <i>s</i>. Now, +since the needle of each of these galvanometers deflects in +proportion to the strength of the current flowing through its +coil, the points of these two needles keep moving with the +varying currents. But since these currents vary the motions +of the sending pen, the receiving pen controlled by the +united movements of the needles will trace out a close copy +of the original writing. We give on another page a facsimile +of a sentence written by Mr. Cowper's telegraph.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/7b.png"><img src="./images/7b-th.png" alt="THE COWPER WRITING TELEGRAPH." title="THE COWPER WRITING TELEGRAPH." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">THE COWPER WRITING TELEGRAPH.</span> +</div> + +<p>The receiving pen is a fine glass siphon, drawing off aniline +ink from a small glass holder. There are thirty-two +coils, C, in each circuit, with a corresponding number of +contact plates, <i>c</i>, so as to get accuracy of working. A few +Daniell's cells are sufficient to operate the apparatus, and +writing has been already sent successfully over a line 40 +miles in length. The writing may be received either of the +same size or larger or smaller than the original, as the case +may be. At present the writing must not be too hurried, +that is, unless the characters are bold and well formed; but +further improvement will, of course, quicken the working of +the apparatus.</p> + +<p>The engravings, Figs. 1 to 4, illustrate the actual apparatus. +Fig. 4 is a plan of the sending instrument, with the +writing pencil, <i>a</i>, the traveling paper, <i>b</i>, the light connecting +rods or arms, <i>d</i> (which correspond to <i>a</i> in the theoretical +diagram above), the series of metal contact plates over +which these arms slide, the resistance coils connected to +these plates, and the battery and line wires. It will be seen +that each arm, <i>d</i>, is connected to its particular battery, and +each set of contact plates to its particular line. Fig. 3 +is an elevation of the sending instrument, in which +<i>a</i> is the pencil as before, <i>c c</i> the contact plates over which +the arms, <i>d d</i>, slide, <i>f f</i> the coils, and <i>b</i> the traveling slip of +paper.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 is a plan of the receiving instrument, in which <i>h h</i> +are the light pivoted needles surrounded by coils of fine insulated +copper wires, <i>i i</i>, and controlled in their zero position +by the electro-magnets, <i>j j j j</i>, placed underneath, the +whole forming a pair of galvanoscopes or current detecters, +one for each line. It will be understood that the varying +currents from the lines are allowed to flow through the coils, +<i>i i</i>, so as to deflect the needles, and that the deflections of +the needles follow, so to speak, the variations of the currents. +The electro-magnets are magnetized by a local battery; +permanent magnets might, however, take their place +with a gain in simplicity.</p> + +<p>Now the writing pen, <i>k</i>, is connected to the nearest tip of +the needle, <i>h</i>, of each galvanoscope by threads, <i>n n</i>, which +are kept taut by the fibers, <i>o<sub>1</sub> o<sub>2</sub> o<sub>3</sub></i>, the springs, <i>o</i>, and the +pins, <i>o<sub>4</sub></i>. In this way the motions of the needles are recombined +in the motion of the duplicate pen upon the paper, <i>p</i>.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 is an elevation of the receiving instrument, in which +<i>i i</i> are the coils as before, <i>j j j j</i> the controlling electro-magnets, +<i>k</i> is the writing siphon dipping with its short leg into +the ink well, <i>m</i>, and <i>l</i> is the bridge from which the writing +siphon is suspended by means of a thread and spring. The +long leg of the siphon reaches down to the surface of the +paper, <i>p</i>, which is pulled along beneath it in contact with +the film of ink filling the point of the tube. When the siphon +is at rest its point marks a zero line along the middle +of the paper, but when the receiver is working, the siphon +point forms each letter of the message upon the paper as it +passes.—<i>Engineering.</i></p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="alum" id="alum"></a>ALUMINUM.</h2> + +<p>The splendid exhibit of the French aluminum manufacturers +at the late +Exhibition has +again called attention +to that +metal, which is +so admirably +adapted to many +purposes on account +of its great +lightness and its +stability under +the influence of +the atmosphere. +While aluminum +industry has +heretofore been +thought to be +confined to +France solely, +we are now +told by Mr. C. +Bambery, in the +Annual Report +of the Society of +Berlin Instrument +Makers, +that for some +years past aluminum +has been +extensively manufactured +in +Berlin.</p> + + +<p>Three firms especially +(Stückradt, +Häcke, and +Schultze) are engaged +in this +branch of industry.</p> + +<p>The articles manufactured +principally +are nautical +instruments, +as sextants, compasses, +etc. The +German navy is +supplied throughout with aluminum instruments. As a +proof of the superiority of German aluminum, it may here +be mentioned that the normal sets of weights and balances +used by the International Commission for the regulation +of weights and measures, which lately was in session at +Paris, were obtained from Stückradt, in Berlin, and not +from any of the firms at Paris, the reputed seat of aluminum +industry.</p> + +<p>Aluminum is, in Berlin, generally used pure, and cast +pieces only are composed of aluminum containing about 5 +per cent of silver.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless the use of aluminum will remain limited, +even in case the cost of manufacturing it could be materially +reduced, until some method shall have been discovered by +which aluminum may be soldered.</p> + +<p>This difficulty has, in spite of all efforts, not yet +been overcome, and for some purposes, to which the +metal would otherwise be well adapted, it remains so far +unavailable. Here then is a chance for some ingenious +mind.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><a name="Page_0198" id="Page_0198"></a></p> + + +<h2><a name="bolt" id="bolt"></a>AN IMPROVED DOOR BOLT.</h2> + +<p>The accompanying engraving represents, in perspective +and in section, an improved door bolt, recently patented by +Mr. Thomas Hoesly, of New Glaras, Wis.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/8a.png"><img src="./images/8a-th.png" alt="HOESLY’S DOOR BOLT." title="HOESLY’S DOOR BOLT." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">HOESLY'S DOOR BOLT.</span> +</div> + +<p>The principal features of this bolt will be understood by +reference to the engraving. On the plate or body are cast +two loops or guides for the bolt, and the plate is slotted under +the bolt, and a lug projects into the slot and bears against +a spring contained by a small casing riveted to the back +of the plate. The end of the bolt is beveled, and its operation +is similar to that of the ordinary door latch. Two +handles are provided, one of which is of sufficient length to +reach through the door, and a pawl or dog accompanies the +bolt, which may be attached to the door with a single screw, +and is to be used in locking the door. The bolt is very simple +and strong, suitable for shops, out-buildings such as +barns, stables, etc., and some of the doors of dwellings.</p> + +<p>Further information may be obtained by addressing the +inventor, as above.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="chim" id="chim"></a>Chimney Flues.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. W. H. Jackson & Co., of this city, whose long +experience in treating refractory flues gives weight to their +opinion, communicate to the <i>American Architect</i> the following +useful information:</p> + +<p>To secure a good draught the chimney should be of sufficient +size, should be carried up above surrounding objects, +should be as straight as possible throughout its length, and +should be as smooth as possible inside, to avoid friction. As +a draught is caused by unequal temperatures, the chimney +should be so arranged as to +avoid a rapid radiation of +heat. If in an exterior wall +there should be at least 8 inches +of brickwork between +the flue and the exterior surface. +For country houses it +is much better to have the +chimneys run up through the +interior, as the flue is more +easily kept warm, and the +heat that is radiated helps to +warm the house. The most +frequent cause of a "smoky +chimney" is the insufficient +size of the flue for the grate +or fireplace connected therewith. +The flue should not +be less than one eighth the +capacity of the square of the +width and height of the grate +or fireplace. That is, if the +grate has a front opening 20 +inches wide and 26 inches +high, the flue should be 8 in. +x 8 in.; or, with an opening +36 inches wide and 32 inches +high, the flue should be 12 in. +x 12 in.; and, to get the best +result, the opening into the +flue from the grate or fireplace +should be of a less number +of square inches than the +square of the flue, and never +larger, as no more air should +be admitted at the inlet than can be carried through the flue. +Where there is more than one inlet to the same flue, the sum +of all the inlets should not more than equal the size of the +flue. A number of stoves may be connected with the same +flue, one above another, if this rule is observed.</p> + +<p>A square flue is better than a narrow one, as in two +flues containing the same number of square inches the +square flue would have the smallest amount of wall surface, +and consequently less friction for the ascending currents, +and less absorption of heat by the walls. Chimneys should +be closely built, having no cracks nor openings through +which external air may be drawn to weaken the draught. +If they could be made throughout their length as impervious +to air as a tube of glass, with interior surface as smooth, +one cause of smoky chimneys would be removed. A downward +current of air is frequently caused by some contiguous +object higher than the chimney, against which the wind +strikes. This higher object may sometimes be quite a distance +from the chimney, and still affect it badly. A good +chimney top constructed to prevent a down draught will +remedy this difficulty. Each grate or fireplace should have +a flue to itself. Under very favorable conditions, two grates +or fireplaces might be connected with the same flue, but it is +not a good plan. We have known grates and fireplaces connected +with two flues, where they have been built under a +window for instance, and, owing to there being insufficient +room for a flue of suitable size, a flue has been run up on +each side of the window. This is a very bad plan, and +never can work well; it requires too much heat to warm both +flues, and if the room in which the grate or fireplace is situated +should be pretty close, so that there was no other entrance +for air, there is danger that it would circulate down +one flue and up the other, forcing smoke out of the fireplace +into the room.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="furn" id="furn"></a>IMPROVED FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE.</h2> + +<p>The refuse matter and garbage of large cities is in the main +composed of animal and vegetable offal of the kitchens; of +the sweepings of warehouses, manufactories, saloons, groceries, +public and private houses; of straw, sawdust, old bedding, +tobacco stems, ashes, old boots, shoes, tin cans, bottles, +rags, and feathers; dead cats, dogs, and other small animals; +of the dust and sweepings of the streets, the condemned fruit, +vegetables, meat, and fish of the markets, all of which compose +a mass of the most obnoxious and unhealthy matter that +can be deposited near human habitations.</p> + +<p>The inventor of the furnace shown in the accompanying +engravings aims to produce a change of form and of chemical +nature and a great reduction in bulk of all such refuse +and garbage within the limits of the city where it accumulates, +without screening, separating, preparing, or mixing, +without the expense of using other fuel, without any offensive +odors being generated in the operation, and to produce +an entirely unobjectionable residuum or product that may be +made useful.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/8b.png"><img src="./images/8b-th.png" alt="Fig. 1.—FOOTE’S FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE." title="Fig. 1.—FOOTE’S FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 1.—FOOTE'S FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE.</span> +</div> + +<p>As a rule organic matter largely preponderates in the refuse, +being as high in some instances as 94 per cent. There +is always more than enough to generate sufficient heat to fuse +the earthy or inorganic portion, which is mainly composed +of sand, clay, and the alkalies from the coal and vegetable +ashes, etc.</p> + +<p>By producing a high degree of heat in the combustion of +the organic portion of the refuse with a forced blast or forced +draught, the non-combustible elements are fused, and form a +vitreous slag, which is entirely inodorous and unobjectionable, +and which may be utilized for many purposes.</p> + +<p>The upper section or cone of the consuming furnace is built +of boiler iron, and lined with fire brick resting upon an iron +plate, which is supported by iron columns.</p> + +<p>The hearth is made of fire brick, and is in the form of an +inverted cone, being smaller at the bottom and larger at the +top, as shown in Fig. 2.</p> + +<p>The sides of the hearth are perforated near the bottom with +arches for the tuyeres or blast pipes, and also in front for the +special blast pipe and the tapping hole. The top of the furnace +is closed with an iron plate, provided with a circular +opening, through which the hopper enters the top of the +furnace.</p> + +<p>At the left in the larger engraving is seen an elevator, operated +by a steam engine, for conveying the garbage and refuse +to a platform, whence it is projected into the furnace +by an inclined plane or chute.</p> + +<p>Gas or smoke conductors convey the gas from the top of +the furnace to the furnace of the boiler and to the heating +oven, where it is used in heating air, which is conveyed +through the iron pipes passing through the heating oven into +a wind box, from which it enters the furnace at several points +near the bottom by means of the tuyere pipes.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/8c.png"><img src="./images/8c-th.png" alt="SECTION OF FURNACE." title="SECTION OF FURNACE." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">SECTION OF FURNACE.</span> +</div> + +<p>The consumption of the garbage is effected near the bottom +of the furnace, where the air is forced in, and is continued +as long as the blast is applied, and while burning at the base +it is continually sinking down at the top, so that it is necessary +to keep filling all the time. The odoriferous gases and +the hot products of such combustion are forced upward +through the superimposed mass, and escape to the fires of +the boiler and heating oven, and, being largely composed of +carbonic oxide and the hydrocarbon gases distilled from the +animal and vegetable offal of the garbage, are thoroughly +consumed; and it is said that by this means not only are all +the offensive odors destroyed, but the heat generated is utilized +for making steam and heating the air used for blast.</p> + +<p>The refuse in its descent through the high furnace is exposed +to the drying action of the hot gases of distillation and +the hot products of combustion, its temperature increasing in +its descent the nearer it approaches the tuyeres, and becomes +completely desiccated and combustible when it reaches the +blast. The high heat in this +way obtained by the combustion +of the organic portion +melts all of the inorganic +portion, forming a vitreous +slag or glass, which may be +allowed to run continuously, +or by closing the tap may be +allowed to accumulate, and +can be drawn off at intervals. +If there is an adequate supply +of clay and sand in the refuse +to combine with the ashes, the +slag will run hot and free. +The combination of silex or +alumina and an alkali in +proper portions always yields +a fusible, easy-running compound.</p> + +<p>The molten slag, as it runs +from the furnace, may be discharged +into tanks of cold +water, which will pulverize +or granulate it, making it like +fine sand, or as it pours over +a runner, through which it +flows, if struck with a forcible +air or steam blast it will +be spun into fine thread-like +wool.</p> + +<p>The furnace once lighted +and started may be kept +running day and night continuously +for days, months, or +years, if desired; but if it +becomes necessary to stop at any time, the tuyere pipes +may be removed and the holes all stopped with clay, +so as to entirely shut off the supply of air, and it will then +hold in fire for many days, and will be in readiness to start +again at any time the pipes are replaced and the blast +turned on.</p> + +<p>This furnace is the invention of Mr. Henry R. Foote, of +Stamford, Conn.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><a name="Page_0199" id="Page_0199"></a></p> + + +<h2><a name="vase" id="vase"></a>AN ANCIENT GREEK VASE.</h2> + +<p>The vase shown in the accompanying engravings must not +be classed with ordinary ceramic ware, as it is a veritable +work of art. It is the celebrated cup of Arcesilaus, which +is preserved in the collection of the library of Richelieu +street after having figured in the Durand Museum. It was +found at Vulsei, in Etruria. It was made by a potter of +Cyrene, the capital of Cyrenaica, founded by Greeks from +the island of Thera. It is remarkable that Cyrene, removed +from the center of Grecian manufacture, should possess a +manufactory of painted vases from which have come so +many works of art. The traveler, Paul Lucas, discovered +in the necropolis of Cyrene, in 1714, many antique vases, +both in the tombs and in the soil. One of them is still +preserved in the Museum at Leyden. The Arcesilaus, who is +represented on this vase, is not the celebrated skeptical philosopher +of that name; it is Arcesilaus, King of Cyrenaica, +who was sung by Pindar, and who was vanquished +in the Pythian games under the +80th Olympiad (458 years B.C.).</p> + +<p>The height of this vase is 25 centimeters, +its diameter 28 centimeters. The paste is +very fine, of a pale red. It is entirely coated +with a black groundwork, which has been +generally re-covered with a yellowish white +clay, baked on.</p> + +<p>According to M. Brongniart, this piece has +been subjected to the baking process at least +two or three times, thus indicating that the +ceramic art had made considerable progress +in Cyrene even at that remote epoch.</p> + +<p>The following description of this vase is +given in the catalogue of the Durand Museum: +The King Arcesilaus is seated under a +pavilion upon the deck of a ship. His head is +covered with a kind of hat with a large brim, +and his hair hangs down upon his shoulders. +He is clothed in a white tunic and embroidered +cloak or mantle, and he carries a scepter in +his left hand; under his seat is a leopard, and +his right hand he holds toward a young man, +who makes the same gesture, and he is weighing +in a large scale assafœtida, which is being +let down into the hold of the ship. We know +that he deals with assafœtida because one of +the personages (the one who lifts up his arm +toward the beam of the scale) holds in his +right hand something resembling that which +is in the scale, and the Greek word traced +near it signifies "that which prepares <i>silphium</i>." +Assafœtida, the resinous matter of +the silphium, is used largely by the Greeks in +the preparation of their food. The Orientals +to-day make frequent use of it and call it the delight of the +gods; while in Europe, because of its repulsive odor, it has +long been designated as <i>stircus diaboli</i>.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/9b.png"><img src="./images/9b-th.png" alt="ANCIENT GREEK VASE." title="ANCIENT GREEK VASE." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 1.—ANCIENT GREEK VASE.</span> +</div> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/9a.png"><img src="./images/9a-th.png" alt="TOP OF GREEK VASE." title="TOP OF GREEK VASE." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 2.—TOP OF GREEK VASE.</span> +</div> + + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="bread" id="bread"></a>Snow-Raised Bread.</h2> + +<p>Somebody thinks he has discovered that snow, when incorporated +with dough, performs the same office as baking +powder or yeast. "I have this morning for breakfast," says +a writer in the <i>English Mechanic</i>, "partaken of a snow-raised +bread cake, made last evening as follows: The cake when +baked weighed about three quarters of a pound. A large +tablespoonful of fine, dry, clean snow was intimately stirred +with a spoon into the dry flour, and to this was added a +tablespoonful of caraways and a little butter and salt. Then +sufficient cold water was added to +make the dough of the proper usual +consistence (simply stirred with the +spoon, not kneaded by the warm +hands), and it was immediately put +into a quick oven and baked three +quarters of an hour. It turned out +both light and palatable. The reason," +adds the writer, "appears to +be this: the light mass of interlaced +snow crystals hold imprisoned +a large quantity of condensed atmospheric +air, which, when the +snow is warmed by thawing very +rapidly in the dough, expands enormously +and acts the part of the carbonic +acid gas in either baking powder +or yeast. I take the precise +action to be, then, not due in any +way to the snow itself, but simply +to the expansion of the fixed air +lodged between the interstices of +the snow crystals by application of +heat. This theory, if carefully +followed out, may perchance give a +clew to a simple and perfectly innocuous +method of raising bread +and pastry." And stop the discussion as to whether alum +in baking powders is deleterious to health or otherwise.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="invent" id="invent"></a>NEW AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.</h2> + +<p>An improved gate, invented by Messrs. P. W. McKinley +and George L. Ellis, of Ripley, O., is designed for general +use. It is operated by cords and pulleys, and can be opened +without dismounting from the horse. It is constructed so +that it cannot sag, and is not liable to get out of order.</p> + +<p>An improved apparatus for pressing tobacco has been patented +by Mr. F. B. Deane, of Lynchburg, Va. It consists +mainly in the construction of a suspended jack, arranged to +travel over a row of hogsheads, so that a single jack gives +successively to each hogshead the desired pressure.</p> + +<p>An improved combined harrow and corn planter has been +patented by Mr. M. McNitt, of Hanover, Kan. In this machine +the opening, pulverizing, planting, and covering teeth +are combined with a single frame.</p> + +<p>A machine, which is adapted to the thrashing and cleaning +of peas and seeds, and for cleaning all kinds of grain, has +been patented by Mr. J. J. Sweatt, of Conyersville, Tenn.</p> + +<p>Mr. Amos M. Gooch, of Farmington, W. Va., has patented +an improved corn planter, which drops the fertilizer +simultaneously with the seed, and is provided with a device +for pressing the soil around the seed, leaving over the seed +a portion of loose earth.