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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13,
+March 29, 1879, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879
+       A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science,
+       Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 18, 2006 [EBook #18866]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VOLUME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Leonard D Johnson, Juliet Sutherland and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Issue Title.]
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+
+
+
+A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE,
+MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.
+
+
+
+
+NEW YORK, MARCH 29, 1879.
+
+Vol. XL., No. 13. [NEW SERIES.]
+
+$3.20 PER ANNUM. [POSTAGE PREPAID.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+ESTABLISHED 1845.
+
+MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors.
+
+PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT
+
+NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
+
+
+O. D. MUNN.     A. E. BEACH.
+
+TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+One copy, one year, postage included       $3 20
+One copy, six months, postage included      1 60
+
+CLUBS.--One extra copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied
+gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional
+copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.
+
+Single copies of any desired number of the SUPPLEMENT sent to one
+address on receipt of 10 cents.
+
+Remit by postal order. Address
+
+          MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+
+THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+
+is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT
+is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, with handsome
+cover, uniform in size with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Terms of subscription
+for SUPPLEMENT, $5.00 a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies
+10 cents. Sold by all news dealers throughout the country.
+
+COMBINED RATES.--The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT will be sent
+for one year, postage free, on receipt of _seven dollars_. Both papers
+to one address or different addresses, as desired.
+
+The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter.
+
+          ADDRESS MUNN & CO., 37 PARK ROW, N. Y.
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid
+periodical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one
+hundred large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.)
+Most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of
+the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, with its splendid engravings and valuable
+information; (2.) Commercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements
+of leading houses. Terms for Export Edition, $5.00 a year, sent
+prepaid to any part of the world. Single copies 50 cents.
+Manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may have
+large, and handsomely displayed announcements published in this
+edition at a very moderate cost.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition has a large guaranteed
+circulation in all commercial places throughout the world. Address
+MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+VOL. XL., NO. 13. [NEW SERIES.] _THIRTY-FOURTH YEAR_.
+
+NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MARCH 29, 1879.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)
+
+  Africa crossed again                                      193
+  Aluminum                                                  197
+  Barometer, aneroid                                        201
+  Bolt, door, improved*                                     198
+  Bread, snow-raised                                        199
+  Buffalo, domestication of the                             197
+  Carpet beetle, remedy for the                             195
+  Chimney flues                                             198
+  Clocks, pneumatic                                         196
+  Cooper, Peter, as an inventor                             193
+  Crusher, ore, novel*                                      194
+  Electricity, statical, phenom. in                         194
+  Flour, banana                                             195
+  Furnace, imp., for burn'g garbage*                        198
+  Hardware, English & American                              201
+  Ice cave of Decorah, Iowa                                 196
+  Inventions, new agricultural                              199
+  Iron, advance in                                          201
+  Light, albo-carbon                                        201
+  Magnetism, curious facts in                               194
+  Motor, Gary, the*                                         196
+  Natural science, charms of                                200
+  Neutral line, Gary's                                      196
+  Notes and queries                                         203
+  Patent laws                                               192
+  Patents, American, recent                                 194
+  Pen, stencil, new*                                        195
+  People, a strange                                         195
+  Phosphorescence                                           199
+  Plants protected by insects                               201
+  Pleuro-pneumonia                                          192
+  Railway, Vesuvius                                         200
+  Reading and eyesight                                      199
+  Reading, taste for                                        193
+  Regulator, engine, novel*                                 195
+  Spain a field for machinery                               193
+  Sponges, glass*                                           200
+  Table, ironing, new*                                      194
+  Telegraph, writing                                        196
+  Telegraph, writing, Cowper's                              197
+  Telegraphy, ocean, progress of                            195
+  Tiller, steam, new*                                       191
+  Tree, pottery                                             200
+  Vase, Greek, ancient*                                     199
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS OF
+
+THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+
+NO. 169,
+
+FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 29, 1879.
+
+Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers.
+
+
+I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--The Herreshoff Torpedo Boat, recently
+built at Bristol, R. I., for the British Government. The novelties in
+the placing of the screw, etc. The Peculiar Boiler. 4
+figures.--Improved Hopper Steam Dredger. 2 figures.--The St. Gothard
+Tunnel.--The Beacon Tower of Lavezzi. 3 figures.
+
+II. ARCHITECTURE.--Bath Abbey Church. Full page illustration.
+
+III. TECHNOLOGY.--The Achison Stone Cutting Machine. 1 engraving.--The
+Deep Mines of the World.--Shoemakers' Wax.--Gruber's New Method of
+Germination. 1 engraving.--Improved Process for Treating Wood, etc.,
+for Paper Manufacture.--Bronzing Plaster of Paris Casts.--Sal Soda for
+Unhairing Hides and Skins.--Sieburger's Paste.--To Tan Lace Leather
+with Softsoap.
+
+Practical Dyeing Recipes: Blue white zephyr, Scotch blue on worsted,
+Scotch green on worsted, jacquineaux on worsted, drab on worsted, gold
+on venetian carpet yarn, red brown slubbing, scarlet braid, slate
+braid, light drab on cotton, blue on cotton, brown on cotton, chrome
+orange on cotton carpet yarn, black on common mixed carpet yarn for
+filling, black on cotton and wool mixed yarn.
+
+Damar Varnish for Negatives.--To Make Vignetters by Means of
+Gelatino-Chromate.--Resorcine Colors.--Phosphate Soaps.--Substitution
+of Different Metals in Ultramarine Colors.--A Harmless Green for Paper
+Hangings.--Siegwart's Bath for Etching Glass.--Composition of French
+Bronzes.--A New Enemy to the Tea Plant.--The Bradford Oil Sand.
+
+IV. CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY.--Apparatus for Titration, 1
+figure.--Palladium.--Hæmocyanin.--Test for Alcohol in Ethereal Oils
+and Chloroform.--Reaction of Tartaric and Citric Acid.--A Peculiar
+Observation.--Insolubility of Iodate of Lead.--Mode of Preventing the
+Contamination of Water with Lead.--Separating Phosphorus from Iron and
+Steel.--Production of Alcohol without Fermentation.
+
+V. ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT, ETC.--Some Facts in regard to Telescopic
+and Stereoscopic Vision.--The Centenary of the Birth of Sir Humphry
+Davy. His boyish days. His first chemical experiments. His first
+lecture at the Royal Institution. A very entertaining biographical
+sketch.--Light and Heat in Gas Flames.--Nickel Needles for
+Compasses.--The Nature of the Elements.--A New Compound Prism for
+Direct Vision Spectroscopes.
+
+VI. MEDICINE AND HYGIENE.--Filaria in the Eye. By CHAS. S. TURNBULL,
+M. D.--The Species of Tapeworm now Prevalent.--Nitrous Oxide under
+Pressure.
+
+VII. NATURAL HISTORY, GEOLOGY, ETC.--A Gigantic American Deep-sea
+Crustacean, 1 engraving.--Glaciers in the United States.--The Toulomne
+Cave.--Archæological Explorations in Tennessee. By F. W. PUTNAM. 6
+figures.--Memorably Cold Winters.--Life at Timber Line. By Professor
+C. E. ROBINS, Summit, Colorado.--The Walled Lake in Iowa.
+
+VIII. ASTRONOMY.--Is the Moon Inhabited? By CAMILLE FLAMMARION. The
+various opinions that have been held in regard to the moon. The best
+we can do with our present telescopes. The means we possess for
+judging of the condition of the moon. Recent changes on the moon.
+Photographs of the moon and their defects. Facts that have been
+observed by the persevering eyes of astronomers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A NEW STEAM TILLER.
+
+
+Steam is now made to perform almost everything in the way of heavy
+labor, to the saving of muscle and energy that may be more profitably
+employed; and since inventive genius has devised means of governing
+steam with absolute accuracy, there seems to be no limit to its
+economical application.
+
+A recent invention in steam engineering, which exhibits in a marked
+degree the controllability and adaptability of steam, is Mr. Herbert
+Wadsworth's steam tiller, an engraving of which we present herewith.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1, 2, 3.]
+
+This machine (Fig. 1) is provided with a steam cylinder, similar to
+the cylinder of a steam engine, containing a piston, the rod of which
+is attached to a crosshead, A, that slides on ways, B, secured to the
+bed supporting the cylinder.
+
+The tiller, D, as it is carried to starboard or port, slides through a
+socket, E, pivoted to the crosshead.
+
+The motion of the rudder is communicated to the steam cut-off by means
+of the shaft, C, crank, J, rod, K, crank, I, and the hollow valve
+spindle. When the tiller is amidships the valve handle, H, is at right
+angles to the cylinder, and parallel to the tiller. By moving the
+lever, H, to right or left, steam is admitted to one end or the other
+of the cylinder, which, acting on the tiller through the piston,
+piston rod, and crosshead, moves the rudder; and when the rudder
+reaches the desired position the cut-off will have been moved the
+amount necessary to prevent further entrance of steam. When the rudder
+is influenced by the waves or by the expansion or contraction of
+steam, the cut-off alters its position in relation to the valve and
+automatically arranges the steam passages so that the piston is
+returned to its proper position. The details of the cut-off are shown
+in Fig. 2; the valve, G, which covers the cut-off, F, acts like a four
+way cock. The spindle of the cut-off, F, is connected with the lever,
+I, and is moved by the rudder, as already described. By enlarging or
+gradually narrowing the ends of the steam ports great rigidity or
+elasticity may be given to the hold of this engine, according to the
+requirements of the particular vessel.
+
+Few and simple as are the parts of this machine it is possible, by
+balancing the valves and suiting the diameter of the cylinder to the
+work to be performed, to overcome great resistances with a slight
+effort. The inventor says that this system of valves is considered by
+experts to be novel and very valuable.
+
+In Fig. 3 is shown a pattern of a slide valve suited to special
+purposes. Its working is essentially the same as that of the valve
+already described. The ports are set side by side, parallel with the
+sides of the valve. The supply port is in the middle, the other ports
+lead to opposite ends of the cylinder.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4.]
+
+In Fig. 4 is shown another application of the controlling valve and
+cut-off described above. Two oscillating steam cylinders are employed
+in working the rudder. They are placed on opposite sides of the chest,
+A, and are supplied with steam through the controlling valve, B. The
+piston rods of the two cylinders are connected with cranks placed on
+opposite ends of the shaft, C, at right angles to each other. Upon
+this shaft, half-way between the pillow blocks which support it, there
+is a worm which engages a toothed sector, D, on the rudder-post, E. To
+an extension of the rudder-post is secured an arm, F, which is
+connected with the arm, G, of the controlling valve. By shifting the
+lever, H, the supply of steam to the two cylinders may be increased or
+diminished, or its direction may be changed, so that the engines will
+be reversed or stopped. This engine is remarkable for its simplicity.
+The cylinders may be detached and changed if required, one size of bed
+answering for three different sizes of cylinder, which may vary only
+in diameter, the stroke being the same, so that the castings for
+engines of different power are the same except in the matter of the
+cylinders and pistons, and all the parts are interchangeable--a
+feature of modern engine building that cannot be too highly valued.
+
+Further information may be obtained from Herbert Wadsworth, 26
+Merchants' Bank Building, 28 State street, Boston, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+HOW OUR PATENT LAWS PROMOTE AND IMPROVE AMERICAN INDUSTRIES.
+
+
+On another page we print in full a most suggestive paper recently
+read before the Manchester (Eng.) Scientific and Mechanical Society,
+by Mr. Frederick Smith, a prominent builder of that city, contrasting
+the qualities, styles, and prices of American and English builders'
+hardware--a paper which the _Ironmonger_ pronounces one of the most
+serious indictments yet preferred against British workmanship in that
+department.
+
+The field covered by the paper--the supplying of house builders'
+hardware--embraces a multitude of conveniences, but no real
+necessities. Why is it that America has been prolific in novel devices
+and clever improvements in this department of manufacture as in so
+many others, while England has gone on stolidly copying ancient forms,
+changing only to cheapen by the introduction of poor material and sham
+construction? Mr. Smith mentions several reasons that English
+manufacturers have given him for the state of things he, as an
+Englishman, so greatly deplores; but evidently he is not satisfied
+with any of them, and very justly; for none of them touches the real
+cause--the radically different attitude of the public mind toward
+inventions, characteristic of the two countries.
+
+In England the user of household inconveniences accepts them as
+matters of fact; or if he grumbles at them he never thinks of trying
+to change them. It is not his business; and if he should devise an
+improvement, ten to one he could not get it made. To patent it is
+practically out of the question, for if it were not condemned off-hand
+as trivial, the patent fees would make it cost more than it was likely
+to be worth. The mechanic who makes such things is trained to work to
+pattern, and not waste his time on experiments. Besides, if he should
+make a clever invention he would not be able to raise the necessary
+fees for a patent, or to get any one to help him thereto. The
+manufacturer "makes what his customers call for." Why should he spend
+his money and spoil his plant to introduce improvements? So things go,
+until some pestilent Yankees flood the markets with better articles at
+a lower price; and British consumers suddenly discover that they want
+something that the native manufacturer cannot make. The need was
+there; but invention did not follow. How happened it that the American
+manufacturer did not pursue the same uninventive course? What produced
+the radically different attitude of the American mind toward
+newfangled notions out of which inventions proceeded and flourished?
+
+No doubt several causes have been at work: freedom of thought and
+action; popular education; a blending of races; and the tide of
+adventurous spirits naturally resorting to a new and free land. These
+have had their influence undoubtedly; but all these have existed, more
+or less completely, in other new lands, without that outburst of
+creative energy which has made America the nursery of inventions,
+great and small. The determining cause, the one condition that
+prevailed here and not elsewhere, was the circumstance that almost
+from the start new ideas were given a market value in this country.
+Unlike all others, the American patent law directly encouraged
+independent thinking in all classes. The fees were low and the
+protection offered fairly good. Men soon found that it paid to invent;
+that one of the surest roads to competency was a patented improvement
+on something of general use. If a household utensil or appliance went
+wrong or worked badly, every user was directly interested in devising
+something better; and, more than that, he was interested in making his
+invention known and in securing its adoption. The workman at his bench
+had an ever-present inducement to contrive something at once cheaper
+and better than the article he was hired to make. He could patent his
+improvement, or the wholly original device he might hit upon, for a
+few dollars; and his patent would count as capital. It would make him
+his own master, possibly bring him a fortune. The manufacturer could
+not rest contented with the thing he set out to make, for the meanest
+hired man in his employ might suddenly become a competitor. He must be
+constantly alert for possible improvements, or his rivals would get
+ahead of him. The result is a nation of inventors, at whose hands the
+newest of lands has leaped to the leadership in the arts, almost at a
+bound.
+
+There is talk of changing all this; of emulating the conservative
+spirit of the Old World; of putting inventors under bonds; of stopping
+the rush of industrial improvement--to enable a few short-sighted yet
+grasping corporations to get along without paying license fees for
+such inventions as they happen to approve of. They profess to want
+inventors to go on making improvements. They are willing to ascribe
+all honor to the successful inventor; but they are determined not to
+pay him for his work. Still more they are determined to change the
+attitude of the public mind toward inventors and inventions, if such a
+change can be wrought by plausible misrepresentations. The fact that
+they were able to inveigle one branch of the American Congress into
+assenting to their unjust and mischievous scheme is one of the
+anomalies of our recent history. It should be taken as a timely
+warning of impending danger to all the industrial interests of the
+country. It is outrageous that the inventors of the land, after having
+raised their country to the first rank among industrial nations,
+should have to defend their constitutional rights against
+Congressional invasion; but the fact exists; and the defense should be
+made a matter of personal interest and effort not only by every
+inventor and manufacturer, but by every honest citizen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.
+
+
+The cattle plague, which is creating so much anxiety throughout the
+Eastern States, is a contagious fever, affecting cows chiefly,
+characterized by extensive exudations into the respiratory organs, and
+attended by a low typhus inflammation of the lungs, pluræ, and
+bronchia. It has prevailed in Europe for ages, at times developing
+into wide-spread scourges, causing incalculable loss. It was imported
+into England in 1839, and again three years later; and it was
+estimated that within twenty-five years thereafter the losses by
+deaths alone in England had amounted to $450,000,000. In 1858 the
+disease was carried to Australia by an English cow, and, spreading to
+the cattle ranges, almost depopulated them.
+
+In 1843 an infected Dutch cow brought the disease to Brooklyn, where
+it has since lingered, slowly spreading among the cattle in Kings and
+Queens counties. In 1847 several head of infected English cattle were
+imported into New Jersey, and, spreading among a herd of valuable
+cattle, made it necessary for them all to be slaughtered, the only
+certain method of stamping out the disease. In 1859 four infected cows
+were imported into Massachusetts from Holland; the plague spread
+rapidly, and was stamped out only by persistent effort, the State
+paying for over 1,000 slaughtered cattle. Since 1867 the disease has
+not been known there. Meantime the pest had invaded Eastern
+Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, where it has since prevailed in
+isolated localities. The absence of large herds of moving cattle in
+these districts, except for speedy slaughter, has prevented the
+disease from developing into a general plague.
+
+The recent action of the British Council in forbidding the importation
+of American live cattle is likely to prove of inestimable benefit to
+this country, in forcibly calling attention to the grave risk that the
+presence of the disease on Long Island and elsewhere constantly
+entails. Fortunately the drift of the cattle traffic is eastward, and
+as yet there has been no propagation of the poison in the great cattle
+ranges of the West. Unless summarily arrested, however, the disease
+will surely reach those sources of our cattle supply, and occasion
+losses that can be estimated only in hundreds of millions of dollars.
+
+The experience of all countries into which this disease has gained
+access appears to prove that there is only one way of getting rid of
+it--namely, the immediate killing of all infected cattle, and the
+thorough disinfection of the premises in which they are found.
+
+The disease is purely infectious, and is never found in regions where
+it has not gained a foothold by importation. Palliative measures have
+in every instance failed to eradicate the disease, and are only
+justifiable, as in Australia, after the plague has reached dimensions
+utterly beyond the reach of any process of extermination.
+
+Professor Law, of Cornell University, one of our best informed
+veterinary surgeons, most emphatically opposes every attempt to
+control the disease by quarantining the sick or by the inoculation of
+the healthy. "We may quarantine the sick," he says, "but we cannot
+quarantine the air." To establish quarantine yards is simply to
+maintain prolific manufacturers of the poison, which is given off by
+the breath of the sick, and by their excretions, to such an extent
+that no watchfulness can insure against its dissemination. Besides,
+the expense of thorough quarantining operations would amount to more
+than the value of the infected animals whose lives might be saved
+thereby. Inoculation is still less to be tolerated at this stage of
+the pest.
+
+The Professor says: "Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, and England,
+have been treating the victims of this plague for nearly half a
+century, but the result has only been the increase of disease and
+death. Our own infected States have been treating it for a third of a
+century, and to-day it exists over a wider area than ever before.
+Contrast this with the results in Massachusetts and Connecticut, where
+the disease has been repeatedly crushed out at small expense, and
+there can be no doubt as to which is the wisest course. As all the
+plagues are alike in the propagation of the poison in the bodies of
+the sick, I may be allowed to adduce the experience of two adjacent
+counties in Scotland when invaded by the rinderpest. Aberdeen raised a
+fund of £2,000, and though she suffered several successive
+invasions, she speedily crushed out the poison wherever it appeared by
+slaughtering the sick beasts and disinfecting the premises. The result
+was that little more than half the fund was wanted to reimburse the
+owners for their losses, and the splendid herds of the county were
+preserved. Forfar, on the other hand, set herself to cure the plague,
+with the result of a universal infection, the loss of many thousands
+of cattle, and the ruin of hundreds of farmers. Finally the malady was
+crushed out in the entire island by the method adopted by Aberdeen and
+other well advised counties at the outset."
+
+And again, "Cattle have been inoculated by the tens of thousands in
+Belgium and Holland, and of all Europe these are the countries now
+most extensively infected. France, Prussia, Italy, Austria, and
+England have each practiced it on a large scale, and each remains a
+home of the plague. Australia has followed the practice, and is now
+and must continue an infected country. Our own infected States have
+inoculated, and the disease has survived and spread in spite of it,
+and even by its aid. Whatever country has definitively exterminated
+the plague (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holstein, Mecklenburg,
+Switzerland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut), that country has
+prohibited inoculation and all other methods that prevail on the
+principle of preserving the sick, and has relied on the slaughter of
+the infected and the thorough disinfection of their surroundings. So
+will it be with us. If any State adopts or allows any of these
+temporizing measures, that State will only repeat the experience of
+the past alike in the Old World and the New, will perpetuate the
+disease in the country, will entail great losses on its citizens, will
+keep up the need for constant watchfulness and great expense by the
+adjoining States for their own protection, and will indefinitely
+postpone the resumption of the foreign live stock trade, which, a few
+months ago, promised to be one of the most valuable branches of our
+international commerce."
+
+We are persuaded that the position taken by Professor Law, and other
+similar-minded veterinary surgeons, is the only safe one. The disease
+can be stamped out now with comparatively small loss. If trifled with,
+and tolerated, it cannot but result in a great national calamity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPAIN A FIELD FOR MACHINERY AND PATENTS.
+
+
+From a too lengthy communication to admit in full to our columns, a
+resident of Madrid communicates to the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN some facts
+relative to the fertility of the soil of Spain, her necessity for
+improved agricultural and other implements, and closes with the
+assertion that it is a good field withal for patents. We cull from the
+letter as follows:
+
+I have lived, says the writer, for a number of years in this beautiful
+country, so little understood by foreigners, so little appreciated by
+its own inhabitants. The Spain of romance, poetry, and song, is the
+garden as well as the California of Europe. But it stands in great
+need of the health-giving touch of the North American enterprise. We
+have here the same mineral treasures, the same unrivaled advantages of
+climate, that made Spain once the industrial and commercial emporium
+of the world.
+
+But Spain is awakening. She is endeavoring to shake off her lethargy.
+The late Exhibition of Paris has proved this; and those who are
+familiar with the past history and present condition of Spain have
+been astonished at the result of this effort. A new era has commenced
+for the country, and it is everywhere evident that a strong current of
+enterprise and industry has set in. But it is with nations, as with
+individuals, when they have remained long in complete inaction, brain
+and muscles are torpid and cannot at first obey the will. Spain needs
+the assistance of other nations hardened and inured to toil.
+
+The plows now used to till the land are precisely such as were those
+left by the Moors in the unfinished furrow, when with tears and sighs
+they bade farewell to their broad fields, their mosques and palaces,
+whose ideal architecture is still the wonder of the world, to go forth
+as outcasts and exiles in obedience to the cruel edict that drove them
+away to the deserts of Africa.
+
+I doubt whether there is an American plow in Spain, much less a steam
+plow. Sowing and reaping machines are here unknown, and grain is tread
+out by oxen and mules just as it was in Scripture times, and cleaned
+by women, who toss it in the air to scatter the chaff. Everything is
+primitive and Oriental here as yet.
+
+Spain could supply all Europe with butter and cheese, and, on the
+contrary, these articles are imported in large quantities from
+England, Holland, and Switzerland. The traveler crosses leagues and
+leagues of meadow land where not a tree is to be seen, nor one sheep
+pasture, and which are nevertheless watered by broad rivers that carry
+away to the ocean the water that would, by irrigation, convert these
+fields into productive farms. There are many places in Spain where the
+wine is thrown away for want of purchasers and vats in which to keep
+it. In the Upper Aragon, the mortar with which the houses are built is
+made with wine instead of water, the former being the most plentiful.
+Aragon needs an enterprising American company to convert into
+wholesome table wine the infinite varieties there produced, and which
+our neighbors the French buy and carry away to convert into Bordeaux.
+
+We want American enterprise in Galicia and Asturias, where milk is
+almost given away, to convert it into the best of butter and cheese;
+and also in those same provinces, where delicious fruit is grown in
+such abundance that it is left on the ground for the swine.
+
+Spain needs many more railroads and canals, all of which, when
+constructed, are subsidized by the government; the railroads at the
+rate of $12,000 a kilometer, and many more additional advantages are
+offered for canals.
+
+With regard to commerce with Spain, we have to lament the same
+indifference on the part of the Americans. I have, for instance, an
+American double-burner petroleum lamp. All who see it admire and covet
+it, but they are not to be had here. If we except one American in
+Madrid, who brings mostly pumps and similar articles on a very small
+scale, we have no dealers in American goods here. Wooden clothes pins,
+lemon squeezers, clothes horses, potato peelers, and the hundreds of
+domestic appliances of American invention, elsewhere considered
+indispensable, are in Spain unknown.
+
+We had confidently expected that the new Spanish law on patents would
+draw the attention of American inventors toward this country, that
+to-day offers a wide field for every new practical invention, but I am
+sorry to see that, with the exception of Edison and a few others, the
+Americans have not yet availed themselves of the easy facility for
+taking patents for Spain, where new inventions and new industries are
+now eagerly accepted and adopted. And while the Americans are thus
+careless as to their own interests, the French take out and negotiate,
+in Spain, American patents with insignificant variations.
+
+Let American inventors be assured that any new invention, useful and
+practical, and above all, requiring but little capital to establish it
+as an industry, will find a ready sale in Spain.
+
+I could enlarge to a much greater extent upon the indifference of
+American inventors, merchants, manufacturers, and business men, as to
+the market they have in Spain in their respective lines, and upon the
+importance of building up a trade with this country, but to do so
+would require more space than I think you would feel justified in
+occupying in your columns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PETER COOPER AS AN INVENTOR.
+
+
+The successes of Peter Cooper's long and useful life are well known.
+Not so many are aware of his varied experience in the direction of
+failure, particularly in the field of invention. More than once he has
+found his best devices profitless because ahead of his time, or
+because of conditions, political or otherwise, which no one could
+foresee. He possessed the rare qualities, however, of pluck and
+perseverance, and when one thing failed he lost no time in trying
+something else. Before he was of age he had learned three trades--and
+he did not make his fortune at either.
+
+In a familiar conversation with a _Herald_ writer recently, Mr. Cooper
+related some of his early experiences, particularly with reference to
+enterprises which did not succeed. His father was a hatter, and as a
+boy young Cooper learned how to make a hat in all its parts. The
+father was not successful in business, and the hatter's trade seems to
+have offered little encouragement to the son. Accordingly he learned
+the art of making ale. Why he did not stick to that calling and become
+a millionaire brewer, Mr. Cooper does not say. Most probably the
+national taste for stronger tipple could not at that time be overcome,
+and ale could not compete with New England rum and apple-jack. The
+young mechanic next essayed the art of coachmaking, at which he served
+a full apprenticeship. At the end of his time his employer offered to
+set him up in business, but the offer was not accepted, through fear
+of losing another's money. He felt that if he took the money and lost
+it he would have to be a slave for life. So he quit coachmaking and
+went to work for a man at Hempstead, L. I., making machines for
+shearing cloth. In three years, on $1.50 a day, Cooper had saved
+enough money to buy his employer's patent. Immediately he introduced
+improvements in the manufacture and in the machine, which the war with
+England made a great demand for by excluding foreign cloths. At this
+time Cooper married. In due time the family numbered three, and the
+young father's inventive faculty was again called upon.
+
+"In those days," said Mr. Cooper to the reporter, smiling as the
+remembrance came to his mind, "we kept no servants as they do
+nowadays, and my wife and myself had to do all that was to be done.
+After our first child was born I used to come into the house and find
+my wife rocking the cradle, and I relieved her from that while I was
+there. After doing that for a few days I thought to myself that I
+could make that thing go of itself. So I went into my shop, and made a
+pendulous cradle that would rock the child. Then I attached a musical
+instrument which would sing for it, and at the same time the machine
+would keep the flies off. The latter was very simple; by hanging
+something to the cross bar, as the cradle swung under it, backward and
+forward, it would create wind enough to drive away the flies. The
+machine was wound up by a weight, and would run for nearly half an
+hour without stopping. I took out a patent for it, and one day a
+peddler came along with a horse and wagon, as they do in the country,
+and saw the cradle. He struck a bargain with me and bought the patent
+right for the State of Connecticut, giving for it his horse and wagon
+and all the goods he had with him. They afterward made some there, but
+nothing like as good as mine. It was a beautiful piece of furniture,"
+said Mr. Cooper regretfully, as he thought of it as a thing of the
+past. "They afterward substituted springs for the weight movement, but
+that kind was not so good."
+
+About this time the war with England ended and the market was spoiled
+for the shearing machines. Then, we believe, Mr. Cooper tried his hand
+at cabinetmaking, but that failed, and he set up a grocery store where
+the Bible House now stands. While selling groceries Mr. Cooper made an
+invention which ought to have made his fortune, but it did not. The
+story is best told in Mr. Cooper's own words:
+
+"It was just before the Erie Canal was completed, and I conceived a
+plan by which to tow boats by the use of all the elevated waters on
+the line of the canal. To demonstrate that that was practicable I made
+with my own hands a chain two miles long, and placed posts 200 feet
+apart in the East River from Bellevue dock down town about a mile.
+These posts supported grooved wheels to lay the chain in, forming an
+endless chain. The whole was moved by an overshot waterwheel placed at
+the Bellevue dock. A reservoir twelve feet square and three deep held
+the water to turn the wheel."
+
+At the suggestion of Governor Clinton Mr. Cooper tightened his chain
+and pulled up the end post just before the grand trial of his device
+was to come off. He succeeded in getting stone enough to anchor the
+post, however, and the experiment went off swimmingly. The boat was
+hooked on to the chain, and the passage back and forward--two
+miles--was made in eleven minutes.
+
+"I ran that boat some ten days," says Mr. Cooper, "to let people see
+what could be done, and carried nearly a thousand people. Part of the
+time I ran two boats. Once I counted 52 people in one boat. I made the
+whole chain myself and planted the posts. As I could find no wheels to
+suit me I made the moulds and cast the wheels myself out of block tin
+and zinc. It was no small job, I can tell you."
+
+This was unquestionably a grand invention. In itself it was a perfect
+success; but it was not used. Mr. Cooper tells why:
+
+"It demonstrated completely that the elevated water power along the
+line of the canal and every lock in the canal could be made use of to
+drive the boats. Governor Clinton gave me $800 for the privilege of
+buying the right to the plan in case he should want to use it on the
+Erie Canal. In making the canal he had promised the people along the
+route that as soon as it was finished they could sell their horses to
+tow the boats, their grain and fodder to feed the horses, and their
+provisions for the passengers. On reflection he thought that if he
+took all that away from them he would have to run the gantlet again,
+and he could not afford to do that. There never was anything done with
+the plan until a few years ago, when Mr. Welch, president of the
+Camden and Amboy Railroad and Canal, invented exactly the same thing
+and put it in practice on his locks on the canal. He found it saved
+half the time and great expense. He went to Washington to take out a
+patent for it, and when he got there he found that I had patented the
+same thing fifty-three years before. My patent had run out, so he
+could use the plan on his canal. It has also been used on one lock on
+the Erie Canal. If they could have used that chain on the whole length
+of the Erie Canal it would have saved many millions of dollars."
+
+This would not be a bad place, were there room for it, to speak of
+"undeveloped" and therefore worthless inventions; and the assumption
+that if an inventor does not make his invention immediately profitable
+it must be good for nothing, and should be dispatented. But the moral
+goes without telling.
+
+Mr. Cooper's next attempt at invention was made about the same time,
+but in quite a different direction. It was during the struggle of the
+Greeks for independence, and wishing to do something for their
+assistance, Mr. Cooper undertook to make a torpedo boat for them. Mr.
+Cooper says:
+
+"It was a small one that could be taken on board ship and used to
+destroy any vessel that came to destroy them. It was fixed with a
+rotary steam engine and a screw wheel to propel it. It was intended to
+be guided from the ship or the shore. There were two steel wires fixed
+to the tiller of the rudder, and the operator could pull on one side
+or the other and guide the vessel just as a horse is guided with
+reins. It was so arranged that at night it would carry a light with
+its dark side toward the object to be destroyed, and by simply keeping
+the light in range with the vessel it would be sure to hit it. The
+torpedo was carried on a little iron rod, projecting in front of the
+torpedo vessel a few inches under water. Contact would discharge the
+torpedo and bend this iron rod. This would reverse the action of the
+engine and cause the torpedo vessel to return right back from whence
+it came, ready to carry another torpedo."
+
+Unfortunately the torpedo boat was not ready in time to go with the
+ship carrying the contributions for Greece. It was stored in Mr.
+Cooper's factory (he had then turned his attention to glue) and was
+destroyed by the burning of the factory. It seems to have been quite a
+promising affair for the time. Mr. Cooper says:
+
+"I experimented with it at once to see how far it could be guided. I
+made a steel wire ten miles long and went down to the Narrows to test
+the matter. I had steel yards fastened to one end of the wire, and to
+the other end the torpedo vessel as attached. It got about six miles
+away when a vessel coming into the harbor crossed the wire and broke
+it. Although the experiment was not complete it showed that for at
+least six miles I could guide the vessel as easily as I could guide a
+horse."
+
+Mr. Cooper's work as the pioneer locomotive builder in this country;
+his later inventions and improvements in the manufacture of railway
+iron and wrought iron beams for fireproof buildings; his application
+of anthracite coal to iron puddling, and his other successes are
+almost as widely known as his philanthropic efforts for the education
+and advancement of the industrial classes of this city.
+
+After all, we are not sure but the story of his long and varied and
+always honorable career, told by himself, would not be worth, to young
+people who have to make their way in life through many difficulties,
+more even than the advantages of the noble institution which bears his
+name.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TASTE FOR READING.--Sir John Herschel has declared that "if he were to
+pray for a taste which should stand under every variety of
+circumstance and be a source of happiness and cheerfulness to him
+through life, it would be a taste for reading." Give a man, he
+affirms, that taste, and the means of gratifying it, and you cannot
+fail of making him good and happy; for you bring him in contact with
+the best society in all ages, with the tenderest, the bravest, and the
+purest men who have adorned humanity, making him a denizen of all
+nations, a contemporary of all times, and giving him a practical proof
+that the world has been created for him, for his solace, and for his
+enjoyment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AFRICA CROSSED AGAIN.
+
+Information has been received by way of Lisbon, March 12, that the
+Portuguese explorer, Pinto, has succeeded in traversing Africa from
+west to east, and has reached Transvaal. The latitude of his course
+across is not mentioned.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CURIOUS FACTS IN MAGNETISM.
+
+
+At the meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences February 17th, the
+article in the March number of _Harper's Magazine_, entitled "Gary's
+Magnetic Motor," was incidentally alluded to, and Prof. C. A. Seeley
+made the following remarks: The article claims that Mr. Gary has made
+a discovery of a neutral line or surface, at which the polarity of an
+induced magnet, while moving in the field of the inducing pole, is
+changed. The alleged discovery appears to be an exaggerated statement
+of some curious facts, which, although not new, are not commonly
+recognized. If a bar of iron be brought up, end on, near a magnetic
+pole, the bar becomes an induced magnet, but an induced magnet quite
+different from what our elementary treatises seem to predict. On the
+first scrutiny it is a magnet without a neutral point, and only one
+kind of magnetism--namely, that of the inducing pole. Moreover, the
+single pole is pretty evenly distributed over the whole surface, so
+that if iron filings be sprinkled on the bar they will be attracted at
+all points and completely cover it. Now, if while the bar is covered
+by filings it be moved away from the inducing pole, the filings will
+gradually and progressively fall, beginning at the end nearest the
+inducing pole and continuing to some point near the middle of the bar;
+the filings at the remote end will generally be held permanently. When
+the bar is carried beyond the field of the inducing pole it is simply
+a weak magnet of ordinary properties--_i. e._, of two poles and a
+neutral point between them.
+
+A plausible and simple explanation of this case is that the inducing
+pole holds or binds the induced magnetism of opposite name, so that it
+has no external influence; the two magnetisms are related to each
+other as are the positive and negative electricities of the Leyden
+jar. Let the inducing pole be N.; the S. of the bar will be attracted
+by it and bound, while the N. of the bar becomes abnormally free and
+active. On moving the bar from the pole the bound magnetism is
+released and a part becomes residual magnetism. Now when the residual
+balances the free magnetism which is of opposite name, we are on
+Gary's neutral line. In a restricted sense there is a change of
+polarity over the half of the bar contiguous to the inducing pole; on
+the other half there is no change of pole in any sense. Experiment
+with a shingle nail in the place of the filings, _à la_ Gary,
+bring the nail to the induced bound pole, and it may be held, except
+at the neutral line. Now if one will read the magazine article with
+such ideas as these he will feel pretty sure that the writer of it has
+used words recklessly, that Gary has not made an original discovery,
+and that the "neutral" line, whatever it be, has only an imagined
+relation to the "principle" of the motor.
+
+The Gary Motor as a perpetual motion scheme, of course, is not worthy
+of serious notice from a society devoted to science. It has no
+noteworthy novelty of construction or conception. Mr. Gary is
+afflicted with the very old delusion of the cut-off or shield of
+magnetism, which is to cost less than what comes from it. His cut-off
+is a sheet of iron, which we know acts simply as an armature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A NEW PHENOMENON IN STATICAL ELECTRICITY.
+
+
+M. E. Duter, in a paper read before the French Academy in December,
+showed that when a Leyden jar is charged with either positive or
+negative electricity its internal volume increases, and that this
+effect is a new phenomenon, unexplainable by either a theory of an
+increase of temperature or of an electrical pressure. The experiment
+was performed by means of a flask-shaped Leyden jar with a long tube
+attached to its neck, and containing a liquid which served as the
+inner armature. The author's attention had been called to the fact
+that this phenomenon had been observed ten years ago by M. Gori.
+
+His researches, just made public, leave no doubt of the accuracy of M.
+Duter's view, that the glass of the jar really expands. According to
+the theory of elasticity, the effect of an internal pressure in a
+hollow sphere is in the inverse ratio of its thickness. M. Duter,
+therefore, had three flasks made of the same volume, but of
+thicknesses of 4 mm., 0.8 mm., and 0.5 mm. respectively. They were
+filled with water and enveloped by tin foil. Each carried a capillary
+thermometer tube, in which the variations of the height of liquid
+served to measure the changes in volume due to electrification. He
+found that these changes were imperceptible in the thick glass, very
+marked in the flask of mean thickness, and rose to 30 mm. in the
+thinnest. The variations in volume were very nearly in inverse ratio
+of the square roots of the thicknesses.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A NEW ORE CRUSHER.
+
+
+The accompanying engravings represent an improved ore crusher, which
+is said to be very effective and economical in the use of power.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--BROWN'S ORE CRUSHER.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--HORIZONTAL SECTION.]
+
+A short vertical cast iron cylinder, A, having in one side a discharge
+opening, H, contains all of the movable parts.
+
+The upper portion of the cylinder is lined with chilled iron plates,
+L, and an inclined chute, X, leads to the discharge opening, H.
+
+A rigid shaft, B, carries the circular crusher, C, and moves in a ball
+and socket joint at the upper end, and extends eccentrically through
+the boss of a bevel wheel, G, at its lower end, and rests on a step
+supported by a lever that may be adjusted by the screw, R. The wheel,
+G, is driven by the pinion, P, on whose shaft there are a pulley and a
+fly-wheel.
+
+The double gyratory motion of the crusher, C, causes it to approach
+all portions of the lining, L, crushing whatever lies between.
+
+It is said that this machine is capable of crushing 10 tons of the
+hardest ore per hour. Its weight is 6,500 lbs.--_Musée de
+l'Industrie._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RECENT AMERICAN PATENTS.
+
+
+Enos Richmond, of Troy, N. Y., has invented a steak tenderer, having
+a plunger studded with chisel-pointed rods, and arranged in a case in
+connection with an elevating spring. A blow upon the knob at the top
+of the plunger forces the chisel-pointed rods through holes in the
+casing into the meat, the casing resting on the surface of the steak.
+
+Messrs. A. W. Southard and Volney R. Sears, of Falls City, Neb., have
+patented an improved invalid bedstead, which is provided with
+ingenious mechanism for placing the invalid in different positions.
+
+An improved spring attachment for carriage tops, which is designed to
+prevent the rear bow from being bent by the weight of the top when
+turned back, has been patented by Mr. Robert E. McCormick, of
+Doylestown, O.
+
+Mr. Espy Gallipher, of Schellsburg, Pa., has devised an axle journal
+having a groove lengthwise upon its upper side which extends back upon
+the surface of the axle and communicates with an oil cup. A sliding
+rod occupies a portion of the groove; when this rod is drawn out it
+permits the oil to fill the groove; when it is pushed into the groove
+in the axle, the oil is ejected and a further supply is cut off.
+
+An improved pill machine, invented by Messrs. W. N. Fort and R. R.
+Moore, of Lewisville, Ark., is adapted to the manufacture of pills in
+large quantities. The machine has mechanism for grinding and mixing
+ingredients, a grooved wheel and trough for forming the pills, and a
+device for applying powder.
+
+An improvement in millstone adjustments has been patented by Mr.
+Stephen P. Walling, of South Edmeston, N. Y. This invention consists
+in a screw applied to the end of the mill spindle on which the stone
+is rigidly held, so that the running stone may be forced by the screw
+away from the stationary stone and held against the action of a spring
+at the opposite end of the spindle, the object being to prevent the
+stones from becoming dulled by contact with each other.
+
+An improved attachment for sewing machines for soaking or waxing the
+thread as it passes the needle, has been patented by Mr. Pedro F.
+Fernandez, of San Juan, Porto Rico. The invention consists in a frame
+secured to the arm of a sewing machine by a thumb-screw, and provided
+with a clamping device for holding wax or soap.
+
+A novel combination of a toggle and springs and levers for operating a
+drag saw has been patented by Mr. Harvey Hughes, of Wheat Ridge, Ohio.
+The saw, while properly guided, is free to move up or down without
+affecting the leverage.
+
+An improvement in filters, which consists in re-enforcing the felt
+disk with a backing of wire cloth to enable it to resist heavy water
+pressure, has been patented by Mr. B. P. Chatfield, of Aiken, S. C.
+
+A basket having light sheet metal sides attached to a wooden bottom by
+crimping the edges over a rib on the periphery of the bottom, has been
+patented by Mr. Samuel Friend, of Decatur, Ill. The handle and lid may
+be easily removed to permit of packing and storage.
+
+An improved cross bar for fastening doors, patented by Mr. Richard
+Condon, of La Salle, Ill., has a spring acted portion which engages a
+socket on the door casing, and is retained in that position by a
+spring catch.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A NEW IRONING TABLE.
+
+
+The accompanying engraving represents a convenient and inexpensive
+table recently patented by Mr. Albert H. Hogins, of Morrisania, N. Y.
+It is more especially designed for ironing, but it may be used for
+other purposes when closed up. The top is made in two tapering
+sections, A B. The section, B, is narrower than the other, and is
+pivoted at its wider end to a bar, E, which slides into a socket
+formed in the table. The table has five legs, one of which, D, is
+attached to a sliding rail that supports the narrower end of the
+movable part of the top. The table is provided with a drawer in one
+end and with a tray, C, for containing blankets, etc.
+
+[Illustration: HOGINS IMPROVED TABLE.]
+
+The convenience and practicability of this table for general laundry
+use, will be apparent without further explanation. The board, B, when
+drawn out will be used for ironing skirts, shirts, and other garments
+requiring a board of this character, and when the table is closed
+together and fastened by the hooks, it may be used in ironing larger
+articles. When closed it presents the appearance of an ordinary table
+and may be used as such.
+
+Further information may be obtained by addressing the inventor as
+above.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A NOVEL ENGINE REGULATOR.
+
+
+The accompanying engraving represents two different styles of
+regulator, invented by Mr. Stenberg, in which the effect of
+centrifugal force is utilized. In a vessel, A, of parabolic shape is
+placed a disk, C, which floats on glycerine contained by the vessel,
+and is attached to the walls of the vessel by an annular membrane, so
+that it may rise and fall in a vertical direction as the glycerine is
+carried with more or less force toward the edge of the vessel by
+centrifugal action. The inner surface of the vessel, A, is provided
+with radial grooves, by which the rotary motion of the vessel is
+communicated to the glycerine. To the center of the disk, C, is
+attached a vertical rod, which extends downward through the hollow
+shaft and is connected with governor valve. An increase of speed
+throws the glycerine toward the periphery of the valve, and, raising
+the disk, C, closes the steam valve; a diminution of speed permits the
+glycerine to fall back, when the disk descends and the valve opens.
+
+[Illustration: STENBERG REGULATOR.]
+
+The disk, C, has a small aperture for the admission and escape of air,
+and the apparatus is adjusted by pouring lead into the groove in the
+disk.
+
+The regulator shown in Fig. 2 operates upon the same principle, but it
+is adjusted by means of a spring.
+
+This apparatus is manufactured by Blancke Bros., Magdeburg.--_Musée de
+l'Industrie._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A STRANGE PEOPLE.
+
+
+Botel Tobago is an island in the South Seas which has lately been
+visited by a party of United States naval officers. They were
+surveying a rock east of the South Cape of Formosa, and called at this
+island. They found a curious race of Malay stock. These aborigines did
+not know what money was good for. Nor had they ever used tobacco or
+rum. They gave the officers goats and pigs for tin pots and brass
+buttons, and hung around the vessel all day in their canoes waiting
+for a chance to dive for something which might be thrown overboard.
+They wore clouts only, ate taro and yams, and had axes, spears, and
+knives made of common iron. Their canoes were made without nails, and
+were ornamented with geometrical lines. They wore the beards of goats
+and small shells as ornaments.
+
+Such is the account of these strange people given by Dr. Siegfried, in
+a letter read at the last meeting of the Philadelphia Academy of
+Natural Sciences.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+REMEDY FOR THE NEW CARPET BEETLE.
+
+
+Noticing a statement made by Mr. J. A. Lintner, to the effect that the
+Persian insect powder would probably prove unavailing as a remedy
+against the ravages of the new carpet beetle (_Anthrenus_), W. L.
+Carpenter, of the U.S.A., was led to institute some experiments with
+this well known insecticide, the results of which he communicates to
+the current number of the _Naturalist_. A small quantity of the powder
+was introduced, on the point of a penknife, under a tumbler beneath
+which various insects were consecutively confined. The movements of
+the insects brought them in contact with the poison, which readily
+adhered to their body; in endeavoring to remove it from their
+appendages a few particles would be carried to the mouth and thence to
+the stomach, with fatal effect. The results were briefly thus: A honey
+bee became helpless in 15 minutes; a mad wasp in 8 minutes; a small
+ant in 5 minutes; a large butterfly resisted the effects for over an
+hour, and apparently recovered, but died the next day; a house-fly
+became helpless in 10 minutes; a mosquito in 15; and a flea in 3
+minutes. In experimenting on beetles, an insect was secured as nearly
+the size of the carpet beetle as could be found. It was easily
+affected, and became helpless in 12 minutes.
+
+In these, and experiments with various other insects, the scent from
+the powder did not produce any bad effect on those subjected to its
+odor where actual contact was not possible; but when carried to the
+mandibles the effect was to produce complete paralysis of the motor
+nerves. The experiments prove that all insects having open mouth parts
+are peculiarly susceptible to this popular insecticide. As a result,
+the writer does not hesitate to recommend the powder to housekeepers
+as an infallible agent in destroying the carpet beetle and preventing
+its ravages. The Persian insect powder liberally sprinkled upon the
+floor before putting down a carpet, and afterward freely placed around
+the edges, and never swept away, will suffice to preserve a large
+sized carpet. No ill effects from its use need be feared by the
+householder, since the drug is poisonous to no kinds of animals except
+insects.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+BANANA FLOUR.
+
+
+The banana has recently found a new use in Venezuela. It has the
+property of keeping the soil moist round it, in a country where
+sometimes no rain falls for months; so it has been employed to give
+freshness, as well as shade, to the coffee plant, whose cultivation
+has been greatly extended (Venezuela produced 38,000,000 kilogrammes
+of coffee in 1876). The Venezuelans can consume but little of the
+banana fruit thus furnished, so that attention is being given to
+increasing its value as an export. At the Paris Exhibition were
+samples of banana flour (got by drying and pulverizing the fruit
+before maturity) and brandy (from the ripe fruit) The flour has been
+analyzed by MM. Marcano and Muntz. It contains 66.1 per cent of
+starch, and only 2.9 of azotized matter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW STENCIL PEN.
+
+
+The accompanying engraving shows new form of stencil pen invented by
+Mr. J. W. Brickenridge, of La Fayette, Ind. In Fig. 1 the entire
+apparatus is shown in perspective; Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section of
+the pen; and Fig. 3 is a vertical section of a portion of the driving
+apparatus. In this instrument compressed air is used as a motive force
+for driving the perforating needle. The inverted cup, shown in detail
+in Fig. 3, has its mouth closed with a flexible diaphragm, which is
+vibrated rapidly by a pitman having a convex end attached by its
+center to the middle of the diaphragm. The pitman is reciprocated by a
+simple treadle motion, which will be readily understood by reference
+to Fig. 1.
+
+[Illustration: BRICKENRIDGE'S PNEUMATIC STENCIL PEN.]
+
+The cup has a small aperture covered by a valve to admit of the
+entrance of air when the diaphragm is drawn down. The pen, shown in
+detail in Fig. 2, has a cup and flexible diaphragm similar to the one
+already described. The diaphragm rests upon the enlarged end of a bar
+which carries at its lower end a perforating needle. The pen is
+connected with the driving mechanism by a flexible tube. The needle
+bar is pressed lightly against the diaphragm by a spiral spring.
+
+When the treadle motion is operated the impelling diaphragm is
+rapidly vibrated, and through the medium of the air contained in the
+flexible tube it communicates motion to the pen diaphragm and
+consequently to the needle bar and needle. If, while the needle is
+reciprocated in this way, the pen is moved over the surface of the
+paper, a line of fine perforations will be made. With this instrument
+stencils may be made for making multiplied copies of maps, drawings,
+and manuscripts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF OCEAN TELEGRAPHY.
+
+
+At the celebration in this city of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
+formation of the company for laying the first Atlantic cable, Monday,
+March 10, the projector of the enterprise, Mr. Cyrus W. Field, spoke
+as follows:
+
+NEIGHBORS AND FRIENDS: Twenty-five years ago this evening, in this
+house, in this room, and on this table, and at this very hour, was
+signed the agreement to form the New York, Newfoundland and London
+Telegraph Company--the first company ever formed to lay an ocean
+cable. It was signed by five persons, four of whom--Peter Cooper,
+Moses Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts, and myself--are here to-night. The
+fifth, Mr. Chandler White, died two years after, and his place was
+taken by Mr. Wilson G. Hunt, who is also present. Of my associates, it
+is to be said to their honor--as might have been expected from men of
+their high position and character--that they stood by the undertaking
+manfully for twelve long years, through discouragements such as nobody
+knows but themselves. Those who applaud our success know little
+through what struggles it was obtained. One disappointment followed
+another, till "hope deferred made the heart sick." We had little help
+from outside, for few had any faith in our enterprise. But not a man
+deserted the ship: all stood by it to the end. My brother Dudley is
+also here, who, as the counsel of the company, was present at the
+signing of the agreement, and went with Mr. White and myself the week
+after to Newfoundland, to obtain the charter, and was our legal
+adviser through those anxious and troubled years, when success seemed
+very doubtful. At St. John's the first man to give us a hearty
+welcome, and who aided us in obtaining our charter, was Mr. Edward M.
+Archibald, then Prime Minister of Newfoundland, and now for more than
+twenty years the honored representative of Her Majesty's Government at
+this port, who is also here to-night. It is a matter for grateful
+acknowledgment that we were spared to see accomplished the work that
+we began; and that we meet now, at the end of a quarter of a century,
+to look with wonder at what has been wrought since in other parts of
+the world.
+
+Our little company came into existence only a few weeks before the
+Western Union Telegraph Company, which is entitled to share in our
+congratulations, and has kindly brought a connecting wire into this
+room, by which we can this evening communicate with every town and
+village from the Atlantic to the Pacific; and by our sea cables, with
+Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies, and
+South America. While our small circle has been broken by death but
+once, very different has it been with the Atlantic Telegraph Company,
+which was formed in London in 1856, to extend our line across the
+ocean. At its beginning there were eighteen English and twelve
+American directors, thirty in all, of whom twenty-nine have either
+died or retired from the board. I alone still remain one of the
+directors.
+
+Many of the great men of science on both sides of the Atlantic, who
+inspired us by their knowledge and their enthusiasm, have passed away.
+We have lost Bache, whose Coast Survey mapped out the whole line of
+the American shores; and Maury, who first taught us to find a path
+through the depths of the seas; and Berryman, who sounded across the
+Atlantic; and Morse; and last, but not least, Henry. Across the water
+we miss some who did as much as any men in their generation to make
+the name of England great--Faraday and Wheatstone, Stephenson and
+Brunel--all of whom gave us freely of their invaluable counsel,
+refusing all compensation, because of the interest which they felt in
+the solution of a great problem of science and engineering skill. It
+is a proud satisfaction to remember that while the two Governments
+aided us so generously with their ships, making surveys of the ocean,
+and even carrying our cables in the first expeditions, such men as
+these gave their support to an enterprise which was to unite the two
+countries, and in the end to bring the whole world together.
+
+Others there are, among the living and the dead, to whom we are under
+great obligations. But I cannot repeat the long roll of illustrious
+names. Yet I must pay a passing tribute to one who was my friend, as
+he was the steadfast friend of my country--Richard Cobden. He was one
+of the first to look forward with the eye of faith to what has since
+come to pass. As long ago as 1851 he had a sort of prophet's dream
+that the ocean might yet be crossed, and advised Prince Albert to
+devote the profits of the great London Exhibition of that year to an
+attempt thus to unite England with America. He did not live to see his
+dream fulfilled.
+
+But though men die, their works, their discoveries, and their
+inventions live. From that small beginning under this roof, arose an
+art till then scarcely known, that of telegraphing through the depths
+of the sea. Twenty-five years ago there was not an ocean cable in the
+world. A few short lines had been laid across the channel from England
+to the Continent, but all were in shallow water. Even science hardly
+dared to conceive of the possibility of sending human intelligence
+through the abysses of the ocean. But when we struck out to cross the
+Atlantic, we had to lay a cable over 2,000 miles long, in water over
+2 miles deep. That great success gave an immense impulse to submarine
+telegraphy then in its infancy, but which has since grown till it has
+stretched out its fingers tipped with fire into all the waters of the
+globe. "Its lines have gone into all the earth, and its words to the
+ends of the world." To-day there are over 70,000 miles of cable,
+crossing the seas and the oceans. And, as if it were not enough to
+have messages sent with the speed of lightning, they must be sent in
+opposite directions at the same moment. I have just received a
+telegram from Valentia, Ireland, which reads, "This anniversary
+witnesses duplex working across the Atlantic as an accomplished
+fact"--by which the capacity of all our ocean cables is doubled.
+
+Who can measure the effect of this swift intelligence passing to and
+fro? Already it regulates the markets of the world. But better still
+is the new relation into which it brings the different kindreds of
+mankind. Nations are made enemies by their ignorance of each other. A
+better acquaintance leads to a better understanding; the sense of
+nearness, the relation of neighborhood, awakens the feeling of
+brotherhood. Is it not a sign that a better age is coming, when along
+the ocean beds strewn with the wrecks of war, now glide the messages
+of peace?
+
+One thing only remains which I still hope to be spared to see, and in
+which to take a part, the laying of a cable from San Francisco to the
+Sandwich Islands--for which I have received this very day a concession
+from King Kalakaua, by his Minister, who is here to night--and from
+thence to Japan, by which the island groups of the Pacific may be
+brought into communication with the continents on either side--Asia
+and America--thus completing the circuit of the globe.
+
+But life is passing, and perhaps that is to be left to other hands.
+Many of our old companions have fallen, and we must soon give place to
+our successors. But though we shall pass away, it is a satisfaction to
+have been able to do something that shall remain when we are gone. If
+in what I have done to advance this enterprise, I have done something
+for the honor of my country and the good of the world, I am devoutly
+grateful to my Creator. This has been the great ambition of my life,
+and is the chief inheritance which I leave to my children.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GARY MOTOR.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+In your article on the "Gary Motor," issue of March 8, page 144, you
+say: "There is no neutral line in the sense that polarity changes when
+Mr. Gary moves his piece of sheet iron with its attached shingle nail
+across the pole or near the pole of a magnet." "The most delicate
+instruments fail to detect such a change of polarity," etc. Mr. Gary's
+claim of a neutral line is of course absurd, but you are wrong in
+saying that the polarity does not change under the conditions
+described in the _Harper's Monthly_ article. Mr. Gary is perfectly
+correct in claiming a change of polarity in that experiment, although
+his other claim of deriving from this change of polarity a continuous
+motion without consuming energy are manifestly absurd.
+
+[Illustration: Gary Motor A.]
+
+[Illustration: Gary Motor B.]
+
+The change of polarity is easily explained. If a bar of soft iron,
+whose length is two or three times the distance between the poles of
+the horseshoe magnet, be placed in front of the latter as in the
+sketch, and at some distance, poles will be induced, as shown by the
+letters N S. Now let the bar approach the magnet. When within a short
+distance consequent points will be formed and the polarity at the ends
+will be reversed, the bar having four poles, as in the second sketch.
+The bar of soft iron must have certain dimensions depending on the
+size and power of the horseshoe magnet. By using a powerful
+electro-magnet in place of a permanent one, a soft iron bar of
+considerable size may be used, and the change of polarity exhibited by
+showing the repulsion in one case for the south pole and in the other
+for the north pole of a heavy permanent magnet. When in the proper
+position a very small movement of the soft iron bar is sufficient to
+produce the change.
+
+WM. A. ANTHONY.
+
+Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., March 2, 1879.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GARY'S NEUTRAL LINE.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+I have just read the article in the issue of March 8, on the Gary
+Motor, and cannot refrain from offering a suggestion on the subject.
+When I read the article referred to in _Harper's_, I formed the same
+opinion of the so-called invention that the writer in the SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN has expressed, and, in the main, such is my opinion still. I,
+however, tried the experiment by which Gary claims to prove the
+existence of his neutral line, and soon found the same explanation
+that the writer in the AMERICAN has given. I then, curiously enough,
+modified the experiment in precisely the manner he suggests, placing
+the magnet in a vertical position, and using first a piece of sheet
+iron and then an iron wire under it. This was before seeing the
+article in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. My experiment is well illustrated
+by the writer's diagram, except that the nail should be at the end of
+the iron wire, where its polarity is of course most strongly marked.
+But the result is not as he states it. For, as the wire is brought up
+toward the magnet, the nail drops off before the wire touches the
+magnet. When the sheet iron is used, the point at which the nail drops
+off is farther from the magnet than in the case of the wire, and when
+it is brought nearer it will again pick up the nail, which then
+continues to cling until the iron touches the magnet and afterwards.
+Thus the existence of a line in which the soft iron, or induced
+magnet, does not attract the nail, and above and below which it does
+attract it, is demonstrated. That the polarity of the induced magnet
+is reversed when it crosses this line may be demonstrated as follows:
+When it is held beyond (or below) this line (Fig. 1), the negative
+pole of the permanent magnet, the positive being kept at a distance,
+may be made to approach the iron and touch it, without causing the
+nail to drop. (Fig. 3.) But when contact occurs, the whole of the iron
+must possess the polarity of that part of the magnet which it touches,
+namely, negative. Hence in the position indicated in Fig. 1, the
+polarity of the induced magnet does not correspond with that of the
+permanent magnet, but is as indicated by the letters. On the other
+hand, if the positive pole alone be made to approach, the nail will
+drop; but when it is very near, or in contact, it again holds the
+nail, and the iron is now positive; and if the negative pole also be
+now brought into contact, the polarity of the soft iron will
+correspond with that of the magnet, as shown in Fig. 2.
+
+[Illustration: Gary's Neutral Line A.]
+
+[Illustration: Gary's Neutral Line B.]
+
+[Illustration: Gary's Neutral Line C.]
+
+These experiments should be performed with the soft iron under both
+poles of the magnet, and the ends of the former should extend somewhat
+beyond the poles of the latter, or the nail is liable to jump to the
+magnet as the "neutral" line is crossed. The position of the letters
+in Fig. 1, of the previous article, represents the polarity of the
+induced magnet to be the same as that of the permanent, which is true
+only within (or above) the line described; and this, together with his
+statement that no such line can be discovered, appears to indicate
+that the writer relied upon his knowledge of the laws of magnetism to
+state what would be the result, without testing it experimentally. It
+is probable that this reversal of polarity is susceptible of
+explanation by the known laws of magnetic currents, but if it has
+hitherto escaped observation, its discovery is certainly deserving of
+notice, and may lead to valuable results. Of the fact, any one may
+easily convince himself by the simple experiments above described.
+
+G. H. FELTON, M.D.
+
+Haverhill, Mass., February 28, 1879.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PNEUMATIC CLOCKS.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+In the description of the pneumatic clock, copied from _La Nature_,
+and published in your journal of date 1st of March, the invention is
+credited to me. Such is not the case. By an arrangement between Mr.
+Wenzel, Mr. Brandon of Paris, and myself, patents have been obtained
+in France, England, etc., for the clock, and issued in my name; but
+the honor of the invention belongs exclusively to Hermann J. Wenzel,
+of San Francisco.
+
+Yours faithfully,
+
+E. J. MUYBRIDGE.
+
+San Francisco, Cal., February 27, 1879.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ICE CAVE OF DECORAH, IOWA.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+Some years ago I visited the "Ice Cave" of Decorah, Winneshiek county,
+Iowa, and having since been unable to receive any explanation of the
+wonderful phenomenon exhibited by it, I write, hoping that you or some
+correspondent may explain the paradox.
+
+The thriving town of Decorah lies in a romantic valley of the Upper
+Iowa River, and the cave is almost within its corporate limits.
+Following the left bank of the stream, one soon reaches the vicinity,
+and with a hard scramble through a loose shale, up the side of a
+precipitous hill, forming the immediate bank of the river, the
+entrance is gained--an opening 5 feet wide and 8 feet high. These
+dimensions generally describe the cave's section. From the entrance
+the course is a steep decline--seldom less than 40°. At times the
+ceiling is so low that progress on hands and knees is necessary. About
+125 feet from the entrance the "Ice Chamber" is reached. At this spot
+the cave widens into a well proportioned room, 8 by 12 feet. The floor
+is solid ice of unknown thickness, and on the right hand wall of the
+room a curtain of ice drops to the floor, from a crevice extending
+horizontally in the rock at the height of one's eyes. Close
+examination discovers the water oozing from this crevice, and as it
+finds its way down the side it freezes in the low temperature of the
+chamber. Singularly this one crevice, and that no wider than a knife
+edge, furnishes this, nature's ice house, with the necessary water. It
+was a hot day in August, the thermometer marking 80° in the shade
+when the visit was made, and comparatively the cold was intense. In
+common with all visitors, we detached some large pieces of ice and
+with them hurriedly departed, glad to regain the warmth of the outside
+world.
+
+The most remarkable fact in connection with this wonder is that the
+water only freezes in the summer. As the cold of actual winter comes
+on the ice of the cave gradually melts, and when the river below is
+frozen by the fierce cold of Northern Iowa, the ice has disappeared
+and a muddy slush has taken the place of the frigid floor. I would add
+that the ice chamber forms the terminus of the cave. Beyond a shallow
+crevice in the crumbling rock forbids further advance. The rock
+formation of this region is the Portland sandstone.
+
+Why should the temperature of the ice chamber be such as to freeze the
+water trickling into it? And above all, why should the ice disappear
+with the cold of winter?
+
+Mansfield, O. H. M. W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE WRITING TELEGRAPH.
+
+
+On the evening of February 26, 1879, the writing telegraph of Mr. E.
+A. Cowper, of London, was exhibited in operation before the Society of
+Telegraph Engineers, in that city. It is a curious and remarkable
+invention. By its use the handwriting of the operator may be
+transmitted, but a double circuit, that is, two telegraph wires, are
+used. The operator moves with his hand an upright pointer or stylus,
+with which he writes the message on paper. The stylus has two arms
+connected with it, one of which arms, when the stylus makes an upward
+movement, causes a current to be sent over one wire, while the other
+arm causes a current to pass over the other wire when the stylus is
+moved laterally. These two motions are, at the receiving end of the
+line, made to operate on the needles of galvanometers, and the latter
+are by silk threads combined or connected with a delicately suspended
+ink tube, from which a minute stream of ink falls upon the strip of
+paper below it; the arrangement being such that the combined motions
+of the galvanometers so move the ink pen as to make it correspond to
+the motion of the stylus at the sending end. The apparatus is said to
+work very well, and it is expected that it will form a useful adjunct
+to the art of telegraphy. We present herewith a facsimile of writing
+done by this new instrument, which has been worked with success over a
+line of forty miles length. It is hardly probable that it can compete
+in rapidity with some of the telegraph instruments now in use; but for
+many purposes it is likely to become important, while in point of
+ingenuity it is certainly a great achievement, and the author is
+deserving of the highest credit.
+
+[Illustration: Writing Telegraph.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A RARE GEOLOGICAL SPECIMEN.
+
+
+Rev. R. M. Luther, while absent in attendance upon the Missionary
+Convention, held in Addison, Vt., obtained through the kindness of the
+Rev. Mr. Nott a rare and curious geological specimen from the shores
+of Lake Champlain. It is a slab of limestone, about eleven inches long
+by six inches wide, which seems to be composed almost entirely of
+fossils. There is not half an inch square of the surface which does
+not show a fossil. There are many varieties, some of which have not
+been identified, but among those which have been are many remains of
+the Trinucleus conceniricus, some specimens of Petraia, fragments of
+the Orthis, a number of Discinæ, several well preserved specimens of
+Leptenæ, and impressions of Lingula. The latter is the only shell
+which has existed from the first dawn of life until the present time
+without change. The specimens of existing Lingula are precisely
+similar to those found in the earliest geological formations. There
+are also in the slab several rare specimens of seaweed, remains of
+which are seldom found at so early an age in the geological history of
+the world. The slab belongs to the lower Silurian formation, the first
+in which organic remains are found. It is probably from the Trenton
+epoch of that age. If geologists can be trusted, at the time the
+little animals, whose remains are thus preserved, were living, the
+only part of this continent which had appeared above the primeval
+ocean was a strip of land along the present St. Lawrence River and the
+northern shores of the great lakes, with a promontory reaching out
+toward the Adirondacks, and a few islands along what is now the
+Atlantic coast line.--_Bennington (Vt.) Banner._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+COWPER'S WRITING TELEGRAPH.
+
+
+The most recent of the brilliant series of telegraphic marvels which
+has from time to time, and especially of late, engaged the attention
+of the world, is the "telegraphic pen" of Mr. E. A. Cowper, the well
+known engineer of Great George street, Westminster. This ingenious
+apparatus, which constitutes the first real telegraph, was publicly
+shown by its inventor at the meeting of the Society of Telegraph
+Engineers on Wednesday, February 26.
+
+There had been no lack of copying telegraphs hitherto. We have
+Bakewell's, Casselli's, Meyer's, and D'Arlincourt's, so recently tried
+at our General Post Office by Mr. Preece. All of these instruments
+telegraph an almost perfect copy of the writing or sketch submitted to
+them by means of synchronous mechanism. But the process is necessarily
+complex and slow; whereas by the new device a person may take the
+writing pencil in his hand, and himself transmit his message in the
+act of writing it.
+
+The principle which guided Mr. Cowper to a solution of the problem
+which he has successfully overcome, is the well known mathematical
+fact that the position of any point in a curve can be determined by
+its distance from two rectangular co-ordinates. It follows, then, that
+every position of the point of a pencil, stylus, or pen, as it forms a
+letter, can be determined by its distance from two fixed lines, say
+the adjacent edges of the paper. Moreover it is obvious that if these
+distances could be transmitted by telegraph and recombined so as to
+give a resultant motion to a duplicate pen, a duplicate copy of the
+original writing would be produced. But inasmuch as the writing stylus
+moves continuously over the paper, the process of transmission would
+require to be a continuous one; that is to say, the current traversing
+the telegraph line, and conveying the distances in question (or what
+comes to the same thing, the up and down, and direct sidelong ranges
+of the stylus) would require to vary continuously in accordance with
+the range to be transmitted.
+
+Mr. Cowper effects this by employing two separate telegraphic
+circuits, each with its own wire, battery, sending, and receiving
+apparatus. One of these circuits is made to transmit the up and down
+component writing of the pencil's motion, while the other
+simultaneously transmits its sidelong component. At the receiving
+station these two components are then recomposed by a pantograph
+arrangement of taut cords, or levers, and the resultant motion is
+communicated to the duplicate pen at that place. The plan adopted by
+Mr. Cowper to transmit each continuously varying component is to cause
+the resistance of the circuit to vary very closely with the component
+in question. Fig. 5 shows how the apparatus is theoretically arranged
+for this purpose. P is the writing style, which is held in the
+writer's hand in the ordinary way, while he shapes the letters one by
+one on paper pulled uniformly underneath by means of clockwork. To P
+are attached, at right angles, two arms, a a, one for each circuit;
+but as it is only necessary to consider one of the circuits, say that
+sending up and down motions, we will confine our attention for the
+present to the arm, a. One pole of the sending battery, B, is
+connected to the arm, a, the other pole being connected to earth. Now
+the arm, a, is fitted with a sliding contact at its free extremity,
+and as the pencil, P, is moved in writing, a slides lengthwise across
+the edges of a series of thin metal contact plates, C, insulated from
+each other by paraffined paper. Between each pair of these plates
+there is a resistance coil, C, and the last of these is connected
+through the last plate to the line, L. It will be seen that as a
+slides outward across the plates the current from the battery has to
+pass through fewer coils, since a short-circuits a number of coils
+proportional to its motion. But the fewer of these coils in circuit
+the stronger will be the current in the line; so that the extent of
+the motion of the arm, a, in the direction of its length, that is to
+say, the direct component of the motion of the pencil along the line
+of the arm, a, is attended by a corresponding change in the current
+traversing the line. If the pencil makes a long up and down stroke
+there will be a strong current in the line, if a short one there will
+be a weak current, and so on. A precisely similar arrangement is used
+to transmit the sidelong motion of the pencil along the line, L.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5.]
+
+The current from the line, L, flows at the receiving station through a
+powerful galvanometer, G, to earth. The galvanometer has a stout
+needle, one tip of which is connected to a duplicate pen, P, by a
+thread, t, which is kept taut by a second thread stretched by a
+spring, s'. The current from the line, L', flows through a similar
+galvanometer, G', to earth. The needle of G' is also connected to the
+pen, P, by a taut thread, t', stretched by means of the spring, s.
+Now, since the needle of each of these galvanometers deflects in
+proportion to the strength of the current flowing through its coil,
+the points of these two needles keep moving with the varying currents.
+But since these currents vary the motions of the sending pen, the
+receiving pen controlled by the united movements of the needles will
+trace out a close copy of the original writing. We give on another
+page a facsimile of a sentence written by Mr. Cowper's telegraph.
+
+[Illustration: THE COWPER WRITING TELEGRAPH.]
+
+The receiving pen is a fine glass siphon, drawing off aniline ink from
+a small glass holder. There are thirty-two coils, C, in each circuit,
+with a corresponding number of contact plates, c, so as to get
+accuracy of working. A few Daniell's cells are sufficient to operate
+the apparatus, and writing has been already sent successfully over a
+line 40 miles in length. The writing may be received either of the
+same size or larger or smaller than the original, as the case may be.