</p> + +<p>An improved machine for harvesting cotton has been patented +by R. H. Pirtle, of Lowe's, Ky. This machine carries +two vertical cylinders armed with teeth or spurs, and +two inclined endless belts provided with teeth. The teeth +of the cylinders and the belts remove the cotton from the +plants, and deliver it to a receptacle carried by the machine.</p> + +<p>Messrs. Julius Fern and Samuel Bligh, of Oneonta, N. Y., +have patented an improved power for churning and other +purposes where little power is required. It consists in the +combination of a drum and weight, a train of gearing, and +a pallet wheel arranged to oscillate a balanced beam.</p> + +<p>An improvement in the class of feed cutters in which two +or more knives work between parallel bars attached to the +cutter box, has been patented by Messrs. J. N. Tatum and +R. C. Harvey, of Danville, Va. The improvement consists +in arranging the knives so that one begins and finishes its +cut in advance of the other.</p> + +<p>Mr. William Bradberry, of Darrtown, O., has invented an +improvement in reciprocating churns. The aim of this inventor +is to utilize the resistance of the milk as a source of +power. To accomplish this a peculiar combination of mechanism +is required, which cannot be clearly described without +an engraving.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="read1" id="read1"></a>Reading and Eyesight.</h2> + +<p>M. Javel, in a recent lecture, tries to answer the question, +"Why is reading a specially fatiguing exercise?" and also +suggests some remedies for this fatigue. First, M. Javel +says reading requires an absolutely permanent application +of eyesight, resulting in a permanent tension of the organ, +which may be measured by the amount of fatigue or by the +production of permanent myopy. Secondly, books are +printed in black on a white ground; the eye is thus in presence +of the most absolute contrast which can be imagined. +The third peculiarity lies in the arrangement of the characters +in horizontal lines, over which we run our eyes. If we +maintain during reading a perfect immobility of the book +and the head, the printed lines are applied successively to +the same parts of the retina, while the interspaces, more +bright, also affect certain regions of the retina, always the +same. There must result from this a fatigue analogous to +that which we experience when we make +experiments in "accidental images," and +physicists will admit that there is nothing +more disastrous for the sight than the prolonged +contemplation of these images. Lastly, +and most important of all in M. Javel's +estimation, is the continual variation of the +distance of the eye from the point of fixation +on the book. A simple calculation demonstrates +that the accommodation of the eye to +the page undergoes a distinct variation in +proportion as the eye passes from the beginning +to the end of each line, and that this +variation is all the greater in proportion to +the nearness of the book to the eye and the +length of the line. As to the rules which M. +Javel inculcates in order that the injurious +effects of reading may be avoided, with reference +to the permanent application of the +eyes, he counsels to avoid excess, to take +notes in reading, to stop in order to reflect or +even to roll a cigarette; but not to go on +reading for hours on end without stopping. +As to the contrast between the white of the +paper and the black of the characters, various +experiments have been made in the introduction +of colored papers. M. Javel advises +the adoption of a slightly yellow tint. +But the nature of the yellow to be used is not +a matter of indifference; he would desire a +yellow resulting from the absence of the blue +rays, analogous to that of paper made from +a wood paste, and which is often mistakenly +corrected by the addition of an ultramarine +blue, which produces gray and not white. +M. Javel has been led to this conclusion both +from practical observation and also theoretically from the +relation which must exist between the two eyes and the +colors of the spectrum. His third advice is to give preference +to small volumes which can be held in the hand, which +obviates the necessity of the book being kept fixed in one place, +and the fatigue resulting from accidental images. Lastly, +M. Javel advises the avoidance of too long lines, and therefore +he prefers small volumes, and for the same reason those +journals which are printed in narrow columns. Of course +every one knows that it is exceedingly injurious to read with +insufficient light, or to use too small print, and other common +rules. M. Javel concludes by protesting against an invidious +assertion which has recently been made "in a +neighboring country," according to which the degree of +civilization of a people is proportional +to the number of the short +sighted shown to exist by statistics; +the extreme economy of light, the +abuse of reading to the detriment +of reflection and the observation of +real facts, the employment of Gothic +characters and of a too broad +column for books and journals, are +the conditions which, M. Javel believes, +lead to myopy, especially if +successive generations have been +subjected to these injurious influences.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="phos" id="phos"></a>Phosphorescence.</h2> + +<p>M. Nuesch records, in a recent +number of the <i>Journal de Pharmacie</i>, +some curious observations regarding +luminous bacteria in fresh +meat. Some pork cutlets, he found, +illuminated his kitchen so that he +could read the time on his watch. +The butcher who sent the meat told +him the phosphorescence was first +observed in a cellar, where he kept +scraps for making sausages. By +degrees all his meat became phosphorescent, and fresh meat +from distant towns got into the same state. On scratching +the surface or wiping it vigorously, the phosphorescence disappears +for a time; and the butcher wiped carefully the +meat he sent out. All parts of the animal, except the blood, +acquired the phenomenon over their whole surface. The +meat must be fresh; when it ceases to be so, the phosphorescence +ceases, and <i>Bacterium termo</i> appear. None of the +customers had been incommoded. It was remarked that if +<a name="Page_0200" id="Page_0200"></a>a small trace of the phosphorescent matter were put at any +point on the flesh of cats, rabbits, etc., the phosphorescence +gradually spread out from the center, and in three or four +days covered the piece; it disappeared generally on the sixth +or seventh day. Cooked meat did not present the phenomenon +but it could be had in a weak manner, from cooked +albumen or potatoes. No other butcher's shop in the place +was affected. The author is uncertain whether to attribute +the complete disappearance of the phenomenon to the higher +temperature of the season, or to phenic acid, or to fumigation +with chlorine.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="natur" id="natur"></a>The Charms of Natural Science.</h2> + +<p>The Earl of Derby, in an address at the Edinburgh University, +said: "Of the gains derivable from natural science +I do not trust myself to speak; my personal knowledge is +too limited, and the subject is too vast. But so much as this +I can say—that those who have in them a real and deep love +of scientific research, whatever their position in other respects, +are so far at least among the happiest of mankind. +.... No passion is so absorbing, no labor is so assuredly +its own reward (well that it is so, for other rewards are +few); and they have the satisfaction of knowing that, while +satisfying one of the deepest wants of their own natures, +they are at the same time promoting in the most effectual +manner the interests of mankind. Scientific discovery has +this advantage over almost every other form of successful +human efforts, that its results are certain, that they are +permanent, that whatever benefits grow out of them are +world-wide. Not many of us can hope to extend the range +of knowledge in however minute a degree; but to know +and to apply the knowledge that has been gained by others, +to have an intelligent appreciation of what is going on +around us, is in itself one of the highest and most enduring +of pleasures."</p> + +<p><a name="rail" id="rail"></a><span class="smcap">The Vesuvius Rail Way</span>.—The Italian Ministry of Public +Works, in union with the Ministry of Finance and the Prefecture +of Naples, has issued the concession for the construction +of the Vesuvius Railway. The line will run along that +part of the mountain which has been proved, after the experience +of many years, to be the least exposed to the eruptions. +The work is to be commenced immediately, and it is believed +that it will come into use during the present year. A +sufficient number of carriages are being built to convey 600 +persons during the day. The line is to be constructed upon +an iron bridge, built after a patented system.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="tree" id="tree"></a>The Pottery Tree.</h2> + +<p>Among the various economic products of the vegetable +kingdom, scarcely any hold a more important place than +barks, whether for medicinal, manufacturing, or other purposes. +The structure and formation of all barks are essentially +very similar, being composed of cellular and fibrous +tissue. The cell contents of these tissues, however, vary +much in different plants; and, for this reason, we have +fibrous or soft, woody, hard, and even stony barks. To explain +everything which relates to the structure of bark +would lead us into long details which our space will not permit. +Briefly stated, the bark of trees (considering, +now, those of our own climate) consists +of three layers. The outermost, called +the "cortical," is formed of cellular tissue, +and differs widely in consistency in different +species; thus, in the cork oak, which furnishes +man with one of his most useful commercial +products, the cortical layer acquires extraordinary +thickness. The middle layer, +called the "cellular" or "green bark," is a +cellular mass of a very different nature. The +cells of which it is composed are polyhedral, +thicker, and more loosely joined, and filled +with sap and chlorophyl. The inner layer +(next the wood), called the "liber," consists +of fibers more or less long and tenacious. It +is from the liber that our most valuable commercial +fibers are obtained. In some plants +the fibrous system prevails throughout the +inner bark; but what we wish to refer to +more particularly at present is a remarkable +example of the harder and more silicious +barks, and which is to be found in the "Pottery +Tree" of Para. This tree, known to the +Spaniards as <i>El Caouta</i>, to the French as <i>Bois +de Fer</i>, to the Brazilians as <i>Caraipe</i>, is the +<i>Moquilea utilis</i> of botanists, and belongs to the +natural order <i>Ternstrœiaceæ</i>. It is very +large, straight, and slender, reaching a height +of 100 feet before branching; its diameter is +from 12 to 15 inches; and its wood is exceedingly +hard from containing much flinty matter. +Although the wood of the tree is exceedingly +sound and durable, the great value of the tree +to the natives exists in the bark for a purpose +which, to say the least, is a novel one in the +application of barks—that of the manufacture +of pottery. The Indians employed in the manufacture +of pottery from this material always keep a stock +of it on hand in their huts for the purpose of drying and seasoning +it, as it then burns more freely, and the ashes can be +gathered with more ease than when fresh. In the process +of manufacturing the pottery the ashes of the bark are powdered +and mixed with the purest clay that can be obtained +from the beds of the rivers; this kind being preferred, as it +takes up a larger quantity of the ash, and thus produces a +stronger kind of ware. Though the proportions of ash and +clay are varied at the will of the maker, and according to +the quality of the bark, a superior kind of pottery is produced +by a mixture of equal parts of fine clay and ashes. +All sorts of vessels of small or large size for household or +other purposes are made of this kind of ware, as are also +vases or ornamental articles, many of which are painted and +glazed. These articles are all very durable, and are able to +stand almost any amount of heat; they are consequently +much used by the natives for boiling eggs, heating milk, and +indeed for culinary purposes generally. A brief glance at +the structure of the bark will show how it comes to be so +well adapted for this purpose. The bark seldom grows more +than half an inch thick, and is covered with a skin or epidermis; +when fresh, it cuts somewhat similar to a soft sandstone, +but when dry, it is very brittle and flint like, and +often difficult to break. On examination of a section under +the microscope, all the cells of the different layers are +seen to be more or less silicated, the silex forming in the +cells when the bark is still very young. In the inner bark +the flint is deposited in a very regular manner, the particles +being straight and giving off branches at right angles; that +of the porous cells of the bark, however, is very much contorted, +and ramifies in all directions. In the best varieties +of the tree, those growing in rich and dry soil, the silex can +be readily detected by the naked eye; but to test the quality +of the various kinds of bark, the natives burn it and then +try its strength between their fingers; if it breaks easily it +is considered of little value, but if it requires a mortar and +pestle to break, its quality is pronounced good. From an +analysis of this singular bark, that of old trees has been +found to give 30.8 per cent of ash, and that of young 23.30 +per cent. Of the different layers of old bark, the outer gave +17.15 per cent, the middle 37.7, and the inner 31. The wood +of the tree, in comparison with the bark, is relatively poor +in silex, the duramen of an old tree giving only 2.5 per cent +of silex.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="sponge" id="sponge"></a>GLASS SPONGES.</h2> + +<p>The natural history of sponges had, up to the middle of +this century, been comparatively neglected. Until 1856, +when Lieberkuhn published his treatise on sponges, very +little or nothing had been written on the subject. Later, +Haeckel did much to determine their exact nature, and it +is now universally admitted that sponges form one of the +connecting links between the animal and the vegetable kingdom.</p> + + + +<p>Sponges, generally considered, consist of fine porous tissue, +covered, during life, with viscid, semi-liquid protoplasm, +and are held in shape and strengthened by a more or +less rigid skeleton, consisting chiefly of lime or silica. The +tissue consists of a very fine network of threads, formed +probably by gradual solidification of the threads of protoplasm. +The inorganic skeleton is formed by larger and +smaller crystals and crystalline threads. In the various +families of sponges the quantity of inorganic matter varies +greatly; some sponges are nearly devoid of an inorganic +skeleton, while other families consist chiefly of lime or silica, +the organic tissue being only rudimentarily developed.</p> + +<p>As observed in their natural state, sponges are apparently +lifeless. When, however, a live sponge is placed in water +containing some finely powdered pigment in suspension, it +will be noticed that in regular, short intervals water is absorbed +through the pores of the tissue and ejected again +through larger openings, which are called "osculæ." Following +up these into the interior, we find them divided into +numerous branches, the walls of which are, under the microscope, +found to be covered with minute cells, fastened at +one end only and oscillating continually. By means of these +cells the sponge receives its nourishment.</p> + +<p>Sponges with very rigid inorganic skeletons may be divided +into two classes—calcareous and silicious—according +to whether the skeleton is chiefly composed of lime or silica.</p> + +<p>Our engravings represent two species of the latter kind, +which are, on account of the peculiar appearance +of their skeleton, called glass sponges.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 represents the "sprinkling pot +sponge," <i>Eucleptella aspergillum</i>. It is generally +found in very deep water throughout the +Pacific. Specimens were found over fifty +years ago, but, as they had to be brought up +from depths between 500 and 800 fathoms, +they remained very scarce and sold at fabulous +prices.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/10a.png"><img src="./images/10a-th.png" alt="SPRINKLING POT SPONGE." title="SPRINKLING POT SPONGE." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 1.—SPRINKLING POT SPONGE.—(<i>Eucleptella aspergillum</i>.)</span> +</div> + +<p>The skeleton is formed by small crystals +and long threads of vitreous silica, cemented +together, during life, by protoplasm. They +are arranged in longitudinal and annular +bands so as to form a long curved cylinder, +about nine to twelve inches long, the walls of +which are about one inch in thickness. The +threads and bands are interwoven with the +greatest regularity, and when the skeleton is +freed from the adhering organic matter, it +looks extremely beautiful.</p> + +<p>The mode in which the intersecting bunches +of crystals are connected is shown in Fig. +2. The upper end of the cylinder is closed +by a perforated cover, which probably has +given rise to the name of the sponge. The +upper portion of the cylinder is surrounded +by a few irregular, annular masses of organic +tissue, which adheres loosely only to the +skeleton. The lower end is formed by a +bunch of long threads, rooting firmly in the +ground.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/10b.png"><img src="./images/10b-th.png" alt="SPONGE CRYSTALS MAGNIFIED." title="SPONGE CRYSTALS MAGNIFIED." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 2.—SPONGE CRYSTALS MAGNIFIED.</span> +</div> + +<p>Up to about ten years ago the price of +specimens of this sponge was very high. At +that time, however, a colony of Eucleptellas +was found near the cities of Cebu and Manila, +in the East Indies, in a depth not exceeding +100 fathoms, and since they have appeared in +larger quantities in the market. It is remarkable that, contrary +to their habits, these organisms have immigrated into +regions to which they were totally unaccustomed. Yet it +must be regarded as a greater curiosity that they have been +accompanied to their new abode by a few animals living +<a name="Page_0201" id="Page_0201"></a>in equally deep water and never met with before at depths +less than three or four hundred fathoms. Among these animals +is a <i>Phormosoma</i> (water hedgehog), noted for its long spines.</p> + +<p>Glass sponges are not confined to tropical regions. They +are met with in latitudes as high as the Färöe Islands, +where the beautiful <i>Holtenia Carpentaria</i> abounds. It is +represented in Fig. 3. Its cup-shaped skeleton is similar in +structure to that of the <i>Eucleptella</i>; numerous crystalline +needles protrude from the surface of the upper part. Lately +some specimens of <i>Holtenia</i> have been found on the coast of +Florida.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/11a.png"><img src="./images/11a-th.png" alt="HOLTENIA CARPENTERIA." title="HOLTENIA CARPENTERIA." /></a> +<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 3.—HOLTENIA CARPENTERIA.</span> +</div> + +<p>Glass sponges serve as dwellings for numerous animals, +especially crustaceæ. A small shrimp inhabits the tubes of +the <i>Eucleptella</i>, a male and a female generally living together. +They are shut up as in a prison in their crystalline +home, as they are generally too large to pass through the +meshes formed by the bundles of crystals. It was formerly +believed that these skeletons had actually been built by +the shrimps, and we can find no explanation for this curious +circumstance, other than that the shrimps entered these +habitations while very small and became too +large to leave them.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="plant" id="plant"></a>Plants Protected by Insects.</h2> + +<p>Mr. Francis Darwin, in a lecture on "Means +of Self-Defense among Plants," delivered +lately at the London Institution, said that one +of the most curious forms of defense known +is afforded by a recently discovered class of +plants, which, being stingless themselves, are +protected by stinging ants, which make their +home in the plant and defend it against its +enemies. Of these the most remarkable is +the bull's-horn acacia (described by the late +Mr. Belt in his book "The Naturalist in Nicaragua"), +a shrubby tree with gigantic curved +thorns, from which its name is derived. These +horns are hollow and tenanted by ants, which +bore a hole in them, and the workers may be +seen running about over the green leaves. If +a branch is shaken the ants swarm out of the +thorns and attack the aggressor with their +stings. Their chief service to the plant consists +in defending it against leaf-cutting ants, +which are the great enemy of all vegetation +in that part of America. The latter form +large underground nests, and their work of +destruction consists in gathering leaves, which +they strip to form heaps of material, which +become covered over with a delicate white +fungus, on which the larvæ of the ants are +fed, so that literally they are a colony of +mushroom growers. The special province of +the little stinging ants, which live in the thorns +of the acacia, is, therefore, to protect the +leaves of the shrub from being used by the +leaf-cutters to make mushroom beds. Certain +varieties of the orange tree have leaves +which are distasteful to the leaf-cutters, this +property of the leaves thus forming a means +of defense. Other plants are unaccountably +spared by them—grass, for example, which, +if brought to the nest, is at once thrown out +by some ant in authority. The bull's-horn +acacia, in return for the service rendered by +the stinging ants, not only affords them shelter +in its thorns, but provides them with nectar +secreted by glands at the base of its leaves, +and also grows for them small yellow pear-shaped +bodies, about one twelfth of an inch +in length, at the tip of some of its leaflets, +which they use as food. These little yellow +bodies are made up of cells containing protoplasm +rich in oil, and afford the insects an excellent food. +When the leaf unfolds, the ants may be seen running from +one leaflet to another, to see if these little yellow bodies are +ripe; and if they are ready to be gathered they are broken +up by the ants and carried away to the nest in the thorn. +Several small birds, also, build their nests in the bull's horn +acacia, thus escaping from a predatory ant which is capable +of killing young birds. The trumpet tree, another plant of +South and Central America, is also protected by a standing +army of ants; and, like the above mentioned acacia, grows +for its protectors small food bodies containing oil, but instead +of secreting nectar in its leaves it harbors a small insect +(coccus), whose sweet secretion is much relished by the ants. +Dr. Beccari mentions an epiphytal plant growing on trees in +Borneo, the seeds of which germinate, like those of the mistletoe, +on the branches of the tree; and the seedling stem, +crowned by the cotyledons, grows to about an inch in +length, remaining in that condition until a certain species of +ant bites a hole in the stem, which then produces a gall-like +growth that ultimately constitutes the home of the ants. If +the plant is not fortunate enough to be bitten by an ant it +dies. These ants, then, protect their plant home by rushing +out fiercely on intruders, and thus are preserved the sessile +white flowers which, in this plant, are developed on the +tuber like body.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="smcap"><a name="iron" id="iron"></a>Advance in Iron.</span>—At a meeting of the Philadelphia +Iron Merchants' Association, March 11, prices of all descriptions +of merchant iron were advanced fully 5 per cent.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="baro" id="baro"></a>The Aneroid Barometer.</h2> + +<p>The aneroid barometer was invented by M. Vidi, of Paris. +It consists essentially of a circular box, the face of which is +made of thin elastic metal, rendered more elastic by being +stamped and pressed into concentric circular wave-like corrugations. +This box is nearly exhausted of air, and its elastic +face supports the pressure of the atmosphere, and yields +to it with elastic resistance in proportion to the amount of +pressure. Thus, if the atmospheric pressure increases, the +face is pressed inward; if atmospheric pressure diminishes, +the elastic reaction of the metal moves the face outward. +These movements are communicated to an index by suitable +and very delicate mechanism, and registered in largely magnified +dimensions, by the movements of this index upon the +face of the dial.</p> + +<p>Aneroid barometers are now made of pocket size, compensated +for temperature, and with double scales, one reading +the height of the barometer column, the other the elevation +obtained. I have, says Prof. W. M. Williams, used one +of these during many years, and find it a very interesting +traveling companion. It is sufficiently sensitive to indicate +the ascent from the ground floor to the upper rooms of a +three-storied house, or to enable the traveler sitting in a +railway train to tell, by watching its face, whether he is +ascending or descending an incline.</p> + +<p>Such slight variations are more easily observed on the +aneroid than on the mercurial barometer, and therefore it is +commonly stated that the aneroid is the more sensitive instrument. +This, however, is a fallacious conclusion. It is +not the superior sensitiveness of the movements of the instrument, +but the greater facility of reading them, that gives +this advantage to the aneroid, the index of which has a +needle point traveling nearly in contact with the foot of the +divisions; the readings are further aided by a needle point +register attached to a movable rim, which may be brought +point to point against the index, thus showing the slightest +movement that human vision may detect. A magnifying +lens may be easily used in such a case.</p> + +<p>It should be understood that the aneroid barometer is not +an independent instrument; it is merely a device for representing +the movements of the mercurial barometer. It is +regulated by comparison with the primary instrument, and +this comparison should be renewed from time to time, as the +elastic properties of the metal may and do vary.</p> + +<p>An adjusting or regulating screw is attached to the +back of the instrument, and is usually movable by a watch +key.</p> + +<p>Besides this, the magnified reading of course magnifies +any primary error, and is largely dependent on the accuracy +of the mechanism.</p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="light" id="light"></a>The Albo-Carbon Light.</h2> + +<p>We need hardly remind our readers that numerous unsuccessful +attempts have been made at various times to enrich +ordinary coal gas by the aid of volatile oils. Upon the present +occasion we have to place before them particulars of a +process having the same object in view, but which is so far +dissimilar in that it deals with a solid substance instead of a +liquid oil. The invention has been brought into its present +practical shape by Mr. James Livesey, C. E., of No. 9 Victoria +Chambers, Westminster, in conjunction with Mr. Kidd, +with whom it originated. The process consists in the employment +of a substance called albo-carbon, which is the solid +residuum of creosote. This material is moulded into the form +of candles, which in large lamps are placed in a metallic vessel +or receiver near the gas burner. The albo-carbon is +warmed by the heat of the burning gas, the heat being transmitted +to the receiver by a metallic conductor. Upon the +albo-carbon being raised to the necessary temperature it volatilizes, +and as the coal gas passes over it to the burner its +vapor becomes mingled with the gas, and greatly raises its +illuminating power. Of course when first lighted the coal +gas only is burned, but in a few minutes the +albo-carbon communicates its enriching vapor +to it. The only alteration necessary to the +present gas fittings is the vaporizing chamber, +which is of simple construction, although at +present the details of the various arrangements +necessary for the different kinds of +lights have not yet been fully worked out. +This invention is now being tried experimentally +in the eastern section of the Westminster +Aquarium, where we recently examined +it, and found it to afford a marked improvement +upon the ordinary system of gas illumination, +although a smaller number of burners +is being used. Tried alternately with ordinary +coal gas, the higher illuminating power +of the albo-carbon light was very remarkable. +It appears that there are 200 burners fitted at +the Aquarium with the new light, and these +successfully take the place of 500 ordinary gas +burners previously in use. The illuminating +effect is stated to be doubled, with an additional +advantage as regards economy. The +reduction of cost arises from the smaller quantity +of gas consumed with the albo-carbon +process than without it, and the very small +cost of the enriching material. According to +our information, 1,000 cubic feet of ordinary +gas as generally used will, by the albo-carbon +appliance, give as much illumination as 3,000 +cubic feet without it, and the cost of the material +to produce this result is only 1s. 6d. +Experiments have been made with this light +by Mr. T. W. Keates, the consulting chemist +to the Metropolitan Board of Works, who reports +very favorably upon it, as does also Dr. +Wallace, of Glasgow, who has obtained some +very satisfactory results with it. It is claimed +for the albo-carbon material that it is perfectly +inexplosive, safe and portable, that it causes +no obstruction and leaves no residuum, and +that the receivers can be replenished almost +indefinitely without any accumulation taking +place, so perfect is the evaporation of the albo-carbon. +On the whole the display at the +Aquarium speaks greatly in favor of the new +process of gas enrichment, which, other things +being equal, bids fair to find its way into practice.—<i>Engineering.</i></p> + +<hr /> + + + + +<h2><a name="hard" id="hard"></a>English and American Hardware.</h2> + +<p>Mr. Frederick Smith, Manager of the Union +Land and Building Company (limited), recently +read a paper on the above subject before the Manchester +Scientific and Mechanical Society. Mr. H. Whiley, +Superintendent of the Manchester Health Department, presided. +The following is the text of the paper, as given in +the London <i>Ironmonger</i>. The lecturer said:</p> + +<p>A spectator in any of our courts of justice will generally +be struck with the amount of hard swearing which is given +to the court, under the name of evidence. He will find one +set of witnesses testifying, under oath, to one thing, and +another set, also under oath, to the very opposite. Some +prove too much, some too little, some are of a totally negative +character, proving nothing, and some are of no character +at all, and therefore are willing to prove anything. To +some extent the same phenomena are to be observed in reference +to the question of foreign competition. On the one +hand the manufacturers hold up to our affrighted vision +the picture of our mills stopped, our machine shops standing +empty and idle, our hardware trade slipping through our +fingers, our ships rotting in our own and in foreign ports, and +our greatness as a producing nation for ever passed away. +On the other hand, the journalists who take the labor side of +the question, the trades-union leaders, and a large number of +the workmen themselves, hold that we have little or nothing +to fear from our foreign rivals; that the depression, like those +atmospheric ones of which our American cousins are constantly +warning us, will pass away, and leave us with better +times to follow. I will, therefore, as far as possible, keep +out of the region of speculation, give you a few facts, show +you some examples, and leave you to draw your own inferences. +<a name="Page_0202" id="Page_0202"></a>Some two or three years ago ordinary axle pulleys of +English make were difficult to get; the price was scandalously +high, and the quality as scandalously low. Out of a dozen +probably four would not turn round without sticking, and +the casting was—well, simply vile. I show you a sample +rather above the average, and the retail price for this inferior +article was 22s. per gross. All at once the Americans +deluged the English market with the pulley which I now +show to you, and it needs no explanation of mine to satisfy +the mechanical minds present of the superiority of the +transatlantic article; but when we also bear in mind that +the price of the American was from 25 to 33 per cent less +than the English pulley, you can understand how the builders +exulted, and how the Volscians of the Birmingham district +were fluttered. Then, and not till then, would the English +maker condescend to believe that it was possible to improve +upon the wretched things which he had foisted upon +his customers, and he at once commenced to copy the American +pulley. He has not yet succeeded in producing such a +beautiful casting, but I venture to say that he has improved +the quality more in the last eighteen months than in the previous +eighteen years.</p> + +<p>Now take the ordinary door furniture. For generations +the English builder and householder has had to be content +with the stereotyped, with all its aggravating propensities. +First, the little screw (so small as to be scarcely perceptible +to touch or to sight) shakes loose from its countersunk depression +in the spindle, gets lost, and lets the knob go adrift; +or next, the knob itself, formed of a bit of sheet brass, turns +round on its shank and the door cannot be opened, or the +shank, not having a sufficient bearing on the spindle, works +loose, and the whole thing is out of repair. It is the same +thing to-day as it was when it tormented my grandfather; +for, of course, no improvement could be made until Uncle +Sam sent us his cheap, strong, serviceable, and sensible +"Mineral Knob."</p> + +<p>The English maker says: "But look at the many devices +which we have invented for door furniture." Granted, and +some of them very good, but none of them so good as this—for +the money. Plenty of them well adapted for extraordinary +use, but none of them cheap enough and strong enough +to be placed in competition with this in fitting up the dwelling +of the ordinary Englishman. The spindle and furniture +of a lock is the portion which is liable to and receives the +most rough usage.</p> + +<p>I have here an ordinary cheap set of china furniture of +English make, which I dare not drop lest I should break it, +but as you see, I dare throw its Yankee competitor the +whole length of this room. The retail price of this English +set is ninepence—the price of the American is less than sixpence. +The English spindle is fitted with the usual little +screw, the knob is loose, the roses are china, and liable to +break with the least strain or blow. The American set, as +you see, has a long shank; the form of the knob is a very +oblate spheroid, giving a good grip and free play for the +fingers between the knob and the door. The rose is japanned +iron, and has small studs or teeth projecting on its inner side +effectually preventing it from turning round with the spindle; +the screw is strong, and is tapped through the spindle +itself, insuring both security and perfect steadiness. Several +small washers are supplied with each spindle, enabling +the slack to be taken up perfectly, and at the same time preventing +the spindle from sticking with any ordinary amount +of friction.</p> + +<p>I will now show you a cheap American rim lock. First, +you will notice that both sides are alike. Next, that by pulling +the latch forward it can be turned half round, and is +thereby converted from a right hand to a left hand, or <i>vice +versa</i>, in an instant. This is an important point to a +builder, but our lockmakers do not seem to know it. Several +attempts have been made to introduce locks of this kind, +but the fancy prices put upon every article which departs, in +ever so slight a measure, from the antediluvian patterns +mostly used, practically prohibits their adoption. The carcass +of the lock is of cast iron; the casting, like all the small +American castings, is simply perfect; bosses are cast round +the follower and keyholes; the box staple is one piece of +metal, neat and strong.</p> + +<p>But there is another point, and, to my mind, the most important +one. Whatever opinions may be held as to the relative +quality of this lock, whether it is better or worse than +an English one, it is at least an honest article. It makes no +pretensions to be any better than it is. It does not entrap the +unwary purchaser by pretending to be a first-class article, +when at the same time it may be a swindle.</p> + +<p>I will now show you an ordinary 6 inch rim-lock of English +manufacture. At a short distance it looks like a superior +article; the follower and keyhole appear as if they were +bushed with brass. But let us take it to pieces, and see +what we can find. The follower is a rough casting, not +turned at the bearings, and is in no sense a fit. The screw +holes are not countersunk, but merely punched in; the key is +of the roughest and worst fitting description; the inside is as +rough and cheap as possible; the key is cut so as to deceive +the purchaser into the belief that there are twice as many +wards in the lock as is really the case, and the bushes prove +to be thin plates of brass riveted on, and not bushes at all. +In short, the whole article is a vile fraud, and the maker was +a swindler. This is strong language, but I think you will +agree with me when I maintain that it is not stronger than +the circumstances warrant.</p> + +<p>But there are still its defects of bad design and useless +workmanship. The lock is of the usual form given to the +English rim-lock, that is, it has a flange which requires to be +let into the edge of the door. I have fixed hundreds of them, +and have never yet been able to see a use for this flange. It +is one great obstacle to the general introduction of a reversible +lock; it adds to the labor of fixing without adding to the +security of the door, for if the door is to be forced from the +outside, the box staples give way first; if from the inside, the +unscrewing of the box staple is all that is necessary to give +egress; if the door requires easing, it effectually prevents it +being done—in fact, it is a nuisance, and nothing but a nuisance. +But our lockmakers do not appear to give these things +a thought; their doctrine seems to be, "As it was in the beginning, +is now, and ever shall be."</p> + +<p>Again, notice that the edges of the iron which lie against +the door and the sham bushes are ground bright. Here is +labor wasted, for as soon as the lock is fixed these polished +portions are hidden for ever. Next, take the box staple. As +is usual, it is fearfully and wonderfully made up of sheet iron, +square iron, and brass; the outcome of which is that the +showy brass striking piece comes unriveted, the door comes +unfastened, and the tenant's temper comes unhinged. Why, +in the name of common sense, could they not substitute a +neat malleable casting? In our own houses I have long since +discarded the ordinary box staple for draw-back locks, and +find it cheaper to buy a cast iron staple, and throw away the +one supplied by the English lockmaker.</p> + +<p>Bear in mind that I have shown neither of these locks as +samples of high-class goods, but as samples of the furniture +fixed in the houses of the working and middle classes of this +country; and when I tell you that the American lock, fitted +with the mineral furniture, is at least 25 per cent cheaper +than the English abortion I have shown to you, you will begin +to realize what our English markets have to fear from +the Americans.</p> + +<p>Here is a common, cheap English mortise lock, and you +will naturally ask why the outside of this lock is ground +bright, when it is buried in the door and never seen except it +has to be taken out for repairs. I have asked the same question, +and for 20 years have paused for a reply. This lock is +not reversible, the follower is not bushed, and the inside is +rough and cheap. Contrast it with this neat American lock, +and notice again the bosses to receive the wear; notice also +that the bolts are brass; the latch-bolt is, of course, reversible—I +never saw an American lock which was not. The body +of the lock is cast iron; and, seeing that there are no strains +upon a mortise lock, it is quite as good as if it was of wrought +iron. There is no unnecessary grinding, but the iron is +japanned, and the japan is as much superior to the English +compound as is the lacquer ware of the Japanese to that +which is executed in Birmingham and palmed upon the ignorant +buyer as Japanese work. In fact, as you can see for +yourselves, the English japan looks almost like gas tar beside +the American. This American lock is a two-lever, and +there is no sham about the key, which is made of some kind +of white metal and is small and neat. This lock is only 2½ +per cent higher in price than the English.</p> + +<p>Before leaving these locks, let me say a word or two upon +the relative wear upon their different portions, and their relative +safety. The English maker appears to ignore the +fact that nineteen-twentieths of the wear of a lock is upon +the latch, spindle, and follower; the amount of actual wear +upon the rest of the lock is comparatively slight. Let any +of you consider the number of times you open and close a +door, compared with the times you lock it. Our drawbacks +and large rim locks are used about once a day; the great +bulk of our mortise locks are not used, except as latches, +once a week. One argument used by our manufacturers +against the American lock is that, being made by machinery, +there is necessarily a great duplication of parts, and a consequent +lowering of the standard of security; while their own +locks, being made by hand, are not alike, and therefore cannot +be so easily opened.</p> + +<p>Let any of you put this argument to proof, by trying how +many front doors you can open with one key in a row of +workmen's dwellings such as are found in Manchester, ranging +up to £25 rentals, and the result will astonish you. If +our own manufacturers made their locks sufficiently well to +give this security, there would be some force in what they +say; but so far as security is concerned, they might as well +make their locks by machinery as make them in the way +they do.</p> + +<p>I now show you two thumb latches, one of American and +one of English make. Notice the general finish of the +American latch; the shape, the mode of construction, and +everything about it proves that brains were used when it +was designed and made. The English "Norfolk latch," on +the other hand, is ill designed, uncomfortable in hand, clumsily +finished, the japan hangs about it in lumps, the latch is +clumsy, the catch is clumsier, and the keeper, a rough piece +of hoop iron, seems as if designed to "keep" the latch from +doing its duty. In this case the American latch is 25 per +cent cheaper than the English one; and the English latch is +of the same pattern as the one that was in use when I was +a boy, only that it is a greatly inferior article.</p> + +<p>I will now introduce you to the well known nuisance +which we have been accustomed to use for fastening our +cupboard doors—the cupboard turn—and without further +comment, ask you to compare it with this neat and simple +latch of American make, costing about 5 per cent more, +twice as efficacious, and five times as durable. In this case +no improvement has been made in the English fastener. It +is just as it was when I went to the trade, about 28 years +ago, and although many attempts have been made to improve +it they have added so much to its cost as to prevent +the improved articles from coming into general use.</p> + +<p>The difference between the English and American inventor +and designer seems to consist in this—that while an Englishman +devotes all his energies to the improvement of an +existing shape, the American throws the old article under +his bench and commences <i>de novo</i>.</p> + +<p>I think I have made out a case against the English hardware +manufacturer, but when I have pointed these matters +out to merchants and ironmongers, I have been met with +various reasons for this manifest inferiority. I do not know +how far these excuses may be valid, but one man says +that the reason, as regards locks, is somewhat as follows: +The locksmiths of the district wherein they are made in +many cases work at their own homes; one man making one +part of a lock, while other men make other parts. This +goes on generation after generation, and the men become +mere machines, not knowing how the entire lock is constructed, +and not caring to know. Another attributes it to +the influence of the trades-unions, and says that if a manufacturer +wants a different kind of lock, the price for the +work is immediately put higher, even though the actual +labor may not be increased. A third says it is due to the +drunkenness of the hands, and their consequent poverty and +physical and social demoralization, which prevents them +from rising to such an intellectual level as will enable them +to see the evils of their system, and adopt the right means +to remove them. A fourth boldly says, "We make these +goods because our customers want them." How far the reasons +assigned by the first three are correct I am unable to +say, but for the fourth, the extent to which the builders of +England have patronized the Americans is a complete answer.</p> + +<p>This defense, "Our customers want them," is as old as +the hills, and has been used to cover every kind of deception +and inferior article ever manufactured. Our Lancashire +manufacturers use it when they are charged with sending +china clay and mildew (and call it calico) for the mild Hindoo +and the Heathen Chinee to dress themselves in. Our butter +merchants use it when they make up grease and call it +butter; and our hardware merchants use it when they send +us sham locks, and call them brass bushed, etc.</p> + +<p>It is the duty of the manufacturer to invent for his customers, +and it is preposterous to say that the builder would +prefer that embodiment of fraud—the English rim-lock, which +I showed to you—to the American lock, which, at any rate, +was an honest article, especially when the latter had the +great advantage of being considerably cheaper. I am afraid +that the swindling and greed of our merchants is having the +effect of thrusting us out of the markets of the world, including +our home markets; and when it is too late, these men +who are making the name of English goods a byword and a +reproach, even among the Hindoos, the Chinese, and the untutored +savages of the South Sea Islands, will find that +"honesty is the best policy."