+At present the writing must not be too hurried, that is, unless the
+characters are bold and well formed; but further improvement will, of
+course, quicken the working of the apparatus.
+
+The engravings, Figs. 1 to 4, illustrate the actual apparatus. Fig. 4
+is a plan of the sending instrument, with the writing pencil, a, the
+traveling paper, b, the light connecting rods or arms, d (which
+correspond to a in the theoretical diagram above), the series of metal
+contact plates over which these arms slide, the resistance coils
+connected to these plates, and the battery and line wires. It will be
+seen that each arm, d, is connected to its particular battery, and
+each set of contact plates to its particular line. Fig. 3 is an
+elevation of the sending instrument, in which a is the pencil as
+before, c c the contact plates over which the arms, d d, slide, f f
+the coils, and b the traveling slip of paper.
+
+Fig. 2 is a plan of the receiving instrument, in which h h are the
+light pivoted needles surrounded by coils of fine insulated copper
+wires, i i, and controlled in their zero position by the
+electro-magnets, j j j j, placed underneath, the whole forming a pair
+of galvanoscopes or current detecters, one for each line. It will be
+understood that the varying currents from the lines are allowed to
+flow through the coils, i i, so as to deflect the needles, and that
+the deflections of the needles follow, so to speak, the variations of
+the currents. The electro-magnets are magnetized by a local battery;
+permanent magnets might, however, take their place with a gain in
+simplicity.
+
+Now the writing pen, k, is connected to the nearest tip of the needle,
+h, of each galvanoscope by threads, n n, which are kept taut by the
+fibers, o_{1} o_{2} o_{3}, the springs, o, and the pins, o_{4}. In
+this way the motions of the needles are recombined in the motion of
+the duplicate pen upon the paper, p.
+
+Fig. 1 is an elevation of the receiving instrument, in which i i are
+the coils as before, j j j j the controlling electro-magnets, k is the
+writing siphon dipping with its short leg into the ink well, m, and l
+is the bridge from which the writing siphon is suspended by means of a
+thread and spring. The long leg of the siphon reaches down to the
+surface of the paper, p, which is pulled along beneath it in contact
+with the film of ink filling the point of the tube. When the siphon is
+at rest its point marks a zero line along the middle of the paper, but
+when the receiver is working, the siphon point forms each letter of
+the message upon the paper as it passes.--_Engineering._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ALUMINUM.
+
+
+The splendid exhibit of the French aluminum manufacturers at the late
+Exhibition has again called attention to that metal, which is so
+admirably adapted to many purposes on account of its great lightness
+and its stability under the influence of the atmosphere. While
+aluminum industry has heretofore been thought to be confined to France
+solely, we are now told by Mr. C. Bambery, in the Annual Report of the
+Society of Berlin Instrument Makers, that for some years past aluminum
+has been extensively manufactured in Berlin.
+
+Three firms especially (Stückradt, Häcke, and Schultze) are engaged in
+this branch of industry.
+
+The articles manufactured principally are nautical instruments, as
+sextants, compasses, etc. The German navy is supplied throughout with
+aluminum instruments. As a proof of the superiority of German
+aluminum, it may here be mentioned that the normal sets of weights and
+balances used by the International Commission for the regulation of
+weights and measures, which lately was in session at Paris, were
+obtained from Stückradt, in Berlin, and not from any of the firms
+at Paris, the reputed seat of aluminum industry.
+
+Aluminum is, in Berlin, generally used pure, and cast pieces only are
+composed of aluminum containing about 5 per cent of silver.
+
+Nevertheless the use of aluminum will remain limited, even in case the
+cost of manufacturing it could be materially reduced, until some
+method shall have been discovered by which aluminum may be soldered.
+
+This difficulty has, in spite of all efforts, not yet been overcome,
+and for some purposes, to which the metal would otherwise be well
+adapted, it remains so far unavailable. Here then is a chance for some
+ingenious mind.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+AN IMPROVED DOOR BOLT.
+
+
+The accompanying engraving represents, in perspective and in section,
+an improved door bolt, recently patented by Mr. Thomas Hoesly, of New
+Glaras, Wis.
+
+The principal features of this bolt will be understood by reference to
+the engraving. On the plate or body are cast two loops or guides for
+the bolt, and the plate is slotted under the bolt, and a lug projects
+into the slot and bears against a spring contained by a small casing
+riveted to the back of the plate. The end of the bolt is beveled, and
+its operation is similar to that of the ordinary door latch. Two
+handles are provided, one of which is of sufficient length to reach
+through the door, and a pawl or dog accompanies the bolt, which may be
+attached to the door with a single screw, and is to be used in locking
+the door. The bolt is very simple and strong, suitable for shops,
+out-buildings such as barns, stables, etc., and some of the doors of
+dwellings.
+
+[Illustration: HOESLY'S DOOR BOLT.]
+
+Further information may be obtained by addressing the inventor, as
+above.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHIMNEY FLUES.
+
+
+Messrs. W. H. Jackson & Co., of this city, whose long experience in
+treating refractory flues gives weight to their opinion, communicate
+to the _American Architect_ the following useful information:
+
+To secure a good draught the chimney should be of sufficient size,
+should be carried up above surrounding objects, should be as straight
+as possible throughout its length, and should be as smooth as possible
+inside, to avoid friction. As a draught is caused by unequal
+temperatures, the chimney should be so arranged as to avoid a rapid
+radiation of heat. If in an exterior wall there should be at least 8
+inches of brickwork between the flue and the exterior surface. For
+country houses it is much better to have the chimneys run up through
+the interior, as the flue is more easily kept warm, and the heat that
+is radiated helps to warm the house. The most frequent cause of a
+"smoky chimney" is the insufficient size of the flue for the grate or
+fireplace connected therewith. The flue should not be less than one
+eighth the capacity of the square of the width and height of the grate
+or fireplace. That is, if the grate has a front opening 20 inches wide
+and 26 inches high, the flue should be 8 in. × 8 in.; or, with an
+opening 36 inches wide and 32 inches high, the flue should be 12 in. ×
+12 in.; and, to get the best result, the opening into the flue from
+the grate or fireplace should be of a less number of square inches
+than the square of the flue, and never larger, as no more air should
+be admitted at the inlet than can be carried through the flue. Where
+there is more than one inlet to the same flue, the sum of all the
+inlets should not more than equal the size of the flue. A number of
+stoves may be connected with the same flue, one above another, if this
+rule is observed.
+
+A square flue is better than a narrow one, as in two flues containing
+the same number of square inches the square flue would have the
+smallest amount of wall surface, and consequently less friction for
+the ascending currents, and less absorption of heat by the walls.
+Chimneys should be closely built, having no cracks nor openings
+through which external air may be drawn to weaken the draught. If they
+could be made throughout their length as impervious to air as a tube
+of glass, with interior surface as smooth, one cause of smoky chimneys
+would be removed. A downward current of air is frequently caused by
+some contiguous object higher than the chimney, against which the wind
+strikes. This higher object may sometimes be quite a distance from the
+chimney, and still affect it badly. A good chimney top constructed to
+prevent a down draught will remedy this difficulty. Each grate or
+fireplace should have a flue to itself. Under very favorable
+conditions, two grates or fireplaces might be connected with the same
+flue, but it is not a good plan. We have known grates and fireplaces
+connected with two flues, where they have been built under a window
+for instance, and, owing to there being insufficient room for a flue
+of suitable size, a flue has been run up on each side of the window.
+This is a very bad plan, and never can work well; it requires too much
+heat to warm both flues, and if the room in which the grate or
+fireplace is situated should be pretty close, so that there was no
+other entrance for air, there is danger that it would circulate down
+one flue and up the other, forcing smoke out of the fireplace into the
+room.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE.
+
+
+The refuse matter and garbage of large cities is in the main composed
+of animal and vegetable offal of the kitchens; of the sweepings of
+warehouses, manufactories, saloons, groceries, public and private
+houses; of straw, sawdust, old bedding, tobacco stems, ashes, old
+boots, shoes, tin cans, bottles, rags, and feathers; dead cats, dogs,
+and other small animals; of the dust and sweepings of the streets, the
+condemned fruit, vegetables, meat, and fish of the markets, all of
+which compose a mass of the most obnoxious and unhealthy matter that
+can be deposited near human habitations.
+
+The inventor of the furnace shown in the accompanying engravings aims
+to produce a change of form and of chemical nature and a great
+reduction in bulk of all such refuse and garbage within the limits of
+the city where it accumulates, without screening, separating,
+preparing, or mixing, without the expense of using other fuel, without
+any offensive odors being generated in the operation, and to produce
+an entirely unobjectionable residuum or product that may be made
+useful.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--FOOTE'S FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE.]
+
+As a rule organic matter largely preponderates in the refuse, being as
+high in some instances as 94 per cent. There is always more than
+enough to generate sufficient heat to fuse the earthy or inorganic
+portion, which is mainly composed of sand, clay, and the alkalies from
+the coal and vegetable ashes, etc.
+
+By producing a high degree of heat in the combustion of the organic
+portion of the refuse with a forced blast or forced draught, the
+non-combustible elements are fused, and form a vitreous slag, which is
+entirely inodorous and unobjectionable, and which may be utilized for
+many purposes.
+
+The upper section or cone of the consuming furnace is built of boiler
+iron, and lined with fire brick resting upon an iron plate, which is
+supported by iron columns.
+
+The hearth is made of fire brick, and is in the form of an inverted
+cone, being smaller at the bottom and larger at the top, as shown in
+Fig. 2.
+
+The sides of the hearth are perforated near the bottom with arches for
+the tuyeres or blast pipes, and also in front for the special blast
+pipe and the tapping hole. The top of the furnace is closed with an
+iron plate, provided with a circular opening, through which the hopper
+enters the top of the furnace.
+
+At the left in the larger engraving is seen an elevator, operated by a
+steam engine, for conveying the garbage and refuse to a platform,
+whence it is projected into the furnace by an inclined plane or chute.
+
+Gas or smoke conductors convey the gas from the top of the furnace to
+the furnace of the boiler and to the heating oven, where it is used in
+heating air, which is conveyed through the iron pipes passing through
+the heating oven into a wind box, from which it enters the furnace at
+several points near the bottom by means of the tuyere pipes.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF FURNACE.]
+
+The consumption of the garbage is effected near the bottom of the
+furnace, where the air is forced in, and is continued as long as the
+blast is applied, and while burning at the base it is continually
+sinking down at the top, so that it is necessary to keep filling all
+the time. The odoriferous gases and the hot products of such
+combustion are forced upward through the superimposed mass, and escape
+to the fires of the boiler and heating oven, and, being largely
+composed of carbonic oxide and the hydrocarbon gases distilled from
+the animal and vegetable offal of the garbage, are thoroughly
+consumed; and it is said that by this means not only are all the
+offensive odors destroyed, but the heat generated is utilized for
+making steam and heating the air used for blast.
+
+The refuse in its descent through the high furnace is exposed to the
+drying action of the hot gases of distillation and the hot products of
+combustion, its temperature increasing in its descent the nearer it
+approaches the tuyeres, and becomes completely desiccated and
+combustible when it reaches the blast. The high heat in this way
+obtained by the combustion of the organic portion melts all of the
+inorganic portion, forming a vitreous slag or glass, which may be
+allowed to run continuously, or by closing the tap may be allowed to
+accumulate, and can be drawn off at intervals. If there is an adequate
+supply of clay and sand in the refuse to combine with the ashes, the
+slag will run hot and free. The combination of silex or alumina and an
+alkali in proper portions always yields a fusible, easy-running
+compound.
+
+The molten slag, as it runs from the furnace, may be discharged into
+tanks of cold water, which will pulverize or granulate it, making it
+like fine sand, or as it pours over a runner, through which it flows,
+if struck with a forcible air or steam blast it will be spun into fine
+thread-like wool.
+
+The furnace once lighted and started may be kept running day and night
+continuously for days, months, or years, if desired; but if it becomes
+necessary to stop at any time, the tuyere pipes may be removed and the
+holes all stopped with clay, so as to entirely shut off the supply of
+air, and it will then hold in fire for many days, and will be in
+readiness to start again at any time the pipes are replaced and the
+blast turned on.
+
+This furnace is the invention of Mr. Henry R. Foote, of Stamford,
+Conn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+AN ANCIENT GREEK VASE.
+
+
+The vase shown in the accompanying engravings must not be classed with
+ordinary ceramic ware, as it is a veritable work of art. It is the
+celebrated cup of Arcesilaus, which is preserved in the collection of
+the library of Richelieu street after having figured in the Durand
+Museum. It was found at Vulsei, in Etruria. It was made by a potter of
+Cyrene, the capital of Cyrenaica, founded by Greeks from the island of
+Thera. It is remarkable that Cyrene, removed from the center of
+Grecian manufacture, should possess a manufactory of painted vases
+from which have come so many works of art. The traveler, Paul Lucas,
+discovered in the necropolis of Cyrene, in 1714, many antique vases,
+both in the tombs and in the soil. One of them is still preserved in
+the Museum at Leyden. The Arcesilaus, who is represented on this vase,
+is not the celebrated skeptical philosopher of that name; it is
+Arcesilaus, King of Cyrenaica, who was sung by Pindar, and who was
+vanquished in the Pythian games under the 80th Olympiad (458 years
+B.C.).
+
+The height of this vase is 25 centimeters, its diameter 28
+centimeters. The paste is very fine, of a pale red. It is entirely
+coated with a black groundwork, which has been generally re-covered
+with a yellowish white clay, baked on.
+
+According to M. Brongniart, this piece has been subjected to the
+baking process at least two or three times, thus indicating that the
+ceramic art had made considerable progress in Cyrene even at that
+remote epoch.
+
+The following description of this vase is given in the catalogue of
+the Durand Museum: The King Arcesilaus is seated under a pavilion upon
+the deck of a ship. His head is covered with a kind of hat with a
+large brim, and his hair hangs down upon his shoulders. He is clothed
+in a white tunic and embroidered cloak or mantle, and he carries a
+scepter in his left hand; under his seat is a leopard, and his right
+hand he holds toward a young man, who makes the same gesture, and he
+is weighing in a large scale assafoetida, which is being let down
+into the hold of the ship. We know that he deals with assafoetida
+because one of the personages (the one who lifts up his arm toward the
+beam of the scale) holds in his right hand something resembling that
+which is in the scale, and the Greek word traced near it signifies
+"that which prepares _silphium_." Assafoetida, the resinous
+matter of the silphium, is used largely by the Greeks in the
+preparation of their food. The Orientals to-day make frequent use of
+it and call it the delight of the gods; while in Europe, because of
+its repulsive odor, it has long been designated as _stircus diaboli_.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--ANCIENT GREEK VASE.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--TOP OF GREEK VASE.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SNOW-RAISED BREAD.
+
+
+Somebody thinks he has discovered that snow, when incorporated with
+dough, performs the same office as baking powder or yeast. "I have
+this morning for breakfast," says a writer in the _English Mechanic_,
+"partaken of a snow-raised bread cake, made last evening as follows:
+The cake when baked weighed about three quarters of a pound. A large
+tablespoonful of fine, dry, clean snow was intimately stirred with a
+spoon into the dry flour, and to this was added a tablespoonful of
+caraways and a little butter and salt. Then sufficient cold water was
+added to make the dough of the proper usual consistence (simply
+stirred with the spoon, not kneaded by the warm hands), and it was
+immediately put into a quick oven and baked three quarters of an hour.
+It turned out both light and palatable. The reason," adds the writer,
+"appears to be this: the light mass of interlaced snow crystals hold
+imprisoned a large quantity of condensed atmospheric air, which, when
+the snow is warmed by thawing very rapidly in the dough, expands
+enormously and acts the part of the carbonic acid gas in either baking
+powder or yeast. I take the precise action to be, then, not due in any
+way to the snow itself, but simply to the expansion of the fixed air
+lodged between the interstices of the snow crystals by application of
+heat. This theory, if carefully followed out, may perchance give a
+clew to a simple and perfectly innocuous method of raising bread and
+pastry." And stop the discussion as to whether alum in baking powders
+is deleterious to health or otherwise.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.
+
+
+An improved gate, invented by Messrs. P. W. McKinley and George L.
+Ellis, of Ripley, O., is designed for general use. It is operated by
+cords and pulleys, and can be opened without dismounting from the
+horse. It is constructed so that it cannot sag, and is not liable to
+get out of order.
+
+An improved apparatus for pressing tobacco has been patented by Mr. F.
+B. Deane, of Lynchburg, Va. It consists mainly in the construction of
+a suspended jack, arranged to travel over a row of hogsheads, so that
+a single jack gives successively to each hogshead the desired
+pressure.
+
+An improved combined harrow and corn planter has been patented by Mr.
+M. McNitt, of Hanover, Kan. In this machine the opening, pulverizing,
+planting, and covering teeth are combined with a single frame.
+
+A machine, which is adapted to the thrashing and cleaning of peas and
+seeds, and for cleaning all kinds of grain, has been patented by Mr.
+J. J. Sweatt, of Conyersville, Tenn.
+
+Mr. Amos M. Gooch, of Farmington, W. Va., has patented an improved
+corn planter, which drops the fertilizer simultaneously with the seed,
+and is provided with a device for pressing the soil around the seed,
+leaving over the seed a portion of loose earth.
+
+An improved machine for harvesting cotton has been patented by R. H.
+Pirtle, of Lowe's, Ky. This machine carries two vertical cylinders
+armed with teeth or spurs, and two inclined endless belts provided
+with teeth. The teeth of the cylinders and the belts remove the cotton
+from the plants, and deliver it to a receptacle carried by the
+machine.
+
+Messrs. Julius Fern and Samuel Bligh, of Oneonta, N. Y., have patented
+an improved power for churning and other purposes where little power
+is required. It consists in the combination of a drum and weight, a
+train of gearing, and a pallet wheel arranged to oscillate a balanced
+beam.
+
+An improvement in the class of feed cutters in which two or more
+knives work between parallel bars attached to the cutter box, has been
+patented by Messrs. J. N. Tatum and R. C. Harvey, of Danville, Va. The
+improvement consists in arranging the knives so that one begins and
+finishes its cut in advance of the other.
+
+Mr. William Bradberry, of Darrtown, O., has invented an improvement in
+reciprocating churns. The aim of this inventor is to utilize the
+resistance of the milk as a source of power. To accomplish this a
+peculiar combination of mechanism is required, which cannot be clearly
+described without an engraving.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+READING AND EYESIGHT.
+
+
+M. Javel, in a recent lecture, tries to answer the question, "Why is
+reading a specially fatiguing exercise?" and also suggests some
+remedies for this fatigue. First, M. Javel says reading requires an
+absolutely permanent application of eyesight, resulting in a permanent
+tension of the organ, which may be measured by the amount of fatigue
+or by the production of permanent myopy. Secondly, books are printed
+in black on a white ground; the eye is thus in presence of the most
+absolute contrast which can be imagined. The third peculiarity lies in
+the arrangement of the characters in horizontal lines, over which we
+run our eyes. If we maintain during reading a perfect immobility of
+the book and the head, the printed lines are applied successively to
+the same parts of the retina, while the interspaces, more bright, also
+affect certain regions of the retina, always the same. There must
+result from this a fatigue analogous to that which we experience when
+we make experiments in "accidental images," and physicists will admit
+that there is nothing more disastrous for the sight than the prolonged
+contemplation of these images. Lastly, and most important of all in M.
+Javel's estimation, is the continual variation of the distance of the
+eye from the point of fixation on the book. A simple calculation
+demonstrates that the accommodation of the eye to the page undergoes a
+distinct variation in proportion as the eye passes from the beginning
+to the end of each line, and that this variation is all the greater in
+proportion to the nearness of the book to the eye and the length of
+the line. As to the rules which M. Javel inculcates in order that the
+injurious effects of reading may be avoided, with reference to the
+permanent application of the eyes, he counsels to avoid excess, to
+take notes in reading, to stop in order to reflect or even to roll a
+cigarette; but not to go on reading for hours on end without stopping.
+As to the contrast between the white of the paper and the black of the
+characters, various experiments have been made in the introduction of
+colored papers. M. Javel advises the adoption of a slightly yellow
+tint. But the nature of the yellow to be used is not a matter of
+indifference; he would desire a yellow resulting from the absence of
+the blue rays, analogous to that of paper made from a wood paste, and
+which is often mistakenly corrected by the addition of an ultramarine
+blue, which produces gray and not white. M. Javel has been led to this
+conclusion both from practical observation and also theoretically from
+the relation which must exist between the two eyes and the colors of
+the spectrum. His third advice is to give preference to small volumes
+which can be held in the hand, which obviates the necessity of the
+book being kept fixed in one place, and the fatigue resulting from
+accidental images. Lastly, M. Javel advises the avoidance of too long
+lines, and therefore he prefers small volumes, and for the same reason
+those journals which are printed in narrow columns. Of course every
+one knows that it is exceedingly injurious to read with insufficient
+light, or to use too small print, and other common rules. M. Javel
+concludes by protesting against an invidious assertion which has
+recently been made "in a neighboring country," according to which the
+degree of civilization of a people is proportional to the number of
+the short sighted shown to exist by statistics; the extreme economy of
+light, the abuse of reading to the detriment of reflection and the
+observation of real facts, the employment of Gothic characters and of
+a too broad column for books and journals, are the conditions which,
+M. Javel believes, lead to myopy, especially if successive generations
+have been subjected to these injurious influences.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PHOSPHORESCENCE.
+
+
+M. Nuesch records, in a recent number of the _Journal de Pharmacie_,
+some curious observations regarding luminous bacteria in fresh meat.
+Some pork cutlets, he found, illuminated his kitchen so that he could
+read the time on his watch. The butcher who sent the meat told him the
+phosphorescence was first observed in a cellar, where he kept scraps
+for making sausages. By degrees all his meat became phosphorescent,
+and fresh meat from distant towns got into the same state. On
+scratching the surface or wiping it vigorously, the phosphorescence
+disappears for a time; and the butcher wiped carefully the meat he
+sent out. All parts of the animal, except the blood, acquired the
+phenomenon over their whole surface. The meat must be fresh; when it
+ceases to be so, the phosphorescence ceases, and _Bacterium termo_
+appear. None of the customers had been incommoded. It was remarked
+that if a small trace of the phosphorescent matter were put at any
+point on the flesh of cats, rabbits, etc., the phosphorescence
+gradually spread out from the center, and in three or four days
+covered the piece; it disappeared generally on the sixth or seventh
+day. Cooked meat did not present the phenomenon but it could be had in
+a weak manner, from cooked albumen or potatoes. No other butcher's
+shop in the place was affected. The author is uncertain whether to
+attribute the complete disappearance of the phenomenon to the higher
+temperature of the season, or to phenic acid, or to fumigation with
+chlorine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE CHARMS OF NATURAL SCIENCE.
+
+
+The Earl of Derby, in an address at the Edinburgh University, said:
+"Of the gains derivable from natural science I do not trust myself to
+speak; my personal knowledge is too limited, and the subject is too
+vast. But so much as this I can say--that those who have in them a
+real and deep love of scientific research, whatever their position in
+other respects, are so far at least among the happiest of mankind....
+No passion is so absorbing, no labor is so assuredly its own reward
+(well that it is so, for other rewards are few); and they have the
+satisfaction of knowing that, while satisfying one of the deepest
+wants of their own natures, they are at the same time promoting in the
+most effectual manner the interests of mankind. Scientific discovery
+has this advantage over almost every other form of successful human
+efforts, that its results are certain, that they are permanent, that
+whatever benefits grow out of them are world-wide. Not many of us can
+hope to extend the range of knowledge in however minute a degree; but
+to know and to apply the knowledge that has been gained by others, to
+have an intelligent appreciation of what is going on around us, is in
+itself one of the highest and most enduring of pleasures."
+
+THE VESUVIUS RAIL WAY.--The Italian Ministry of Public Works, in union
+with the Ministry of Finance and the Prefecture of Naples, has issued
+the concession for the construction of the Vesuvius Railway. The line
+will run along that part of the mountain which has been proved, after
+the experience of many years, to be the least exposed to the
+eruptions. The work is to be commenced immediately, and it is believed
+that it will come into use during the present year. A sufficient
+number of carriages are being built to convey 600 persons during the
+day. The line is to be constructed upon an iron bridge, built after a
+patented system.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE POTTERY TREE.
+
+
+Among the various economic products of the vegetable kingdom,
+scarcely any hold a more important place than barks, whether for
+medicinal, manufacturing, or other purposes. The structure and
+formation of all barks are essentially very similar, being composed of
+cellular and fibrous tissue. The cell contents of these tissues,
+however, vary much in different plants; and, for this reason, we have
+fibrous or soft, woody, hard, and even stony barks. To explain
+everything which relates to the structure of bark would lead us into
+long details which our space will not permit. Briefly stated, the bark
+of trees (considering, now, those of our own climate) consists of
+three layers. The outermost, called the "cortical," is formed of
+cellular tissue, and differs widely in consistency in different
+species; thus, in the cork oak, which furnishes man with one of his
+most useful commercial products, the cortical layer acquires
+extraordinary thickness. The middle layer, called the "cellular" or
+"green bark," is a cellular mass of a very different nature. The cells
+of which it is composed are polyhedral, thicker, and more loosely
+joined, and filled with sap and chlorophyl. The inner layer (next the
+wood), called the "liber," consists of fibers more or less long and
+tenacious. It is from the liber that our most valuable commercial
+fibers are obtained. In some plants the fibrous system prevails
+throughout the inner bark; but what we wish to refer to more
+particularly at present is a remarkable example of the harder and more
+silicious barks, and which is to be found in the "Pottery Tree" of
+Para. This tree, known to the Spaniards as _El Caouta_, to the French
+as _Bois de Fer_, to the Brazilians as _Caraipe_, is the _Moquilea
+utilis_ of botanists, and belongs to the natural order _Ternstroeiaceæ_.
+It is very large, straight, and slender, reaching a height of 100 feet
+before branching; its diameter is from 12 to 15 inches; and its wood
+is exceedingly hard from containing much flinty matter. Although the
+wood of the tree is exceedingly sound and durable, the great value of
+the tree to the natives exists in the bark for a purpose which, to say
+the least, is a novel one in the application of barks--that of the
+manufacture of pottery. The Indians employed in the manufacture of
+pottery from this material always keep a stock of it on hand in their
+huts for the purpose of drying and seasoning it, as it then burns more
+freely, and the ashes can be gathered with more ease than when fresh.
+In the process of manufacturing the pottery the ashes of the bark are
+powdered and mixed with the purest clay that can be obtained from the
+beds of the rivers; this kind being preferred, as it takes up a larger
+quantity of the ash, and thus produces a stronger kind of ware. Though
+the proportions of ash and clay are varied at the will of the maker,
+and according to the quality of the bark, a superior kind of pottery
+is produced by a mixture of equal parts of fine clay and ashes. All
+sorts of vessels of small or large size for household or other
+purposes are made of this kind of ware, as are also vases or
+ornamental articles, many of which are painted and glazed. These
+articles are all very durable, and are able to stand almost any amount
+of heat; they are consequently much used by the natives for boiling
+eggs, heating milk, and indeed for culinary purposes generally. A
+brief glance at the structure of the bark will show how it comes to be
+so well adapted for this purpose. The bark seldom grows more than half
+an inch thick, and is covered with a skin or epidermis; when fresh, it
+cuts somewhat similar to a soft sandstone, but when dry, it is very
+brittle and flint like, and often difficult to break. On examination
+of a section under the microscope, all the cells of the different
+layers are seen to be more or less silicated, the silex forming in the
+cells when the bark is still very young. In the inner bark the flint
+is deposited in a very regular manner, the particles being straight
+and giving off branches at right angles; that of the porous cells of
+the bark, however, is very much contorted, and ramifies in all
+directions. In the best varieties of the tree, those growing in rich
+and dry soil, the silex can be readily detected by the naked eye; but
+to test the quality of the various kinds of bark, the natives burn it
+and then try its strength between their fingers; if it breaks easily
+it is considered of little value, but if it requires a mortar and
+pestle to break, its quality is pronounced good. From an analysis of
+this singular bark, that of old trees has been found to give 30.8 per
+cent of ash, and that of young 23.30 per cent. Of the different layers
+of old bark, the outer gave 17.15 per cent, the middle 37.7, and the
+inner 31. The wood of the tree, in comparison with the bark, is
+relatively poor in silex, the duramen of an old tree giving only 2.5
+per cent of silex.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+GLASS SPONGES.
+
+
+The natural history of sponges had, up to the middle of this century,
+been comparatively neglected. Until 1856, when Lieberkuhn published
+his treatise on sponges, very little or nothing had been written on
+the subject. Later, Haeckel did much to determine their exact nature,
+and it is now universally admitted that sponges form one of the
+connecting links between the animal and the vegetable kingdom.
+
+Sponges, generally considered, consist of fine porous tissue, covered,
+during life, with viscid, semi-liquid protoplasm, and are held in
+shape and strengthened by a more or less rigid skeleton, consisting
+chiefly of lime or silica. The tissue consists of a very fine network
+of threads, formed probably by gradual solidification of the threads
+of protoplasm. The inorganic skeleton is formed by larger and smaller
+crystals and crystalline threads. In the various families of sponges
+the quantity of inorganic matter varies greatly; some sponges are
+nearly devoid of an inorganic skeleton, while other families consist
+chiefly of lime or silica, the organic tissue being only rudimentarily
+developed.
+
+As observed in their natural state, sponges are apparently lifeless.
+When, however, a live sponge is placed in water containing some finely
+powdered pigment in suspension, it will be noticed that in regular,
+short intervals water is absorbed through the pores of the tissue and
+ejected again through larger openings, which are called "osculæ."
+Following up these into the interior, we find them divided into
+numerous branches, the walls of which are, under the microscope, found
+to be covered with minute cells, fastened at one end only and
+oscillating continually. By means of these cells the sponge receives
+its nourishment.
+
+Sponges with very rigid inorganic skeletons may be divided into two
+classes--calcareous and silicious--according to whether the skeleton
+is chiefly composed of lime or silica.
+
+Our engravings represent two species of the latter kind, which are, on
+account of the peculiar appearance of their skeleton, called glass
+sponges.
+
+Fig. 1 represents the "sprinkling pot sponge," _Eucleptella
+aspergillum_. It is generally found in very deep water throughout the
+Pacific. Specimens were found over fifty years ago, but, as they had
+to be brought up from depths between 500 and 800 fathoms, they
+remained very scarce and sold at fabulous prices.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--SPRINKLING POT SPONGE.--(_Eucleptella
+aspergillum_.)]
+
+The skeleton is formed by small crystals and long threads of vitreous
+silica, cemented together, during life, by protoplasm. They are
+arranged in longitudinal and annular bands so as to form a long curved
+cylinder, about nine to twelve inches long, the walls of which are
+about one inch in thickness. The threads and bands are interwoven with
+the greatest regularity, and when the skeleton is freed from the
+adhering organic matter, it looks extremely beautiful.
+
+The mode in which the intersecting bunches of crystals are connected
+is shown in Fig. 2. The upper end of the cylinder is closed by a
+perforated cover, which probably has given rise to the name of the
+sponge. The upper portion of the cylinder is surrounded by a few
+irregular, annular masses of organic tissue, which adheres loosely
+only to the skeleton. The lower end is formed by a bunch of long
+threads, rooting firmly in the ground.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--SPONGE CRYSTALS MAGNIFIED.]
+
+Up to about ten years ago the price of specimens of this sponge was
+very high. At that time, however, a colony of Eucleptellas was found
+near the cities of Cebu and Manila, in the East Indies, in a depth not
+exceeding 100 fathoms, and since they have appeared in larger
+quantities in the market. It is remarkable that, contrary to their
+habits, these organisms have immigrated into regions to which they
+were totally unaccustomed. Yet it must be regarded as a greater
+curiosity that they have been accompanied to their new abode by a few
+animals living in equally deep water and never met with before at
+depths less than three or four hundred fathoms. Among these animals is
+a _Phormosoma_ (water hedgehog), noted for its long spines.
+
+Glass sponges are not confined to tropical regions. They are met with
+in latitudes as high as the Färöe Islands, where the beautiful
+_Holtenia Carpentaria_ abounds. It is represented in Fig. 3. Its
+cup-shaped skeleton is similar in structure to that of the
+_Eucleptella_; numerous crystalline needles protrude from the surface
+of the upper part. Lately some specimens of _Holtenia_ have been found
+on the coast of Florida.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3.--HOLTENIA CARPENTERIA.]
+
+Glass sponges serve as dwellings for numerous animals, especially
+crustaceæ. A small shrimp inhabits the tubes of the _Eucleptella_, a
+male and a female generally living together. They are shut up as in a
+prison in their crystalline home, as they are generally too large to
+pass through the meshes formed by the bundles of crystals. It was
+formerly believed that these skeletons had actually been built by the
+shrimps, and we can find no explanation for this curious circumstance,
+other than that the shrimps entered these habitations while very small
+and became too large to leave them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PLANTS PROTECTED BY INSECTS.
+
+
+Mr. Francis Darwin, in a lecture on "Means of Self-Defense among
+Plants," delivered lately at the London Institution, said that one of
+the most curious forms of defense known is afforded by a recently
+discovered class of plants, which, being stingless themselves, are
+protected by stinging ants, which make their home in the plant and
+defend it against its enemies. Of these the most remarkable is the
+bull's-horn acacia (described by the late Mr. Belt in his book "The
+Naturalist in Nicaragua"), a shrubby tree with gigantic curved thorns,
+from which its name is derived. These horns are hollow and tenanted by
+ants, which bore a hole in them, and the workers may be seen running
+about over the green leaves. If a branch is shaken the ants swarm out
+of the thorns and attack the aggressor with their stings. Their chief
+service to the plant consists in defending it against leaf-cutting
+ants, which are the great enemy of all vegetation in that part of
+America. The latter form large underground nests, and their work of
+destruction consists in gathering leaves, which they strip to form
+heaps of material, which become covered over with a delicate white
+fungus, on which the larvæ of the ants are fed, so that literally they
+are a colony of mushroom growers. The special province of the little
+stinging ants, which live in the thorns of the acacia, is, therefore,
+to protect the leaves of the shrub from being used by the leaf-cutters
+to make mushroom beds. Certain varieties of the orange tree have
+leaves which are distasteful to the leaf-cutters, this property of the
+leaves thus forming a means of defense. Other plants are unaccountably
+spared by them--grass, for example, which, if brought to the nest, is
+at once thrown out by some ant in authority. The bull's-horn acacia,
+in return for the service rendered by the stinging ants, not only
+affords them shelter in its thorns, but provides them with nectar
+secreted by glands at the base of its leaves, and also grows for them
+small yellow pear-shaped bodies, about one twelfth of an inch in
+length, at the tip of some of its leaflets, which they use as food.
+These little yellow bodies are made up of cells containing protoplasm
+rich in oil, and afford the insects an excellent food. When the leaf
+unfolds, the ants may be seen running from one leaflet to another, to
+see if these little yellow bodies are ripe; and if they are ready to
+be gathered they are broken up by the ants and carried away to the
+nest in the thorn. Several small birds, also, build their nests in the
+bull's horn acacia, thus escaping from a predatory ant which is
+capable of killing young birds. The trumpet tree, another plant of
+South and Central America, is also protected by a standing army of
+ants; and, like the above mentioned acacia, grows for its protectors
+small food bodies containing oil, but instead of secreting nectar in
+its leaves it harbors a small insect (coccus), whose sweet secretion
+is much relished by the ants. Dr. Beccari mentions an epiphytal plant
+growing on trees in Borneo, the seeds of which germinate, like those
+of the mistletoe, on the branches of the tree; and the seedling stem,
+crowned by the cotyledons, grows to about an inch in length, remaining
+in that condition until a certain species of ant bites a hole in the
+stem, which then produces a gall-like growth that ultimately
+constitutes the home of the ants. If the plant is not fortunate enough
+to be bitten by an ant it dies. These ants, then, protect their plant
+home by rushing out fiercely on intruders, and thus are preserved the
+sessile white flowers which, in this plant, are developed on the tuber
+like body.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ADVANCE IN IRON.--At a meeting of the Philadelphia Iron Merchants'
+Association, March 11, prices of all descriptions of merchant iron
+were advanced fully 5 per cent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE ANEROID BAROMETER.
+
+
+The aneroid barometer was invented by M. Vidi, of Paris. It consists
+essentially of a circular box, the face of which is made of thin
+elastic metal, rendered more elastic by being stamped and pressed into
+concentric circular wave-like corrugations. This box is nearly
+exhausted of air, and its elastic face supports the pressure of the
+atmosphere, and yields to it with elastic resistance in proportion to
+the amount of pressure. Thus, if the atmospheric pressure increases,
+the face is pressed inward; if atmospheric pressure diminishes, the
+elastic reaction of the metal moves the face outward. These movements
+are communicated to an index by suitable and very delicate mechanism,
+and registered in largely magnified dimensions, by the movements of
+this index upon the face of the dial.
+
+Aneroid barometers are now made of pocket size, compensated for
+temperature, and with double scales, one reading the height of the
+barometer column, the other the elevation obtained. I have, says Prof.
+W. M. Williams, used one of these during many years, and find it a
+very interesting traveling companion. It is sufficiently sensitive to
+indicate the ascent from the ground floor to the upper rooms of a
+three-storied house, or to enable the traveler sitting in a railway
+train to tell, by watching its face, whether he is ascending or
+descending an incline.
+
+Such slight variations are more easily observed on the aneroid than on
+the mercurial barometer, and therefore it is commonly stated that the
+aneroid is the more sensitive instrument. This, however, is a
+fallacious conclusion. It is not the superior sensitiveness of the
+movements of the instrument, but the greater facility of reading them,
+that gives this advantage to the aneroid, the index of which has a
+needle point traveling nearly in contact with the foot of the
+divisions; the readings are further aided by a needle point register
+attached to a movable rim, which may be brought point to point against
+the index, thus showing the slightest movement that human vision may
+detect. A magnifying lens may be easily used in such a case.
+
+It should be understood that the aneroid barometer is not an
+independent instrument; it is merely a device for representing the
+movements of the mercurial barometer. It is regulated by comparison
+with the primary instrument, and this comparison should be renewed
+from time to time, as the elastic properties of the metal may and do
+vary.
+
+An adjusting or regulating screw is attached to the back of the
+instrument, and is usually movable by a watch key.
+
+Besides this, the magnified reading of course magnifies any primary
+error, and is largely dependent on the accuracy of the mechanism.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT.
+
+
+We need hardly remind our readers that numerous unsuccessful attempts
+have been made at various times to enrich ordinary coal gas by the aid
+of volatile oils. Upon the present occasion we have to place before
+them particulars of a process having the same object in view, but
+which is so far dissimilar in that it deals with a solid substance
+instead of a liquid oil. The invention has been brought into its
+present practical shape by Mr. James Livesey, C. E., of No. 9 Victoria
+Chambers, Westminster, in conjunction with Mr. Kidd, with whom it
+originated. The process consists in the employment of a substance
+called albo-carbon, which is the solid residuum of creosote. This
+material is moulded into the form of candles, which in large lamps are
+placed in a metallic vessel or receiver near the gas burner. The
+albo-carbon is warmed by the heat of the burning gas, the heat being
+transmitted to the receiver by a metallic conductor. Upon the
+albo-carbon being raised to the necessary temperature it volatilizes,
+and as the coal gas passes over it to the burner its vapor becomes
+mingled with the gas, and greatly raises its illuminating power. Of
+course when first lighted the coal gas only is burned, but in a few
+minutes the albo-carbon communicates its enriching vapor to it. The
+only alteration necessary to the present gas fittings is the
+vaporizing chamber, which is of simple construction, although at
+present the details of the various arrangements necessary for the
+different kinds of lights have not yet been fully worked out. This
+invention is now being tried experimentally in the eastern section of
+the Westminster Aquarium, where we recently examined it, and found it
+to afford a marked improvement upon the ordinary system of gas
+illumination, although a smaller number of burners is being used.
+Tried alternately with ordinary coal gas, the higher illuminating
+power of the albo-carbon light was very remarkable. It appears that
+there are 200 burners fitted at the Aquarium with the new light, and
+these successfully take the place of 500 ordinary gas burners
+previously in use. The illuminating effect is stated to be doubled,
+with an additional advantage as regards economy. The reduction of cost
+arises from the smaller quantity of gas consumed with the albo-carbon
+process than without it, and the very small cost of the enriching
+material. According to our information, 1,000 cubic feet of ordinary
+gas as generally used will, by the albo-carbon appliance, give as much
+illumination as 3,000 cubic feet without it, and the cost of the
+material to produce this result is only 1s. 6d. Experiments have been
+made with this light by Mr. T. W. Keates, the consulting chemist to
+the Metropolitan Board of Works, who reports very favorably upon it,
+as does also Dr. Wallace, of Glasgow, who has obtained some very
+satisfactory results with it. It is claimed for the albo-carbon
+material that it is perfectly inexplosive, safe and portable, that it
+causes no obstruction and leaves no residuum, and that the receivers
+can be replenished almost indefinitely without any accumulation taking
+place, so perfect is the evaporation of the albo-carbon. On the whole
+the display at the Aquarium speaks greatly in favor of the new process
+of gas enrichment, which, other things being equal, bids fair to find
+its way into practice.--_Engineering._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ENGLISH AND AMERICAN HARDWARE.
+
+
+Mr. Frederick Smith, Manager of the Union Land and Building Company
+(limited), recently read a paper on the above subject before the
+Manchester Scientific and Mechanical Society. Mr. H. Whiley,
+Superintendent of the Manchester Health Department, presided. The
+following is the text of the paper, as given in the London
+_Ironmonger_. The lecturer said:
+
+A spectator in any of our courts of justice will generally be struck
+with the amount of hard swearing which is given to the court, under
+the name of evidence. He will find one set of witnesses testifying,
+under oath, to one thing, and another set, also under oath, to the
+very opposite. Some prove too much, some too little, some are of a
+totally negative character, proving nothing, and some are of no
+character at all, and therefore are willing to prove anything. To some
+extent the same phenomena are to be observed in reference to the
+question of foreign competition. On the one hand the manufacturers
+hold up to our affrighted vision the picture of our mills stopped, our
+machine shops standing empty and idle, our hardware trade slipping
+through our fingers, our ships rotting in our own and in foreign
+ports, and our greatness as a producing nation for ever passed away.
+On the other hand, the journalists who take the labor side of the
+question, the trades-union leaders, and a large number of the workmen
+themselves, hold that we have little or nothing to fear from our
+foreign rivals; that the depression, like those atmospheric ones of
+which our American cousins are constantly warning us, will pass away,
+and leave us with better times to follow. I will, therefore, as far as
+possible, keep out of the region of speculation, give you a few facts,
+show you some examples, and leave you to draw your own inferences.
+Some two or three years ago ordinary axle pulleys of English make were
+difficult to get; the price was scandalously high, and the quality as
+scandalously low. Out of a dozen probably four would not turn round
+without sticking, and the casting was--well, simply vile. I show you a
+sample rather above the average, and the retail price for this
+inferior article was 22s. per gross. All at once the Americans deluged
+the English market with the pulley which I now show to you, and it
+needs no explanation of mine to satisfy the mechanical minds present
+of the superiority of the transatlantic article; but when we also bear
+in mind that the price of the American was from 25 to 33 per cent less
+than the English pulley, you can understand how the builders exulted,
+and how the Volscians of the Birmingham district were fluttered. Then,
+and not till then, would the English maker condescend to believe that
+it was possible to improve upon the wretched things which he had
+foisted upon his customers, and he at once commenced to copy the
+American pulley. He has not yet succeeded in producing such a
+beautiful casting, but I venture to say that he has improved the
+quality more in the last eighteen months than in the previous eighteen
+years.
+
+Now take the ordinary door furniture. For generations the English
+builder and householder has had to be content with the stereotyped,
+with all its aggravating propensities. First, the little screw (so
+small as to be scarcely perceptible to touch or to sight) shakes loose
+from its countersunk depression in the spindle, gets lost, and lets
+the knob go adrift; or next, the knob itself, formed of a bit of sheet
+brass, turns round on its shank and the door cannot be opened, or the
+shank, not having a sufficient bearing on the spindle, works loose,
+and the whole thing is out of repair. It is the same thing to-day as
+it was when it tormented my grandfather; for, of course, no
+improvement could be made until Uncle Sam sent us his cheap, strong,
+serviceable, and sensible "Mineral Knob."
+
+The English maker says: "But look at the many devices which we have
+invented for door furniture." Granted, and some of them very good, but
+none of them so good as this--for the money. Plenty of them well
+adapted for extraordinary use, but none of them cheap enough and
+strong enough to be placed in competition with this in fitting up the
+dwelling of the ordinary Englishman. The spindle and furniture of a
+lock is the portion which is liable to and receives the most rough
+usage.
+
+I have here an ordinary cheap set of china furniture of English make,
+which I dare not drop lest I should break it, but as you see, I dare
+throw its Yankee competitor the whole length of this room. The retail
+price of this English set is ninepence--the price of the American is
+less than sixpence. The English spindle is fitted with the usual
+little screw, the knob is loose, the roses are china, and liable to
+break with the least strain or blow. The American set, as you see, has
+a long shank; the form of the knob is a very oblate spheroid, giving a
+good grip and free play for the fingers between the knob and the door.
+The rose is japanned iron, and has small studs or teeth projecting on
+its inner side effectually preventing it from turning round with the
+spindle; the screw is strong, and is tapped through the spindle
+itself, insuring both security and perfect steadiness. Several small
+washers are supplied with each spindle, enabling the slack to be taken
+up perfectly, and at the same time preventing the spindle from
+sticking with any ordinary amount of friction.
+
+I will now show you a cheap American rim lock. First, you will notice
+that both sides are alike. Next, that by pulling the latch forward it
+can be turned half round, and is thereby converted from a right hand
+to a left hand, or _vice versa_, in an instant. This is an important
+point to a builder, but our lockmakers do not seem to know it. Several
+attempts have been made to introduce locks of this kind, but the fancy
+prices put upon every article which departs, in ever so slight a
+measure, from the antediluvian patterns mostly used, practically
+prohibits their adoption. The carcass of the lock is of cast iron; the
+casting, like all the small American castings, is simply perfect;
+bosses are cast round the follower and keyholes; the box staple is one
+piece of metal, neat and strong.
+
+But there is another point, and, to my mind, the most important one.
+Whatever opinions may be held as to the relative quality of this lock,
+whether it is better or worse than an English one, it is at least an
+honest article. It makes no pretensions to be any better than it is.
+It does not entrap the unwary purchaser by pretending to be a
+first-class article, when at the same time it may be a swindle.
+
+I will now show you an ordinary 6 inch rim-lock of English
+manufacture. At a short distance it looks like a superior article; the
+follower and keyhole appear as if they were bushed with brass. But let
+us take it to pieces, and see what we can find. The follower is a
+rough casting, not turned at the bearings, and is in no sense a fit.
+The screw holes are not countersunk, but merely punched in; the key is
+of the roughest and worst fitting description; the inside is as rough
+and cheap as possible; the key is cut so as to deceive the purchaser
+into the belief that there are twice as many wards in the lock as is
+really the case, and the bushes prove to be thin plates of brass
+riveted on, and not bushes at all. In short, the whole article is a
+vile fraud, and the maker was a swindler. This is strong language, but
+I think you will agree with me when I maintain that it is not stronger
+than the circumstances warrant.
+
+But there are still its defects of bad design and useless workmanship.
+The lock is of the usual form given to the English rim-lock, that is,
+it has a flange which requires to be let into the edge of the door. I
+have fixed hundreds of them, and have never yet been able to see a use
+for this flange. It is one great obstacle to the general introduction
+of a reversible lock; it adds to the labor of fixing without adding to
+the security of the door, for if the door is to be forced from the
+outside, the box staples give way first; if from the inside, the
+unscrewing of the box staple is all that is necessary to give egress;
+if the door requires easing, it effectually prevents it being done--in
+fact, it is a nuisance, and nothing but a nuisance. But our lockmakers
+do not appear to give these things a thought; their doctrine seems to
+be, "As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be."
+
+Again, notice that the edges of the iron which lie against the door
+and the sham bushes are ground bright. Here is labor wasted, for as
+soon as the lock is fixed these polished portions are hidden for
+ever. Next, take the box staple. As is usual, it is fearfully and
+wonderfully made up of sheet iron, square iron, and brass; the outcome
+of which is that the showy brass striking piece comes unriveted, the
+door comes unfastened, and the tenant's temper comes unhinged. Why, in
+the name of common sense, could they not substitute a neat malleable
+casting? In our own houses I have long since discarded the ordinary
+box staple for draw-back locks, and find it cheaper to buy a cast iron
+staple, and throw away the one supplied by the English lockmaker.
+
+Bear in mind that I have shown neither of these locks as samples of
+high-class goods, but as samples of the furniture fixed in the houses
+of the working and middle classes of this country; and when I tell you
+that the American lock, fitted with the mineral furniture, is at least
+25 per cent cheaper than the English abortion I have shown to you, you
+will begin to realize what our English markets have to fear from the
+Americans.
+
+Here is a common, cheap English mortise lock, and you will naturally
+ask why the outside of this lock is ground bright, when it is buried
+in the door and never seen except it has to be taken out for repairs.
+I have asked the same question, and for 20 years have paused for a
+reply. This lock is not reversible, the follower is not bushed, and
+the inside is rough and cheap. Contrast it with this neat American
+lock, and notice again the bosses to receive the wear; notice also
+that the bolts are brass; the latch-bolt is, of course, reversible--I
+never saw an American lock which was not. The body of the lock is cast
+iron; and, seeing that there are no strains upon a mortise lock, it is
+quite as good as if it was of wrought iron. There is no unnecessary
+grinding, but the iron is japanned, and the japan is as much superior
+to the English compound as is the lacquer ware of the Japanese to that
+which is executed in Birmingham and palmed upon the ignorant buyer as
+Japanese work. In fact, as you can see for yourselves, the English
+japan looks almost like gas tar beside the American. This American
+lock is a two-lever, and there is no sham about the key, which is made
+of some kind of white metal and is small and neat. This lock is only
+2œ per cent higher in price than the English.
+
+Before leaving these locks, let me say a word or two upon the
+relative wear upon their different portions, and their relative
+safety. The English maker appears to ignore the fact that
+nineteen-twentieths of the wear of a lock is upon the latch, spindle,
+and follower; the amount of actual wear upon the rest of the lock is
+comparatively slight. Let any of you consider the number of times you
+open and close a door, compared with the times you lock it. Our
+drawbacks and large rim locks are used about once a day; the great
+bulk of our mortise locks are not used, except as latches, once a
+week. One argument used by our manufacturers against the American lock
+is that, being made by machinery, there is necessarily a great
+duplication of parts, and a consequent lowering of the standard of
+security; while their own locks, being made by hand, are not alike,
+and therefore cannot be so easily opened.
+
+Let any of you put this argument to proof, by trying how many front
+doors you can open with one key in a row of workmen's dwellings such
+as are found in Manchester, ranging up to £25 rentals, and the result
+will astonish you. If our own manufacturers made their locks
+sufficiently well to give this security, there would be some force in
+what they say; but so far as security is concerned, they might as well
+make their locks by machinery as make them in the way they do.
+
+I now show you two thumb latches, one of American and one of English
+make. Notice the general finish of the American latch; the shape, the
+mode of construction, and everything about it proves that brains were
+used when it was designed and made. The English "Norfolk latch," on
+the other hand, is ill designed, uncomfortable in hand, clumsily
+finished, the japan hangs about it in lumps, the latch is clumsy, the
+catch is clumsier, and the keeper, a rough piece of hoop iron, seems
+as if designed to "keep" the latch from doing its duty. In this case
+the American latch is 25 per cent cheaper than the English one; and
+the English latch is of the same pattern as the one that was in use
+when I was a boy, only that it is a greatly inferior article.
+
+I will now introduce you to the well known nuisance which we have been
+accustomed to use for fastening our cupboard doors--the cupboard
+turn--and without further comment, ask you to compare it with this
+neat and simple latch of American make, costing about 5 per cent more,
+twice as efficacious, and five times as durable. In this case no
+improvement has been made in the English fastener. It is just as it
+was when I went to the trade, about 28 years ago, and although many
+attempts have been made to improve it they have added so much to its
+cost as to prevent the improved articles from coming into general use.
+
+The difference between the English and American inventor and designer
+seems to consist in this--that while an Englishman devotes all his
+energies to the improvement of an existing shape, the American throws
+the old article under his bench and commences _de novo_.
+
+I think I have made out a case against the English hardware
+manufacturer, but when I have pointed these matters out to merchants
+and ironmongers, I have been met with various reasons for this
+manifest inferiority. I do not know how far these excuses may be
+valid, but one man says that the reason, as regards locks, is somewhat
+as follows: The locksmiths of the district wherein they are made in
+many cases work at their own homes; one man making one part of a lock,
+while other men make other parts. This goes on generation after
+generation, and the men become mere machines, not knowing how the
+entire lock is constructed, and not caring to know. Another attributes
+it to the influence of the trades-unions, and says that if a
+manufacturer wants a different kind of lock, the price for the work is
+immediately put higher, even though the actual labor may not be
+increased. A third says it is due to the drunkenness of the hands, and
+their consequent poverty and physical and social demoralization, which
+prevents them from rising to such an intellectual level as will enable
+them to see the evils of their system, and adopt the right means to
+remove them. A fourth boldly says, "We make these goods because our
+customers want them." How far the reasons assigned by the first three
+are correct I am unable to say, but for the fourth, the extent to
+which the builders of England have patronized the Americans is a
+complete answer.
+
+This defense, "Our customers want them," is as old as the hills, and
+has been used to cover every kind of deception and inferior article
+ever manufactured. Our Lancashire manufacturers use it when they are
+charged with sending china clay and mildew (and call it calico) for
+the mild Hindoo and the Heathen Chinee to dress themselves in. Our
+butter merchants use it when they make up grease and call it butter;
+and our hardware merchants use it when they send us sham locks, and
+call them brass bushed, etc.
+
+It is the duty of the manufacturer to invent for his customers, and it
+is preposterous to say that the builder would prefer that embodiment
+of fraud--the English rim-lock, which I showed to you--to the American
+lock, which, at any rate, was an honest article, especially when the
+latter had the great advantage of being considerably cheaper. I am
+afraid that the swindling and greed of our merchants is having the
+effect of thrusting us out of the markets of the world, including our
+home markets; and when it is too late, these men who are making the
+name of English goods a byword and a reproach, even among the Hindoos,
+the Chinese, and the untutored savages of the South Sea Islands, will
+find that "honesty is the best policy."
+
+We have been accustomed to hear a deal of buncombe talked about the
+honesty of the Englishman, and the want of honesty of the Yankee;
+about the enterprise of our manufacturers and the skill of our
+workmen; but if what I have shown to you is to be taken as a specimen,
+it is time we set our house in order. Since commencing the paper I
+have read the discussion between Messrs. Chubb and Hill, and am at a
+loss to know why Messrs. Chubb entered into the arena. If all the
+English makers tried to reach Chubb's standard we should keep our
+markets, at least so far as high quality is concerned; and to see
+Messrs. Chubb acting as champions of the English lockmakers is
+something like seeing Messrs. Horrocks taking up the cudgels for those
+people who manufacture china clay and call it calico, the proportion
+of fiber in the material being just a little greater than that found
+in hair mortar.
+
+In conclusion, I wish it to be understood that I bring these facts
+before you in no exultant spirit. I am an Englishman, and the future
+welfare of myself and my children depends very much upon the future of
+English manufactures; but we cannot be blind to the fact that the
+apathy and conservatism of our manufacturers, the greed of our
+Merchants, and the ignorance and drunkenness of our workmen, are
+weighing us so heavily in the race for trade that a member of our own
+family, whose leading business should be to produce food for us, is
+outstripping us with the greatest ease. Our boasted supremacy as a
+manufacturing people is leaving us, and leaving us under such
+humiliating circumstances--and if the men of Birmingham and the
+district are content to dwell in their present "fools' paradise," it
+is the duty of every lover of his country to speak as plainly as
+possible to them.
+
+Of course I am prepared to be told that as I am not a lockmaker my
+opinion is worthless; but I have been about 28 years as man and boy,
+employer and workman, in the building trade, and if I have not got to
+know something about builders' hardware during that period, I have
+made but a poor use of my time. I do not know if I have added to your
+stock of knowledge, but deeming the subject an important one, I have
+done the best I could in the time at my disposal.
+
+In the discussion which followed the opinion of the members present
+was unanimously in favor of the American articles shown to them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A high Indian official reports that the people of Cashmere are dying
+of famine like flies, and at the present rate of mortality the
+province will be nearly depopulated by the end of the year.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+TO INVENTORS.
+
+
+An experience of more than thirty years, and the preparation of not
+less than one hundred thousand applications for patents at home and
+abroad, enable us to understand the laws and practice on both
+continents, and to possess unequaled facilities for procuring patents
+everywhere. In addition to our facilities for preparing drawings and
+specifications quickly, the applicant can rest assured that his case
+will be filed in the Patent Office without delay. Every application,
+in which the fees have been paid, is sent complete--including the
+model--to the Patent Office the same day the papers are signed at our
+office, or received by mail, so there is no delay in filing the case,
+a complaint we often hear from other sources. Another advantage to the
+inventor in securing his patent through the Scientific American Patent
+Agency, it insures a special notice of the invention in the SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN, which publication often opens negotiations for the sale of
+the patent or manufacture of the article. A synopsis of the patent
+laws in foreign countries may be found on another page, and persons
+contemplating the securing of patents abroad are invited to write to
+this office for prices, which have been reduced in accordance with the
+times, and our perfected facilities for conducting the business.
+Address MUNN & CO., office SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+BUSINESS AND PERSONAL.
+
+
+_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a line for
+each insertion; about eight words to a line. Advertisements must be
+received at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear
+in next issue._
+
+Valves and Hydrants, warranted to give perfect satisfaction. Chapman
+Valve Manuf. Co., Boston, Mass.
+
+Brown & Sharpe, Prov., R. I. Best Gear Teeth Cutters and Index Plates
+at low prices. Send for catalogue.
+
+Wanted--Galvanic Battery, Induction Coil, Electro-Magnet. Address,
+with description and price, Box 1700, Boston, Mass.
+
+New Steam Governor.--Entire right for $3,000. For circulars address E.
+Towns, Cisne, Ill.
+
+Gutta Percha, pure and sheeted, for sale in quantities to suit.
+Anderson & Reynolds, Salem, Mass.
+
+The new fragrant Vanity Fair Cigarettes. New combinations of rare Old
+Perique and Virginia.
+
+Wanted--Second-hand Corliss Engine, 100 to 125 H. P. Address P. O. Box
+1208, New Haven, Conn.
+
+17 and 20 in. Gibed Rest Screw Lathes. Geo. S. Lincoln, Hartford,
+Conn.
+
+"Downer's Anti-Incrustation Liquid" for Removal and Prevention of
+Scales in Steam Boilers, is spoken of in highest terms by those who
+have given it a thorough trial. Circulars and price lists furnished on
+application. A. H. Downer, 17 Peck Slip, New York.
+
+Mr. W. B. Adams, one of the most extensive contractors and decorators
+in this city, says he has used nearly fifty thousand gallons of H. W.
+Johns' Asbestos Liquid Paints, and after an experience of twenty years
+with white lead and other paints, he considers them not only superior
+in richness of color and durability, but owing to their wonderful
+covering properties, they are fully 20 per cent more economical than
+any others.
+
+New Pamphlet of "Burnham's Standard Turbine Wheel" sent free by N. F.
+Burnham, York, Pa.
+
+Gaume's Electric Engine. 171 Pearl St., B'klyn, N. Y.
+
+Engines, œ to 5 H. P. G. F. Shedd, Waltham, Mass.
+
+Clipper Injector. J. D. Lynde, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+Diamond Drills, J. Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y.
+
+Eagle Anvils, 9 cents per pound. Fully warranted.
+
+Case Hardening Preparation. Box 73, Willimantic, Ct.
+
+Vertical Burr Mill. C. K. Bullock, Phila., Pa.
+
+Sheet Metal Presses, Ferracute Co., Bridgeton, N. J.
+
+Mundy's Pat. Friction Hoist. Eng., of any power, double and single.
+Said by all to be the best. J. S. Mundy, Newark, N. J.
+
+Auction Sale.--The Machinery and Property of the well known Hardie's
+Machine Works, 62 and 64 Church St., Albany, N. Y., will be sold March
+26, at noon. No postponement.
+
+To Manufacturers or Capitalists.--A rare chance to control a valuable
+agricultural patented implement. Address S. A. Fisher, Maplewood,
+Mass.
+
+Reflecting Telescope, 6œ inches aperture, well mounted, price
+only $70. J. Ramsden, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+See Hogins' Laundry Table, illustrated on page 194. State, Canada, and
+entire right for sale.
+
+Emery.--Best Turkey Emery in bbls., kegs, and cases in quantities to
+suit. Greene, Tweed & Co., 18 Park Place, N. Y.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is published monthly, about the
+15th of each month. Every number comprises most of the plates of the
+four preceding weekly numbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, with other
+appropriate contents, business announcements, etc. It forms a large
+and splendid periodical of nearly one hundred quarto pages, each
+number illustrated with about one hundred engravings. It is a complete
+record of American progress in the arts.
+
+Gold, Silver, and Nickel Plater wants situation. Address Plater,
+Oakville, Conn.
+
+Amateur Photo. Apparatus, including instructions; outfits complete. E.
+Sackmann & Co., 278 Pearl St., N. Y.
+
+Outfits for Nickel and Silver Plating, $5 to $200. Union Silver
+Plating Company, Princeton, Ill.
+
+Send for Circulars of Indestructible Boot and Shoe Soles to H. C.
+Goodrich, 40 Hoyne Ave., Chicago, Ill.
+
+For Sale.--Brown & Sharp Universal Milling Machine; Bement Profiling
+Machine; first-class 2d hand Machine Tools. E. P. Bullard, 14 Dey St.,
+New York.
+
+For Sale.--7 foot bed Putnam Planer, $350. A. A. Pool & Co., Newark,
+N. J.
+
+Bevins & Co.'s Hydraulic Elevator. Great power, simplicity, safety,
+economy, durability. 94 Liberty St. N. Y.
+
+A Cupola works best with forced blast from a Baker Blower. Wilbraham
+Bros., 2,318 Frankford Ave., Phila.
+
+Shaw's Noise Quieting Nozzles and Mercury Pressure Gauges. T. Shaw,
+915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+For Solid Wrought Iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union
+Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc.
+
+H. Prentiss & Company, 14 Dey St., N. Y., Manufs. Taps, Dies, Screw
+Plates, Reamers, etc. Send for list.
+
+Presses, Dies, and Tools for working Sheet Metal, etc. Fruit & other
+can tools. Bliss & Williams, B'klyn, N. Y.
+
+Nickel Plating.--A white deposit guaranteed by using our material.
+Condit, Hanson & Van Winkle, Newark, N. J.
+
+Hydraulic Elevators for private houses, hotels, and public buildings.
+Burdon Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.
+
+The Lathes, Planers, Drills, and other Tools, new and second-hand, of
+the Wood & Light Machine Company, Worcester, are to be sold out very
+low by the George Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., New York.
+
+Hydraulic Presses and Jacks, new and second hand. Lathes and Machinery
+for Polishing and Buffing Metals E. Lyon & Co., 470 Grand St., N. Y.
+
+Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels--The Solid Original Emery Wheel--other
+kinds imitations and inferior. Caution.--Our name is stamped in full
+on all our best Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only.
+The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing Company, 37 and
+38 Park Row, N. Y.
+
+Pulverizing Mills for all hard substances and grinding purposes.
+Walker Bros. & Co., 23d & Wood St., Phila., Pa.
+
+Portland Cement--Roman & Keene's, for walks, cisterns, foundations,
+stables, cellars, bridges, reservoirs, breweries, etc. Remit 25 cents
+postage stamps for Practical Treatise on Cements. S. L. Merchant &
+Co., 53 Broadway, New York.
+
+Needle Pointed Iron, Brass, and Steel Wire for all purposes. W. Crabb,
+Newark, N. J.
+
+Manufacturers of Improved Goods who desire to build up a lucrative
+foreign trade, will do well to insert a well displayed advertisement
+in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition. This paper has a very large
+foreign circulation.
+
+Band Saws, $100; Scroll Saws, $75; Planers, $150; Universal Wood
+Workers and Hand Planers, $150, and upwards. Bentel, Margedant & Co.,
+Hamilton, Ohio.
+
+The best Friction Clutch Pulley and Friction Hoisting Machinery in the
+world, to be seen with power applied, 95 and 97 Liberty St., New York.
+D. Frisbie & Co., New Haven, Conn.
+
+C. M. Flint, Fitchburg, Mass., Mfr. of Saw Mills and Dogs, Shingle and
+Clapboard Machines. Circulars.
+
+Blake's Belt Studs; strongest, cheapest, and best fastening for
+Leather or Rubber Belts. Greene, Tweed & Co., New York.
+
+No gum! No grit! No acid! Anti-Corrosive Cylinder Oil is the best in
+the world, and the first and only oil that perfectly lubricates a
+railroad locomotive cylinder, doing it with half the quantity required
+of best lard or tallow, giving increased power and less wear to
+machinery, with entire freedom from gum, stain, or corrosion of any
+sort, and it is equally superior for all steam cylinders or heavy work
+where body or cooling qualities are indispensable. A fair trial
+insures its continued use. Address E. H. Kellogg, sole manufacturer,
+17 Cedar St., New York.
+
+The unprecedented demand for Kinney Bros.' New Cigarette, Sweet
+Caporal, is a good recommendation as to their merit.
+
+Wheels and Pinions, heavy and light, remarkably strong and durable.
+Especially suited for sugar mills and similar work. Pittsburgh Steel
+Casting Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.
+
+Deoxidized Bronze. Patent for machine and engine journals.
+Philadelphia Smelting Co., Phila., Pa.
+
+For Sale.--4 H. P. Vertical Engine and Boiler (New York Safety Steam
+Power Co.'s make), as good, and in some respects better, than new.
+Address H. M. Quackenbush, Herkimer, N. Y.
+
+Wood-working Machinery, Waymouth Lathes. Specialty, Wardwell Patent
+Saw Bench; it has no equal. Improved Patent Planers; Elevators; Dowel
+Machines. Rollstone Machine Company, Fitchburg, Mass.
+
+Galland & Co.'s improved Hydraulic Elevators. Office 206 Broadway, N.
+Y., (Evening Post Building, room 22.)
+
+The only economical and practical Gas Engine in the market is the new
+"Otto" Silent, built by Schleicher. Schumm & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
+Send for circular.
+
+Dead Pulleys that stop the running of loose pulleys and their belts,
+controlled from any point. Send for catalogue. Taper Sleeve Pulley
+Works, Erie, Pa.
+
+_Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine_ is one of the most beautiful
+magazines in the world. Each number contains a chromo of some group of
+flowers, and many fine engravings. Published monthly at $1.25 per
+year. Address James Vick, Rochester, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Notes and Queries]
+
+NOTES & QUERIES
+
+
+HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
+
+No attention will be paid to communications unless accompanied with
+the full name and address of the writer.
+
+Names and addresses of correspondents will not be given to inquirers.
+
+We renew our request that correspondents, in referring to former
+answers or articles, will be kind enough to name the date of the paper
+and the page, or the number of the question.
+
+Correspondents whose inquiries do not appear after a reasonable time
+should repeat them.
+
+Persons desiring special information which is purely of a personal
+character, and not of general interest, should remit from $1 to $5,
+according to the subject, as we cannot be expected to spend time and
+labor to obtain such information without remuneration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+(1) S. Q.--The speed of a circular saw at the periphery should be from
+6,000 to 7,000 feet per minute. The number of revolutions per minute
+will of course vary with the diameter of the saw.
+
+(2) T. J. F. asks (1) for the best way to fasten emery on a wooden
+wheel, to be used in place of a solid emery wheel. A. Cover the wheel
+with leather devoid of grease, and coat the leather surface, a portion
+at a time, with good glue; immediately roll the glued surface in emery
+spread out on a board. 2. How can I fasten small pieces of looking
+glass on iron? A. Use equal parts of pitch and gutta percha together.
+
+(3) W. C. asks: 1. What is the power of the simple electric light
+described in SUPPLEMENT NO. 149? A. When supplied with a strong
+current it is equal to 5 or 6 5-foot gas burners. It is designed for
+temporary use only. 2. What is the cost of manufacturing the
+dynamo-electric machine in SUPPLEMENT NO. 161? A. The one shown in the
+article referred to cost about $35.
+
+(4) L. D. asks: 1. Which is the better conductor, silver or copper? A.
+Silver. 2. And the comparative resistance offered to the electric
+current by water and the above? A. Taking pure silver as 100,000,000,
+the conductivity of distilled water would be 0.01.
+
+(5) H. J. F. writes: In SUPPLEMENT 162 a simple electric light is
+described. I wish to light a room 20×20×10 feet. 1. How large is the
+bell glass? A. 2œ inches. 2. Can I use battery carbon? A. Use a
+carbon pencil made for electric lamps. 3. How can I make tray water
+tight after putting wire through? A. With gutta percha. 4. I have one
+large cell Bunsen and one Smee. How many more and of what kind shall I
+get? A. One of the batteries described in SUPPLEMENTS 157, 158, 159,
+will do, probably 8 or 10 Bunsen elements would be the best.
+
+(6) W. B. F. writes: I tried to make an electric pen, like the one
+described in your SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, of February 22d, 1879, using a
+Smee's battery, a circuit breaker, and an induction coil, but it did
+not work. Is there anything wrong, or is a condenser different from an
+induction coil? A. A condenser consists of a number of sheets of tin
+foil separated from each other by larger sheets of paper. One half of
+the tin foil sheets are connected with one terminal of the primary
+coil, the other half with the other terminal; the tin foil sheets
+connected with one terminal alternate with those of the other
+terminal. The condenser is essential to the working of the coil. For
+complete directions for making induction coils, see SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 160.
+
+(7) J. De F. asks: 1. Knowing the resistance of a wire of given
+conductivity, length, and diameter, will the resistance of any other
+wire be in proportion inversely? A. Yes. 2. Is there heat enough
+developed in the secondary coil of an induction coil to prevent the
+use of paraffine as an insulating material? A. With proper battery
+power, no. 3. How high in the list of non-conductors does paraffine
+stand? A. It is one of the best. 4. Will a cotton insulator soaked in
+paraffine answer as well as silk? A. No, because it renders the
+covering of the wire too thick. 5. Can you recommend any insulating
+material for making induction coils which will dry rapidly? A.
+Alcoholic shellac varnish. Rosin to which a little beeswax has been
+added is an excellent insulator; it must be applied in a melted state.
+6. What is the composition of the black material covering the
+Leclanche porous cell? A. Gutta percha. 7. Is the magneto-electric
+machine described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT patented? A.
+To which do you refer? Most, if not all of them are patented.