</p> + +<p>We have been accustomed to hear a deal of buncombe talked +about the honesty of the Englishman, and the want of honesty +of the Yankee; about the enterprise of our manufacturers +and the skill of our workmen; but if what I have +shown to you is to be taken as a specimen, it is time we set +our house in order. Since commencing the paper I have +read the discussion between Messrs. Chubb and Hill, and am +at a loss to know why Messrs. Chubb entered into the arena. +If all the English makers tried to reach Chubb's standard we +should keep our markets, at least so far as high quality is +concerned; and to see Messrs. Chubb acting as champions of +the English lockmakers is something like seeing Messrs. +Horrocks taking up the cudgels for those people who manufacture +china clay and call it calico, the proportion of fiber +in the material being just a little greater than that found in +hair mortar.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, I wish it to be understood that I bring +these facts before you in no exultant spirit. I am an Englishman, +and the future welfare of myself and my children +depends very much upon the future of English manufactures; +but we cannot be blind to the fact that the apathy +and conservatism of our manufacturers, the greed of our +Merchants, and the ignorance and drunkenness of our workmen, +are weighing us so heavily in the race for trade that a +member of our own family, whose leading business should +be to produce food for us, is outstripping us with the greatest +ease. Our boasted supremacy as a manufacturing people +is leaving us, and leaving us under such humiliating circumstances—and +if the men of Birmingham and the district are +content to dwell in their present "fools' paradise," it is the +duty of every lover of his country to speak as plainly as possible +to them.</p> + +<p>Of course I am prepared to be told that as I am not a lockmaker +my opinion is worthless; but I have been about 28 +years as man and boy, employer and workman, in the building +trade, and if I have not got to know something about +builders' hardware during that period, I have made but a +poor use of my time. I do not know if I have added to your +stock of knowledge, but deeming the subject an important +one, I have done the best I could in the time at my +disposal.</p> + +<p>In the discussion which followed the opinion of the members +present was unanimously in favor of the American articles +shown to them.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>A high Indian official reports that the people of Cashmere +are dying of famine like flies, and at the present rate of mortality +the province will be nearly depopulated by the end of +the year.</p> + +<p><a name="Page_0203" id="Page_0203"></a></p> +<hr /> + + + + +<h2>TO INVENTORS.</h2> + +<p>An experience of more than thirty years, and the preparation +of not less than one hundred thousand applications +for patents at home and abroad, enable us to understand +the laws and practice on both continents, and +to possess unequaled facilities for procuring patents +everywhere. In addition to our facilities for preparing +drawings and specifications quickly, the applicant can +rest assured that his case will be filed in the Patent Office +without delay. Every application, in which the fees +have been paid, is sent complete—including the model—to +the Patent Office the same day the papers are signed +at our office, or received by mail, so there is no delay in +filing the case, a complaint we often hear from other +sources. Another advantage to the inventor in securing +his patent through the Scientific American Patent +Agency, it insures a special notice of the invention in +the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>, which publication often +opens negotiations for the sale of the patent or manufacture +of the article. A synopsis of the patent laws +in foreign countries may be found on another page, +and persons contemplating the securing of patents +abroad are invited to write to this office for prices, +which have been reduced in accordance with the times, +and our perfected facilities for conducting the business. +Address <span class="smcap">MUNN & CO.</span>, office <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Business and Personal.</h2> + +<p><i>The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar +a line for each insertion; about eight words to a line. +Advertisements must be received at publication office +as early as Thursday morning to appear in next issue.</i></p> + +<p>Valves and Hydrants, warranted to give perfect satisfaction. +Chapman Valve Manuf. Co., Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>Brown & Sharpe, Prov., R. I. Best Gear Teeth Cutters +and Index Plates at low prices. Send for catalogue.</p> + +<p>Wanted—Galvanic Battery, Induction Coil, Electro-Magnet. +Address, with description and price, Box 1700, +Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>New Steam Governor.—Entire right for $3,000. For +circulars address E. Towns, Cisne, Ill.</p> + +<p>Gutta Percha, pure and sheeted, for sale in quantities +to suit. Anderson & Reynolds, Salem, Mass.</p> + +<p>The new fragrant Vanity Fair Cigarettes. New combinations +of rare Old Perique and Virginia.</p> + +<p>Wanted—Second-hand Corliss Engine, 100 to 125 H. P. +Address P. O. Box 1208, New Haven, Conn.</p> + +<p>17 and 20 in. Gibed Rest Screw Lathes. Geo. S. Lincoln, +Hartford, Conn.</p> + +<p>"Downer's Anti-Incrustation Liquid" for Removal +and Prevention of Scales in Steam Boilers, is spoken of +in highest terms by those who have given it a thorough +trial. Circulars and price lists furnished on application. +A. H. Downer, 17 Peck Slip, New York.</p> + +<p>Mr. W. B. Adams, one of the most extensive contractors +and decorators in this city, says he has used nearly +fifty thousand gallons of H. W. Johns' Asbestos Liquid +Paints, and after an experience of twenty years with +white lead and other paints, he considers them not only +superior in richness of color and durability, but owing to +their wonderful covering properties, they are fully 20 +per cent more economical than any others.</p> + +<p>New Pamphlet of "Burnham's Standard Turbine +Wheel" sent free by N. F. Burnham, York, Pa.</p> + +<p>Gaume's Electric Engine. 171 Pearl St., B'klyn, N. Y.</p> + +<p>Engines, ½ to 5 H. P. G. F. Shedd, Waltham, Mass.</p> + +<p>Clipper Injector. J. D. Lynde, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>Diamond Drills, J. Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y.</p> + +<p>Eagle Anvils, 9 cents per pound. Fully warranted.</p> + +<p>Case Hardening Preparation. Box 73, Willimantic, Ct.</p> + +<p>Vertical Burr Mill. C. K. Bullock, Phila., Pa.</p> + +<p>Sheet Metal Presses, Ferracute Co., Bridgeton, N. J.</p> + +<p>Mundy's Pat. Friction Hoist. Eng., of any power, double +and single. Said by all to be the best. J. S. Mundy, Newark, +N. J.</p> + +<p>Auction Sale.—The Machinery and Property of the +well known Hardie's Machine Works, 62 and 64 Church +St., Albany, N. Y., will be sold March 26, at noon. No +postponement.</p> + +<p>To Manufacturers or Capitalists.—A rare chance to +control a valuable agricultural patented implement. +Address S. A. Fisher, Maplewood, Mass.</p> + +<p>Reflecting Telescope, 6½ inches aperture, well mounted, +price only $70. J. Ramsden, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>See Hogins' Laundry Table, illustrated on page 194. +State, Canada, and entire right for sale.</p> + +<p>Emery.—Best Turkey Emery in bbls., kegs, and cases +in quantities to suit. Greene, Tweed & Co., 18 Park +Place, N. Y.</p> + +<p>The <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> Export Edition is published +monthly, about the 15th of each month. Every +number comprises most of the plates of the four preceding +weekly numbers of the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>, with +other appropriate contents, business announcements, +etc. It forms a large and splendid periodical of nearly +one hundred quarto pages, each number illustrated with +about one hundred engravings. It is a complete record +of American progress in the arts.</p> + +<p>Gold, Silver, and Nickel Plater wants situation. Address +Plater, Oakville, Conn.</p> + +<p>Amateur Photo. Apparatus, including instructions; +outfits complete. E. Sackmann & Co., 278 Pearl St., N. Y.</p> + +<p>Outfits for Nickel and Silver Plating, $5 to $200. +Union Silver Plating Company, Princeton, Ill.</p> + +<p>Send for Circulars of Indestructible Boot and Shoe +Soles to H. C. Goodrich, 40 Hoyne Ave., Chicago, Ill.</p> + +<p>For Sale.—Brown & Sharp Universal Milling Machine; +Bement Profiling Machine; first-class 2d hand Machine +Tools. E. P. Bullard, 14 Dey St., New York.</p> + +<p>For Sale.—7 foot bed Putnam Planer, $350. A. A. +Pool & Co., Newark, N. J.</p> + +<p>Bevins & Co.'s Hydraulic Elevator. Great power, +simplicity, safety, economy, durability. 94 Liberty St. N. Y.</p> + +<p>A Cupola works best with forced blast from a Baker +Blower. Wilbraham Bros., 2,318 Frankford Ave., Phila.</p> + +<p>Shaw's Noise Quieting Nozzles and Mercury Pressure +Gauges. T. Shaw, 915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>For Solid Wrought Iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. +Address Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for +lithograph, etc.</p> + +<p>H. Prentiss & Company, 14 Dey St., N. Y., Manufs. +Taps, Dies, Screw Plates, Reamers, etc. Send for list.</p> + +<p>Presses, Dies, and Tools for working Sheet Metal, etc. +Fruit & other can tools. Bliss & Williams, B'klyn, N. Y.</p> + +<p>Nickel Plating.—A white deposit guaranteed by using +our material. Condit, Hanson & Van Winkle, Newark, N. J.</p> + +<p>Hydraulic Elevators for private houses, hotels, and +public buildings. Burdon Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.</p> + +<p>The Lathes, Planers, Drills, and other Tools, new and +second-hand, of the Wood & Light Machine Company, +Worcester, are to be sold out very low by the George +Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., New York.</p> + +<p>Hydraulic Presses and Jacks, new and second hand. +Lathes and Machinery for Polishing and Buffing Metals +E. Lyon & Co., 470 Grand St., N. Y.</p> + +<p>Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels—The Solid Original +Emery Wheel—other kinds imitations and inferior. +Caution.—Our name is stamped in full on all our best +Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only. +The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing +Company, 37 and 38 Park Row, N. Y.</p> + +<p>Pulverizing Mills for all hard substances and grinding +purposes. Walker Bros. & Co., 23d & Wood St., Phila., Pa.</p> + +<p>Portland Cement—Roman & Keene's, for walks, cisterns, +foundations, stables, cellars, bridges, reservoirs, +breweries, etc. Remit 25 cents postage stamps for Practical +Treatise on Cements. S. L. Merchant & Co., 53 +Broadway, New York.</p> + +<p>Needle Pointed Iron, Brass, and Steel Wire for all +purposes. W. Crabb, Newark, N. J.</p> + +<p>Manufacturers of Improved Goods who desire to build +up a lucrative foreign trade, will do well to insert a well +displayed advertisement in the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> +Export Edition. This paper has a very large foreign +circulation.</p> + +<p>Band Saws, $100; Scroll Saws, $75; Planers, $150; +Universal Wood Workers and Hand Planers, $150, and +upwards. Bentel, Margedant & Co., Hamilton, Ohio.</p> + +<p>The best Friction Clutch Pulley and Friction Hoisting +Machinery in the world, to be seen with power applied, +95 and 97 Liberty St., New York. D. Frisbie & Co., +New Haven, Conn.</p> + +<p>C. M. Flint, Fitchburg, Mass., Mfr. of Saw Mills and +Dogs, Shingle and Clapboard Machines. Circulars.</p> + +<p>Blake's Belt Studs; strongest, cheapest, and best fastening +for Leather or Rubber Belts. Greene, Tweed & +Co., New York.</p> + +<p>No gum! No grit! No acid! Anti-Corrosive Cylinder +Oil is the best in the world, and the first and +only oil that perfectly lubricates a railroad locomotive +cylinder, doing it with half the quantity +required of best lard or tallow, giving increased +power and less wear to machinery, with entire freedom +from gum, stain, or corrosion of any sort, and +it is equally superior for all steam cylinders or +heavy work where body or cooling qualities are +indispensable. A fair trial insures its continued +use. Address E. H. Kellogg, sole manufacturer, 17 +Cedar St., New York.</p> + +<p>The unprecedented demand for Kinney Bros.' New +Cigarette, Sweet Caporal, is a good recommendation as +to their merit.</p> + +<p>Wheels and Pinions, heavy and light, remarkably +strong and durable. Especially suited for sugar mills +and similar work. Pittsburgh Steel Casting Company, +Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>Deoxidized Bronze. Patent for machine and engine +journals. Philadelphia Smelting Co., Phila., Pa.</p> + +<p>For Sale.—4 H. P. Vertical Engine and Boiler (New +York Safety Steam Power Co.'s make), as good, and in +some respects better, than new. Address H. M. Quackenbush, +Herkimer, N. Y.</p> + +<p>Wood-working Machinery, Waymouth Lathes. Specialty, +Wardwell Patent Saw Bench; it has no equal. +Improved Patent Planers; Elevators; Dowel Machines. +Rollstone Machine Company, Fitchburg, Mass.</p> + +<p>Galland & Co.'s improved Hydraulic Elevators. Office +206 Broadway, N. Y., (Evening Post Building, room 22.)</p> + +<p>The only economical and practical Gas Engine in the +market is the new "Otto" Silent, built by Schleicher. +Schumm & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Send for circular.</p> + +<p>Dead Pulleys that stop the running of loose pulleys +and their belts, controlled from any point. Send for +catalogue. Taper Sleeve Pulley Works, Erie, Pa.</p> + +<p><i>Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine</i> is one of the most +beautiful magazines in the world. Each number contains +a chromo of some group of flowers, and many fine +engravings. Published monthly at $1.25 per year. Address +James Vick, Rochester, N. Y.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<div class="center"> +<a name="note" id="note"></a> +<img src="./images/13a.png" alt="Notes and Queries" /> +</div> + +<h2>Notes & Queries</h2> + +<h2>HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.</h2> + +<p>No attention will be paid to communications unless +accompanied with the full name and address of the +writer.</p> + +<p>Names and addresses of correspondents will not be +given to inquirers.</p> + +<p>We renew our request that correspondents, in referring +to former answers or articles, will be kind enough to +name the date of the paper and the page, or the number +of the question.</p> + +<p>Correspondents whose inquiries do not appear after +a reasonable time should repeat them.</p> + +<p>Persons desiring special information which is purely +of a personal character, and not of general interest, +should remit from $1 to $5, according to the subject, +as we cannot be expected to spend time and labor to +obtain such information without remuneration.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>(1) S. Q.—The speed of a circular saw at +the periphery should be from 6,000 to 7,000 feet per +minute. The number of revolutions per minute will of +course vary with the diameter of the saw.</p> + +<p>(2) T. J. F. asks (1) for the best way to +fasten emery on a wooden wheel, to be used in place of +a solid emery wheel. A. Cover the wheel with leather +devoid of grease, and coat the leather surface, a portion +at a time, with good glue; immediately roll the glued +surface in emery spread out on a board. 2. How can I +fasten small pieces of looking glass on iron? A. Use +equal parts of pitch and gutta percha mixed together.</p> + +<p>(3) W. C. asks: 1. What is the power of +the simple electric light described in <span class="smcap">Supplement No.</span> +149? A. When supplied with a strong current it is equal +to 5 or 6 5-foot gas burners. It is designed for temporary +use only. 2. What is the cost of manufacturing +the dynamo-electric machine in <span class="smcap">Supplement No.</span> 161? +A. The one shown in the article referred to cost about +$35.</p> + +<p>(4) L. D. asks: 1. Which is the better conductor, +silver or copper? A. Silver. 2. And the comparative +resistance offered to the electric current by +water and the above? A. Taking pure silver as +100,000,000, the conductivity of distilled water would be +0.01.</p> + +<p>(5) H. J. F. writes: In <span class="smcap">Supplement</span> 162 +a simple electric light is described. I wish to light a +room 20x20x10 feet. 1. How large is the bell glass? A. +2½ inches. 2. Can I use battery carbon? A. Use a carbon +pencil made for electric lamps. 3. How can I make +tray water tight after putting wire through? A. With +gutta percha. 4. I have one large cell Bunsen and one +Smee. How many more and of what kind shall I get? +A. One of the batteries described in <span class="smcap">Supplements</span> 157, +158, 159, will do, probably 8 or 10 Bunsen elements would +be the best.</p> + +<p>(6) W. B. F. writes: I tried to make an +electric pen, like the one described in your <span class="smcap">Scientific +American</span>, of February 22d, 1879, using a Smee's battery, +a circuit breaker, and an induction coil, but it did +not work. Is there anything wrong, or is a condenser +different from an induction coil? A. A condenser consists +of a number of sheets of tin foil separated from +each other by larger sheets of paper. One half of the +tin foil sheets are connected with one terminal of the +primary coil, the other half with the other terminal; the +tin foil sheets connected with one terminal alternate +with those of the other terminal. The condenser is +essential to the working of the coil. For complete directions +for making induction coils, see <span class="smcap">Scientific +American Supplement No.</span> 160.</p> + +<p>(7) J. De F. asks: 1. Knowing the resistance +of a wire of given conductivity, length, and diameter, +will the resistance of any other wire be in proportion +inversely? A. Yes. 2. Is there heat enough developed +in the secondary coil of an induction coil to prevent +the use of paraffine as an insulating material? A. +With proper battery power, no. 3. How high in the +list of non-conductors does paraffine stand? A. It is +one of the best. 4. Will a cotton insulator soaked in +paraffine answer as well as silk? A. No, because it +renders the covering of the wire too thick. 5. Can you +recommend any insulating material for making induction +coils which will dry rapidly? A. Alcoholic shellac +varnish. Rosin to which a little beeswax has been +added is an excellent insulator; it must be applied in a +melted state. 6. What is the composition of the black +material covering the Leclanche porous cell? A. Gutta +percha. 7. Is the magneto-electric machine described +in the <span class="smcap">Scientific American Supplement</span> patented? A. +To which do you refer? Most, if not all of them are patented.</p> + +<p>(8) B. V. F. writes: With reference to +item 8, on page 139, of <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>, March 1, +1879, I think there is some mistake about the coal you +think required to heat 1,000 cubic feet space. I burn +some 8 tons coal to heat, in the whole year, such part of +my house as must exceed 25x20x18=9,000 cubic feet. +We keep up a moderate heat at night. Ventilate more +than most families do; take part only of the cool air, and +only in part of the coldest weather, from the cellar, +which at such times is opened into the main entries. +House wood, back plastered, and stands alone. If 100 lbs. +coal would heat 1,000 feet one day, I ought to burn 900 +lbs. a day, or nearly 14 tons in December and 14 more in +January. A. We are glad to receive these data, which +correspond quite closely with some obtained by recent +accurate experiments. The estimate given in the <span class="smcap">Scientific +American</span> also agrees well with experiments +on the use of hot air heaters for very small buildings or +rooms. Of course, the larger the space to be heated, +the more economically it can generally be done.</p> + +<p>(9) W. M. S. asks: Will the coil described +in <span class="smcap">Supplement No.</span> 160 do for the electric pen described +in a recent number of the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>? +If not how must it be changed? A. It is too large; make +it one half the size given.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/13b.png" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p>(10) B. G.—In reply to your inquiry as to +Mr. Stroh's telephone experiment, we give the following, +which we clip from the <i>English Mechanic</i>: A singular +experimental effect, of special interest just now +from its possible bearing on the theory of the source +of sound in the Bell telephone, has just been observed +by Mr. Stroh, the well known mechanician. If a +telephone, T, with the circuit of its coil left open, be +held to the ear, and a powerful magnet, M, be moved +gently up and down along the length of the magnet, as +shown by the arrow, and at a distance of an inch or two +from it, a faint breathing sound will be heard, the recurring +pulses of sound keeping time with the up and +down motion of the magnet. The sound may be aptly +compared to the steady breathing of a child, and there +is a striking resemblance between it and the microphonic +sounds of gases diffusing through a porous +septum as heard by Mr. Chandler Roberts. We understand +that Professor Hughes is investigating the cause +of this curious sound by help of the microphone.</p> + +<p>(11) "Enterprise" asks: What part of its +volume will iron expand in passing from a temperature +of 60° to melting temperature? A. The cubical expansion +of iron for each degree (C.) between 0° and 100° is +0.00003546 of its volume, its volume being 1. This ratio +however, increases somewhat at higher temperatures, +since the mean coefficient of expansion for each degree +<a name="Page_0204" id="Page_0204"></a>between 0° C. and 300° C. is 0.00004405. The question +you ask has probably never been settled. You may form +an approximation by the use of the above ratios, knowing +the melting point of the iron.</p> + +<p>(12) P. L. O. asks for a good chemistry +for a beginner to study without a teacher. A. Fownes' +"Chemistry;" Gorup-Besanez, "Inorganic, Organic +and Physiological Chemistry."</p> + +<p>(13) L. E. M. asks: What is the best +method of keeping fine guns from rusting, and what oil +should be used? A. For the outside, clear gum copal 1 +part, oil of rosemary 1 part, absolute alcohol 3 parts. +Clean and heat the metal and apply a flowing coat of the +liquid by means of a camel's hair brush. Do not handle +until the coat becomes dry and hard. For the inside of +the barrel a trace of refined sperm oil is as good as anything, +but an excess should be avoided.</p> + +<p>(14) A. H. B. asks how much weight, falling +10 feet, will be required to produce one horse power +for five hours? A. One horse power for 5 hours = 33,000 +× 300 = 9,900,000 foot pounds—so that the weight required +is 9,900,000 ÷ 10 = 990,000 lbs.</p> + +<p>(15) A. D. R. asks: 1. In renewing a Leclanche +battery, do the zincs have to be amalgamated? +A. They are usually amalgamated. 2. Will two cells +large size Leclanche battery give any light, using the +simple lamp described in <span class="smcap">Supplement No.</span> 162? A. No.