+
+(8) B. V. F. writes: With reference to item 8, on page 139, of
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, March 1, 1879, I think there is some mistake
+about the coal you think required to heat 1,000 cubic feet space. I
+burn some 8 tons coal to heat, in the whole year, such part of my
+house as must exceed 25×20×18=9,000 cubic feet. We keep up a moderate
+heat at night. Ventilate more than most families do; take part only of
+the cool air, and only in part of the coldest weather, from the
+cellar, which at such times is opened into the main entries. House
+wood, back plastered, and stands alone. If 100 lbs. coal would heat
+1,000 feet one day, I ought to burn 900 lbs. a day, or nearly 14 tons
+in December and 14 more in January. A. We are glad to receive these
+data, which correspond quite closely with some obtained by recent
+accurate experiments. The estimate given in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+also agrees well with experiments on the use of hot air heaters for
+very small buildings or rooms. Of course, the larger the space to be
+heated, the more economically it can generally be done.
+
+(9) W. M. S. asks: Will the coil described in SUPPLEMENT NO. 160 do
+for the electric pen described in a recent number of the SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN? If not how must it be changed? A. It is too large; make it
+one half the size given.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(10) B. G.--In reply to your inquiry as to Mr. Stroh's telephone
+experiment, we give the following, which we clip from the _English
+Mechanic_: A singular experimental effect, of special interest just
+now from its possible bearing on the theory of the source of sound in
+the Bell telephone, has just been observed by Mr. Stroh, the well
+known mechanician. If a telephone, T, with the circuit of its coil
+left open, be held to the ear, and a powerful magnet, M, be moved
+gently up and down along the length of the magnet, as shown by the
+arrow, and at a distance of an inch or two from it, a faint breathing
+sound will be heard, the recurring pulses of sound keeping time with
+the up and down motion of the magnet. The sound may be aptly compared
+to the steady breathing of a child, and there is a striking
+resemblance between it and the microphonic sounds of gases diffusing
+through a porous septum as heard by Mr. Chandler Roberts. We
+understand that Professor Hughes is investigating the cause of this
+curious sound by help of the microphone.
+
+(11) "Enterprise" asks: What part of its volume will iron expand in
+passing from a temperature of 60° to melting temperature? A. The
+cubical expansion of iron for each degree (C.) between 0° and 100° is
+0.00003546 of its volume, its volume being 1. This ratio however,
+increases somewhat at higher temperatures, since the mean coefficient
+of expansion for each degree between 0° C. and 300° C. is 0.00004405.
+The question you ask has probably never been settled. You may form an
+approximation by the use of the above ratios, knowing the melting
+point of the iron.
+
+(12) P. L. O. asks for a good chemistry for a beginner to study
+without a teacher. A. Fownes' "Chemistry;" Gorup-Besanez, "Inorganic,
+Organic and Physiological Chemistry."
+
+(13) L. E. M. asks: What is the best method of keeping fine guns from
+rusting, and what oil should be used? A. For the outside, clear gum
+copal 1 part, oil of rosemary 1 part, absolute alcohol 3 parts. Clean
+and heat the metal and apply a flowing coat of the liquid by means of
+a camel's hair brush. Do not handle until the coat becomes dry and
+hard. For the inside of the barrel a trace of refined sperm oil is as
+good as anything, but an excess should be avoided.
+
+(14) A. H. B. asks how much weight, falling 10 feet, will be required
+to produce one horse power for five hours? A. One horse power for 5
+hours = 33,000 × 300 = 9,900,000 foot pounds--so that the weight
+required is 9,900,000 ÷ 10 = 990,000 lbs.
+
+(15) A. D. R. asks: 1. In renewing a Leclanche battery, do the zincs
+have to be amalgamated? A. They are usually amalgamated. 2. Will two
+cells large size Leclanche battery give any light, using the simple
+lamp described in SUPPLEMENT NO. 162? A. No.
+
+(16) H. L. J. writes: In a recent issue of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN you
+state that the floating of solid iron on melted iron is on the same
+principle as the floating of ice in water. I do not quite understand
+how it can be. Please explain. A. Solid iron, at an elevated
+temperature, floats upon molten iron for the same reason that ice
+floats upon molten ice-water--because it is specifically lighter. You
+will find the subject discussed at length in Tyndall's "Heat as a Mode
+of Motion."
+
+(17) J. W. will find full directions for canning corn, etc., on p. 394
+(4), vol. 39, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+(18) "Amateur" writes: I wish to make some small bells that have a
+clear ring. What metal or metals can I use that I can melt easily? A.
+Use an alloy of tin and antimony. See SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+NO. 17.
+
+(19) H.--A nutritious mixed diet is unquestionably the best, care
+being taken to avoid an excess of meat.
+
+(20) W. F. writes: I have made an engine, and would like to find out
+what size of boiler it will require. The cylinder has 2Πinch bore and
+3 inches stroke. A. It depends upon pressure and speed to be
+maintained; probably a vertical tubular boiler, 15 inches diameter,
+and 32 to 36 inches high, would suit you.
+
+(21) R. G. (Salt Lake).--Please send full name.
+
+(22) J. M. G. asks: If two persons each pull one hundred pounds on
+opposite ends of a rope, what will be the strain on the rope? A. The
+strain on the rope will be 100 lbs.
+
+(23) W. M. M. asks: In laying off a mill stone in furrows, what
+draught is given? What amount of the space of a stone is given to
+furrows and what to grinding surface? A. There is considerable
+difference in the practice of various millers, and we would be glad to
+receive communications from those experienced in the art of dressing
+millstones.
+
+MINERALS, ETC.--Specimens have been received from the following
+correspondents, and examined, with the results stated:
+
+S. (New Orleans.)--The powder consists of a mixture of zinc oxide and
+finely powdered resin. A quantitative analysis would be necessary to
+determine the proportions.
+
+Any numbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT referred to in these
+columns may be had at this office. Price 10 cents each.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED.
+
+  Life Preserving Stone. By J. D. W.
+  On Ventilation. By D. W.
+  What is Mental Action? By N. K.
+  Panama Railroad or Canal. By G. R. P.
+  A Problem. By K.
+  On the Gary Motor. By G. F. M.
+  Magnetic Motor. By G. W. W., W. A. A., G. H. F.
+  House Warming. By H. B. F.
+  The Injector. By M. A. B.
+  Columbus' Problem; Cure for Diphtheria; The Mullein
+  Cure for Consumption. By R. W. L.
+  A Visit to Tula. By L. R.
+  On Vacuum in Pumps and the Atwood Machine. By P. J. D.
+  On the Patent Bill. By R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[OFFICIAL.]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF INVENTIONS
+
+FOR WHICH
+
+LETTERS PATENT OF THE UNITED STATES WERE GRANTED IN THE WEEK ENDING
+
+February 18, 1879,
+
+AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE.
+
+[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.]
+
+A complete copy of any patent in the annexed list, including both the
+specifications and drawings, will be furnished from this office for
+one dollar. In ordering, please state the number and date of the
+patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city.
+
+
+  Air heater, W. Pickhardt                                        212,499
+  Anchor, A. F. White                                             212,340
+  Animal trap, S. J. Bennett                                      212,430
+  Axle box, vehicle, P. K. Hughes                                 212,382
+  Axle, carriage, C. H. Kendall                                   212,387
+  Axle for wagons, trussed, J. Herby                              212,378
+  Axle, vehicle, C. H. Kendall                                    212,386
+  Barrel cover, C. Brinton                                        212,350
+  Bed bottom, J. Flinn                                            212,451
+  Bed bottom, spring, W. B. Crich                                 212,443
+  Bedstead, sofa, A. N. Hornung                                   212,312
+  Bedstead, wardrobe, H. P. Blackman                              212,348
+  Belt hook templet, E. Card                                      212,353
+  Boot and shoe laster, L. Graf                                   212,460
+  Boot and shoe sole polisher, etc., O. Gilmore                   212,372
+  Boot and shoe sole edge trimmer, C. H. Helms                    212,311
+  Boot fronts, cutting in, C. H. Colburn                          212,357
+  Boot, India-rubber, G. Watkinson (r)                              8,587
+  Bottle filler, W. S. Paddock                                    212,494
+  Bread board, H. Van Doren                                       212,334
+  Brick, shed for drying, C. H. Roselius                          212,511
+  Bridge gate, A. Stempel                                         212,329
+  Broom corn tabler, G. W. Foulger                                212,454
+  Button F. E. Williams                                           212,418
+  Calculator, tax, P. F. Pettibone                                212,498
+  Car coupling, G. R. Hamilton                                    212,462
+  Car coupling, S. A. Haydock                                     212,464
+  Car coupling, J. Worrall                                        212,529
+  Car heaters, coupling for pipes of railway, J. W. Graydon       212,376
+  Car heater, railway, J. W. Graydon                              212,375
+  Car heating pipe coupling, railway, J. W. Graydon               212,374
+  Car ventilation, J. Knipscheer                                  212,475
+  Cars, heating, J. & J. W. Russell                               212,403
+  Cars, supplying water to wash stands on, D. H. Jones            212,385
+  Carbureter feed regulator, W. H. Reed                           212,502
+  Card machine burr conveyer, W. C. Bramwell                      212,435
+  Carpet beater, J. L. Leach                                      212,476
+  Carriage, C. H. Palmer, Jr.                                     212,397
+  Carriage bow, F. H. Niemann                                     212,491
+  Carriage, child's, F. H. Way (r)                                  8,583
+  Carriage top prop, J. P. Simpson                                212,519
+  Carriage canopy top, D. Gleason                                 212,458
+  Cartridge, W. W. Hubbell                                        212,313
+  Chair foot or leg rest, M. E. Keiran                            212,474
+  Chimney, locomotive engine, H. R. Walker                        212,414
+  Chuck, lathe, J. H. Vinton                                      212,413
+  Churn power motion, W. F. Witherington                          212,527
+  Cigarette, C. C. Millaudon                                      212,392
+  Coat, reversible, N. H. Lund                                    212,479
+  Cock and faucet, etc., self-closing, J. Broughton               212,436
+  Coffee pot, teapot, etc., stand, D. H. Murphy                   212,395
+  Coffee roaster, R. Davis                                        212,445
+  Corset, W. Thomas                                               212,411
+  Corset steel, E. M. Smith                                       211,520
+  Dental plugger, W. G. A. Bonwill                                212,434
+  Door securer and combined tool, P. E. Rudel                     212,512
+  Door sill and carpet strip, S. M. Stewart                       212,521
+  Drip pan and self-oiler for bearings, R. B. Eason               212,449
+  Egg cup and opener, D. H. Murphy                                212,394
+  End gate, wagon, W. H. Parkin                                   212,398
+  File, bill, E. H. Owen                                          212,493
+  Files, recutting, M. J. Murphy                                  212,490
+  Filter, J. W. Lefferts                                          212,477
+  Firearm, breech-loading, H. Goodman                             212,459
+  Firearm lock, Kaufmann & Warnant                                212,473
+  Fire extinguisher, D. T. Perkins                                212,322
+  Fires in buildings, extinguishing, C. Barnes                    212,346
+  Fluid motor, Chase & Bowker                                     212,356
+  Fountain tip, H. G. Fiske                                       212,368
+  Furnace, G. B. Field                                            212,366
+  Game apparatus, W. T. Ebert                                     212,304
+  Garter, etc., clasp, L. Lobenstein                              212,390
+  Gate, McKinley & Ellis                                          212,482
+  Gate, G. W. Pyle                                                212,501
+  Glassware, decorating, H. Feurhake                              212,365
+  Glassware shaper and finisher, Atterbury & Beck                 212,421
+  Glazier's tool, W. H. G. Savage                                 212,515
+  Governor and friction brake for machinery, speed, T. A. Weston  212,337
+  Grain drill, C. F. Davis (r)                                      8,589
+  Harness breeching strap, H. Holt                                212,467
+  Harrow, toothless, J. W. Mulvey                                 212,393
+  Harvester, W. A. Wood                                           212,528
+  Harvester cutter, B. Pratt                                      212,323
+  Harvester, grain binding, J. F. Appleby                         212,420
+  Harvester reel, B. Moreland                                     212,318
+  Harvesting machine, Dutton & Tornquist                          212,303
+  Hat formers, web tender for, R. Eickemeyer                      212,450
+  Hay binder and elevator, P. H. Nichols                          212,319
+  Hay elevator, H. Barlow                                         212,427
+  Hay tedder, E. J. Knowlton                                      212,388
+  Headlights, signal for locomotive, W. Kelley (r)                  8,591
+  Heat regulator for furnaces, A. C. Norcross (r)                   8,582
+  Hoisting bucket, F. H. C. Mey                                   212,317
+  Hoisting drums, etc., friction brake and clutch for, T. A.      212,338
+    Weston
+  Hoisting machine, T. A. Weston                                  212,339
+  Horse toe weight, G. C. Clausen                                 212,440
+  Hydrant, J. Snell                                               212,408
+  Hydrant, street, G. C. Morgan                                   212,486
+  Hydraulic motor, W. S. Puckett                                  212,500
+  Injector, steam boiler, G. R. Buckman                           212,438
+  Keg trussing machine, E. & B. Holmes                            212,381
+  Kettle, H. C. McLean                                            212,483
+  Kitchen cabinet, C. A. Adams                                    212,343
+  Lamp, J. H. Irwin                                               212,470
+  Lamp burner, E. B. Requa                                        212,401
+  Lamp, fountain, C. Stockmann                                    212,522
+  Lamp shade holder, Brown & Taplin                               212,437
+  Lamp, street, J. Stewart                                        212,410
+  Lamp wick, H. Halvorson                                         212,309
+  Life preserver, T. Richards                                     212,402
+  Life preserver, R. E. Rose                                      212,404
+  Lock, W. E. Forster                                             212,452
+  Lock gate, D. Risher, Jr.                                       212,506
+  Mechanical movement, C. B. Hitchcock                            212,380
+  Metal tube maker, A. Ball                                       212,425
+  Middlings separator, J. Schoonover                              212,406
+  Milker, cow, A. C. Baldwin                                      212,423
+  Millstone adjustment, S. P. Walling                             212,525
+  Millstone curb or hoop, J. S. Detwiler                          212,361
+  Miter machine, J. J. Spilker                                    212,409
+  Mop head, H. Murch                                              212,489
+  Needle eye polisher, George & Payne                             212,455
+  Oil cup, F. Lunkenheimer                                        212,480
+  Ore concentrator, E. W. Stephens                                212,330
+  Ore roaster, C. E. Robinson                                     212,508
+  Oven bottom and slide, J. Jewett                                212,471
+  Oysters, board bank for fattening, F. Lang                      212,389
+  Package or box filler, Bolton & Strieby                         212,349
+  Paper cutter, J. M. Jones                                       212,384
+  Paper folder, R. M. Hoe                                         212,466
+  Paper machines, method and apparatus for producing a vacuum in  212,362
+    the suction box of, Dunn & Hollister
+  Paper machines, wire guide for J. W. Moore                      212,485
+  Paper making, treating pulp stock, S. & J. Deacon               212,447
+  Paper scorer and cutter, G. L. Ingram                           212,314
+  Paper scorer and cutter, W. F. Lodge                            212,315
+  Permutation lock dial screen, Corbett & Miller                  212,359
+  Picture exhibitor, A. L. High                                   212,465
+  Pill machine, Fort & Moore                                      212,453
+  Pipe wrench, S. W. Hudson                                       212,468
+  Pipe wrench with cutter, Franklin & Gilberds                    212,369
+  Plant protector, E. R. Frederick                                212,306
+  Plants, etc., poison distributer for, G. Townsend               212,412
+  Planter and drill, check row, G. J. Hyer                        212,469
+  Planter, corn, J. A. Roderick                                   212,509
+  Plow, E. Walker                                                 212,524
+  Plow attachment, A. O. Bement                                   212,429
+  Plow cutter, A. Aldrich                                         212,419
+  Plow, sulky, J. R. Whitney                                      212,341
+  Printer's roller, T. M. Fisher                                  212,367
+  Printing machine, L. C. Crowell                                 212,444
+  Pumping engine, duplex, G. F. Blake (r)                           8,585
+  Radiator for steam heaters, Covert & Snyder                     212,360
+  Railway crossing, Bernard & Perkins                             212,432
+  Railway switch, C. F. Gessert                                   212,456
+  Ratchet mechanism and clutch for machinery, T. A. Weston        212,336
+  Rocking chair, J. W. Hamburger                                  212,461
+  Rotary engine, A. B. Haughey                                    212,463
+  Rubber mat, E. L. Perry                                         212,497
+  Sad iron holder, A. Failor                                      212,363
+  Safety pin, I. W. Stewart (r)                                     8,592
+  Salt cellar, W. Sellers                                         212,518
+  Sandpaper roll, O. Gilmore                                      212,371
+  Sash cord guide, Clarkson & Kesler (r)                            8,586
+  Sash fastener, J. Benson                                        212,431
+  Sash fastener, G. W. Cary                                       212,354
+  Sash fastener, J. B. Morris                                     212,487
+  Saw, circular, G. Schleicher                                    212,516
+  Saw handle, E. R. Osgood                                        212,396
+  Saw, jig, G. W. Gary                                            212,355
+  Saw mill, gang, H. D. & E. N. Wickes                            212,526
+  Saw mill head block, J. T. James                                212,383
+  Sawing machine, scroll, N. P. Selden                            212,326
+  Scales, platform, F. Fairbanks                                  212,364
+  Scales, weighing, G. L. C. Coulon                               212,300
+  Scarf pins, etc., making ball heads of, J. N. Allen             212,297
+  Scythe snath fastening, P. E. Rudel                             212,513
+  Sewer trap, J. P. Cahill                                        212,352
+  Sewing implement, A. J. Lytle                                   212,481
+  Sewing machine, C. O. Parmenter                                 212,495
+  Sewing machine attachment, J. B. Sulgrove                       212,523
+  Sewing machine plaiter, White & Bowhannan                       212,417
+  Sheet metal vessel bottom, F. W. Moseley                        212,484
+  Shoe, Searl & Bly                                               212,517
+  Skate, C. T. Day (r)                                              8,590
+  Skylight, J. Friend                                             212,307
+  Slate frame, E. Butler (r)                                        8,588
+  Sled propeller, G. F. Shaver (r)                                  8,593
+  Smelting furnace, iron, P. L. Weimer                            212,415
+  Sole edge burnisher, T. P. Young                                212,342
+  Spoke tenoning machine, A. J. Roberts                           212,507
+  Sprinkling can, G. F. Payne                                     212,321
+  Stamp, postage and revenue, K. Wheeler                          212,416
+  Staple machine, W. M. Collins                                   212,441
+  Staples in paper, etc., device for inserting metallic, G. W.    212,316
+    McGill
+  Stave crozer and chamferer, H. H. Dunlevy                       212,448
+  Steak tenderer, E. Richmond                                     212,505
+  Steam boiler, fire tube, J. Cowhig                              212,301
+  Steam brake for locomotives, etc., W. L. Card                   212,439
+  Steam piping for heating, etc., B. F. Osborne                   212,420
+  Steam trap, I. W. Merrill                                       212,391
+  Stove and furnace grate, S. Smyth                               212,407
+  Stove, cooking, G. H. Hess                                      212,379
+  Stove, cooking, J. Jewett                                       212,472
+  Stove, oil, Fleming & Hamilton                                  212,305
+  Stove oven door and shelf, C. W. Brieder                        212,351
+  Strainer, gravy, J. Scheider (r)                                  8,584
+  Strap for garments, adjusting, T. O. Potter                     212,400
+  Street motor, J. T. Cord                                        212,442
+  Surveying instrument leveler, G. N. Saegmuller                  212,405
+  Swing, J. Ryan                                                  212,514
+  Telephone apparatus, speaking, E. Gray                          212,373
+  Telephony, electric, Black & Rosebrugh                          212,433
+  Telephony, electric, A. M. Rosebrugh                            212,510
+  Thill coupling, D. C. Bacon                                     212,422
+  Thill coupling, C. E. Gillespie et al.                          212,308
+  Thill coupling, M. F. Ten Eyck                                  212,333
+  Thill supporter, vehicle, H. O. Rector                          212,325
+  Ticket, passenger, J. H. Purdy                                  212,324
+  Tiles for use as stands, frame for holding ornamental or fancy  212,335
+    pottery, C. A. Wellington
+  Tiles, decorative, J. G. Low                                    212,478
+  Tiles, paving blocks, etc., composition for drain, W. H. Haight 212,377
+  Tire upsetter, B. K. Taylor                                     212,332
+  Tobacco, curing, A. P. Poladura                                 212,399
+  Tobacco cutter, Bauer & Seitz                                   212,347
+  Tobacco flavoring compound, D. Sternberg                        212,331
+  Tobacco manufacture, J. T. Harris                               212,310
+  Tobacco presser, F. B. Deane                                    212,446
+  Traction engine, J. Cooper                                      212,358
+  Truss, J. R. Alexander                                          212,344
+  Type distributer, A. C. Richards                                212,503
+  Type setter, A. C. Richards                                     212,504
+  Umbrella, M. Girbardt                                           212,457
+  Umbrella runner, W. H. Belknap                                  212,428
+  Undershoe or slipper, G. Gardner                                212,370
+  Vehicle seat lock, W. G. Allen                                  212,345
+  Vehicle spring, M. H. Crane                                     212,302
+  Vehicle spring bolster, J. G. Snyder                            212,328
+  Velocipede, E. C. F. Otto                                       212,492
+  Wash boiler, F. J. Boyer                                        212,299
+  Washing and bath tub, J. B O. Shevill                           212,327
+  Washing machine, J. W. Patterson                                212,496
+  Water meter diaphragm, W. B. Mounteney                          212,488
+  Whip holder, Curtis & Worden (r)                                  8,581
+  Wire measurer and cutter, G. A. Baron                           212,426
+  Wire, winding tubes and rods with, A. Ball                      212,424
+  Wrench, C. B. Billings                                          212,298
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRADE MARKS.
+
+  Boots, shoes, and brogans, W. F. Thorne & Co.                    7,037
+  Cigars, Sullivan & Burk                                          7,035
+  Cigars, cigarettes, and smoking and chewing tobacco, B. Hilson   7,038
+  Cotton gins, Printup, Brother & Pollard                          7,042
+  Fertilizers for flowers, W. H. Bowker & Co.                      7,041
+  Grain fans, J. Montgomery                                        7,032
+  Hair goods for ladies' wear, M. E. Thompson                      7,040
+  Hoes, Semple & Birge Manufacturing Company                       7,039
+  Medicine for the cure of neuralgia, and the like diseases,
+    J. S. Nicolds                                                  7,033
+  Roofing paper, carpet paper, or paper felt, and building paper,
+    Watson & Janes                                                 7,043
+  Soap, Gallup & Hewitt                                            7,036
+  Spool cotton, J. & J. Clark & Co                                 7,031
+  Table cutlery, John Russell Cutlery Company                      7,034
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DESIGNS.
+
+  Carpet, T. J. Stearns                                           11,029
+  Combined sleigh bell and terret ring, H. M. Richmond            11,027
+  Crocheted body for shawls, L. Howard                            11,028
+  Oil cloth, C. T. & V. E. Meyer                        11,024 to 11,026
+  Statue, A. Bartholdi                                            11,023
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH PATENTS ISSUED TO AMERICANS.
+
+From February 18 to February 21, inclusive.
+
+  Bed bottoms, etc.--C. D. Flynt, Brooklyn, N. Y.
+  Berth.--D. Huston, Boston, Mass.
+  Lead smelting furnace.--G. T. Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa.
+  Locks.--A. P. Thomas _et al._, Baltimore, Md.
+  Railway joint.--P. T. Madison, Indianapolis, Ind.
+  Spikes for railroads.--R. Bocklen, New York city.
+  Ventilating buildings.--F. S. Norton, New York city.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+  INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION      75 CENTS A LINE.
+  BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION        $1.00 A LINE.
+
+(About eight words to a line.)
+
+_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by
+measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received at
+publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in next
+issue._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A RARE OPPORTUNITY, ON EASY TERMS.
+
+To be sold at Auction, at Charleston, South Carolina, on Tuesday, the
+first day of April, 1879, the Taylor Iron Works, complete and in
+operation, together with all stores, stock, and work on hand on day of
+sale.
+
+The above is a large, first-class engineering establishment, complete
+within itself for all kinds of work, comprising iron and brass
+foundries, boiler shop, machine shops, pattern and millwright shops,
+with a large stock of patterns for local machinery, and Taylor
+presses. Connected with the works is a large, well-stocked engineer
+and mill supply store. All departments have the best of modern tools
+in thorough repair. Buildings comparatively new, and conveniently
+arranged on large grounds. The business was established 1844; has
+always done a large business and maintained a high reputation. The
+present works, built since 1866, have ample facilities to work 200
+men. At present about 100 men are employed. For further particulars
+apply to the works or to JOHN F. TAYLOR, Sharon Springs, N. Y., who
+will meet parties at Albany, N. Y., by appointment, or New York, if
+preferred.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LARGEST ASSORTMENT IN THE WORLD
+
+of Plays, Dramas, Comedies, Farces, Ethiopian Dramas, Plays for Ladies
+only, Plays for Gentlemen only. Wigs, Beards, Moustaches, Face
+Preparations, Burnt Cork, Jarley's Wax Works, Tableaux, Charades,
+Pantomimes, Guides to the Stage, and for Amateurs Make up Book, Make
+up Boxes, New Plays. SAM'L FRENCH & SON, 38 East 14th St., Union
+Square, New York.
+
+CATALOGUES SENT FREE!!!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+50 _Latest Style_ CARDS. _Bouquet, Lawn, Floral,_ etc., in case, _name
+in gold_, 10c. SEAVY BROS., Northford, Ct.
+
+[Symbol: Right index] RARE OPPORTUNITY. [Symbol: Left index]
+
+The proprietor, advanced in years and desirous of retiring from active
+control of business, would _sell at a bargain_, or convert into a
+joint stock company and retain an interest himself, a Foundry and
+Machine Shops, with all their machinery and fixtures complete, and now
+crowded with custom work, having cost upwards of sixty thousand
+dollars, and the only ones of magnitude for 120 miles on the
+Mississippi River, on various points of which may be seen specimens of
+work of these shops at Stillwater, Winona, McGregor. Dubuque, Fulton,
+Lyons, Clinton, Muscatine, and on many of the boats. For particulars,
+address the proprietor at Clinton, Iowa.
+
+          A. P. HOSFORD.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOR SALE--GEAR CUTTER.
+
+Been in use only eighteen months; will cut gears, both
+Spur-Bevel-Miter and Spiral, from four feet to one inch in diameter.
+Is complete with counter-shaft and several cutters. Machine made by
+Pond, of Worcester. Index made by Browne & Sharpe. Cost $900. Will
+sell for $250.
+
+Address J. G. STOWE, 126 Main Street, Cincinnati, O.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE TRIUMPH NON-CONDUCTOR
+
+weighs but 1œ lbs. to the square foot, and saves daily four pounds of
+coal. (Asbestos saves but 2 lbs.) Price 15 cts.--5 cts. cash and 10
+cts. after satisfactory trial. Agents wanted. For circulars showing
+WHY fuel is wasted and HOW 25 to 50 per cent., can be saved; also, HOW
+to construct reduction works for mineral ores of half the present
+weight and cost, to do three times the work with the fuel now used,
+and save 98 per cent. of assay; also, the opinions of distinguished
+engineers, address B. F. SMITH, New Orleans, La.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTO VISITING CARDS--Now all the rage in Paris. One dozen beautiful
+gilt edged (round cornered) Cards with your name and photograph, only
+60 cents; 2 dozen, $1. Full particulars and a 50-page book free. E.
+NASON & CO., 111 Nassau St., New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"BELL" TELEPHONES. _Any_ one can make in fifteen minutes. Send three
+3c. stamps for "Where to get the Parts, Prices (Total $3.60 per pair),
+and how put together."
+
+A. H. DAVIS, 30 Hanover St., Boston, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CATARRH. A SURE CURE. Samples by mail, 10c. GEO. N. STODDARD, Buffalo,
+N. Y. It cures others. _It will cure you_. Sample will prove.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANY NUMBER OF OPPORTUNITIES
+
+to buy what you want or sell or exchange what you don't want, in the
+_Property Journal_. Send 5c. for copy.
+
+ANDERSON & CO., 252 Broadway, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOVELTIES, NOTIONS,
+
+WATCHES, CHEAP JEWELRY, STATIONERY PACKAGES.
+
+Agents and country stores supplied. Illustrated circular _free_. J.
+BRIDE & CO., Manufacturers, Salesroom,
+
+297 B'way, New York. Address letters to P. O. Box 2773.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOR UNIVERSAL LATHE DOGS, DIE DOGS, ETC.,
+send for circular to C. W. LE COUNT, S. Norwalk, Ct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ICE-HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.--BY R. G.
+Hatfield. With directions for construction. Four engravings.
+SUPPLEMENT NO. 59. Price, 10 cents.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SEND FOR OUR PRICED AND ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES.
+
+Part 1st--MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS, 160 pages; contains list and
+prices of Drawing Instruments, Drawing Materials, Pocket Compasses,
+Surveying Compasses, Engineers' Transits and Levels, Surveying Chains,
+Tape Measures, Pocket Rules, and Books relating to Drawing,
+Engineering, and Mechanics.
+
+Part 2d--OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 144 pages; contains list and prices of
+Spectacles, Eye Glasses, Lenses, Spy Glasses, Telescopes, Opera and
+Field Glasses, Graphoscopes, Stereoscopes, Camera Obscuras, Camera
+Lucidas, Microscopes, Microscopic Preparations, and Books on Optics
+and Microscopy.
+
+Part 3d--MAGIC LANTERNS AND SLIDES, 112 pages; contains list and
+prices or Magic Lanterns for Toys, for Public and Private Exhibitions,
+Sciopticons, Stereopticons, Scientific Lanterns, and accessory
+apparatus to be used with them; Magic Lantern Slides, both colored and
+uncolored.
+
+Part 4th--PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS, 188 pages; contains list and prices of
+Instruments to illustrate Lectures in every department of Physics and
+Chemical Science, Air Pumps, Electric Machines, Galvanic Batteries,
+Barometers, Thermometers, Rain Gauges, Globes, Spectroscopes, Auzoux's
+Anatomical Models, and Books relating to Scientific Subjects.
+
+JAMES W. QUEEN & CO.,
+Optical and Philosophical Instrument Makers,
+924 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY,
+
+Such as Woodworth Planing, Tonguing, and Grooving Machines, Daniel's
+Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved Tenon Machines, Mortising,
+Moulding, and Re-Saw Machines, and Wood-Working Machinery generally.
+
+Manufactured by
+
+WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON,
+26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass.
+(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL & CO.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE DRIVEN WELL.
+
+Town and County privileges for making DRIVEN WELLS and selling
+Licenses under the established AMERICAN DRIVEN WELL PATENT, leased by
+the year to responsible parties, by
+
+WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO.,
+NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MINING MACHINERY. ENGINES. BOILERS, PUMPS,
+
+Coal and Ore Jigs, Dust Burning Appliances. Drawings and advice free
+to customers. Jeanesville Iron Works (J. C. Haydon & Co.). Address
+HOWELL GREEN,
+
+Supt., Jeanesville, Luzerne Co., Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IT PAYS to sell our Rubber Hand Printing Stamps. Goods delivered in
+any country. Circulars free.
+
+G. A. HARPER & BRO., Cleveland, O.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOR TEN DOLLARS CASH,
+
+we will insert a seven-line advertisement one week in a list of 269
+weekly newspapers, or four lines in a different list of 337 papers, or
+ten lines two weeks in a choice of either of four separate and
+distinct lists containing from 70 to 100 papers each, or four lines
+one week in all four of the same lists, or one line one week in all
+six lists combined, being more than 1,000 papers. We also have lists
+of papers by States, throughout the United States and Canada. Send 10
+cents for our 100 page pamphlet. Address GEO. P. ROWELL & CO.,
+Newspaper Advertising Bureau, 10 Spruce Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MACHINERY AT VERY LOW PRICES.
+
+2d hand Lathes, Drills, Planers, Hand Tools for Iron Work, new
+Woodworth Planing Machines, Resawing, Tenoning, Moulding Machines,
+Scroll Saws, Portable Steam Engine. Jos. R. Blossom, Ass'e, Matteawan,
+N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GEORGE PLACE MACHINERY AGENCY
+Machinery of Every Description.
+121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+60 Chromo and Perfumed Cards [no 3 alike], Name in Gold and Jet, 10c.
+CLINTON BROS., Clintonville, Ct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ROOF PAINTING.
+
+For $5, by Post Office Order or express, I will send the recipe for
+making Langhorne's English Gum Coating Paint and other mineral paints,
+with full instructions for roof and sidewall painting. This paint is
+used by the U. S. Government. Address M. LANGHORNE,
+
+708 E Street, Washington, D. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOR SALE.--LETTERS PATENT OF
+Wilhide's Celebrated Noiseless Self-setting Rat and Mouse Traps.
+Thoroughly introduced. Traps sold by all dealers. Address Owners and
+Manufacturers,
+
+J. T. WILHIDE & BRO., York Road, Carroll Co., Md.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPORTANT FOR ALL CORPORATIONS AND MANF'G CONCERNS.--BUERK'S
+WATCHMAN'S TIME DETECTOR, capable of accurately controlling the motion
+of a watchman or patrolman at the different stations of his beat. Send
+for circular.
+
+J. E. BUERK, P. O. BOX 979. BOSTON, MASS
+
+N. B.--The suit against Imhaeuser & Co., of New York, was decided in
+my favor, June 10, 1874. A fine was assessed against them Nov. 11,
+1876, for selling contrary to the order of the court. Persons buying
+or using clocks infringing on my patent will be dealt with according
+to law.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST.
+
+DRIVEN OR TUBE WELLS
+furnished to large consumers of Croton and Ridgewood Water. WM. D.
+ANDREWS & BRO., 414 Water St., N. Y., who control the patent for
+Green's American Driven Well.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A New and Valuable Work for the Practical Mechanic and Engineer.
+
+APPLETONS'
+
+CYCLOPÆDIA OF APPLIED MECHANICS.
+
+A DICTIONARY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND THE MECHANICAL ARTS.
+
+Illustrated by 5,000 Engravings.
+
+_Edited by PARK BENJAMIN, Ph.D._
+
+This valuable work is now being published in semi-monthly parts, at
+fifty cents each. Active agents wanted. For terms and territory
+address GEO. W. DAVIS, care of D. APPLETON & CO., New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADE MARKS, ETC.
+
+Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication of the
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to examine Improvements, and to act as
+Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.
+
+In this line of business they have had OVER THIRTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE,
+and now have _unequaled facilities_ for the preparation of Patent
+Drawings, Specifications, and the Prosecution of Applications for
+Patents in the United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs.
+Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Trade Mark
+Regulations, Copyrights for Books, Labels, Reissues, Assignments, and
+Reports on Infringements of Patents. All business intrusted to them is
+done with special care and promptness, on very moderate terms.
+
+We send free of charge, on application, a pamphlet containing further
+information about Patents and how to procure them; directions
+concerning Trade Marks, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals,
+Reissues, Infringements, Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the
+Sale of Patents, etc.
+
+_Foreign Patents_.--We also send, _free of charge_, a Synopsis of
+Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing patents
+in all the principal countries of the world. American inventors should
+bear in mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable
+to the patentee in this country is worth equally as much in England
+and some other foreign countries. Five patents--embracing Canadian,
+English, German, French, and Belgian--will secure to an inventor the
+exclusive monopoly to his discovery among about ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY
+MILLIONS of the most intelligent people in the world. The facilities
+of business and steam communication are such that patents can be
+obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at home. The
+expense to apply for an English patent is $75; German, $100; French,
+$100; Belgian, $100; Canadian, $50.
+
+_Copies of Patents_.--Persons desiring any patent issued from 1836 to
+November 26, 1867, can be supplied with official copies at reasonable
+cost, the price depending upon the extent of drawings and length of
+specifications.
+
+Any patent issued since November 27, 1867, at which time the Patent
+Office commenced printing the drawings and specifications, may be had
+by remitting to this office $1.
+
+A copy of the claims of any patent issued since 1836 will be furnished
+for $1.
+
+When ordering copies, please to remit for the same as above, and state
+name of patentee, title of invention, and date of patent.
+
+A pamphlet, containing full directions for obtaining United States
+patents sent free. A handsomely bound Reference Book, gilt edges,
+contains 140 pages and many engravings and tables important to every
+patentee and mechanic, and is a useful hand book of reference for
+everybody. Price 25 cents, mailed free.
+
+Address
+
+MUNN & CO.,
+Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
+37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
+
+_BRANCH OFFICE--Corner of F and 7th Streets,
+Washington, D. C._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRACTICAL DRAUGHTSMAN'S BOOK OF
+INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
+AND MACHINISTS' & ENGINEERS'
+DRAWING COMPANION.
+
+Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical, Engineering, and
+Architectural Drawing. From the French of M. Armengaud the elder,
+Professor of Design in Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and
+MM. Armengaud the younger, and Amoroux, Civil Engineers. Rewritten and
+arranged with additional matter and plates, selections from and
+examples of the most useful and generally employed mechanism of the
+day. By William Johnson, Assoc. Inst. C. E. Illustrated by fifty folio
+steel plates, and fifty wood cuts. A new edition, 4to....$10
+
+Among the contents are: Linear Drawing, Definitions, and Problems.
+Sweeps, Sections, and Mouldings, Elementary Gothic Forms, and
+Rosettes. Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas, and Volutes. Rules and Principal
+Data. Study of Projections. Elementary Principles. Of Prisms and other
+Solids. Rules and Practical Data. On coloring Sections, with
+applications. Conventional Colors, Composition or Mixture of Colors.
+Continuation of the Study of Projection--Use of Sections--details of
+machinery. Simple applications--spindles, shafts, couplings, wooden
+patterns. Method of constructing a wooden model or pattern of a
+coupling. Elementary applications. Rules and Practical Data.
+
+THE INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES, WITH APPLICATIONS.--The
+Intersection of Cylinders and Cones. The Delineation and Development
+of Helices, Screws, and Serpentines. Application of the helix--the
+construction of a staircase. The Intersection of Surfaces--applications
+to stop cocks. Rules and Practical Data.
+
+THE STUDY AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOOTHED GEAR.--Involute, cycloid, and
+epicycloid. Involute, Cycloid. External epicycloid, described by a
+circle rolling about a fixed circle inside of it. Internal epicycloid.
+Delineation of a rack and pinion in gear. Gearing of a worm with a
+worm wheel. Cylindrical or Spur Gearing. Practical delineation of a
+couple of Spur wheels. The Delineation and Construction of Wooden
+Patterns for Toothed Wheels. Rules and Practical Data.
+
+CONTINUATION OF THE STUDY OF TOOTHED GEAR.--Design for a pair of bevel
+wheels in gear. Construction of wooden patterns for a pair of bevel
+wheels. Involute and Helical Teeth. Contrivances for obtaining
+differential Movements. Rules and Practical Data.
+
+ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF SHADOWS.--Shadows of Prisms, Pyramids, and
+Cylinders. Principles of Shading. Continuation of the Study of
+Shadows. Tuscan Order. Rules and practical data.
+
+APPLICATION OF SHADOWS TO TOOTHED GEAR.--Application of Shadows to
+Screws. Application of Shadow to a Boiler and its Furnace. Shading in
+Black--Shading in Colors.
+
+THE CUTTING AND SHAPING OF MASONRY.--Rules and Practical Data. Remarks
+on Machine Tools.
+
+THE STUDY OF MACHINERY AND SKETCHING.--Various applications and
+combinations: The Sketching of Machinery. Drilling Machines; Motive
+Machines; Water wheels. Construction and Setting up of water wheels.
+Delineation of water wheels. Design of a water wheel. Sketch of a
+water wheel. Overshot water wheels. Water Pumps; Steam Motors;
+High-pressure expansive steam engine. Details of Construction;
+Movements of the Distribution and Expansion Valves; Rules and
+Practical Data.
+
+OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS.
+
+PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE.
+
+TRUE PERSPECTIVE.--Elementary principles. Applications--flour mill
+driven by belts. Description of the mill. Representation of the mill
+in perspective.
+
+EXAMPLES OF FINISHED DRAWINGS OF MACHINERY.
+
+[Symbol: Right index] The above, or any of our Books, sent by mail,
+free of postage, at the publication price.
+
+Our new and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS--96
+pages, 8vo.--sent free to any one who will furnish his address.
+
+HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.,
+INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS and BOOKSELLERS,
+810 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STEAM PUMPS.
+HENRY R. WORTHINGTON,
+239 Broadway, N. Y.    83 Water St., Boston.
+
+THE WORTHINGTON DUPLEX PUMPING ENGINES FOR WATER WORKS--Compound,
+Condensing or Non-Condensing. Used in over 100 Water-Works Stations.
+
+STEAM PUMPS--Duplex and Single Cylinder.
+
+PRICE LIST ISSUED JAN. 1, 1879, WITH A REDUCTION EXCEEDING 30 PER
+CENT.
+
+WATER METERS. OIL METERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Truss]
+
+THIS NEW
+ELASTIC TRUSS
+
+Has a Pad differing from all others, is cup-shape, with Self-Adjusting
+Ball in center, adapts itself to all positions of the body, while the
+BALL in the cup PRESSES BACK the INTESTINES JUST AS A PERSON WOULD
+WITH THE FINGER. With light pressure the Hernia is held securely day
+and night, and a radical cure certain. It is easy, durable and cheap.
+Sent by mail. Circulars free.
+
+EGGLESTON TRUSS CO., CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE
+HANCOCK
+INSPIRATOR
+
+TESTIMONIALS.
+
+OFFICE OF THE HANCOCK INSP. CO.,
+LONDON, ENG., Feb. 11, 1879.
+
+I have just received an order from the English Government for 22
+Number 15 Inspirators--making 24 machines in all for the Government
+this month.
+
+          B. H. WARREN, Agent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+          OFFICE OF H. S. MANNING & CO., 111 Liberty St.,
+NEW YORK, Feb. 26, 1879.
+
+GENTLEMEN: We have authority from Mr. Martin, Chief Engineer Union
+Ferry Co., Brooklyn, to state that they have 17 Inspirators at work on
+17 of their boats, feeding their main boilers, and all giving
+satisfaction, and to refer any one to him. Yours truly,
+
+          H. S. MANNING & CO., Agents.
+
+[Symbol: Right index] ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULARS SENT ON
+APPLICATION TO
+
+HANCOCK INSPIRATOR CO.,
+52 CENTRAL WHARF,
+BOSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Corrugated Iron]
+
+THIS NEW
+
+MOSELEY IRON BRIDGE AND
+ROOF CO.
+CORRUGATED IRON
+
+Buildings, Roofs, Shutters, Doors, Iron Sashes, Skylights, etc.
+
+5 Dey Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Crusher]
+
+THIS NEW
+
+BLAKE'S STONE AND ORE BREAKER AND CRUSHER.
+
+For breaking hard and brittle substances to any size. Endorsed by the
+leading MINING, MANUFACTURING, and RAILROAD corporations in the UNITED
+STATES and FOREIGN COUNTRIES. FIRST PREMIUM wherever exhibited, and
+hundreds of testimonials of the _highest character_.
+
+A NEW SIZE FOR PROSPECTING AND LABORATORY USE.
+
+[Symbol: Right index] ALL STONE CRUSHERS not made or licensed by us,
+containing vibratory convergent jaws actuated by a revolving shaft and
+fly-wheel, are infringements on our patent, and makers and users of
+such will be held accountable. Address
+
+          BLAKE CRUSHER CO., NEW HAVEN, CONN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: RIVAL STEAM PUMPS.
+               $35. and UPWARDS
+               JOHN McGOWAN & Co.
+               CINCINNATI, OHIO. ]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PULMOCURA
+AN ABSOLUTE AND UNFAILING REMEDY FOR
+CONSUMPTION
+
+and all other diseases of the LUNGS AND THROAT. Mailed free on receipt
+of $1. A. A. MARTIN, Pulmocura Man'f'g Co., sole depot for the U. S.,
+60 East 12th St., cor. Broadway, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Soft, Strong,
+and Smooth
+Iron or Brass
+CASTINGS
+Plain, Galvanized,
+Bronzed or Nickled
+to order promptly.
+
+Also patterns and models. Light work a specialty.
+
+LIVINGSTON & CO., Iron Founders, Pittsburg, Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Horse Shoe]
+
+NEW STEEL HORSE SHOE
+
+With Level Spring Platform--Continuous Calk. The best in the world.
+Cures Tender and Contracted Feet, Corns, Interfering, Quarter-crack
+Lameness, and all evils resulting from the use of the common shoe.
+Responsible men can make money selling this Shoe. Send for pamphlet.
+Trial set with nails, $1.00. To measure, place foot on paper, and draw
+pencil around.
+
+The JOHN D. BILLINGS PATENT
+HORSE SHOE COMPANY
+265 Broadway, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Steel Stamps.
+               N.Y. STENCIL WORKS, 87 Nassau St., N.Y.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LAP WELDED CHARCOAL IRON
+
+Boiler Tubes, Steam Pipe, Light and Heavy Forgings, Engines, Boilers,
+Cotton Presses, Rolling Mill and Blast Furnace Work.
+
+READING IRON WORKS,
+261 SOUTH FOURTH ST., PHILA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOSPHOR-BRONZE
+BEARINGS,
+PUMP-RODS,
+AND
+SPRING WIRE.
+
+[Illustration: Phosphor-bronze]
+
+Apply to
+THE PHOSPHOR-BRONZE SMELTING CO., Limited,
+2038 Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LATHES, PLANERS, SHAPERS
+
+Drills, Bolt and Gear Cutters, Milling Machines. Special Machinery. E.
+GOULD & EBERHARDT, Newark, N. J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE BEST STEAM PUMP in AMERICA
+THE DEANE
+Made by HOLYOKE MACHINE CO.
+
+More than 4500 in use.
+
+Send for reduced Price List.
+Deane Steam Pump Works
+85 LIBERTY ST.,
+    NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Gear Wheels]
+
+Small Tools of all kinds; GEAR WHEELS, parts of MODELS, and materials
+of all kinds. Catalogues free.
+
+GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 176 Wash'n St., Boston, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FINE PAMPHLETS printed for 75c. A PAGE per 1,000. 1,000 Fine 9×12
+Circulars, $2.50. Price list or estimate and samples for stamp. 250
+Bill Heads, $1.
+
+"LOCAL" PRINTING HOUSE, Silver Creek, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+$77 a Month and expenses guaranteed to Agents.
+Outfit free. SHAW & CO., AUGUSTA, MAINE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LEFFEL WATER WHEELS.
+
+[Illustration: Water Wheel]
+
+With recent improvements.
+
+PRICES GREATLY REDUCED.
+
+7000 in successful operation.
+
+FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1877
+
+Sent free to those interested
+
+JAMES LEFFEL & CO.,
+    Springfield, O.
+
+109 Liberty St., N. Y. City.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Medal]
+
+  Paris,        1878
+  Australia,    1877
+  Phila.,       1876
+  Santiago,     1875
+  Vienna,       1873
+
+J. A. FAY & CO'S
+WOOD WORKING MACHINERY
+
+was awarded at the Paris Exposition over all competitors THE GOLD
+MEDAL OF HONOR. Also highest award at Phila., Santiago, Australia, and
+Vienna. It is
+
+ORIGINAL IN DESIGN, SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION,
+PERFECT IN WORKMANSHIP, SAVES LABOR,
+ECONOMIZES LUMBER, AND INCREASES
+PRODUCTS OF THE HIGHEST STANDARD
+OF EXCELLENCE.
+
+Railroad, Furniture, and Agricultural Implement Shops, Planing Mills,
+etc., equipped at short notice, and the lowest cash prices. Send for
+Circulars.
+
+J. A. FAY & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+L. F. STANDISH & CO.,
+SCREW MANUFACTURERS,
+Builders of Small Machinery and Fine Tools.
+          26 Artisan St., New Haven, Ct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Emery Wheel.]
+
+Emery Wheel.
+
+NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING COMP'Y.
+
+The Oldest and Largest Manufacturers of the Original
+
+SOLID VULCANITE
+EMERY WHEELS.
+
+All other kinds Imitations and Inferior. Our name is stamped in full
+upon all our standard BELTING, PACKING, and HOSE.
+
+Address NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO.,
+          NEW YORK.
+
+JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SEVENTH
+CINCINNATI
+INDUSTRIAL
+EXPOSITION
+
+Opens for the reception of goods AUGUST 20TH.
+
+Opens to the public SEPTEMBER 10TH, and continues open until OCTOBER
+11TH, in the
+
+NEW PERMANENT BUILDINGS
+ERECTED FOR THE PURPOSE.
+
+Machinery Tested and Fully Reported upon.
+
+Send for Rules and Premium Lists after April 1.
+
+          H. McCOLLUM, Sec'y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Amalgamating.]
+
+THE FORSTER-FIRMIN
+GOLD AND SILVER
+AMALGAMATING COMP'Y
+
+of Norristown, Pa., will grant state rights or licenses or easy terms.
+This system works up to assay, and recovers the mercury rapidly.
+
+Apply as above.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THOMAS'S CONCENTRATED DYE
+Stuffs. (138 Recipes SENT GRATIS.) (See SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+SUPPLEMENT, March 15, '79.) Address
+
+          N. SPENCER THOMAS, Elmira, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Rotary Pressure Blower.]
+
+BAKER ROTARY PRESSURE BLOWER.
+(FORCED BLAST)
+
+Warranted superior to any other.
+
+WILBRAHAM BROS.
+2318 Frankford Ave.
+        PHILADELPHIA
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"THE 1876 INJECTOR."
+
+Simple, Durable, and Reliable. Requires no special valves. Send for
+illustrated circular.
+
+          WM. SELLERS & CO., Phila.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Cold Rolled Shafting.]
+
+The fact that this shafting has 75 per cent. greater strength, a finer
+finish, and is truer to gauge, than any other in use renders it
+undoubtedly the most economical. We are also the sole manufacturers of
+the CELEBRATED COLLINS' PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers,
+etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on application to
+
+    JONES & LAUGHLINS,
+Try Street, 2d and 3d Avenues, Pittsburgh, Pa.
+190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill., and Milwaukee. Wis.
+
+[Right index] Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by
+
+FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass.
+Geo. Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS
+
+WE SELL EVERYTHING FOR THE GARDEN
+
+Descriptive Catalogues of 175 pages sent Free
+
+PETER HENDERSON & CO.
+_35 Cortlandt St., New York._
+FLOWER AND FRUIT PLANTS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Engraving.]
+
+L. SMITH HOBART, President.         JOHN C. MOSS, Superintendent.
+
+TYPE-METAL RELIEF PLATES.
+A SUPERIOR SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD-CUTS
+AT MUCH LOWER PRICES.
+
+Persons desiring illustrations for Books, Newspapers, Catalogues,
+Advertisements, or for any other purposes, can have their work done by
+us promptly and in the best style.
+
+OUR RELIEF PLATES are engraved by photo-chemical means; are mounted on
+blocks type-high ready for use on any ordinary press, and will wear
+longer than the common stereotype plates.
+
+They have a perfectly smooth printing surface, and the lines are _as
+deep, as even,_ and _as sharp_ as they could possibly be cut by hand.
+
+ELECTROTYPES may be made from them in the same manner as from
+wood-cuts.
+
+COPY. The engraving is done either from prints or pen-drawings. Almost
+all kinds of prints can be re-engraved directly from the copy,
+provided they be in _clear, black lines_ or stipple, and on _white_ or
+only slightly tinted paper.
+
+Pen drawings, suitable for engraving by us, must be made with
+_thoroughly_ BLACK ink, on _smooth, white_ paper. They should usually
+be made twice the length and twice the width of the plates desired.
+
+When such drawings cannot be furnished us, we can produce them from
+photographs, pencil sketches, or designs of any kind accompanied with
+proper instructions. Photographs taken in the usual way, and of any
+convenient size, we can use.
+
+CHANGE OF SIZE.--Wood-cut prints of the coarser kind may often be
+reduced to half their lineal dimensions, while others will admit of
+very little reduction, and some of none at all.
+
+Most lithographic and steel-plate prints will admit of no reduction.
+
+Very fine prints of any kind may be _enlarged_ moderately without
+detriment.
+
+Any prints which cannot be satisfactorily reduced or enlarged may be
+_redrawn_ and thus brought to any desired size.
+
+In all cases of reduction and enlargement, the relative proportions
+remain unchanged.
+
+PROOFS.--Whenever desired, we will furnish tintype proofs of the
+drawings made by us, for approval or correction, before engraving. A
+printed proof is furnished with each plate.
+
+TIME.--We cannot usually engage to fill an order for a single plate in
+less than from three to six days; larger orders will require longer
+time.
+
+ESTIMATES will be promptly furnished when desired. That these may be
+definite and correct, the copy to be used--whether print, photograph,
+sketch, or drawing--should always be submitted for our examination,
+together with a distinct statement of the size of plate wanted, and of
+any other details to be observed.
+
+TERMS.--To insure attention, all orders must be accompanied by an
+advance of half the price charged, the balance to be paid on delivery.
+
+ELECTROTYPING AND PRINTING.--We have recently added to our
+establishment excellent facilities for making electrotypes, and also
+three power presses specially fitted for printing plates of all sizes
+in the finest manner.
+
+ARTIFICIAL LIGHT.--We have just introduced this most important
+facility, which enables us to prosecute our work _in cloudy weather_,
+and to push forward hurried orders _in the night_.
+
+REFERENCES.--Our plates are now used by the principal publishers in
+this city, and by most of the leading houses in every State in the
+Union.
+
+OUR GENERAL CIRCULAR contains a few specimens of the various kinds of
+our work, and will be sent on receipt of stamp. We have just prepared
+five special circulars, as follows:
+
+  No. 1.   Portraits and Figures.
+  No. 2.   Buildings and Landscapes.
+  No. 3.   Machinery and Apparatus.
+  No. 4.   Maps, Autographs, and Ornamental Lettering.
+  No. 5.   Reproductions from Wood-Cuts, Steel-Plate Prints, and
+             Lithographs.
+
+These will be furnished at _ten cents_ each.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION--75 CENTS A LINE
+BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION--$1.00 A LINE.
+
+(About eight words to a line.)
+
+_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by
+measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received at
+publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in next
+issue._
+
+ADJUSTABLE INCLINE PRESSES.
+
+STILES & PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Conn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Illustrated Guide.]
+
+136 pages beautifully illustrated, mailed to all applicants inclosing
+10 cents. Regular customers free.
+
+BLISS' ILLUSTRATED AMATEUR'S GUIDE to the FLOWER and KITCHEN GARDEN,
+with colored chromo; 216 pages, price 35 CENTS.
+
+Address
+B. K. BLISS & SONS,
+P. O. Box 4129, New York City.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO LARGE CONSUMERS OF FINE LIGHT MALLEABLE IRON CASTINGS, we can offer
+special inducements in the way of VERY SUPERIOR QUALITY GUARANTEED,
+and at fair prices. Being ourselves large consumers and requiring the
+most perfect castings, other work is insured the same attention.
+
+MALLORY, WHEELER & CO.,
+NEW HAVEN, CONN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Lawn Mower.]
+
+THE PHILADELPHIA LAWN MOWER
+_Stands_ "_Head of the Class._" Descriptive Circulars and Price Lists
+sent on application. GRAHAM, EMLEM & PASSMORE, Patentees and
+Manufacturers, 631 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAFTING PULLEYS, HANGERS, ETC.
+a specialty. Send for Price List to
+A. & F. BROWN, 57-61 Lewis Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AIR COMPRESSORS,
+HOISTING ENGINES and OTHER
+MINING MACHINERY;
+MANUFACTURED BY
+GRIFFITH & WEDGE. ZANESVILLE, OHIO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MILL STONES AND CORN MILLS.
+
+We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines, Packers, Mill
+Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and Gearing, specially adapted to Flour
+Mills. Send for catalogue.
+
+          J. T. NOYE & SON, BUFFALO, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOW TO SELL PATENTS.--This little book fully explains how all patents
+can be sold for good prices. Price 25 cents. L. D. SNOOK, Barrington,
+Yates Co., N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POND'S TOOLS,
+
+Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.,
+
+DAVID W. POND, Worcester, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EDMUND DRAPER,
+Manufacturer of First-class Engineers' Instruments.
+Established in 1830. 226 Pear St., Phila., Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+J. LLOYD HAIGH,
+
+Manufacturer of
+
+[Illustration: Wire Rope.]
+
+every description, for Railroad and Mining Use, Elevators, Derricks,
+Rope Tramways, Transmission of Power, etc. No. 81 John St., N. Y. Send
+for price list. Plans and Estimates furnished for Suspension Bridges.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE DINGEE & CONARD CO'S
+BEAUTIFUL EVER-BLOOMING
+ROSES
+THE BEST IN THE WORLD.
+
+OUR GREAT SPECIALTY is _growing_ and _distributing_ these BEAUTIFUL
+ROSES. _We deliver_ STRONG POT PLANTS, suitable for _immediate_ bloom,
+_safely by mail_ at all post-offices. 5 SPLENDID VARIETIES, _your
+choice_, all labeled, for $1; 12 for $2; 19 for $3; 26 for $4; 35 for
+$5; 75 for $10; 100 for $13.
+
+[Symbol: Right index] Send for our NEW GUIDE TO ROSE CULTURE--60 pages,
+elegantly illustrated--and _choose_ from over FIVE HUNDRED FINEST
+SORTS. Address
+
+THE DINGEE & CONARD CO.,
+ROSE GROWERS, WEST GROVE, CHESTER CO., PA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOW TO SELL PATENTS.
+
+We send our 100 page book of instruction, containing valuable
+information, free.
+
+Send us your address. GEO. C. TRACY & CO., Cleveland, O.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: NO MORE
+               RHEUMATISM
+               OR GOUT
+               ACUTE OR CHRONIC
+               SALICYLICA
+               SURE CURE.]
+
+Manufactured only under the above Trade-Mark, by the
+
+EUROPEAN SALICYLIC MEDICINE CO.,
+OF PARIS AND LEIPZIG.
+
+IMMEDIATE RELIEF WARRANTED. PERMANENT CURE GUARANTEED. Now exclusively
+used by all celebrated Physicians of Europe and America, becoming a
+Staple, Harmless, and Reliable Remedy on both continents. The Highest
+Medical Academy of Paris report 95 cures out of 100 cases within three
+days. Secret--The only dissolver of the poisonous Uric Acid which
+exists in the Blood of Rheumatic and Gouty Patients. $1.00 a Box; 6
+Boxes for $5.00. Sent to any address on receipt of price. ENDORSED BY
+PHYSICIANS. SOLD BY ALL DRUGGISTS. Address
+
+WASHBURNE & CO.,
+ONLY IMPORTERS' DEPOT. 212 BROADWAY, COR.
+FULTON ST., NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+19TH ANNUAL STATEMENT OF THE EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY OF THE U. S.
+
+HENRY B. HYDE, PRESIDENT.
+
+FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1878.
+
+
+  AMOUNT OF LEDGER ASSETS, JAN. 1, 1878            $32,477,991.87
+  Less Depreciation in Government Bonds, and
+  Appropriation to meet any depreciation in
+  other assets                                         369,553.27
+                                                         --------
+                                                    32,108,438.60
+  INCOME                                             8,217,943.24
+                                                         --------
+                                                   $40,326,381.84
+
+DISBURSEMENTS.
+
+  Paid Policy Holders for Claims by Death,
+  Dividends, Surrender Values, Discounted
+  and Matured Endowments and Annuities               4,935,171.43
+  Other Disbursements as per extended
+  statement                                          1,195,841.88
+                                                         --------
+  NET CASH ASSETS, December 31, 1878               $34,195,368.53
+
+ASSETS.
+
+  Bonds and Mortgages                              $12,437,584.93
+  Real Estate                                        6,834,904.96
+  United States Stocks                               5,638,768.54
+  State, City, and other Stocks authorized by
+  the Laws of the State                              6,201,978.16
+  Loans secured by United States and other
+  Stocks                                               928,000.00
+  Cash and other Ledger Assets as per extended
+  statement                                          2,154,131.94
+                                                    -------------
+                                                   $34,195,368.53
+  Market Value of Stocks over Cost                     129,796.41
+  Accrued Interest, Rents, and Premiums, as
+  per extended statement                             1,128,927.42
+                                                    -------------
+  TOTAL ASSETS, DEC. 31, 1878                      $35,454,092.36
+
+  TOTAL LIABILITIES, including legal reserve
+  for reinsurance of all existing policies          28,560,268.00
+                                                    -------------
+  TOTAL UNDIVIDED SURPLUS                           $6,893,824.36
+                                                    -------------
+
+
+RISKS ASSUMED IN 1878, 6,115 POLICIES, ASSURING $21,440,213.00
+
+N. B.--For the details of the above statement, see the Society's
+"Circular to Policy Holders," and other publications for 1879.
+
+  JAMES W. ALEXANDER, VICE-PRESIDENT.
+  E. W. SCOTT, Superintendent of Agencies.
+  SAMUEL BORROWE, SECRETARY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Bolt Cutters.]
+
+BOLT CUTTERS.
+
+Send for Catalogue of Schlenker's Automatic Bolt Cutters and Screw
+Cutting Machines.
+
+HOWARD IRON WORKS, BUFFALO, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BIG PAY to sell our Rubber Printing Stamps. Samples free. Taylor Bros.
+& Co., Cleveland, O.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: LA CAISSE
+               GENERALE
+               OF
+               PARIS, FRANCE.]
+
+FIRE INSURANCE EXCLUSIVELY.
+
+  PAID UP CAPITAL                            $1,458,007.78
+  NET SURPLUS, DEC. 31, 1876                    530,056.86
+  CASH ASSETS IN U. S. JAN. 1, 1878             427,881.28
+  NET ASSETS IN U. S. JAN. 1, 1878              220,000.00
+
+TRUSTEES IN NEW YORK:
+
+  LOUIS DE COMEAU, ESQ., of De Rham & Co.
+  CHAS. COUDERT, JR., ESQ., of Coudert Bros.
+  CHAS. RENAULD, ESQ., of Renauld, Francois & Co.
+  JULIEN LE CESNE, RESIDENT SECRETARY.
+  T. J. TEMPLE, MANAGER FOR THE MIDDLE STATES.
+
+_WESTERN UNION BUILDING, N. Y._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE
+ECLIPSE ENGINE
+
+[Illustration: Eclipse Engine.]
+
+Furnishes steam power for all _Agricultural_ purposes, _Driving Saw
+Mills_, and for every use where a first-class and economical Engine is
+required. Eleven first-class premiums awarded, including Centennial,
+'76. Refer to No. 7, issue of '77, No. 14, issue of '78, of SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN, for Editorial illustrations.
+
+          FRICK & CO., Waynesboro, Franklin Co., Pa.
+
+When you write please name this paper.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CAMERON STEAM PUMP,
+
+Also known as the "SPECIAL" PUMP, is the standard of excellence at
+home and abroad. For Price Lists, address CAMERON PUMP WORKS,
+
+Foot East 23d Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Foot Lathe.]
+
+SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED
+$50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe.
+
+Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses, Scrolls, Circular and Band Saws,
+Saw Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc.
+Send for catalogue of outfits for amateurs or artisans.
+
+H. L. SHEPARD & CO.,
+333, 335, & 337 West Front Street,
+          CINCINNATI, OHIO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Established 1844.
+JOSEPH C. TODD,
+
+ENGINEER and MACHINIST. Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum and Bagging
+Machinery, Steam Engines, Boilers, etc. I also manufacture Baxter's
+New Portable Engine of 1877. Can be seen in operation at my store. A
+one horse-power portable engine, complete, $125; two horse-power,
+$225; two and a half horse-power, $250; three horse-power, $275.
+Manufactured exclusively by
+
+J. C. TODD,
+10 BARCLAY ST., NEW YORK, OR PATERSON, N. J.
+
+Send for Catalogue
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STEEL CASTINGS,
+
+From Œ; to 10,000 lbs. weight, true to pattern, sound and solid, of
+unequaled strength, toughness and durability. An invaluable substitute
+for forgings or cast-iron requiring three-fold strength. Send for
+circular & price list.
+
+CHESTER STEEL CASTINGS CO., Evelina St., Phila, Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: STEEL WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION
+               & STEEL SPRINGS.
+               CARY & MOEN
+               234 W. 29. ST.
+               NEW YORK CITY]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAFTS, PULLEYS, HANGERS, ETC.
+Full assortment in store for immediate delivery.
+WM. SELLERS & CO.,
+          79 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LEHIGH VALLEY EMERY WHEEL CO.,
+WEISSPORT, Carbon Co., Pa.
+
+Manufacturers of Wheels and Machines.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MEDALS.
+MASON'S FRICTION CLUTCHES AND ELEVATORS.
+"New and Improved Patterns." 20 per cent. off list.
+VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Providence, R. I., U.S.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RUFFNER & DUNN, PATENTEES
+
+and Sole Manufacturers of the Excelsior Steel Tube Cleaners. Price
+$1.00 per inch. Send for circular.
+
+SCHUYLKILL FALLS, PHILA., PA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WOODWORTH SURFACE PLANERS, $125. Planers and Matchers, $350. S. C.
+HILLS, 78 Chambers Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Columbia Bicycle.]
+
+THE COLUMBIA BICYCLE,
+Made by THE POPE M'F'G CO.,
+89 Summer Street, Boston.
+
+A practical road machine, easy to learn to ride, and when mastered one
+can beat the best horse in a day's run over an ordinary road. Send 3c.
+stamp for price list and 24-page catalogue with full informat'n.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Bradford Mill Company Cin. O.]
+
+BRADFORD MILL CO.
+Successors to Jas. Bradford & Co.,
+MANUFACTURERS OF
+FRENCH BUHR MILLSTONES,
+PORTABLE CORN & FLOUR MILLS,
+SMU MACHINES, ETC.
+
+Also, dealers in Bolting Cloths and General Mill Furnishings.
+
+Office & Factory, 158 W. 2d St.
+CINCINNATI, O.
+J. R. Stewart, _Pres._ W. R. Dunlap, _Sec._
+
+[Symbol: Right index] PRICE LISTS SENT ON APPLICATION.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SECOND-HAND BOILERS AND MACHINERY FOR SALE.--Boilers from 30 to 70
+horse power, 15-horse power portable Engine, one 60-inch Lathe, two
+Upright Drills, Blowers, etc., etc. For prices, etc., address JAMES F.
+MANN, Utica, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WETHERILL & BROTHER,
+PHILADELPHIA.
+PURE WHITE LEAD
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ROCK DRILLS.
+NATIONAL DRILL AND COMPRESSOR CO.,
+95 LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK.
+AIR COMPRESSORS to be run by Steam, Water Power, or Belt.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Foot Power.]
+
+BARNES' FOOT POWER MACHINERY.
+
+13 Different machines with which Builders, Cabinet Makers, Wagon
+Makers, and Jobbers in miscellaneous work can compete as to QUALITY
+AND PRICE with steam power manufacturing; also Amateurs' supplies.
+MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.
+
+Say where you read this, and send for catalogue and prices.
+
+W. F. & JOHN BARNES,
+Rockford, Winnebago Co., Ill.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NAT'L BOLT & PIPE MACHINERY CO.,
+
+Mfrs. of Hand and Power Bolt and Pipe Cutters, Bolt Pointers, Bolt
+Headers, Hot and Cold Pressed Nut Machinery, Taps and Dies, etc. Send
+for Cir. Cleveland, O.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: ELEVATORS
+               HAND POWER AND HYDRAULIC
+               FREIGHT AND PASSENGER
+               SHAFTING PULLEYS & HANGERS
+               S. GRAVES & SON ROCHESTER N.Y.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOILER COVERINGS.
+WITH THE "AIR SPACE" IMPROVEMENTS.
+THE CHALMERS-SPENCE CO., FOOT E. 9TH ST., NEW YORK. Sole owners of the
+Air Space Patents.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE TANITE CO.,
+STROUDSBURG, PA.
+EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS.
+LONDON--9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.
+LIVERPOOL--42 The Temple, Dale St.
+GEO. PLACE, 121 Chambers St., New York Agent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: ROCK DRILLING MACHINES
+               AND
+               AIR COMPRESSORS
+               MANUFACTURED BY BURLEIGH ROCK DRILL CO
+               FITCHBURG MASS.
+               SEND FOR PAMPHLET.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PATENTS AT AUCTION.
+
+Regular Monthly Sales. For terms, address N. Y.
+PATENT EXCHANGE, 67 Liberty Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOLLY'S IMPROVED WATER WORKS.
+
+Direct Pumping Plan. Combines, with other advantages, over older
+systems, the following: 1. Secures by variable pressure a more
+reliable water supply for all purposes. 2. Less cost for construction.
+3. Less cost for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply by the use
+of Holly's Improved Pumping Machinery. 5. Affords the best fire
+protection in the world. 6. Largely reduces insurance risks and
+premiums. 7. Dispenses with fire engines, in whole or in part. 8.
+Reduces fire department expenses. For information by descriptive
+pamphlet, or otherwise, address the
+
+          HOLLY MANUFACTURING CO., Lockport, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EVERY MAN
+HIS OWN
+PRINTER.
+
+[Illustration: The Excelsior.]
+
+THE EXCELSIOR
+
+$3 PRESS
+
+Prints labels, cards etc. (Self-inker $5) 9 Larger sizes For business,
+pleasure, young or old Catalogue of Presses, Type, Etc., for 2 stamps.
+
+KELSEY & Co.
+MERIDEN, CONN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PYROMETERS. For showing heat of ovens. Hot Blast Pipes, Boiler Flues,
+Superheated Steam, Oil Stills, etc.
+
+HENRY W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer,
+149 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MACHINISTS' TOOLS.
+
+NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS.
+Send for new illustrated catalogue.
+
+Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.
+
+NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO.,
+          NEW HAVEN, CONN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Sanitary Closet.]
+
+HERMETICAL SANITARY CLOSET
+GUARANTEED ABSOLUTELY WATER & GAS TIGHT
+SEND FOR CIRCULAR
+JOHN S. LENG, 4 FLETCHER ST. N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CIGAR BOX LUMBER,
+MANUFACTURED by our NEW PATENT PROCESS.
+
+THE BEST IN THE WORLD.
+SPANISH CEDAR,
+MAHOGANY,
+POPLAR.
+
+Also thin lumber of all other kinds, 1/8 to 1/2 in., at corresponding
+prices. All qualities. Equal in all respects to any made, and at
+prices much under any to be obtained outside of our establishment.
+Send for price list.
+
+GEO. W. READ & CO.,
+          186 TO 200 LEWIS STREET, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS--For grinding Bones, Ores,
+Sand, Old Crucibles, Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, Corn and
+Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, Spices, Coffee, Cocoanut,
+Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica, etc., and whatever cannot be ground by other
+mills. Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc. JOHN W.
+THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS, corner of White and Elm Sts.,
+New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Watson Pump.]
+
+THE WATSON PUMP, FOR ARTESIAN, OR DEEPWELL
+PUMPING, PISTON ROD, PLUNGER & WELL
+ROD IN DIRECT LINE MACHINE SIMPLE, EFFICIENT.
+JAMES WATSON. 1608. S. FRONT ST. PHILA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FARM LAW. ADDRESS OF HON. EDMUND H. BENNETT, delivered before the
+Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. This is an essay embracing
+complete and practical information, valuable not only to the farmer
+but to every one. Showing how to Buy a Farm: Bargains that are not
+Binding; Boundaries, and where they are in Streams, Ponds, Lakes, or
+on the Seashore; what a Deed of a Farm includes; Rights in the Road.