</p> + +<p>(16) H. L. J. writes: In a recent issue of +the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> you state that the floating of +solid iron on melted iron is on the same principle as +the floating of ice in water. I do not quite understand +how it can be. Please explain. A. Solid iron, at an +elevated temperature, floats upon molten iron for the +same reason that ice floats upon molten ice-water—because +it is specifically lighter. You will find the subject +discussed at length in Tyndall's "Heat as a Mode of +Motion."</p> + +<p>(17) J. W. will find full directions for canning +corn, etc., on p. 394 (4), vol. 39, <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>.</p> + +<p>(18) "Amateur" writes: I wish to make +some small bells that have a clear ring. What metal +or metals can I use that I can melt easily? A. Use an +alloy of tin and antimony. See <span class="smcap">Scientific American +Supplement No.</span> 17.</p> + +<p>(19) H.—A nutritious mixed diet is unquestionably +the best, care being taken to avoid an excess of +meat.</p> + +<p>(20) W. F. writes: I have made an engine, +and would like to find out what size of boiler it will require. +The cylinder has 2¼ inch bore and 3 inches +stroke. A. It depends upon pressure and speed to be +maintained; probably a vertical tubular boiler, 15 inches +diameter, and 32 to 36 inches high, would suit you.</p> + +<p>(21) R. G. (Salt Lake).—Please send full +name.</p> + +<p>(22) J. M. G. asks: If two persons each +pull one hundred pounds on opposite ends of a rope, +what will be the strain on the rope? A. The strain on +the rope will be 100 lbs.</p> + +<p>(23) W. M. M. asks: In laying off a mill +stone in furrows, what draught is given? What amount +of the space of a stone is given to furrows and what to +grinding surface? A. There is considerable difference +in the practice of various millers, and we +would be glad to receive communications from those experienced +in the art of dressing millstones.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Minerals, Etc.</span>—Specimens have been received +from the following correspondents, and +examined, with the results stated:</p> + +<p>S. (New Orleans.)—The powder consists of a mixture +of zinc oxide and finely powdered resin. A quantitative +analysis would be necessary to determine the +proportions.</p> + +<p>Any numbers of the <span class="smcap">Scientific American Supplement</span> +referred to in these columns may be had at this +office. Price 10 cents each.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary=""> +<tr><th>COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED.</th></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left"> +Life Preserving Stone. By J. D. W.<br /> +On Ventilation. By D. W.<br /> +What is Mental Action? By N. K.<br /> +Panama Railroad or Canal. By G. R. P.<br /> +A Problem. By K.<br /> +On the Gary Motor. By G. F. M.<br /> +Magnetic Motor. By G. W. W., W. A. A., G. H. F.<br /> +House Warming. By H. B. F.<br /> +The Injector. By M. A. B.<br /> +Columbus' Problem; Cure for Diphtheria; The Mullein<br /> +Cure for Consumption. By R. W. L.<br /> +A Visit to Tula. By L. R.<br /> +On Vacuum in Pumps and the Atwood Machine. By P. J. D.<br /> +On the Patent Bill. By R.<br /> +</td></tr></table> +</div> + +<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="center">[OFFICIAL.]</p> + +<h3>INDEX OF INVENTIONS</h3> + +<p class="center">FOR WHICH<br /> +<b>Letters Patent of the United States were +Granted in the Week Ending</b><br /> +February 18, 1879,<br /> +<b>AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE.</b></p> + +<p class="center">[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.]</p> + + +<p>A complete copy of any patent in the annexed list, +including both the specifications and drawings, will be +furnished from this office for one dollar. In ordering, +please state the number and date of the patent desired, +and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city.</p> + +<table width="100%" summary="Patent List"> +<tr><td>Air heater, W. Pickhardt</td><td class="rt">212,499</td></tr> +<tr><td>Anchor, A. F. White</td><td class="rt">212,340</td></tr> +<tr><td>Animal trap, S. J. Bennett</td><td class="rt">212,430</td></tr> +<tr><td>Axle box, vehicle, P. K. Hughes</td><td class="rt">212,382</td></tr> +<tr><td>Axle, carriage, C. H. Kendall</td><td class="rt">212,387</td></tr> +<tr><td>Axle for wagons, trussed, J. Herby</td><td class="rt">212,378</td></tr> +<tr><td>Axle, vehicle, C. H. Kendall</td><td class="rt">212,386</td></tr> +<tr><td>Barrel cover, C. Brinton</td><td class="rt">212,350</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bed bottom, J. Flinn</td><td class="rt">212,451</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bed bottom, spring, W. B. Crich</td><td class="rt">212,443</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bedstead, sofa, A. N. Hornung</td><td class="rt">212,312</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bedstead, wardrobe, H. P. Blackman</td><td class="rt">212,348</td></tr> +<tr><td>Belt hook templet, E. Card</td><td class="rt">212,353</td></tr> +<tr><td>Boot and shoe laster, L. Graf</td><td class="rt">212,460</td></tr> +<tr><td>Boot and shoe sole polisher, etc., O. Gilmore</td><td class="rt">212,372</td></tr> +<tr><td>Boot and shoe sole edge trimmer, C. H. Helms</td><td class="rt">212,311</td></tr> +<tr><td>Boot fronts, cutting in, C. H. Colburn</td><td class="rt">212,357</td></tr> +<tr><td>Boot, India-rubber, G. Watkinson (r)</td><td class="rt">8,587</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bottle filler, W. S. Paddock</td><td class="rt">212,494</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bread board, H. Van Doren</td><td class="rt">212,334</td></tr> +<tr><td>Brick, shed for drying, C. H. Roselius</td><td class="rt">212,511</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bridge gate, A. Stempel</td><td class="rt">212,329</td></tr> +<tr><td>Broom corn tabler, G. W. Foulger</td><td class="rt">212,454</td></tr> +<tr><td>Button F. E. Williams</td><td class="rt">212,418</td></tr> +<tr><td>Calculator, tax, P. F. Pettibone</td><td class="rt">212,498</td></tr> +<tr><td>Car coupling, G. R. Hamilton</td><td class="rt">212,462</td></tr> +<tr><td>Car coupling, S. A. Haydock</td><td class="rt">212,464</td></tr> +<tr><td>Car coupling, J. Worrall</td><td class="rt">212,529</td></tr> +<tr><td>Car heaters, coupling for pipes of railway, J. W. Graydon</td><td class="rt">212,376</td></tr> +<tr><td>Car heater, railway, J. W. Graydon</td><td class="rt">212,375</td></tr> +<tr><td>Car heating pipe coupling, railway, J. W. Graydon</td><td class="rt">212,374</td></tr> +<tr><td>Car ventilation, J. Knipscheer</td><td class="rt">212,475</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cars, heating, J. & J. W. Russell</td><td class="rt">212,403</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cars, supplying water to wash stands on, D. H. Jones</td><td class="rt">212,385</td></tr> +<tr><td>Carbureter feed regulator, W. H. Reed</td><td class="rt">212,502</td></tr> +<tr><td>Card machine burr conveyer, W. C. Bramwell</td><td class="rt">212,435</td></tr> +<tr><td>Carpet beater, J. L. Leach</td><td class="rt">212,476</td></tr> +<tr><td>Carriage, C. H. Palmer, Jr.</td><td class="rt">212,397</td></tr> +<tr><td>Carriage bow, F. H. Niemann</td><td class="rt">212,491</td></tr> +<tr><td>Carriage, child's, F. H. Way (r)</td><td class="rt">8,583</td></tr> +<tr><td>Carriage top prop, J. P. Simpson</td><td class="rt">212,519</td></tr> +<tr><td>Carriage canopy top, D. Gleason</td><td class="rt">212,458</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cartridge, W. W. Hubbell</td><td class="rt">212,313</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chair foot or leg rest, M. E. Keiran</td><td class="rt">212,474</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chimney, locomotive engine, H. R. Walker</td><td class="rt">212,414</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chuck, lathe, J. H. Vinton</td><td class="rt">212,413</td></tr> +<tr><td>Churn power motion, W. F. Witherington</td><td class="rt">212,527</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cigarette, C. C. Millaudon</td><td class="rt">212,392</td></tr> +<tr><td>Coat, reversible, N. H. Lund</td><td class="rt">212,479</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cock and faucet, etc., self-closing, J. Broughton</td><td class="rt">212,436</td></tr> +<tr><td>Coffee pot, teapot, etc., stand, D. H. Murphy</td><td class="rt">212,395</td></tr> +<tr><td>Coffee roaster, R. Davis</td><td class="rt">212,445</td></tr> +<tr><td>Corset, W. Thomas</td><td class="rt">212,411</td></tr> +<tr><td>Corset steel, E. M. Smith</td><td class="rt">211,520</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dental plugger, W. G. A. Bonwill</td><td class="rt">212,434</td></tr> +<tr><td>Door securer and combined tool, P. E. Rudel</td><td class="rt">212,512</td></tr> +<tr><td>Door sill and carpet strip, S. M. Stewart</td><td class="rt">212,521</td></tr> +<tr><td>Drip pan and self-oiler for bearings, R. B. Eason</td><td class="rt">212,449</td></tr> +<tr><td>Egg cup and opener, D. H. Murphy</td><td class="rt">212,394</td></tr> +<tr><td>End gate, wagon, W. H. Parkin</td><td class="rt">212,398</td></tr> +<tr><td>File, bill, E. H. Owen</td><td class="rt">212,493</td></tr> +<tr><td>Files, recutting, M. J. Murphy</td><td class="rt">212,490</td></tr> +<tr><td>Filter, J. W. Lefferts</td><td class="rt">212,477</td></tr> +<tr><td>Firearm, breech-loading, H. Goodman</td><td class="rt">212,459</td></tr> +<tr><td>Firearm lock, Kaufmann & Warnant</td><td class="rt">212,473</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fire extinguisher, D. T. Perkins</td><td class="rt">212,322</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fires in buildings, extinguishing, C. Barnes</td><td class="rt">212,346</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fluid motor, Chase & Bowker</td><td class="rt">212,356</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fountain tip, H. G. Fiske</td><td class="rt">212,368</td></tr> +<tr><td>Furnace, G. B. Field</td><td class="rt">212,366</td></tr> +<tr><td>Game apparatus, W. T. Ebert</td><td class="rt">212,304</td></tr> +<tr><td>Garter, etc., clasp, L. Lobenstein</td><td class="rt">212,390</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gate, McKinley & Ellis</td><td class="rt">212,482</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gate, G. W. Pyle</td><td class="rt">212,501</td></tr> +<tr><td>Glassware, decorating, H. Feurhake</td><td class="rt">212,365</td></tr> +<tr><td>Glassware shaper and finisher, Atterbury & Beck</td><td class="rt">212,421</td></tr> +<tr><td>Glazier's tool, W. H. G. Savage</td><td class="rt">212,515</td></tr> +<tr><td>Governor and friction brake for machinery, speed, T. A. Weston</td><td class="rt">212,337</td></tr> +<tr><td>Grain drill, C. F. Davis (r)</td><td class="rt">8,589</td></tr> +<tr><td>Harness breeching strap, H. Holt</td><td class="rt">212,467</td></tr> +<tr><td>Harrow, toothless, J. W. Mulvey</td><td class="rt">212,393</td></tr> +<tr><td>Harvester, W. A. Wood</td><td class="rt">212,528</td></tr> +<tr><td>Harvester cutter, B. Pratt</td><td class="rt">212,323</td></tr> +<tr><td>Harvester, grain binding, J. F. Appleby</td><td class="rt">212,420</td></tr> +<tr><td>Harvester reel, B. Moreland</td><td class="rt">212,318</td></tr> +<tr><td>Harvesting machine, Dutton & Tornquist</td><td class="rt">212,303</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hat formers, web tender for, R. Eickemeyer</td><td class="rt">212,450</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hay binder and elevator, P. H. Nichols</td><td class="rt">212,319</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hay elevator, H. Barlow</td><td class="rt">212,427</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hay tedder, E. J. Knowlton</td><td class="rt">212,388</td></tr> +<tr><td>Headlights, signal for locomotive, W. Kelley (r)</td><td class="rt">8,591</td></tr> +<tr><td>Heat regulator for furnaces, A. C. Norcross (r)</td><td class="rt">8,582</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hoisting bucket, F. H. C. Mey</td><td class="rt">212,317</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hoisting drums, etc., friction brake and clutch for, T. A. Weston</td><td class="rt">212,338</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hoisting machine, T. A. Weston</td><td class="rt">212,339</td></tr> +<tr><td>Horse toe weight, G. C. Clausen</td><td class="rt">212,440</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hydrant, J. Snell</td><td class="rt">212,408</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hydrant, street, G. C. Morgan</td><td class="rt">212,486</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hydraulic motor, W. S. Puckett</td><td class="rt">212,500</td></tr> +<tr><td>Injector, steam boiler, G. R. Buckman</td><td class="rt">212,438</td></tr> +<tr><td>Keg trussing machine, E. & B. Holmes</td><td class="rt">212,381</td></tr> +<tr><td>Kettle, H. C. McLean</td><td class="rt">212,483</td></tr> +<tr><td>Kitchen cabinet, C. A. Adams</td><td class="rt">212,343</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lamp, J. H. Irwin</td><td class="rt">212,470</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lamp burner, E. B. Requa</td><td class="rt">212,401</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lamp, fountain, C. Stockmann</td><td class="rt">212,522</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lamp shade holder, Brown & Taplin</td><td class="rt">212,437</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lamp, street, J. Stewart</td><td class="rt">212,410</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lamp wick, H. Halvorson</td><td class="rt">212,309</td></tr> +<tr><td>Life preserver, T. Richards</td><td class="rt">212,402</td></tr> +<tr><td>Life preserver, R. E. Rose</td><td class="rt">212,404</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lock, W. E. Forster</td><td class="rt">212,452</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lock gate, D. Risher, Jr.</td><td class="rt">212,506</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mechanical movement, C. B. Hitchcock</td><td class="rt">212,380</td></tr> +<tr><td>Metal tube maker, A. Ball</td><td class="rt">212,425</td></tr> +<tr><td>Middlings separator, J. Schoonover</td><td class="rt">212,406</td></tr> +<tr><td>Milker, cow, A. C. Baldwin</td><td class="rt">212,423</td></tr> +<tr><td>Millstone adjustment, S. P. Walling</td><td class="rt">212,525</td></tr> +<tr><td>Millstone curb or hoop, J. S. Detwiler</td><td class="rt">212,361</td></tr> +<tr><td>Miter machine, J. J. Spilker</td><td class="rt">212,409</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mop head, H. Murch</td><td class="rt">212,489</td></tr> +<tr><td>Needle eye polisher, George & Payne</td><td class="rt">212,455</td></tr> +<tr><td>Oil cup, F. Lunkenheimer</td><td class="rt">212,480</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ore concentrator, E. W. Stephens</td><td class="rt">212,330</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ore roaster, C. E. Robinson</td><td class="rt">212,508</td></tr> +<tr><td>Oven bottom and slide, J. Jewett</td><td class="rt">212,471</td></tr> +<tr><td>Oysters, board bank for fattening, F. Lang</td><td class="rt">212,389</td></tr> +<tr><td>Package or box filler, Bolton & Strieby</td><td class="rt">212,349</td></tr> +<tr><td>Paper cutter, J. M. Jones</td><td class="rt">212,384</td></tr> +<tr><td>Paper folder, R. M. Hoe</td><td class="rt">212,466</td></tr> +<tr><td>Paper machines, method and apparatus for producing a vacuum in the suction box of, Dunn & Hollister</td><td class="rt">212,362</td></tr> +<tr><td>Paper machines, wire guide for J. W. Moore</td><td class="rt">212,485</td></tr> +<tr><td>Paper making, treating pulp stock, S. & J. Deacon</td><td class="rt">212,447</td></tr> +<tr><td>Paper scorer and cutter, G. L. Ingram</td><td class="rt">212,314</td></tr> +<tr><td>Paper scorer and cutter, W. F. Lodge</td><td class="rt">212,315</td></tr> +<tr><td>Permutation lock dial screen, Corbett & Miller</td><td class="rt">212,359</td></tr> +<tr><td>Picture exhibitor, A. L. High</td><td class="rt">212,465</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pill machine, Fort & Moore</td><td class="rt">212,453</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pipe wrench, S. W. Hudson</td><td class="rt">212,468</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pipe wrench with cutter, Franklin & Gilberds</td><td class="rt">212,369</td></tr> +<tr><td>Plant protector, E. R. Frederick</td><td class="rt">212,306</td></tr> +<tr><td>Plants, etc., poison distributer for, G. Townsend</td><td class="rt">212,412</td></tr> +<tr><td>Planter and drill, check row, G. J. Hyer</td><td class="rt">212,469</td></tr> +<tr><td>Planter, corn, J. A. Roderick</td><td class="rt">212,509</td></tr> +<tr><td>Plow, E. Walker</td><td class="rt">212,524</td></tr> +<tr><td>Plow attachment, A. O. Bement</td><td class="rt">212,429</td></tr> +<tr><td>Plow cutter, A. Aldrich</td><td class="rt">212,419</td></tr> +<tr><td>Plow, sulky, J. R. Whitney</td><td class="rt">212,341</td></tr> +<tr><td>Printer's roller, T. M. Fisher</td><td class="rt">212,367</td></tr> +<tr><td>Printing machine, L. C. Crowell</td><td class="rt">212,444</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pumping engine, duplex, G. F. Blake (r)</td><td class="rt">8,585</td></tr> +<tr><td>Radiator for steam heaters, Covert & Snyder</td><td class="rt">212,360</td></tr> +<tr><td>Railway crossing, Bernard & Perkins</td><td class="rt">212,432</td></tr> +<tr><td>Railway switch, C. F. Gessert</td><td class="rt">212,456</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ratchet mechanism and clutch for machinery, T. A. Weston</td><td class="rt">212,336</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rocking chair, J. W. Hamburger</td><td class="rt">212,461</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rotary engine, A. B. Haughey</td><td class="rt">212,463</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rubber mat, E. L. Perry</td><td class="rt">212,497</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sad iron holder, A. Failor</td><td class="rt">212,363</td></tr> +<tr><td>Safety pin, I. W. Stewart (r)</td><td class="rt">8,592</td></tr> +<tr><td>Salt cellar, W. Sellers</td><td class="rt">212,518</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sandpaper roll, O. Gilmore</td><td class="rt">212,371</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sash cord guide, Clarkson & Kesler (r)</td><td class="rt">8,586</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sash fastener, J. Benson</td><td class="rt">212,431</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sash fastener, G. W. Cary</td><td class="rt">212,354</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sash fastener, J. B. Morris</td><td class="rt">212,487</td></tr> +<tr><td>Saw, circular, G. Schleicher</td><td class="rt">212,516</td></tr> +<tr><td>Saw handle, E. R. Osgood</td><td class="rt">212,396</td></tr> +<tr><td>Saw, jig, G. W. Gary</td><td class="rt">212,355</td></tr> +<tr><td>Saw mill, gang, H. D. & E. N. Wickes</td><td class="rt">212,526</td></tr> +<tr><td>Saw mill head block, J. T. James</td><td class="rt">212,383</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sawing machine, scroll, N. P. Selden</td><td class="rt">212,326</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scales, platform, F. Fairbanks</td><td class="rt">212,364</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scales, weighing, G. L. C. Coulon</td><td class="rt">212,300</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scarf pins, etc., making ball heads of, J. N. Allen</td><td class="rt">212,297</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scythe snath fastening, P. E. Rudel</td><td class="rt">212,513</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sewer trap, J. P. Cahill</td><td class="rt">212,352</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sewing implement, A. J. Lytle</td><td class="rt">212,481</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sewing machine, C. O. Parmenter</td><td class="rt">212,495</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sewing machine attachment, J. B. Sulgrove</td><td class="rt">212,523</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sewing machine plaiter, White & Bowhannan</td><td class="rt">212,417</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sheet metal vessel bottom, F. W. Moseley</td><td class="rt">212,484</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shoe, Searl & Bly</td><td class="rt">212,517</td></tr> +<tr><td>Skate, C. T. Day (r)</td><td class="rt">8,590</td></tr> +<tr><td>Skylight, J. Friend</td><td class="rt">212,307</td></tr> +<tr><td>Slate frame, E. Butler (r)</td><td class="rt">8,588</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sled propeller, G. F. Shaver (r)</td><td class="rt">8,593</td></tr> +<tr><td>Smelting furnace, iron, P. L. Weimer</td><td class="rt">212,415</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sole edge burnisher, T. P. Young</td><td class="rt">212,342</td></tr> +<tr><td>Spoke tenoning machine, A. J. Roberts</td><td class="rt">212,507</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sprinkling can, G. F. Payne</td><td class="rt">212,321</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stamp, postage and revenue, K. Wheeler</td><td class="rt">212,416</td></tr> +<tr><td>Staple machine, W. M. Collins</td><td class="rt">212,441</td></tr> +<tr><td>Staples in paper, etc., device for inserting metallic, G. W. McGill</td><td class="rt">212,316</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stave crozer and chamferer, H. H. Dunlevy</td><td class="rt">212,448</td></tr> +<tr><td>Steak tenderer, E. Richmond</td><td class="rt">212,505</td></tr> +<tr><td>Steam boiler, fire tube, J. Cowhig</td><td class="rt">212,301</td></tr> +<tr><td>Steam brake for locomotives, etc., W. L. Card</td><td class="rt">212,439</td></tr> +<tr><td>Steam piping for heating, etc., B. F. Osborne</td><td class="rt">212,420</td></tr> +<tr><td>Steam trap, I. W. Merrill</td><td class="rt">212,391</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stove and furnace grate, S. Smyth</td><td class="rt">212,407</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stove, cooking, G. H. Hess</td><td class="rt">212,379</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stove, cooking, J. Jewett</td><td class="rt">212,472</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stove, oil, Fleming & Hamilton</td><td class="rt">212,305</td></tr> +<tr><td>Stove oven door and shelf, C. W. Brieder</td><td class="rt">212,351</td></tr> +<tr><td>Strainer, gravy, J. Scheider (r)</td><td class="rt">8,584</td></tr> +<tr><td>Strap for garments, adjusting, T. O. Potter</td><td class="rt">212,400</td></tr> +<tr><td>Street motor, J. T. Cord</td><td class="rt">212,442</td></tr> +<tr><td>Surveying instrument leveler, G. N. Saegmuller</td><td class="rt">212,405</td></tr> +<tr><td>Swing, J. Ryan</td><td class="rt">212,514</td></tr> +<tr><td>Telephone apparatus, speaking, E. Gray</td><td class="rt">212,373</td></tr> +<tr><td>Telephony, electric, Black & Rosebrugh</td><td class="rt">212,433</td></tr> +<tr><td>Telephony, electric, A. M. Rosebrugh</td><td class="rt">212,510</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thill coupling, D. C. Bacon</td><td class="rt">212,422</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thill coupling, C. E. Gillespie et al.