+Farm Fences: their Legal Height, etc. Railway Fences. Stray cattle;
+Cattle on Railways; Impounding Cattle. The Farmer's Liability for his
+Animals. The Law on the Dog. The Farmer not Liable for his Dogs. Water
+Rights and Drainage; Damming; Diverting the Course of a Stream.
+Surface Water; Underground Water. Trespassing, in Summer and in
+Winter. Hunting and Fishing. Fruit Trees on Boundary Lines, etc., etc.
+Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 166. Price 10 cents.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: WROUGHT IRON.
+               BEAMS & GIRDERS]
+
+THE UNION IRON MILLS. Pittsburgh, Pa., Manufacturers of improved
+wrought iron Beams and Girders (patented).
+
+The great fall which has taken place in the prices of Iron, and
+especially in Beams used in the construction of FIRE PROOF BUILDINGS,
+induces us to call the special attention of Engineers, Architects, and
+Builders to the undoubted advantages of now erecting Fire Proof
+structures; and by reference to pages 52 & 54 of our Book of
+Sections--which will be sent on application to those contemplating the
+erection of fire proof buildings--THE COST CAN BE ACCURATELY
+CALCULATED, the cost of Insurance avoided, and the serious losses and
+interruption to business caused by fire; these and like considerations
+fully justify any additional first cost. It is believed, that, were
+owners fully aware of the small difference which now exists between
+the use of Wood and Iron, in many cases the latter would be adopted.
+We shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the Beams complete,
+for any specific structure, so that the difference in cost may at once
+be ascertained. Address
+
+          CARNEGIE, BROS. & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ICE AT $1.00 PER TON.
+The PICTET ARTIFICIAL ICE CO.,
+LIMITED,
+Room 51, Coal and Iron Exchange, P. O. Box 3083, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: H. W. JOHNS'
+               ASBESTOS]
+
+LIQUID PAINTS, ROOFING, BOILER COVERINGS, Steam Packing, Sheathings,
+Fire Proof Coatings, Cements, &c. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LIST.
+
+H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO. 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+$10 TO $1000 Invested in Wall St. Stocks makes fortunes every month.
+Books sent free explaining everything.
+
+Address BAXTER & CO., Bankers, 17 Wall St., N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S
+INK. Tenth and Lombard Sts., Philadelphia, and 59 Gold St., New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
+
+[Symbol: right Index] and [Symbol: Left index] are used where the text
+had a picture of a hand with the index finger pointing right or left,
+respectively.
+
+Table of Contents: Article named "Buffalo, the domestication of" page
+197 was not included in the original.
+
+Table of Contents: Article named "Steamship, ocean, large" page 196
+was not included in the original.
+
+Table of Contents: Article named "Specimen, a rare geological" page
+196 was not included in the Table of Contents.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume 40, No.
+13, March 29, 1879, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VOLUME ***
+
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13,
+March 29, 1879, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879
+       A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science,
+              Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 18, 2006 [EBook #18866]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VOLUME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Leonard D Johnson, Juliet Sutherland and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="center" style="margin-left: -10%; margin-right: -10%">
+<a name="Page_0191" id="Page_0191"></a>
+<a href="./images/title.png">
+<img src="./images/title_th.png" alt="Issue Title." title="Issue Title." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<h1>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN</h1>
+
+<h2>A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE,
+MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.</h2>
+
+<h2>NEW YORK, MARCH 29, 1879.</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Vol. XL., No. 13. [<span class="smcap">New Series.</span>]</b></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>$3.20 per Annum. [POSTAGE PREPAID.]</b></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2>Scientific American.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">ESTABLISHED 1845.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="center">MUNN &amp; CO., Editors and Proprietors.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="center">PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT<br />
+
+NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.</p>
+<hr class="long" />
+<hr class="long" />
+
+<p class="center">O. D. MUNN.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A. E. BEACH.</p>
+
+<h2>TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.</h2>
+
+<table width="100%" summary="copy cost">
+<tr><td>One copy, one year, postage included</td><td class="rt">     $3 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td>One copy, six months, postage included</td><td class="rt">    1 60</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><b>Clubs.</b>&mdash;One extra copy of <span class="smcap">The Scientific American</span> will be supplied
+gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional copies at
+same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.</p>
+
+<p>Single copies of any desired number of the <span class="smcap">Supplement</span> sent to one
+address on receipt of 10 cents.</p>
+
+<p>Remit by postal order. Address</p>
+
+<p class="rt">MUNN &amp; CO., 37 Park Row, New York.</p>
+
+
+<h3>The Scientific American Supplement</h3>
+
+<p>is a distinct paper from the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>. THE SUPPLEMENT
+is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, with handsome
+cover, uniform in size with <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>. Terms of subscription
+for <span class="smcap">Supplement</span>, $5.00 a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies
+10 cents. Sold by all news dealers throughout the country.</p>
+
+<p><b>Combined Rates.</b>&mdash;The S<span class="smcap">cientific American</span> and <span class="smcap">Supplement</span>
+will be sent for one year, postage free, on receipt of <i>seven dollars</i>. Both
+papers to one address or different addresses, as desired.</p>
+
+<p>The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">Address MUNN &amp; CO., 37 Park Row, N. Y.</p>
+
+<h3>Scientific American Export Edition.</h3>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> Export Edition is a large and splendid periodical,
+issued once a month. Each number contains about one hundred
+large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.) Most of the
+plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the <span class="smcap">Scientific
+American</span>, with its splendid engravings and valuable information; (2.)
+Commercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements of leading houses.
+Terms for Export Edition, $5.00 a year, sent prepaid to any part of the
+world. Single copies 50 cents. Manufacturers and others who desire
+to secure foreign trade may have large, and handsomely displayed announcements
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+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> Export Edition has a large guaranteed circulation
+in all commercial places throughout the world. Address MUNN &amp;
+CO., 37 Park Row, New York.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>VOL. XL., No. 13. [<span class="smcap">New Series.</span>] <i>Thirty-fourth Year</i>.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MARCH 29, 1879.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Contents.</b></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center">(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)</p>
+
+
+<table width="100%" summary="Table of Contents">
+<tr><td><a href="#africa">Africa crossed again</a></td><td>      193</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#alum">Aluminum</a></td><td>197</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#baro">Barometer, aneroid</a></td><td>201</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#bolt">Bolt, door, improved*</a></td><td>198</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#bread">Bread, snow-raised</a></td><td>199</td></tr>
+<tr><td><ins class="correction"
+  title="Transcriber's note: Missing from original.">
+
+
+Buffalo, domestication of the</ins></td><td>197</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#carpet">Carpet beetle, remedy for the</a></td><td>195</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#chim">Chimney flues</a></td><td>198</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#clock">Clocks, pneumatic</a></td><td>196</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#coop">Cooper, Peter, as an inventor</a></td><td>193</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#crush">Crusher, ore, novel*</a></td><td>194</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#elect">Electricity, statical, phenom. in.</a></td><td>194</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#flour">Flour, banana</a></td><td>195</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#furn">Furnace, imp., for burn'g garbage*</a></td><td>198</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#hard">Hardware, English &amp; American</a></td><td>201</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#ice">Ice cave of Decorah, Iowa</a></td><td>196</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#invent">Inventions, new agricultural</a></td><td>199</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#iron">Iron, advance in</a></td><td>201</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#light">Light, albo-carbon</a></td><td>201</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#magnet">Magnetism, curious facts in</a></td><td>194</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#motor">Motor, Gary, the*</a></td><td>196</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#natur">Natural science, charms of</a></td><td>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#neut">Neutral line, Gary's</a></td><td>196</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#note">Notes and queries</a></td><td>203</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#patent1">Patent laws</a></td><td>192</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#patent2">Patents, American, recent</a></td><td>194</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#pen">Pen, stencil, new*</a></td><td>195</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#people">People, a strange</a></td><td>195</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#phos">Phosphorescence</a></td><td>199</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#plant">Plants protected by insects</a></td><td>201</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#pleuro">Pleuro-pneumonia</a></td><td>192</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#rail">Railway, Vesuvius</a></td><td>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#read1">Reading and eyesight</a></td><td>199</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#read2">Reading, taste for</a></td><td>193</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#regul">Regulator, engine, novel*</a></td><td>195</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#spain">Spain a field for machinery</a></td><td>193</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#speci"><ins class="correction" title="Transcriber's note: Missing from original Table of Contents.">Specimen, a rare geological</ins></a></td><td>196</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#sponge">Sponges, glass*</a></td><td>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td><ins class="correction" title="Transcriber's note: Missing from original.">Steamship, ocean, large</ins></td><td>196</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#table">Table, ironing, new*</a></td><td>194</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#teleg1">Telegraph, writing</a></td><td>196</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#teleg2">Telegraph, writing, Cowper's</a></td><td>197</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#teleg3">Telegraphy, ocean, progress of</a></td><td>195</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#tiller">Tiller, steam, new*</a></td><td> 191</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#tree">Tree, pottery</a></td><td>200</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#vase">Vase, Greek, ancient*</a></td><td>199</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="center">TABLE OF CONTENTS OF<br />
+
+<b>THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT</b><br />
+
+<b>No. 169,</b><br />
+
+<b>For the Week ending March 29, 1879.</b><br />
+
+Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="hang">I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.&mdash;The Herreshoff Torpedo Boat,
+recently built at Bristol, R. I., for the British Government. The novelties
+in the placing of the screw, etc. The Peculiar Boiler. 4 figures.&mdash;Improved
+Hopper Steam Dredger. 2 figures.&mdash;The St. Gothard Tunnel.&mdash;The
+Beacon Tower of Lavezzi. 3 figures.</p>
+
+
+<p class="hang">II. ARCHITECTURE.&mdash;Bath Abbey Church. Full page illustration.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">III. TECHNOLOGY.&mdash;The Achison Stone Cutting Machine. 1 engraving.&mdash;The
+Deep Mines of the World.&mdash;Shoemakers' Wax.&mdash;Gruber's New
+Method of Germination. 1 engraving.&mdash;Improved Process for Treating
+Wood, etc., for Paper Manufacture.&mdash;Bronzing Plaster of Paris Casts.&mdash;Sal
+Soda for Unhairing Hides and Skins.&mdash;Sieburger's Paste.&mdash;To Tan
+Lace Leather with Softsoap.<br />
+<br />
+Practical Dyeing Recipes: Blue white zephyr, Scotch blue on worsted,
+Scotch green on worsted, jacquineaux on worsted, drab on worsted,
+gold on venetian carpet yarn, red brown slubbing, scarlet braid,
+slate braid, light drab on cotton, blue on cotton, brown on cotton,
+chrome orange on cotton carpet yarn, black on common mixed carpet
+yarn for filling, black on cotton and wool mixed yarn.<br />
+<br />
+Damar Varnish for Negatives.&mdash;To Make Vignetters by Means of
+Gelatino-Chromate.&mdash;Resorcine Colors.&mdash;Phosphate Soaps.&mdash;Substitution
+of Different Metals in Ultramarine Colors.&mdash;A Harmless Green for
+Paper Hangings.&mdash;Siegwart's Bath for Etching Glass.&mdash;Composition of
+French Bronzes.&mdash;A New Enemy to the Tea Plant.&mdash;The Bradford Oil
+Sand.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">IV. CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY.&mdash;Apparatus for Titration, 1
+figure.&mdash;Palladium.&mdash;H&aelig;mocyanin.&mdash;Test for Alcohol in Ethereal Oils
+and Chloroform.&mdash;Reaction of Tartaric and Citric Acid.&mdash;A Peculiar
+Observation.&mdash;Insolubility of Iodate of Lead.&mdash;Mode of Preventing the
+Contamination of Water with Lead.&mdash;Separating Phosphorus from
+Iron and Steel.&mdash;Production of Alcohol without Fermentation.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">V. ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT, ETC.&mdash;Some Facts in regard to Telescopic
+and Stereoscopic Vision.&mdash;The Centenary of the Birth of Sir
+Humphry Davy. His boyish days. His first chemical experiments.
+His first lecture at the Royal Institution. A very entertaining biographical
+sketch.&mdash;Light and Heat in Gas Flames.&mdash;Nickel Needles for
+Compasses.&mdash;The Nature of the Elements.&mdash;A New Compound Prism
+for Direct Vision Spectroscopes.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">VI. MEDICINE AND HYGIENE.&mdash;Filaria in the Eye. By <span class="smcap">Chas. S.
+Turnbull</span>, M. D.&mdash;The Species of Tapeworm now Prevalent.&mdash;Nitrous
+Oxide under Pressure.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">VII. NATURAL HISTORY, GEOLOGY, ETC.&mdash;A Gigantic American
+Deep-sea Crustacean, 1 engraving.&mdash;Glaciers in the United States.&mdash;The
+Toulomne Cave.&mdash;Ach&aelig;ological Explorations in Tennessee. By <span class="smcap">F. W.
+Putnam</span>. 6 figures.&mdash;Memorably Cold Winters.&mdash;Life at Timber Line.
+By Professor <span class="smcap">C. E. Robins</span>, Summit, Colorado.&mdash;The Walled Lake in
+Iowa.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">VIII. ASTRONOMY.&mdash;Is the Moon Inhabited? By <span class="smcap">Camille Flammarion</span>.
+The various opinions that have been held in regard to the moon. The
+best we can do with our present telescopes. The means we possess
+for judging of the condition of the moon. Recent changes on the
+moon. Photographs of the moon and their defects. Facts that have
+been observed by the persevering eyes of astronomers.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="tiller" id="tiller"></a>A NEW STEAM TILLER.</h2>
+
+<p>Steam is now made to perform almost everything in the
+way of heavy labor, to the saving of muscle and energy that
+may be more profitably employed; and since inventive
+genius has devised means of governing steam with absolute
+accuracy, there seems to be no limit to its economical application.</p>
+
+<p>A recent invention in steam engineering, which exhibits
+in a marked degree the controllability and adaptability of
+steam, is Mr. Herbert Wadsworth's
+steam tiller, an engraving
+of which we present
+herewith.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/1b.png"><img src="./images/1b-th.png" alt="Fig. 1, 2, 3." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>This machine (Fig. 1) is provided
+with a steam cylinder,
+similar to the cylinder of a
+steam engine, containing a piston,
+the rod of which is attached
+to a crosshead, A, that slides
+on ways, B, secured to the
+bed supporting the cylinder.</p>
+
+<p>The tiller, D, as it is carried
+to starboard or port,
+slides through a socket, E,
+pivoted to the crosshead.</p>
+
+<p>The motion of the rudder
+is communicated to the steam
+cut-off by means of the shaft,
+C, crank, J, rod, K, crank, I,
+and the hollow valve spindle.
+When the tiller is amidships
+the valve handle, H, is at right
+angles to the cylinder, and
+parallel to the tiller. By moving
+the lever, H, to right or
+left, steam is admitted to one
+end or the other of the cylinder,
+which, acting on the tiller
+through the piston, piston
+rod, and crosshead, moves the
+rudder; and when the rudder
+reaches the desired position
+the cut-off will have been
+moved the amount necessary
+to prevent further entrance
+of steam. When the rudder is influenced by the waves or
+by the expansion or contraction of steam, the cut-off alters its
+position in relation to the valve and automatically arranges
+the steam passages so that the piston is returned to its proper
+position. The details of the cut-off are shown in Fig. 2;
+the valve, G, which covers the cut-off, F, acts like a four
+way cock. The spindle of the cut-off, F, is connected with
+the lever, I, and is moved by the rudder, as already described.
+By enlarging or gradually narrowing the ends of
+the steam ports great rigidity or elasticity may be given to
+the hold of this engine, according to the requirements of the
+particular vessel.</p>
+
+<p>Few and simple as are the parts of this machine it is possible,
+by balancing the valves and suiting the diameter of the cylinder
+to the work to be performed, to overcome great resistances
+with a slight effort. The inventor says that this system of
+valves is considered by experts to be novel and very valuable.</p>
+
+<p>In Fig. 3 is shown a pattern of a slide valve suited to special
+purposes. Its working is
+essentially the same as that of
+the valve already described.
+The ports are set side by side,
+parallel with the sides of the
+valve. The supply port is in
+the middle, the other ports
+lead to opposite ends of the
+cylinder.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/1a.png"><img src="./images/1a-th.png" alt="Fig. 4." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Fig. 4 is shown another
+application of the controlling
+valve and cut-off described
+above. Two oscillating steam
+cylinders are employed in
+working the rudder. They
+are placed on opposite sides
+of the chest, A, and are supplied
+with steam through the
+controlling valve, B. The
+piston rods of the two cylinders
+are connected with
+cranks placed on opposite
+ends of the shaft, C, at right
+angles to each other. Upon
+this shaft, half-way between
+the pillow blocks which support
+it, there is a worm which
+engages a toothed sector, D,
+on the rudder-post, E. To
+an extension of the rudder-post
+is secured an arm, F,
+which is connected with the
+arm, G, of the controlling
+valve. By shifting the lever,
+H, the supply of steam to
+the two cylinders may be increased
+or diminished, or its direction may be changed, so
+that the engines will be reversed or stopped. This engine
+is remarkable for its simplicity. The cylinders may
+be detached and changed if required, one size of bed answering
+for three different sizes of cylinder, which may vary only
+in diameter, the stroke being the same, so that the castings
+for engines of different power are the same except in the
+matter of the cylinders and pistons, and all the parts are interchangeable&mdash;a
+feature of modern engine building that
+cannot be too highly valued.</p>
+
+<p>Further information may be obtained from Herbert Wadsworth,
+26 Merchants' Bank Building, 28 State street, Boston,
+Mass.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_0192" id="Page_0192"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="patent1" id="patent1"></a>HOW OUR PATENT LAWS PROMOTE AND IMPROVE
+AMERICAN INDUSTRIES.</h2>
+
+<p>On another page we print in full a most suggestive paper
+recently read before the Manchester (Eng.) Scientific and
+Mechanical Society, by Mr. Frederick Smith, a prominent
+builder of that city, contrasting the qualities, styles, and
+prices of American and English builders' hardware&mdash;a
+paper which the <i>Ironmonger</i> pronounces one of the most
+serious indictments yet preferred against British workmanship
+in that department.</p>
+
+<p>The field covered by the paper&mdash;the supplying of house
+builders' hardware&mdash;embraces a multitude of conveniences,
+but no real necessities. Why is it that America has been
+prolific in novel devices and clever improvements in this department
+of manufacture as in so many others, while England
+has gone on stolidly copying ancient forms, changing only
+to cheapen by the introduction of poor material and sham
+construction? Mr. Smith mentions several reasons that
+English manufacturers have given him for the state of
+things he, as an Englishman, so greatly deplores; but evidently
+he is not satisfied with any of them, and very justly;
+for none of them touches the real cause&mdash;the radically different
+attitude of the public mind toward inventions, characteristic
+of the two countries.</p>
+
+<p>In England the user of household inconveniences accepts
+them as matters of fact; or if he grumbles at them he never
+thinks of trying to change them. It is not his business;
+and if he should devise an improvement, ten to one he could
+not get it made. To patent it is practically out of the question,
+for if it were not condemned off-hand as trivial, the
+patent fees would make it cost more than it was likely to
+be worth. The mechanic who makes such things is trained
+to work to pattern, and not waste his time on experiments.
+Besides, if he should make a clever invention he would not
+be able to raise the necessary fees for a patent, or to get any
+one to help him thereto. The manufacturer "makes what
+his customers call for." Why should he spend his money
+and spoil his plant to introduce improvements? So things
+go, until some pestilent Yankees flood the markets with
+better articles at a lower price; and British consumers suddenly
+discover that they want something that the native
+manufacturer cannot make. The need was there; but invention
+did not follow. How happened it that the American
+manufacturer did not pursue the same uninventive course?
+What produced the radically different attitude of the American
+mind toward newfangled notions out of which inventions
+proceeded and flourished?</p>
+
+<p>No doubt several causes have been at work: freedom of
+thought and action; popular education; a blending of races;
+and the tide of adventurous spirits naturally resorting to a
+new and free land. These have had their influence undoubtedly;
+but all these have existed, more or less completely,
+in other new lands, without that outburst of creative
+energy which has made America the nursery of inventions,
+great and small. The determining cause, the one
+condition that prevailed here and not elsewhere, was the
+circumstance that almost from the start new ideas were
+given a market value in this country. Unlike all others,
+the American patent law directly encouraged independent
+thinking in all classes. The fees were low and the protection
+offered fairly good. Men soon found that it paid to
+invent; that one of the surest roads to competency was a
+patented improvement on something of general use. If a
+household utensil or appliance went wrong or worked badly,
+every user was directly interested in devising something
+better; and, more than that, he was interested in making
+his invention known and in securing its adoption. The
+workman at his bench had an ever-present inducement to
+contrive something at once cheaper and better than the article
+he was hired to make. He could patent his improvement,
+or the wholly original device he might hit upon, for a
+few dollars; and his patent would count as capital. It would
+make him his own master, possibly bring him a fortune.
+The manufacturer could not rest contented with the thing
+he set out to make, for the meanest hired man in his employ
+might suddenly become a competitor. He must be
+constantly alert for possible improvements, or his rivals
+would get ahead of him. The result is a nation of inventors,
+at whose hands the newest of lands has leaped to the leadership
+in the arts, almost at a bound.</p>
+
+<p>There is talk of changing all this; of emulating the conservative
+spirit of the Old World; of putting inventors under
+bonds; of stopping the rush of industrial improvement&mdash;to
+enable a few short-sighted yet grasping corporations to get
+along without paying license fees for such inventions as
+they happen to approve of. They profess to want inventors to
+go on making improvements. They are willing to ascribe
+all honor to the successful inventor; but they are determined
+not to pay him for his work. Still more they are determined
+to change the attitude of the public mind toward
+inventors and inventions, if such a change can be wrought
+by plausible misrepresentations. The fact that they were
+able to inveigle one branch of the American Congress into
+assenting to their unjust and mischievous scheme is one of
+the anomalies of our recent history. It should be taken as a
+timely warning of impending danger to all the industrial
+interests of the country. It is outrageous that the
+inventors of the land, after having raised their country to
+the first rank among industrial nations, should have to defend
+their constitutional rights against Congressional invasion;
+but the fact exists; and the defense should be made
+a matter of personal interest and effort not only by every inventor
+and manufacturer, but by every honest citizen.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="pleuro" id="pleuro"></a>PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.</h2>
+
+<p>The cattle plague, which is creating so much anxiety
+throughout the Eastern States, is a contagious fever, affecting
+cows chiefly, characterized by extensive exudations into
+the respiratory organs, and attended by a low typhus inflammation
+of the lungs, plur&aelig;, and bronchia. It has prevailed
+in Europe for ages, at times developing into wide-spread
+scourges, causing incalculable loss. It was imported into
+England in 1839, and again three years later; and it was estimated
+that within twenty-five years thereafter the losses by
+deaths alone in England had amounted to $450,000,000. In
+1858 the disease was carried to Australia by an English cow,
+and, spreading to the cattle ranges, almost depopulated them.</p>
+
+<p>In 1843 an infected Dutch cow brought the disease to Brooklyn,
+where it has since lingered, slowly spreading among the
+cattle in Kings and Queens counties. In 1847 several head
+of infected English cattle were imported into New Jersey,
+and, spreading among a herd of valuable cattle, made it necessary
+for them all to be slaughtered, the only certain method
+of stamping out the disease. In 1859 four infected cows were
+imported into Massachusetts from Holland; the plague spread
+rapidly, and was stamped out only by persistent effort, the
+State paying for over 1,000 slaughtered cattle. Since 1867
+the disease has not been known there. Meantime the pest
+had invaded Eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland,
+where it has since prevailed in isolated localities. The
+absence of large herds of moving cattle in these districts,
+except for speedy slaughter, has prevented the disease from
+developing into a general plague.</p>
+
+<p>The recent action of the British Council in forbidding the
+importation of American live cattle is likely to prove of inestimable
+benefit to this country, in forcibly calling attention
+to the grave risk that the presence of the disease on Long
+Island and elsewhere constantly entails. Fortunately the
+drift of the cattle traffic is eastward, and as yet there has
+been no propagation of the poison in the great cattle ranges
+of the West. Unless summarily arrested, however, the disease
+will surely reach those sources of our cattle supply, and
+occasion losses that can be estimated only in hundreds of
+millions of dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The experience of all countries into which this disease has
+gained access appears to prove that there is only one way of
+getting rid of it&mdash;namely, the immediate killing of all infected
+cattle, and the thorough disinfection of the premises in which
+they are found.</p>
+
+<p>The disease is purely infectious, and is never found in regions
+where it has not gained a foothold by importation.
+Palliative measures have in every instance failed to eradicate
+the disease, and are only justifiable, as in Australia,
+after the plague has reached dimensions utterly beyond the
+reach of any process of extermination.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Law, of Cornell University, one of our best informed
+veterinary surgeons, most emphatically opposes every
+attempt to control the disease by quarantining the sick or
+by the inoculation of the healthy. "We may quarantine
+the sick," he says, "but we cannot quarantine the air." To
+establish quarantine yards is simply to maintain prolific
+manufacturers of the poison, which is given off by the breath
+of the sick, and by their excretions, to such an extent that
+no watchfulness can insure against its dissemination. Besides,
+the expense of thorough quarantining operations would
+amount to more than the value of the infected animals whose
+lives might be saved thereby. Inoculation is still less to be
+tolerated at this stage of the pest.</p>
+
+<p>The Professor says: "Germany, Holland, Belgium, France,
+and England, have been treating the victims of this plague
+for nearly half a century, but the result has only been the
+increase of disease and death. Our own infected States have
+been treating it for a third of a century, and to-day it exists
+over a wider area than ever before. Contrast this with the
+results in Massachusetts and Connecticut, where the disease
+has been repeatedly crushed out at small expense, and there
+can be no doubt as to which is the wisest course. As all the
+plagues are alike in the propagation of the poison in the
+bodies of the sick, I may be allowed to adduce the experience
+of two adjacent counties in Scotland when invaded by the
+rinderpest. Aberdeen raised a fund of &pound;2,000, and though
+she suffered several successive invasions, she speedily crushed
+out the poison wherever it appeared by slaughtering the sick
+beasts and disinfecting the premises. The result was that
+little more than half the fund was wanted to reimburse the
+owners for their losses, and the splendid herds of the county
+were preserved. Forfar, on the other hand, set herself
+to cure the plague, with the result of a universal infection,
+the loss of many thousands of cattle, and the ruin of hundreds
+of farmers. Finally the malady was crushed out in
+the entire island by the method adopted by Aberdeen and
+other well advised counties at the outset."</p>
+
+<p>And again, "Cattle have been inoculated by the tens of
+thousands in Belgium and Holland, and of all Europe these
+are the countries now most extensively infected. France,
+Prussia, Italy, Austria, and England have each practiced it
+on a large scale, and each remains a home of the plague.
+Australia has followed the practice, and is now and must
+continue an infected country. Our own infected States have
+inoculated, and the disease has survived and spread in spite
+of it, and even by its aid. Whatever country has definitively
+exterminated the plague (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holstein,
+Mecklenburg, Switzerland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut),
+that country has prohibited inoculation and all
+other methods that prevail on the principle of preserving the
+sick, and has relied on the slaughter of the infected and the
+thorough disinfection of their surroundings. So will it be
+<a name="Page_0193" id="Page_0193"></a>with us. If any State adopts or allows any of these temporizing
+measures, that State will only repeat the experience of
+the past alike in the Old World and the New, will perpetuate
+the disease in the country, will entail great losses on its
+citizens, will keep up the need for constant watchfulness
+and great expense by the adjoining States for their own protection,
+and will indefinitely postpone the resumption of the
+foreign live stock trade, which, a few months ago, promised
+to be one of the most valuable branches of our international
+commerce."</p>
+
+<p>We are persuaded that the position taken by Professor
+Law, and other similar-minded veterinary surgeons, is the
+only safe one. The disease can be stamped out now with
+comparatively small loss. If trifled with, and tolerated, it
+cannot but result in a great national calamity.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="spain" id="spain"></a>SPAIN A FIELD FOR MACHINERY AND PATENTS.</h2>
+
+<p>From a too lengthy communication to admit in full to our
+columns, a resident of Madrid communicates to the <span class="smcap">Scientific
+American</span> some facts relative to the fertility of the
+soil of Spain, her necessity for improved agricultural and
+other implements, and closes with the assertion that it is a
+good field withal for patents. We cull from the letter as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>I have lived, says the writer, for a number of years in this
+beautiful country, so little understood by foreigners, so little
+appreciated by its own inhabitants. The Spain of romance,
+poetry, and song, is the garden as well as the California of
+Europe. But it stands in great need of the health-giving
+touch of the North American enterprise. We have here the
+same mineral treasures, the same unrivaled advantages of
+climate, that made Spain once the industrial and commercial
+emporium of the world.</p>
+
+<p>But Spain is awakening. She is endeavoring to shake off
+her lethargy. The late Exhibition of Paris has proved this;
+and those who are familiar with the past history and present
+condition of Spain have been astonished at the result
+of this effort. A new era has commenced for the country,
+and it is everywhere evident that a strong current of enterprise
+and industry has set in. But it is with nations, as with
+individuals, when they have remained long in complete inaction,
+brain and muscles are torpid and cannot at first obey
+the will. Spain needs the assistance of other nations hardened
+and inured to toil.</p>
+
+<p>The plows now used to till the land are precisely such as
+were those left by the Moors in the unfinished furrow, when
+with tears and sighs they bade farewell to their broad fields,
+their mosques and palaces, whose ideal architecture is still
+the wonder of the world, to go forth as outcasts and exiles
+in obedience to the cruel edict that drove them away to the
+deserts of Africa.</p>
+
+<p>I doubt whether there is an American plow in Spain,
+much less a steam plow. Sowing and reaping machines are
+here unknown, and grain is tread out by oxen and mules
+just as it was in Scripture times, and cleaned by women,
+who toss it in the air to scatter the chaff. Everything is
+primitive and Oriental here as yet.</p>
+
+<p>Spain could supply all Europe with butter and cheese,
+and, on the contrary, these articles are imported in large
+quantities from England, Holland, and Switzerland. The
+traveler crosses leagues and leagues of meadow land where</p>
+
+<p>not a tree is to be seen, nor one sheep pasture, and which are
+nevertheless watered by broad rivers that carry away to the
+ocean the water that would, by irrigation, convert these fields
+into productive farms. There are many places in Spain
+where the wine is thrown away for want of purchasers and
+vats in which to keep it. In the Upper Aragon, the mortar
+with which the houses are built is made with wine instead of
+water, the former being the most plentiful. Aragon needs
+an enterprising American company to convert into wholesome
+table wine the infinite varieties there produced, and
+which our neighbors the French buy and carry away to convert
+into Bordeaux.</p>
+
+<p>We want American enterprise in Galicia and Asturias,
+where milk is almost given away, to convert it into the best
+of butter and cheese; and also in those same provinces,
+where delicious fruit is grown in such abundance that it is
+left on the ground for the swine.</p>
+
+<p>Spain needs many more railroads and canals, all of which,
+when constructed, are subsidized by the government; the
+railroads at the rate of $12,000 a kilometer, and many more
+additional advantages are offered for canals.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to commerce with Spain, we have to lament
+the same indifference on the part of the Americans. I have,
+for instance, an American double-burner petroleum lamp.
+All who see it admire and covet it, but they are not to be
+had here. If we except one American in Madrid, who
+brings mostly pumps and similar articles on a very small
+scale, we have no dealers in American goods here. Wooden
+clothes pins, lemon squeezers, clothes horses, potato peelers,
+and the hundreds of domestic appliances of American invention,
+elsewhere considered indispensable, are in Spain
+unknown.</p>
+
+<p>We had confidently expected that the new Spanish law on
+patents would draw the attention of American inventors toward
+this country, that to-day offers a wide field for every
+new practical invention, but I am sorry to see that, with the
+exception of Edison and a few others, the Americans have
+not yet availed themselves of the easy facility for taking
+patents for Spain, where new inventions and new industries
+are now eagerly accepted and adopted. And while the
+Americans are thus careless as to their own interests, the
+French take out and negotiate, in Spain, American patents
+with insignificant variations.</p>
+
+<p>Let American inventors be assured that any new invention,
+useful and practical, and above all, requiring but little capital
+to establish it as an industry, will find a ready sale in
+Spain.</p>
+
+<p>I could enlarge to a much greater extent upon the indifference
+of American inventors, merchants, manufacturers,
+and business men, as to the market they have in Spain in
+their respective lines, and upon the importance of building
+up a trade with this country, but to do so would require
+more space than I think you would feel justified in occupying
+in your columns.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="coop" id="coop"></a>PETER COOPER AS AN INVENTOR.</h2>
+
+<p>The successes of Peter Cooper's long and useful life are
+well known. Not so many are aware of his varied experience
+in the direction of failure, particularly in the field of
+invention. More than once he has found his best devices
+profitless because ahead of his time, or because of conditions,
+political or otherwise, which no one could foresee. He possessed
+the rare qualities, however, of pluck and perseverance,
+and when one thing failed he lost no time in trying something
+else. Before he was of age he had learned three trades&mdash;and
+he did not make his fortune at either.</p>
+
+<p>In a familiar conversation with a <i>Herald</i> writer recently,
+Mr. Cooper related some of his early experiences, particularly
+with reference to enterprises which did not succeed.
+His father was a hatter, and as a boy young Cooper learned
+how to make a hat in all its parts. The father was not successful
+in business, and the hatter's trade seems to have
+offered little encouragement to the son. Accordingly he
+learned the art of making ale. Why he did not stick to that
+calling and become a millionaire brewer, Mr. Cooper does
+not say. Most probably the national taste for stronger tipple
+could not at that time be overcome, and ale could not
+compete with New England rum and apple-jack. The young
+mechanic next essayed the art of coachmaking, at which he
+served a full apprenticeship. At the end of his time his employer
+offered to set him up in business, but the offer was
+not accepted, through fear of losing another's money. He
+felt that if he took the money and lost it he would have to be
+a slave for life. So he quit coachmaking and went to work
+for a man at Hempstead, L. I., making machines for shearing
+cloth. In three years, on $1.50 a day, Cooper had saved
+enough money to buy his employer's patent. Immediately
+he introduced improvements in the manufacture and in the
+machine, which the war with England made a great demand
+for by excluding foreign cloths. At this time Cooper
+married. In due time the family numbered three, and the
+young father's inventive faculty was again called upon.</p>
+
+<p>"In those days," said Mr. Cooper to the reporter, smiling
+as the remembrance came to his mind, "we kept no servants
+as they do nowadays, and my wife and myself had to do all
+that was to be done. After our first child was born I used
+to come into the house and find my wife rocking the cradle,
+and I relieved her from that while I was there. After doing
+that for a few days I thought to myself that I could make
+that thing go of itself. So I went into my shop, and made a
+pendulous cradle that would rock the child. Then I attached
+a musical instrument which would sing for it, and at the
+same time the machine would keep the flies off. The latter
+was very simple; by hanging something to the cross bar, as
+the cradle swung under it, backward and forward, it would
+create wind enough to drive away the flies. The machine
+was wound up by a weight, and would run for nearly half
+an hour without stopping. I took out a patent for it, and
+one day a peddler came along with a horse and wagon, as they
+do in the country, and saw the cradle. He struck a bargain
+with me and bought the patent right for the State of Connecticut,
+giving for it his horse and wagon and all the goods
+he had with him. They afterward made some there, but nothing
+like as good as mine. It was a beautiful piece of furniture,"
+said Mr. Cooper regretfully, as he thought of it as a
+thing of the past. "They afterward substituted springs for
+the weight movement, but that kind was not so good."</p>
+
+<p>About this time the war with England ended and the market
+was spoiled for the shearing machines. Then, we believe,
+Mr. Cooper tried his hand at cabinetmaking, but that
+failed, and he set up a grocery store where the Bible House
+now stands. While selling groceries Mr. Cooper made an
+invention which ought to have made his fortune, but it did
+not. The story is best told in Mr. Cooper's own words:</p>
+
+<p>"It was just before the Erie Canal was completed, and I
+conceived a plan by which to tow boats by the use of all the
+elevated waters on the line of the canal. To demonstrate that
+that was practicable I made with my own hands a chain two
+miles long, and placed posts 200 feet apart in the East River
+from Bellevue dock down town about a mile. These posts
+supported grooved wheels to lay the chain in, forming an
+endless chain. The whole was moved by an overshot waterwheel
+placed at the Bellevue dock. A reservoir twelve feet
+square and three deep held the water to turn the wheel."</p>
+
+<p>At the suggestion of Governor Clinton Mr. Cooper tightened
+his chain and pulled up the end post just before the
+grand trial of his device was to come off. He succeeded in
+getting stone enough to anchor the post, however, and the
+experiment went off swimmingly. The boat was hooked on
+to the chain, and the passage back and forward&mdash;two miles&mdash;was
+made in eleven minutes.</p>
+
+<p>"I ran that boat some ten days," says Mr. Cooper, "to let
+people see what could be done, and carried nearly a thousand
+people. Part of the time I ran two boats. Once I counted
+52 people in one boat. I made the whole chain myself and
+planted the posts. As I could find no wheels to suit me I
+made the moulds and cast the wheels myself out of block tin
+and zinc. It was no small job, I can tell you."</p>
+
+<p>This was unquestionably a grand invention. In itself it
+was a perfect success; but it was not used. Mr. Cooper tells
+why:</p>
+
+<p>"It demonstrated completely that the elevated water
+power along the line of the canal and every lock in the canal
+could be made use of to drive the boats. Governor Clinton
+gave me $800 for the privilege of buying the right to the
+plan in case he should want to use it on the Erie Canal. In
+making the canal he had promised the people along the route
+that as soon as it was finished they could sell their horses to
+tow the boats, their grain and fodder to feed the horses, and
+their provisions for the passengers. On reflection he thought
+that if he took all that away from them he would have to run
+the gantlet again, and he could not afford to do that. There
+never was anything done with the plan until a few years ago,
+when Mr. Welch, president of the Camden and Amboy Railroad
+and Canal, invented exactly the same thing and put it
+in practice on his locks on the canal. He found it saved half
+the time and great expense. He went to Washington to take
+out a patent for it, and when he got there he found that I
+had patented the same thing fifty-three years before. My patent
+had run out, so he could use the plan on his canal. It
+has also been used on one lock on the Erie Canal. If they
+could have used that chain on the whole length of the Erie
+Canal it would have saved many millions of dollars."</p>
+
+<p>This would not be a bad place, were there room for it, to
+speak of "undeveloped" and therefore worthless inventions;
+and the assumption that if an inventor does not make his invention
+immediately profitable it must be good for nothing,
+and should be dispatented. But the moral goes without telling.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cooper's next attempt at invention was made about the
+same time, but in quite a different direction. It was during
+the struggle of the Greeks for independence, and wishing to
+do something for their assistance, Mr. Cooper undertook to
+make a torpedo boat for them. Mr. Cooper says:</p>
+
+<p>"It was a small one that could be taken on board ship and
+used to destroy any vessel that came to destroy them. It
+was fixed with a rotary steam engine and a screw wheel to
+propel it. It was intended to be guided from the ship or the
+shore. There were two steel wires fixed to the tiller of the
+rudder, and the operator could pull on one side or the other
+and guide the vessel just as a horse is guided with reins. It
+was so arranged that at night it would carry a light with its
+dark side toward the object to be destroyed, and by simply
+keeping the light in range with the vessel it would be sure to
+hit it. The torpedo was carried on a little iron rod, projecting
+in front of the torpedo vessel a few inches under water.
+Contact would discharge the torpedo and bend this iron rod.
+This would reverse the action of the engine and cause the torpedo
+vessel to return right back from whence it came, ready
+to carry another torpedo."</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately the torpedo boat was not ready in time to go
+with the ship carrying the contributions for Greece. It was
+stored in Mr. Cooper's factory (he had then turned his attention
+to glue) and was destroyed by the burning of the factory.
+It seems to have been quite a promising affair for the time.
+Mr. Cooper says:</p>
+
+<p>"I experimented with it at once to see how far it could be
+guided. I made a steel wire ten miles long and went down
+to the Narrows to test the matter. I had steel yards fastened
+to one end of the wire, and to the other end the torpedo vessel
+as attached. It got about six miles away when a vessel
+coming into the harbor crossed the wire and broke it.
+Although the experiment was not complete it showed that
+for at least six miles I could guide the vessel as easily as I
+could guide a horse."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cooper's work as the pioneer locomotive builder
+in this country; his later inventions and improvements in the
+manufacture of railway iron and wrought iron beams for fireproof
+buildings; his application of anthracite coal to iron
+puddling, and his other successes are almost as widely known
+as his philanthropic efforts for the education and advancement
+of the industrial classes of this city.</p>
+
+<p>After all, we are not sure but the story of his long and varied
+and always honorable career, told by himself, would not
+be worth, to young people who have to make their way in
+life through many difficulties, more even than the advantages
+of the noble institution which bears his name.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="smcap"><a name="read2" id="read2"></a>Taste for Reading.</span>&mdash;Sir John Herschel has declared
+that "if he were to pray for a taste which should stand under
+every variety of circumstance and be a source of happiness
+and cheerfulness to him through life, it would be a taste
+for reading." Give a man, he affirms, that taste, and the
+means of gratifying it, and you cannot fail of making him
+good and happy; for you bring him in contact with the best
+society in all ages, with the tenderest, the bravest, and the
+purest men who have adorned humanity, making him a
+denizen of all nations, a contemporary of all times, and giving
+him a practical proof that the world has been created for
+him, for his solace, and for his enjoyment.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="africa" id="africa"></a>Africa Crossed Again.</h3>
+
+<p>Information has been received by way of Lisbon, March
+12, that the Portuguese explorer, Pinto, has succeeded in
+traversing Africa from west to east, and has reached Transvaal.
+The latitude of his course across is not mentioned.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_0194" id="Page_0194"></a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="magnet" id="magnet"></a>CURIOUS FACTS IN MAGNETISM.</h2>
+
+<p>At the meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences
+February 17th, the article in the March number of <i>Harper's
+Magazine</i>, entitled "Gary's Magnetic Motor," was incidentally
+alluded to, and Prof. C. A. Seeley made the following remarks:
+The article claims that Mr. Gary has made a discovery
+of a neutral line or surface, at which the polarity of an
+induced magnet, while moving in the field of the inducing
+pole, is changed. The alleged discovery appears to be an
+exaggerated statement of some curious facts, which, although
+not new, are not commonly recognized. If a bar of iron be
+brought up, end on, near a magnetic pole, the bar becomes
+an induced magnet, but an induced magnet quite different
+from what our elementary treatises seem to predict. On the
+first scrutiny it is a magnet without a neutral point, and only
+one kind of magnetism&mdash;namely, that of the inducing pole.
+Moreover, the single pole is pretty evenly distributed over
+the whole surface, so that if iron filings be sprinkled on the
+bar they will be attracted at all points and completely cover
+it. Now, if while the bar is covered by filings it be moved
+away from the inducing pole, the filings will gradually and
+progressively fall, beginning at the end nearest the inducing
+pole and continuing to some point near the middle of the bar;
+the filings at the remote end will generally be held permanently.
+When the bar is carried beyond
+the field of the inducing pole it is
+simply a weak magnet of ordinary properties&mdash;<i>i. e.</i>,
+of two poles and a
+neutral point between them.</p>
+
+<p>A plausible and simple explanation of
+this case is that the inducing pole holds
+or binds the induced magnetism of opposite
+name, so that it has no external
+influence; the two magnetisms are related
+to each other as are the positive and
+negative electricities of the Leyden jar.
+Let the inducing pole be N.; the S.
+of the bar will be attracted by it and
+bound, while the N. of the bar becomes
+abnormally free and active. On moving
+the bar from the pole the bound
+magnetism is released and a part becomes
+residual magnetism. Now when
+the residual balances the free magnetism
+which is of opposite name, we are
+on Gary's neutral line. In a restricted
+sense there is a change of polarity over
+the half of the bar contiguous to the inducing
+pole; on the other half there is
+no change of pole in any sense. Experiment
+with a shingle nail in the place of
+the filings, <i>&agrave; la</i> Gary, bring the nail to
+the induced bound pole, and it may be
+held, except at the neutral line. Now
+if one will read the magazine article
+with such ideas as these he will feel
+pretty sure that the writer of it has used
+words recklessly, that Gary has not
+made an original discovery, and that the "neutral" line,
+whatever it be, has only an imagined relation to the "principle"
+of the motor.</p>
+
+<p>The Gary Motor as a perpetual motion scheme, of course,
+is not worthy of serious notice from a society devoted to science.
+It has no noteworthy novelty of construction or
+conception. Mr. Gary is afflicted with the very old delusion
+of the cut-off or shield of magnetism, which is to cost less
+than what comes from it. His cut-off is a sheet of iron,
+which we know acts simply as an armature.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="elect" id="elect"></a>A New Phenomenon in Statical Electricity.</h2>
+
+<p>M. E. Duter, in a paper read before the French Academy
+in December, showed that when a Leyden jar is charged with
+either positive or negative electricity its internal volume increases,
+and that this effect is a new phenomenon, unexplainable
+by either a theory of an increase of temperature or of
+an electrical pressure. The experiment was performed by
+means of a flask-shaped Leyden jar with
+a long tube attached to its neck, and containing
+a liquid which served as the inner
+armature. The author's attention had been
+called to the fact that this phenomenon had
+been observed ten years ago by M. Gori.</p>
+
+<p>His researches, just made public, leave no
+doubt of the accuracy of M. Duter's view,
+that the glass of the jar really expands.
+According to the theory of elasticity, the
+effect of an internal pressure in a hollow
+sphere is in the inverse ratio of its thickness.
+M. Duter, therefore, had three flasks
+made of the same volume, but of thicknesses
+of 4 mm., 0.8 mm., and 0.5 mm.
+respectively. They were filled with water
+and enveloped by tin foil. Each carried a
+capillary thermometer tube, in which the
+variations of the height of liquid served to
+measure the changes in volume due to
+electrification. He found that these
+changes were imperceptible in the thick
+glass, very marked in the flask of mean
+thickness, and rose to 30 mm. in the thinnest.
+The variations in volume were very
+nearly in inverse ratio of the square roots
+of the thicknesses.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="crush" id="crush"></a>A NEW ORE CRUSHER.</h2>
+
+<p>The accompanying engravings represent an improved ore
+crusher, which is said to be very effective and economical
+in the use of power.</p>
+
+<div class="center" >
+<a href="./images/4b.png"><img src="./images/4b-th.png" alt="BROWNS ORE CRUSHER." title="BROWNS ORE CRUSHER." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 1&mdash;BROWN'S ORE CRUSHER.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/4a.png" alt="HORIZONTAL SECTION." title="HORIZONTAL SECTION." />
+<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 2&mdash;HORIZONTAL SECTION.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A short vertical cast iron cylinder, A, having in one side
+a discharge opening, H, contains all of the movable
+parts.</p>
+
+<p>The upper portion of the cylinder is lined with chilled iron
+plates, L, and an inclined chute, X, leads to the discharge
+opening, H.</p>
+
+<p>A rigid shaft, B, carries the circular crusher, C, and
+moves in a ball and socket joint at the upper end, and extends
+eccentrically through the boss of a bevel wheel, G, at
+its lower end, and rests on a step supported by a lever that
+may be adjusted by the screw, R. The wheel, G, is driven
+by the pinion, P, on whose shaft there are a pulley and a fly-wheel.</p>
+
+<p>The double gyratory motion of the crusher, C, causes it
+to approach all portions of the lining, L, crushing whatever
+lies between.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that this machine is capable of crushing 10
+tons of the hardest ore per hour. Its weight is 6,500 lbs.&mdash;<i>Mus&eacute;e
+de l'Industrie.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="patent2" id="patent2"></a>RECENT AMERICAN PATENTS.</h2>
+
+<p>Enos Richmond, of Troy, N. Y., has invented a steak
+tenderer, having a plunger studded with chisel-pointed rods,
+and arranged in a case in connection with an elevating
+spring. A blow upon the knob at the top of the plunger
+forces the chisel-pointed rods through holes in the casing
+into the meat, the casing resting on the surface of the
+steak.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. A. W. Southard and Volney R. Sears, of Falls
+City, Neb., have patented an improved invalid bedstead,
+which is provided with ingenious mechanism for placing
+the invalid in different positions.</p>
+
+<p>An improved spring attachment for carriage tops, which
+is designed to prevent the rear bow from being bent by the
+weight of the top when turned back, has been patented by
+Mr. Robert E. McCormick, of Doylestown, O.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Espy Gallipher, of Schellsburg, Pa., has devised an
+axle journal having a groove lengthwise upon its upper side
+which extends back upon the surface of the axle and communicates
+with an oil cup. A sliding rod occupies a portion
+of the groove; when this rod is drawn out it permits the
+oil to fill the groove; when it is pushed into the groove in the
+axle, the oil is ejected and a further supply is cut off.</p>
+
+<p>An improved pill machine, invented by Messrs. W. N.
+Fort and R. R. Moore, of Lewisville,
+Ark., is adapted to the manufacture of
+pills in large quantities. The machine
+has mechanism for grinding and mixing
+ingredients, a grooved wheel and
+trough for forming the pills, and a
+device for applying powder.</p>
+
+<p>An improvement in millstone adjustments
+has been patented by Mr.
+Stephen P. Walling, of South Edmeston,
+N. Y. This invention consists in
+a screw applied to the end of the mill
+spindle on which the stone is rigidly
+held, so that the running stone may be
+forced by the screw away from the
+stationary stone and held against the
+action of a spring at the opposite end
+of the spindle, the object being to
+prevent the stones from becoming
+dulled by contact with each other.</p>
+
+<p>An improved attachment for sewing
+machines for soaking or waxing the
+thread as it passes the needle, has been
+patented by Mr. Pedro F. Fernandez,
+of San Juan, Porto Rico. The invention
+consists in a frame secured to the
+arm of a sewing machine by a thumb-screw,
+and provided with a clamping
+device for holding wax or soap.</p>
+
+<p>A novel combination of a toggle and
+springs and levers for operating a drag
+saw has been patented by Mr. Harvey
+Hughes, of Wheat Ridge, Ohio. The
+saw, while properly guided, is free
+to move up or down without affecting the leverage.</p>
+
+<p>An improvement in filters, which consists in re-enforcing
+the felt disk with a backing of wire cloth to enable it to
+resist heavy water pressure, has been patented by Mr. B. P.
+Chatfield, of Aiken, S. C.</p>
+
+<p>A basket having light sheet metal sides attached to a
+wooden bottom by crimping the edges over a rib on the
+periphery of the bottom, has been patented by Mr. Samuel
+Friend, of Decatur, Ill. The handle and lid may be easily
+removed to permit of packing and storage.</p>
+
+<p>An improved cross bar for fastening doors, patented by
+Mr. Richard Condon, of La Salle, Ill., has a spring acted
+portion which engages a socket on the door casing, and is
+retained in that position by a spring catch.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="table" id="table"></a>A NEW IRONING TABLE.</h2>
+
+<p>The accompanying engraving represents a convenient and
+inexpensive table recently patented by Mr. Albert H. Hogins,
+of Morrisania, N. Y. It is more especially
+designed for ironing, but it may be
+used for other purposes when closed up.
+The top is made in two tapering sections,
+A B. The section, B, is narrower than
+the other, and is pivoted at its wider end
+to a bar, E, which slides into a socket
+formed in the table. The table has five
+legs, one of which, D, is attached to a
+sliding rail that supports the narrower
+end of the movable part of the top. The
+table is provided with a drawer in one end
+and with a tray, C, for containing blankets,
+etc.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="./images/4c.png"><img src="./images/4c-th.png" alt="HOGINS IMPROVED TABLE." title="HOGINS IMPROVED TABLE." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">HOGINS' IMPROVED TABLE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The convenience and practicability of
+this table for general laundry use, will
+be apparent without further explanation.
+The board, B, when drawn out will be
+used for ironing skirts, shirts, and other
+garments requiring a board of this character,
+and when the table is closed together
+and fastened by the hooks, it may
+be used in ironing larger articles. When
+closed it presents the appearance of an ordinary
+table and may be used as such.</p>
+
+<p>Further information may be obtained
+by addressing the inventor as above.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><a name="Page_0195" id="Page_0195"></a></p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="regul" id="regul"></a>A NOVEL ENGINE REGULATOR.</h2>
+
+<p>The accompanying engraving represents two different
+styles of regulator, invented by Mr. Stenberg, in which the
+effect of centrifugal force is utilized. In a vessel, A, of parabolic
+shape is placed a disk, C, which floats on glycerine contained
+by the vessel, and is attached to the walls of the vessel
+by an annular membrane, so that it may rise and fall in a
+vertical direction as the glycerine is carried with more or
+less force toward the edge of the vessel by centrifugal action.
+The inner surface of the vessel, A, is provided with
+radial grooves, by which the rotary motion of
+the vessel is communicated to the glycerine.
+To the center of the disk, C, is attached a vertical
+rod, which extends downward through
+the hollow shaft and is connected with governor
+valve. An increase of speed throws the
+glycerine toward the periphery of the valve,
+and, raising the disk, C, closes the steam valve;
+a diminution of speed permits the glycerine to
+fall back, when the disk descends and the
+valve opens.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="./images/5a.png"><img src="./images/5a-th.png" alt="STENBERG REGULATOR." title="STENBERG REGULATOR." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">STENBERG REGULATOR.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The disk, C, has a small aperture for the
+admission and escape of air, and the apparatus
+is adjusted by pouring lead into the groove
+in the disk.</p>
+
+<p>The regulator shown in Fig. 2 operates upon
+the same principle, but it is adjusted by means
+of a spring.</p>
+
+<p>This apparatus is manufactured by Blancke
+Bros., Magdeburg.&mdash;<i>Mus&eacute;e de l'Industrie.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="people" id="people"></a>A Strange People.</h3>
+
+<p>Botel Tobago is an island in the South Seas
+which has lately been visited by a party of
+United States naval officers. They were surveying
+a rock east of the South Cape of Formosa,
+and called at this island. They found
+a curious race of Malay stock. These aborigines
+did not know what money was good
+for. Nor had they ever used tobacco or rum.
+They gave the officers goats and pigs for tin
+pots and brass buttons, and hung around the
+vessel all day in their canoes waiting for a
+chance to dive for something which might be thrown overboard.
+They wore clouts only, ate taro and yams, and had
+axes, spears, and knives made of common iron. Their canoes
+were made without nails, and were ornamented with
+geometrical lines. They wore the beards of goats and small
+shells as ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the account of these strange people given by
+Dr. Siegfried, in a letter read at the last meeting of the
+Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="carpet" id="carpet"></a>REMEDY FOR THE NEW CARPET BEETLE.</h2>
+
+<p>Noticing a statement made by Mr. J. A. Lintner, to the effect
+that the Persian insect powder would probably prove unavailing
+as a remedy against the ravages of the new carpet
+beetle (<i>Anthrenus</i>), W. L. Carpenter, of the U.S.A., was led
+to institute some experiments with this well known insecticide,
+the results of which he communicates to the current
+number of the <i>Naturalist</i>. A small quantity of the powder
+was introduced, on the point of a penknife, under a tumbler
+beneath which various insects were consecutively confined.
+The movements of the insects brought them in contact with
+the poison, which readily adhered to their body; in endeavoring
+to remove it from their appendages a few particles
+would be carried to the mouth and thence to the stomach,
+with fatal effect. The results were briefly thus: A honey
+bee became helpless in 15 minutes; a mad wasp in 8 minutes;
+a small ant in 5 minutes; a large butterfly resisted the effects
+for over an hour, and apparently recovered, but died the next
+day; a house-fly became helpless in 10 minutes; a mosquito
+in 15; and a flea in 3 minutes. In experimenting on beetles,
+an insect was secured as nearly the size of the carpet beetle
+as could be found. It was easily affected, and became helpless
+in 12 minutes.</p>
+
+<p>In these, and experiments with various other insects, the
+scent from the powder did not produce any bad effect on
+those subjected to its odor where actual contact was not possible;
+but when carried to the mandibles the effect was to
+produce complete paralysis of the motor nerves. The experiments
+prove that all insects having open mouth parts are peculiarly
+susceptible to this popular insecticide. As a result,
+the writer does not hesitate to recommend the powder to
+housekeepers as an infallible agent in destroying the carpet
+beetle and preventing its ravages. The Persian insect powder
+liberally sprinkled upon the floor before putting down a
+carpet, and afterward freely placed around the edges, and
+never swept away, will suffice to preserve a large sized carpet.
+No ill effects from its use need be feared by the householder,
+since the drug is poisonous to no kinds of animals except
+insects.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="flour" id="flour"></a>Banana Flour.</h3>
+
+<p>The banana has recently found a new use in Venezuela.
+It has the property of keeping the soil moist round it, in a
+country where sometimes no rain falls for months; so it has
+been employed to give freshness, as well as shade, to the
+coffee plant, whose cultivation has been greatly extended
+(Venezuela produced 38,000,000 kilogrammes of coffee in
+1876). The Venezuelans can consume but little of the banana
+fruit thus furnished, so that attention is being given to increasing
+its value as an export. At the Paris Exhibition
+were samples of banana flour (got by drying and pulverizing
+the fruit before maturity) and brandy (from the ripe fruit)
+The flour has been analyzed by MM. Marcano and Muntz.
+It contains 66.1 per cent of starch, and only 2.9 of azotized
+matter.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="pen" id="pen"></a>NEW STENCIL PEN.</h2>
+
+<p>The accompanying engraving shows new form of stencil
+pen invented by Mr. J. W. Brickenridge, of La Fayette, Ind.
+In Fig. 1 the entire apparatus is shown in perspective; Fig.
+2 is a longitudinal section of the pen; and Fig. 3 is a vertical
+section of a portion of the driving apparatus. In this instrument
+compressed air is used as a motive force for driving
+the perforating needle. The inverted cup, shown in detail
+in Fig. 3, has its mouth closed with a flexible diaphragm,
+which is vibrated rapidly by a pitman having a convex end
+attached by its center to the middle of the diaphragm. The
+pitman is reciprocated by a simple treadle motion, which will
+be readily understood by reference to Fig. 1.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/5b.png"><img src="./images/5b-th.png" alt="BRICKENRIDGE&rsquo;S PNEUMATIC STENCIL PEN." title="BRICKENRIDGE&rsquo;S PNEUMATIC STENCIL PEN." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">BRICKENRIDGE'S PNEUMATIC STENCIL PEN.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The cup has a small aperture covered by a valve to admit
+of the entrance of air when the diaphragm is drawn down.
+The pen, shown in detail in Fig. 2, has a cup and flexible
+diaphragm similar to the one already described. The diaphragm
+rests upon the enlarged end of a bar which carries at
+its lower end a perforating needle. The pen is connected with
+the driving mechanism by a flexible tube. The needle bar
+is pressed lightly against the diaphragm by a spiral spring.</p>
+
+
+<p>When the treadle motion is operated the impelling diaphragm
+is rapidly vibrated, and through the medium of the
+air contained in the flexible tube it communicates motion to
+the pen diaphragm and consequently to the needle bar and
+needle. If, while the needle is reciprocated in this way, the
+pen is moved over the surface of the paper, a line of fine perforations
+will be made. With this instrument stencils may
+be made for making multiplied copies of maps, drawings,
+and manuscripts.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="teleg3" id="teleg3"></a>Origin and Progress of Ocean Telegraphy.</h2>
+
+<p>At the celebration in this city of the twenty-fifth anniversary
+of the formation of the company for laying the
+first Atlantic cable, Monday, March 10, the projector of the
+enterprise, Mr. Cyrus W. Field, spoke as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Neighbors and Friends:</span> Twenty-five years ago this
+evening, in this house, in this room, and on this table, and
+at this very hour, was signed the agreement to form the
+New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company&mdash;the
+first company ever formed to lay an ocean cable.
+It was signed by five persons, four of whom&mdash;Peter
+Cooper, Moses Taylor, Marshall O.
+Roberts, and myself&mdash;are here to-night. The
+fifth, Mr. Chandler White, died two years
+after, and his place was taken by Mr. Wilson
+G. Hunt, who is also present. Of my associates,
+it is to be said to their honor&mdash;as might
+have been expected from men of their high
+position and character&mdash;that they stood by
+the undertaking manfully for twelve long
+years, through discouragements such as nobody
+knows but themselves. Those who
+applaud our success know little through what
+struggles it was obtained. One disappointment
+followed another, till "hope deferred
+made the heart sick." We had little help
+from outside, for few had any faith in our
+enterprise. But not a man deserted the ship:
+all stood by it to the end. My brother Dudley
+is also here, who, as the counsel of the company,
+was present at the signing of the agreement,
+and went with Mr. White and myself
+the week after to Newfoundland, to obtain
+the charter, and was our legal adviser through
+those anxious and troubled years, when success
+seemed very doubtful. At St. John's the
+first man to give us a hearty welcome, and
+who aided us in obtaining our charter, was
+Mr. Edward M. Archibald, then Prime Minister
+of Newfoundland, and now for more
+than twenty years the honored representative
+of Her Majesty's Government at this port,
+who is also here to-night. It is a matter for
+grateful acknowledgment that we were spared to see accomplished
+the work that we began; and that we meet now,
+at the end of a quarter of a century, to look with wonder
+at what has been wrought since in other parts of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Our little company came into existence only a few weeks
+before the Western Union Telegraph Company, which is entitled
+to share in our congratulations, and has kindly brought
+a connecting wire into this room, by which we can this
+evening communicate with every town and village from the
+Atlantic to the Pacific; and by our sea cables, with Europe,
+Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies, and
+South America. While our small circle has been broken by
+death but once, very different has it been with the Atlantic
+Telegraph Company, which was formed in London in 1856,
+to extend our line across the ocean. At its beginning there
+were eighteen English and twelve American directors, thirty
+in all, of whom twenty-nine have either died or retired from
+the board. I alone still remain one of the directors.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the great men of science on both sides of the Atlantic,
+who inspired us by their knowledge and their enthusiasm,
+have passed away. We have lost Bache, whose Coast
+Survey mapped out the whole line of the American shores;
+and Maury, who first taught us to find a path through the
+depths of the seas; and Berryman, who sounded across the
+Atlantic; and Morse; and last, but not least, Henry. Across
+the water we miss some who did as much as any men in
+their generation to make the name of England great&mdash;Faraday
+and Wheatstone, Stephenson and Brunel&mdash;all of whom
+gave us freely of their invaluable counsel, refusing all compensation,
+because of the interest which they felt in the solution
+of a great problem of science and engineering skill. It
+is a proud satisfaction to remember that while the two Governments
+aided us so generously with their ships, making
+surveys of the ocean, and even carrying our cables in the
+first expeditions, such men as these gave their support to an
+enterprise which was to unite the two countries, and in the
+end to bring the whole world together.</p>
+
+<p>Others there are, among the living and the dead, to whom
+we are under great obligations. But I cannot repeat the
+long roll of illustrious names. Yet I must pay a passing
+tribute to one who was my friend, as he was the steadfast
+friend of my country&mdash;Richard Cobden. He was one of the
+first to look forward with the eye of faith to what has since
+come to pass. As long ago as 1851 he had a sort of prophet's
+dream that the ocean might yet be crossed, and advised
+Prince Albert to devote the profits of the great London
+Exhibition of that year to an attempt thus to unite England
+with America. He did not live to see his dream fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>But though men die, their works, their discoveries, and
+their inventions live. From that small beginning under this
+roof, arose an art till then scarcely known, that of telegraphing
+through the depths of the sea. Twenty-five years ago
+there was not an ocean cable in the world. A few short
+lines had been laid across the channel from England to the
+Continent, but all were in shallow water. Even science
+hardly dared to conceive of the possibility of sending human
+intelligence through the abysses of the ocean. But when we
+struck out to cross the Atlantic, we had to lay a cable over
+2,000 miles long, in water over 2 miles deep. That great
+success gave an immense impulse to submarine telegraphy
+<a name="Page_0196" id="Page_0196"></a>then in its infancy, but which has since grown till it has
+stretched out its fingers tipped with fire into all the waters
+of the globe. "Its lines have gone into all the earth, and its
+words to the ends of the world." To-day there are over
+70,000 miles of cable, crossing the seas and the oceans. And,
+as if it were not enough to have messages sent with the
+speed of lightning, they must be sent in opposite directions
+at the same moment. I have just received a telegram from
+Valentia, Ireland, which reads, "This anniversary witnesses
+duplex working across the Atlantic as an accomplished
+fact"&mdash;by which the capacity of all our ocean cables is
+doubled.</p>
+
+<p>Who can measure the effect of this swift intelligence passing
+to and fro? Already it regulates the markets of the
+world. But better still is the new relation into which it
+brings the different kindreds of mankind. Nations are made
+enemies by their ignorance of each other. A better acquaintance
+leads to a better understanding; the sense of nearness,
+the relation of neighborhood, awakens the feeling of brotherhood.
+Is it not a sign that a better age is coming, when
+along the ocean beds strewn with the wrecks of war, now
+glide the messages of peace?</p>
+
+<p>One thing only remains which I still hope to be spared to
+see, and in which to take a part, the laying of a cable from
+San Francisco to the Sandwich Islands&mdash;for which I have
+received this very day a concession from King Kalakaua, by
+his Minister, who is here to night&mdash;and from thence to Japan,
+by which the island groups of the Pacific may be brought
+into communication with the continents on either side&mdash;Asia
+and America&mdash;thus completing the circuit of the globe.</p>
+
+<p>But life is passing, and perhaps that is to be left to other
+hands. Many of our old companions have fallen, and we
+must soon give place to our successors. But though we
+shall pass away, it is a satisfaction to have been able to
+do something that shall remain when we are gone. If in
+what I have done to advance this enterprise, I have done
+something for the honor of my country and the good of the
+world, I am devoutly grateful to my Creator. This has
+been the great ambition of my life, and is the chief inheritance
+which I leave to my children.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+<h2>Correspondence.</h2>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3><a name="motor" id="motor"></a>The Gary Motor.</h3>
+
+<p><i>To the Editor of the Scientific American:</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="./images/6a.png" alt="Gary Motor." />
+</div>
+<p>In your article on the "Gary Motor," issue of March 8,
+page 144, you say: "There is no neutral line in the sense
+that polarity changes when Mr. Gary moves his piece of
+sheet iron with its attached shingle nail across the pole or
+near the pole of a magnet." "The most delicate instruments
+fail to detect such a change of polarity," etc. Mr.
+Gary's claim of a neutral line is of course absurd, but you
+are wrong in saying that the polarity does not change under
+the conditions described in the <i>Harper's Monthly</i> article.
+Mr. Gary is perfectly correct in claiming a change of polarity
+in that experiment, although his other claim of deriving
+from this change of polarity a continuous motion without
+consuming energy are manifestly absurd.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="./images/6b.png" alt="Gary Motor." />
+</div>
+
+<p>The change of polarity is easily explained. If a bar of
+soft iron, whose length is two or
+three times the distance between
+the poles of the horseshoe magnet,
+be placed in front of the latter as
+in the sketch, and at some distance,
+poles will be induced, as shown by
+the letters N S. Now let the bar
+approach the magnet. When
+within a short distance consequent
+points will be formed and the polarity
+at the ends will be reversed,
+the bar having four poles, as in the second sketch. The
+bar of soft iron must have certain dimensions depending
+on the size and power of the horseshoe
+magnet. By using a powerful
+electro-magnet in place of a
+permanent one, a soft iron bar of
+considerable size may be used, and
+the change of polarity exhibited by
+showing the repulsion in one case for
+the south pole and in the other for
+the north pole of a heavy permanent
+magnet. When in the proper
+position a very small movement of
+the soft iron bar is sufficient to produce the change.</p>
+
+<p class="signature">Wm. A. Anthony.</p>
+
+<p>Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., March 2, 1879.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3><a name="neut" id="neut"></a>Gary's Neutral Line.</h3>
+
+<p><i>To the Editor of the Scientific American:</i></p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="./images/6c.png" alt="Gary&rsquo;s Neutral Line." title="Gary&rsquo;s Neutral Line." />
+</div>
+
+<p>I have just read the article in the issue of March 8, on the
+Gary Motor, and cannot refrain from offering a suggestion
+on the subject. When I read the article referred to in <i>Harper's</i>,
+I formed the same opinion of the so-called invention
+that the writer in the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> has expressed,
+and, in the main, such is my opinion still. I, however,
+tried the experiment by which Gary claims to prove the existence
+of his neutral line, and soon found the same explanation
+that the writer in the <span class="smcap">American</span> has given. I then,
+curiously enough, modified the experiment in precisely the
+manner he suggests, placing the magnet in a vertical position,
+and using first a piece of sheet iron and then an iron
+wire under it. This was before seeing the article in the
+<span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>. My experiment is well illustrated
+by the writer's diagram, except that the nail should be at
+the end of the iron wire, where its polarity is of course
+most strongly marked. But the result is not as he states it.
+For, as the wire is brought up toward the magnet, the nail
+drops off before the wire touches the magnet. When the
+sheet iron is used, the point at which the nail drops off is
+farther from the magnet than in the case of the wire, and
+when it is brought nearer it will again pick up the nail,
+which then continues to cling until the iron touches the
+magnet and afterwards. Thus the existence of a line in
+which the soft iron, or induced
+magnet, does not attract the
+nail, and above and below which
+it does attract it, is demonstrated.
+That the polarity of the induced
+magnet is reversed when it
+crosses this line may be demonstrated
+as follows: When it
+is held beyond (or below) this line
+(Fig. 1), the negative pole of the permanent
+magnet, the positive being
+kept at a distance, may be made to approach the iron and
+touch it, without causing the nail to drop. (Fig. 3.) But when
+contact occurs, the whole of the iron must possess the polarity
+of that part of the magnet which it touches, namely,
+negative. Hence in the position indicated in Fig. 1, the polarity
+of the induced magnet does not correspond with that of
+the permanent magnet, but is
+as indicated by the letters.
+On the other hand, if the positive
+pole alone be made to approach,
+the nail will drop; but when it
+is very near, or in contact, it
+again holds the nail, and the
+iron is now positive; and if the
+negative pole also be now
+brought into contact, the polarity
+of the soft iron will correspond with that of the magnet,
+as shown in Fig. 2.</p>
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="./images/6d.png" alt="Gary&rsquo;s Neutral Line." title="Gary&rsquo;s Neutral Line." /></div>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="./images/6e.png" alt="Gary&rsquo;s Neutral Line." title="Gary&rsquo;s Neutral Line." />
+</div>
+<p>These experiments should be performed with the soft iron
+under both poles of the magnet, and the ends of the former
+should extend somewhat beyond the poles of the latter, or
+the nail is liable to jump to the magnet as the "neutral"
+line is crossed. The position of the letters in Fig. 1, of the
+previous article, represents the polarity
+of the induced magnet to
+be the same as that of the permanent,
+which is true only within (or
+above) the line described; and this,
+together with his statement that no
+such line can be discovered, appears
+to indicate that the writer relied
+upon his knowledge of the laws
+of magnetism to state what would
+be the result, without testing it experimentally.
+It is probable that this reversal of polarity is
+susceptible of explanation by the known laws of magnetic
+currents, but if it has hitherto escaped observation, its discovery
+is certainly deserving of notice, and may lead to
+valuable results. Of the fact, any one may easily convince
+himself by the simple experiments above described.</p>
+
+
+<p class="signature">G. H. FELTON, M.D.</p>
+
+<p>Haverhill, Mass., February 28, 1879.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="clock" id="clock"></a>Pneumatic Clocks.</h3>
+
+<p><i>To the Editor of the Scientific American:</i></p>
+
+<p>In the description of the pneumatic clock, copied from <i>La
+Nature</i>, and published in your journal of date 1st of March,
+the invention is credited to me. Such is not the case. By an
+arrangement between Mr. Wenzel, Mr. Brandon of Paris, and
+myself, patents have been obtained in France, England, etc.,
+for the clock, and issued in my name; but the honor of the
+invention belongs exclusively to Hermann J. Wenzel, of San
+Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>Yours faithfully,</p>
+
+<p class="signature">E. J. Muybridge.</p>
+
+<p>San Francisco, Cal., February 27, 1879.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h3><a name="ice" id="ice"></a>The Ice Cave of Decorah, Iowa.</h3>
+
+<p><i>To the Editor of the Scientific American:</i></p>
+
+<p>Some years ago I visited the "Ice Cave" of Decorah,
+Winneshiek county, Iowa, and having since been unable to
+receive any explanation of the wonderful phenomenon exhibited
+by it, I write, hoping that you or some correspondent
+may explain the paradox.</p>
+
+<p>The thriving town of Decorah lies in a romantic valley of
+the Upper Iowa River, and the cave is almost within its corporate
+limits. Following the left bank of the stream, one
+soon reaches the vicinity, and with a hard scramble through
+a loose shale, up the side of a precipitous hill, forming the
+immediate bank of the river, the entrance is gained&mdash;an opening
+5 feet wide and 8 feet high. These dimensions generally
+describe the cave's section. From the entrance the course is
+a steep decline&mdash;seldom less than 40&deg;. At times the ceiling
+is so low that progress on hands and knees is necessary.
+About 125 feet from the entrance the "Ice Chamber" is
+reached. At this spot the cave widens into a well proportioned
+room, 8 by 12 feet. The floor is solid ice of unknown
+thickness, and on the right hand wall of the room a curtain
+of ice drops to the floor, from a crevice extending horizontally
+in the rock at the height of one's eyes. Close examination
+discovers the water oozing from this crevice, and as it
+finds its way down the side it freezes in the low temperature
+of the chamber. Singularly this one crevice, and that no
+wider than a knife edge, furnishes this, nature's ice house,
+with the necessary water. It was a hot day in August, the
+thermometer marking 80&deg; in the shade when the visit was
+made, and comparatively the cold was intense. In common
+with all visitors, we detached some large pieces of ice and
+with them hurriedly departed, glad to regain the warmth of
+the outside world.</p>
+
+<p>The most remarkable fact in connection with this wonder
+is that the water only freezes in the summer. As the cold of
+actual winter comes on the ice of the cave gradually melts,
+and when the river below is frozen by the fierce cold of
+Northern Iowa, the ice has disappeared and a muddy slush has
+taken the place of the frigid floor. I would add that the ice
+chamber forms the terminus of the cave. Beyond a shallow
+crevice in the crumbling rock forbids further advance. The
+rock formation of this region is the Portland sandstone.</p>
+
+<p>Why should the temperature of the ice chamber be such
+as to freeze the water trickling into it? And above all,
+why should the ice disappear with the cold of winter?</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Mansfield, O.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H. M. W.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="teleg1" id="teleg1"></a>THE WRITING TELEGRAPH.</h2>
+
+<p>On the evening of February 26, 1879, the writing telegraph
+of Mr. E. A. Cowper, of London, was exhibited in operation
+before the Society of Telegraph Engineers, in
+that city. It is a curious and remarkable invention.
+By its use the handwriting of the
+operator may be transmitted, but a double
+circuit, that is, two telegraph wires, are used.
+The operator moves with his hand an upright
+pointer or stylus, with which he writes the
+message on paper. The stylus has two arms
+connected with it, one of which arms, when
+the stylus makes an upward movement,
+causes a current to be sent over one wire,
+while the other arm causes a current to pass
+over the other wire when the stylus is moved
+laterally. These two motions are, at the receiving
+end of the line, made to operate on
+the needles of galvanometers, and the latter
+are by silk threads combined or connected
+with a delicately suspended ink tube, from
+which a minute stream of ink falls upon the
+strip of paper below it; the arrangement
+being such that the combined motions of the
+galvanometers so move the ink pen as to
+make it correspond to the motion of the
+stylus at the sending end. The apparatus is
+said to work very well, and it is expected that
+it will form a useful adjunct to the art of
+telegraphy. We present herewith a facsimile
+of writing done by this new instrument,
+which has been worked with success over a
+line of forty miles length. It is hardly probable
+that it can compete in rapidity with
+some of the telegraph instruments now in use;
+but for many purposes it is likely to become
+important, while in point of ingenuity it is
+certainly a great achievement, and the author
+is deserving of the highest credit.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/6f.png"><img src="./images/6f-th.png" alt="Writing Telegraph." title="Writing Telegraph." /></a>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="speci" id="speci"></a>A Rare Geological Specimen.</h2>
+
+<p>Rev. R. M. Luther, while absent in attendance
+upon the Missionary Convention, held in
+Addison, Vt., obtained through the kindness
+of the Rev. Mr. Nott a rare and curious geological
+specimen from the shores of Lake
+Champlain. It is a slab of limestone, about
+eleven inches long by six inches wide, which
+seems to be composed almost entirely of fossils.
+There is not half an inch square of the
+surface which does not show a fossil. There
+are many varieties, some of which have not
+been identified, but among those which have
+been are many remains of the Trinucleus conceniricus,
+some specimens of Petraia, fragments
+of the Orthis, a number of Discin&aelig;,
+several well preserved specimens of Lepten&aelig;,
+and impressions of Lingula. The latter is the
+only shell which has existed from the first
+dawn of life until the present time without
+change. The specimens of existing Lingula
+are precisely similar to those found in the
+earliest geological formations. There are
+also in the slab several rare specimens of
+seaweed, remains of which are seldom found
+at so early an age in the geological history
+of the world. The slab belongs to the lower
+Silurian formation, the first in which organic remains are
+found. It is probably from the Trenton epoch of that
+age. If geologists can be trusted, at the time the little animals,
+whose remains are thus preserved, were living, the
+only part of this continent which had appeared above the
+primeval ocean was a strip of land along the present St. Lawrence
+River and the northern shores of the great lakes, with
+a promontory reaching out toward the Adirondacks, and a
+few islands along what is now the Atlantic coast line.&mdash;<i>Bennington
+(Vt.) Banner.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><a name="Page_0197" id="Page_0197"></a></p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="teleg2" id="teleg2"></a>COWPER'S WRITING TELEGRAPH.</h2>
+
+<p>The most recent of the brilliant series of telegraphic marvels
+which has from time to time, and especially of late,
+engaged the attention of the world, is the "telegraphic
+pen" of Mr. E. A. Cowper, the well known engineer of Great
+George street, Westminster. This ingenious apparatus,
+which constitutes the first real telegraph, was publicly
+shown by its inventor at the meeting of the Society of Telegraph
+Engineers on Wednesday, February 26.</p>
+
+<p>There had been no lack of copying telegraphs hitherto.
+We have Bakewell's, Casselli's, Meyer's, and D'Arlincourt's,
+so recently tried at our General Post Office by Mr. Preece.
+All of these instruments telegraph an almost perfect copy of
+the writing or sketch submitted to them by means of synchronous
+mechanism. But the process is necessarily complex
+and slow; whereas by the new device a person may
+take the writing pencil in his hand, and himself transmit
+his message in the act of writing it.</p>
+
+<p>The principle which guided Mr. Cowper to a solution of
+the problem which he has successfully overcome, is the well
+known mathematical fact that the position of any point in
+a curve can be determined by its distance from two rectangular
+co-ordinates. It follows, then, that every position of
+the point of a pencil, stylus, or pen, as it forms a letter, can
+be determined by its distance from two fixed lines, say the
+adjacent edges of the paper. Moreover it is obvious that if
+these distances could be transmitted by telegraph and recombined
+so as to give a resultant motion to a duplicate pen,
+a duplicate copy of the original writing would be produced.
+But inasmuch as the writing stylus moves continuously over
+the paper, the process of transmission would require to be
+a continuous one; that is to say, the current traversing the
+telegraph line, and conveying the distances in question (or
+what comes to the same thing, the up and down, and direct
+sidelong ranges of the stylus) would require to vary continuously
+in accordance with the range to be transmitted.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cowper effects this by employing two separate telegraphic
+circuits,
+each with its
+own wire, battery,
+sending, and
+receiving apparatus.
+One of
+these circuits is
+made to transmit
+the up and
+down component
+writing of
+the pencil's motion,
+while the
+other simultaneously
+transmits
+its sidelong
+component. At
+the receiving
+station these two
+components are
+then recomposed
+by a pantograph
+arrangement of
+taut cords, or
+levers, and the
+resultant motion
+is communicated
+to the duplicate
+pen at that place.
+The plan adopted
+by Mr. Cowper
+to transmit
+each continuously
+varying component
+is to
+cause the resistance
+of the circuit
+to vary very
+closely with the
+component in
+question. Fig.
+5 shows how the
+apparatus is
+theoretically arranged
+for this
+purpose. P is
+the writing style, which is held in the writer's hand in the ordinary
+way, while he shapes the letters one by one on paper
+pulled uniformly underneath by means of clockwork. To
+P are attached, at right angles, two arms, <i>a a</i>, one for each
+circuit; but as it is only necessary to consider one of the
+circuits, say that sending up and down motions, we will confine
+our attention for the present to the arm, <i>a</i>. One pole
+of the sending battery, B, is connected to the arm, <i>a</i>, the
+other pole being connected to earth. Now the arm, <i>a</i>, is
+fitted with a sliding contact at its free extremity, and as the
+pencil, P, is moved in writing, <i>a</i> slides lengthwise across
+the edges of a series of thin metal contact plates, C, insulated
+from each other by paraffined paper. Between each
+pair of these plates there is a resistance coil, C, and the last
+of these is connected through the last plate to the line, L.
+It will be seen that as <i>a</i> slides outward across the plates the
+current from the battery has to pass through fewer coils,
+since a short-circuits a number of coils proportional to its
+motion. But the fewer of these coils in circuit the stronger
+will be the current in the line; so that the extent of the motion
+of the arm, <i>a</i>, in the direction of its length, that is to
+say, the direct component of the motion of the pencil along
+the line of the arm, <i>a</i>, is attended by a corresponding change
+in the current traversing the line. If the pencil makes a
+long up and down stroke there will be a strong current in
+the line, if a short one there will be a weak current, and so
+on. A precisely similar arrangement is used to transmit the
+sidelong motion of the pencil along the line, L.</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/7a.png"><img src="./images/7a-th.png" alt="Fig. 5." title="Fig. 5." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 5.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The current from the line, L, flows at the receiving station
+through a powerful galvanometer, G, to earth. The galvanometer
+has a stout needle, one tip of which is connected
+to a duplicate pen, P, by a thread, <i>t</i>, which is kept taut by
+a second thread stretched by a spring, <i>s</i>'. The current from
+the line, L', flows through a similar galvanometer, G', to
+earth. The needle of G' is also connected to the pen, P, by
+a taut thread, <i>t</i>', stretched by means of the spring, <i>s</i>. Now,
+since the needle of each of these galvanometers deflects in
+proportion to the strength of the current flowing through its
+coil, the points of these two needles keep moving with the
+varying currents. But since these currents vary the motions
+of the sending pen, the receiving pen controlled by the
+united movements of the needles will trace out a close copy
+of the original writing. We give on another page a facsimile
+of a sentence written by Mr. Cowper's telegraph.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/7b.png"><img src="./images/7b-th.png" alt="THE COWPER WRITING TELEGRAPH." title="THE COWPER WRITING TELEGRAPH." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">THE COWPER WRITING TELEGRAPH.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The receiving pen is a fine glass siphon, drawing off aniline
+ink from a small glass holder. There are thirty-two
+coils, C, in each circuit, with a corresponding number of
+contact plates, <i>c</i>, so as to get accuracy of working. A few
+Daniell's cells are sufficient to operate the apparatus, and
+writing has been already sent successfully over a line 40
+miles in length. The writing may be received either of the
+same size or larger or smaller than the original, as the case
+may be. At present the writing must not be too hurried,
+that is, unless the characters are bold and well formed; but
+further improvement will, of course, quicken the working of
+the apparatus.</p>
+
+<p>The engravings, Figs. 1 to 4, illustrate the actual apparatus.
+Fig. 4 is a plan of the sending instrument, with the
+writing pencil, <i>a</i>, the traveling paper, <i>b</i>, the light connecting
+rods or arms, <i>d</i> (which correspond to <i>a</i> in the theoretical
+diagram above), the series of metal contact plates over
+which these arms slide, the resistance coils connected to
+these plates, and the battery and line wires. It will be seen
+that each arm, <i>d</i>, is connected to its particular battery, and
+each set of contact plates to its particular line. Fig. 3
+is an elevation of the sending instrument, in which
+<i>a</i> is the pencil as before, <i>c c</i> the contact plates over which
+the arms, <i>d d</i>, slide, <i>f f</i> the coils, and <i>b</i> the traveling slip of
+paper.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 is a plan of the receiving instrument, in which <i>h h</i>
+are the light pivoted needles surrounded by coils of fine insulated
+copper wires, <i>i i</i>, and controlled in their zero position
+by the electro-magnets, <i>j j j j</i>, placed underneath, the
+whole forming a pair of galvanoscopes or current detecters,
+one for each line. It will be understood that the varying
+currents from the lines are allowed to flow through the coils,
+<i>i i</i>, so as to deflect the needles, and that the deflections of
+the needles follow, so to speak, the variations of the currents.
+The electro-magnets are magnetized by a local battery;
+permanent magnets might, however, take their place
+with a gain in simplicity.</p>
+
+<p>Now the writing pen, <i>k</i>, is connected to the nearest tip of
+the needle, <i>h</i>, of each galvanoscope by threads, <i>n n</i>, which
+are kept taut by the fibers, <i>o<sub>1</sub> o<sub>2</sub> o<sub>3</sub></i>, the springs, <i>o</i>, and the
+pins, <i>o<sub>4</sub></i>. In this way the motions of the needles are recombined
+in the motion of the duplicate pen upon the paper, <i>p</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 is an elevation of the receiving instrument, in which
+<i>i i</i> are the coils as before, <i>j j j j</i> the controlling electro-magnets,
+<i>k</i> is the writing siphon dipping with its short leg into
+the ink well, <i>m</i>, and <i>l</i> is the bridge from which the writing
+siphon is suspended by means of a thread and spring. The
+long leg of the siphon reaches down to the surface of the
+paper, <i>p</i>, which is pulled along beneath it in contact with
+the film of ink filling the point of the tube. When the siphon
+is at rest its point marks a zero line along the middle
+of the paper, but when the receiver is working, the siphon
+point forms each letter of the message upon the paper as it
+passes.&mdash;<i>Engineering.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="alum" id="alum"></a>ALUMINUM.</h2>
+
+<p>The splendid exhibit of the French aluminum manufacturers
+at the late
+Exhibition has
+again called attention
+to that
+metal, which is
+so admirably
+adapted to many
+purposes on account
+of its great
+lightness and its
+stability under
+the influence of
+the atmosphere.
+While aluminum
+industry has
+heretofore been
+thought to be
+confined to
+France solely,
+we are now
+told by Mr. C.
+Bambery, in the
+Annual Report
+of the Society of
+Berlin Instrument
+Makers,
+that for some
+years past aluminum
+has been
+extensively manufactured
+in
+Berlin.</p>
+
+
+<p>Three firms especially
+(St&uuml;ckradt,
+H&auml;cke, and
+Schultze) are engaged
+in this
+branch of industry.</p>
+
+<p>The articles manufactured
+principally
+are nautical
+instruments,
+as sextants, compasses,
+etc. The
+German navy is
+supplied throughout with aluminum instruments. As a
+proof of the superiority of German aluminum, it may here
+be mentioned that the normal sets of weights and balances
+used by the International Commission for the regulation
+of weights and measures, which lately was in session at
+Paris, were obtained from St&uuml;ckradt, in Berlin, and not
+from any of the firms at Paris, the reputed seat of aluminum
+industry.</p>
+
+<p>Aluminum is, in Berlin, generally used pure, and cast
+pieces only are composed of aluminum containing about 5
+per cent of silver.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless the use of aluminum will remain limited,
+even in case the cost of manufacturing it could be materially
+reduced, until some method shall have been discovered by
+which aluminum may be soldered.</p>
+
+<p>This difficulty has, in spite of all efforts, not yet
+been overcome, and for some purposes, to which the
+metal would otherwise be well adapted, it remains so far
+unavailable. Here then is a chance for some ingenious
+mind.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><a name="Page_0198" id="Page_0198"></a></p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="bolt" id="bolt"></a>AN IMPROVED DOOR BOLT.</h2>
+
+<p>The accompanying engraving represents, in perspective
+and in section, an improved door bolt, recently patented by
+Mr. Thomas Hoesly, of New Glaras, Wis.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/8a.png"><img src="./images/8a-th.png" alt="HOESLY&rsquo;S DOOR BOLT." title="HOESLY&rsquo;S DOOR BOLT." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">HOESLY'S DOOR BOLT.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The principal features of this bolt will be understood by
+reference to the engraving. On the plate or body are cast
+two loops or guides for the bolt, and the plate is slotted under
+the bolt, and a lug projects into the slot and bears against
+a spring contained by a small casing riveted to the back
+of the plate. The end of the bolt is beveled, and its operation
+is similar to that of the ordinary door latch. Two
+handles are provided, one of which is of sufficient length to
+reach through the door, and a pawl or dog accompanies the
+bolt, which may be attached to the door with a single screw,
+and is to be used in locking the door. The bolt is very simple
+and strong, suitable for shops, out-buildings such as
+barns, stables, etc., and some of the doors of dwellings.</p>
+
+<p>Further information may be obtained by addressing the
+inventor, as above.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="chim" id="chim"></a>Chimney Flues.</h2>
+
+<p>Messrs. W. H. Jackson &amp; Co., of this city, whose long
+experience in treating refractory flues gives weight to their
+opinion, communicate to the <i>American Architect</i> the following
+useful information:</p>
+
+<p>To secure a good draught the chimney should be of sufficient
+size, should be carried up above surrounding objects,
+should be as straight as possible throughout its length, and
+should be as smooth as possible inside, to avoid friction. As
+a draught is caused by unequal temperatures, the chimney
+should be so arranged as to
+avoid a rapid radiation of
+heat. If in an exterior wall
+there should be at least 8 inches
+of brickwork between
+the flue and the exterior surface.
+For country houses it
+is much better to have the
+chimneys run up through the
+interior, as the flue is more
+easily kept warm, and the
+heat that is radiated helps to
+warm the house. The most
+frequent cause of a "smoky
+chimney" is the insufficient
+size of the flue for the grate
+or fireplace connected therewith.
+The flue should not
+be less than one eighth the
+capacity of the square of the
+width and height of the grate
+or fireplace. That is, if the
+grate has a front opening 20
+inches wide and 26 inches
+high, the flue should be 8 in.
+x 8 in.; or, with an opening
+36 inches wide and 32 inches
+high, the flue should be 12 in.
+x 12 in.; and, to get the best
+result, the opening into the
+flue from the grate or fireplace
+should be of a less number
+of square inches than the
+square of the flue, and never
+larger, as no more air should
+be admitted at the inlet than can be carried through the flue.
+Where there is more than one inlet to the same flue, the sum
+of all the inlets should not more than equal the size of the
+flue. A number of stoves may be connected with the same
+flue, one above another, if this rule is observed.</p>
+
+<p>A square flue is better than a narrow one, as in two
+flues containing the same number of square inches the
+square flue would have the smallest amount of wall surface,
+and consequently less friction for the ascending currents,
+and less absorption of heat by the walls. Chimneys should
+be closely built, having no cracks nor openings through
+which external air may be drawn to weaken the draught.
+If they could be made throughout their length as impervious
+to air as a tube of glass, with interior surface as smooth,
+one cause of smoky chimneys would be removed. A downward
+current of air is frequently caused by some contiguous
+object higher than the chimney, against which the wind
+strikes. This higher object may sometimes be quite a distance
+from the chimney, and still affect it badly. A good
+chimney top constructed to prevent a down draught will
+remedy this difficulty. Each grate or fireplace should have
+a flue to itself. Under very favorable conditions, two grates
+or fireplaces might be connected with the same flue, but it is
+not a good plan. We have known grates and fireplaces connected
+with two flues, where they have been built under a
+window for instance, and, owing to there being insufficient
+room for a flue of suitable size, a flue has been run up on
+each side of the window. This is a very bad plan, and
+never can work well; it requires too much heat to warm both
+flues, and if the room in which the grate or fireplace is situated
+should be pretty close, so that there was no other entrance
+for air, there is danger that it would circulate down
+one flue and up the other, forcing smoke out of the fireplace
+into the room.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="furn" id="furn"></a>IMPROVED FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE.</h2>
+
+<p>The refuse matter and garbage of large cities is in the main
+composed of animal and vegetable offal of the kitchens; of
+the sweepings of warehouses, manufactories, saloons, groceries,
+public and private houses; of straw, sawdust, old bedding,
+tobacco stems, ashes, old boots, shoes, tin cans, bottles,
+rags, and feathers; dead cats, dogs, and other small animals;
+of the dust and sweepings of the streets, the condemned fruit,
+vegetables, meat, and fish of the markets, all of which compose
+a mass of the most obnoxious and unhealthy matter that
+can be deposited near human habitations.</p>
+
+<p>The inventor of the furnace shown in the accompanying
+engravings aims to produce a change of form and of chemical
+nature and a great reduction in bulk of all such refuse
+and garbage within the limits of the city where it accumulates,
+without screening, separating, preparing, or mixing,
+without the expense of using other fuel, without any offensive
+odors being generated in the operation, and to produce
+an entirely unobjectionable residuum or product that may be
+made useful.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/8b.png"><img src="./images/8b-th.png" alt="Fig. 1.&mdash;FOOTE&rsquo;S FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE." title="Fig. 1.&mdash;FOOTE&rsquo;S FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 1.&mdash;FOOTE'S FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>As a rule organic matter largely preponderates in the refuse,
+being as high in some instances as 94 per cent. There
+is always more than enough to generate sufficient heat to fuse
+the earthy or inorganic portion, which is mainly composed
+of sand, clay, and the alkalies from the coal and vegetable
+ashes, etc.</p>
+
+<p>By producing a high degree of heat in the combustion of
+the organic portion of the refuse with a forced blast or forced
+draught, the non-combustible elements are fused, and form a
+vitreous slag, which is entirely inodorous and unobjectionable,
+and which may be utilized for many purposes.</p>
+
+<p>The upper section or cone of the consuming furnace is built
+of boiler iron, and lined with fire brick resting upon an iron
+plate, which is supported by iron columns.</p>
+
+<p>The hearth is made of fire brick, and is in the form of an
+inverted cone, being smaller at the bottom and larger at the
+top, as shown in Fig. 2.</p>
+
+<p>The sides of the hearth are perforated near the bottom with
+arches for the tuyeres or blast pipes, and also in front for the
+special blast pipe and the tapping hole. The top of the furnace
+is closed with an iron plate, provided with a circular
+opening, through which the hopper enters the top of the
+furnace.</p>
+
+<p>At the left in the larger engraving is seen an elevator, operated
+by a steam engine, for conveying the garbage and refuse
+to a platform, whence it is projected into the furnace
+by an inclined plane or chute.</p>
+
+<p>Gas or smoke conductors convey the gas from the top of
+the furnace to the furnace of the boiler and to the heating
+oven, where it is used in heating air, which is conveyed
+through the iron pipes passing through the heating oven into
+a wind box, from which it enters the furnace at several points
+near the bottom by means of the tuyere pipes.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/8c.png"><img src="./images/8c-th.png" alt="SECTION OF FURNACE." title="SECTION OF FURNACE." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">SECTION OF FURNACE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The consumption of the garbage is effected near the bottom
+of the furnace, where the air is forced in, and is continued
+as long as the blast is applied, and while burning at the base
+it is continually sinking down at the top, so that it is necessary
+to keep filling all the time. The odoriferous gases and
+the hot products of such combustion are forced upward
+through the superimposed mass, and escape to the fires of
+the boiler and heating oven, and, being largely composed of
+carbonic oxide and the hydrocarbon gases distilled from the
+animal and vegetable offal of the garbage, are thoroughly
+consumed; and it is said that by this means not only are all
+the offensive odors destroyed, but the heat generated is utilized
+for making steam and heating the air used for blast.</p>
+
+<p>The refuse in its descent through the high furnace is exposed
+to the drying action of the hot gases of distillation and
+the hot products of combustion, its temperature increasing in
+its descent the nearer it approaches the tuyeres, and becomes
+completely desiccated and combustible when it reaches the
+blast. The high heat in this
+way obtained by the combustion
+of the organic portion
+melts all of the inorganic
+portion, forming a vitreous
+slag or glass, which may be
+allowed to run continuously,
+or by closing the tap may be
+allowed to accumulate, and
+can be drawn off at intervals.
+If there is an adequate supply
+of clay and sand in the refuse
+to combine with the ashes, the
+slag will run hot and free.
+The combination of silex or
+alumina and an alkali in
+proper portions always yields
+a fusible, easy-running compound.</p>
+
+<p>The molten slag, as it runs
+from the furnace, may be discharged
+into tanks of cold
+water, which will pulverize
+or granulate it, making it like
+fine sand, or as it pours over
+a runner, through which it
+flows, if struck with a forcible
+air or steam blast it will
+be spun into fine thread-like
+wool.</p>
+
+<p>The furnace once lighted
+and started may be kept
+running day and night continuously
+for days, months, or
+years, if desired; but if it
+becomes necessary to stop at any time, the tuyere pipes
+may be removed and the holes all stopped with clay,
+so as to entirely shut off the supply of air, and it will then
+hold in fire for many days, and will be in readiness to start
+again at any time the pipes are replaced and the blast
+turned on.</p>
+
+<p>This furnace is the invention of Mr. Henry R. Foote, of
+Stamford, Conn.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><a name="Page_0199" id="Page_0199"></a></p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="vase" id="vase"></a>AN ANCIENT GREEK VASE.</h2>
+
+<p>The vase shown in the accompanying engravings must not
+be classed with ordinary ceramic ware, as it is a veritable
+work of art. It is the celebrated cup of Arcesilaus, which
+is preserved in the collection of the library of Richelieu
+street after having figured in the Durand Museum. It was
+found at Vulsei, in Etruria. It was made by a potter of
+Cyrene, the capital of Cyrenaica, founded by Greeks from
+the island of Thera. It is remarkable that Cyrene, removed
+from the center of Grecian manufacture, should possess a
+manufactory of painted vases from which have come so
+many works of art. The traveler, Paul Lucas, discovered
+in the necropolis of Cyrene, in 1714, many antique vases,
+both in the tombs and in the soil. One of them is still
+preserved in the Museum at Leyden. The Arcesilaus, who is
+represented on this vase, is not the celebrated skeptical philosopher
+of that name; it is Arcesilaus, King of Cyrenaica,
+who was sung by Pindar, and who was vanquished
+in the Pythian games under the
+80th Olympiad (458 years B.C.).</p>
+
+<p>The height of this vase is 25 centimeters,
+its diameter 28 centimeters. The paste is
+very fine, of a pale red. It is entirely coated
+with a black groundwork, which has been
+generally re-covered with a yellowish white
+clay, baked on.</p>
+
+<p>According to M. Brongniart, this piece has
+been subjected to the baking process at least
+two or three times, thus indicating that the
+ceramic art had made considerable progress
+in Cyrene even at that remote epoch.</p>
+
+<p>The following description of this vase is
+given in the catalogue of the Durand Museum:
+The King Arcesilaus is seated under a
+pavilion upon the deck of a ship. His head is
+covered with a kind of hat with a large brim,
+and his hair hangs down upon his shoulders.
+He is clothed in a white tunic and embroidered
+cloak or mantle, and he carries a scepter in
+his left hand; under his seat is a leopard, and
+his right hand he holds toward a young man,
+who makes the same gesture, and he is weighing
+in a large scale assaf&oelig;tida, which is being
+let down into the hold of the ship. We know
+that he deals with assaf&oelig;tida because one of
+the personages (the one who lifts up his arm
+toward the beam of the scale) holds in his
+right hand something resembling that which
+is in the scale, and the Greek word traced
+near it signifies "that which prepares <i>silphium</i>."
+Assaf&oelig;tida, the resinous matter of
+the silphium, is used largely by the Greeks in
+the preparation of their food. The Orientals
+to-day make frequent use of it and call it the delight of the
+gods; while in Europe, because of its repulsive odor, it has
+long been designated as <i>stircus diaboli</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/9b.png"><img src="./images/9b-th.png" alt="ANCIENT GREEK VASE." title="ANCIENT GREEK VASE." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 1.&mdash;ANCIENT GREEK VASE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/9a.png"><img src="./images/9a-th.png" alt="TOP OF GREEK VASE." title="TOP OF GREEK VASE." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 2.&mdash;TOP OF GREEK VASE.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="bread" id="bread"></a>Snow-Raised Bread.</h2>
+
+<p>Somebody thinks he has discovered that snow, when incorporated
+with dough, performs the same office as baking
+powder or yeast. "I have this morning for breakfast," says
+a writer in the <i>English Mechanic</i>, "partaken of a snow-raised
+bread cake, made last evening as follows: The cake when
+baked weighed about three quarters of a pound. A large
+tablespoonful of fine, dry, clean snow was intimately stirred
+with a spoon into the dry flour, and to this was added a
+tablespoonful of caraways and a little butter and salt. Then
+sufficient cold water was added to
+make the dough of the proper usual
+consistence (simply stirred with the
+spoon, not kneaded by the warm
+hands), and it was immediately put
+into a quick oven and baked three
+quarters of an hour. It turned out
+both light and palatable. The reason,"
+adds the writer, "appears to
+be this: the light mass of interlaced
+snow crystals hold imprisoned
+a large quantity of condensed atmospheric
+air, which, when the
+snow is warmed by thawing very
+rapidly in the dough, expands enormously
+and acts the part of the carbonic
+acid gas in either baking powder
+or yeast. I take the precise
+action to be, then, not due in any
+way to the snow itself, but simply
+to the expansion of the fixed air
+lodged between the interstices of
+the snow crystals by application of
+heat. This theory, if carefully
+followed out, may perchance give a
+clew to a simple and perfectly innocuous
+method of raising bread
+and pastry." And stop the discussion as to whether alum
+in baking powders is deleterious to health or otherwise.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="invent" id="invent"></a>NEW AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.</h2>
+
+<p>An improved gate, invented by Messrs. P. W. McKinley
+and George L. Ellis, of Ripley, O., is designed for general
+use. It is operated by cords and pulleys, and can be opened
+without dismounting from the horse. It is constructed so
+that it cannot sag, and is not liable to get out of order.</p>
+
+<p>An improved apparatus for pressing tobacco has been patented
+by Mr. F. B. Deane, of Lynchburg, Va. It consists
+mainly in the construction of a suspended jack, arranged to
+travel over a row of hogsheads, so that a single jack gives
+successively to each hogshead the desired pressure.</p>
+
+<p>An improved combined harrow and corn planter has been
+patented by Mr. M. McNitt, of Hanover, Kan. In this machine
+the opening, pulverizing, planting, and covering teeth
+are combined with a single frame.</p>
+
+<p>A machine, which is adapted to the thrashing and cleaning
+of peas and seeds, and for cleaning all kinds of grain, has
+been patented by Mr. J. J. Sweatt, of Conyersville, Tenn.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Amos M. Gooch, of Farmington, W. Va., has patented
+an improved corn planter, which drops the fertilizer
+simultaneously with the seed, and is provided with a device
+for pressing the soil around the seed, leaving over the seed
+a portion of loose earth.</p>
+
+<p>An improved machine for harvesting cotton has been patented
+by R. H. Pirtle, of Lowe's, Ky. This machine carries
+two vertical cylinders armed with teeth or spurs, and
+two inclined endless belts provided with teeth. The teeth
+of the cylinders and the belts remove the cotton from the
+plants, and deliver it to a receptacle carried by the machine.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Julius Fern and Samuel Bligh, of Oneonta, N. Y.,
+have patented an improved power for churning and other
+purposes where little power is required. It consists in the
+combination of a drum and weight, a train of gearing, and
+a pallet wheel arranged to oscillate a balanced beam.</p>
+
+<p>An improvement in the class of feed cutters in which two
+or more knives work between parallel bars attached to the
+cutter box, has been patented by Messrs. J. N. Tatum and
+R. C. Harvey, of Danville, Va. The improvement consists
+in arranging the knives so that one begins and finishes its
+cut in advance of the other.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. William Bradberry, of Darrtown, O., has invented an
+improvement in reciprocating churns. The aim of this inventor
+is to utilize the resistance of the milk as a source of
+power. To accomplish this a peculiar combination of mechanism
+is required, which cannot be clearly described without
+an engraving.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="read1" id="read1"></a>Reading and Eyesight.</h2>
+
+<p>M. Javel, in a recent lecture, tries to answer the question,
+"Why is reading a specially fatiguing exercise?" and also
+suggests some remedies for this fatigue. First, M. Javel
+says reading requires an absolutely permanent application
+of eyesight, resulting in a permanent tension of the organ,
+which may be measured by the amount of fatigue or by the
+production of permanent myopy. Secondly, books are
+printed in black on a white ground; the eye is thus in presence
+of the most absolute contrast which can be imagined.
+The third peculiarity lies in the arrangement of the characters
+in horizontal lines, over which we run our eyes. If we
+maintain during reading a perfect immobility of the book
+and the head, the printed lines are applied successively to
+the same parts of the retina, while the interspaces, more
+bright, also affect certain regions of the retina, always the
+same. There must result from this a fatigue analogous to
+that which we experience when we make
+experiments in "accidental images," and
+physicists will admit that there is nothing
+more disastrous for the sight than the prolonged
+contemplation of these images. Lastly,
+and most important of all in M. Javel's
+estimation, is the continual variation of the
+distance of the eye from the point of fixation
+on the book. A simple calculation demonstrates
+that the accommodation of the eye to
+the page undergoes a distinct variation in
+proportion as the eye passes from the beginning
+to the end of each line, and that this
+variation is all the greater in proportion to
+the nearness of the book to the eye and the
+length of the line. As to the rules which M.
+Javel inculcates in order that the injurious
+effects of reading may be avoided, with reference
+to the permanent application of the
+eyes, he counsels to avoid excess, to take
+notes in reading, to stop in order to reflect or
+even to roll a cigarette; but not to go on
+reading for hours on end without stopping.
+As to the contrast between the white of the
+paper and the black of the characters, various
+experiments have been made in the introduction
+of colored papers. M. Javel advises
+the adoption of a slightly yellow tint.
+But the nature of the yellow to be used is not
+a matter of indifference; he would desire a
+yellow resulting from the absence of the blue
+rays, analogous to that of paper made from
+a wood paste, and which is often mistakenly
+corrected by the addition of an ultramarine
+blue, which produces gray and not white.
+M. Javel has been led to this conclusion both
+from practical observation and also theoretically from the
+relation which must exist between the two eyes and the
+colors of the spectrum. His third advice is to give preference
+to small volumes which can be held in the hand, which
+obviates the necessity of the book being kept fixed in one place,
+and the fatigue resulting from accidental images. Lastly,
+M. Javel advises the avoidance of too long lines, and therefore
+he prefers small volumes, and for the same reason those
+journals which are printed in narrow columns. Of course
+every one knows that it is exceedingly injurious to read with
+insufficient light, or to use too small print, and other common
+rules. M. Javel concludes by protesting against an invidious
+assertion which has recently been made "in a
+neighboring country," according to which the degree of
+civilization of a people is proportional
+to the number of the short
+sighted shown to exist by statistics;
+the extreme economy of light, the
+abuse of reading to the detriment
+of reflection and the observation of
+real facts, the employment of Gothic
+characters and of a too broad
+column for books and journals, are
+the conditions which, M. Javel believes,
+lead to myopy, especially if
+successive generations have been
+subjected to these injurious influences.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="phos" id="phos"></a>Phosphorescence.</h2>
+
+<p>M. Nuesch records, in a recent
+number of the <i>Journal de Pharmacie</i>,
+some curious observations regarding
+luminous bacteria in fresh
+meat. Some pork cutlets, he found,
+illuminated his kitchen so that he
+could read the time on his watch.
+The butcher who sent the meat told
+him the phosphorescence was first
+observed in a cellar, where he kept
+scraps for making sausages. By
+degrees all his meat became phosphorescent, and fresh meat
+from distant towns got into the same state. On scratching
+the surface or wiping it vigorously, the phosphorescence disappears
+for a time; and the butcher wiped carefully the
+meat he sent out. All parts of the animal, except the blood,
+acquired the phenomenon over their whole surface. The
+meat must be fresh; when it ceases to be so, the phosphorescence
+ceases, and <i>Bacterium termo</i> appear. None of the
+customers had been incommoded. It was remarked that if
+<a name="Page_0200" id="Page_0200"></a>a small trace of the phosphorescent matter were put at any
+point on the flesh of cats, rabbits, etc., the phosphorescence
+gradually spread out from the center, and in three or four
+days covered the piece; it disappeared generally on the sixth
+or seventh day. Cooked meat did not present the phenomenon
+but it could be had in a weak manner, from cooked
+albumen or potatoes. No other butcher's shop in the place
+was affected. The author is uncertain whether to attribute
+the complete disappearance of the phenomenon to the higher
+temperature of the season, or to phenic acid, or to fumigation
+with chlorine.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="natur" id="natur"></a>The Charms of Natural Science.</h2>
+
+<p>The Earl of Derby, in an address at the Edinburgh University,
+said: "Of the gains derivable from natural science
+I do not trust myself to speak; my personal knowledge is
+too limited, and the subject is too vast. But so much as this
+I can say&mdash;that those who have in them a real and deep love
+of scientific research, whatever their position in other respects,
+are so far at least among the happiest of mankind.
+.... No passion is so absorbing, no labor is so assuredly
+its own reward (well that it is so, for other rewards are
+few); and they have the satisfaction of knowing that, while
+satisfying one of the deepest wants of their own natures,
+they are at the same time promoting in the most effectual
+manner the interests of mankind. Scientific discovery has
+this advantage over almost every other form of successful
+human efforts, that its results are certain, that they are
+permanent, that whatever benefits grow out of them are
+world-wide. Not many of us can hope to extend the range
+of knowledge in however minute a degree; but to know
+and to apply the knowledge that has been gained by others,
+to have an intelligent appreciation of what is going on
+around us, is in itself one of the highest and most enduring
+of pleasures."</p>
+
+<p><a name="rail" id="rail"></a><span class="smcap">The Vesuvius Rail Way</span>.&mdash;The Italian Ministry of Public
+Works, in union with the Ministry of Finance and the Prefecture
+of Naples, has issued the concession for the construction
+of the Vesuvius Railway. The line will run along that
+part of the mountain which has been proved, after the experience
+of many years, to be the least exposed to the eruptions.
+The work is to be commenced immediately, and it is believed
+that it will come into use during the present year. A
+sufficient number of carriages are being built to convey 600
+persons during the day. The line is to be constructed upon
+an iron bridge, built after a patented system.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="tree" id="tree"></a>The Pottery Tree.</h2>
+
+<p>Among the various economic products of the vegetable
+kingdom, scarcely any hold a more important place than
+barks, whether for medicinal, manufacturing, or other purposes.
+The structure and formation of all barks are essentially
+very similar, being composed of cellular and fibrous
+tissue. The cell contents of these tissues, however, vary
+much in different plants; and, for this reason, we have
+fibrous or soft, woody, hard, and even stony barks. To explain
+everything which relates to the structure of bark
+would lead us into long details which our space will not permit.
+Briefly stated, the bark of trees (considering,
+now, those of our own climate) consists
+of three layers. The outermost, called
+the "cortical," is formed of cellular tissue,
+and differs widely in consistency in different
+species; thus, in the cork oak, which furnishes
+man with one of his most useful commercial
+products, the cortical layer acquires extraordinary
+thickness. The middle layer,
+called the "cellular" or "green bark," is a
+cellular mass of a very different nature. The
+cells of which it is composed are polyhedral,
+thicker, and more loosely joined, and filled
+with sap and chlorophyl. The inner layer
+(next the wood), called the "liber," consists
+of fibers more or less long and tenacious. It
+is from the liber that our most valuable commercial
+fibers are obtained. In some plants
+the fibrous system prevails throughout the
+inner bark; but what we wish to refer to
+more particularly at present is a remarkable
+example of the harder and more silicious
+barks, and which is to be found in the "Pottery
+Tree" of Para. This tree, known to the
+Spaniards as <i>El Caouta</i>, to the French as <i>Bois
+de Fer</i>, to the Brazilians as <i>Caraipe</i>, is the
+<i>Moquilea utilis</i> of botanists, and belongs to the
+natural order <i>Ternstr&oelig;iace&aelig;</i>. It is very
+large, straight, and slender, reaching a height
+of 100 feet before branching; its diameter is
+from 12 to 15 inches; and its wood is exceedingly
+hard from containing much flinty matter.
+Although the wood of the tree is exceedingly
+sound and durable, the great value of the tree
+to the natives exists in the bark for a purpose
+which, to say the least, is a novel one in the
+application of barks&mdash;that of the manufacture
+of pottery. The Indians employed in the manufacture
+of pottery from this material always keep a stock
+of it on hand in their huts for the purpose of drying and seasoning
+it, as it then burns more freely, and the ashes can be
+gathered with more ease than when fresh. In the process
+of manufacturing the pottery the ashes of the bark are powdered
+and mixed with the purest clay that can be obtained
+from the beds of the rivers; this kind being preferred, as it
+takes up a larger quantity of the ash, and thus produces a
+stronger kind of ware. Though the proportions of ash and
+clay are varied at the will of the maker, and according to
+the quality of the bark, a superior kind of pottery is produced
+by a mixture of equal parts of fine clay and ashes.
+All sorts of vessels of small or large size for household or
+other purposes are made of this kind of ware, as are also
+vases or ornamental articles, many of which are painted and
+glazed. These articles are all very durable, and are able to
+stand almost any amount of heat; they are consequently
+much used by the natives for boiling eggs, heating milk, and
+indeed for culinary purposes generally. A brief glance at
+the structure of the bark will show how it comes to be so
+well adapted for this purpose. The bark seldom grows more
+than half an inch thick, and is covered with a skin or epidermis;
+when fresh, it cuts somewhat similar to a soft sandstone,
+but when dry, it is very brittle and flint like, and
+often difficult to break. On examination of a section under
+the microscope, all the cells of the different layers are
+seen to be more or less silicated, the silex forming in the
+cells when the bark is still very young. In the inner bark
+the flint is deposited in a very regular manner, the particles
+being straight and giving off branches at right angles; that
+of the porous cells of the bark, however, is very much contorted,
+and ramifies in all directions. In the best varieties
+of the tree, those growing in rich and dry soil, the silex can
+be readily detected by the naked eye; but to test the quality
+of the various kinds of bark, the natives burn it and then
+try its strength between their fingers; if it breaks easily it
+is considered of little value, but if it requires a mortar and
+pestle to break, its quality is pronounced good. From an
+analysis of this singular bark, that of old trees has been
+found to give 30.8 per cent of ash, and that of young 23.30
+per cent. Of the different layers of old bark, the outer gave
+17.15 per cent, the middle 37.7, and the inner 31. The wood
+of the tree, in comparison with the bark, is relatively poor
+in silex, the duramen of an old tree giving only 2.5 per cent
+of silex.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="sponge" id="sponge"></a>GLASS SPONGES.</h2>
+
+<p>The natural history of sponges had, up to the middle of
+this century, been comparatively neglected. Until 1856,
+when Lieberkuhn published his treatise on sponges, very
+little or nothing had been written on the subject. Later,
+Haeckel did much to determine their exact nature, and it
+is now universally admitted that sponges form one of the
+connecting links between the animal and the vegetable kingdom.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>Sponges, generally considered, consist of fine porous tissue,
+covered, during life, with viscid, semi-liquid protoplasm,
+and are held in shape and strengthened by a more or
+less rigid skeleton, consisting chiefly of lime or silica. The
+tissue consists of a very fine network of threads, formed
+probably by gradual solidification of the threads of protoplasm.
+The inorganic skeleton is formed by larger and
+smaller crystals and crystalline threads. In the various
+families of sponges the quantity of inorganic matter varies
+greatly; some sponges are nearly devoid of an inorganic
+skeleton, while other families consist chiefly of lime or silica,
+the organic tissue being only rudimentarily developed.</p>
+
+<p>As observed in their natural state, sponges are apparently
+lifeless. When, however, a live sponge is placed in water
+containing some finely powdered pigment in suspension, it
+will be noticed that in regular, short intervals water is absorbed
+through the pores of the tissue and ejected again
+through larger openings, which are called "oscul&aelig;." Following
+up these into the interior, we find them divided into
+numerous branches, the walls of which are, under the microscope,
+found to be covered with minute cells, fastened at
+one end only and oscillating continually. By means of these
+cells the sponge receives its nourishment.</p>
+
+<p>Sponges with very rigid inorganic skeletons may be divided
+into two classes&mdash;calcareous and silicious&mdash;according
+to whether the skeleton is chiefly composed of lime or silica.</p>
+
+<p>Our engravings represent two species of the latter kind,
+which are, on account of the peculiar appearance
+of their skeleton, called glass sponges.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 represents the "sprinkling pot
+sponge," <i>Eucleptella aspergillum</i>. It is generally
+found in very deep water throughout the
+Pacific. Specimens were found over fifty
+years ago, but, as they had to be brought up
+from depths between 500 and 800 fathoms,
+they remained very scarce and sold at fabulous
+prices.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/10a.png"><img src="./images/10a-th.png" alt="SPRINKLING POT SPONGE." title="SPRINKLING POT SPONGE." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 1.&mdash;SPRINKLING POT SPONGE.&mdash;(<i>Eucleptella aspergillum</i>.)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The skeleton is formed by small crystals
+and long threads of vitreous silica, cemented
+together, during life, by protoplasm. They
+are arranged in longitudinal and annular
+bands so as to form a long curved cylinder,
+about nine to twelve inches long, the walls of
+which are about one inch in thickness. The
+threads and bands are interwoven with the
+greatest regularity, and when the skeleton is
+freed from the adhering organic matter, it
+looks extremely beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>The mode in which the intersecting bunches
+of crystals are connected is shown in Fig.
+2. The upper end of the cylinder is closed
+by a perforated cover, which probably has
+given rise to the name of the sponge. The
+upper portion of the cylinder is surrounded
+by a few irregular, annular masses of organic
+tissue, which adheres loosely only to the
+skeleton. The lower end is formed by a
+bunch of long threads, rooting firmly in the
+ground.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/10b.png"><img src="./images/10b-th.png" alt="SPONGE CRYSTALS MAGNIFIED." title="SPONGE CRYSTALS MAGNIFIED." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 2.&mdash;SPONGE CRYSTALS MAGNIFIED.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Up to about ten years ago the price of
+specimens of this sponge was very high. At
+that time, however, a colony of Eucleptellas
+was found near the cities of Cebu and Manila,
+in the East Indies, in a depth not exceeding
+100 fathoms, and since they have appeared in
+larger quantities in the market. It is remarkable that, contrary
+to their habits, these organisms have immigrated into
+regions to which they were totally unaccustomed. Yet it
+must be regarded as a greater curiosity that they have been
+accompanied to their new abode by a few animals living
+<a name="Page_0201" id="Page_0201"></a>in equally deep water and never met with before at depths
+less than three or four hundred fathoms. Among these animals
+is a <i>Phormosoma</i> (water hedgehog), noted for its long spines.</p>
+
+<p>Glass sponges are not confined to tropical regions. They
+are met with in latitudes as high as the F&auml;r&ouml;e Islands,
+where the beautiful <i>Holtenia Carpentaria</i> abounds. It is
+represented in Fig. 3. Its cup-shaped skeleton is similar in
+structure to that of the <i>Eucleptella</i>; numerous crystalline
+needles protrude from the surface of the upper part. Lately
+some specimens of <i>Holtenia</i> have been found on the coast of
+Florida.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/11a.png"><img src="./images/11a-th.png" alt="HOLTENIA CARPENTERIA." title="HOLTENIA CARPENTERIA." /></a>
+<br /><span class="caption">Fig. 3.&mdash;HOLTENIA CARPENTERIA.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Glass sponges serve as dwellings for numerous animals,
+especially crustace&aelig;. A small shrimp inhabits the tubes of
+the <i>Eucleptella</i>, a male and a female generally living together.
+They are shut up as in a prison in their crystalline
+home, as they are generally too large to pass through the
+meshes formed by the bundles of crystals. It was formerly
+believed that these skeletons had actually been built by
+the shrimps, and we can find no explanation for this curious
+circumstance, other than that the shrimps entered these
+habitations while very small and became too
+large to leave them.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="plant" id="plant"></a>Plants Protected by Insects.</h2>
+
+<p>Mr. Francis Darwin, in a lecture on "Means
+of Self-Defense among Plants," delivered
+lately at the London Institution, said that one
+of the most curious forms of defense known
+is afforded by a recently discovered class of
+plants, which, being stingless themselves, are
+protected by stinging ants, which make their
+home in the plant and defend it against its
+enemies. Of these the most remarkable is
+the bull's-horn acacia (described by the late
+Mr. Belt in his book "The Naturalist in Nicaragua"),
+a shrubby tree with gigantic curved
+thorns, from which its name is derived. These
+horns are hollow and tenanted by ants, which
+bore a hole in them, and the workers may be
+seen running about over the green leaves. If
+a branch is shaken the ants swarm out of the
+thorns and attack the aggressor with their
+stings. Their chief service to the plant consists
+in defending it against leaf-cutting ants,
+which are the great enemy of all vegetation
+in that part of America. The latter form
+large underground nests, and their work of
+destruction consists in gathering leaves, which
+they strip to form heaps of material, which
+become covered over with a delicate white
+fungus, on which the larv&aelig; of the ants are
+fed, so that literally they are a colony of
+mushroom growers. The special province of
+the little stinging ants, which live in the thorns
+of the acacia, is, therefore, to protect the
+leaves of the shrub from being used by the
+leaf-cutters to make mushroom beds. Certain
+varieties of the orange tree have leaves
+which are distasteful to the leaf-cutters, this
+property of the leaves thus forming a means
+of defense. Other plants are unaccountably
+spared by them&mdash;grass, for example, which,
+if brought to the nest, is at once thrown out
+by some ant in authority. The bull's-horn
+acacia, in return for the service rendered by
+the stinging ants, not only affords them shelter
+in its thorns, but provides them with nectar
+secreted by glands at the base of its leaves,
+and also grows for them small yellow pear-shaped
+bodies, about one twelfth of an inch
+in length, at the tip of some of its leaflets,
+which they use as food. These little yellow
+bodies are made up of cells containing protoplasm
+rich in oil, and afford the insects an excellent food.
+When the leaf unfolds, the ants may be seen running from
+one leaflet to another, to see if these little yellow bodies are
+ripe; and if they are ready to be gathered they are broken
+up by the ants and carried away to the nest in the thorn.
+Several small birds, also, build their nests in the bull's horn
+acacia, thus escaping from a predatory ant which is capable
+of killing young birds. The trumpet tree, another plant of
+South and Central America, is also protected by a standing
+army of ants; and, like the above mentioned acacia, grows
+for its protectors small food bodies containing oil, but instead
+of secreting nectar in its leaves it harbors a small insect
+(coccus), whose sweet secretion is much relished by the ants.
+Dr. Beccari mentions an epiphytal plant growing on trees in
+Borneo, the seeds of which germinate, like those of the mistletoe,
+on the branches of the tree; and the seedling stem,
+crowned by the cotyledons, grows to about an inch in
+length, remaining in that condition until a certain species of
+ant bites a hole in the stem, which then produces a gall-like
+growth that ultimately constitutes the home of the ants. If
+the plant is not fortunate enough to be bitten by an ant it
+dies. These ants, then, protect their plant home by rushing
+out fiercely on intruders, and thus are preserved the sessile
+white flowers which, in this plant, are developed on the
+tuber like body.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="smcap"><a name="iron" id="iron"></a>Advance in Iron.</span>&mdash;At a meeting of the Philadelphia
+Iron Merchants' Association, March 11, prices of all descriptions
+of merchant iron were advanced fully 5 per cent.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="baro" id="baro"></a>The Aneroid Barometer.</h2>
+
+<p>The aneroid barometer was invented by M. Vidi, of Paris.
+It consists essentially of a circular box, the face of which is
+made of thin elastic metal, rendered more elastic by being
+stamped and pressed into concentric circular wave-like corrugations.
+This box is nearly exhausted of air, and its elastic
+face supports the pressure of the atmosphere, and yields
+to it with elastic resistance in proportion to the amount of
+pressure. Thus, if the atmospheric pressure increases, the
+face is pressed inward; if atmospheric pressure diminishes,
+the elastic reaction of the metal moves the face outward.
+These movements are communicated to an index by suitable
+and very delicate mechanism, and registered in largely magnified
+dimensions, by the movements of this index upon the
+face of the dial.</p>
+
+<p>Aneroid barometers are now made of pocket size, compensated
+for temperature, and with double scales, one reading
+the height of the barometer column, the other the elevation
+obtained. I have, says Prof. W. M. Williams, used one
+of these during many years, and find it a very interesting
+traveling companion. It is sufficiently sensitive to indicate
+the ascent from the ground floor to the upper rooms of a
+three-storied house, or to enable the traveler sitting in a
+railway train to tell, by watching its face, whether he is
+ascending or descending an incline.</p>
+
+<p>Such slight variations are more easily observed on the
+aneroid than on the mercurial barometer, and therefore it is
+commonly stated that the aneroid is the more sensitive instrument.
+This, however, is a fallacious conclusion. It is
+not the superior sensitiveness of the movements of the instrument,
+but the greater facility of reading them, that gives
+this advantage to the aneroid, the index of which has a
+needle point traveling nearly in contact with the foot of the
+divisions; the readings are further aided by a needle point
+register attached to a movable rim, which may be brought
+point to point against the index, thus showing the slightest
+movement that human vision may detect. A magnifying
+lens may be easily used in such a case.</p>
+
+<p>It should be understood that the aneroid barometer is not
+an independent instrument; it is merely a device for representing
+the movements of the mercurial barometer. It is
+regulated by comparison with the primary instrument, and
+this comparison should be renewed from time to time, as the
+elastic properties of the metal may and do vary.</p>
+
+<p>An adjusting or regulating screw is attached to the
+back of the instrument, and is usually movable by a watch
+key.</p>
+
+<p>Besides this, the magnified reading of course magnifies
+any primary error, and is largely dependent on the accuracy
+of the mechanism.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="light" id="light"></a>The Albo-Carbon Light.</h2>
+
+<p>We need hardly remind our readers that numerous unsuccessful
+attempts have been made at various times to enrich
+ordinary coal gas by the aid of volatile oils. Upon the present
+occasion we have to place before them particulars of a
+process having the same object in view, but which is so far
+dissimilar in that it deals with a solid substance instead of a
+liquid oil. The invention has been brought into its present
+practical shape by Mr. James Livesey, C. E., of No. 9 Victoria
+Chambers, Westminster, in conjunction with Mr. Kidd,
+with whom it originated. The process consists in the employment
+of a substance called albo-carbon, which is the solid
+residuum of creosote. This material is moulded into the form
+of candles, which in large lamps are placed in a metallic vessel
+or receiver near the gas burner. The albo-carbon is
+warmed by the heat of the burning gas, the heat being transmitted
+to the receiver by a metallic conductor. Upon the
+albo-carbon being raised to the necessary temperature it volatilizes,
+and as the coal gas passes over it to the burner its
+vapor becomes mingled with the gas, and greatly raises its
+illuminating power. Of course when first lighted the coal
+gas only is burned, but in a few minutes the
+albo-carbon communicates its enriching vapor
+to it. The only alteration necessary to the
+present gas fittings is the vaporizing chamber,
+which is of simple construction, although at
+present the details of the various arrangements
+necessary for the different kinds of
+lights have not yet been fully worked out.
+This invention is now being tried experimentally
+in the eastern section of the Westminster
+Aquarium, where we recently examined
+it, and found it to afford a marked improvement
+upon the ordinary system of gas illumination,
+although a smaller number of burners
+is being used. Tried alternately with ordinary
+coal gas, the higher illuminating power
+of the albo-carbon light was very remarkable.
+It appears that there are 200 burners fitted at
+the Aquarium with the new light, and these
+successfully take the place of 500 ordinary gas
+burners previously in use. The illuminating
+effect is stated to be doubled, with an additional
+advantage as regards economy. The
+reduction of cost arises from the smaller quantity
+of gas consumed with the albo-carbon
+process than without it, and the very small
+cost of the enriching material. According to
+our information, 1,000 cubic feet of ordinary
+gas as generally used will, by the albo-carbon
+appliance, give as much illumination as 3,000
+cubic feet without it, and the cost of the material
+to produce this result is only 1s. 6d.
+Experiments have been made with this light
+by Mr. T. W. Keates, the consulting chemist
+to the Metropolitan Board of Works, who reports
+very favorably upon it, as does also Dr.
+Wallace, of Glasgow, who has obtained some
+very satisfactory results with it. It is claimed
+for the albo-carbon material that it is perfectly
+inexplosive, safe and portable, that it causes
+no obstruction and leaves no residuum, and
+that the receivers can be replenished almost
+indefinitely without any accumulation taking
+place, so perfect is the evaporation of the albo-carbon.
+On the whole the display at the
+Aquarium speaks greatly in favor of the new
+process of gas enrichment, which, other things
+being equal, bids fair to find its way into practice.&mdash;<i>Engineering.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="hard" id="hard"></a>English and American Hardware.</h2>
+
+<p>Mr. Frederick Smith, Manager of the Union
+Land and Building Company (limited), recently
+read a paper on the above subject before the Manchester
+Scientific and Mechanical Society. Mr. H. Whiley,
+Superintendent of the Manchester Health Department, presided.
+The following is the text of the paper, as given in
+the London <i>Ironmonger</i>. The lecturer said:</p>
+
+<p>A spectator in any of our courts of justice will generally
+be struck with the amount of hard swearing which is given
+to the court, under the name of evidence. He will find one
+set of witnesses testifying, under oath, to one thing, and
+another set, also under oath, to the very opposite. Some
+prove too much, some too little, some are of a totally negative
+character, proving nothing, and some are of no character
+at all, and therefore are willing to prove anything. To
+some extent the same phenomena are to be observed in reference
+to the question of foreign competition. On the one
+hand the manufacturers hold up to our affrighted vision
+the picture of our mills stopped, our machine shops standing
+empty and idle, our hardware trade slipping through our
+fingers, our ships rotting in our own and in foreign ports, and
+our greatness as a producing nation for ever passed away.
+On the other hand, the journalists who take the labor side of
+the question, the trades-union leaders, and a large number of
+the workmen themselves, hold that we have little or nothing
+to fear from our foreign rivals; that the depression, like those
+atmospheric ones of which our American cousins are constantly
+warning us, will pass away, and leave us with better
+times to follow. I will, therefore, as far as possible, keep
+out of the region of speculation, give you a few facts, show
+you some examples, and leave you to draw your own inferences.
+<a name="Page_0202" id="Page_0202"></a>Some two or three years ago ordinary axle pulleys of
+English make were difficult to get; the price was scandalously
+high, and the quality as scandalously low. Out of a dozen
+probably four would not turn round without sticking, and
+the casting was&mdash;well, simply vile. I show you a sample
+rather above the average, and the retail price for this inferior
+article was 22s. per gross. All at once the Americans
+deluged the English market with the pulley which I now
+show to you, and it needs no explanation of mine to satisfy
+the mechanical minds present of the superiority of the
+transatlantic article; but when we also bear in mind that
+the price of the American was from 25 to 33 per cent less
+than the English pulley, you can understand how the builders
+exulted, and how the Volscians of the Birmingham district
+were fluttered. Then, and not till then, would the English
+maker condescend to believe that it was possible to improve
+upon the wretched things which he had foisted upon
+his customers, and he at once commenced to copy the American
+pulley. He has not yet succeeded in producing such a
+beautiful casting, but I venture to say that he has improved
+the quality more in the last eighteen months than in the previous
+eighteen years.</p>
+
+<p>Now take the ordinary door furniture. For generations
+the English builder and householder has had to be content
+with the stereotyped, with all its aggravating propensities.
+First, the little screw (so small as to be scarcely perceptible
+to touch or to sight) shakes loose from its countersunk depression
+in the spindle, gets lost, and lets the knob go adrift;
+or next, the knob itself, formed of a bit of sheet brass, turns
+round on its shank and the door cannot be opened, or the
+shank, not having a sufficient bearing on the spindle, works
+loose, and the whole thing is out of repair. It is the same
+thing to-day as it was when it tormented my grandfather;
+for, of course, no improvement could be made until Uncle
+Sam sent us his cheap, strong, serviceable, and sensible
+"Mineral Knob."</p>
+
+<p>The English maker says: "But look at the many devices
+which we have invented for door furniture." Granted, and
+some of them very good, but none of them so good as this&mdash;for
+the money. Plenty of them well adapted for extraordinary
+use, but none of them cheap enough and strong enough
+to be placed in competition with this in fitting up the dwelling
+of the ordinary Englishman. The spindle and furniture
+of a lock is the portion which is liable to and receives the
+most rough usage.</p>
+
+<p>I have here an ordinary cheap set of china furniture of
+English make, which I dare not drop lest I should break it,
+but as you see, I dare throw its Yankee competitor the
+whole length of this room. The retail price of this English
+set is ninepence&mdash;the price of the American is less than sixpence.
+The English spindle is fitted with the usual little
+screw, the knob is loose, the roses are china, and liable to
+break with the least strain or blow. The American set, as
+you see, has a long shank; the form of the knob is a very
+oblate spheroid, giving a good grip and free play for the
+fingers between the knob and the door. The rose is japanned
+iron, and has small studs or teeth projecting on its inner side
+effectually preventing it from turning round with the spindle;
+the screw is strong, and is tapped through the spindle
+itself, insuring both security and perfect steadiness. Several
+small washers are supplied with each spindle, enabling
+the slack to be taken up perfectly, and at the same time preventing
+the spindle from sticking with any ordinary amount
+of friction.</p>
+
+<p>I will now show you a cheap American rim lock. First,
+you will notice that both sides are alike. Next, that by pulling
+the latch forward it can be turned half round, and is
+thereby converted from a right hand to a left hand, or <i>vice
+versa</i>, in an instant. This is an important point to a
+builder, but our lockmakers do not seem to know it. Several
+attempts have been made to introduce locks of this kind,
+but the fancy prices put upon every article which departs, in
+ever so slight a measure, from the antediluvian patterns
+mostly used, practically prohibits their adoption. The carcass
+of the lock is of cast iron; the casting, like all the small
+American castings, is simply perfect; bosses are cast round
+the follower and keyholes; the box staple is one piece of
+metal, neat and strong.</p>
+
+<p>But there is another point, and, to my mind, the most important
+one. Whatever opinions may be held as to the relative
+quality of this lock, whether it is better or worse than
+an English one, it is at least an honest article. It makes no
+pretensions to be any better than it is. It does not entrap the
+unwary purchaser by pretending to be a first-class article,
+when at the same time it may be a swindle.</p>
+
+<p>I will now show you an ordinary 6 inch rim-lock of English
+manufacture. At a short distance it looks like a superior
+article; the follower and keyhole appear as if they were
+bushed with brass. But let us take it to pieces, and see
+what we can find. The follower is a rough casting, not
+turned at the bearings, and is in no sense a fit. The screw
+holes are not countersunk, but merely punched in; the key is
+of the roughest and worst fitting description; the inside is as
+rough and cheap as possible; the key is cut so as to deceive
+the purchaser into the belief that there are twice as many
+wards in the lock as is really the case, and the bushes prove
+to be thin plates of brass riveted on, and not bushes at all.
+In short, the whole article is a vile fraud, and the maker was
+a swindler. This is strong language, but I think you will
+agree with me when I maintain that it is not stronger than
+the circumstances warrant.</p>
+
+<p>But there are still its defects of bad design and useless
+workmanship. The lock is of the usual form given to the
+English rim-lock, that is, it has a flange which requires to be
+let into the edge of the door. I have fixed hundreds of them,
+and have never yet been able to see a use for this flange. It
+is one great obstacle to the general introduction of a reversible
+lock; it adds to the labor of fixing without adding to the
+security of the door, for if the door is to be forced from the
+outside, the box staples give way first; if from the inside, the
+unscrewing of the box staple is all that is necessary to give
+egress; if the door requires easing, it effectually prevents it
+being done&mdash;in fact, it is a nuisance, and nothing but a nuisance.
+But our lockmakers do not appear to give these things
+a thought; their doctrine seems to be, "As it was in the beginning,
+is now, and ever shall be."</p>
+
+<p>Again, notice that the edges of the iron which lie against
+the door and the sham bushes are ground bright. Here is
+labor wasted, for as soon as the lock is fixed these polished
+portions are hidden for ever. Next, take the box staple. As
+is usual, it is fearfully and wonderfully made up of sheet iron,
+square iron, and brass; the outcome of which is that the
+showy brass striking piece comes unriveted, the door comes
+unfastened, and the tenant's temper comes unhinged. Why,
+in the name of common sense, could they not substitute a
+neat malleable casting? In our own houses I have long since
+discarded the ordinary box staple for draw-back locks, and
+find it cheaper to buy a cast iron staple, and throw away the
+one supplied by the English lockmaker.</p>
+
+<p>Bear in mind that I have shown neither of these locks as
+samples of high-class goods, but as samples of the furniture
+fixed in the houses of the working and middle classes of this
+country; and when I tell you that the American lock, fitted
+with the mineral furniture, is at least 25 per cent cheaper
+than the English abortion I have shown to you, you will begin
+to realize what our English markets have to fear from
+the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a common, cheap English mortise lock, and you
+will naturally ask why the outside of this lock is ground
+bright, when it is buried in the door and never seen except it
+has to be taken out for repairs. I have asked the same question,
+and for 20 years have paused for a reply. This lock is
+not reversible, the follower is not bushed, and the inside is
+rough and cheap. Contrast it with this neat American lock,
+and notice again the bosses to receive the wear; notice also
+that the bolts are brass; the latch-bolt is, of course, reversible&mdash;I
+never saw an American lock which was not. The body
+of the lock is cast iron; and, seeing that there are no strains
+upon a mortise lock, it is quite as good as if it was of wrought
+iron. There is no unnecessary grinding, but the iron is
+japanned, and the japan is as much superior to the English
+compound as is the lacquer ware of the Japanese to that
+which is executed in Birmingham and palmed upon the ignorant
+buyer as Japanese work. In fact, as you can see for
+yourselves, the English japan looks almost like gas tar beside
+the American. This American lock is a two-lever, and
+there is no sham about the key, which is made of some kind
+of white metal and is small and neat. This lock is only 2&frac12;
+per cent higher in price than the English.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving these locks, let me say a word or two upon
+the relative wear upon their different portions, and their relative
+safety. The English maker appears to ignore the
+fact that nineteen-twentieths of the wear of a lock is upon
+the latch, spindle, and follower; the amount of actual wear
+upon the rest of the lock is comparatively slight. Let any
+of you consider the number of times you open and close a
+door, compared with the times you lock it. Our drawbacks
+and large rim locks are used about once a day; the great
+bulk of our mortise locks are not used, except as latches,
+once a week. One argument used by our manufacturers
+against the American lock is that, being made by machinery,
+there is necessarily a great duplication of parts, and a consequent
+lowering of the standard of security; while their own
+locks, being made by hand, are not alike, and therefore cannot
+be so easily opened.</p>
+
+<p>Let any of you put this argument to proof, by trying how
+many front doors you can open with one key in a row of
+workmen's dwellings such as are found in Manchester, ranging
+up to &pound;25 rentals, and the result will astonish you. If
+our own manufacturers made their locks sufficiently well to
+give this security, there would be some force in what they
+say; but so far as security is concerned, they might as well
+make their locks by machinery as make them in the way
+they do.</p>
+
+<p>I now show you two thumb latches, one of American and
+one of English make. Notice the general finish of the
+American latch; the shape, the mode of construction, and
+everything about it proves that brains were used when it
+was designed and made. The English "Norfolk latch," on
+the other hand, is ill designed, uncomfortable in hand, clumsily
+finished, the japan hangs about it in lumps, the latch is
+clumsy, the catch is clumsier, and the keeper, a rough piece
+of hoop iron, seems as if designed to "keep" the latch from
+doing its duty. In this case the American latch is 25 per
+cent cheaper than the English one; and the English latch is
+of the same pattern as the one that was in use when I was
+a boy, only that it is a greatly inferior article.</p>
+
+<p>I will now introduce you to the well known nuisance
+which we have been accustomed to use for fastening our
+cupboard doors&mdash;the cupboard turn&mdash;and without further
+comment, ask you to compare it with this neat and simple
+latch of American make, costing about 5 per cent more,
+twice as efficacious, and five times as durable. In this case
+no improvement has been made in the English fastener. It
+is just as it was when I went to the trade, about 28 years
+ago, and although many attempts have been made to improve
+it they have added so much to its cost as to prevent
+the improved articles from coming into general use.</p>
+
+<p>The difference between the English and American inventor
+and designer seems to consist in this&mdash;that while an Englishman
+devotes all his energies to the improvement of an
+existing shape, the American throws the old article under
+his bench and commences <i>de novo</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I think I have made out a case against the English hardware
+manufacturer, but when I have pointed these matters
+out to merchants and ironmongers, I have been met with
+various reasons for this manifest inferiority. I do not know
+how far these excuses may be valid, but one man says
+that the reason, as regards locks, is somewhat as follows:
+The locksmiths of the district wherein they are made in
+many cases work at their own homes; one man making one
+part of a lock, while other men make other parts. This
+goes on generation after generation, and the men become
+mere machines, not knowing how the entire lock is constructed,
+and not caring to know. Another attributes it to
+the influence of the trades-unions, and says that if a manufacturer
+wants a different kind of lock, the price for the
+work is immediately put higher, even though the actual
+labor may not be increased. A third says it is due to the
+drunkenness of the hands, and their consequent poverty and
+physical and social demoralization, which prevents them
+from rising to such an intellectual level as will enable them
+to see the evils of their system, and adopt the right means
+to remove them. A fourth boldly says, "We make these
+goods because our customers want them." How far the reasons
+assigned by the first three are correct I am unable to
+say, but for the fourth, the extent to which the builders of
+England have patronized the Americans is a complete answer.</p>
+
+<p>This defense, "Our customers want them," is as old as
+the hills, and has been used to cover every kind of deception
+and inferior article ever manufactured. Our Lancashire
+manufacturers use it when they are charged with sending
+china clay and mildew (and call it calico) for the mild Hindoo
+and the Heathen Chinee to dress themselves in. Our butter
+merchants use it when they make up grease and call it
+butter; and our hardware merchants use it when they send
+us sham locks, and call them brass bushed, etc.</p>
+
+<p>It is the duty of the manufacturer to invent for his customers,
+and it is preposterous to say that the builder would
+prefer that embodiment of fraud&mdash;the English rim-lock, which
+I showed to you&mdash;to the American lock, which, at any rate,
+was an honest article, especially when the latter had the
+great advantage of being considerably cheaper. I am afraid
+that the swindling and greed of our merchants is having the
+effect of thrusting us out of the markets of the world, including
+our home markets; and when it is too late, these men
+who are making the name of English goods a byword and a
+reproach, even among the Hindoos, the Chinese, and the untutored
+savages of the South Sea Islands, will find that
+"honesty is the best policy."</p>
+
+<p>We have been accustomed to hear a deal of buncombe talked
+about the honesty of the Englishman, and the want of honesty
+of the Yankee; about the enterprise of our manufacturers
+and the skill of our workmen; but if what I have
+shown to you is to be taken as a specimen, it is time we set
+our house in order. Since commencing the paper I have
+read the discussion between Messrs. Chubb and Hill, and am
+at a loss to know why Messrs. Chubb entered into the arena.