</td><td class="rt">212,308</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thill coupling, M. F. Ten Eyck</td><td class="rt">212,333</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thill supporter, vehicle, H. O. Rector</td><td class="rt">212,325</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ticket, passenger, J. H. Purdy</td><td class="rt">212,324</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tiles for use as stands, frame for holding ornamental or fancy pottery, C. A. Wellington</td><td class="rt">212,335</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tiles, decorative, J. G. Low</td><td class="rt">212,478</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tiles, paving blocks, etc., composition for drain, W. H. Haight</td><td class="rt">212,377</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tire upsetter, B. K. Taylor</td><td class="rt">212,332</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tobacco, curing, A. P. Poladura</td><td class="rt">212,399</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tobacco cutter, Bauer & Seitz</td><td class="rt">212,347</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tobacco flavoring compound, D. Sternberg</td><td class="rt">212,331</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tobacco manufacture, J. T. Harris</td><td class="rt">212,310</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tobacco presser, F. B. Deane</td><td class="rt">212,446</td></tr> +<tr><td>Traction engine, J. Cooper</td><td class="rt">212,358</td></tr> +<tr><td>Truss, J. R. Alexander</td><td class="rt">212,344</td></tr> +<tr><td>Type distributer, A. C. Richards</td><td class="rt">212,503</td></tr> +<tr><td>Type setter, A. C. Richards</td><td class="rt">212,504</td></tr> +<tr><td>Umbrella, M. Girbardt</td><td class="rt">212,457</td></tr> +<tr><td>Umbrella runner, W. H. Belknap</td><td class="rt">212,428</td></tr> +<tr><td>Undershoe or slipper, G. Gardner</td><td class="rt">212,370</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vehicle seat lock, W. G. Allen</td><td class="rt">212,345</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vehicle spring, M. H. Crane</td><td class="rt">212,302</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vehicle spring bolster, J. G. Snyder</td><td class="rt">212,328</td></tr> +<tr><td>Velocipede, E. C. F. Otto</td><td class="rt">212,492</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wash boiler, F. J. Boyer</td><td class="rt">212,299</td></tr> +<tr><td>Washing and bath tub, J. B O. Shevill</td><td class="rt">212,327</td></tr> +<tr><td>Washing machine, J. W. Patterson</td><td class="rt">212,496</td></tr> +<tr><td>Water meter diaphragm, W. B. Mounteney</td><td class="rt">212,488</td></tr> +<tr><td>Whip holder, Curtis & Worden (r)</td><td class="rt">8,581</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wire measurer and cutter, G. A. Baron</td><td class="rt">212,426</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wire, winding tubes and rods with, A. Ball</td><td class="rt">212,424</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wrench, C. B. Billings</td><td class="rt">212,298</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">TRADE MARKS.</p> + +<table width="100%" summary="Trade Marks"> +<tr><td>Boots, shoes, and brogans, W. F. Thorne & Co.</td><td class="rt">7,037</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cigars, Sullivan & Burk</td><td class="rt">7,035</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cigars, cigarettes, and smoking and chewing tobacco, B. Hilson</td><td class="rt">7,038</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cotton gins, Printup, Brother & Pollard</td><td class="rt">7,042</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fertilizers for flowers, W. H. Bowker & Co.</td><td class="rt">7,041</td></tr> +<tr><td>Grain fans, J. Montgomery</td><td class="rt">7,032</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hair goods for ladies' wear, M. E. Thompson</td><td class="rt">7,040</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hoes, Semple & Birge Manufacturing Company</td><td class="rt">7,039</td></tr> +<tr><td>Medicine for the cure of neuralgia, and the like diseases, J. S. Nicolds</td><td class="rt">7,033</td></tr> +<tr><td>Roofing paper, carpet paper, or paper felt, and building paper, Watson & Janes</td><td class="rt">7,043</td></tr> +<tr><td>Soap, Gallup & Hewitt</td><td class="rt">7,036</td></tr> +<tr><td>Spool cotton, J. & J. Clark & Co</td><td class="rt">7,031</td></tr> +<tr><td>Table cutlery, John Russell Cutlery Company</td><td class="rt">7,034</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">DESIGNS.</p> + +<table width="100%" summary="Designs"> +<tr><td>Carpet, T. J. Stearns</td><td class="rt">11,029</td></tr> +<tr><td>Combined sleigh bell and terret ring, H. M. Richmond</td><td class="rt">11,027</td></tr> +<tr><td>Crocheted body for shawls, L. Howard</td><td class="rt">11,028</td></tr> +<tr><td>Oil cloth, C. T. & V. E. Meyer</td><td class="rt">11,024 to 11,026</td></tr> +<tr><td>Statue, A. Bartholdi</td><td class="rt">11,023</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"><b>English Patents Issued to Americans.</b><br /> +<br /> +From February 18 to February 21, inclusive.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"> +Bed bottoms, etc.—C. D. Flynt, Brooklyn, N. Y.<br /> +Berth.—D. Huston, Boston, Mass.<br /> +Lead smelting furnace.—G. T. Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa.<br /> +Locks.—A. P. Thomas <i>et al.</i>, Baltimore, Md.<br /> +Railway joint.—P. T. Madison, Indianapolis, Ind.<br /> +Spikes for railroads.—R. Bocklen, New York city.<br /> +Ventilating buildings.—F. S. Norton, New York city. +<a name="Page_0205" id="Page_0205"></a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>Advertisements.</h2> + +<table width="100%" summary="Cost of Advertisements"> +<tr><td><b>Inside Page, each insertion</b></td><td> <b>75 cents a line.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td><b>Back Page, each insertion</b></td><td> <b>$1.00 a line.</b></td></tr> +</table> +<p class="center">(About eight words to a line.)</p> + +<p><i>Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate +per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements +must be received at publication office as early +as Thursday morning to appear in next issue.</i></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"><b>A Rare Opportunity, on Easy Terms.</b></p> + +<p>To be sold at Auction, at Charleston, South Carolina, +on Tuesday, the first day of April, 1879, the Taylor Iron +Works, complete and in operation, together with all +stores, stock, and work on hand on day of sale.</p> + +<p>The above is a large, first-class engineering establishment, +complete within itself for all kinds of work, comprising +iron and brass foundries, boiler shop, machine +shops, pattern and millwright shops, with a large stock +of patterns for local machinery, and Taylor presses. +Connected with the works is a large, well-stocked engineer +and mill supply store. All departments have the +best of modern tools in thorough repair. Buildings +comparatively new, and conveniently arranged on large +grounds. The business was established 1844; has always +done a large business and maintained a high reputation. +The present works, built since 1866, have ample facilities +to work 200 men. At present about 100 men are employed. +For further particulars apply to the works or to JOHN +F. TAYLOR, Sharon Springs, N. Y., who will meet parties +at Albany, N. Y., by appointment, or New York, if +preferred.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"><b>LARGEST ASSORTMENT IN THE WORLD</b></p> + +<p>of Plays, Dramas, Comedies, Farces, Ethiopian Dramas, +Plays for Ladies only, Plays for Gentlemen only. Wigs, +Beards, Moustaches, Face Preparations, Burnt Cork, +Jarley's Wax Works, Tableaux, Charades, Pantomimes, +Guides to the Stage, and for Amateurs Make up Book, +Make up Boxes, New Plays. SAM'L FRENCH & SON, +38 East 14th St., Union Square, New York.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Catalogues sent FREE!!!</b></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p><b>50</b> <i>Latest Style</i> <b>CARDS</b>. <i>Bouquet, Lawn, Floral,</i> etc., in +case, <i>name in gold</i>, 10c. SEAVY BROS., Northford, Ct.</p> + + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">☞ <b>RARE OPPORTUNITY.</b> ☜</p> + +<p>The proprietor, advanced in years and desirous of +retiring from active control of business, would <i>sell at a +bargain</i>, or convert into a joint stock company and retain +an interest himself, a Foundry and Machine Shops, with +all their machinery and fixtures complete, and now +crowded with custom work, having cost upwards of sixty +thousand dollars, and the only ones of magnitude for +120 miles on the Mississippi River, on various points of +which may be seen specimens of work of these shops at +Stillwater, Winona, McGregor. Dubuque, Fulton, +Lyons, Clinton, Muscatine, and on many of the boats. +For particulars, address the proprietor at Clinton, Iowa.</p> + +<p class="rt">A. P. HOSFORD.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"><b>FOR SALE—GEAR CUTTER.</b></p> + +<p>Been in use only eighteen months; will cut gears, both +Spur-Bevel-Miter and Spiral, from four feet to one inch +in diameter. Is complete with counter-shaft and several +cutters. Machine made by Pond, of Worcester. Index +made by Browne & Sharpe. Cost $900. Will sell for $250. +Address J. G. STOWE, 126 Main Street, Cincinnati, O.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center">THE TRIUMPH NON-CONDUCTOR</p> + +<p>weighs but 1½ lbs. to the square foot, and saves daily +four pounds of coal. (Asbestos saves but 2 lbs.) Price +15 cts.—5 cts. cash and 10 cts. after satisfactory trial. +Agents wanted. For circulars showing WHY fuel is +wasted and HOW 25 to 50 per cent., can be saved; also, +HOW to construct reduction works for mineral ores of +half the present weight and cost, to do three times the +work with the fuel now used, and save 98 per cent. of +assay; also, the opinions of distinguished engineers, +address B. F. SMITH, New Orleans, La.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p><b>PHOTO VISITING CARDS</b>—Now all the rage in +Paris. One dozen beautiful gilt edged (round +cornered) Cards with your name and photograph, only +60 cents; 2 dozen, $1. Full particulars and a 50-page +book free. E. NASON & CO., 111 Nassau St., New York.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p><b>"BELL"</b> TELEPHONES. <i>Any</i> one can make in +fifteen minutes. Send three 3c. stamps +for "Where to get the Parts, Prices +(Total $3.60 per pair), and how put together."</p> + +<p class="center">A. H. DAVIS, 30 Hanover St., Boston, Mass.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p><b>CATARRH. A Sure Cure.</b> Samples by mail, +10c. GEO. N. STODDARD, Buffalo, N. Y. It cures +others. <i>It will cure you</i>. Sample will prove.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="center">ANY NUMBER OF OPPORTUNITIES</p> + +<p>to buy what you want or sell or exchange what you don't +want, in the <i>Property Journal</i>. Send 5c. for copy.</p> + +<p class="center">ANDERSON & CO., 252 Broadway, New York.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>NOVELTIES, NOTIONS,</h2> + +<p class="center"><b>Watches, Cheap Jewelry, Stationery Packages.</b></p> + +<p>Agents and country stores supplied. Illustrated circular +<i>free</i>. J. BRIDE & CO., Manufacturers, Salesroom, +297 B'way, New York. Address letters to P. O. Box 2773.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center">FOR UNIVERSAL LATHE DOGS, DIE DOGS, ETC.,<br /> +send for circular to C. W. LE COUNT, S. Norwalk, Ct.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p>ICE-HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.—BY R. G.<br /> +Hatfield. With directions for construction. Four +engravings. <span class="smcap">Supplement No</span>. <b>59</b>. Price, 10 cents.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"><b>Send for our Priced and Illustrated Catalogues.</b></p> + +<p>Part 1st—<b>Mathematical Instruments</b>, 160 pages; +contains list and prices of Drawing Instruments, +Drawing Materials, Pocket Compasses, Surveying +Compasses, Engineers' Transits and Levels, Surveying +Chains, Tape Measures, Pocket Rules, and Books +relating to Drawing, Engineering, and Mechanics.</p> + +<p>Part 2d—<b>Optical Instruments</b>, 144 pages; contains +list and prices of Spectacles, Eye Glasses, Lenses, +Spy Glasses, Telescopes, Opera and Field Glasses, +Graphoscopes, Stereoscopes, Camera Obscuras, Camera +Lucidas, Microscopes, Microscopic Preparations, +and Books on Optics and Microscopy.</p> + +<p>Part 3d—<b>Magic Lanterns and Slides</b>, 112 pages; contains +list and prices or Magic Lanterns for Toys, for +Public and Private Exhibitions, Sciopticons, Stereopticons, +Scientific Lanterns, and accessory apparatus +to be used with them; Magic Lantern Slides, +both colored and uncolored.</p> + +<p>Part 4th—<b>Physical Instruments</b>, 188 pages; contains +list and prices of Instruments to illustrate Lectures +in every department of Physics and Chemical Science, +Air Pumps, Electric Machines, Galvanic Batteries, +Barometers, Thermometers, Rain Gauges, +Globes, Spectroscopes, Auzoux's Anatomical Models, +and Books relating to Scientific Subjects.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>JAMES W. QUEEN & CO.,</b><br /> +Optical and Philosophical Instrument Makers,<br /> +<b>924 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.</b><br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<h3>Wood-Working Machinery,</h3> +<p>Such as Woodworth Planing, Tonguing, and Grooving +Machines, Daniel's Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved +Tenon Machines, Mortising, Moulding, and +Re-Saw Machines, and Wood-Working Machinery generally. +Manufactured by</p> + +<p class="center"> +WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON,<br /> +26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass.<br /> +(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL & CO.)</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<h3>THE DRIVEN WELL.</h3> + +<p>Town and County privileges for making <b>Driven +Wells</b> and selling Licenses under the established +<b>American Driven Well Patent</b>, leased by the year +to responsible parties, by</p> + +<p class="center"><b>WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO.,</b><br /> +NEW YORK.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p><b>MINING MACHINERY. Engines. Boilers, Pumps,</b><br /> +Coal and Ore Jigs, Dust Burning Appliances. Drawings +and advice free to customers. Jeanesville Iron Works +(J. C. Haydon & Co.). Address HOWELL GREEN, +Supt., Jeanesville, Luzerne Co., Pa.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p>IT PAYS to sell our Rubber Hand Printing Stamps. +Goods delivered in any country. Circulars free.</p> + +<p class="center">G. A. HARPER & BRO., Cleveland, O.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"><b>FOR TEN DOLLARS CASH,</b></p> + +<p>we will insert a seven-line advertisement one week in a +list of 269 weekly newspapers, or four lines in a different +list of 337 papers, or ten lines two weeks in a choice of +either of four separate and distinct lists containing +from 70 to 100 papers each, or four lines one week in all +four of the same lists, or one line one week in all six lists +combined, being more than 1,000 papers. We also have +lists of papers by States, throughout the United States +and Canada. Send 10 cents for our 100 page pamphlet. +Address <span class="smcap">Geo. P. Rowell & Co</span>., Newspaper Advertising +Bureau, 10 Spruce Street, New York.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">MACHINERY AT VERY LOW PRICES.</p> + +<p>2d hand Lathes, Drills, Planers, Hand Tools for Iron +Work, new Woodworth Planing Machines, Resawing, +Tenoning, Moulding Machines, Scroll Saws, Portable +Steam Engine. Jos. R. Blossom, Ass'e, Matteawan, N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<h2>The George Place Machinery Agency</h2> +<p class="center">Machinery of Every Description.<br /> +121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.<br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><b>60</b> Chromo and Perfumed Cards [no 3 alike], Name in +Gold and Jet, 10c. <span class="smcap">Clinton Bros.</span>, Clintonville, Ct.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><b>ROOF PAINTING.</b> +For $5, by Post Office Order +or express, I will send the +recipe for making Langhorne's English Gum Coating +Paint and other mineral paints, with full instructions +for roof and sidewall painting. This paint is used by the +U. S. Government. Address M. LANGHORNE, +708 E Street, Washington, D. C.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>FOR SALE.—LETTERS PATENT OF<br /> +Wilhide's Celebrated Noiseless Self-setting Rat and +Mouse Traps. Thoroughly introduced. Traps sold by +all dealers. Address Owners and Manufacturers, +J. T. WILHIDE & BRO., York Road, Carroll Co., Md.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>IMPORTANT FOR ALL CORPORATIONS AND +MANF'G CONCERNS.—<b>Buerk's Watchman's +Time Detector</b>, capable of accurately controlling +the motion of a watchman or patrolman at the +different stations of his beat. Send for circular.</p> + +<p><b>J. E. Buerk, P. O. Box 979. Boston, Mass</b></p> + +<p>N. B.—The suit against Imhaeuser & Co., of New York, +was decided in my favor, June 10, 1874. A fine was +assessed against them Nov. 11, 1876, for selling contrary +to the order of the court. Persons buying or using +clocks infringing on my patent will be dealt with according +to law.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"><b>SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST.</b></p> + +<h2>Driven or Tube Wells</h2> +<p>furnished to large consumers of Croton and Ridgewood +Water. WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 414 Water St., N. Y., +who control the patent for Green's American Driven Well.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"><b>A New and Valuable Work for the Practical<br /> +Mechanic and Engineer.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><b>APPLETONS'</b></p> + +<h2>Cyclopædia of Applied Mechanics.</h2> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">A Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering and<br /> +the Mechanical Arts.</span><br /> +Illustrated by 5,000 Engravings.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Edited by PARK BENJAMIN, Ph.D.</i></p> + + +<p>This valuable work is now being published in semi-monthly +parts, at fifty cents each. Active agents wanted. +For terms and territory address GEO. W. DAVIS, care of +D. APPLETON & CO., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<p class="center"><b>CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADE +MARKS, ETC.</b></p> + +<p>Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication +of the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>, continue to examine +Improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for +Inventors.</p> + +<p>In this line of business they have had <span class="smcap">OVER THIRTY +YEARS' EXPERIENCE</span>, and now have <i>unequaled facilities</i> +for the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications, +and the Prosecution of Applications for Patents in the +United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. +Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, +Trade Mark Regulations, Copyrights for Books, Labels, +Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements +of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done +with special care and promptness, on very moderate +terms.</p> + +<p>We send free of charge, on application, a pamphlet +containing further information about Patents and how +to procure them; directions concerning Trade Marks, +Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements, +Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on +the Sale of Patents, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Foreign Patents</i>.—We also send, <i>free of charge</i>, a +Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and +method of securing patents in all the principal countries +of the world. American inventors should bear in +mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable +to the patentee in this country is worth equally as +much in England and some other foreign countries. +Five patents—embracing Canadian, English, German, +French, and Belgian—will secure to an inventor the exclusive +monopoly to his discovery among about <span class="smcap">ONE +HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLIONS</span> of the most intelligent +people in the world. The facilities of business and +steam communication are such that patents can be obtained +abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at +home. The expense to apply for an English patent is +$75; German, $100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; Canadian, +$50.</p> + +<p><i>Copies of Patents</i>.—Persons desiring any patent +issued from 1836 to November 26, 1867, can be supplied +with official copies at reasonable cost, the price depending +upon the extent of drawings and length of +specifications.</p> + +<p>Any patent issued since November 27, 1867, at which +time the Patent Office commenced printing the drawings +and specifications, may be had by remitting to +this office $1.</p> + +<p>A copy of the claims of any patent issued since 1836 +will be furnished for $1.</p> + +<p>When ordering copies, please to remit for the same +as above, and state name of patentee, title of invention, +and date of patent.</p> + +<p>A pamphlet, containing full directions for obtaining +United States patents sent free. A handsomely bound +Reference Book, gilt edges, contains 140 pages and +many engravings and tables important to every patentee +and mechanic, and is a useful hand book of reference +for everybody. Price 25 cents, mailed free.</p> + +<p>Address</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>MUNN & CO.,</b><br /> +Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,<br /> +<b>37 Park Row, New York.</b> +</p> + +<p><i>BRANCH OFFICE—Corner of F and 7th Streets, +Washington, D. C.</i></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<h2>Practical Draughtsman's Book of</h2> +<p class="center">INDUSTRIAL DESIGN</p> +<h3>AND MACHINISTS' & ENGINEERS'</h3> +<h3>Drawing Companion. +</h3> + +<p>Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical, +Engineering, and Architectural Drawing. From the +French of M. Armengaud the elder, Professor of +Design in Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, +and MM. Armengaud the younger, and Amoroux, +Civil Engineers. Rewritten and arranged with additional +matter and plates, selections from and examples +of the most useful and generally employed mechanism +of the day. By William Johnson, Assoc. Inst. C. E. +Illustrated by fifty folio steel plates, and fifty wood +cuts. A new edition, 4to $10</p> + +<p>Among the contents are: Linear Drawing, Definitions, +and Problems. Sweeps, Sections, and Mouldings, Elementary +Gothic Forms, and Rosettes. Ovals, Ellipses, +Parabolas, and Volutes. Rules and Principal Data. +Study of Projections. Elementary Principles. Of Prisms +and other Solids. Rules and Practical Data. On coloring +Sections, with applications. Conventional Colors, +Composition or Mixture of Colors. Continuation of the +Study of Projection—Use of Sections—details of machinery. +Simple applications—spindles, shafts, couplings, +wooden patterns. Method of constructing a +wooden model or pattern of a coupling. Elementary +applications. Rules and Practical Data.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Intersection and Development of Surfaces, +with Applications.</span>—The Intersection of Cylinders +and Cones. The Delineation and Development +of Helices, Screws, and Serpentines. Application of the +helix—the construction of a staircase. The Intersection +of Surfaces—applications to stop cocks. Rules and Practical +Data.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Study and Construction of Toothed +Gear.</span>—Involute, cycloid, and epicycloid. Involute, +Cycloid. External epicycloid, described by a circle rolling +about a fixed circle inside of it. Internal epicycloid. +Delineation of a rack and pinion in gear. Gearing of a +worm with a worm wheel. Cylindrical or Spur Gearing. +Practical delineation of a couple of Spur wheels. The +Delineation and Construction of Wooden Patterns for +Toothed Wheels. Rules and Practical Data.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Continuation of the Study of Toothed Gear.</span>—Design +for a pair of bevel wheels in gear. Construction +of wooden patterns for a pair of bevel wheels. Involute +and Helical Teeth. Contrivances for obtaining differential +Movements. Rules and Practical Data.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elementary Principles of Shadows.</span>—Shadows +of Prisms, Pyramids, and Cylinders. Principles of +Shading. Continuation of the Study of Shadows. Tuscan +Order. Rules and practical data.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Application of Shadows to Toothed Gear.</span>—Application +of Shadows to Screws. Application of +Shadow to a Boiler and its Furnace. Shading in Black—Shading +in Colors.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Cutting and Shaping of Masonry.</span>—Rules +and Practical Data. Remarks on Machine Tools.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Study of Machinery and Sketching.</span>—Various +applications and combinations: The Sketching of +Machinery. Drilling Machines; Motive Machines; +Water wheels. Construction and Setting up of water +wheels. Delineation of water wheels. Design of a water +wheel. Sketch of a water wheel. Overshot water +wheels. Water Pumps; Steam Motors; High-pressure +expansive steam engine. Details of Construction; Movements +of the Distribution and Expansion Valves; Rules +and Practical Data.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oblique Projections.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Parallel Perspective.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">True Perspective.</span>—Elementary principles. +Applications—flour mill driven by belts. Description of the +mill. Representation of the mill in perspective.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Examples of Finished Drawings of Machinery.</span></p> + +<p>☞ The above, or any of our Books, sent by mail, free +of postage, at the publication price.</p> + +<p>Our new and enlarged <span class="smcap">Catalogue of Practical and +Scientific Books</span>—96 pages, 8vo.—sent free to any one +who will furnish his address.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Henry Carey Baird & Co.,<br /> +Industrial Publishers</span> and <span class="smcap">Booksellers,<br /> +810 Walnut Street,</span> Philadelphia.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>STEAM PUMPS.</h2> +<p class="center">HENRY R. WORTHINGTON,<br /> +239 Broadway, N. Y. 83 Water St., Boston.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Worthington Duplex Pumping Engines for +Water Works</span>—Compound, Condensing or Non-Condensing. +Used in over 100 Water-Works Stations.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Steam Pumps</span>—Duplex and Single Cylinder.</p> + +<h3>Price list issued Jan. 1, 1879, with a reduction exceeding +30 per cent.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Water Meters. Oil Meters.</span></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15f.png" alt="truss" title="truss" /> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>THIS NEW</b><br /> +ELASTIC TRUSS</p> + +<p>Has a Pad differing from all others, is +cup-shape, with Self-Adjusting Ball +in center, adapts itself to all positions +of the body, while the <b>BALL</b> in the +cup <b>PRESSES BACK</b> the <b>INTESTINES +JUST AS A PERSON WOULD WITH +THE FINGER.</b> With light pressure +the Hernia is held securely day and night, and a radical cure certain. +It is easy, durable and cheap. Sent by mail. Circulars +free.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Eggleston Truss Co., Chicago, Ill.,</b></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">THE</p> +<h2>HANCOCK<br /> +INSPIRATOR</h2> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"><b>TESTIMONIALS.</b></p> + +<p class="rt"> +<span class="smcap">Office of the Hancock Insp. Co.,<br /> +London, Eng.,</span> Feb. 11, 1879. +</p> + +<p>I have just received an order from the English Government +for 22 Number 15 Inspirators—making 24 machines +in all for the Government this month.</p> + +<p class="rt">B. H. WARREN, Agent.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="rt"><span class="smcap">Office of H. S. Manning & Co.</span>, 111 Liberty St.,<br /> +<span class="smcap">New York</span>, Feb. 26, 1879.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen:</span> We have authority from Mr. Martin, +Chief Engineer Union Ferry Co., Brooklyn, to state that +they have 17 Inspirators at work on 17 of their boats, +feeding their main boilers, and all giving satisfaction, +and to refer any one to him. Yours truly,</p> + +<p class="rt"> +H. S. MANNING & CO., Agents.<br /> +</p> + +<p>☞ <b>Illustrated and Descriptive Circulars +sent on application to</b></p> + + +<h2>Hancock Inspirator Co.,<br /> +52 CENTRAL WHARF,</h2> +<p class="center"><b>BOSTON.</b> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15g.png" alt="CORRUGATED IRON" title="CORRUGATED IRON" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><b>THIS NEW</b><br /> + +MOSELEY IRON BRIDGE AND<br /> +ROOF CO.</p> +<h3>CORRUGATED IRON</h3> + + +<p class="center">Buildings, Roofs, Shutters, Doors, +Iron Sashes, Skylights, etc.</p> + +<p class="center">5 Dey Street, New York.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15a.png" alt="Crusher" title="Crusher" /> +</div> +<p class="center"><b>THIS NEW</b></p> + +<h3>BLAKE'S STONE AND ORE BREAKER AND CRUSHER.</h3> + +<p>For breaking hard and brittle substances to any size. Endorsed by the leading <b>Mining, +Manufacturing,</b> and <b>Railroad</b> corporations in the <b>United States</b> and <b>Foreign Countries</b>. +<b>First Premium</b> wherever exhibited, and hundreds of testimonials of the <i>highest character</i>.</p> + +<p><b>A NEW SIZE FOR PROSPECTING AND LABORATORY USE.</b></p> + +<p>☞ <span class="smcap">All Stone Crushers</span> not made or licensed by us, containing vibratory convergent jaws +actuated by a revolving shaft and fly-wheel, are infringements on our patent, and makers and +users of such will be held accountable. Address</p> + +<p class="rt"> +<b>BLAKE CRUSHER CO., New Haven, Conn.</b><br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15b.png" alt="Rival" title="Rival" /> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>PULMOCURA</h3> +<p class="center">AN ABSOLUTE AND UNFAILING REMEDY FOR</p> +<h3>CONSUMPTION</h3> + + +<p>and all other diseases of the <b>Lungs and Throat</b>. +Mailed free on receipt of $1. A. A. MARTIN, Pulmocura +Man'f'g Co., sole depot for the U. S., 60 East 12th St., cor. +Broadway, New York.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>Soft, Strong, +and Smooth +Iron or Brass</p> +<h3>CASTINGS</h3> +<p class="rt">Plain, Galvanized, +Bronzed or Nickled +to order promptly.</p> + +<p>Also patterns and models. Light work a specialty. +LIVINGSTON & CO., Iron Founders, Pittsburg, Pa.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15c.png" alt="Horse Shoe" title="Horse Shoe" /> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>NEW STEEL HORSE SHOE</b></p> + +<p>With Level Spring Platform—Continuous +Calk. The best in the world. Cures Tender +and Contracted Feet, Corns, Interfering, Quarter-crack +Lameness, and all evils resulting from +the use of the common shoe. Responsible +men can make money selling this +Shoe. Send for pamphlet. Trial set +with nails, $1.00. To measure, place +foot on paper, and draw pencil around.</p> + +<p> +The JOHN D. BILLINGS PATENT +HORSE SHOE COMPANY<br /> +265 Broadway, New York. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15h.png" alt="stencil" title="stencil" /> +</div> + + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +LAP WELDED CHARCOAL IRON +</p> + +<p>Boiler Tubes, Steam Pipe, Light and Heavy Forgings, +Engines, Boilers, Cotton Presses, Rolling Mill and Blast +Furnace Work.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>READING IRON WORKS,<br /> +261 South Fourth St., Phila.</b><br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>PHOSPHOR-BRONZE<br /> +BEARINGS,<br /> +PUMP-RODS,<br /> +AND<br /> +SPRING WIRE. +</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15i.png" alt="PHOSPHOR-BRONZE" title="PHOSPHOR-BRONZE" /> +</div> + +<p class="center"> +Apply to<br /> +THE PHOSPHOR-BRONZE SMELTING CO., Limited,<br /> +2038 Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>Lathes, Planers, Shapers</h3> + +<p>Drills, Bolt and Gear Cutters, Milling Machines. Special +Machinery. E. GOULD & EBERHARDT, Newark, N. J.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>THE BEST STEAM PUMP in AMERICA<br /> +THE DEANE</h2> +<p class="center">Made by HOLYOKE MACHINE CO.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="center">More than 4500 in use.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Send for reduced Price List.<br /> +Deane Steam Pump Works<br /> +85 LIBERTY ST.,<br /> + NEW YORK. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/15d.png"><img src="./images/15d-th.png" alt="GEAR WHEELS" title="GEAR WHEELS" /></a> +</div> + +<p>Small Tools of all kinds; GEAR WHEELS, parts of +MODELS, and materials of all kinds. Catalogues free. +<span class="smcap">Goodnow & Wightman</span>, 176 Wash'n St., Boston, Mass.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><b>Fine Pamphlets</b> printed for <b>75c. a Page</b> +per 1,000. 1,000 Fine 9×12 Circulars, $2.50. Price list or +estimate and samples for stamp. 250 Bill Heads, $1.</p> + +<p><b>"Local" Printing House,</b> Silver Creek, N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><b>$77</b> a Month and expenses guaranteed to Agents. +Outfit free. <span class="smcap">Shaw & Co., Augusta, Maine.</span></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>LEFFEL WATER WHEELS.</h3> + +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/15e.png"><img src="./images/15e-th.png" alt="Water Wheel" title="Water Wheel" /></a> +</div> + +<p class="center">With recent improvements.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Prices Greatly Reduced.</b></p> + +<p class="center">7000 in successful operation.</p> + +<p class="center">FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1877</p> + +<p class="center">Sent free to those interested</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>James Leffel & Co.,</b><br /> + Springfield, O.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="center">109 Liberty St., N. Y. City.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> +<div class="center"> +<a href="./images/15j.png"><img src="./images/15j-th.png" alt="Medal" title="Medal" /></a> +</div> + +<div class="center"> +<table summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"> +Paris, 1878<br /> +Australia, 1877<br /> +Phila., 1876<br /> +Santiago, 1875<br /> +Vienna, 1873<br /> +</td></tr></table></div> + + +<h3>J. A. FAY & CO'S<br /> +WOOD WORKING MACHINERY</h3> + + +<p>was awarded at the Paris Exposition over all competitors +<b>THE GOLD MEDAL OF HONOR</b>. Also highest +award at Phila., Santiago, Australia, and Vienna. It is</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Original in Design, Simple in Construction,<br /> +Perfect in Workmanship, Saves labor,<br /> +Economizes lumber, and Increases<br /> +products of the highest standard<br /> +of Excellence.</b><br /> +</p> + +<p>Railroad, Furniture, and Agricultural Implement Shops, +Planing Mills, etc., equipped at short notice, and the lowest +cash prices. Send for Circulars.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>J. A. FAY & CO.</b>, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +L. F. STANDISH & CO.,<br /> +<b>Screw Manufacturers,</b></p> +<p>Builders of Small Machinery and Fine Tools.</p> +<p class="rt">26 Artisan St., New Haven, Ct. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15k.png" alt="Emery Wheel." title="Emery Wheel." /> +</div> + +<p class="center">Emery Wheel.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING COMP'Y.</b><br /> +The Oldest and Largest Manufacturers of the Original<br /> +<b>SOLID VULCANITE<br /> +EMERY WHEELS.</b> +</p> + +<p>All other kinds Imitations and Inferior. Our name is stamped in full upon all our +standard BELTING, PACKING, and HOSE.</p> + +<p class="center"> +Address NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO.,</p> +<p class="rt">NEW YORK.</p> +<p>JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>THE SEVENTH</h3> +<h2>Cincinnati <br /> +Industrial<br /> + Exposition</h2> + +<p>Opens for the reception of goods <b>August 20th</b>.</p> + +<p>Opens to the public <b>September 10th</b>, and continues +open until <b>October 11th</b>, in the</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>NEW PERMANENT BUILDINGS</b><br /> +ERECTED FOR THE PURPOSE.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="center">Machinery Tested and Fully +Reported upon.</p> + +<p class="center">Send for Rules and Premium Lists after April 1.</p> + +<p class="rt">H. McCOLLUM, Sec'y.</p> + +<hr class="long" /> +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15n.png" alt="Amalgamating." title="Amalgamating." /> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE FORSTER-FIRMIN +GOLD AND SILVER +AMALGAMATING COMP'Y +of Norristown, Pa., will grant +state rights or licenses or +easy terms. This system +works up to assay, and recovers +the mercury rapidly. +Apply as above.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">THOMAS'S CONCENTRATED DYE<br /> +Stuffs. (138 Recipes SENT GRATIS.) (See <span class="smcap">Scientific +American Supplement</span>, March 15, '79.) Address</p> + +<p class="rt">N. SPENCER THOMAS, Elmira, N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15l.png" alt="Rotary Pressure Blower." title="Rotary Pressure Blower." /> +</div> + +<h3>Baker Rotary Pressure Blower.</h3> +<p class="center">(FORCED BLAST)<br /> +Warranted superior to any +other.</p> + +<p class="center"> +WILBRAHAM BROS.<br /> +2318 Frankford Ave.<br /> + PHILADELPHIA<br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>"The 1876 Injector."</h2> + +<p>Simple, Durable, and Reliable. Requires no special +valves. Send for illustrated circular.</p> + +<p class="rt">WM. SELLERS & CO., Phila.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15m.png" alt="Cold Rolled Shafting." title="Cold Rolled Shafting." /> +</div> + +<p>The fact that this shafting has 75 per cent. greater +strength, a finer finish, and is truer to gauge, than any +other in use renders it undoubtedly the most economical. +We are also the sole manufacturers of the <span class="smcap">Celebrated +Collins' Pat. Coupling</span>, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers, +etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on +application to</p> + +<p> JONES & LAUGHLINS,<br /> +Try Street, 2d and 3d Avenues, Pittsburgh, Pa.<br /> +190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill., and Milwaukee. Wis.<br /> +</p> + +<p>☞ Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by</p> + +<p> +FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass.<br /> +Geo. Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., N. Y.<br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS<br /> +WE SELL <b>EVERYTHING</b> FOR THE</p> +<h3>GARDEN</h3> +<p class="center">Descriptive Catalogues of 175 pages sent Free<br /> +<b>PETER HENDERSON & CO.</b><br /> +<i>35 Cortlandt St., New York.</i><br /> +FLOWER AND FRUIT PLANTS<br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/15o.png" alt="Engraving." title="Engraving." /> +</div> + +<p class="center">L. SMITH HOBART, President. JOHN C. MOSS, Superintendent.<br /> + +TYPE-METAL RELIEF PLATES.<br /> +A SUPERIOR SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD-CUTS<br /> +AT MUCH LOWER PRICES.<br /> +</p> + +<p>Persons desiring illustrations for Books, Newspapers, Catalogues, Advertisements, or +for any other purposes, can have their work done by us promptly and in the best style.</p> + +<p><b>Our Relief Plates</b> are engraved by photo-chemical means; are mounted on blocks +type-high ready for use on any ordinary press, and will wear longer than the common +stereotype plates.</p> + +<p>They have a perfectly smooth printing surface, and the lines are <i>as deep, as even,</i> and <i>as +sharp</i> as they could possibly be cut by hand.</p> + +<p><b>Electrotypes</b> may be made from them in the same manner as from wood-cuts.</p> + +<p><b>Copy.</b> The engraving is done either from prints or pen-drawings. Almost all kinds +of prints can be re-engraved directly from the copy, provided they be in <i>clear, black lines</i> or +stipple, and on <i>white</i> or only slightly tinted paper.</p> + +<p>Pen drawings, suitable for engraving by us, must be made with <i>thoroughly</i> BLACK ink, +on <i>smooth, white</i> paper. They should usually be made twice the length and twice the width +of the plates desired.</p> + +<p>When such drawings cannot be furnished us, we can produce them from photographs, +pencil sketches, or designs of any kind accompanied with proper instructions. Photographs +taken in the usual way, and of any convenient size, we can use.</p> + +<p><b>Change of Size.</b>—Wood-cut prints of the coarser kind may often be reduced to +half their lineal dimensions, while others will admit of very little reduction, and some of +none at all.</p> + +<p>Most lithographic and steel-plate prints will admit of no reduction.</p> + +<p>Very fine prints of any kind may be <i>enlarged</i> moderately without detriment.</p> + +<p>Any prints which cannot be satisfactorily reduced or enlarged may be <i>redrawn</i> and +thus brought to any desired size.</p> + +<p>In all cases of reduction and enlargement, the relative proportions remain unchanged.</p> + +<p><b>Proofs.</b>—Whenever desired, we will furnish tintype proofs of the drawings made +by us, for approval or correction, before engraving. A printed proof is furnished with +each plate.</p> + +<p><b>Time.</b>—We cannot usually engage to fill an order for a single plate in less than from +three to six days; larger orders will require longer time.</p> + +<p><b>Estimates</b> will be promptly furnished when desired. That these may be definite and +correct, the copy to be used—whether print, photograph, sketch, or drawing—should +always be submitted for our examination, together with a distinct statement of the size of +plate wanted, and of any other details to be observed.</p> + +<p><b>Terms.</b>—To insure attention, all orders must be accompanied by an advance of half +the price charged, the balance to be paid on delivery.</p> + +<p><b>Electrotyping and Printing.</b>—We have recently added to our establishment +excellent facilities for making electrotypes, and also three power presses specially fitted for +printing plates of all sizes in the finest manner.</p> + +<p><b>Artificial Light.</b>—We have just introduced this most important facility, which +enables us to prosecute our work <i>in cloudy weather</i>, and to push forward hurried orders <i>in +the night</i>.</p> + +<p><b>References.</b>—Our plates are now used by the principal publishers in this city, and +by most of the leading houses in every State in the Union.</p> + +<p><b>Our General Circular</b> contains a few specimens of the various kinds of our +work, and will be sent on receipt of stamp. We have just prepared five special circulars, +as follows:</p> + +<table summary="Circular Contents"> +<tr><td>No. 1.</td><td> Portraits and Figures.</td></tr> +<tr><td>No. 2.</td><td> Buildings and Landscapes.</td></tr> +<tr><td>No. 3.</td><td> Machinery and Apparatus.</td></tr> +<tr><td>No. 4.</td><td> Maps, Autographs, and Ornamental Lettering.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top">No. 5.</td><td> Reproductions from Wood-Cuts, Steel-Plate Prints, and Lithographs.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>These will be furnished at <i>ten cents</i> each.</p> +<p><a name="Page_0206" id="Page_0206"></a></p> + + + +<hr class="short" /> +<hr class="short" /> +<h2>Advertisements.</h2> + +<hr class="long" /> + +<p class="center"><b>Inside Page, each insertion—75 cents a line<br /> +Back Page, each insertion—$1.00 a line.</b><br /> + +(About eight words to a line.)</p> + +<p><i>Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate +per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements +must be received at publication office as early +as Thursday morning to appear in next issue.</i></p> + +<hr class="short" /> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"><b>ADJUSTABLE INCLINE PRESSES.</b></p> + +<p class="center">STILES & PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Conn.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16a.png" alt="Illustrated Guide." title="Illustrated Guide." /> +</div> + +<p>136 pages beautifully illustrated, mailed to all applicants +inclosing 10 cents. Regular customers free.</p> + +<p><b>Bliss' Illustrated Amateur's Guide</b> to the <b>Flower</b> +and <b>Kitchen Garden</b>, with colored chromo; 216 +pages, price <b>35 Cents</b>.</p> + +<p> +Address</p> +<p class="center">B. K. BLISS & SONS,<br /> +P. O. Box 4129, New York City. +</p> + +<hr class="long" /> + +<p>TO LARGE CONSUMERS OF FINE LIGHT +<b>Malleable Iron Castings</b>, we can +offer special inducements in the way of VERY SUPERIOR +QUALITY GUARANTEED, and at fair prices. Being ourselves +large consumers and requiring the most perfect +castings, other work is insured the same attention.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>MALLORY, WHEELER & CO.,</b><br /> +<span class="smcap">New Haven, Conn.</span> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16b.png" alt="Lawn Mower." title="Lawn Mower." /> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>THE PHILADELPHIA LAWN MOWER</b></p> +<p><i>Stands</i> "<i>Head of the Class.</i>" Descriptive Circulars and +Price Lists sent on application. GRAHAM, EMLEM & +PASSMORE, Patentees and Manufacturers, 631 Market +Street, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"><b>SHAFTING PULLEYS, HANGERS, etc.</b><br /> +a specialty. Send for Price List to<br /> +A. & F. BROWN, 57-61 Lewis Street, New York.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +AIR COMPRESSORS,<br /> +HOISTING ENGINES and OTHER<br /> +MINING MACHINERY;<br /> +MANUFACTURED BY<br /> +GRIFFITH & WEDGE. ZANESVILLE, OHIO.<br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>Mill Stones and Corn Mills.</h3> + +<p>We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines, +Packers, Mill Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and +Gearing, specially adapted to Flour Mills. Send for +catalogue.</p> + +<p class="rt"><b>J. T. NOYE & SON, Buffalo, N. Y.</b></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>HOW TO SELL PATENTS.—This little book fully explains +how all patents can be sold for good prices. Price +25 cents. L. D. SNOOK, Barrington, Yates Co., N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>Pond's Tools,</h2> + +<p class="center">Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.,</p> + +<p class="center">DAVID W. POND, Worcester, Mass.