+If all the English makers tried to reach Chubb's standard we
+should keep our markets, at least so far as high quality is
+concerned; and to see Messrs. Chubb acting as champions of
+the English lockmakers is something like seeing Messrs.
+Horrocks taking up the cudgels for those people who manufacture
+china clay and call it calico, the proportion of fiber
+in the material being just a little greater than that found in
+hair mortar.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion, I wish it to be understood that I bring
+these facts before you in no exultant spirit. I am an Englishman,
+and the future welfare of myself and my children
+depends very much upon the future of English manufactures;
+but we cannot be blind to the fact that the apathy
+and conservatism of our manufacturers, the greed of our
+Merchants, and the ignorance and drunkenness of our workmen,
+are weighing us so heavily in the race for trade that a
+member of our own family, whose leading business should
+be to produce food for us, is outstripping us with the greatest
+ease. Our boasted supremacy as a manufacturing people
+is leaving us, and leaving us under such humiliating circumstances&mdash;and
+if the men of Birmingham and the district are
+content to dwell in their present "fools' paradise," it is the
+duty of every lover of his country to speak as plainly as possible
+to them.</p>
+
+<p>Of course I am prepared to be told that as I am not a lockmaker
+my opinion is worthless; but I have been about 28
+years as man and boy, employer and workman, in the building
+trade, and if I have not got to know something about
+builders' hardware during that period, I have made but a
+poor use of my time. I do not know if I have added to your
+stock of knowledge, but deeming the subject an important
+one, I have done the best I could in the time at my
+disposal.</p>
+
+<p>In the discussion which followed the opinion of the members
+present was unanimously in favor of the American articles
+shown to them.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>A high Indian official reports that the people of Cashmere
+are dying of famine like flies, and at the present rate of mortality
+the province will be nearly depopulated by the end of
+the year.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_0203" id="Page_0203"></a></p>
+<hr />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>TO INVENTORS.</h2>
+
+<p>An experience of more than thirty years, and the preparation
+of not less than one hundred thousand applications
+for patents at home and abroad, enable us to understand
+the laws and practice on both continents, and
+to possess unequaled facilities for procuring patents
+everywhere. In addition to our facilities for preparing
+drawings and specifications quickly, the applicant can
+rest assured that his case will be filed in the Patent Office
+without delay. Every application, in which the fees
+have been paid, is sent complete&mdash;including the model&mdash;to
+the Patent Office the same day the papers are signed
+at our office, or received by mail, so there is no delay in
+filing the case, a complaint we often hear from other
+sources. Another advantage to the inventor in securing
+his patent through the Scientific American Patent
+Agency, it insures a special notice of the invention in
+the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>, which publication often
+opens negotiations for the sale of the patent or manufacture
+of the article. A synopsis of the patent laws
+in foreign countries may be found on another page,
+and persons contemplating the securing of patents
+abroad are invited to write to this office for prices,
+which have been reduced in accordance with the times,
+and our perfected facilities for conducting the business.
+Address <span class="smcap">MUNN &amp; CO.</span>, office <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Business and Personal.</h2>
+
+<p><i>The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar
+a line for each insertion; about eight words to a line.
+Advertisements must be received at publication office
+as early as Thursday morning to appear in next issue.</i></p>
+
+<p>Valves and Hydrants, warranted to give perfect satisfaction.
+Chapman Valve Manuf. Co., Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Brown &amp; Sharpe, Prov., R. I. Best Gear Teeth Cutters
+and Index Plates at low prices. Send for catalogue.</p>
+
+<p>Wanted&mdash;Galvanic Battery, Induction Coil, Electro-Magnet.
+Address, with description and price, Box 1700,
+Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>New Steam Governor.&mdash;Entire right for $3,000. For
+circulars address E. Towns, Cisne, Ill.</p>
+
+<p>Gutta Percha, pure and sheeted, for sale in quantities
+to suit. Anderson &amp; Reynolds, Salem, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>The new fragrant Vanity Fair Cigarettes. New combinations
+of rare Old Perique and Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Wanted&mdash;Second-hand Corliss Engine, 100 to 125 H. P.
+Address P. O. Box 1208, New Haven, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>17 and 20 in. Gibed Rest Screw Lathes. Geo. S. Lincoln,
+Hartford, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>"Downer's Anti-Incrustation Liquid" for Removal
+and Prevention of Scales in Steam Boilers, is spoken of
+in highest terms by those who have given it a thorough
+trial. Circulars and price lists furnished on application.
+A. H. Downer, 17 Peck Slip, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. W. B. Adams, one of the most extensive contractors
+and decorators in this city, says he has used nearly
+fifty thousand gallons of H. W. Johns' Asbestos Liquid
+Paints, and after an experience of twenty years with
+white lead and other paints, he considers them not only
+superior in richness of color and durability, but owing to
+their wonderful covering properties, they are fully 20
+per cent more economical than any others.</p>
+
+<p>New Pamphlet of "Burnham's Standard Turbine
+Wheel" sent free by N. F. Burnham, York, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>Gaume's Electric Engine. 171 Pearl St., B'klyn, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Engines, &frac12; to 5 H. P. G. F. Shedd, Waltham, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Clipper Injector. J. D. Lynde, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>Diamond Drills, J. Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Eagle Anvils, 9 cents per pound. Fully warranted.</p>
+
+<p>Case Hardening Preparation. Box 73, Willimantic, Ct.</p>
+
+<p>Vertical Burr Mill. C. K. Bullock, Phila., Pa.</p>
+
+<p>Sheet Metal Presses, Ferracute Co., Bridgeton, N. J.</p>
+
+<p>Mundy's Pat. Friction Hoist. Eng., of any power, double
+and single. Said by all to be the best. J. S. Mundy, Newark,
+N. J.</p>
+
+<p>Auction Sale.&mdash;The Machinery and Property of the
+well known Hardie's Machine Works, 62 and 64 Church
+St., Albany, N. Y., will be sold March 26, at noon. No
+postponement.</p>
+
+<p>To Manufacturers or Capitalists.&mdash;A rare chance to
+control a valuable agricultural patented implement.
+Address S. A. Fisher, Maplewood, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Reflecting Telescope, 6&frac12; inches aperture, well mounted,
+price only $70. J. Ramsden, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>See Hogins' Laundry Table, illustrated on page 194.
+State, Canada, and entire right for sale.</p>
+
+<p>Emery.&mdash;Best Turkey Emery in bbls., kegs, and cases
+in quantities to suit. Greene, Tweed &amp; Co., 18 Park
+Place, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> Export Edition is published
+monthly, about the 15th of each month. Every
+number comprises most of the plates of the four preceding
+weekly numbers of the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>, with
+other appropriate contents, business announcements,
+etc. It forms a large and splendid periodical of nearly
+one hundred quarto pages, each number illustrated with
+about one hundred engravings. It is a complete record
+of American progress in the arts.</p>
+
+<p>Gold, Silver, and Nickel Plater wants situation. Address
+Plater, Oakville, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>Amateur Photo. Apparatus, including instructions;
+outfits complete. E. Sackmann &amp; Co., 278 Pearl St., N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Outfits for Nickel and Silver Plating, $5 to $200.
+Union Silver Plating Company, Princeton, Ill.</p>
+
+<p>Send for Circulars of Indestructible Boot and Shoe
+Soles to H. C. Goodrich, 40 Hoyne Ave., Chicago, Ill.</p>
+
+<p>For Sale.&mdash;Brown &amp; Sharp Universal Milling Machine;
+Bement Profiling Machine; first-class 2d hand Machine
+Tools. E. P. Bullard, 14 Dey St., New York.</p>
+
+<p>For Sale.&mdash;7 foot bed Putnam Planer, $350. A. A.
+Pool &amp; Co., Newark, N. J.</p>
+
+<p>Bevins &amp; Co.'s Hydraulic Elevator. Great power,
+simplicity, safety, economy, durability. 94 Liberty St. N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>A Cupola works best with forced blast from a Baker
+Blower. Wilbraham Bros., 2,318 Frankford Ave., Phila.</p>
+
+<p>Shaw's Noise Quieting Nozzles and Mercury Pressure
+Gauges. T. Shaw, 915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>For Solid Wrought Iron Beams, etc., see advertisement.
+Address Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for
+lithograph, etc.</p>
+
+<p>H. Prentiss &amp; Company, 14 Dey St., N. Y., Manufs.
+Taps, Dies, Screw Plates, Reamers, etc. Send for list.</p>
+
+<p>Presses, Dies, and Tools for working Sheet Metal, etc.
+Fruit &amp; other can tools. Bliss &amp; Williams, B'klyn, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Nickel Plating.&mdash;A white deposit guaranteed by using
+our material. Condit, Hanson &amp; Van Winkle, Newark, N. J.</p>
+
+<p>Hydraulic Elevators for private houses, hotels, and
+public buildings. Burdon Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>The Lathes, Planers, Drills, and other Tools, new and
+second-hand, of the Wood &amp; Light Machine Company,
+Worcester, are to be sold out very low by the George
+Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., New York.</p>
+
+<p>Hydraulic Presses and Jacks, new and second hand.
+Lathes and Machinery for Polishing and Buffing Metals
+E. Lyon &amp; Co., 470 Grand St., N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels&mdash;The Solid Original
+Emery Wheel&mdash;other kinds imitations and inferior.
+Caution.&mdash;Our name is stamped in full on all our best
+Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only.
+The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing
+Company, 37 and 38 Park Row, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Pulverizing Mills for all hard substances and grinding
+purposes. Walker Bros. &amp; Co., 23d &amp; Wood St., Phila., Pa.</p>
+
+<p>Portland Cement&mdash;Roman &amp; Keene's, for walks, cisterns,
+foundations, stables, cellars, bridges, reservoirs,
+breweries, etc. Remit 25 cents postage stamps for Practical
+Treatise on Cements. S. L. Merchant &amp; Co., 53
+Broadway, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Needle Pointed Iron, Brass, and Steel Wire for all
+purposes. W. Crabb, Newark, N. J.</p>
+
+<p>Manufacturers of Improved Goods who desire to build
+up a lucrative foreign trade, will do well to insert a well
+displayed advertisement in the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>
+Export Edition. This paper has a very large foreign
+circulation.</p>
+
+<p>Band Saws, $100; Scroll Saws, $75; Planers, $150;
+Universal Wood Workers and Hand Planers, $150, and
+upwards. Bentel, Margedant &amp; Co., Hamilton, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>The best Friction Clutch Pulley and Friction Hoisting
+Machinery in the world, to be seen with power applied,
+95 and 97 Liberty St., New York. D. Frisbie &amp; Co.,
+New Haven, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>C. M. Flint, Fitchburg, Mass., Mfr. of Saw Mills and
+Dogs, Shingle and Clapboard Machines. Circulars.</p>
+
+<p>Blake's Belt Studs; strongest, cheapest, and best fastening
+for Leather or Rubber Belts. Greene, Tweed &amp;
+Co., New York.</p>
+
+<p>No gum! No grit! No acid! Anti-Corrosive Cylinder
+Oil is the best in the world, and the first and
+only oil that perfectly lubricates a railroad locomotive
+cylinder, doing it with half the quantity
+required of best lard or tallow, giving increased
+power and less wear to machinery, with entire freedom
+from gum, stain, or corrosion of any sort, and
+it is equally superior for all steam cylinders or
+heavy work where body or cooling qualities are
+indispensable. A fair trial insures its continued
+use. Address E. H. Kellogg, sole manufacturer, 17
+Cedar St., New York.</p>
+
+<p>The unprecedented demand for Kinney Bros.' New
+Cigarette, Sweet Caporal, is a good recommendation as
+to their merit.</p>
+
+<p>Wheels and Pinions, heavy and light, remarkably
+strong and durable. Especially suited for sugar mills
+and similar work. Pittsburgh Steel Casting Company,
+Pittsburgh, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>Deoxidized Bronze. Patent for machine and engine
+journals. Philadelphia Smelting Co., Phila., Pa.</p>
+
+<p>For Sale.&mdash;4 H. P. Vertical Engine and Boiler (New
+York Safety Steam Power Co.'s make), as good, and in
+some respects better, than new. Address H. M. Quackenbush,
+Herkimer, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>Wood-working Machinery, Waymouth Lathes. Specialty,
+Wardwell Patent Saw Bench; it has no equal.
+Improved Patent Planers; Elevators; Dowel Machines.
+Rollstone Machine Company, Fitchburg, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Galland &amp; Co.'s improved Hydraulic Elevators. Office
+206 Broadway, N. Y., (Evening Post Building, room 22.)</p>
+
+<p>The only economical and practical Gas Engine in the
+market is the new "Otto" Silent, built by Schleicher.
+Schumm &amp; Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Send for circular.</p>
+
+<p>Dead Pulleys that stop the running of loose pulleys
+and their belts, controlled from any point. Send for
+catalogue. Taper Sleeve Pulley Works, Erie, Pa.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine</i> is one of the most
+beautiful magazines in the world. Each number contains
+a chromo of some group of flowers, and many fine
+engravings. Published monthly at $1.25 per year. Address
+James Vick, Rochester, N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<a name="note" id="note"></a>
+<img src="./images/13a.png" alt="Notes and Queries" />
+</div>
+
+<h2>Notes &amp; Queries</h2>
+
+<h2>HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.</h2>
+
+<p>No attention will be paid to communications unless
+accompanied with the full name and address of the
+writer.</p>
+
+<p>Names and addresses of correspondents will not be
+given to inquirers.</p>
+
+<p>We renew our request that correspondents, in referring
+to former answers or articles, will be kind enough to
+name the date of the paper and the page, or the number
+of the question.</p>
+
+<p>Correspondents whose inquiries do not appear after
+a reasonable time should repeat them.</p>
+
+<p>Persons desiring special information which is purely
+of a personal character, and not of general interest,
+should remit from $1 to $5, according to the subject,
+as we cannot be expected to spend time and labor to
+obtain such information without remuneration.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>(1) S. Q.&mdash;The speed of a circular saw at
+the periphery should be from 6,000 to 7,000 feet per
+minute. The number of revolutions per minute will of
+course vary with the diameter of the saw.</p>
+
+<p>(2) T. J. F. asks (1) for the best way to
+fasten emery on a wooden wheel, to be used in place of
+a solid emery wheel. A. Cover the wheel with leather
+devoid of grease, and coat the leather surface, a portion
+at a time, with good glue; immediately roll the glued
+surface in emery spread out on a board. 2. How can I
+fasten small pieces of looking glass on iron? A. Use
+equal parts of pitch and gutta percha mixed together.</p>
+
+<p>(3) W. C. asks: 1. What is the power of
+the simple electric light described in <span class="smcap">Supplement No.</span>
+149? A. When supplied with a strong current it is equal
+to 5 or 6 5-foot gas burners. It is designed for temporary
+use only. 2. What is the cost of manufacturing
+the dynamo-electric machine in <span class="smcap">Supplement No.</span> 161?
+A. The one shown in the article referred to cost about
+$35.</p>
+
+<p>(4) L. D. asks: 1. Which is the better conductor,
+silver or copper? A. Silver. 2. And the comparative
+resistance offered to the electric current by
+water and the above? A. Taking pure silver as
+100,000,000, the conductivity of distilled water would be
+0.01.</p>
+
+<p>(5) H. J. F. writes: In <span class="smcap">Supplement</span> 162
+a simple electric light is described. I wish to light a
+room 20x20x10 feet. 1. How large is the bell glass? A.
+2&frac12; inches. 2. Can I use battery carbon? A. Use a carbon
+pencil made for electric lamps. 3. How can I make
+tray water tight after putting wire through? A. With
+gutta percha. 4. I have one large cell Bunsen and one
+Smee. How many more and of what kind shall I get?
+A. One of the batteries described in <span class="smcap">Supplements</span> 157,
+158, 159, will do, probably 8 or 10 Bunsen elements would
+be the best.</p>
+
+<p>(6) W. B. F. writes: I tried to make an
+electric pen, like the one described in your <span class="smcap">Scientific
+American</span>, of February 22d, 1879, using a Smee's battery,
+a circuit breaker, and an induction coil, but it did
+not work. Is there anything wrong, or is a condenser
+different from an induction coil? A. A condenser consists
+of a number of sheets of tin foil separated from
+each other by larger sheets of paper. One half of the
+tin foil sheets are connected with one terminal of the
+primary coil, the other half with the other terminal; the
+tin foil sheets connected with one terminal alternate
+with those of the other terminal. The condenser is
+essential to the working of the coil. For complete directions
+for making induction coils, see <span class="smcap">Scientific
+American Supplement No.</span> 160.</p>
+
+<p>(7) J. De F. asks: 1. Knowing the resistance
+of a wire of given conductivity, length, and diameter,
+will the resistance of any other wire be in proportion
+inversely? A. Yes. 2. Is there heat enough developed
+in the secondary coil of an induction coil to prevent
+the use of paraffine as an insulating material? A.
+With proper battery power, no. 3. How high in the
+list of non-conductors does paraffine stand? A. It is
+one of the best. 4. Will a cotton insulator soaked in
+paraffine answer as well as silk? A. No, because it
+renders the covering of the wire too thick. 5. Can you
+recommend any insulating material for making induction
+coils which will dry rapidly? A. Alcoholic shellac
+varnish. Rosin to which a little beeswax has been
+added is an excellent insulator; it must be applied in a
+melted state. 6. What is the composition of the black
+material covering the Leclanche porous cell? A. Gutta
+percha. 7. Is the magneto-electric machine described
+in the <span class="smcap">Scientific American Supplement</span> patented? A.
+To which do you refer? Most, if not all of them are patented.</p>
+
+<p>(8) B. V. F. writes: With reference to
+item 8, on page 139, of <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>, March 1,
+1879, I think there is some mistake about the coal you
+think required to heat 1,000 cubic feet space. I burn
+some 8 tons coal to heat, in the whole year, such part of
+my house as must exceed 25x20x18=9,000 cubic feet.
+We keep up a moderate heat at night. Ventilate more
+than most families do; take part only of the cool air, and
+only in part of the coldest weather, from the cellar,
+which at such times is opened into the main entries.
+House wood, back plastered, and stands alone. If 100 lbs.
+coal would heat 1,000 feet one day, I ought to burn 900
+lbs. a day, or nearly 14 tons in December and 14 more in
+January. A. We are glad to receive these data, which
+correspond quite closely with some obtained by recent
+accurate experiments. The estimate given in the <span class="smcap">Scientific
+American</span> also agrees well with experiments
+on the use of hot air heaters for very small buildings or
+rooms. Of course, the larger the space to be heated,
+the more economically it can generally be done.</p>
+
+<p>(9) W. M. S. asks: Will the coil described
+in <span class="smcap">Supplement No.</span> 160 do for the electric pen described
+in a recent number of the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>?
+If not how must it be changed? A. It is too large; make
+it one half the size given.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/13b.png" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>(10) B. G.&mdash;In reply to your inquiry as to
+Mr. Stroh's telephone experiment, we give the following,
+which we clip from the <i>English Mechanic</i>: A singular
+experimental effect, of special interest just now
+from its possible bearing on the theory of the source
+of sound in the Bell telephone, has just been observed
+by Mr. Stroh, the well known mechanician. If a
+telephone, T, with the circuit of its coil left open, be
+held to the ear, and a powerful magnet, M, be moved
+gently up and down along the length of the magnet, as
+shown by the arrow, and at a distance of an inch or two
+from it, a faint breathing sound will be heard, the recurring
+pulses of sound keeping time with the up and
+down motion of the magnet. The sound may be aptly
+compared to the steady breathing of a child, and there
+is a striking resemblance between it and the microphonic
+sounds of gases diffusing through a porous
+septum as heard by Mr. Chandler Roberts. We understand
+that Professor Hughes is investigating the cause
+of this curious sound by help of the microphone.</p>
+
+<p>(11) "Enterprise" asks: What part of its
+volume will iron expand in passing from a temperature
+of 60&deg; to melting temperature? A. The cubical expansion
+of iron for each degree (C.) between 0&deg; and 100&deg; is
+0.00003546 of its volume, its volume being 1. This ratio
+however, increases somewhat at higher temperatures,
+since the mean coefficient of expansion for each degree
+<a name="Page_0204" id="Page_0204"></a>between 0&deg; C. and 300&deg; C. is 0.00004405. The question
+you ask has probably never been settled. You may form
+an approximation by the use of the above ratios, knowing
+the melting point of the iron.</p>
+
+<p>(12) P. L. O. asks for a good chemistry
+for a beginner to study without a teacher. A. Fownes'
+"Chemistry;" Gorup-Besanez, "Inorganic, Organic
+and Physiological Chemistry."</p>
+
+<p>(13) L. E. M. asks: What is the best
+method of keeping fine guns from rusting, and what oil
+should be used? A. For the outside, clear gum copal 1
+part, oil of rosemary 1 part, absolute alcohol 3 parts.
+Clean and heat the metal and apply a flowing coat of the
+liquid by means of a camel's hair brush. Do not handle
+until the coat becomes dry and hard. For the inside of
+the barrel a trace of refined sperm oil is as good as anything,
+but an excess should be avoided.</p>
+
+<p>(14) A. H. B. asks how much weight, falling
+10 feet, will be required to produce one horse power
+for five hours? A. One horse power for 5 hours = 33,000
+&times; 300 = 9,900,000 foot pounds&mdash;so that the weight required
+is 9,900,000 &divide; 10 = 990,000 lbs.</p>
+
+<p>(15) A. D. R. asks: 1. In renewing a Leclanche
+battery, do the zincs have to be amalgamated?
+A. They are usually amalgamated. 2. Will two cells
+large size Leclanche battery give any light, using the
+simple lamp described in <span class="smcap">Supplement No.</span> 162? A. No.</p>
+
+<p>(16) H. L. J. writes: In a recent issue of
+the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span> you state that the floating of
+solid iron on melted iron is on the same principle as
+the floating of ice in water. I do not quite understand
+how it can be. Please explain. A. Solid iron, at an
+elevated temperature, floats upon molten iron for the
+same reason that ice floats upon molten ice-water&mdash;because
+it is specifically lighter. You will find the subject
+discussed at length in Tyndall's "Heat as a Mode of
+Motion."</p>
+
+<p>(17) J. W. will find full directions for canning
+corn, etc., on p. 394 (4), vol. 39, <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>.</p>
+
+<p>(18) "Amateur" writes: I wish to make
+some small bells that have a clear ring. What metal
+or metals can I use that I can melt easily? A. Use an
+alloy of tin and antimony. See <span class="smcap">Scientific American
+Supplement No.</span> 17.</p>
+
+<p>(19) H.&mdash;A nutritious mixed diet is unquestionably
+the best, care being taken to avoid an excess of
+meat.</p>
+
+<p>(20) W. F. writes: I have made an engine,
+and would like to find out what size of boiler it will require.
+The cylinder has 2&frac14; inch bore and 3 inches
+stroke. A. It depends upon pressure and speed to be
+maintained; probably a vertical tubular boiler, 15 inches
+diameter, and 32 to 36 inches high, would suit you.</p>
+
+<p>(21) R. G. (Salt Lake).&mdash;Please send full
+name.</p>
+
+<p>(22) J. M. G. asks: If two persons each
+pull one hundred pounds on opposite ends of a rope,
+what will be the strain on the rope? A. The strain on
+the rope will be 100 lbs.</p>
+
+<p>(23) W. M. M. asks: In laying off a mill
+stone in furrows, what draught is given? What amount
+of the space of a stone is given to furrows and what to
+grinding surface? A. There is considerable difference
+in the practice of various millers, and we
+would be glad to receive communications from those experienced
+in the art of dressing millstones.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Minerals, Etc.</span>&mdash;Specimens have been received
+from the following correspondents, and
+examined, with the results stated:</p>
+
+<p>S. (New Orleans.)&mdash;The powder consists of a mixture
+of zinc oxide and finely powdered resin. A quantitative
+analysis would be necessary to determine the
+proportions.</p>
+
+<p>Any numbers of the <span class="smcap">Scientific American Supplement</span>
+referred to in these columns may be had at this
+office. Price 10 cents each.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="">
+<tr><th>COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED.</th></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">
+Life Preserving Stone. By J. D. W.<br />
+On Ventilation. By D. W.<br />
+What is Mental Action? By N. K.<br />
+Panama Railroad or Canal. By G. R. P.<br />
+A Problem. By K.<br />
+On the Gary Motor. By G. F. M.<br />
+Magnetic Motor. By G. W. W., W. A. A., G. H. F.<br />
+House Warming. By H. B. F.<br />
+The Injector. By M. A. B.<br />
+Columbus' Problem; Cure for Diphtheria; The Mullein<br />
+Cure for Consumption. By R. W. L.<br />
+A Visit to Tula. By L. R.<br />
+On Vacuum in Pumps and the Atwood Machine. By P. J. D.<br />
+On the Patent Bill. By R.<br />
+</td></tr></table>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class="center">[OFFICIAL.]</p>
+
+<h3>INDEX OF INVENTIONS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">FOR WHICH<br />
+<b>Letters Patent of the United States were
+Granted in the Week Ending</b><br />
+February 18, 1879,<br />
+<b>AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center">[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.]</p>
+
+
+<p>A complete copy of any patent in the annexed list,
+including both the specifications and drawings, will be
+furnished from this office for one dollar. In ordering,
+please state the number and date of the patent desired,
+and remit to Munn &amp; Co., 37 Park Row, New York city.</p>
+
+<table width="100%" summary="Patent List">
+<tr><td>Air heater, W. Pickhardt</td><td class="rt">212,499</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Anchor, A. F. White</td><td class="rt">212,340</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Animal trap, S. J. Bennett</td><td class="rt">212,430</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Axle box, vehicle, P. K. Hughes</td><td class="rt">212,382</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Axle, carriage, C. H. Kendall</td><td class="rt">212,387</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Axle for wagons, trussed, J. Herby</td><td class="rt">212,378</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Axle, vehicle, C. H. Kendall</td><td class="rt">212,386</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Barrel cover, C. Brinton</td><td class="rt">212,350</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bed bottom, J. Flinn</td><td class="rt">212,451</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bed bottom, spring, W. B. Crich</td><td class="rt">212,443</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bedstead, sofa, A. N. Hornung</td><td class="rt">212,312</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bedstead, wardrobe, H. P. Blackman</td><td class="rt">212,348</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Belt hook templet, E. Card</td><td class="rt">212,353</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boot and shoe laster, L. Graf</td><td class="rt">212,460</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boot and shoe sole polisher, etc., O. Gilmore</td><td class="rt">212,372</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boot and shoe sole edge trimmer, C. H. Helms</td><td class="rt">212,311</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boot fronts, cutting in, C. H. Colburn</td><td class="rt">212,357</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boot, India-rubber, G. Watkinson (r)</td><td class="rt">8,587</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bottle filler, W. S. Paddock</td><td class="rt">212,494</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bread board, H. Van Doren</td><td class="rt">212,334</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brick, shed for drying, C. H. Roselius</td><td class="rt">212,511</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bridge gate, A. Stempel</td><td class="rt">212,329</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Broom corn tabler, G. W. Foulger</td><td class="rt">212,454</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Button F. E. Williams</td><td class="rt">212,418</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Calculator, tax, P. F. Pettibone</td><td class="rt">212,498</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Car coupling, G. R. Hamilton</td><td class="rt">212,462</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Car coupling, S. A. Haydock</td><td class="rt">212,464</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Car coupling, J. Worrall</td><td class="rt">212,529</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Car heaters, coupling for pipes of railway, J. W. Graydon</td><td class="rt">212,376</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Car heater, railway, J. W. Graydon</td><td class="rt">212,375</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Car heating pipe coupling, railway, J. W. Graydon</td><td class="rt">212,374</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Car ventilation, J. Knipscheer</td><td class="rt">212,475</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cars, heating, J. &amp; J. W. Russell</td><td class="rt">212,403</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cars, supplying water to wash stands on, D. H. Jones</td><td class="rt">212,385</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carbureter feed regulator, W. H. Reed</td><td class="rt">212,502</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Card machine burr conveyer, W. C. Bramwell</td><td class="rt">212,435</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carpet beater, J. L. Leach</td><td class="rt">212,476</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carriage, C. H. Palmer, Jr.</td><td class="rt">212,397</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carriage bow, F. H. Niemann</td><td class="rt">212,491</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carriage, child's, F. H. Way (r)</td><td class="rt">8,583</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carriage top prop, J. P. Simpson</td><td class="rt">212,519</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carriage canopy top, D. Gleason</td><td class="rt">212,458</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cartridge, W. W. Hubbell</td><td class="rt">212,313</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chair foot or leg rest, M. E. Keiran</td><td class="rt">212,474</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chimney, locomotive engine, H. R. Walker</td><td class="rt">212,414</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Chuck, lathe, J. H. Vinton</td><td class="rt">212,413</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Churn power motion, W. F. Witherington</td><td class="rt">212,527</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cigarette, C. C. Millaudon</td><td class="rt">212,392</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coat, reversible, N. H. Lund</td><td class="rt">212,479</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cock and faucet, etc., self-closing, J. Broughton</td><td class="rt">212,436</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coffee pot, teapot, etc., stand, D. H. Murphy</td><td class="rt">212,395</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coffee roaster, R. Davis</td><td class="rt">212,445</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corset, W. Thomas</td><td class="rt">212,411</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Corset steel, E. M. Smith</td><td class="rt">211,520</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dental plugger, W. G. A. Bonwill</td><td class="rt">212,434</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Door securer and combined tool, P. E. Rudel</td><td class="rt">212,512</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Door sill and carpet strip, S. M. Stewart</td><td class="rt">212,521</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Drip pan and self-oiler for bearings, R. B. Eason</td><td class="rt">212,449</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Egg cup and opener, D. H. Murphy</td><td class="rt">212,394</td></tr>
+<tr><td>End gate, wagon, W. H. Parkin</td><td class="rt">212,398</td></tr>
+<tr><td>File, bill, E. H. Owen</td><td class="rt">212,493</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Files, recutting, M. J. Murphy</td><td class="rt">212,490</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Filter, J. W. Lefferts</td><td class="rt">212,477</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Firearm, breech-loading, H. Goodman</td><td class="rt">212,459</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Firearm lock, Kaufmann &amp; Warnant</td><td class="rt">212,473</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fire extinguisher, D. T. Perkins</td><td class="rt">212,322</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fires in buildings, extinguishing, C. Barnes</td><td class="rt">212,346</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fluid motor, Chase &amp; Bowker</td><td class="rt">212,356</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fountain tip, H. G. Fiske</td><td class="rt">212,368</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Furnace, G. B. Field</td><td class="rt">212,366</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Game apparatus, W. T. Ebert</td><td class="rt">212,304</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Garter, etc., clasp, L. Lobenstein</td><td class="rt">212,390</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gate, McKinley &amp; Ellis</td><td class="rt">212,482</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gate, G. W. Pyle</td><td class="rt">212,501</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Glassware, decorating, H. Feurhake</td><td class="rt">212,365</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Glassware shaper and finisher, Atterbury &amp; Beck</td><td class="rt">212,421</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Glazier's tool, W. H. G. Savage</td><td class="rt">212,515</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Governor and friction brake for machinery, speed, T. A. Weston</td><td class="rt">212,337</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Grain drill, C. F. Davis (r)</td><td class="rt">8,589</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Harness breeching strap, H. Holt</td><td class="rt">212,467</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Harrow, toothless, J. W. Mulvey</td><td class="rt">212,393</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Harvester, W. A. Wood</td><td class="rt">212,528</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Harvester cutter, B. Pratt</td><td class="rt">212,323</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Harvester, grain binding, J. F. Appleby</td><td class="rt">212,420</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Harvester reel, B. Moreland</td><td class="rt">212,318</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Harvesting machine, Dutton &amp; Tornquist</td><td class="rt">212,303</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hat formers, web tender for, R. Eickemeyer</td><td class="rt">212,450</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hay binder and elevator, P. H. Nichols</td><td class="rt">212,319</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hay elevator, H. Barlow</td><td class="rt">212,427</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hay tedder, E. J. Knowlton</td><td class="rt">212,388</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Headlights, signal for locomotive, W. Kelley (r)</td><td class="rt">8,591</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Heat regulator for furnaces, A. C. Norcross (r)</td><td class="rt">8,582</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hoisting bucket, F. H. C. Mey</td><td class="rt">212,317</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hoisting drums, etc., friction brake and clutch for, T. A. Weston</td><td class="rt">212,338</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hoisting machine, T. A. Weston</td><td class="rt">212,339</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Horse toe weight, G. C. Clausen</td><td class="rt">212,440</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hydrant, J. Snell</td><td class="rt">212,408</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hydrant, street, G. C. Morgan</td><td class="rt">212,486</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hydraulic motor, W. S. Puckett</td><td class="rt">212,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Injector, steam boiler, G. R. Buckman</td><td class="rt">212,438</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Keg trussing machine, E. &amp; B. Holmes</td><td class="rt">212,381</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kettle, H. C. McLean</td><td class="rt">212,483</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kitchen cabinet, C. A. Adams</td><td class="rt">212,343</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lamp, J. H. Irwin</td><td class="rt">212,470</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lamp burner, E. B. Requa</td><td class="rt">212,401</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lamp, fountain, C. Stockmann</td><td class="rt">212,522</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lamp shade holder, Brown &amp; Taplin</td><td class="rt">212,437</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lamp, street, J. Stewart</td><td class="rt">212,410</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lamp wick, H. Halvorson</td><td class="rt">212,309</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Life preserver, T. Richards</td><td class="rt">212,402</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Life preserver, R. E. Rose</td><td class="rt">212,404</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lock, W. E. Forster</td><td class="rt">212,452</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lock gate, D. Risher, Jr.</td><td class="rt">212,506</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mechanical movement, C. B. Hitchcock</td><td class="rt">212,380</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Metal tube maker, A. Ball</td><td class="rt">212,425</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Middlings separator, J. Schoonover</td><td class="rt">212,406</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Milker, cow, A. C. Baldwin</td><td class="rt">212,423</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Millstone adjustment, S. P. Walling</td><td class="rt">212,525</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Millstone curb or hoop, J. S. Detwiler</td><td class="rt">212,361</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Miter machine, J. J. Spilker</td><td class="rt">212,409</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mop head, H. Murch</td><td class="rt">212,489</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Needle eye polisher, George &amp; Payne</td><td class="rt">212,455</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil cup, F. Lunkenheimer</td><td class="rt">212,480</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ore concentrator, E. W. Stephens</td><td class="rt">212,330</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ore roaster, C. E. Robinson</td><td class="rt">212,508</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oven bottom and slide, J. Jewett</td><td class="rt">212,471</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oysters, board bank for fattening, F. Lang</td><td class="rt">212,389</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Package or box filler, Bolton &amp; Strieby</td><td class="rt">212,349</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper cutter, J. M. Jones</td><td class="rt">212,384</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper folder, R. M. Hoe</td><td class="rt">212,466</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper machines, method and apparatus for producing a vacuum in the suction box of, Dunn &amp; Hollister</td><td class="rt">212,362</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper machines, wire guide for J. W. Moore</td><td class="rt">212,485</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper making, treating pulp stock, S. &amp; J. Deacon</td><td class="rt">212,447</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper scorer and cutter, G. L. Ingram</td><td class="rt">212,314</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper scorer and cutter, W. F. Lodge</td><td class="rt">212,315</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Permutation lock dial screen, Corbett &amp; Miller</td><td class="rt">212,359</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Picture exhibitor, A. L. High</td><td class="rt">212,465</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pill machine, Fort &amp; Moore</td><td class="rt">212,453</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pipe wrench, S. W. Hudson</td><td class="rt">212,468</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pipe wrench with cutter, Franklin &amp; Gilberds</td><td class="rt">212,369</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plant protector, E. R. Frederick</td><td class="rt">212,306</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plants, etc., poison distributer for, G. Townsend</td><td class="rt">212,412</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Planter and drill, check row, G. J. Hyer</td><td class="rt">212,469</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Planter, corn, J. A. Roderick</td><td class="rt">212,509</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plow, E. Walker</td><td class="rt">212,524</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plow attachment, A. O. Bement</td><td class="rt">212,429</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plow cutter, A. Aldrich</td><td class="rt">212,419</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plow, sulky, J. R. Whitney</td><td class="rt">212,341</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Printer's roller, T. M. Fisher</td><td class="rt">212,367</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Printing machine, L. C. Crowell</td><td class="rt">212,444</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pumping engine, duplex, G. F. Blake (r)</td><td class="rt">8,585</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Radiator for steam heaters, Covert &amp; Snyder</td><td class="rt">212,360</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Railway crossing, Bernard &amp; Perkins</td><td class="rt">212,432</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Railway switch, C. F. Gessert</td><td class="rt">212,456</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ratchet mechanism and clutch for machinery, T. A. Weston</td><td class="rt">212,336</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rocking chair, J. W. Hamburger</td><td class="rt">212,461</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rotary engine, A. B. Haughey</td><td class="rt">212,463</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rubber mat, E. L. Perry</td><td class="rt">212,497</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sad iron holder, A. Failor</td><td class="rt">212,363</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Safety pin, I. W. Stewart (r)</td><td class="rt">8,592</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Salt cellar, W. Sellers</td><td class="rt">212,518</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sandpaper roll, O. Gilmore</td><td class="rt">212,371</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sash cord guide, Clarkson &amp; Kesler (r)</td><td class="rt">8,586</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sash fastener, J. Benson</td><td class="rt">212,431</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sash fastener, G. W. Cary</td><td class="rt">212,354</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sash fastener, J. B. Morris</td><td class="rt">212,487</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saw, circular, G. Schleicher</td><td class="rt">212,516</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saw handle, E. R. Osgood</td><td class="rt">212,396</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saw, jig, G. W. Gary</td><td class="rt">212,355</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saw mill, gang, H. D. &amp; E. N. Wickes</td><td class="rt">212,526</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saw mill head block, J. T. James</td><td class="rt">212,383</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sawing machine, scroll, N. P. Selden</td><td class="rt">212,326</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Scales, platform, F. Fairbanks</td><td class="rt">212,364</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Scales, weighing, G. L. C. Coulon</td><td class="rt">212,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Scarf pins, etc., making ball heads of, J. N. Allen</td><td class="rt">212,297</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Scythe snath fastening, P. E. Rudel</td><td class="rt">212,513</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sewer trap, J. P. Cahill</td><td class="rt">212,352</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sewing implement, A. J. Lytle</td><td class="rt">212,481</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sewing machine, C. O. Parmenter</td><td class="rt">212,495</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sewing machine attachment, J. B. Sulgrove</td><td class="rt">212,523</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sewing machine plaiter, White &amp; Bowhannan</td><td class="rt">212,417</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sheet metal vessel bottom, F. W. Moseley</td><td class="rt">212,484</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Shoe, Searl &amp; Bly</td><td class="rt">212,517</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Skate, C. T. Day (r)</td><td class="rt">8,590</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Skylight, J. Friend</td><td class="rt">212,307</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Slate frame, E. Butler (r)</td><td class="rt">8,588</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sled propeller, G. F. Shaver (r)</td><td class="rt">8,593</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Smelting furnace, iron, P. L. Weimer</td><td class="rt">212,415</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sole edge burnisher, T. P. Young</td><td class="rt">212,342</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Spoke tenoning machine, A. J. Roberts</td><td class="rt">212,507</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sprinkling can, G. F. Payne</td><td class="rt">212,321</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stamp, postage and revenue, K. Wheeler</td><td class="rt">212,416</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Staple machine, W. M. Collins</td><td class="rt">212,441</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Staples in paper, etc., device for inserting metallic, G. W. McGill</td><td class="rt">212,316</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stave crozer and chamferer, H. H. Dunlevy</td><td class="rt">212,448</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Steak tenderer, E. Richmond</td><td class="rt">212,505</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Steam boiler, fire tube, J. Cowhig</td><td class="rt">212,301</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Steam brake for locomotives, etc., W. L. Card</td><td class="rt">212,439</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Steam piping for heating, etc., B. F. Osborne</td><td class="rt">212,420</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Steam trap, I. W. Merrill</td><td class="rt">212,391</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stove and furnace grate, S. Smyth</td><td class="rt">212,407</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stove, cooking, G. H. Hess</td><td class="rt">212,379</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stove, cooking, J. Jewett</td><td class="rt">212,472</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stove, oil, Fleming &amp; Hamilton</td><td class="rt">212,305</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stove oven door and shelf, C. W. Brieder</td><td class="rt">212,351</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Strainer, gravy, J. Scheider (r)</td><td class="rt">8,584</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Strap for garments, adjusting, T. O. Potter</td><td class="rt">212,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Street motor, J. T. Cord</td><td class="rt">212,442</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Surveying instrument leveler, G. N. Saegmuller</td><td class="rt">212,405</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Swing, J. Ryan</td><td class="rt">212,514</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Telephone apparatus, speaking, E. Gray</td><td class="rt">212,373</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Telephony, electric, Black &amp; Rosebrugh</td><td class="rt">212,433</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Telephony, electric, A. M. Rosebrugh</td><td class="rt">212,510</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thill coupling, D. C. Bacon</td><td class="rt">212,422</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thill coupling, C. E. Gillespie et al.</td><td class="rt">212,308</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thill coupling, M. F. Ten Eyck</td><td class="rt">212,333</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Thill supporter, vehicle, H. O. Rector</td><td class="rt">212,325</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ticket, passenger, J. H. Purdy</td><td class="rt">212,324</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tiles for use as stands, frame for holding ornamental or fancy pottery, C. A. Wellington</td><td class="rt">212,335</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tiles, decorative, J. G. Low</td><td class="rt">212,478</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tiles, paving blocks, etc., composition for drain, W. H. Haight</td><td class="rt">212,377</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tire upsetter, B. K. Taylor</td><td class="rt">212,332</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tobacco, curing, A. P. Poladura</td><td class="rt">212,399</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tobacco cutter, Bauer &amp; Seitz</td><td class="rt">212,347</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tobacco flavoring compound, D. Sternberg</td><td class="rt">212,331</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tobacco manufacture, J. T. Harris</td><td class="rt">212,310</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tobacco presser, F. B. Deane</td><td class="rt">212,446</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Traction engine, J. Cooper</td><td class="rt">212,358</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Truss, J. R. Alexander</td><td class="rt">212,344</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Type distributer, A. C. Richards</td><td class="rt">212,503</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Type setter, A. C. Richards</td><td class="rt">212,504</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbrella, M. Girbardt</td><td class="rt">212,457</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbrella runner, W. H. Belknap</td><td class="rt">212,428</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Undershoe or slipper, G. Gardner</td><td class="rt">212,370</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vehicle seat lock, W. G. Allen</td><td class="rt">212,345</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vehicle spring, M. H. Crane</td><td class="rt">212,302</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vehicle spring bolster, J. G. Snyder</td><td class="rt">212,328</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Velocipede, E. C. F. Otto</td><td class="rt">212,492</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wash boiler, F. J. Boyer</td><td class="rt">212,299</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Washing and bath tub, J. B O. Shevill</td><td class="rt">212,327</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Washing machine, J. W. Patterson</td><td class="rt">212,496</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Water meter diaphragm, W. B. Mounteney</td><td class="rt">212,488</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Whip holder, Curtis &amp; Worden (r)</td><td class="rt">8,581</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wire measurer and cutter, G. A. Baron</td><td class="rt">212,426</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wire, winding tubes and rods with, A. Ball</td><td class="rt">212,424</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wrench, C. B. Billings</td><td class="rt">212,298</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">TRADE MARKS.</p>
+
+<table width="100%" summary="Trade Marks">
+<tr><td>Boots, shoes, and brogans, W. F. Thorne &amp; Co.</td><td class="rt">7,037</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cigars, Sullivan &amp; Burk</td><td class="rt">7,035</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cigars, cigarettes, and smoking and chewing tobacco, B. Hilson</td><td class="rt">7,038</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cotton gins, Printup, Brother &amp; Pollard</td><td class="rt">7,042</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fertilizers for flowers, W. H. Bowker &amp; Co.</td><td class="rt">7,041</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Grain fans, J. Montgomery</td><td class="rt">7,032</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hair goods for ladies' wear, M. E. Thompson</td><td class="rt">7,040</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hoes, Semple &amp; Birge Manufacturing Company</td><td class="rt">7,039</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Medicine for the cure of neuralgia, and the like diseases, J. S. Nicolds</td><td class="rt">7,033</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Roofing paper, carpet paper, or paper felt, and building paper, Watson &amp; Janes</td><td class="rt">7,043</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Soap, Gallup &amp; Hewitt</td><td class="rt">7,036</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Spool cotton, J. &amp; J. Clark &amp; Co</td><td class="rt">7,031</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Table cutlery, John Russell Cutlery Company</td><td class="rt">7,034</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">DESIGNS.</p>
+
+<table width="100%" summary="Designs">
+<tr><td>Carpet, T. J. Stearns</td><td class="rt">11,029</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Combined sleigh bell and terret ring, H. M. Richmond</td><td class="rt">11,027</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Crocheted body for shawls, L. Howard</td><td class="rt">11,028</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil cloth, C. T. &amp; V. E. Meyer</td><td class="rt">11,024 to 11,026</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Statue, A. Bartholdi</td><td class="rt">11,023</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>English Patents Issued to Americans.</b><br />
+<br />
+From February 18 to February 21, inclusive.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">
+Bed bottoms, etc.&mdash;C. D. Flynt, Brooklyn, N. Y.<br />
+Berth.&mdash;D. Huston, Boston, Mass.<br />
+Lead smelting furnace.&mdash;G. T. Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa.<br />
+Locks.&mdash;A. P. Thomas <i>et al.</i>, Baltimore, Md.<br />
+Railway joint.&mdash;P. T. Madison, Indianapolis, Ind.<br />
+Spikes for railroads.&mdash;R. Bocklen, New York city.<br />
+Ventilating buildings.&mdash;F. S. Norton, New York city.
+<a name="Page_0205" id="Page_0205"></a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>Advertisements.</h2>
+
+<table width="100%" summary="Cost of Advertisements">
+<tr><td><b>Inside Page, each insertion</b></td><td>    <b>75 cents a line.</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td><b>Back Page, each insertion</b></td><td>      <b>$1.00 a line.</b></td></tr>
+</table>
+<p class="center">(About eight words to a line.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate
+per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements
+must be received at publication office as early
+as Thursday morning to appear in next issue.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>A Rare Opportunity, on Easy Terms.</b></p>
+
+<p>To be sold at Auction, at Charleston, South Carolina,
+on Tuesday, the first day of April, 1879, the Taylor Iron
+Works, complete and in operation, together with all
+stores, stock, and work on hand on day of sale.</p>
+
+<p>The above is a large, first-class engineering establishment,
+complete within itself for all kinds of work, comprising
+iron and brass foundries, boiler shop, machine
+shops, pattern and millwright shops, with a large stock
+of patterns for local machinery, and Taylor presses.
+Connected with the works is a large, well-stocked engineer
+and mill supply store. All departments have the
+best of modern tools in thorough repair. Buildings
+comparatively new, and conveniently arranged on large
+grounds. The business was established 1844; has always
+done a large business and maintained a high reputation.
+The present works, built since 1866, have ample facilities
+to work 200 men. At present about 100 men are employed.
+For further particulars apply to the works or to JOHN
+F. TAYLOR, Sharon Springs, N. Y., who will meet parties
+at Albany, N. Y., by appointment, or New York, if
+preferred.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>LARGEST ASSORTMENT IN THE WORLD</b></p>
+
+<p>of Plays, Dramas, Comedies, Farces, Ethiopian Dramas,
+Plays for Ladies only, Plays for Gentlemen only. Wigs,
+Beards, Moustaches, Face Preparations, Burnt Cork,
+Jarley's Wax Works, Tableaux, Charades, Pantomimes,
+Guides to the Stage, and for Amateurs Make up Book,
+Make up Boxes, New Plays. SAM'L FRENCH &amp; SON,
+38 East 14th St., Union Square, New York.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Catalogues sent FREE!!!</b></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p><b>50</b> <i>Latest Style</i> <b>CARDS</b>. <i>Bouquet, Lawn, Floral,</i> etc., in
+case, <i>name in gold</i>, 10c. SEAVY BROS., Northford, Ct.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">&#9758; <b>RARE OPPORTUNITY.</b> &#9756;</p>
+
+<p>The proprietor, advanced in years and desirous of
+retiring from active control of business, would <i>sell at a
+bargain</i>, or convert into a joint stock company and retain
+an interest himself, a Foundry and Machine Shops, with
+all their machinery and fixtures complete, and now
+crowded with custom work, having cost upwards of sixty
+thousand dollars, and the only ones of magnitude for
+120 miles on the Mississippi River, on various points of
+which may be seen specimens of work of these shops at
+Stillwater, Winona, McGregor. Dubuque, Fulton,
+Lyons, Clinton, Muscatine, and on many of the boats.
+For particulars, address the proprietor at Clinton, Iowa.</p>
+
+<p class="rt">A. P. HOSFORD.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>FOR SALE&mdash;GEAR CUTTER.</b></p>
+
+<p>Been in use only eighteen months; will cut gears, both
+Spur-Bevel-Miter and Spiral, from four feet to one inch
+in diameter. Is complete with counter-shaft and several
+cutters. Machine made by Pond, of Worcester. Index
+made by Browne &amp; Sharpe. Cost $900. Will sell for $250.
+Address J. G. STOWE, 126 Main Street, Cincinnati, O.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center">THE TRIUMPH NON-CONDUCTOR</p>
+
+<p>weighs but 1&frac12; lbs. to the square foot, and saves daily
+four pounds of coal. (Asbestos saves but 2 lbs.) Price
+15 cts.&mdash;5 cts. cash and 10 cts. after satisfactory trial.
+Agents wanted. For circulars showing WHY fuel is
+wasted and HOW 25 to 50 per cent., can be saved; also,
+HOW to construct reduction works for mineral ores of
+half the present weight and cost, to do three times the
+work with the fuel now used, and save 98 per cent. of
+assay; also, the opinions of distinguished engineers,
+address B. F. SMITH, New Orleans, La.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p><b>PHOTO VISITING CARDS</b>&mdash;Now all the rage in
+Paris. One dozen beautiful gilt edged (round
+cornered) Cards with your name and photograph, only
+60 cents; 2 dozen, $1. Full particulars and a 50-page
+book free. E. NASON &amp; CO., 111 Nassau St., New York.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p><b>"BELL"</b> TELEPHONES. <i>Any</i> one can make in
+fifteen minutes. Send three 3c. stamps
+for "Where to get the Parts, Prices
+(Total $3.60 per pair), and how put together."</p>
+
+<p class="center">A. H. DAVIS, 30 Hanover St., Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p><b>CATARRH. A Sure Cure.</b> Samples by mail,
+10c. GEO. N. STODDARD, Buffalo, N. Y. It cures
+others. <i>It will cure you</i>. Sample will prove.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class="center">ANY NUMBER OF OPPORTUNITIES</p>
+
+<p>to buy what you want or sell or exchange what you don't
+want, in the <i>Property Journal</i>. Send 5c. for copy.</p>
+
+<p class="center">ANDERSON &amp; CO., 252 Broadway, New York.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h2>NOVELTIES, NOTIONS,</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Watches, Cheap Jewelry, Stationery Packages.</b></p>
+
+<p>Agents and country stores supplied. Illustrated circular
+<i>free</i>. J. BRIDE &amp; CO., Manufacturers, Salesroom,
+297 B'way, New York. Address letters to P. O. Box 2773.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center">FOR UNIVERSAL LATHE DOGS, DIE DOGS, ETC.,<br />
+send for circular to C. W. LE COUNT, S. Norwalk, Ct.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p>ICE-HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.&mdash;BY R. G.<br />
+Hatfield. With directions for construction. Four
+engravings. <span class="smcap">Supplement No</span>. <b>59</b>. Price, 10 cents.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Send for our Priced and Illustrated Catalogues.</b></p>
+
+<p>Part 1st&mdash;<b>Mathematical Instruments</b>, 160 pages;
+contains list and prices of Drawing Instruments,
+Drawing Materials, Pocket Compasses, Surveying
+Compasses, Engineers' Transits and Levels, Surveying
+Chains, Tape Measures, Pocket Rules, and Books
+relating to Drawing, Engineering, and Mechanics.</p>
+
+<p>Part 2d&mdash;<b>Optical Instruments</b>, 144 pages; contains
+list and prices of Spectacles, Eye Glasses, Lenses,
+Spy Glasses, Telescopes, Opera and Field Glasses,
+Graphoscopes, Stereoscopes, Camera Obscuras, Camera
+Lucidas, Microscopes, Microscopic Preparations,
+and Books on Optics and Microscopy.</p>
+
+<p>Part 3d&mdash;<b>Magic Lanterns and Slides</b>, 112 pages; contains
+list and prices or Magic Lanterns for Toys, for
+Public and Private Exhibitions, Sciopticons, Stereopticons,
+Scientific Lanterns, and accessory apparatus
+to be used with them; Magic Lantern Slides,
+both colored and uncolored.</p>
+
+<p>Part 4th&mdash;<b>Physical Instruments</b>, 188 pages; contains
+list and prices of Instruments to illustrate Lectures
+in every department of Physics and Chemical Science,
+Air Pumps, Electric Machines, Galvanic Batteries,
+Barometers, Thermometers, Rain Gauges,
+Globes, Spectroscopes, Auzoux's Anatomical Models,
+and Books relating to Scientific Subjects.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>JAMES W. QUEEN &amp; CO.,</b><br />
+Optical and Philosophical Instrument Makers,<br />
+<b>924 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.</b><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<h3>Wood-Working Machinery,</h3>
+<p>Such as Woodworth Planing, Tonguing, and Grooving
+Machines, Daniel's Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved
+Tenon Machines, Mortising, Moulding, and
+Re-Saw Machines, and Wood-Working Machinery generally.
+Manufactured by</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+WITHERBY, RUGG &amp; RICHARDSON,<br />
+26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass.<br />
+(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL &amp; CO.)</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<h3>THE DRIVEN WELL.</h3>
+
+<p>Town and County privileges for making <b>Driven
+Wells</b> and selling Licenses under the established
+<b>American Driven Well Patent</b>, leased by the year
+to responsible parties, by</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>WM. D. ANDREWS &amp; BRO.,</b><br />
+NEW YORK.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p><b>MINING MACHINERY. Engines. Boilers, Pumps,</b><br />
+Coal and Ore Jigs, Dust Burning Appliances. Drawings
+and advice free to customers. Jeanesville Iron Works
+(J. C. Haydon &amp; Co.). Address HOWELL GREEN,
+Supt., Jeanesville, Luzerne Co., Pa.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p>IT PAYS to sell our Rubber Hand Printing Stamps.
+Goods delivered in any country. Circulars free.</p>
+
+<p class="center">G. A. HARPER &amp; BRO., Cleveland, O.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>FOR TEN DOLLARS CASH,</b></p>
+
+<p>we will insert a seven-line advertisement one week in a
+list of 269 weekly newspapers, or four lines in a different
+list of 337 papers, or ten lines two weeks in a choice of
+either of four separate and distinct lists containing
+from 70 to 100 papers each, or four lines one week in all
+four of the same lists, or one line one week in all six lists
+combined, being more than 1,000 papers. We also have
+lists of papers by States, throughout the United States
+and Canada. Send 10 cents for our 100 page pamphlet.
+Address <span class="smcap">Geo. P. Rowell &amp; Co</span>., Newspaper Advertising
+Bureau, 10 Spruce Street, New York.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">MACHINERY AT VERY LOW PRICES.</p>
+
+<p>2d hand Lathes, Drills, Planers, Hand Tools for Iron
+Work, new Woodworth Planing Machines, Resawing,
+Tenoning, Moulding Machines, Scroll Saws, Portable
+Steam Engine. Jos. R. Blossom, Ass'e, Matteawan, N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<h2>The George Place Machinery Agency</h2>
+<p class="center">Machinery of Every Description.<br />
+121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><b>60</b> Chromo and Perfumed Cards [no 3 alike], Name in
+Gold and Jet, 10c. <span class="smcap">Clinton Bros.</span>, Clintonville, Ct.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><b>ROOF PAINTING.</b>
+For $5, by Post Office Order
+or express, I will send the
+recipe for making Langhorne's English Gum Coating
+Paint and other mineral paints, with full instructions
+for roof and sidewall painting. This paint is used by the
+U. S. Government. Address M. LANGHORNE,
+708 E Street, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>FOR SALE.&mdash;LETTERS PATENT OF<br />
+Wilhide's Celebrated Noiseless Self-setting Rat and
+Mouse Traps. Thoroughly introduced. Traps sold by
+all dealers. Address Owners and Manufacturers,
+J. T. WILHIDE &amp; BRO., York Road, Carroll Co., Md.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>IMPORTANT FOR ALL CORPORATIONS AND
+MANF'G CONCERNS.&mdash;<b>Buerk's Watchman's
+Time Detector</b>, capable of accurately controlling
+the motion of a watchman or patrolman at the
+different stations of his beat. Send for circular.</p>
+
+<p><b>J. E. Buerk, P. O. Box 979. Boston, Mass</b></p>
+
+<p>N. B.&mdash;The suit against Imhaeuser &amp; Co., of New York,
+was decided in my favor, June 10, 1874. A fine was
+assessed against them Nov. 11, 1876, for selling contrary
+to the order of the court. Persons buying or using
+clocks infringing on my patent will be dealt with according
+to law.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST.</b></p>
+
+<h2>Driven or Tube Wells</h2>
+<p>furnished to large consumers of Croton and Ridgewood
+Water. WM. D. ANDREWS &amp; BRO., 414 Water St., N. Y.,
+who control the patent for Green's American Driven Well.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>A New and Valuable Work for the Practical<br />
+Mechanic and Engineer.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>APPLETONS'</b></p>
+
+<h2>Cyclop&aelig;dia of Applied Mechanics.</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">A Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering and<br />
+the Mechanical Arts.</span><br />
+Illustrated by 5,000 Engravings.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Edited by PARK BENJAMIN, Ph.D.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>This valuable work is now being published in semi-monthly
+parts, at fifty cents each. Active agents wanted.
+For terms and territory address GEO. W. DAVIS, care of
+D. APPLETON &amp; CO., New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADE
+MARKS, ETC.</b></p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Munn &amp; Co., in connection with the publication
+of the <span class="smcap">Scientific American</span>, continue to examine
+Improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for
+Inventors.</p>
+
+<p>In this line of business they have had <span class="smcap">OVER THIRTY
+YEARS' EXPERIENCE</span>, and now have <i>unequaled facilities</i>
+for the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications,
+and the Prosecution of Applications for Patents in the
+United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs.
+Munn &amp; Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats,
+Trade Mark Regulations, Copyrights for Books, Labels,
+Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements
+of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done
+with special care and promptness, on very moderate
+terms.</p>
+
+<p>We send free of charge, on application, a pamphlet
+containing further information about Patents and how
+to procure them; directions concerning Trade Marks,
+Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements,
+Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on
+the Sale of Patents, etc.</p>
+
+<p><i>Foreign Patents</i>.&mdash;We also send, <i>free of charge</i>, a
+Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and
+method of securing patents in all the principal countries
+of the world. American inventors should bear in
+mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable
+to the patentee in this country is worth equally as
+much in England and some other foreign countries.
+Five patents&mdash;embracing Canadian, English, German,
+French, and Belgian&mdash;will secure to an inventor the exclusive
+monopoly to his discovery among about <span class="smcap">ONE
+HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLIONS</span> of the most intelligent
+people in the world. The facilities of business and
+steam communication are such that patents can be obtained
+abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at
+home. The expense to apply for an English patent is
+$75; German, $100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; Canadian,
+$50.</p>
+
+<p><i>Copies of Patents</i>.&mdash;Persons desiring any patent
+issued from 1836 to November 26, 1867, can be supplied
+with official copies at reasonable cost, the price depending
+upon the extent of drawings and length of
+specifications.</p>
+
+<p>Any patent issued since November 27, 1867, at which
+time the Patent Office commenced printing the drawings
+and specifications, may be had by remitting to
+this office $1.</p>
+
+<p>A copy of the claims of any patent issued since 1836
+will be furnished for $1.</p>
+
+<p>When ordering copies, please to remit for the same
+as above, and state name of patentee, title of invention,
+and date of patent.</p>
+
+<p>A pamphlet, containing full directions for obtaining
+United States patents sent free. A handsomely bound
+Reference Book, gilt edges, contains 140 pages and
+many engravings and tables important to every patentee
+and mechanic, and is a useful hand book of reference
+for everybody. Price 25 cents, mailed free.</p>
+
+<p>Address</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>MUNN &amp; CO.,</b><br />
+Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,<br />
+<b>37 Park Row, New York.</b>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>BRANCH OFFICE&mdash;Corner of F and 7th Streets,
+Washington, D. C.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<h2>Practical Draughtsman's Book of</h2>
+<p class="center">INDUSTRIAL DESIGN</p>
+<h3>AND MACHINISTS' &amp; ENGINEERS'</h3>
+<h3>Drawing Companion.
+</h3>
+
+<p>Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical,
+Engineering, and Architectural Drawing. From the
+French of M. Armengaud the elder, Professor of
+Design in Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris,
+and MM. Armengaud the younger, and Amoroux,
+Civil Engineers. Rewritten and arranged with additional
+matter and plates, selections from and examples
+of the most useful and generally employed mechanism
+of the day. By William Johnson, Assoc. Inst. C. E.
+Illustrated by fifty folio steel plates, and fifty wood
+cuts. A new edition, 4to&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$10</p>
+
+<p>Among the contents are: Linear Drawing, Definitions,
+and Problems. Sweeps, Sections, and Mouldings, Elementary
+Gothic Forms, and Rosettes. Ovals, Ellipses,
+Parabolas, and Volutes. Rules and Principal Data.
+Study of Projections. Elementary Principles. Of Prisms
+and other Solids. Rules and Practical Data. On coloring
+Sections, with applications. Conventional Colors,
+Composition or Mixture of Colors. Continuation of the
+Study of Projection&mdash;Use of Sections&mdash;details of machinery.
+Simple applications&mdash;spindles, shafts, couplings,
+wooden patterns. Method of constructing a
+wooden model or pattern of a coupling. Elementary
+applications. Rules and Practical Data.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Intersection and Development of Surfaces,
+with Applications.</span>&mdash;The Intersection of Cylinders
+and Cones. The Delineation and Development
+of Helices, Screws, and Serpentines. Application of the
+helix&mdash;the construction of a staircase. The Intersection
+of Surfaces&mdash;applications to stop cocks. Rules and Practical
+Data.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Study and Construction of Toothed
+Gear.</span>&mdash;Involute, cycloid, and epicycloid. Involute,
+Cycloid. External epicycloid, described by a circle rolling
+about a fixed circle inside of it. Internal epicycloid.
+Delineation of a rack and pinion in gear. Gearing of a
+worm with a worm wheel. Cylindrical or Spur Gearing.
+Practical delineation of a couple of Spur wheels. The
+Delineation and Construction of Wooden Patterns for
+Toothed Wheels. Rules and Practical Data.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Continuation of the Study of Toothed Gear.</span>&mdash;Design
+for a pair of bevel wheels in gear. Construction
+of wooden patterns for a pair of bevel wheels. Involute
+and Helical Teeth. Contrivances for obtaining differential
+Movements. Rules and Practical Data.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Elementary Principles of Shadows.</span>&mdash;Shadows
+of Prisms, Pyramids, and Cylinders. Principles of
+Shading. Continuation of the Study of Shadows. Tuscan
+Order. Rules and practical data.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Application of Shadows to Toothed Gear.</span>&mdash;Application
+of Shadows to Screws. Application of
+Shadow to a Boiler and its Furnace. Shading in Black&mdash;Shading
+in Colors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Cutting and Shaping of Masonry.</span>&mdash;Rules
+and Practical Data. Remarks on Machine Tools.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Study of Machinery and Sketching.</span>&mdash;Various
+applications and combinations: The Sketching of
+Machinery. Drilling Machines; Motive Machines;
+Water wheels. Construction and Setting up of water
+wheels. Delineation of water wheels. Design of a water
+wheel. Sketch of a water wheel. Overshot water
+wheels. Water Pumps; Steam Motors; High-pressure
+expansive steam engine. Details of Construction; Movements
+of the Distribution and Expansion Valves; Rules
+and Practical Data.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oblique Projections.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Parallel Perspective.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">True Perspective.</span>&mdash;Elementary principles.
+Applications&mdash;flour mill driven by belts. Description of the
+mill. Representation of the mill in perspective.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Examples of Finished Drawings of Machinery.</span></p>
+
+<p>&#9758; The above, or any of our Books, sent by mail, free
+of postage, at the publication price.</p>
+
+<p>Our new and enlarged <span class="smcap">Catalogue of Practical and
+Scientific Books</span>&mdash;96 pages, 8vo.&mdash;sent free to any one
+who will furnish his address.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Henry Carey Baird &amp; Co.,<br />
+Industrial Publishers</span> and <span class="smcap">Booksellers,<br />
+810 Walnut Street,</span> Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h2>STEAM PUMPS.</h2>
+<p class="center">HENRY R. WORTHINGTON,<br />
+239 Broadway, N. Y.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;83 Water St., Boston.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Worthington Duplex Pumping Engines for
+Water Works</span>&mdash;Compound, Condensing or Non-Condensing.
+Used in over 100 Water-Works Stations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Steam Pumps</span>&mdash;Duplex and Single Cylinder.</p>
+
+<h3>Price list issued Jan. 1, 1879, with a reduction exceeding
+30 per cent.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Water Meters. Oil Meters.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15f.png" alt="truss" title="truss" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>THIS NEW</b><br />
+ELASTIC TRUSS</p>
+
+<p>Has a Pad differing from all others, is
+cup-shape, with Self-Adjusting Ball
+in center, adapts itself to all positions
+of the body, while the <b>BALL</b> in the
+cup <b>PRESSES BACK</b> the <b>INTESTINES
+JUST AS A PERSON WOULD WITH
+THE FINGER.</b> With light pressure
+the Hernia is held securely day and night, and a radical cure certain.
+It is easy, durable and cheap. Sent by mail. Circulars
+free.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Eggleston Truss Co., Chicago, Ill.,</b></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">THE</p>
+<h2>HANCOCK<br />
+INSPIRATOR</h2>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>TESTIMONIALS.</b></p>
+
+<p class="rt">
+<span class="smcap">Office of the Hancock Insp. Co.,<br />
+London, Eng.,</span> Feb. 11, 1879.
+</p>
+
+<p>I have just received an order from the English Government
+for 22 Number 15 Inspirators&mdash;making 24 machines
+in all for the Government this month.</p>
+
+<p class="rt">B. H. WARREN, Agent.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="rt"><span class="smcap">Office of H. S. Manning &amp; Co.</span>, 111 Liberty St.,<br />
+<span class="smcap">New York</span>, Feb. 26, 1879.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen:</span> We have authority from Mr. Martin,
+Chief Engineer Union Ferry Co., Brooklyn, to state that
+they have 17 Inspirators at work on 17 of their boats,
+feeding their main boilers, and all giving satisfaction,
+and to refer any one to him. Yours truly,</p>
+
+<p class="rt">
+H. S. MANNING &amp; CO., Agents.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>&#9758; <b>Illustrated and Descriptive Circulars
+sent on application to</b></p>
+
+
+<h2>Hancock Inspirator Co.,<br />
+52 CENTRAL WHARF,</h2>
+<p class="center"><b>BOSTON.</b>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15g.png" alt="CORRUGATED IRON" title="CORRUGATED IRON" />
+</div>
+<p class="center"><b>THIS NEW</b><br />
+
+MOSELEY IRON BRIDGE AND<br />
+ROOF CO.</p>
+<h3>CORRUGATED IRON</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center">Buildings, Roofs, Shutters, Doors,
+Iron Sashes, Skylights, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="center">5 Dey Street, New York.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15a.png" alt="Crusher" title="Crusher" />
+</div>
+<p class="center"><b>THIS NEW</b></p>
+
+<h3>BLAKE'S STONE AND ORE BREAKER AND CRUSHER.</h3>
+
+<p>For breaking hard and brittle substances to any size. Endorsed by the leading <b>Mining,
+Manufacturing,</b> and <b>Railroad</b> corporations in the <b>United States</b> and <b>Foreign Countries</b>.
+<b>First Premium</b> wherever exhibited, and hundreds of testimonials of the <i>highest character</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>A NEW SIZE FOR PROSPECTING AND LABORATORY USE.</b></p>
+
+<p>&#9758; <span class="smcap">All Stone Crushers</span> not made or licensed by us, containing vibratory convergent jaws
+actuated by a revolving shaft and fly-wheel, are infringements on our patent, and makers and
+users of such will be held accountable. Address</p>
+
+<p class="rt">
+<b>BLAKE CRUSHER CO., New Haven, Conn.</b><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15b.png" alt="Rival" title="Rival" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>PULMOCURA</h3>
+<p class="center">AN ABSOLUTE AND UNFAILING REMEDY FOR</p>
+<h3>CONSUMPTION</h3>
+
+
+<p>and all other diseases of the <b>Lungs and Throat</b>.
+Mailed free on receipt of $1. A. A. MARTIN, Pulmocura
+Man'f'g Co., sole depot for the U. S., 60 East 12th St., cor.
+Broadway, New York.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>Soft, Strong,
+and Smooth
+Iron or Brass</p>
+<h3>CASTINGS</h3>
+<p class="rt">Plain, Galvanized,
+Bronzed or Nickled
+to order promptly.</p>
+
+<p>Also patterns and models. Light work a specialty.
+LIVINGSTON &amp; CO., Iron Founders, Pittsburg, Pa.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15c.png" alt="Horse Shoe" title="Horse Shoe" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>NEW STEEL HORSE SHOE</b></p>
+
+<p>With Level Spring Platform&mdash;Continuous
+Calk. The best in the world. Cures Tender
+and Contracted Feet, Corns, Interfering, Quarter-crack
+Lameness, and all evils resulting from
+the use of the common shoe. Responsible
+men can make money selling this
+Shoe. Send for pamphlet. Trial set
+with nails, $1.00. To measure, place
+foot on paper, and draw pencil around.</p>
+
+<p>
+The JOHN D. BILLINGS PATENT
+HORSE SHOE COMPANY<br />
+265 Broadway, New York.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15h.png" alt="stencil" title="stencil" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+LAP WELDED CHARCOAL IRON
+</p>
+
+<p>Boiler Tubes, Steam Pipe, Light and Heavy Forgings,
+Engines, Boilers, Cotton Presses, Rolling Mill and Blast
+Furnace Work.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>READING IRON WORKS,<br />
+261 South Fourth St., Phila.</b><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h2>PHOSPHOR-BRONZE<br />
+BEARINGS,<br />
+PUMP-RODS,<br />
+AND<br />
+SPRING WIRE.
+</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15i.png" alt="PHOSPHOR-BRONZE" title="PHOSPHOR-BRONZE" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">
+Apply to<br />
+THE PHOSPHOR-BRONZE SMELTING CO., Limited,<br />
+2038 Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>Lathes, Planers, Shapers</h3>
+
+<p>Drills, Bolt and Gear Cutters, Milling Machines. Special
+Machinery. E. GOULD &amp; EBERHARDT, Newark, N. J.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h2>THE BEST STEAM PUMP in AMERICA<br />
+THE DEANE</h2>
+<p class="center">Made by HOLYOKE MACHINE CO.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">More than 4500 in use.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Send for reduced Price List.<br />
+Deane Steam Pump Works<br />
+85 LIBERTY ST.,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;NEW YORK.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/15d.png"><img src="./images/15d-th.png" alt="GEAR WHEELS" title="GEAR WHEELS" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p>Small Tools of all kinds; GEAR WHEELS, parts of
+MODELS, and materials of all kinds. Catalogues free.
+<span class="smcap">Goodnow &amp; Wightman</span>, 176 Wash'n St., Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><b>Fine Pamphlets</b> printed for <b>75c. a Page</b>
+per 1,000. 1,000 Fine 9&times;12 Circulars, $2.50. Price list or
+estimate and samples for stamp. 250 Bill Heads, $1.</p>
+
+<p><b>"Local" Printing House,</b> Silver Creek, N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><b>$77</b> a Month and expenses guaranteed to Agents.
+Outfit free. <span class="smcap">Shaw &amp; Co., Augusta, Maine.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>LEFFEL WATER WHEELS.</h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/15e.png"><img src="./images/15e-th.png" alt="Water Wheel" title="Water Wheel" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">With recent improvements.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Prices Greatly Reduced.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center">7000 in successful operation.</p>
+
+<p class="center">FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1877</p>
+
+<p class="center">Sent free to those interested</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>James Leffel &amp; Co.,</b><br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Springfield, O.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">109 Liberty St., N. Y. City.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<div class="center">
+<a href="./images/15j.png"><img src="./images/15j-th.png" alt="Medal" title="Medal" /></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">
+Paris,        1878<br />
+Australia,    1877<br />
+Phila.,       1876<br />
+Santiago,     1875<br />
+Vienna,       1873<br />
+</td></tr></table></div>
+
+
+<h3>J. A. FAY &amp; CO'S<br />
+WOOD WORKING MACHINERY</h3>
+
+
+<p>was awarded at the Paris Exposition over all competitors
+<b>THE GOLD MEDAL OF HONOR</b>. Also highest
+award at Phila., Santiago, Australia, and Vienna. It is</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>Original in Design, Simple in Construction,<br />
+Perfect in Workmanship, Saves labor,<br />
+Economizes lumber, and Increases<br />
+products of the highest standard<br />
+of Excellence.</b><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Railroad, Furniture, and Agricultural Implement Shops,
+Planing Mills, etc., equipped at short notice, and the lowest
+cash prices. Send for Circulars.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>J. A. FAY &amp; CO.</b>, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+L. F. STANDISH &amp; CO.,<br />
+<b>Screw Manufacturers,</b></p>
+<p>Builders of Small Machinery and Fine Tools.</p>
+<p class="rt">26 Artisan St., New Haven, Ct.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15k.png" alt="Emery Wheel." title="Emery Wheel." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">Emery Wheel.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING COMP'Y.</b><br />
+The Oldest and Largest Manufacturers of the Original<br />
+<b>SOLID VULCANITE<br />
+EMERY WHEELS.</b>
+</p>
+
+<p>All other kinds Imitations and Inferior. Our name is stamped in full upon all our
+standard BELTING, PACKING, and HOSE.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Address NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO.,</p>
+<p class="rt">NEW YORK.</p>
+<p>JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>THE SEVENTH</h3>
+<h2>Cincinnati&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
+Industrial<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Exposition</h2>
+
+<p>Opens for the reception of goods <b>August 20th</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Opens to the public <b>September 10th</b>, and continues
+open until <b>October 11th</b>, in the</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>NEW PERMANENT BUILDINGS</b><br />
+ERECTED FOR THE PURPOSE.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">Machinery Tested and Fully
+Reported upon.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Send for Rules and Premium Lists after April 1.</p>
+
+<p class="rt">H. McCOLLUM, Sec'y.</p>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15n.png" alt="Amalgamating." title="Amalgamating." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE FORSTER-FIRMIN
+GOLD AND SILVER
+AMALGAMATING COMP'Y
+of Norristown, Pa., will grant
+state rights or licenses or
+easy terms. This system
+works up to assay, and recovers
+the mercury rapidly.
+Apply as above.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">THOMAS'S CONCENTRATED DYE<br />
+Stuffs. (138 Recipes SENT GRATIS.) (See <span class="smcap">Scientific
+American Supplement</span>, March 15, '79.) Address</p>
+
+<p class="rt">N. SPENCER THOMAS, Elmira, N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15l.png" alt="Rotary Pressure Blower." title="Rotary Pressure Blower." />
+</div>
+
+<h3>Baker Rotary Pressure Blower.</h3>
+<p class="center">(FORCED BLAST)<br />
+Warranted superior to any
+other.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+WILBRAHAM BROS.<br />
+2318 Frankford Ave.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PHILADELPHIA<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h2>"The 1876 Injector."</h2>
+
+<p>Simple, Durable, and Reliable. Requires no special
+valves. Send for illustrated circular.</p>
+
+<p class="rt">WM. SELLERS &amp; CO., Phila.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15m.png" alt="Cold Rolled Shafting." title="Cold Rolled Shafting." />
+</div>
+
+<p>The fact that this shafting has 75 per cent. greater
+strength, a finer finish, and is truer to gauge, than any
+other in use renders it undoubtedly the most economical.
+We are also the sole manufacturers of the <span class="smcap">Celebrated
+Collins' Pat. Coupling</span>, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers,
+etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on
+application to</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;JONES &amp; LAUGHLINS,<br />
+Try Street, 2d and 3d Avenues, Pittsburgh, Pa.<br />
+190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill., and Milwaukee. Wis.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>&#9758; Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by</p>
+
+<p>
+FULLER, DANA &amp; FITZ, Boston, Mass.<br />
+Geo. Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., N. Y.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS<br />
+WE SELL <b>EVERYTHING</b> FOR THE</p>
+<h3>GARDEN</h3>
+<p class="center">Descriptive Catalogues of 175 pages sent Free<br />
+<b>PETER HENDERSON &amp; CO.</b><br />
+<i>35 Cortlandt St., New York.</i><br />
+FLOWER AND FRUIT PLANTS<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/15o.png" alt="Engraving." title="Engraving." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">L. SMITH HOBART, President.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;     JOHN C. MOSS, Superintendent.<br />
+
+TYPE-METAL RELIEF PLATES.<br />
+A SUPERIOR SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD-CUTS<br />
+AT MUCH LOWER PRICES.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Persons desiring illustrations for Books, Newspapers, Catalogues, Advertisements, or
+for any other purposes, can have their work done by us promptly and in the best style.</p>
+
+<p><b>Our Relief Plates</b> are engraved by photo-chemical means; are mounted on blocks
+type-high ready for use on any ordinary press, and will wear longer than the common
+stereotype plates.</p>
+
+<p>They have a perfectly smooth printing surface, and the lines are <i>as deep, as even,</i> and <i>as
+sharp</i> as they could possibly be cut by hand.</p>
+
+<p><b>Electrotypes</b> may be made from them in the same manner as from wood-cuts.</p>
+
+<p><b>Copy.</b> The engraving is done either from prints or pen-drawings. Almost all kinds
+of prints can be re-engraved directly from the copy, provided they be in <i>clear, black lines</i> or
+stipple, and on <i>white</i> or only slightly tinted paper.</p>
+
+<p>Pen drawings, suitable for engraving by us, must be made with <i>thoroughly</i> BLACK ink,
+on <i>smooth, white</i> paper. They should usually be made twice the length and twice the width
+of the plates desired.</p>
+
+<p>When such drawings cannot be furnished us, we can produce them from photographs,
+pencil sketches, or designs of any kind accompanied with proper instructions. Photographs
+taken in the usual way, and of any convenient size, we can use.</p>
+
+<p><b>Change of Size.</b>&mdash;Wood-cut prints of the coarser kind may often be reduced to
+half their lineal dimensions, while others will admit of very little reduction, and some of
+none at all.</p>
+
+<p>Most lithographic and steel-plate prints will admit of no reduction.</p>
+
+<p>Very fine prints of any kind may be <i>enlarged</i> moderately without detriment.</p>
+
+<p>Any prints which cannot be satisfactorily reduced or enlarged may be <i>redrawn</i> and
+thus brought to any desired size.</p>
+
+<p>In all cases of reduction and enlargement, the relative proportions remain unchanged.</p>
+
+<p><b>Proofs.</b>&mdash;Whenever desired, we will furnish tintype proofs of the drawings made
+by us, for approval or correction, before engraving. A printed proof is furnished with
+each plate.</p>
+
+<p><b>Time.</b>&mdash;We cannot usually engage to fill an order for a single plate in less than from
+three to six days; larger orders will require longer time.</p>
+
+<p><b>Estimates</b> will be promptly furnished when desired. That these may be definite and
+correct, the copy to be used&mdash;whether print, photograph, sketch, or drawing&mdash;should
+always be submitted for our examination, together with a distinct statement of the size of
+plate wanted, and of any other details to be observed.</p>
+
+<p><b>Terms.</b>&mdash;To insure attention, all orders must be accompanied by an advance of half
+the price charged, the balance to be paid on delivery.</p>
+
+<p><b>Electrotyping and Printing.</b>&mdash;We have recently added to our establishment
+excellent facilities for making electrotypes, and also three power presses specially fitted for
+printing plates of all sizes in the finest manner.</p>
+
+<p><b>Artificial Light.</b>&mdash;We have just introduced this most important facility, which
+enables us to prosecute our work <i>in cloudy weather</i>, and to push forward hurried orders <i>in
+the night</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>References.</b>&mdash;Our plates are now used by the principal publishers in this city, and
+by most of the leading houses in every State in the Union.</p>
+
+<p><b>Our General Circular</b> contains a few specimens of the various kinds of our
+work, and will be sent on receipt of stamp. We have just prepared five special circulars,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<table summary="Circular Contents">
+<tr><td>No.&nbsp;1.</td><td> Portraits and Figures.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.&nbsp;2.</td><td> Buildings and Landscapes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.&nbsp;3.</td><td> Machinery and Apparatus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No.&nbsp;4.</td><td> Maps, Autographs, and Ornamental Lettering.</td></tr>
+<tr><td valign="top">No. 5.</td><td> Reproductions from Wood-Cuts, Steel-Plate Prints, and Lithographs.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>These will be furnished at <i>ten cents</i> each.</p>
+<p><a name="Page_0206" id="Page_0206"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<hr class="short" />
+<h2>Advertisements.</h2>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>Inside Page, each insertion&mdash;75 cents a line<br />
+Back Page, each insertion&mdash;$1.00 a line.</b><br />
+
+(About eight words to a line.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate
+per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements
+must be received at publication office as early
+as Thursday morning to appear in next issue.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>ADJUSTABLE INCLINE PRESSES.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center">STILES &amp; PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Conn.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16a.png" alt="Illustrated Guide." title="Illustrated Guide." />
+</div>
+
+<p>136 pages beautifully illustrated, mailed to all applicants
+inclosing 10 cents. Regular customers free.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bliss' Illustrated Amateur's Guide</b> to the <b>Flower</b>
+and <b>Kitchen Garden</b>, with colored chromo; 216
+pages, price <b>35 Cents</b>.</p>
+
+<p>
+Address</p>
+<p class="center">B. K. BLISS &amp; SONS,<br />
+P. O. Box 4129, New York City.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="long" />
+
+<p>TO LARGE CONSUMERS OF FINE LIGHT
+<b>Malleable Iron Castings</b>, we can
+offer special inducements in the way of VERY SUPERIOR
+QUALITY GUARANTEED, and at fair prices. Being ourselves
+large consumers and requiring the most perfect
+castings, other work is insured the same attention.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>MALLORY, WHEELER &amp; CO.,</b><br />
+<span class="smcap">New Haven, Conn.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16b.png" alt="Lawn Mower." title="Lawn Mower." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>THE PHILADELPHIA LAWN MOWER</b></p>
+<p><i>Stands</i> "<i>Head of the Class.</i>" Descriptive Circulars and
+Price Lists sent on application. GRAHAM, EMLEM &amp;
+PASSMORE, Patentees and Manufacturers, 631 Market
+Street, Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>SHAFTING PULLEYS, HANGERS, etc.</b><br />
+a specialty. Send for Price List to<br />
+A. &amp; F. BROWN, 57-61 Lewis Street, New York.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+AIR COMPRESSORS,<br />
+HOISTING ENGINES and OTHER<br />
+MINING MACHINERY;<br />
+MANUFACTURED BY<br />
+GRIFFITH &amp; WEDGE. ZANESVILLE, OHIO.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>Mill Stones and Corn Mills.</h3>
+
+<p>We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines,
+Packers, Mill Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and
+Gearing, specially adapted to Flour Mills. Send for
+catalogue.</p>
+
+<p class="rt"><b>J. T. NOYE &amp; SON, Buffalo, N. Y.</b></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>HOW TO SELL PATENTS.&mdash;This little book fully explains
+how all patents can be sold for good prices. Price
+25 cents. L. D. SNOOK, Barrington, Yates Co., N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h2>Pond's Tools,</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &amp;c.,</p>
+
+<p class="center">DAVID W. POND, Worcester, Mass.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+EDMUND DRAPER,<br />
+Manufacturer of First-class Engineers' Instruments.<br />
+Established in 1830. 226 Pear St., Phila., Pa.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>J. LLOYD HAIGH,</b></p>
+
+<p class="center">Manufacturer of</p>
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16c.png" alt="Wire Rope." title="Wire Rope." />
+</div>
+
+<p>every description, for Railroad and Mining Use,
+Elevators, Derricks, Rope Tramways, Transmission of
+Power, etc. No. 81 John St., N. Y. Send for price list.
+Plans and Estimates furnished for Suspension Bridges.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>
+THE DINGEE &amp; CONARD CO'S</h3>
+<p class="center"><b>BEAUTIFUL EVER-BLOOMING</b></p>
+<h2>ROSES</h2>
+<p class="center"><b>THE BEST IN THE WORLD.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>Our Great Specialty</b> is <i>growing</i> and <i>distributing</i>
+these <b>Beautiful Roses</b>. <i>We deliver</i> <b>Strong Pot
+Plants</b>, suitable for <i>immediate</i> bloom, <i>safely by mail</i>
+at all post-offices. <b>5 Splendid Varieties</b>, <i>your
+choice</i>, all labeled, for <b>$1</b>; <b>12</b> for <b>$2</b>; <b>19</b> for <b>$3</b>;
+<b>26</b> for <b>$4</b>; <b>35</b> for <b>$5</b>; <b>75</b> for <b>$10</b>; <b>100</b> for <b>$13</b>.</p>
+
+<p>&#9758; Send for our <b>New Guide to Rose Culture</b>&mdash;60
+pages, elegantly illustrated&mdash;and <i>choose</i> from over
+<b>Five Hundred Finest Sorts</b>. Address</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>THE DINGEE &amp; CONARD CO.,<br />
+Rose Growers, West Grove, Chester Co., Pa.</b></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>HOW TO SELL PATENTS.</h3>
+<p>We send our
+100 page book
+of instruction, containing valuable information, free.
+Send us your address. <span class="smcap">Geo. C. Tracy &amp; Co.,</span> Cleveland, O.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16d.png" alt="Salicylic Medicine." title="Salicylic Medicine." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">Manufactured only under the above Trade-Mark, by
+the</p>
+
+<h3>European Salicylic Medicine Co.,<br />
+OF PARIS AND LEIPZIG.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Immediate Relief Warranted</span>. <span class="smcap">Permanent
+Cure Guaranteed</span>. Now exclusively used by all celebrated
+Physicians of Europe and America, becoming a
+Staple, Harmless, and Reliable Remedy on both continents.
+The Highest Medical Academy of Paris report
+95 cures out of 100 cases within three days. Secret&mdash;The
+only dissolver of the poisonous Uric Acid which exists
+in the Blood of Rheumatic and Gouty Patients. $1.00 a
+Box; 6 Boxes for $5.00. Sent to any address on receipt
+of price. <span class="smcap">Endorsed by Physicians</span>. <span class="smcap">Sold by all
+Druggists</span>. Address</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>WASHBURNE &amp; CO.,<br />
+Only Importers' Depot. 212 Broadway, cor.<br />
+Fulton St., New York.</b></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>19th Annual Statement of the EQUITABLE Life Assurance Society of the U. S.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>HENRY B. HYDE, President.</b></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>For the Year Ending December 31, 1878.</b></p>
+
+<table width="100%" summary="Annual Statement">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Amount of Ledger Assets, Jan. 1, 1878</span></td><td class="rt">$32,477,991.87</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Less Depreciation in Government Bonds, and
+Appropriation to meet any depreciation in
+other assets</td><td class="rt">369,553.27</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="rt">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="rt">32,108,438.60</td></tr>
+<tr><td>INCOME</td><td class="rt">8,217,943.24</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="rt">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="rt">$40,326,381.84</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center"><b>DISBURSEMENTS.</b></p>
+<table width="100%" summary="Disbursements">
+<tr><td>Paid Policy Holders for Claims by Death,
+Dividends, Surrender Values, Discounted
+and Matured Endowments and Annuities</td><td class="rt">4,935,171.43</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Other Disbursements as per extended
+statement</td><td class="rt">1,195,841.88</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="rt">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Net Cash Assets</span>, December 31, 1878</td><td class="rt">$34,195,368.53</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center"><b>ASSETS.</b></p>
+
+<table width="100%" summary="Assets">
+<tr><td>Bonds and Mortgages</td><td class="rt">$12,437,584.93</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Real Estate</td><td class="rt">6,834,904.96</td></tr>
+<tr><td>United States Stocks</td><td class="rt">5,638,768.54</td></tr>
+<tr><td>State, City, and other Stocks authorized by
+the Laws of the State</td><td class="rt">6,201,978.16</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Loans secured by United States and other
+Stocks</td><td class="rt">928,000.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cash and other Ledger Assets as per extended
+statement</td><td class="rt">2,154,131.94</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="rt">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="rt">$34,195,368.53</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Market Value of Stocks over Cost</td><td class="rt">129,796.41</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Accrued Interest, Rents, and Premiums, as
+per extended state[missing]</td><td class="rt">1,128,927.42</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="rt">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><b>Total Assets, Dec. 31, 1878</b></td><td class="rt"><b>$35,454,092.36</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Total Liabilities,</span> including legal reserve
+for reinsurance of all existing policies</td><td class="rt">28,560,268.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="rt">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><b>Total Undivided Surplus</b></td><td class="rt"><b>$6,893,824.36</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td class="rt">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><b>Risks assumed in 1878, 6,115 Policies, assuring $21,440,213.00</b><br />
+<br />
+N. B.&mdash;For the details of the above statement, see the Society's "Circular to Policy Holders," and other publications
+for 1879.</p>
+<p class="rt"><b>JAMES W. ALEXANDER, Vice-President.</b><br />
+<span class="smcap">E. W. Scott</span>, Superintendent of Agencies.<br />
+<b>SAMUEL BORROWE, Secretary.</b>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16g.png" alt="Bolt Cutters." title="Bolt Cutters." />
+</div>
+
+<h3>BOLT CUTTERS.</h3>
+<p class="center">Send for Catalogue of<br />
+<b>Schlenker's Automatic Bolt Cutters and<br />
+Screw Cutting Machines.</b></p>
+<p class="center"><b>HOWARD IRON WORKS, Buffalo, N. Y.</b></p>
+
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><b>BIG PAY</b> to sell our Rubber Printing Stamps. Samples
+free. Taylor Bros. &amp; Co., Cleveland, O.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16e.png" alt="La Caisse." title="La Caisse." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>FIRE INSURANCE EXCLUSIVELY.</b></p>
+
+<table width="100%" summary="Assets">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Paid Up Capital</span></td><td><b>$1,458,007.78</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Net Surplus, Dec. 31, 1876</span></td><td><b>530,056.86</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cash Assets in U. S. Jan. 1, 1878</span></td><td><b>427,881.28</b></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Net Assets in U. S. Jan. 1, 1878</span></td><td><b>220,000.00</b></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">TRUSTEES IN NEW YORK:</p>
+
+
+<p>LOUIS DE COMEAU, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, of De Rham &amp; Co.<br />
+CHAS. COUDERT, <span class="smcap">Jr.</span>, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, of Coudert Bros.<br />
+CHAS. RENAULD, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, of Renauld, Francois &amp; Co.<br />
+<b>JULIEN LE CESNE, Resident Secretary.</b><br />
+<b>T. J. TEMPLE, Manager for the Middle States.</b>
+</p>
+<p class="center"><b><i>WESTERN UNION BUILDING, N. Y.</i></b>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>THE<br />
+Eclipse Engine</b>
+</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16j.png" alt="Eclipse Engine." title="Eclipse Engine." />
+</div>
+
+<p>Furnishes steam power for all
+<i>Agricultural</i> purposes, <i>Driving
+Saw Mills</i>, and for every use
+where a first-class and economical
+Engine is required.
+Eleven first-class premiums
+awarded, including Centennial,
+'76. Refer to No. 7, issue of
+'77, No. 14, issue of '78, of <span class="smcap">Scientific
+American</span>, for Editorial
+illustrations.</p>
+
+<p class="rt">
+FRICK &amp; CO., Waynesboro, Franklin Co., Pa.</p>
+<p>When you write please name this paper.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>THE</b></p>
+<h2>CAMERON STEAM PUMP,</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Also known as the <b>"SPECIAL" PUMP</b>, is the standard of<br />
+excellence at home and abroad. For Price Lists, address</p>
+<h3>CAMERON PUMP WORKS,</h3>
+<p class="center">Foot East 23d Street, New York.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16f.png" alt="Foot Lathe." title="Foot Lathe." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED</b><br />
+$50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe.
+</p>
+
+<p>Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses,
+Scrolls, Circular and Band Saws, Saw
+Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist
+Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc. Send for
+catalogue of outfits for amateurs or
+artisans.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>H. L. SHEPARD &amp; CO.,</b><br />
+333, 335, &amp; 337 West Front Street,</p>
+<p class="rt"><b>Cincinnati, Ohio.</b>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+Established 1844.<br />
+<b>JOSEPH C. TODD,</b>
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Engineer</span> and <span class="smcap">Machinist</span>. Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope,
+Oakum and Bagging Machinery, Steam Engines, Boilers,
+etc. I also manufacture Baxter's New Portable Engine
+of 1877. Can be seen in operation at my store. A one
+horse-power portable engine, complete, $125; two horse-power,
+$225; two and a half horse-power, $250; three
+horse-power, $275. Manufactured exclusively by</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>J. C. TODD,<br />
+10 Barclay St., New York, or Paterson, N. J.</b>
+</p>
+<p>Send for Catalogue
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>Steel Castings,</b></p>
+
+<p>From &frac14; to 10,000 lbs. weight, true to pattern, sound and
+solid, of unequaled strength, toughness and durability.
+An invaluable substitute for forgings or cast-iron requiring
+three-fold strength. Send for circular &amp; price list.
+<span class="smcap">Chester Steel Castings Co.</span>, Evelina St., Phila, Pa.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16k.png" alt="Steel Wire." title="Steel Wire." />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<h3>
+Shafts, Pulleys, Hangers, Etc.</h3>
+<p class="center">Full assortment in store for immediate delivery.<br />
+<b>WM. SELLERS &amp; CO.,</b></p>
+<p class="rt"><b>79 Liberty Street, New York.</b></p>
+
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center">
+THE LEHIGH VALLEY EMERY WHEEL CO.,<br />
+WEISSPORT, Carbon Co., Pa.<br />
+<br />
+Manufacturers of Wheels and Machines.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MEDALS.</b><br/>
+<b>Mason's Friction Clutches and Elevators.</b><br />
+"New and Improved Patterns." 20 per cent. off list.<br />
+VOLNEY W. MASON &amp; CO., Providence, R. I., U.S.A.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p><b>RUFFNER &amp; DUNN, Patentees</b>
+and Sole Manufacturers of the Excelsior Steel Tube
+Cleaners. Price $1.00 per inch. Send for circular.</p>
+<p class="center">SCHUYLKILL FALLS, PHILA., PA.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p>WOODWORTH SURFACE PLANERS, $125. Planers
+and Matchers, $350. S. C. HILLS, 78 Chambers
+Street, New York.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16h.png" alt="Columbia Bicycle." title="Columbia Bicycle." />
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>The Columbia Bicycle,</b><br />
+Made by THE POPE M'F'G CO.,<br />
+89 Summer Street, Boston.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A practical road machine, easy to
+learn to ride, and when mastered
+one can beat the best horse in a
+day's run over an ordinary road.
+Send 3c. stamp for price list and 24-page
+catalogue with full informat'n.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16l.png" alt="Bradford Mill." title="Bradford Mill." />
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>BRADFORD MILL CO.</b><br />
+Successors to Jas. Bradford &amp; Co.,<br />
+MANUFACTURERS OF<br />
+<b>French Buhr Millstones,<br />
+Portable Corn &amp; Flour Mills,<br />
+Smu Machines, etc.</b><br />
+<br />
+Also, dealers in Bolting Cloths and<br />
+General Mill Furnishings.<br />
+<br />
+Office &amp; Factory, 158 W. 2d St.<br />
+<b>CINCINNATI, O.</b><br />
+J. R. Stewart, <i>Pres.</i> W. R. Dunlap, <i>Sec.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+&#9758; PRICE LISTS SENT ON APPLICATION.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p>SECOND-HAND BOILERS AND MACHINERY
+FOR SALE.&mdash;Boilers from 30 to 70 horse
+power, 15-horse power portable Engine, one 60-inch
+Lathe, two Upright Drills, Blowers, etc., etc. For prices,
+etc., address JAMES F. MANN, Utica, N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>WETHERILL &amp; BROTHER,</b><br />
+PHILADELPHIA.<br />
+<b>Pure White Lead</b><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>ROCK DRILLS.</b><br />
+<b>National Drill and Compressor Co.,</b><br />
+<b>95 LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK.</b><br />
+AIR COMPRESSORS to be run by Steam, Water Power,
+or Belt.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16m.png" alt="Foot Power." title="Foot Power." />
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center">BARNES' FOOT POWER MACHINERY.</p>
+
+<p>13 Different machines with which
+Builders, Cabinet Makers,
+Wagon Makers, and Jobbers
+in miscellaneous work can
+compete as to <span class="smcap">Quality and
+Price</span> with steam power manufacturing;
+also Amateurs' supplies.
+<span class="smcap">Machines sent on trial.</span></p>
+
+<p>Say where you read this, and send
+for catalogue and prices.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+W. F. &amp; JOHN BARNES,<br />
+Rockford, Winnebago Co., Ill.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>NAT'L BOLT &amp; PIPE MACHINERY CO.,</b></p>
+
+<p>Mfrs. of Hand and Power Bolt and Pipe Cutters, Bolt
+Pointers, Bolt Headers, Hot and Cold Pressed Nut Machinery,
+Taps and Dies, etc. Send for Cir. Cleveland, O.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16i.png" alt="Elevators." title="Elevators." />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>BOILER COVERINGS.<br />
+WITH THE "AIR SPACE" IMPROVEMENTS.<br />
+THE CHALMERS-SPENCE CO., Foot E. 9th St., New York.</b> Sole owners of the Air Space Patents.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center">
+THE TANITE CO.,<br />
+STROUDSBURG, PA.<br />
+<b>EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS.</b></p>
+<p>LONDON&mdash;9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.<br />
+LIVERPOOL&mdash;42 The Temple, Dale St.<br />
+GEO. PLACE, 121 Chambers St., New York Agent.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16n.png" alt="Rock Drill." title="Rock Drill." />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<h3>PATENTS at AUCTION.</h3>
+
+<p>Regular Monthly Sales. For terms, address N. Y.
+PATENT EXCHANGE, 67 Liberty Street, New York.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Holly's Improved Water Works.</b></p>
+
+<p>Direct Pumping Plan. Combines, with other advantages,
+over older systems, the following: 1. Secures by
+variable pressure a more reliable water supply for all
+purposes. 2. Less cost for construction. 3. Less cost
+for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply by the
+use of Holly's Improved Pumping Machinery. 5. Affords
+the best fire protection in the world. 6. Largely
+reduces insurance risks and premiums. 7. Dispenses
+with fire engines, in whole or in part. 8. Reduces fire
+department expenses. For information by descriptive
+pamphlet, or otherwise, address the</p>
+
+<p class="rt">HOLLY MANUFACTURING CO., Lockport, N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<h3>
+Every Man<br />
+HIS OWN<br />
+Printer.<br />
+</h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16o.png" alt="The Excelsior." title="The Excelsior." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE EXCELSIOR
+</p>
+
+<p><b>$3 Press</b>
+
+Prints labels, cards
+etc. (Self-inker $5) 9 Larger sizes
+For business, pleasure, young or old
+Catalogue of Presses, Type, Etc.,
+for 2 stamps.</p>
+
+<p class="rt"><b>KELSEY &amp; Co.<br />
+Meriden, Conn.</b></p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<p><b>Pyrometers</b>. For showing heat of
+ovens. Hot Blast Pipes,
+Boiler Flues, Superheated Steam, Oil Stills, etc.</p>
+
+<p>HENRY W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer,</p>
+<p class="rt">149 Broadway, N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+
+<h3><span class="smcap"><b>Machinists' Tools</b></span>.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">
+<span class="smcap">New and Improved Patterns</span>.<br />
+Send for new illustrated catalogue.<br />
+<br />
+Lathes, Planers, Drills, &amp;c.<br />
+<br />
+<b>NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO.,</b></p>
+<p class="rt"><b>New Haven, Conn.</b>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16p.png" alt="Sanitary Closet." title="Sanitary Closet." />
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+HERMETICAL SANITARY CLOSET<br />
+GUARANTEED ABSOLUTELY WATER &amp; GAS TIGHT<br />
+SEND FOR CIRCULAR<br />
+<span class="smcap">John S. Leng,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4 Fletcher St. N. Y.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short"/>
+
+
+
+<h3>Cigar Box Lumber,</h3>
+<p class="center">MANUFACTURED by our NEW PATENT PROCESS.<br />
+<br />
+<b>The Best in the World.<br />
+SPANISH CEDAR,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
+MAHOGANY,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;POPLAR.</b>
+</p>
+
+<p>Also thin lumber of all other kinds, 1/8 to 1/2 in., at corresponding
+prices. All qualities. Equal in all respects to
+any made, and at prices much under any to be obtained
+outside of our establishment. Send for price list.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>GEO. W. READ &amp; CO.,</b></p>
+<p class="rt"><b>186 to 200 Lewis Street, N. Y.</b>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC
+MILLS&mdash;For grinding Bones, Ores, Sand, Old
+Crucibles, Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn,
+Corn and Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots,
+Spices, Coffee, Cocoanut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica,
+etc., and whatever cannot be ground by other mills.
+Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc.
+JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS,
+corner of White and Elm Sts., New York.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16q.png" alt="Watson Pump." title="Watson Pump." />
+</div>
+
+<p>THE WATSON PUMP, FOR ARTESIAN, OR DEEPWELL
+PUMPING, PISTON ROD, PLUNGER &amp; WELL
+ROD IN DIRECT LINE MACHINE SIMPLE, EFFICIENT.
+JAMES WATSON. 1608. S. FRONT ST. PHILA.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>FARM LAW. ADDRESS OF HON. EDMUND
+H. <span class="smcap">Bennett</span>, delivered before the Massachusetts
+State Board of Agriculture. This is an essay embracing
+complete and practical information, valuable not only
+to the farmer but to every one. Showing how to Buy a
+Farm: Bargains that are not Binding; Boundaries, and
+where they are in Streams, Ponds, Lakes, or on the Seashore;
+what a Deed of a Farm includes; Rights in the
+Road. Farm Fences: their Legal Height, etc. Railway
+Fences. Stray cattle; Cattle on Railways; Impounding
+Cattle. The Farmer's Liability for his Animals. The
+Law on the Dog. The Farmer not Liable for his Dogs.
+Water Rights and Drainage; Damming; Diverting the
+Course of a Stream. Surface Water; Underground
+Water. Trespassing, in Summer and in Winter. Hunting
+and Fishing. Fruit Trees on Boundary Lines, etc.,
+etc. Contained in <span class="smcap">Scientific American Supplement</span>
+<b>166</b>. Price 10 cents.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16r.png" alt="Wrought Iron." title="Wrought Iron." />
+</div>
+
+<p>THE UNION IRON MILLS. Pittsburgh, Pa., Manufacturers
+of improved wrought iron Beams and
+Girders (patented).</p>
+
+<p>The great fall which has taken place in the prices of
+Iron, and especially in Beams used in the construction
+of FIRE PROOF BUILDINGS, induces us to call the special
+attention of Engineers, Architects, and Builders to
+the undoubted advantages of now erecting Fire Proof
+structures; and by reference to pages 52 &amp; 54 of our Book
+of Sections&mdash;which will be sent on application to those
+contemplating the erection of fire proof buildings&mdash;THE
+COST CAN BE ACCURATELY CALCULATED, the
+cost of Insurance avoided, and the serious losses and interruption
+to business caused by fire; these and like considerations
+fully justify any additional first cost. It is
+believed, that, were owners fully aware of the small
+difference which now exists between the use of Wood
+and Iron, in many cases the latter would be adopted.
+We shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the Beams
+complete, for any specific structure, so that the difference
+in cost may at once be ascertained. Address</p>
+
+<p class="rt">CARNEGIE, BROS. &amp; CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>ICE AT $1.00 PER TON.</b><br />
+The PICTET ARTIFICIAL ICE CO.,<br />
+LIMITED,<br />
+Room 51, Coal and Iron Exchange, P. O. Box 3083, N. Y.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<div class="center">
+<img src="./images/16s.png" alt="Asbestos." title="Asbestos." />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">
+<b>Liquid Paints, Roofing, Boiler Coverings,</b><br />
+Steam Packing, Sheathings, Fire Proof Coatings,<br />
+Cements, &amp;c. <span class="smcap">Send for Descriptive Price List</span>.<br />
+
+<b>H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO. 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y.</b><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p><b>$10 to $1000</b> Invested in Wall St. Stocks makes
+fortunes every month. Books sent
+free explaining everything.</p>
+
+<p>Address BAXTER &amp; CO., Bankers, 17 Wall St., N. Y.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>The "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS.
+ENEU JOHNSON &amp; CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard
+Sts., Philadelphia, and 59 Gold St., New York.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3>
+
+<p>Table of Contents: Article named "Buffalo, the domestication of" page 197 was not included in the original.</p>
+<p>Table of Contents: Article named "Steamship, ocean, large" page 196 was not included in the original.</p>
+<p>Table of Contents: Article named "Specimen, a rare geological" page 196 was not included in the Table of Contents.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume 40, No.
+13, March 29, 1879, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VOLUME ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18866-h.htm or 18866-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/8/6/18866/
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13,
+March 29, 1879, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879
+       A Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, Science,
+       Mechanics, Chemistry, and Manufactures
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: July 18, 2006 [EBook #18866]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VOLUME ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Leonard D Johnson, Juliet Sutherland and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Issue Title.]
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+
+
+
+A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE,
+MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.
+
+
+
+
+NEW YORK, MARCH 29, 1879.
+
+Vol. XL., No. 13. [NEW SERIES.]
+
+$3.20 PER ANNUM. [POSTAGE PREPAID.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+ESTABLISHED 1845.
+
+MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors.
+
+PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT
+
+NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
+
+
+O. D. MUNN.     A. E. BEACH.
+
+TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+One copy, one year, postage included       $3 20
+One copy, six months, postage included      1 60
+
+CLUBS.--One extra copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied
+gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional
+copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.
+
+Single copies of any desired number of the SUPPLEMENT sent to one
+address on receipt of 10 cents.
+
+Remit by postal order. Address
+
+          MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+
+THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+
+is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT
+is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, with handsome
+cover, uniform in size with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Terms of subscription
+for SUPPLEMENT, $5.00 a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies
+10 cents. Sold by all news dealers throughout the country.
+
+COMBINED RATES.--The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT will be sent
+for one year, postage free, on receipt of _seven dollars_. Both papers
+to one address or different addresses, as desired.
+
+The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter.
+
+          ADDRESS MUNN & CO., 37 PARK ROW, N. Y.
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid
+periodical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one
+hundred large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.)
+Most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of
+the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, with its splendid engravings and valuable
+information; (2.) Commercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements
+of leading houses. Terms for Export Edition, $5.00 a year, sent
+prepaid to any part of the world. Single copies 50 cents.
+Manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may have
+large, and handsomely displayed announcements published in this
+edition at a very moderate cost.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition has a large guaranteed
+circulation in all commercial places throughout the world. Address
+MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+VOL. XL., NO. 13. [NEW SERIES.] _THIRTY-FOURTH YEAR_.
+
+NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MARCH 29, 1879.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)
+
+  Africa crossed again                                      193
+  Aluminum                                                  197
+  Barometer, aneroid                                        201
+  Bolt, door, improved*                                     198
+  Bread, snow-raised                                        199
+  Buffalo, domestication of the                             197
+  Carpet beetle, remedy for the                             195
+  Chimney flues                                             198
+  Clocks, pneumatic                                         196
+  Cooper, Peter, as an inventor                             193
+  Crusher, ore, novel*                                      194
+  Electricity, statical, phenom. in                         194
+  Flour, banana                                             195
+  Furnace, imp., for burn'g garbage*                        198
+  Hardware, English & American                              201
+  Ice cave of Decorah, Iowa                                 196
+  Inventions, new agricultural                              199
+  Iron, advance in                                          201
+  Light, albo-carbon                                        201
+  Magnetism, curious facts in                               194
+  Motor, Gary, the*                                         196
+  Natural science, charms of                                200
+  Neutral line, Gary's                                      196
+  Notes and queries                                         203
+  Patent laws                                               192
+  Patents, American, recent                                 194
+  Pen, stencil, new*                                        195
+  People, a strange                                         195
+  Phosphorescence                                           199
+  Plants protected by insects                               201
+  Pleuro-pneumonia                                          192
+  Railway, Vesuvius                                         200
+  Reading and eyesight                                      199
+  Reading, taste for                                        193
+  Regulator, engine, novel*                                 195
+  Spain a field for machinery                               193
+  Sponges, glass*                                           200
+  Table, ironing, new*                                      194
+  Telegraph, writing                                        196
+  Telegraph, writing, Cowper's                              197
+  Telegraphy, ocean, progress of                            195
+  Tiller, steam, new*                                       191
+  Tree, pottery                                             200
+  Vase, Greek, ancient*                                     199
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS OF
+
+THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+
+NO. 169,
+
+FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 29, 1879.
+
+Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers.
+
+
+I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--The Herreshoff Torpedo Boat, recently
+built at Bristol, R. I., for the British Government. The novelties in
+the placing of the screw, etc. The Peculiar Boiler. 4
+figures.--Improved Hopper Steam Dredger. 2 figures.--The St. Gothard
+Tunnel.--The Beacon Tower of Lavezzi. 3 figures.
+
+II. ARCHITECTURE.--Bath Abbey Church. Full page illustration.
+
+III. TECHNOLOGY.--The Achison Stone Cutting Machine. 1 engraving.--The
+Deep Mines of the World.--Shoemakers' Wax.--Gruber's New Method of
+Germination. 1 engraving.--Improved Process for Treating Wood, etc.,
+for Paper Manufacture.--Bronzing Plaster of Paris Casts.--Sal Soda for
+Unhairing Hides and Skins.--Sieburger's Paste.--To Tan Lace Leather
+with Softsoap.
+
+Practical Dyeing Recipes: Blue white zephyr, Scotch blue on worsted,
+Scotch green on worsted, jacquineaux on worsted, drab on worsted, gold
+on venetian carpet yarn, red brown slubbing, scarlet braid, slate
+braid, light drab on cotton, blue on cotton, brown on cotton, chrome
+orange on cotton carpet yarn, black on common mixed carpet yarn for
+filling, black on cotton and wool mixed yarn.
+
+Damar Varnish for Negatives.--To Make Vignetters by Means of
+Gelatino-Chromate.--Resorcine Colors.--Phosphate Soaps.--Substitution
+of Different Metals in Ultramarine Colors.--A Harmless Green for Paper
+Hangings.--Siegwart's Bath for Etching Glass.--Composition of French
+Bronzes.--A New Enemy to the Tea Plant.--The Bradford Oil Sand.
+
+IV. CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY.--Apparatus for Titration, 1
+figure.--Palladium.--Haemocyanin.--Test for Alcohol in Ethereal Oils
+and Chloroform.--Reaction of Tartaric and Citric Acid.--A Peculiar
+Observation.--Insolubility of Iodate of Lead.--Mode of Preventing the
+Contamination of Water with Lead.--Separating Phosphorus from Iron and
+Steel.--Production of Alcohol without Fermentation.
+
+V. ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT, ETC.--Some Facts in regard to Telescopic
+and Stereoscopic Vision.--The Centenary of the Birth of Sir Humphry
+Davy. His boyish days. His first chemical experiments. His first
+lecture at the Royal Institution. A very entertaining biographical
+sketch.--Light and Heat in Gas Flames.--Nickel Needles for
+Compasses.--The Nature of the Elements.--A New Compound Prism for
+Direct Vision Spectroscopes.
+
+VI. MEDICINE AND HYGIENE.--Filaria in the Eye. By CHAS. S. TURNBULL,
+M. D.--The Species of Tapeworm now Prevalent.--Nitrous Oxide under
+Pressure.
+
+VII. NATURAL HISTORY, GEOLOGY, ETC.--A Gigantic American Deep-sea
+Crustacean, 1 engraving.--Glaciers in the United States.--The Toulomne
+Cave.--Archaeological Explorations in Tennessee. By F. W. PUTNAM. 6
+figures.--Memorably Cold Winters.--Life at Timber Line. By Professor
+C. E. ROBINS, Summit, Colorado.--The Walled Lake in Iowa.
+
+VIII. ASTRONOMY.--Is the Moon Inhabited? By CAMILLE FLAMMARION. The
+various opinions that have been held in regard to the moon. The best
+we can do with our present telescopes. The means we possess for
+judging of the condition of the moon. Recent changes on the moon.
+Photographs of the moon and their defects. Facts that have been
+observed by the persevering eyes of astronomers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A NEW STEAM TILLER.
+
+
+Steam is now made to perform almost everything in the way of heavy
+labor, to the saving of muscle and energy that may be more profitably
+employed; and since inventive genius has devised means of governing
+steam with absolute accuracy, there seems to be no limit to its
+economical application.
+
+A recent invention in steam engineering, which exhibits in a marked
+degree the controllability and adaptability of steam, is Mr. Herbert
+Wadsworth's steam tiller, an engraving of which we present herewith.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1, 2, 3.]
+
+This machine (Fig. 1) is provided with a steam cylinder, similar to
+the cylinder of a steam engine, containing a piston, the rod of which
+is attached to a crosshead, A, that slides on ways, B, secured to the
+bed supporting the cylinder.
+
+The tiller, D, as it is carried to starboard or port, slides through a
+socket, E, pivoted to the crosshead.
+
+The motion of the rudder is communicated to the steam cut-off by means
+of the shaft, C, crank, J, rod, K, crank, I, and the hollow valve
+spindle. When the tiller is amidships the valve handle, H, is at right
+angles to the cylinder, and parallel to the tiller. By moving the
+lever, H, to right or left, steam is admitted to one end or the other
+of the cylinder, which, acting on the tiller through the piston,
+piston rod, and crosshead, moves the rudder; and when the rudder
+reaches the desired position the cut-off will have been moved the
+amount necessary to prevent further entrance of steam. When the rudder
+is influenced by the waves or by the expansion or contraction of
+steam, the cut-off alters its position in relation to the valve and
+automatically arranges the steam passages so that the piston is
+returned to its proper position. The details of the cut-off are shown
+in Fig. 2; the valve, G, which covers the cut-off, F, acts like a four
+way cock. The spindle of the cut-off, F, is connected with the lever,
+I, and is moved by the rudder, as already described. By enlarging or
+gradually narrowing the ends of the steam ports great rigidity or
+elasticity may be given to the hold of this engine, according to the
+requirements of the particular vessel.
+
+Few and simple as are the parts of this machine it is possible, by
+balancing the valves and suiting the diameter of the cylinder to the
+work to be performed, to overcome great resistances with a slight
+effort. The inventor says that this system of valves is considered by
+experts to be novel and very valuable.
+
+In Fig. 3 is shown a pattern of a slide valve suited to special
+purposes. Its working is essentially the same as that of the valve
+already described. The ports are set side by side, parallel with the
+sides of the valve. The supply port is in the middle, the other ports
+lead to opposite ends of the cylinder.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4.]
+
+In Fig. 4 is shown another application of the controlling valve and
+cut-off described above. Two oscillating steam cylinders are employed
+in working the rudder. They are placed on opposite sides of the chest,
+A, and are supplied with steam through the controlling valve, B. The
+piston rods of the two cylinders are connected with cranks placed on
+opposite ends of the shaft, C, at right angles to each other. Upon
+this shaft, half-way between the pillow blocks which support it, there
+is a worm which engages a toothed sector, D, on the rudder-post, E. To
+an extension of the rudder-post is secured an arm, F, which is
+connected with the arm, G, of the controlling valve. By shifting the
+lever, H, the supply of steam to the two cylinders may be increased or
+diminished, or its direction may be changed, so that the engines will
+be reversed or stopped. This engine is remarkable for its simplicity.
+The cylinders may be detached and changed if required, one size of bed
+answering for three different sizes of cylinder, which may vary only
+in diameter, the stroke being the same, so that the castings for
+engines of different power are the same except in the matter of the
+cylinders and pistons, and all the parts are interchangeable--a
+feature of modern engine building that cannot be too highly valued.
+
+Further information may be obtained from Herbert Wadsworth, 26
+Merchants' Bank Building, 28 State street, Boston, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+HOW OUR PATENT LAWS PROMOTE AND IMPROVE AMERICAN INDUSTRIES.
+
+
+On another page we print in full a most suggestive paper recently
+read before the Manchester (Eng.) Scientific and Mechanical Society,
+by Mr. Frederick Smith, a prominent builder of that city, contrasting
+the qualities, styles, and prices of American and English builders'
+hardware--a paper which the _Ironmonger_ pronounces one of the most
+serious indictments yet preferred against British workmanship in that
+department.
+
+The field covered by the paper--the supplying of house builders'
+hardware--embraces a multitude of conveniences, but no real
+necessities. Why is it that America has been prolific in novel devices
+and clever improvements in this department of manufacture as in so
+many others, while England has gone on stolidly copying ancient forms,
+changing only to cheapen by the introduction of poor material and sham
+construction? Mr. Smith mentions several reasons that English
+manufacturers have given him for the state of things he, as an
+Englishman, so greatly deplores; but evidently he is not satisfied
+with any of them, and very justly; for none of them touches the real
+cause--the radically different attitude of the public mind toward
+inventions, characteristic of the two countries.
+
+In England the user of household inconveniences accepts them as
+matters of fact; or if he grumbles at them he never thinks of trying
+to change them. It is not his business; and if he should devise an
+improvement, ten to one he could not get it made. To patent it is
+practically out of the question, for if it were not condemned off-hand
+as trivial, the patent fees would make it cost more than it was likely
+to be worth. The mechanic who makes such things is trained to work to
+pattern, and not waste his time on experiments. Besides, if he should
+make a clever invention he would not be able to raise the necessary
+fees for a patent, or to get any one to help him thereto. The
+manufacturer "makes what his customers call for." Why should he spend
+his money and spoil his plant to introduce improvements? So things go,
+until some pestilent Yankees flood the markets with better articles at
+a lower price; and British consumers suddenly discover that they want
+something that the native manufacturer cannot make. The need was
+there; but invention did not follow. How happened it that the American
+manufacturer did not pursue the same uninventive course? What produced
+the radically different attitude of the American mind toward
+newfangled notions out of which inventions proceeded and flourished?
+
+No doubt several causes have been at work: freedom of thought and
+action; popular education; a blending of races; and the tide of
+adventurous spirits naturally resorting to a new and free land. These
+have had their influence undoubtedly; but all these have existed, more
+or less completely, in other new lands, without that outburst of
+creative energy which has made America the nursery of inventions,
+great and small. The determining cause, the one condition that
+prevailed here and not elsewhere, was the circumstance that almost
+from the start new ideas were given a market value in this country.
+Unlike all others, the American patent law directly encouraged
+independent thinking in all classes. The fees were low and the
+protection offered fairly good. Men soon found that it paid to invent;
+that one of the surest roads to competency was a patented improvement
+on something of general use. If a household utensil or appliance went
+wrong or worked badly, every user was directly interested in devising
+something better; and, more than that, he was interested in making his
+invention known and in securing its adoption. The workman at his bench
+had an ever-present inducement to contrive something at once cheaper
+and better than the article he was hired to make. He could patent his
+improvement, or the wholly original device he might hit upon, for a
+few dollars; and his patent would count as capital. It would make him
+his own master, possibly bring him a fortune. The manufacturer could
+not rest contented with the thing he set out to make, for the meanest
+hired man in his employ might suddenly become a competitor. He must be
+constantly alert for possible improvements, or his rivals would get
+ahead of him. The result is a nation of inventors, at whose hands the
+newest of lands has leaped to the leadership in the arts, almost at a
+bound.
+
+There is talk of changing all this; of emulating the conservative
+spirit of the Old World; of putting inventors under bonds; of stopping
+the rush of industrial improvement--to enable a few short-sighted yet
+grasping corporations to get along without paying license fees for
+such inventions as they happen to approve of. They profess to want
+inventors to go on making improvements. They are willing to ascribe
+all honor to the successful inventor; but they are determined not to
+pay him for his work. Still more they are determined to change the
+attitude of the public mind toward inventors and inventions, if such a
+change can be wrought by plausible misrepresentations. The fact that
+they were able to inveigle one branch of the American Congress into
+assenting to their unjust and mischievous scheme is one of the
+anomalies of our recent history. It should be taken as a timely
+warning of impending danger to all the industrial interests of the
+country. It is outrageous that the inventors of the land, after having
+raised their country to the first rank among industrial nations,
+should have to defend their constitutional rights against
+Congressional invasion; but the fact exists; and the defense should be
+made a matter of personal interest and effort not only by every
+inventor and manufacturer, but by every honest citizen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.
+
+
+The cattle plague, which is creating so much anxiety throughout the
+Eastern States, is a contagious fever, affecting cows chiefly,
+characterized by extensive exudations into the respiratory organs, and
+attended by a low typhus inflammation of the lungs, plurae, and
+bronchia. It has prevailed in Europe for ages, at times developing
+into wide-spread scourges, causing incalculable loss. It was imported
+into England in 1839, and again three years later; and it was
+estimated that within twenty-five years thereafter the losses by
+deaths alone in England had amounted to $450,000,000. In 1858 the
+disease was carried to Australia by an English cow, and, spreading to
+the cattle ranges, almost depopulated them.
+
+In 1843 an infected Dutch cow brought the disease to Brooklyn, where
+it has since lingered, slowly spreading among the cattle in Kings and
+Queens counties. In 1847 several head of infected English cattle were
+imported into New Jersey, and, spreading among a herd of valuable
+cattle, made it necessary for them all to be slaughtered, the only
+certain method of stamping out the disease. In 1859 four infected cows
+were imported into Massachusetts from Holland; the plague spread
+rapidly, and was stamped out only by persistent effort, the State
+paying for over 1,000 slaughtered cattle. Since 1867 the disease has
+not been known there. Meantime the pest had invaded Eastern
+Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, where it has since prevailed in
+isolated localities. The absence of large herds of moving cattle in
+these districts, except for speedy slaughter, has prevented the
+disease from developing into a general plague.
+
+The recent action of the British Council in forbidding the importation
+of American live cattle is likely to prove of inestimable benefit to
+this country, in forcibly calling attention to the grave risk that the
+presence of the disease on Long Island and elsewhere constantly
+entails. Fortunately the drift of the cattle traffic is eastward, and
+as yet there has been no propagation of the poison in the great cattle
+ranges of the West. Unless summarily arrested, however, the disease
+will surely reach those sources of our cattle supply, and occasion
+losses that can be estimated only in hundreds of millions of dollars.
+
+The experience of all countries into which this disease has gained
+access appears to prove that there is only one way of getting rid of
+it--namely, the immediate killing of all infected cattle, and the
+thorough disinfection of the premises in which they are found.
+
+The disease is purely infectious, and is never found in regions where
+it has not gained a foothold by importation. Palliative measures have
+in every instance failed to eradicate the disease, and are only
+justifiable, as in Australia, after the plague has reached dimensions
+utterly beyond the reach of any process of extermination.
+
+Professor Law, of Cornell University, one of our best informed
+veterinary surgeons, most emphatically opposes every attempt to
+control the disease by quarantining the sick or by the inoculation of
+the healthy. "We may quarantine the sick," he says, "but we cannot
+quarantine the air." To establish quarantine yards is simply to
+maintain prolific manufacturers of the poison, which is given off by
+the breath of the sick, and by their excretions, to such an extent
+that no watchfulness can insure against its dissemination. Besides,
+the expense of thorough quarantining operations would amount to more
+than the value of the infected animals whose lives might be saved
+thereby. Inoculation is still less to be tolerated at this stage of
+the pest.
+
+The Professor says: "Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, and England,
+have been treating the victims of this plague for nearly half a
+century, but the result has only been the increase of disease and
+death. Our own infected States have been treating it for a third of a
+century, and to-day it exists over a wider area than ever before.
+Contrast this with the results in Massachusetts and Connecticut, where
+the disease has been repeatedly crushed out at small expense, and
+there can be no doubt as to which is the wisest course. As all the
+plagues are alike in the propagation of the poison in the bodies of
+the sick, I may be allowed to adduce the experience of two adjacent
+counties in Scotland when invaded by the rinderpest. Aberdeen raised a
+fund of L2,000, and though she suffered several successive
+invasions, she speedily crushed out the poison wherever it appeared by
+slaughtering the sick beasts and disinfecting the premises. The result
+was that little more than half the fund was wanted to reimburse the
+owners for their losses, and the splendid herds of the county were
+preserved. Forfar, on the other hand, set herself to cure the plague,
+with the result of a universal infection, the loss of many thousands
+of cattle, and the ruin of hundreds of farmers. Finally the malady was
+crushed out in the entire island by the method adopted by Aberdeen and
+other well advised counties at the outset."
+
+And again, "Cattle have been inoculated by the tens of thousands in
+Belgium and Holland, and of all Europe these are the countries now
+most extensively infected. France, Prussia, Italy, Austria, and
+England have each practiced it on a large scale, and each remains a
+home of the plague. Australia has followed the practice, and is now
+and must continue an infected country. Our own infected States have
+inoculated, and the disease has survived and spread in spite of it,
+and even by its aid. Whatever country has definitively exterminated
+the plague (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holstein, Mecklenburg,
+Switzerland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut), that country has
+prohibited inoculation and all other methods that prevail on the
+principle of preserving the sick, and has relied on the slaughter of
+the infected and the thorough disinfection of their surroundings. So
+will it be with us. If any State adopts or allows any of these
+temporizing measures, that State will only repeat the experience of
+the past alike in the Old World and the New, will perpetuate the
+disease in the country, will entail great losses on its citizens, will
+keep up the need for constant watchfulness and great expense by the
+adjoining States for their own protection, and will indefinitely
+postpone the resumption of the foreign live stock trade, which, a few
+months ago, promised to be one of the most valuable branches of our
+international commerce."
+
+We are persuaded that the position taken by Professor Law, and other
+similar-minded veterinary surgeons, is the only safe one. The disease
+can be stamped out now with comparatively small loss. If trifled with,
+and tolerated, it cannot but result in a great national calamity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPAIN A FIELD FOR MACHINERY AND PATENTS.
+
+
+From a too lengthy communication to admit in full to our columns, a
+resident of Madrid communicates to the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN some facts
+relative to the fertility of the soil of Spain, her necessity for
+improved agricultural and other implements, and closes with the
+assertion that it is a good field withal for patents. We cull from the
+letter as follows:
+
+I have lived, says the writer, for a number of years in this beautiful
+country, so little understood by foreigners, so little appreciated by
+its own inhabitants. The Spain of romance, poetry, and song, is the
+garden as well as the California of Europe. But it stands in great
+need of the health-giving touch of the North American enterprise. We
+have here the same mineral treasures, the same unrivaled advantages of
+climate, that made Spain once the industrial and commercial emporium
+of the world.
+
+But Spain is awakening. She is endeavoring to shake off her lethargy.
+The late Exhibition of Paris has proved this; and those who are
+familiar with the past history and present condition of Spain have
+been astonished at the result of this effort. A new era has commenced
+for the country, and it is everywhere evident that a strong current of
+enterprise and industry has set in. But it is with nations, as with
+individuals, when they have remained long in complete inaction, brain
+and muscles are torpid and cannot at first obey the will. Spain needs
+the assistance of other nations hardened and inured to toil.
+
+The plows now used to till the land are precisely such as were those
+left by the Moors in the unfinished furrow, when with tears and sighs
+they bade farewell to their broad fields, their mosques and palaces,
+whose ideal architecture is still the wonder of the world, to go forth
+as outcasts and exiles in obedience to the cruel edict that drove them
+away to the deserts of Africa.
+
+I doubt whether there is an American plow in Spain, much less a steam
+plow. Sowing and reaping machines are here unknown, and grain is tread
+out by oxen and mules just as it was in Scripture times, and cleaned
+by women, who toss it in the air to scatter the chaff. Everything is
+primitive and Oriental here as yet.
+
+Spain could supply all Europe with butter and cheese, and, on the
+contrary, these articles are imported in large quantities from
+England, Holland, and Switzerland. The traveler crosses leagues and
+leagues of meadow land where not a tree is to be seen, nor one sheep
+pasture, and which are nevertheless watered by broad rivers that carry
+away to the ocean the water that would, by irrigation, convert these
+fields into productive farms. There are many places in Spain where the
+wine is thrown away for want of purchasers and vats in which to keep
+it. In the Upper Aragon, the mortar with which the houses are built is
+made with wine instead of water, the former being the most plentiful.
+Aragon needs an enterprising American company to convert into
+wholesome table wine the infinite varieties there produced, and which
+our neighbors the French buy and carry away to convert into Bordeaux.
+
+We want American enterprise in Galicia and Asturias, where milk is
+almost given away, to convert it into the best of butter and cheese;
+and also in those same provinces, where delicious fruit is grown in
+such abundance that it is left on the ground for the swine.
+
+Spain needs many more railroads and canals, all of which, when
+constructed, are subsidized by the government; the railroads at the
+rate of $12,000 a kilometer, and many more additional advantages are
+offered for canals.
+
+With regard to commerce with Spain, we have to lament the same
+indifference on the part of the Americans. I have, for instance, an
+American double-burner petroleum lamp. All who see it admire and covet
+it, but they are not to be had here. If we except one American in
+Madrid, who brings mostly pumps and similar articles on a very small
+scale, we have no dealers in American goods here. Wooden clothes pins,
+lemon squeezers, clothes horses, potato peelers, and the hundreds of
+domestic appliances of American invention, elsewhere considered
+indispensable, are in Spain unknown.
+
+We had confidently expected that the new Spanish law on patents would
+draw the attention of American inventors toward this country, that
+to-day offers a wide field for every new practical invention, but I am
+sorry to see that, with the exception of Edison and a few others, the
+Americans have not yet availed themselves of the easy facility for
+taking patents for Spain, where new inventions and new industries are
+now eagerly accepted and adopted. And while the Americans are thus
+careless as to their own interests, the French take out and negotiate,
+in Spain, American patents with insignificant variations.
+
+Let American inventors be assured that any new invention, useful and
+practical, and above all, requiring but little capital to establish it
+as an industry, will find a ready sale in Spain.
+
+I could enlarge to a much greater extent upon the indifference of
+American inventors, merchants, manufacturers, and business men, as to
+the market they have in Spain in their respective lines, and upon the
+importance of building up a trade with this country, but to do so
+would require more space than I think you would feel justified in
+occupying in your columns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PETER COOPER AS AN INVENTOR.
+
+
+The successes of Peter Cooper's long and useful life are well known.
+Not so many are aware of his varied experience in the direction of
+failure, particularly in the field of invention. More than once he has
+found his best devices profitless because ahead of his time, or
+because of conditions, political or otherwise, which no one could
+foresee. He possessed the rare qualities, however, of pluck and
+perseverance, and when one thing failed he lost no time in trying
+something else. Before he was of age he had learned three trades--and
+he did not make his fortune at either.
+
+In a familiar conversation with a _Herald_ writer recently, Mr. Cooper
+related some of his early experiences, particularly with reference to
+enterprises which did not succeed. His father was a hatter, and as a
+boy young Cooper learned how to make a hat in all its parts. The
+father was not successful in business, and the hatter's trade seems to
+have offered little encouragement to the son. Accordingly he learned
+the art of making ale. Why he did not stick to that calling and become
+a millionaire brewer, Mr. Cooper does not say. Most probably the
+national taste for stronger tipple could not at that time be overcome,
+and ale could not compete with New England rum and apple-jack. The
+young mechanic next essayed the art of coachmaking, at which he served
+a full apprenticeship. At the end of his time his employer offered to
+set him up in business, but the offer was not accepted, through fear
+of losing another's money. He felt that if he took the money and lost
+it he would have to be a slave for life. So he quit coachmaking and
+went to work for a man at Hempstead, L. I., making machines for
+shearing cloth. In three years, on $1.50 a day, Cooper had saved
+enough money to buy his employer's patent. Immediately he introduced
+improvements in the manufacture and in the machine, which the war with
+England made a great demand for by excluding foreign cloths. At this
+time Cooper married. In due time the family numbered three, and the
+young father's inventive faculty was again called upon.
+
+"In those days," said Mr. Cooper to the reporter, smiling as the
+remembrance came to his mind, "we kept no servants as they do
+nowadays, and my wife and myself had to do all that was to be done.
+After our first child was born I used to come into the house and find
+my wife rocking the cradle, and I relieved her from that while I was
+there. After doing that for a few days I thought to myself that I
+could make that thing go of itself. So I went into my shop, and made a
+pendulous cradle that would rock the child. Then I attached a musical
+instrument which would sing for it, and at the same time the machine
+would keep the flies off. The latter was very simple; by hanging
+something to the cross bar, as the cradle swung under it, backward and
+forward, it would create wind enough to drive away the flies. The
+machine was wound up by a weight, and would run for nearly half an
+hour without stopping. I took out a patent for it, and one day a
+peddler came along with a horse and wagon, as they do in the country,
+and saw the cradle. He struck a bargain with me and bought the patent
+right for the State of Connecticut, giving for it his horse and wagon
+and all the goods he had with him. They afterward made some there, but
+nothing like as good as mine. It was a beautiful piece of furniture,"
+said Mr. Cooper regretfully, as he thought of it as a thing of the
+past. "They afterward substituted springs for the weight movement, but
+that kind was not so good."
+
+About this time the war with England ended and the market was spoiled
+for the shearing machines. Then, we believe, Mr. Cooper tried his hand
+at cabinetmaking, but that failed, and he set up a grocery store where
+the Bible House now stands. While selling groceries Mr. Cooper made an
+invention which ought to have made his fortune, but it did not. The
+story is best told in Mr. Cooper's own words:
+
+"It was just before the Erie Canal was completed, and I conceived a
+plan by which to tow boats by the use of all the elevated waters on
+the line of the canal. To demonstrate that that was practicable I made
+with my own hands a chain two miles long, and placed posts 200 feet
+apart in the East River from Bellevue dock down town about a mile.
+These posts supported grooved wheels to lay the chain in, forming an
+endless chain. The whole was moved by an overshot waterwheel placed at
+the Bellevue dock. A reservoir twelve feet square and three deep held
+the water to turn the wheel."
+
+At the suggestion of Governor Clinton Mr. Cooper tightened his chain
+and pulled up the end post just before the grand trial of his device
+was to come off. He succeeded in getting stone enough to anchor the
+post, however, and the experiment went off swimmingly. The boat was
+hooked on to the chain, and the passage back and forward--two
+miles--was made in eleven minutes.
+
+"I ran that boat some ten days," says Mr. Cooper, "to let people see
+what could be done, and carried nearly a thousand people. Part of the
+time I ran two boats. Once I counted 52 people in one boat. I made the
+whole chain myself and planted the posts. As I could find no wheels to
+suit me I made the moulds and cast the wheels myself out of block tin
+and zinc. It was no small job, I can tell you."
+
+This was unquestionably a grand invention. In itself it was a perfect
+success; but it was not used. Mr. Cooper tells why:
+
+"It demonstrated completely that the elevated water power along the
+line of the canal and every lock in the canal could be made use of to
+drive the boats. Governor Clinton gave me $800 for the privilege of
+buying the right to the plan in case he should want to use it on the
+Erie Canal. In making the canal he had promised the people along the
+route that as soon as it was finished they could sell their horses to
+tow the boats, their grain and fodder to feed the horses, and their
+provisions for the passengers. On reflection he thought that if he
+took all that away from them he would have to run the gantlet again,
+and he could not afford to do that. There never was anything done with
+the plan until a few years ago, when Mr. Welch, president of the
+Camden and Amboy Railroad and Canal, invented exactly the same thing
+and put it in practice on his locks on the canal. He found it saved
+half the time and great expense. He went to Washington to take out a
+patent for it, and when he got there he found that I had patented the
+same thing fifty-three years before. My patent had run out, so he
+could use the plan on his canal. It has also been used on one lock on
+the Erie Canal. If they could have used that chain on the whole length
+of the Erie Canal it would have saved many millions of dollars."
+
+This would not be a bad place, were there room for it, to speak of
+"undeveloped" and therefore worthless inventions; and the assumption
+that if an inventor does not make his invention immediately profitable
+it must be good for nothing, and should be dispatented. But the moral
+goes without telling.
+
+Mr. Cooper's next attempt at invention was made about the same time,
+but in quite a different direction. It was during the struggle of the
+Greeks for independence, and wishing to do something for their
+assistance, Mr. Cooper undertook to make a torpedo boat for them. Mr.
+Cooper says:
+
+"It was a small one that could be taken on board ship and used to
+destroy any vessel that came to destroy them. It was fixed with a
+rotary steam engine and a screw wheel to propel it. It was intended to
+be guided from the ship or the shore. There were two steel wires fixed
+to the tiller of the rudder, and the operator could pull on one side
+or the other and guide the vessel just as a horse is guided with
+reins. It was so arranged that at night it would carry a light with
+its dark side toward the object to be destroyed, and by simply keeping
+the light in range with the vessel it would be sure to hit it. The
+torpedo was carried on a little iron rod, projecting in front of the
+torpedo vessel a few inches under water. Contact would discharge the
+torpedo and bend this iron rod. This would reverse the action of the
+engine and cause the torpedo vessel to return right back from whence
+it came, ready to carry another torpedo."
+
+Unfortunately the torpedo boat was not ready in time to go with the
+ship carrying the contributions for Greece. It was stored in Mr.
+Cooper's factory (he had then turned his attention to glue) and was
+destroyed by the burning of the factory. It seems to have been quite a
+promising affair for the time. Mr. Cooper says:
+
+"I experimented with it at once to see how far it could be guided. I
+made a steel wire ten miles long and went down to the Narrows to test
+the matter. I had steel yards fastened to one end of the wire, and to
+the other end the torpedo vessel as attached. It got about six miles
+away when a vessel coming into the harbor crossed the wire and broke
+it. Although the experiment was not complete it showed that for at
+least six miles I could guide the vessel as easily as I could guide a
+horse."
+
+Mr. Cooper's work as the pioneer locomotive builder in this country;
+his later inventions and improvements in the manufacture of railway
+iron and wrought iron beams for fireproof buildings; his application
+of anthracite coal to iron puddling, and his other successes are
+almost as widely known as his philanthropic efforts for the education
+and advancement of the industrial classes of this city.
+
+After all, we are not sure but the story of his long and varied and
+always honorable career, told by himself, would not be worth, to young
+people who have to make their way in life through many difficulties,
+more even than the advantages of the noble institution which bears his
+name.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TASTE FOR READING.--Sir John Herschel has declared that "if he were to
+pray for a taste which should stand under every variety of
+circumstance and be a source of happiness and cheerfulness to him
+through life, it would be a taste for reading." Give a man, he
+affirms, that taste, and the means of gratifying it, and you cannot
+fail of making him good and happy; for you bring him in contact with
+the best society in all ages, with the tenderest, the bravest, and the
+purest men who have adorned humanity, making him a denizen of all
+nations, a contemporary of all times, and giving him a practical proof
+that the world has been created for him, for his solace, and for his
+enjoyment.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AFRICA CROSSED AGAIN.
+
+Information has been received by way of Lisbon, March 12, that the
+Portuguese explorer, Pinto, has succeeded in traversing Africa from
+west to east, and has reached Transvaal. The latitude of his course
+across is not mentioned.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CURIOUS FACTS IN MAGNETISM.
+
+
+At the meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences February 17th, the
+article in the March number of _Harper's Magazine_, entitled "Gary's
+Magnetic Motor," was incidentally alluded to, and Prof. C. A. Seeley
+made the following remarks: The article claims that Mr. Gary has made
+a discovery of a neutral line or surface, at which the polarity of an
+induced magnet, while moving in the field of the inducing pole, is
+changed. The alleged discovery appears to be an exaggerated statement
+of some curious facts, which, although not new, are not commonly
+recognized. If a bar of iron be brought up, end on, near a magnetic
+pole, the bar becomes an induced magnet, but an induced magnet quite
+different from what our elementary treatises seem to predict. On the
+first scrutiny it is a magnet without a neutral point, and only one
+kind of magnetism--namely, that of the inducing pole. Moreover, the
+single pole is pretty evenly distributed over the whole surface, so
+that if iron filings be sprinkled on the bar they will be attracted at
+all points and completely cover it. Now, if while the bar is covered
+by filings it be moved away from the inducing pole, the filings will
+gradually and progressively fall, beginning at the end nearest the
+inducing pole and continuing to some point near the middle of the bar;
+the filings at the remote end will generally be held permanently. When
+the bar is carried beyond the field of the inducing pole it is simply
+a weak magnet of ordinary properties--_i. e._, of two poles and a
+neutral point between them.