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +EDMUND DRAPER,<br /> +Manufacturer of First-class Engineers' Instruments.<br /> +Established in 1830. 226 Pear St., Phila., Pa.<br /> +</p> + + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"><b>J. LLOYD HAIGH,</b></p> + +<p class="center">Manufacturer of</p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16c.png" alt="Wire Rope." title="Wire Rope." /> +</div> + +<p>every description, for Railroad and Mining Use, +Elevators, Derricks, Rope Tramways, Transmission of +Power, etc. No. 81 John St., N. Y. Send for price list. +Plans and Estimates furnished for Suspension Bridges.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3> +THE DINGEE & CONARD CO'S</h3> +<p class="center"><b>BEAUTIFUL EVER-BLOOMING</b></p> +<h2>ROSES</h2> +<p class="center"><b>THE BEST IN THE WORLD.</b></p> + +<p><b>Our Great Specialty</b> is <i>growing</i> and <i>distributing</i> +these <b>Beautiful Roses</b>. <i>We deliver</i> <b>Strong Pot +Plants</b>, suitable for <i>immediate</i> bloom, <i>safely by mail</i> +at all post-offices. <b>5 Splendid Varieties</b>, <i>your +choice</i>, all labeled, for <b>$1</b>; <b>12</b> for <b>$2</b>; <b>19</b> for <b>$3</b>; +<b>26</b> for <b>$4</b>; <b>35</b> for <b>$5</b>; <b>75</b> for <b>$10</b>; <b>100</b> for <b>$13</b>.</p> + +<p>☞ Send for our <b>New Guide to Rose Culture</b>—60 +pages, elegantly illustrated—and <i>choose</i> from over +<b>Five Hundred Finest Sorts</b>. Address</p> + +<p class="center"><b>THE DINGEE & CONARD CO.,<br /> +Rose Growers, West Grove, Chester Co., Pa.</b></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>HOW TO SELL PATENTS.</h3> +<p>We send our +100 page book +of instruction, containing valuable information, free. +Send us your address. <span class="smcap">Geo. C. Tracy & Co.,</span> Cleveland, O.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16d.png" alt="Salicylic Medicine." title="Salicylic Medicine." /> +</div> + +<p class="center">Manufactured only under the above Trade-Mark, by +the</p> + +<h3>European Salicylic Medicine Co.,<br /> +OF PARIS AND LEIPZIG.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Immediate Relief Warranted</span>. <span class="smcap">Permanent +Cure Guaranteed</span>. Now exclusively used by all celebrated +Physicians of Europe and America, becoming a +Staple, Harmless, and Reliable Remedy on both continents. +The Highest Medical Academy of Paris report +95 cures out of 100 cases within three days. Secret—The +only dissolver of the poisonous Uric Acid which exists +in the Blood of Rheumatic and Gouty Patients. $1.00 a +Box; 6 Boxes for $5.00. Sent to any address on receipt +of price. <span class="smcap">Endorsed by Physicians</span>. <span class="smcap">Sold by all +Druggists</span>. Address</p> + +<p class="center"><b>WASHBURNE & CO.,<br /> +Only Importers' Depot. 212 Broadway, cor.<br /> +Fulton St., New York.</b></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"><b>19th Annual Statement of the EQUITABLE Life Assurance Society of the U. S.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><b>HENRY B. HYDE, President.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><b>For the Year Ending December 31, 1878.</b></p> + +<table width="100%" summary="Annual Statement"> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Amount of Ledger Assets, Jan. 1, 1878</span></td><td class="rt">$32,477,991.87</td></tr> +<tr><td>Less Depreciation in Government Bonds, and +Appropriation to meet any depreciation in +other assets</td><td class="rt">369,553.27</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rt">————</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rt">32,108,438.60</td></tr> +<tr><td>INCOME</td><td class="rt">8,217,943.24</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rt">————</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rt">$40,326,381.84</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"><b>DISBURSEMENTS.</b></p> +<table width="100%" summary="Disbursements"> +<tr><td>Paid Policy Holders for Claims by Death, +Dividends, Surrender Values, Discounted +and Matured Endowments and Annuities</td><td class="rt">4,935,171.43</td></tr> +<tr><td>Other Disbursements as per extended +statement</td><td class="rt">1,195,841.88</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rt">————</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Net Cash Assets</span>, December 31, 1878</td><td class="rt">$34,195,368.53</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"><b>ASSETS.</b></p> + +<table width="100%" summary="Assets"> +<tr><td>Bonds and Mortgages</td><td class="rt">$12,437,584.93</td></tr> +<tr><td>Real Estate</td><td class="rt">6,834,904.96</td></tr> +<tr><td>United States Stocks</td><td class="rt">5,638,768.54</td></tr> +<tr><td>State, City, and other Stocks authorized by +the Laws of the State</td><td class="rt">6,201,978.16</td></tr> +<tr><td>Loans secured by United States and other +Stocks</td><td class="rt">928,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cash and other Ledger Assets as per extended +statement</td><td class="rt">2,154,131.94</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rt">————</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rt">$34,195,368.53</td></tr> +<tr><td>Market Value of Stocks over Cost</td><td class="rt">129,796.41</td></tr> +<tr><td>Accrued Interest, Rents, and Premiums, as +per extended state[missing]</td><td class="rt">1,128,927.42</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rt">————</td></tr> +<tr><td><b>Total Assets, Dec. 31, 1878</b></td><td class="rt"><b>$35,454,092.36</b></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Total Liabilities,</span> including legal reserve +for reinsurance of all existing policies</td><td class="rt">28,560,268.00</td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rt">————</td></tr> +<tr><td><b>Total Undivided Surplus</b></td><td class="rt"><b>$6,893,824.36</b></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td class="rt">————</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><b>Risks assumed in 1878, 6,115 Policies, assuring $21,440,213.00</b><br /> +<br /> +N. B.—For the details of the above statement, see the Society's "Circular to Policy Holders," and other publications +for 1879.</p> +<p class="rt"><b>JAMES W. ALEXANDER, Vice-President.</b><br /> +<span class="smcap">E. W. Scott</span>, Superintendent of Agencies.<br /> +<b>SAMUEL BORROWE, Secretary.</b> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16g.png" alt="Bolt Cutters." title="Bolt Cutters." /> +</div> + +<h3>BOLT CUTTERS.</h3> +<p class="center">Send for Catalogue of<br /> +<b>Schlenker's Automatic Bolt Cutters and<br /> +Screw Cutting Machines.</b></p> +<p class="center"><b>HOWARD IRON WORKS, Buffalo, N. Y.</b></p> + + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><b>BIG PAY</b> to sell our Rubber Printing Stamps. Samples +free. Taylor Bros. & Co., Cleveland, O.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16e.png" alt="La Caisse." title="La Caisse." /> +</div> + +<p class="center"> +<b>FIRE INSURANCE EXCLUSIVELY.</b></p> + +<table width="100%" summary="Assets"> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Paid Up Capital</span></td><td><b>$1,458,007.78</b></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Net Surplus, Dec. 31, 1876</span></td><td><b>530,056.86</b></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cash Assets in U. S. Jan. 1, 1878</span></td><td><b>427,881.28</b></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Net Assets in U. S. Jan. 1, 1878</span></td><td><b>220,000.00</b></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">TRUSTEES IN NEW YORK:</p> + + +<p>LOUIS DE COMEAU, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, of De Rham & Co.<br /> +CHAS. COUDERT, <span class="smcap">Jr.</span>, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, of Coudert Bros.<br /> +CHAS. RENAULD, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, of Renauld, Francois & Co.<br /> +<b>JULIEN LE CESNE, Resident Secretary.</b><br /> +<b>T. J. TEMPLE, Manager for the Middle States.</b> +</p> +<p class="center"><b><i>WESTERN UNION BUILDING, N. Y.</i></b> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +<b>THE<br /> +Eclipse Engine</b> +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16j.png" alt="Eclipse Engine." title="Eclipse Engine." /> +</div> + +<p>Furnishes steam power for all +<i>Agricultural</i> purposes, <i>Driving +Saw Mills</i>, and for every use +where a first-class and economical +Engine is required. +Eleven first-class premiums +awarded, including Centennial, +'76. Refer to No. 7, issue of +'77, No. 14, issue of '78, of <span class="smcap">Scientific +American</span>, for Editorial +illustrations.</p> + +<p class="rt"> +FRICK & CO., Waynesboro, Franklin Co., Pa.</p> +<p>When you write please name this paper. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +<b>THE</b></p> +<h2>CAMERON STEAM PUMP,</h2> + +<p class="center">Also known as the <b>"SPECIAL" PUMP</b>, is the standard of<br /> +excellence at home and abroad. For Price Lists, address</p> +<h3>CAMERON PUMP WORKS,</h3> +<p class="center">Foot East 23d Street, New York. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16f.png" alt="Foot Lathe." title="Foot Lathe." /> +</div> + +<p class="center"> +<b>SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED</b><br /> +$50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe. +</p> + +<p>Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses, +Scrolls, Circular and Band Saws, Saw +Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist +Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc. Send for +catalogue of outfits for amateurs or +artisans.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>H. L. SHEPARD & CO.,</b><br /> +333, 335, & 337 West Front Street,</p> +<p class="rt"><b>Cincinnati, Ohio.</b> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +Established 1844.<br /> +<b>JOSEPH C. TODD,</b> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Engineer</span> and <span class="smcap">Machinist</span>. Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, +Oakum and Bagging Machinery, Steam Engines, Boilers, +etc. I also manufacture Baxter's New Portable Engine +of 1877. Can be seen in operation at my store. A one +horse-power portable engine, complete, $125; two horse-power, +$225; two and a half horse-power, $250; three +horse-power, $275. Manufactured exclusively by</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>J. C. TODD,<br /> +10 Barclay St., New York, or Paterson, N. J.</b> +</p> +<p>Send for Catalogue +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"><b>Steel Castings,</b></p> + +<p>From ¼ to 10,000 lbs. weight, true to pattern, sound and +solid, of unequaled strength, toughness and durability. +An invaluable substitute for forgings or cast-iron requiring +three-fold strength. Send for circular & price list. +<span class="smcap">Chester Steel Castings Co.</span>, Evelina St., Phila, Pa.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16k.png" alt="Steel Wire." title="Steel Wire." /> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<h3> +Shafts, Pulleys, Hangers, Etc.</h3> +<p class="center">Full assortment in store for immediate delivery.<br /> +<b>WM. SELLERS & CO.,</b></p> +<p class="rt"><b>79 Liberty Street, New York.</b></p> + + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"> +THE LEHIGH VALLEY EMERY WHEEL CO.,<br /> +WEISSPORT, Carbon Co., Pa.<br /> +<br /> +Manufacturers of Wheels and Machines.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +<b>CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MEDALS.</b><br/> +<b>Mason's Friction Clutches and Elevators.</b><br /> +"New and Improved Patterns." 20 per cent. off list.<br /> +VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Providence, R. I., U.S.A.<br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p><b>RUFFNER & DUNN, Patentees</b> +and Sole Manufacturers of the Excelsior Steel Tube +Cleaners. Price $1.00 per inch. Send for circular.</p> +<p class="center">SCHUYLKILL FALLS, PHILA., PA.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p>WOODWORTH SURFACE PLANERS, $125. Planers +and Matchers, $350. S. C. HILLS, 78 Chambers +Street, New York.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16h.png" alt="Columbia Bicycle." title="Columbia Bicycle." /> +</div> + + +<p class="center"> +<b>The Columbia Bicycle,</b><br /> +Made by THE POPE M'F'G CO.,<br /> +89 Summer Street, Boston.<br /> +</p> + +<p>A practical road machine, easy to +learn to ride, and when mastered +one can beat the best horse in a +day's run over an ordinary road. +Send 3c. stamp for price list and 24-page +catalogue with full informat'n.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16l.png" alt="Bradford Mill." title="Bradford Mill." /> +</div> + + +<p class="center"> +<b>BRADFORD MILL CO.</b><br /> +Successors to Jas. Bradford & Co.,<br /> +MANUFACTURERS OF<br /> +<b>French Buhr Millstones,<br /> +Portable Corn & Flour Mills,<br /> +Smu Machines, etc.</b><br /> +<br /> +Also, dealers in Bolting Cloths and<br /> +General Mill Furnishings.<br /> +<br /> +Office & Factory, 158 W. 2d St.<br /> +<b>CINCINNATI, O.</b><br /> +J. R. Stewart, <i>Pres.</i> W. R. Dunlap, <i>Sec.</i> +</p> + +<p class="center"> +☞ PRICE LISTS SENT ON APPLICATION. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p>SECOND-HAND BOILERS AND MACHINERY +FOR SALE.—Boilers from 30 to 70 horse +power, 15-horse power portable Engine, one 60-inch +Lathe, two Upright Drills, Blowers, etc., etc. For prices, +etc., address JAMES F. MANN, Utica, N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"> +<b>WETHERILL & BROTHER,</b><br /> +PHILADELPHIA.<br /> +<b>Pure White Lead</b><br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"> +<b>ROCK DRILLS.</b><br /> +<b>National Drill and Compressor Co.,</b><br /> +<b>95 LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK.</b><br /> +AIR COMPRESSORS to be run by Steam, Water Power, +or Belt. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16m.png" alt="Foot Power." title="Foot Power." /> +</div> + + +<p class="center">BARNES' FOOT POWER MACHINERY.</p> + +<p>13 Different machines with which +Builders, Cabinet Makers, +Wagon Makers, and Jobbers +in miscellaneous work can +compete as to <span class="smcap">Quality and +Price</span> with steam power manufacturing; +also Amateurs' supplies. +<span class="smcap">Machines sent on trial.</span></p> + +<p>Say where you read this, and send +for catalogue and prices.</p> + +<p class="center"> +W. F. & JOHN BARNES,<br /> +Rockford, Winnebago Co., Ill. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"><b>NAT'L BOLT & PIPE MACHINERY CO.,</b></p> + +<p>Mfrs. of Hand and Power Bolt and Pipe Cutters, Bolt +Pointers, Bolt Headers, Hot and Cold Pressed Nut Machinery, +Taps and Dies, etc. Send for Cir. Cleveland, O.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16i.png" alt="Elevators." title="Elevators." /> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"> +<b>BOILER COVERINGS.<br /> +WITH THE "AIR SPACE" IMPROVEMENTS.<br /> +THE CHALMERS-SPENCE CO., Foot E. 9th St., New York.</b> Sole owners of the Air Space Patents.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"> +THE TANITE CO.,<br /> +STROUDSBURG, PA.<br /> +<b>EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS.</b></p> +<p>LONDON—9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.<br /> +LIVERPOOL—42 The Temple, Dale St.<br /> +GEO. PLACE, 121 Chambers St., New York Agent. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16n.png" alt="Rock Drill." title="Rock Drill." /> +</div> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<h3>PATENTS at AUCTION.</h3> + +<p>Regular Monthly Sales. For terms, address N. Y. +PATENT EXCHANGE, 67 Liberty Street, New York.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p class="center"><b>Holly's Improved Water Works.</b></p> + +<p>Direct Pumping Plan. Combines, with other advantages, +over older systems, the following: 1. Secures by +variable pressure a more reliable water supply for all +purposes. 2. Less cost for construction. 3. Less cost +for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply by the +use of Holly's Improved Pumping Machinery. 5. Affords +the best fire protection in the world. 6. Largely +reduces insurance risks and premiums. 7. Dispenses +with fire engines, in whole or in part. 8. Reduces fire +department expenses. For information by descriptive +pamphlet, or otherwise, address the</p> + +<p class="rt">HOLLY MANUFACTURING CO., Lockport, N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<h3> +Every Man<br /> +HIS OWN<br /> +Printer.<br /> +</h3> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16o.png" alt="The Excelsior." title="The Excelsior." /> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE EXCELSIOR +</p> + +<p><b>$3 Press</b> + +Prints labels, cards +etc. (Self-inker $5) 9 Larger sizes +For business, pleasure, young or old +Catalogue of Presses, Type, Etc., +for 2 stamps.</p> + +<p class="rt"><b>KELSEY & Co.<br /> +Meriden, Conn.</b></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<p><b>Pyrometers</b>. For showing heat of +ovens. Hot Blast Pipes, +Boiler Flues, Superheated Steam, Oil Stills, etc.</p> + +<p>HENRY W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer,</p> +<p class="rt">149 Broadway, N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + + +<h3><span class="smcap"><b>Machinists' Tools</b></span>.</h3> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">New and Improved Patterns</span>.<br /> +Send for new illustrated catalogue.<br /> +<br /> +Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.<br /> +<br /> +<b>NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO.,</b></p> +<p class="rt"><b>New Haven, Conn.</b> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16p.png" alt="Sanitary Closet." title="Sanitary Closet." /> +</div> + + +<p class="center"> +HERMETICAL SANITARY CLOSET<br /> +GUARANTEED ABSOLUTELY WATER & GAS TIGHT<br /> +SEND FOR CIRCULAR<br /> +<span class="smcap">John S. Leng, 4 Fletcher St. N. Y.</span> +</p> + +<hr class="short"/> + + + +<h3>Cigar Box Lumber,</h3> +<p class="center">MANUFACTURED by our NEW PATENT PROCESS.<br /> +<br /> +<b>The Best in the World.<br /> +SPANISH CEDAR, <br /> +MAHOGANY,<br /> + POPLAR.</b> +</p> + +<p>Also thin lumber of all other kinds, 1/8 to 1/2 in., at corresponding +prices. All qualities. Equal in all respects to +any made, and at prices much under any to be obtained +outside of our establishment. Send for price list.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<b>GEO. W. READ & CO.,</b></p> +<p class="rt"><b>186 to 200 Lewis Street, N. Y.</b> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC +MILLS—For grinding Bones, Ores, Sand, Old +Crucibles, Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, +Corn and Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, +Spices, Coffee, Cocoanut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica, +etc., and whatever cannot be ground by other mills. +Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc. +JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS, +corner of White and Elm Sts., New York.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16q.png" alt="Watson Pump." title="Watson Pump." /> +</div> + +<p>THE WATSON PUMP, FOR ARTESIAN, OR DEEPWELL +PUMPING, PISTON ROD, PLUNGER & WELL +ROD IN DIRECT LINE MACHINE SIMPLE, EFFICIENT. +JAMES WATSON. 1608. S. FRONT ST. PHILA.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p>FARM LAW. ADDRESS OF HON. EDMUND +H. <span class="smcap">Bennett</span>, delivered before the Massachusetts +State Board of Agriculture. This is an essay embracing +complete and practical information, valuable not only +to the farmer but to every one. Showing how to Buy a +Farm: Bargains that are not Binding; Boundaries, and +where they are in Streams, Ponds, Lakes, or on the Seashore; +what a Deed of a Farm includes; Rights in the +Road. Farm Fences: their Legal Height, etc. Railway +Fences. Stray cattle; Cattle on Railways; Impounding +Cattle. The Farmer's Liability for his Animals. The +Law on the Dog. The Farmer not Liable for his Dogs. +Water Rights and Drainage; Damming; Diverting the +Course of a Stream. Surface Water; Underground +Water. Trespassing, in Summer and in Winter. Hunting +and Fishing. Fruit Trees on Boundary Lines, etc., +etc. Contained in <span class="smcap">Scientific American Supplement</span> +<b>166</b>. Price 10 cents.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16r.png" alt="Wrought Iron." title="Wrought Iron." /> +</div> + +<p>THE UNION IRON MILLS. Pittsburgh, Pa., Manufacturers +of improved wrought iron Beams and +Girders (patented).</p> + +<p>The great fall which has taken place in the prices of +Iron, and especially in Beams used in the construction +of FIRE PROOF BUILDINGS, induces us to call the special +attention of Engineers, Architects, and Builders to +the undoubted advantages of now erecting Fire Proof +structures; and by reference to pages 52 & 54 of our Book +of Sections—which will be sent on application to those +contemplating the erection of fire proof buildings—THE +COST CAN BE ACCURATELY CALCULATED, the +cost of Insurance avoided, and the serious losses and interruption +to business caused by fire; these and like considerations +fully justify any additional first cost. It is +believed, that, were owners fully aware of the small +difference which now exists between the use of Wood +and Iron, in many cases the latter would be adopted. +We shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the Beams +complete, for any specific structure, so that the difference +in cost may at once be ascertained. Address</p> + +<p class="rt">CARNEGIE, BROS. & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center"> +<b>ICE AT $1.00 PER TON.</b><br /> +The PICTET ARTIFICIAL ICE CO.,<br /> +LIMITED,<br /> +Room 51, Coal and Iron Exchange, P. O. Box 3083, N. Y. +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="./images/16s.png" alt="Asbestos." title="Asbestos." /> +</div> + +<p class="center"> +<b>Liquid Paints, Roofing, Boiler Coverings,</b><br /> +Steam Packing, Sheathings, Fire Proof Coatings,<br /> +Cements, &c. <span class="smcap">Send for Descriptive Price List</span>.<br /> + +<b>H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO. 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y.</b><br /> +</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><b>$10 to $1000</b> Invested in Wall St. Stocks makes +fortunes every month. Books sent +free explaining everything.</p> + +<p>Address BAXTER & CO., Bankers, 17 Wall St., N. Y.</p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p>The "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. +ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard +Sts., Philadelphia, and 59 Gold St., New York.</p> + +<hr /> + + +<h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> + +<p>Table of Contents: Article named "Buffalo, the domestication of" page 197 was not included in the original.</p> +<p>Table of Contents: Article named "Steamship, ocean, large" page 196 was not included in the original.</p> +<p>Table of Contents: Article named "Specimen, a rare geological" page 196 was not included in the Table of Contents.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume 40, No. +13, March 29, 1879, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VOLUME *** + +***** This file should be named 18866-h.htm or 18866-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/8/6/18866/ + +Produced by Leonard D Johnson, Juliet Sutherland and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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