+
+A plausible and simple explanation of this case is that the inducing
+pole holds or binds the induced magnetism of opposite name, so that it
+has no external influence; the two magnetisms are related to each
+other as are the positive and negative electricities of the Leyden
+jar. Let the inducing pole be N.; the S. of the bar will be attracted
+by it and bound, while the N. of the bar becomes abnormally free and
+active. On moving the bar from the pole the bound magnetism is
+released and a part becomes residual magnetism. Now when the residual
+balances the free magnetism which is of opposite name, we are on
+Gary's neutral line. In a restricted sense there is a change of
+polarity over the half of the bar contiguous to the inducing pole; on
+the other half there is no change of pole in any sense. Experiment
+with a shingle nail in the place of the filings, _a la_ Gary,
+bring the nail to the induced bound pole, and it may be held, except
+at the neutral line. Now if one will read the magazine article with
+such ideas as these he will feel pretty sure that the writer of it has
+used words recklessly, that Gary has not made an original discovery,
+and that the "neutral" line, whatever it be, has only an imagined
+relation to the "principle" of the motor.
+
+The Gary Motor as a perpetual motion scheme, of course, is not worthy
+of serious notice from a society devoted to science. It has no
+noteworthy novelty of construction or conception. Mr. Gary is
+afflicted with the very old delusion of the cut-off or shield of
+magnetism, which is to cost less than what comes from it. His cut-off
+is a sheet of iron, which we know acts simply as an armature.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A NEW PHENOMENON IN STATICAL ELECTRICITY.
+
+
+M. E. Duter, in a paper read before the French Academy in December,
+showed that when a Leyden jar is charged with either positive or
+negative electricity its internal volume increases, and that this
+effect is a new phenomenon, unexplainable by either a theory of an
+increase of temperature or of an electrical pressure. The experiment
+was performed by means of a flask-shaped Leyden jar with a long tube
+attached to its neck, and containing a liquid which served as the
+inner armature. The author's attention had been called to the fact
+that this phenomenon had been observed ten years ago by M. Gori.
+
+His researches, just made public, leave no doubt of the accuracy of M.
+Duter's view, that the glass of the jar really expands. According to
+the theory of elasticity, the effect of an internal pressure in a
+hollow sphere is in the inverse ratio of its thickness. M. Duter,
+therefore, had three flasks made of the same volume, but of
+thicknesses of 4 mm., 0.8 mm., and 0.5 mm. respectively. They were
+filled with water and enveloped by tin foil. Each carried a capillary
+thermometer tube, in which the variations of the height of liquid
+served to measure the changes in volume due to electrification. He
+found that these changes were imperceptible in the thick glass, very
+marked in the flask of mean thickness, and rose to 30 mm. in the
+thinnest. The variations in volume were very nearly in inverse ratio
+of the square roots of the thicknesses.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A NEW ORE CRUSHER.
+
+
+The accompanying engravings represent an improved ore crusher, which
+is said to be very effective and economical in the use of power.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--BROWN'S ORE CRUSHER.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--HORIZONTAL SECTION.]
+
+A short vertical cast iron cylinder, A, having in one side a discharge
+opening, H, contains all of the movable parts.
+
+The upper portion of the cylinder is lined with chilled iron plates,
+L, and an inclined chute, X, leads to the discharge opening, H.
+
+A rigid shaft, B, carries the circular crusher, C, and moves in a ball
+and socket joint at the upper end, and extends eccentrically through
+the boss of a bevel wheel, G, at its lower end, and rests on a step
+supported by a lever that may be adjusted by the screw, R. The wheel,
+G, is driven by the pinion, P, on whose shaft there are a pulley and a
+fly-wheel.
+
+The double gyratory motion of the crusher, C, causes it to approach
+all portions of the lining, L, crushing whatever lies between.
+
+It is said that this machine is capable of crushing 10 tons of the
+hardest ore per hour. Its weight is 6,500 lbs.--_Musee de
+l'Industrie._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RECENT AMERICAN PATENTS.
+
+
+Enos Richmond, of Troy, N. Y., has invented a steak tenderer, having
+a plunger studded with chisel-pointed rods, and arranged in a case in
+connection with an elevating spring. A blow upon the knob at the top
+of the plunger forces the chisel-pointed rods through holes in the
+casing into the meat, the casing resting on the surface of the steak.
+
+Messrs. A. W. Southard and Volney R. Sears, of Falls City, Neb., have
+patented an improved invalid bedstead, which is provided with
+ingenious mechanism for placing the invalid in different positions.
+
+An improved spring attachment for carriage tops, which is designed to
+prevent the rear bow from being bent by the weight of the top when
+turned back, has been patented by Mr. Robert E. McCormick, of
+Doylestown, O.
+
+Mr. Espy Gallipher, of Schellsburg, Pa., has devised an axle journal
+having a groove lengthwise upon its upper side which extends back upon
+the surface of the axle and communicates with an oil cup. A sliding
+rod occupies a portion of the groove; when this rod is drawn out it
+permits the oil to fill the groove; when it is pushed into the groove
+in the axle, the oil is ejected and a further supply is cut off.
+
+An improved pill machine, invented by Messrs. W. N. Fort and R. R.
+Moore, of Lewisville, Ark., is adapted to the manufacture of pills in
+large quantities. The machine has mechanism for grinding and mixing
+ingredients, a grooved wheel and trough for forming the pills, and a
+device for applying powder.
+
+An improvement in millstone adjustments has been patented by Mr.
+Stephen P. Walling, of South Edmeston, N. Y. This invention consists
+in a screw applied to the end of the mill spindle on which the stone
+is rigidly held, so that the running stone may be forced by the screw
+away from the stationary stone and held against the action of a spring
+at the opposite end of the spindle, the object being to prevent the
+stones from becoming dulled by contact with each other.
+
+An improved attachment for sewing machines for soaking or waxing the
+thread as it passes the needle, has been patented by Mr. Pedro F.
+Fernandez, of San Juan, Porto Rico. The invention consists in a frame
+secured to the arm of a sewing machine by a thumb-screw, and provided
+with a clamping device for holding wax or soap.
+
+A novel combination of a toggle and springs and levers for operating a
+drag saw has been patented by Mr. Harvey Hughes, of Wheat Ridge, Ohio.
+The saw, while properly guided, is free to move up or down without
+affecting the leverage.
+
+An improvement in filters, which consists in re-enforcing the felt
+disk with a backing of wire cloth to enable it to resist heavy water
+pressure, has been patented by Mr. B. P. Chatfield, of Aiken, S. C.
+
+A basket having light sheet metal sides attached to a wooden bottom by
+crimping the edges over a rib on the periphery of the bottom, has been
+patented by Mr. Samuel Friend, of Decatur, Ill. The handle and lid may
+be easily removed to permit of packing and storage.
+
+An improved cross bar for fastening doors, patented by Mr. Richard
+Condon, of La Salle, Ill., has a spring acted portion which engages a
+socket on the door casing, and is retained in that position by a
+spring catch.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A NEW IRONING TABLE.
+
+
+The accompanying engraving represents a convenient and inexpensive
+table recently patented by Mr. Albert H. Hogins, of Morrisania, N. Y.
+It is more especially designed for ironing, but it may be used for
+other purposes when closed up. The top is made in two tapering
+sections, A B. The section, B, is narrower than the other, and is
+pivoted at its wider end to a bar, E, which slides into a socket
+formed in the table. The table has five legs, one of which, D, is
+attached to a sliding rail that supports the narrower end of the
+movable part of the top. The table is provided with a drawer in one
+end and with a tray, C, for containing blankets, etc.
+
+[Illustration: HOGINS IMPROVED TABLE.]
+
+The convenience and practicability of this table for general laundry
+use, will be apparent without further explanation. The board, B, when
+drawn out will be used for ironing skirts, shirts, and other garments
+requiring a board of this character, and when the table is closed
+together and fastened by the hooks, it may be used in ironing larger
+articles. When closed it presents the appearance of an ordinary table
+and may be used as such.
+
+Further information may be obtained by addressing the inventor as
+above.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A NOVEL ENGINE REGULATOR.
+
+
+The accompanying engraving represents two different styles of
+regulator, invented by Mr. Stenberg, in which the effect of
+centrifugal force is utilized. In a vessel, A, of parabolic shape is
+placed a disk, C, which floats on glycerine contained by the vessel,
+and is attached to the walls of the vessel by an annular membrane, so
+that it may rise and fall in a vertical direction as the glycerine is
+carried with more or less force toward the edge of the vessel by
+centrifugal action. The inner surface of the vessel, A, is provided
+with radial grooves, by which the rotary motion of the vessel is
+communicated to the glycerine. To the center of the disk, C, is
+attached a vertical rod, which extends downward through the hollow
+shaft and is connected with governor valve. An increase of speed
+throws the glycerine toward the periphery of the valve, and, raising
+the disk, C, closes the steam valve; a diminution of speed permits the
+glycerine to fall back, when the disk descends and the valve opens.
+
+[Illustration: STENBERG REGULATOR.]
+
+The disk, C, has a small aperture for the admission and escape of air,
+and the apparatus is adjusted by pouring lead into the groove in the
+disk.
+
+The regulator shown in Fig. 2 operates upon the same principle, but it
+is adjusted by means of a spring.
+
+This apparatus is manufactured by Blancke Bros., Magdeburg.--_Musee de
+l'Industrie._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A STRANGE PEOPLE.
+
+
+Botel Tobago is an island in the South Seas which has lately been
+visited by a party of United States naval officers. They were
+surveying a rock east of the South Cape of Formosa, and called at this
+island. They found a curious race of Malay stock. These aborigines did
+not know what money was good for. Nor had they ever used tobacco or
+rum. They gave the officers goats and pigs for tin pots and brass
+buttons, and hung around the vessel all day in their canoes waiting
+for a chance to dive for something which might be thrown overboard.
+They wore clouts only, ate taro and yams, and had axes, spears, and
+knives made of common iron. Their canoes were made without nails, and
+were ornamented with geometrical lines. They wore the beards of goats
+and small shells as ornaments.
+
+Such is the account of these strange people given by Dr. Siegfried, in
+a letter read at the last meeting of the Philadelphia Academy of
+Natural Sciences.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+REMEDY FOR THE NEW CARPET BEETLE.
+
+
+Noticing a statement made by Mr. J. A. Lintner, to the effect that the
+Persian insect powder would probably prove unavailing as a remedy
+against the ravages of the new carpet beetle (_Anthrenus_), W. L.
+Carpenter, of the U.S.A., was led to institute some experiments with
+this well known insecticide, the results of which he communicates to
+the current number of the _Naturalist_. A small quantity of the powder
+was introduced, on the point of a penknife, under a tumbler beneath
+which various insects were consecutively confined. The movements of
+the insects brought them in contact with the poison, which readily
+adhered to their body; in endeavoring to remove it from their
+appendages a few particles would be carried to the mouth and thence to
+the stomach, with fatal effect. The results were briefly thus: A honey
+bee became helpless in 15 minutes; a mad wasp in 8 minutes; a small
+ant in 5 minutes; a large butterfly resisted the effects for over an
+hour, and apparently recovered, but died the next day; a house-fly
+became helpless in 10 minutes; a mosquito in 15; and a flea in 3
+minutes. In experimenting on beetles, an insect was secured as nearly
+the size of the carpet beetle as could be found. It was easily
+affected, and became helpless in 12 minutes.
+
+In these, and experiments with various other insects, the scent from
+the powder did not produce any bad effect on those subjected to its
+odor where actual contact was not possible; but when carried to the
+mandibles the effect was to produce complete paralysis of the motor
+nerves. The experiments prove that all insects having open mouth parts
+are peculiarly susceptible to this popular insecticide. As a result,
+the writer does not hesitate to recommend the powder to housekeepers
+as an infallible agent in destroying the carpet beetle and preventing
+its ravages. The Persian insect powder liberally sprinkled upon the
+floor before putting down a carpet, and afterward freely placed around
+the edges, and never swept away, will suffice to preserve a large
+sized carpet. No ill effects from its use need be feared by the
+householder, since the drug is poisonous to no kinds of animals except
+insects.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+BANANA FLOUR.
+
+
+The banana has recently found a new use in Venezuela. It has the
+property of keeping the soil moist round it, in a country where
+sometimes no rain falls for months; so it has been employed to give
+freshness, as well as shade, to the coffee plant, whose cultivation
+has been greatly extended (Venezuela produced 38,000,000 kilogrammes
+of coffee in 1876). The Venezuelans can consume but little of the
+banana fruit thus furnished, so that attention is being given to
+increasing its value as an export. At the Paris Exhibition were
+samples of banana flour (got by drying and pulverizing the fruit
+before maturity) and brandy (from the ripe fruit) The flour has been
+analyzed by MM. Marcano and Muntz. It contains 66.1 per cent of
+starch, and only 2.9 of azotized matter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW STENCIL PEN.
+
+
+The accompanying engraving shows new form of stencil pen invented by
+Mr. J. W. Brickenridge, of La Fayette, Ind. In Fig. 1 the entire
+apparatus is shown in perspective; Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section of
+the pen; and Fig. 3 is a vertical section of a portion of the driving
+apparatus. In this instrument compressed air is used as a motive force
+for driving the perforating needle. The inverted cup, shown in detail
+in Fig. 3, has its mouth closed with a flexible diaphragm, which is
+vibrated rapidly by a pitman having a convex end attached by its
+center to the middle of the diaphragm. The pitman is reciprocated by a
+simple treadle motion, which will be readily understood by reference
+to Fig. 1.
+
+[Illustration: BRICKENRIDGE'S PNEUMATIC STENCIL PEN.]
+
+The cup has a small aperture covered by a valve to admit of the
+entrance of air when the diaphragm is drawn down. The pen, shown in
+detail in Fig. 2, has a cup and flexible diaphragm similar to the one
+already described. The diaphragm rests upon the enlarged end of a bar
+which carries at its lower end a perforating needle. The pen is
+connected with the driving mechanism by a flexible tube. The needle
+bar is pressed lightly against the diaphragm by a spiral spring.
+
+When the treadle motion is operated the impelling diaphragm is
+rapidly vibrated, and through the medium of the air contained in the
+flexible tube it communicates motion to the pen diaphragm and
+consequently to the needle bar and needle. If, while the needle is
+reciprocated in this way, the pen is moved over the surface of the
+paper, a line of fine perforations will be made. With this instrument
+stencils may be made for making multiplied copies of maps, drawings,
+and manuscripts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF OCEAN TELEGRAPHY.
+
+
+At the celebration in this city of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
+formation of the company for laying the first Atlantic cable, Monday,
+March 10, the projector of the enterprise, Mr. Cyrus W. Field, spoke
+as follows:
+
+NEIGHBORS AND FRIENDS: Twenty-five years ago this evening, in this
+house, in this room, and on this table, and at this very hour, was
+signed the agreement to form the New York, Newfoundland and London
+Telegraph Company--the first company ever formed to lay an ocean
+cable. It was signed by five persons, four of whom--Peter Cooper,
+Moses Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts, and myself--are here to-night. The
+fifth, Mr. Chandler White, died two years after, and his place was
+taken by Mr. Wilson G. Hunt, who is also present. Of my associates, it
+is to be said to their honor--as might have been expected from men of
+their high position and character--that they stood by the undertaking
+manfully for twelve long years, through discouragements such as nobody
+knows but themselves. Those who applaud our success know little
+through what struggles it was obtained. One disappointment followed
+another, till "hope deferred made the heart sick." We had little help
+from outside, for few had any faith in our enterprise. But not a man
+deserted the ship: all stood by it to the end. My brother Dudley is
+also here, who, as the counsel of the company, was present at the
+signing of the agreement, and went with Mr. White and myself the week
+after to Newfoundland, to obtain the charter, and was our legal
+adviser through those anxious and troubled years, when success seemed
+very doubtful. At St. John's the first man to give us a hearty
+welcome, and who aided us in obtaining our charter, was Mr. Edward M.
+Archibald, then Prime Minister of Newfoundland, and now for more than
+twenty years the honored representative of Her Majesty's Government at
+this port, who is also here to-night. It is a matter for grateful
+acknowledgment that we were spared to see accomplished the work that
+we began; and that we meet now, at the end of a quarter of a century,
+to look with wonder at what has been wrought since in other parts of
+the world.
+
+Our little company came into existence only a few weeks before the
+Western Union Telegraph Company, which is entitled to share in our
+congratulations, and has kindly brought a connecting wire into this
+room, by which we can this evening communicate with every town and
+village from the Atlantic to the Pacific; and by our sea cables, with
+Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies, and
+South America. While our small circle has been broken by death but
+once, very different has it been with the Atlantic Telegraph Company,
+which was formed in London in 1856, to extend our line across the
+ocean. At its beginning there were eighteen English and twelve
+American directors, thirty in all, of whom twenty-nine have either
+died or retired from the board. I alone still remain one of the
+directors.
+
+Many of the great men of science on both sides of the Atlantic, who
+inspired us by their knowledge and their enthusiasm, have passed away.
+We have lost Bache, whose Coast Survey mapped out the whole line of
+the American shores; and Maury, who first taught us to find a path
+through the depths of the seas; and Berryman, who sounded across the
+Atlantic; and Morse; and last, but not least, Henry. Across the water
+we miss some who did as much as any men in their generation to make
+the name of England great--Faraday and Wheatstone, Stephenson and
+Brunel--all of whom gave us freely of their invaluable counsel,
+refusing all compensation, because of the interest which they felt in
+the solution of a great problem of science and engineering skill. It
+is a proud satisfaction to remember that while the two Governments
+aided us so generously with their ships, making surveys of the ocean,
+and even carrying our cables in the first expeditions, such men as
+these gave their support to an enterprise which was to unite the two
+countries, and in the end to bring the whole world together.
+
+Others there are, among the living and the dead, to whom we are under
+great obligations. But I cannot repeat the long roll of illustrious
+names. Yet I must pay a passing tribute to one who was my friend, as
+he was the steadfast friend of my country--Richard Cobden. He was one
+of the first to look forward with the eye of faith to what has since
+come to pass. As long ago as 1851 he had a sort of prophet's dream
+that the ocean might yet be crossed, and advised Prince Albert to
+devote the profits of the great London Exhibition of that year to an
+attempt thus to unite England with America. He did not live to see his
+dream fulfilled.
+
+But though men die, their works, their discoveries, and their
+inventions live. From that small beginning under this roof, arose an
+art till then scarcely known, that of telegraphing through the depths
+of the sea. Twenty-five years ago there was not an ocean cable in the
+world. A few short lines had been laid across the channel from England
+to the Continent, but all were in shallow water. Even science hardly
+dared to conceive of the possibility of sending human intelligence
+through the abysses of the ocean. But when we struck out to cross the
+Atlantic, we had to lay a cable over 2,000 miles long, in water over
+2 miles deep. That great success gave an immense impulse to submarine
+telegraphy then in its infancy, but which has since grown till it has
+stretched out its fingers tipped with fire into all the waters of the
+globe. "Its lines have gone into all the earth, and its words to the
+ends of the world." To-day there are over 70,000 miles of cable,
+crossing the seas and the oceans. And, as if it were not enough to
+have messages sent with the speed of lightning, they must be sent in
+opposite directions at the same moment. I have just received a
+telegram from Valentia, Ireland, which reads, "This anniversary
+witnesses duplex working across the Atlantic as an accomplished
+fact"--by which the capacity of all our ocean cables is doubled.
+
+Who can measure the effect of this swift intelligence passing to and
+fro? Already it regulates the markets of the world. But better still
+is the new relation into which it brings the different kindreds of
+mankind. Nations are made enemies by their ignorance of each other. A
+better acquaintance leads to a better understanding; the sense of
+nearness, the relation of neighborhood, awakens the feeling of
+brotherhood. Is it not a sign that a better age is coming, when along
+the ocean beds strewn with the wrecks of war, now glide the messages
+of peace?
+
+One thing only remains which I still hope to be spared to see, and in
+which to take a part, the laying of a cable from San Francisco to the
+Sandwich Islands--for which I have received this very day a concession
+from King Kalakaua, by his Minister, who is here to night--and from
+thence to Japan, by which the island groups of the Pacific may be
+brought into communication with the continents on either side--Asia
+and America--thus completing the circuit of the globe.
+
+But life is passing, and perhaps that is to be left to other hands.
+Many of our old companions have fallen, and we must soon give place to
+our successors. But though we shall pass away, it is a satisfaction to
+have been able to do something that shall remain when we are gone. If
+in what I have done to advance this enterprise, I have done something
+for the honor of my country and the good of the world, I am devoutly
+grateful to my Creator. This has been the great ambition of my life,
+and is the chief inheritance which I leave to my children.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GARY MOTOR.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+In your article on the "Gary Motor," issue of March 8, page 144, you
+say: "There is no neutral line in the sense that polarity changes when
+Mr. Gary moves his piece of sheet iron with its attached shingle nail
+across the pole or near the pole of a magnet." "The most delicate
+instruments fail to detect such a change of polarity," etc. Mr. Gary's
+claim of a neutral line is of course absurd, but you are wrong in
+saying that the polarity does not change under the conditions
+described in the _Harper's Monthly_ article. Mr. Gary is perfectly
+correct in claiming a change of polarity in that experiment, although
+his other claim of deriving from this change of polarity a continuous
+motion without consuming energy are manifestly absurd.
+
+[Illustration: Gary Motor A.]
+
+[Illustration: Gary Motor B.]
+
+The change of polarity is easily explained. If a bar of soft iron,
+whose length is two or three times the distance between the poles of
+the horseshoe magnet, be placed in front of the latter as in the
+sketch, and at some distance, poles will be induced, as shown by the
+letters N S. Now let the bar approach the magnet. When within a short
+distance consequent points will be formed and the polarity at the ends
+will be reversed, the bar having four poles, as in the second sketch.
+The bar of soft iron must have certain dimensions depending on the
+size and power of the horseshoe magnet. By using a powerful
+electro-magnet in place of a permanent one, a soft iron bar of
+considerable size may be used, and the change of polarity exhibited by
+showing the repulsion in one case for the south pole and in the other
+for the north pole of a heavy permanent magnet. When in the proper
+position a very small movement of the soft iron bar is sufficient to
+produce the change.
+
+WM. A. ANTHONY.
+
+Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., March 2, 1879.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GARY'S NEUTRAL LINE.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+I have just read the article in the issue of March 8, on the Gary
+Motor, and cannot refrain from offering a suggestion on the subject.
+When I read the article referred to in _Harper's_, I formed the same
+opinion of the so-called invention that the writer in the SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN has expressed, and, in the main, such is my opinion still. I,
+however, tried the experiment by which Gary claims to prove the
+existence of his neutral line, and soon found the same explanation
+that the writer in the AMERICAN has given. I then, curiously enough,
+modified the experiment in precisely the manner he suggests, placing
+the magnet in a vertical position, and using first a piece of sheet
+iron and then an iron wire under it. This was before seeing the
+article in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. My experiment is well illustrated
+by the writer's diagram, except that the nail should be at the end of
+the iron wire, where its polarity is of course most strongly marked.
+But the result is not as he states it. For, as the wire is brought up
+toward the magnet, the nail drops off before the wire touches the
+magnet. When the sheet iron is used, the point at which the nail drops
+off is farther from the magnet than in the case of the wire, and when
+it is brought nearer it will again pick up the nail, which then
+continues to cling until the iron touches the magnet and afterwards.
+Thus the existence of a line in which the soft iron, or induced
+magnet, does not attract the nail, and above and below which it does
+attract it, is demonstrated. That the polarity of the induced magnet
+is reversed when it crosses this line may be demonstrated as follows:
+When it is held beyond (or below) this line (Fig. 1), the negative
+pole of the permanent magnet, the positive being kept at a distance,
+may be made to approach the iron and touch it, without causing the
+nail to drop. (Fig. 3.) But when contact occurs, the whole of the iron
+must possess the polarity of that part of the magnet which it touches,
+namely, negative. Hence in the position indicated in Fig. 1, the
+polarity of the induced magnet does not correspond with that of the
+permanent magnet, but is as indicated by the letters. On the other
+hand, if the positive pole alone be made to approach, the nail will
+drop; but when it is very near, or in contact, it again holds the
+nail, and the iron is now positive; and if the negative pole also be
+now brought into contact, the polarity of the soft iron will
+correspond with that of the magnet, as shown in Fig. 2.
+
+[Illustration: Gary's Neutral Line A.]
+
+[Illustration: Gary's Neutral Line B.]
+
+[Illustration: Gary's Neutral Line C.]
+
+These experiments should be performed with the soft iron under both
+poles of the magnet, and the ends of the former should extend somewhat
+beyond the poles of the latter, or the nail is liable to jump to the
+magnet as the "neutral" line is crossed. The position of the letters
+in Fig. 1, of the previous article, represents the polarity of the
+induced magnet to be the same as that of the permanent, which is true
+only within (or above) the line described; and this, together with his
+statement that no such line can be discovered, appears to indicate
+that the writer relied upon his knowledge of the laws of magnetism to
+state what would be the result, without testing it experimentally. It
+is probable that this reversal of polarity is susceptible of
+explanation by the known laws of magnetic currents, but if it has
+hitherto escaped observation, its discovery is certainly deserving of
+notice, and may lead to valuable results. Of the fact, any one may
+easily convince himself by the simple experiments above described.
+
+G. H. FELTON, M.D.
+
+Haverhill, Mass., February 28, 1879.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PNEUMATIC CLOCKS.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+In the description of the pneumatic clock, copied from _La Nature_,
+and published in your journal of date 1st of March, the invention is
+credited to me. Such is not the case. By an arrangement between Mr.
+Wenzel, Mr. Brandon of Paris, and myself, patents have been obtained
+in France, England, etc., for the clock, and issued in my name; but
+the honor of the invention belongs exclusively to Hermann J. Wenzel,
+of San Francisco.
+
+Yours faithfully,
+
+E. J. MUYBRIDGE.
+
+San Francisco, Cal., February 27, 1879.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ICE CAVE OF DECORAH, IOWA.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+Some years ago I visited the "Ice Cave" of Decorah, Winneshiek county,
+Iowa, and having since been unable to receive any explanation of the
+wonderful phenomenon exhibited by it, I write, hoping that you or some
+correspondent may explain the paradox.
+
+The thriving town of Decorah lies in a romantic valley of the Upper
+Iowa River, and the cave is almost within its corporate limits.
+Following the left bank of the stream, one soon reaches the vicinity,
+and with a hard scramble through a loose shale, up the side of a
+precipitous hill, forming the immediate bank of the river, the
+entrance is gained--an opening 5 feet wide and 8 feet high. These
+dimensions generally describe the cave's section. From the entrance
+the course is a steep decline--seldom less than 40 deg.. At times the
+ceiling is so low that progress on hands and knees is necessary. About
+125 feet from the entrance the "Ice Chamber" is reached. At this spot
+the cave widens into a well proportioned room, 8 by 12 feet. The floor
+is solid ice of unknown thickness, and on the right hand wall of the
+room a curtain of ice drops to the floor, from a crevice extending
+horizontally in the rock at the height of one's eyes. Close
+examination discovers the water oozing from this crevice, and as it
+finds its way down the side it freezes in the low temperature of the
+chamber. Singularly this one crevice, and that no wider than a knife
+edge, furnishes this, nature's ice house, with the necessary water. It
+was a hot day in August, the thermometer marking 80 deg. in the shade
+when the visit was made, and comparatively the cold was intense. In
+common with all visitors, we detached some large pieces of ice and
+with them hurriedly departed, glad to regain the warmth of the outside
+world.
+
+The most remarkable fact in connection with this wonder is that the
+water only freezes in the summer. As the cold of actual winter comes
+on the ice of the cave gradually melts, and when the river below is
+frozen by the fierce cold of Northern Iowa, the ice has disappeared
+and a muddy slush has taken the place of the frigid floor. I would add
+that the ice chamber forms the terminus of the cave. Beyond a shallow
+crevice in the crumbling rock forbids further advance. The rock
+formation of this region is the Portland sandstone.
+
+Why should the temperature of the ice chamber be such as to freeze the
+water trickling into it? And above all, why should the ice disappear
+with the cold of winter?
+
+Mansfield, O. H. M. W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE WRITING TELEGRAPH.
+
+
+On the evening of February 26, 1879, the writing telegraph of Mr. E.
+A. Cowper, of London, was exhibited in operation before the Society of
+Telegraph Engineers, in that city. It is a curious and remarkable
+invention. By its use the handwriting of the operator may be
+transmitted, but a double circuit, that is, two telegraph wires, are
+used. The operator moves with his hand an upright pointer or stylus,
+with which he writes the message on paper. The stylus has two arms
+connected with it, one of which arms, when the stylus makes an upward
+movement, causes a current to be sent over one wire, while the other
+arm causes a current to pass over the other wire when the stylus is
+moved laterally. These two motions are, at the receiving end of the
+line, made to operate on the needles of galvanometers, and the latter
+are by silk threads combined or connected with a delicately suspended
+ink tube, from which a minute stream of ink falls upon the strip of
+paper below it; the arrangement being such that the combined motions
+of the galvanometers so move the ink pen as to make it correspond to
+the motion of the stylus at the sending end. The apparatus is said to
+work very well, and it is expected that it will form a useful adjunct
+to the art of telegraphy. We present herewith a facsimile of writing
+done by this new instrument, which has been worked with success over a
+line of forty miles length. It is hardly probable that it can compete
+in rapidity with some of the telegraph instruments now in use; but for
+many purposes it is likely to become important, while in point of
+ingenuity it is certainly a great achievement, and the author is
+deserving of the highest credit.
+
+[Illustration: Writing Telegraph.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A RARE GEOLOGICAL SPECIMEN.
+
+
+Rev. R. M. Luther, while absent in attendance upon the Missionary
+Convention, held in Addison, Vt., obtained through the kindness of the
+Rev. Mr. Nott a rare and curious geological specimen from the shores
+of Lake Champlain. It is a slab of limestone, about eleven inches long
+by six inches wide, which seems to be composed almost entirely of
+fossils. There is not half an inch square of the surface which does
+not show a fossil. There are many varieties, some of which have not
+been identified, but among those which have been are many remains of
+the Trinucleus conceniricus, some specimens of Petraia, fragments of
+the Orthis, a number of Discinae, several well preserved specimens of
+Leptenae, and impressions of Lingula. The latter is the only shell
+which has existed from the first dawn of life until the present time
+without change. The specimens of existing Lingula are precisely
+similar to those found in the earliest geological formations. There
+are also in the slab several rare specimens of seaweed, remains of
+which are seldom found at so early an age in the geological history of
+the world. The slab belongs to the lower Silurian formation, the first
+in which organic remains are found. It is probably from the Trenton
+epoch of that age. If geologists can be trusted, at the time the
+little animals, whose remains are thus preserved, were living, the
+only part of this continent which had appeared above the primeval
+ocean was a strip of land along the present St. Lawrence River and the
+northern shores of the great lakes, with a promontory reaching out
+toward the Adirondacks, and a few islands along what is now the
+Atlantic coast line.--_Bennington (Vt.) Banner._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+COWPER'S WRITING TELEGRAPH.
+
+
+The most recent of the brilliant series of telegraphic marvels which
+has from time to time, and especially of late, engaged the attention
+of the world, is the "telegraphic pen" of Mr. E. A. Cowper, the well
+known engineer of Great George street, Westminster. This ingenious
+apparatus, which constitutes the first real telegraph, was publicly
+shown by its inventor at the meeting of the Society of Telegraph
+Engineers on Wednesday, February 26.
+
+There had been no lack of copying telegraphs hitherto. We have
+Bakewell's, Casselli's, Meyer's, and D'Arlincourt's, so recently tried
+at our General Post Office by Mr. Preece. All of these instruments
+telegraph an almost perfect copy of the writing or sketch submitted to
+them by means of synchronous mechanism. But the process is necessarily
+complex and slow; whereas by the new device a person may take the
+writing pencil in his hand, and himself transmit his message in the
+act of writing it.
+
+The principle which guided Mr. Cowper to a solution of the problem
+which he has successfully overcome, is the well known mathematical
+fact that the position of any point in a curve can be determined by
+its distance from two rectangular co-ordinates. It follows, then, that
+every position of the point of a pencil, stylus, or pen, as it forms a
+letter, can be determined by its distance from two fixed lines, say
+the adjacent edges of the paper. Moreover it is obvious that if these
+distances could be transmitted by telegraph and recombined so as to
+give a resultant motion to a duplicate pen, a duplicate copy of the
+original writing would be produced. But inasmuch as the writing stylus
+moves continuously over the paper, the process of transmission would
+require to be a continuous one; that is to say, the current traversing
+the telegraph line, and conveying the distances in question (or what
+comes to the same thing, the up and down, and direct sidelong ranges
+of the stylus) would require to vary continuously in accordance with
+the range to be transmitted.
+
+Mr. Cowper effects this by employing two separate telegraphic
+circuits, each with its own wire, battery, sending, and receiving
+apparatus. One of these circuits is made to transmit the up and down
+component writing of the pencil's motion, while the other
+simultaneously transmits its sidelong component. At the receiving
+station these two components are then recomposed by a pantograph
+arrangement of taut cords, or levers, and the resultant motion is
+communicated to the duplicate pen at that place. The plan adopted by
+Mr. Cowper to transmit each continuously varying component is to cause
+the resistance of the circuit to vary very closely with the component
+in question. Fig. 5 shows how the apparatus is theoretically arranged
+for this purpose. P is the writing style, which is held in the
+writer's hand in the ordinary way, while he shapes the letters one by
+one on paper pulled uniformly underneath by means of clockwork. To P
+are attached, at right angles, two arms, a a, one for each circuit;
+but as it is only necessary to consider one of the circuits, say that
+sending up and down motions, we will confine our attention for the
+present to the arm, a. One pole of the sending battery, B, is
+connected to the arm, a, the other pole being connected to earth. Now
+the arm, a, is fitted with a sliding contact at its free extremity,
+and as the pencil, P, is moved in writing, a slides lengthwise across
+the edges of a series of thin metal contact plates, C, insulated from
+each other by paraffined paper. Between each pair of these plates
+there is a resistance coil, C, and the last of these is connected
+through the last plate to the line, L. It will be seen that as a
+slides outward across the plates the current from the battery has to
+pass through fewer coils, since a short-circuits a number of coils
+proportional to its motion. But the fewer of these coils in circuit
+the stronger will be the current in the line; so that the extent of
+the motion of the arm, a, in the direction of its length, that is to
+say, the direct component of the motion of the pencil along the line
+of the arm, a, is attended by a corresponding change in the current
+traversing the line. If the pencil makes a long up and down stroke
+there will be a strong current in the line, if a short one there will
+be a weak current, and so on. A precisely similar arrangement is used
+to transmit the sidelong motion of the pencil along the line, L.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5.]
+
+The current from the line, L, flows at the receiving station through a
+powerful galvanometer, G, to earth. The galvanometer has a stout
+needle, one tip of which is connected to a duplicate pen, P, by a
+thread, t, which is kept taut by a second thread stretched by a
+spring, s'. The current from the line, L', flows through a similar
+galvanometer, G', to earth. The needle of G' is also connected to the
+pen, P, by a taut thread, t', stretched by means of the spring, s.
+Now, since the needle of each of these galvanometers deflects in
+proportion to the strength of the current flowing through its coil,
+the points of these two needles keep moving with the varying currents.
+But since these currents vary the motions of the sending pen, the
+receiving pen controlled by the united movements of the needles will
+trace out a close copy of the original writing. We give on another
+page a facsimile of a sentence written by Mr. Cowper's telegraph.
+
+[Illustration: THE COWPER WRITING TELEGRAPH.]
+
+The receiving pen is a fine glass siphon, drawing off aniline ink from
+a small glass holder. There are thirty-two coils, C, in each circuit,
+with a corresponding number of contact plates, c, so as to get
+accuracy of working. A few Daniell's cells are sufficient to operate
+the apparatus, and writing has been already sent successfully over a
+line 40 miles in length. The writing may be received either of the
+same size or larger or smaller than the original, as the case may be.
+At present the writing must not be too hurried, that is, unless the
+characters are bold and well formed; but further improvement will, of
+course, quicken the working of the apparatus.
+
+The engravings, Figs. 1 to 4, illustrate the actual apparatus. Fig. 4
+is a plan of the sending instrument, with the writing pencil, a, the
+traveling paper, b, the light connecting rods or arms, d (which
+correspond to a in the theoretical diagram above), the series of metal
+contact plates over which these arms slide, the resistance coils
+connected to these plates, and the battery and line wires. It will be
+seen that each arm, d, is connected to its particular battery, and
+each set of contact plates to its particular line. Fig. 3 is an
+elevation of the sending instrument, in which a is the pencil as
+before, c c the contact plates over which the arms, d d, slide, f f
+the coils, and b the traveling slip of paper.
+
+Fig. 2 is a plan of the receiving instrument, in which h h are the
+light pivoted needles surrounded by coils of fine insulated copper
+wires, i i, and controlled in their zero position by the
+electro-magnets, j j j j, placed underneath, the whole forming a pair
+of galvanoscopes or current detecters, one for each line. It will be
+understood that the varying currents from the lines are allowed to
+flow through the coils, i i, so as to deflect the needles, and that
+the deflections of the needles follow, so to speak, the variations of
+the currents. The electro-magnets are magnetized by a local battery;
+permanent magnets might, however, take their place with a gain in
+simplicity.
+
+Now the writing pen, k, is connected to the nearest tip of the needle,
+h, of each galvanoscope by threads, n n, which are kept taut by the
+fibers, o_{1} o_{2} o_{3}, the springs, o, and the pins, o_{4}. In
+this way the motions of the needles are recombined in the motion of
+the duplicate pen upon the paper, p.
+
+Fig. 1 is an elevation of the receiving instrument, in which i i are
+the coils as before, j j j j the controlling electro-magnets, k is the
+writing siphon dipping with its short leg into the ink well, m, and l
+is the bridge from which the writing siphon is suspended by means of a
+thread and spring. The long leg of the siphon reaches down to the
+surface of the paper, p, which is pulled along beneath it in contact
+with the film of ink filling the point of the tube. When the siphon is
+at rest its point marks a zero line along the middle of the paper, but
+when the receiver is working, the siphon point forms each letter of
+the message upon the paper as it passes.--_Engineering._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ALUMINUM.
+
+
+The splendid exhibit of the French aluminum manufacturers at the late
+Exhibition has again called attention to that metal, which is so
+admirably adapted to many purposes on account of its great lightness
+and its stability under the influence of the atmosphere. While
+aluminum industry has heretofore been thought to be confined to France
+solely, we are now told by Mr. C. Bambery, in the Annual Report of the
+Society of Berlin Instrument Makers, that for some years past aluminum
+has been extensively manufactured in Berlin.
+
+Three firms especially (Stueckradt, Haecke, and Schultze) are engaged in
+this branch of industry.
+
+The articles manufactured principally are nautical instruments, as
+sextants, compasses, etc. The German navy is supplied throughout with
+aluminum instruments. As a proof of the superiority of German
+aluminum, it may here be mentioned that the normal sets of weights and
+balances used by the International Commission for the regulation of
+weights and measures, which lately was in session at Paris, were
+obtained from Stueckradt, in Berlin, and not from any of the firms
+at Paris, the reputed seat of aluminum industry.
+
+Aluminum is, in Berlin, generally used pure, and cast pieces only are
+composed of aluminum containing about 5 per cent of silver.
+
+Nevertheless the use of aluminum will remain limited, even in case the
+cost of manufacturing it could be materially reduced, until some
+method shall have been discovered by which aluminum may be soldered.
+
+This difficulty has, in spite of all efforts, not yet been overcome,
+and for some purposes, to which the metal would otherwise be well
+adapted, it remains so far unavailable. Here then is a chance for some
+ingenious mind.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+AN IMPROVED DOOR BOLT.
+
+
+The accompanying engraving represents, in perspective and in section,
+an improved door bolt, recently patented by Mr. Thomas Hoesly, of New
+Glaras, Wis.
+
+The principal features of this bolt will be understood by reference to
+the engraving. On the plate or body are cast two loops or guides for
+the bolt, and the plate is slotted under the bolt, and a lug projects
+into the slot and bears against a spring contained by a small casing
+riveted to the back of the plate. The end of the bolt is beveled, and
+its operation is similar to that of the ordinary door latch. Two
+handles are provided, one of which is of sufficient length to reach
+through the door, and a pawl or dog accompanies the bolt, which may be
+attached to the door with a single screw, and is to be used in locking
+the door. The bolt is very simple and strong, suitable for shops,
+out-buildings such as barns, stables, etc., and some of the doors of
+dwellings.
+
+[Illustration: HOESLY'S DOOR BOLT.]
+
+Further information may be obtained by addressing the inventor, as
+above.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHIMNEY FLUES.
+
+
+Messrs. W. H. Jackson & Co., of this city, whose long experience in
+treating refractory flues gives weight to their opinion, communicate
+to the _American Architect_ the following useful information:
+
+To secure a good draught the chimney should be of sufficient size,
+should be carried up above surrounding objects, should be as straight
+as possible throughout its length, and should be as smooth as possible
+inside, to avoid friction. As a draught is caused by unequal
+temperatures, the chimney should be so arranged as to avoid a rapid
+radiation of heat. If in an exterior wall there should be at least 8
+inches of brickwork between the flue and the exterior surface. For
+country houses it is much better to have the chimneys run up through
+the interior, as the flue is more easily kept warm, and the heat that
+is radiated helps to warm the house. The most frequent cause of a
+"smoky chimney" is the insufficient size of the flue for the grate or
+fireplace connected therewith. The flue should not be less than one
+eighth the capacity of the square of the width and height of the grate
+or fireplace. That is, if the grate has a front opening 20 inches wide
+and 26 inches high, the flue should be 8 in. x 8 in.; or, with an
+opening 36 inches wide and 32 inches high, the flue should be 12 in. x
+12 in.; and, to get the best result, the opening into the flue from
+the grate or fireplace should be of a less number of square inches
+than the square of the flue, and never larger, as no more air should
+be admitted at the inlet than can be carried through the flue. Where
+there is more than one inlet to the same flue, the sum of all the
+inlets should not more than equal the size of the flue. A number of
+stoves may be connected with the same flue, one above another, if this
+rule is observed.
+
+A square flue is better than a narrow one, as in two flues containing
+the same number of square inches the square flue would have the
+smallest amount of wall surface, and consequently less friction for
+the ascending currents, and less absorption of heat by the walls.
+Chimneys should be closely built, having no cracks nor openings
+through which external air may be drawn to weaken the draught. If they
+could be made throughout their length as impervious to air as a tube
+of glass, with interior surface as smooth, one cause of smoky chimneys
+would be removed. A downward current of air is frequently caused by
+some contiguous object higher than the chimney, against which the wind
+strikes. This higher object may sometimes be quite a distance from the
+chimney, and still affect it badly. A good chimney top constructed to
+prevent a down draught will remedy this difficulty. Each grate or
+fireplace should have a flue to itself. Under very favorable
+conditions, two grates or fireplaces might be connected with the same
+flue, but it is not a good plan. We have known grates and fireplaces
+connected with two flues, where they have been built under a window
+for instance, and, owing to there being insufficient room for a flue
+of suitable size, a flue has been run up on each side of the window.
+This is a very bad plan, and never can work well; it requires too much
+heat to warm both flues, and if the room in which the grate or
+fireplace is situated should be pretty close, so that there was no
+other entrance for air, there is danger that it would circulate down
+one flue and up the other, forcing smoke out of the fireplace into the
+room.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE.
+
+
+The refuse matter and garbage of large cities is in the main composed
+of animal and vegetable offal of the kitchens; of the sweepings of
+warehouses, manufactories, saloons, groceries, public and private
+houses; of straw, sawdust, old bedding, tobacco stems, ashes, old
+boots, shoes, tin cans, bottles, rags, and feathers; dead cats, dogs,
+and other small animals; of the dust and sweepings of the streets, the
+condemned fruit, vegetables, meat, and fish of the markets, all of
+which compose a mass of the most obnoxious and unhealthy matter that
+can be deposited near human habitations.
+
+The inventor of the furnace shown in the accompanying engravings aims
+to produce a change of form and of chemical nature and a great
+reduction in bulk of all such refuse and garbage within the limits of
+the city where it accumulates, without screening, separating,
+preparing, or mixing, without the expense of using other fuel, without
+any offensive odors being generated in the operation, and to produce
+an entirely unobjectionable residuum or product that may be made
+useful.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--FOOTE'S FURNACE FOR BURNING GARBAGE.]
+
+As a rule organic matter largely preponderates in the refuse, being as
+high in some instances as 94 per cent. There is always more than
+enough to generate sufficient heat to fuse the earthy or inorganic
+portion, which is mainly composed of sand, clay, and the alkalies from
+the coal and vegetable ashes, etc.
+
+By producing a high degree of heat in the combustion of the organic
+portion of the refuse with a forced blast or forced draught, the
+non-combustible elements are fused, and form a vitreous slag, which is
+entirely inodorous and unobjectionable, and which may be utilized for
+many purposes.
+
+The upper section or cone of the consuming furnace is built of boiler
+iron, and lined with fire brick resting upon an iron plate, which is
+supported by iron columns.
+
+The hearth is made of fire brick, and is in the form of an inverted
+cone, being smaller at the bottom and larger at the top, as shown in
+Fig. 2.
+
+The sides of the hearth are perforated near the bottom with arches for
+the tuyeres or blast pipes, and also in front for the special blast
+pipe and the tapping hole. The top of the furnace is closed with an
+iron plate, provided with a circular opening, through which the hopper
+enters the top of the furnace.
+
+At the left in the larger engraving is seen an elevator, operated by a
+steam engine, for conveying the garbage and refuse to a platform,
+whence it is projected into the furnace by an inclined plane or chute.
+
+Gas or smoke conductors convey the gas from the top of the furnace to
+the furnace of the boiler and to the heating oven, where it is used in
+heating air, which is conveyed through the iron pipes passing through
+the heating oven into a wind box, from which it enters the furnace at
+several points near the bottom by means of the tuyere pipes.
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF FURNACE.]
+
+The consumption of the garbage is effected near the bottom of the
+furnace, where the air is forced in, and is continued as long as the
+blast is applied, and while burning at the base it is continually
+sinking down at the top, so that it is necessary to keep filling all
+the time. The odoriferous gases and the hot products of such
+combustion are forced upward through the superimposed mass, and escape
+to the fires of the boiler and heating oven, and, being largely
+composed of carbonic oxide and the hydrocarbon gases distilled from
+the animal and vegetable offal of the garbage, are thoroughly
+consumed; and it is said that by this means not only are all the
+offensive odors destroyed, but the heat generated is utilized for
+making steam and heating the air used for blast.
+
+The refuse in its descent through the high furnace is exposed to the
+drying action of the hot gases of distillation and the hot products of
+combustion, its temperature increasing in its descent the nearer it
+approaches the tuyeres, and becomes completely desiccated and
+combustible when it reaches the blast. The high heat in this way
+obtained by the combustion of the organic portion melts all of the
+inorganic portion, forming a vitreous slag or glass, which may be
+allowed to run continuously, or by closing the tap may be allowed to
+accumulate, and can be drawn off at intervals. If there is an adequate
+supply of clay and sand in the refuse to combine with the ashes, the
+slag will run hot and free. The combination of silex or alumina and an
+alkali in proper portions always yields a fusible, easy-running
+compound.
+
+The molten slag, as it runs from the furnace, may be discharged into
+tanks of cold water, which will pulverize or granulate it, making it
+like fine sand, or as it pours over a runner, through which it flows,
+if struck with a forcible air or steam blast it will be spun into fine
+thread-like wool.
+
+The furnace once lighted and started may be kept running day and night
+continuously for days, months, or years, if desired; but if it becomes
+necessary to stop at any time, the tuyere pipes may be removed and the
+holes all stopped with clay, so as to entirely shut off the supply of
+air, and it will then hold in fire for many days, and will be in
+readiness to start again at any time the pipes are replaced and the
+blast turned on.
+
+This furnace is the invention of Mr. Henry R. Foote, of Stamford,
+Conn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+AN ANCIENT GREEK VASE.
+
+
+The vase shown in the accompanying engravings must not be classed with
+ordinary ceramic ware, as it is a veritable work of art. It is the
+celebrated cup of Arcesilaus, which is preserved in the collection of
+the library of Richelieu street after having figured in the Durand
+Museum. It was found at Vulsei, in Etruria. It was made by a potter of
+Cyrene, the capital of Cyrenaica, founded by Greeks from the island of
+Thera. It is remarkable that Cyrene, removed from the center of
+Grecian manufacture, should possess a manufactory of painted vases
+from which have come so many works of art. The traveler, Paul Lucas,
+discovered in the necropolis of Cyrene, in 1714, many antique vases,
+both in the tombs and in the soil. One of them is still preserved in
+the Museum at Leyden. The Arcesilaus, who is represented on this vase,
+is not the celebrated skeptical philosopher of that name; it is
+Arcesilaus, King of Cyrenaica, who was sung by Pindar, and who was
+vanquished in the Pythian games under the 80th Olympiad (458 years
+B.C.).
+
+The height of this vase is 25 centimeters, its diameter 28
+centimeters. The paste is very fine, of a pale red. It is entirely
+coated with a black groundwork, which has been generally re-covered
+with a yellowish white clay, baked on.
+
+According to M. Brongniart, this piece has been subjected to the
+baking process at least two or three times, thus indicating that the
+ceramic art had made considerable progress in Cyrene even at that
+remote epoch.
+
+The following description of this vase is given in the catalogue of
+the Durand Museum: The King Arcesilaus is seated under a pavilion upon
+the deck of a ship. His head is covered with a kind of hat with a
+large brim, and his hair hangs down upon his shoulders. He is clothed
+in a white tunic and embroidered cloak or mantle, and he carries a
+scepter in his left hand; under his seat is a leopard, and his right
+hand he holds toward a young man, who makes the same gesture, and he
+is weighing in a large scale assafoetida, which is being let down
+into the hold of the ship. We know that he deals with assafoetida
+because one of the personages (the one who lifts up his arm toward the
+beam of the scale) holds in his right hand something resembling that
+which is in the scale, and the Greek word traced near it signifies
+"that which prepares _silphium_." Assafoetida, the resinous
+matter of the silphium, is used largely by the Greeks in the
+preparation of their food. The Orientals to-day make frequent use of
+it and call it the delight of the gods; while in Europe, because of
+its repulsive odor, it has long been designated as _stircus diaboli_.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--ANCIENT GREEK VASE.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--TOP OF GREEK VASE.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SNOW-RAISED BREAD.
+
+
+Somebody thinks he has discovered that snow, when incorporated with
+dough, performs the same office as baking powder or yeast. "I have
+this morning for breakfast," says a writer in the _English Mechanic_,
+"partaken of a snow-raised bread cake, made last evening as follows:
+The cake when baked weighed about three quarters of a pound. A large
+tablespoonful of fine, dry, clean snow was intimately stirred with a
+spoon into the dry flour, and to this was added a tablespoonful of
+caraways and a little butter and salt. Then sufficient cold water was
+added to make the dough of the proper usual consistence (simply
+stirred with the spoon, not kneaded by the warm hands), and it was
+immediately put into a quick oven and baked three quarters of an hour.
+It turned out both light and palatable. The reason," adds the writer,
+"appears to be this: the light mass of interlaced snow crystals hold
+imprisoned a large quantity of condensed atmospheric air, which, when
+the snow is warmed by thawing very rapidly in the dough, expands
+enormously and acts the part of the carbonic acid gas in either baking
+powder or yeast. I take the precise action to be, then, not due in any
+way to the snow itself, but simply to the expansion of the fixed air
+lodged between the interstices of the snow crystals by application of
+heat. This theory, if carefully followed out, may perchance give a
+clew to a simple and perfectly innocuous method of raising bread and
+pastry." And stop the discussion as to whether alum in baking powders
+is deleterious to health or otherwise.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.
+
+
+An improved gate, invented by Messrs. P. W. McKinley and George L.
+Ellis, of Ripley, O., is designed for general use. It is operated by
+cords and pulleys, and can be opened without dismounting from the
+horse. It is constructed so that it cannot sag, and is not liable to
+get out of order.
+
+An improved apparatus for pressing tobacco has been patented by Mr. F.
+B. Deane, of Lynchburg, Va. It consists mainly in the construction of
+a suspended jack, arranged to travel over a row of hogsheads, so that
+a single jack gives successively to each hogshead the desired
+pressure.
+
+An improved combined harrow and corn planter has been patented by Mr.
+M. McNitt, of Hanover, Kan. In this machine the opening, pulverizing,
+planting, and covering teeth are combined with a single frame.
+
+A machine, which is adapted to the thrashing and cleaning of peas and
+seeds, and for cleaning all kinds of grain, has been patented by Mr.
+J. J. Sweatt, of Conyersville, Tenn.
+
+Mr. Amos M. Gooch, of Farmington, W. Va., has patented an improved
+corn planter, which drops the fertilizer simultaneously with the seed,
+and is provided with a device for pressing the soil around the seed,
+leaving over the seed a portion of loose earth.
+
+An improved machine for harvesting cotton has been patented by R. H.
+Pirtle, of Lowe's, Ky. This machine carries two vertical cylinders
+armed with teeth or spurs, and two inclined endless belts provided
+with teeth. The teeth of the cylinders and the belts remove the cotton
+from the plants, and deliver it to a receptacle carried by the
+machine.
+
+Messrs. Julius Fern and Samuel Bligh, of Oneonta, N. Y., have patented
+an improved power for churning and other purposes where little power
+is required. It consists in the combination of a drum and weight, a
+train of gearing, and a pallet wheel arranged to oscillate a balanced
+beam.
+
+An improvement in the class of feed cutters in which two or more
+knives work between parallel bars attached to the cutter box, has been
+patented by Messrs. J. N. Tatum and R. C. Harvey, of Danville, Va. The
+improvement consists in arranging the knives so that one begins and
+finishes its cut in advance of the other.
+
+Mr. William Bradberry, of Darrtown, O., has invented an improvement in
+reciprocating churns. The aim of this inventor is to utilize the
+resistance of the milk as a source of power. To accomplish this a
+peculiar combination of mechanism is required, which cannot be clearly
+described without an engraving.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+READING AND EYESIGHT.
+
+
+M. Javel, in a recent lecture, tries to answer the question, "Why is
+reading a specially fatiguing exercise?" and also suggests some
+remedies for this fatigue. First, M. Javel says reading requires an
+absolutely permanent application of eyesight, resulting in a permanent
+tension of the organ, which may be measured by the amount of fatigue
+or by the production of permanent myopy. Secondly, books are printed
+in black on a white ground; the eye is thus in presence of the most
+absolute contrast which can be imagined. The third peculiarity lies in
+the arrangement of the characters in horizontal lines, over which we
+run our eyes. If we maintain during reading a perfect immobility of
+the book and the head, the printed lines are applied successively to
+the same parts of the retina, while the interspaces, more bright, also
+affect certain regions of the retina, always the same. There must
+result from this a fatigue analogous to that which we experience when
+we make experiments in "accidental images," and physicists will admit
+that there is nothing more disastrous for the sight than the prolonged
+contemplation of these images. Lastly, and most important of all in M.
+Javel's estimation, is the continual variation of the distance of the
+eye from the point of fixation on the book. A simple calculation
+demonstrates that the accommodation of the eye to the page undergoes a
+distinct variation in proportion as the eye passes from the beginning
+to the end of each line, and that this variation is all the greater in
+proportion to the nearness of the book to the eye and the length of
+the line. As to the rules which M. Javel inculcates in order that the
+injurious effects of reading may be avoided, with reference to the
+permanent application of the eyes, he counsels to avoid excess, to
+take notes in reading, to stop in order to reflect or even to roll a
+cigarette; but not to go on reading for hours on end without stopping.
+As to the contrast between the white of the paper and the black of the
+characters, various experiments have been made in the introduction of
+colored papers. M. Javel advises the adoption of a slightly yellow
+tint. But the nature of the yellow to be used is not a matter of
+indifference; he would desire a yellow resulting from the absence of
+the blue rays, analogous to that of paper made from a wood paste, and
+which is often mistakenly corrected by the addition of an ultramarine
+blue, which produces gray and not white. M. Javel has been led to this
+conclusion both from practical observation and also theoretically from
+the relation which must exist between the two eyes and the colors of
+the spectrum. His third advice is to give preference to small volumes
+which can be held in the hand, which obviates the necessity of the
+book being kept fixed in one place, and the fatigue resulting from
+accidental images. Lastly, M. Javel advises the avoidance of too long
+lines, and therefore he prefers small volumes, and for the same reason
+those journals which are printed in narrow columns. Of course every
+one knows that it is exceedingly injurious to read with insufficient
+light, or to use too small print, and other common rules. M. Javel
+concludes by protesting against an invidious assertion which has
+recently been made "in a neighboring country," according to which the
+degree of civilization of a people is proportional to the number of
+the short sighted shown to exist by statistics; the extreme economy of
+light, the abuse of reading to the detriment of reflection and the
+observation of real facts, the employment of Gothic characters and of
+a too broad column for books and journals, are the conditions which,
+M. Javel believes, lead to myopy, especially if successive generations
+have been subjected to these injurious influences.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PHOSPHORESCENCE.
+
+
+M. Nuesch records, in a recent number of the _Journal de Pharmacie_,
+some curious observations regarding luminous bacteria in fresh meat.
+Some pork cutlets, he found, illuminated his kitchen so that he could
+read the time on his watch. The butcher who sent the meat told him the
+phosphorescence was first observed in a cellar, where he kept scraps
+for making sausages. By degrees all his meat became phosphorescent,
+and fresh meat from distant towns got into the same state. On
+scratching the surface or wiping it vigorously, the phosphorescence
+disappears for a time; and the butcher wiped carefully the meat he
+sent out. All parts of the animal, except the blood, acquired the
+phenomenon over their whole surface. The meat must be fresh; when it
+ceases to be so, the phosphorescence ceases, and _Bacterium termo_
+appear. None of the customers had been incommoded. It was remarked
+that if a small trace of the phosphorescent matter were put at any
+point on the flesh of cats, rabbits, etc., the phosphorescence
+gradually spread out from the center, and in three or four days
+covered the piece; it disappeared generally on the sixth or seventh
+day. Cooked meat did not present the phenomenon but it could be had in
+a weak manner, from cooked albumen or potatoes. No other butcher's
+shop in the place was affected. The author is uncertain whether to
+attribute the complete disappearance of the phenomenon to the higher
+temperature of the season, or to phenic acid, or to fumigation with
+chlorine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE CHARMS OF NATURAL SCIENCE.
+
+
+The Earl of Derby, in an address at the Edinburgh University, said:
+"Of the gains derivable from natural science I do not trust myself to
+speak; my personal knowledge is too limited, and the subject is too
+vast. But so much as this I can say--that those who have in them a
+real and deep love of scientific research, whatever their position in
+other respects, are so far at least among the happiest of mankind....
+No passion is so absorbing, no labor is so assuredly its own reward
+(well that it is so, for other rewards are few); and they have the
+satisfaction of knowing that, while satisfying one of the deepest
+wants of their own natures, they are at the same time promoting in the
+most effectual manner the interests of mankind. Scientific discovery
+has this advantage over almost every other form of successful human
+efforts, that its results are certain, that they are permanent, that
+whatever benefits grow out of them are world-wide. Not many of us can
+hope to extend the range of knowledge in however minute a degree; but
+to know and to apply the knowledge that has been gained by others, to
+have an intelligent appreciation of what is going on around us, is in
+itself one of the highest and most enduring of pleasures."
+
+THE VESUVIUS RAIL WAY.--The Italian Ministry of Public Works, in union
+with the Ministry of Finance and the Prefecture of Naples, has issued
+the concession for the construction of the Vesuvius Railway. The line
+will run along that part of the mountain which has been proved, after
+the experience of many years, to be the least exposed to the
+eruptions. The work is to be commenced immediately, and it is believed
+that it will come into use during the present year. A sufficient
+number of carriages are being built to convey 600 persons during the
+day. The line is to be constructed upon an iron bridge, built after a
+patented system.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE POTTERY TREE.
+
+
+Among the various economic products of the vegetable kingdom,
+scarcely any hold a more important place than barks, whether for
+medicinal, manufacturing, or other purposes. The structure and
+formation of all barks are essentially very similar, being composed of
+cellular and fibrous tissue. The cell contents of these tissues,
+however, vary much in different plants; and, for this reason, we have
+fibrous or soft, woody, hard, and even stony barks. To explain
+everything which relates to the structure of bark would lead us into
+long details which our space will not permit. Briefly stated, the bark
+of trees (considering, now, those of our own climate) consists of
+three layers. The outermost, called the "cortical," is formed of
+cellular tissue, and differs widely in consistency in different
+species; thus, in the cork oak, which furnishes man with one of his
+most useful commercial products, the cortical layer acquires
+extraordinary thickness. The middle layer, called the "cellular" or
+"green bark," is a cellular mass of a very different nature. The cells
+of which it is composed are polyhedral, thicker, and more loosely
+joined, and filled with sap and chlorophyl. The inner layer (next the
+wood), called the "liber," consists of fibers more or less long and
+tenacious. It is from the liber that our most valuable commercial
+fibers are obtained. In some plants the fibrous system prevails
+throughout the inner bark; but what we wish to refer to more
+particularly at present is a remarkable example of the harder and more
+silicious barks, and which is to be found in the "Pottery Tree" of
+Para. This tree, known to the Spaniards as _El Caouta_, to the French
+as _Bois de Fer_, to the Brazilians as _Caraipe_, is the _Moquilea
+utilis_ of botanists, and belongs to the natural order _Ternstroeiaceae_.
+It is very large, straight, and slender, reaching a height of 100 feet
+before branching; its diameter is from 12 to 15 inches; and its wood
+is exceedingly hard from containing much flinty matter. Although the
+wood of the tree is exceedingly sound and durable, the great value of
+the tree to the natives exists in the bark for a purpose which, to say
+the least, is a novel one in the application of barks--that of the
+manufacture of pottery. The Indians employed in the manufacture of
+pottery from this material always keep a stock of it on hand in their
+huts for the purpose of drying and seasoning it, as it then burns more
+freely, and the ashes can be gathered with more ease than when fresh.
+In the process of manufacturing the pottery the ashes of the bark are
+powdered and mixed with the purest clay that can be obtained from the
+beds of the rivers; this kind being preferred, as it takes up a larger
+quantity of the ash, and thus produces a stronger kind of ware. Though
+the proportions of ash and clay are varied at the will of the maker,
+and according to the quality of the bark, a superior kind of pottery
+is produced by a mixture of equal parts of fine clay and ashes. All
+sorts of vessels of small or large size for household or other
+purposes are made of this kind of ware, as are also vases or
+ornamental articles, many of which are painted and glazed. These
+articles are all very durable, and are able to stand almost any amount
+of heat; they are consequently much used by the natives for boiling
+eggs, heating milk, and indeed for culinary purposes generally. A
+brief glance at the structure of the bark will show how it comes to be
+so well adapted for this purpose. The bark seldom grows more than half
+an inch thick, and is covered with a skin or epidermis; when fresh, it
+cuts somewhat similar to a soft sandstone, but when dry, it is very
+brittle and flint like, and often difficult to break. On examination
+of a section under the microscope, all the cells of the different
+layers are seen to be more or less silicated, the silex forming in the
+cells when the bark is still very young. In the inner bark the flint
+is deposited in a very regular manner, the particles being straight
+and giving off branches at right angles; that of the porous cells of
+the bark, however, is very much contorted, and ramifies in all
+directions. In the best varieties of the tree, those growing in rich
+and dry soil, the silex can be readily detected by the naked eye; but
+to test the quality of the various kinds of bark, the natives burn it
+and then try its strength between their fingers; if it breaks easily
+it is considered of little value, but if it requires a mortar and
+pestle to break, its quality is pronounced good. From an analysis of
+this singular bark, that of old trees has been found to give 30.8 per
+cent of ash, and that of young 23.30 per cent. Of the different layers
+of old bark, the outer gave 17.15 per cent, the middle 37.7, and the
+inner 31. The wood of the tree, in comparison with the bark, is
+relatively poor in silex, the duramen of an old tree giving only 2.5
+per cent of silex.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+GLASS SPONGES.
+
+
+The natural history of sponges had, up to the middle of this century,
+been comparatively neglected. Until 1856, when Lieberkuhn published
+his treatise on sponges, very little or nothing had been written on
+the subject. Later, Haeckel did much to determine their exact nature,
+and it is now universally admitted that sponges form one of the
+connecting links between the animal and the vegetable kingdom.
+
+Sponges, generally considered, consist of fine porous tissue, covered,
+during life, with viscid, semi-liquid protoplasm, and are held in
+shape and strengthened by a more or less rigid skeleton, consisting
+chiefly of lime or silica. The tissue consists of a very fine network
+of threads, formed probably by gradual solidification of the threads
+of protoplasm. The inorganic skeleton is formed by larger and smaller
+crystals and crystalline threads. In the various families of sponges
+the quantity of inorganic matter varies greatly; some sponges are
+nearly devoid of an inorganic skeleton, while other families consist
+chiefly of lime or silica, the organic tissue being only rudimentarily
+developed.
+
+As observed in their natural state, sponges are apparently lifeless.
+When, however, a live sponge is placed in water containing some finely
+powdered pigment in suspension, it will be noticed that in regular,
+short intervals water is absorbed through the pores of the tissue and
+ejected again through larger openings, which are called "osculae."
+Following up these into the interior, we find them divided into
+numerous branches, the walls of which are, under the microscope, found
+to be covered with minute cells, fastened at one end only and
+oscillating continually. By means of these cells the sponge receives
+its nourishment.
+
+Sponges with very rigid inorganic skeletons may be divided into two
+classes--calcareous and silicious--according to whether the skeleton
+is chiefly composed of lime or silica.
+
+Our engravings represent two species of the latter kind, which are, on
+account of the peculiar appearance of their skeleton, called glass
+sponges.
+
+Fig. 1 represents the "sprinkling pot sponge," _Eucleptella
+aspergillum_. It is generally found in very deep water throughout the
+Pacific. Specimens were found over fifty years ago, but, as they had
+to be brought up from depths between 500 and 800 fathoms, they
+remained very scarce and sold at fabulous prices.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--SPRINKLING POT SPONGE.--(_Eucleptella
+aspergillum_.)]
+
+The skeleton is formed by small crystals and long threads of vitreous
+silica, cemented together, during life, by protoplasm. They are
+arranged in longitudinal and annular bands so as to form a long curved
+cylinder, about nine to twelve inches long, the walls of which are
+about one inch in thickness. The threads and bands are interwoven with
+the greatest regularity, and when the skeleton is freed from the
+adhering organic matter, it looks extremely beautiful.
+
+The mode in which the intersecting bunches of crystals are connected
+is shown in Fig. 2. The upper end of the cylinder is closed by a
+perforated cover, which probably has given rise to the name of the
+sponge. The upper portion of the cylinder is surrounded by a few
+irregular, annular masses of organic tissue, which adheres loosely
+only to the skeleton. The lower end is formed by a bunch of long
+threads, rooting firmly in the ground.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--SPONGE CRYSTALS MAGNIFIED.]
+
+Up to about ten years ago the price of specimens of this sponge was
+very high. At that time, however, a colony of Eucleptellas was found
+near the cities of Cebu and Manila, in the East Indies, in a depth not
+exceeding 100 fathoms, and since they have appeared in larger
+quantities in the market. It is remarkable that, contrary to their
+habits, these organisms have immigrated into regions to which they
+were totally unaccustomed. Yet it must be regarded as a greater
+curiosity that they have been accompanied to their new abode by a few
+animals living in equally deep water and never met with before at
+depths less than three or four hundred fathoms. Among these animals is
+a _Phormosoma_ (water hedgehog), noted for its long spines.
+
+Glass sponges are not confined to tropical regions. They are met with
+in latitudes as high as the Faeroee Islands, where the beautiful
+_Holtenia Carpentaria_ abounds. It is represented in Fig. 3. Its
+cup-shaped skeleton is similar in structure to that of the
+_Eucleptella_; numerous crystalline needles protrude from the surface
+of the upper part. Lately some specimens of _Holtenia_ have been found
+on the coast of Florida.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3.--HOLTENIA CARPENTERIA.]
+
+Glass sponges serve as dwellings for numerous animals, especially
+crustaceae. A small shrimp inhabits the tubes of the _Eucleptella_, a
+male and a female generally living together. They are shut up as in a
+prison in their crystalline home, as they are generally too large to
+pass through the meshes formed by the bundles of crystals. It was
+formerly believed that these skeletons had actually been built by the
+shrimps, and we can find no explanation for this curious circumstance,
+other than that the shrimps entered these habitations while very small
+and became too large to leave them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PLANTS PROTECTED BY INSECTS.
+
+
+Mr. Francis Darwin, in a lecture on "Means of Self-Defense among
+Plants," delivered lately at the London Institution, said that one of
+the most curious forms of defense known is afforded by a recently
+discovered class of plants, which, being stingless themselves, are
+protected by stinging ants, which make their home in the plant and
+defend it against its enemies. Of these the most remarkable is the
+bull's-horn acacia (described by the late Mr. Belt in his book "The
+Naturalist in Nicaragua"), a shrubby tree with gigantic curved thorns,
+from which its name is derived. These horns are hollow and tenanted by
+ants, which bore a hole in them, and the workers may be seen running
+about over the green leaves. If a branch is shaken the ants swarm out
+of the thorns and attack the aggressor with their stings. Their chief
+service to the plant consists in defending it against leaf-cutting
+ants, which are the great enemy of all vegetation in that part of
+America. The latter form large underground nests, and their work of
+destruction consists in gathering leaves, which they strip to form
+heaps of material, which become covered over with a delicate white
+fungus, on which the larvae of the ants are fed, so that literally they
+are a colony of mushroom growers. The special province of the little
+stinging ants, which live in the thorns of the acacia, is, therefore,
+to protect the leaves of the shrub from being used by the leaf-cutters
+to make mushroom beds. Certain varieties of the orange tree have
+leaves which are distasteful to the leaf-cutters, this property of the
+leaves thus forming a means of defense. Other plants are unaccountably
+spared by them--grass, for example, which, if brought to the nest, is
+at once thrown out by some ant in authority. The bull's-horn acacia,
+in return for the service rendered by the stinging ants, not only
+affords them shelter in its thorns, but provides them with nectar
+secreted by glands at the base of its leaves, and also grows for them
+small yellow pear-shaped bodies, about one twelfth of an inch in
+length, at the tip of some of its leaflets, which they use as food.
+These little yellow bodies are made up of cells containing protoplasm
+rich in oil, and afford the insects an excellent food. When the leaf
+unfolds, the ants may be seen running from one leaflet to another, to
+see if these little yellow bodies are ripe; and if they are ready to
+be gathered they are broken up by the ants and carried away to the
+nest in the thorn. Several small birds, also, build their nests in the
+bull's horn acacia, thus escaping from a predatory ant which is
+capable of killing young birds. The trumpet tree, another plant of
+South and Central America, is also protected by a standing army of
+ants; and, like the above mentioned acacia, grows for its protectors
+small food bodies containing oil, but instead of secreting nectar in
+its leaves it harbors a small insect (coccus), whose sweet secretion
+is much relished by the ants. Dr. Beccari mentions an epiphytal plant
+growing on trees in Borneo, the seeds of which germinate, like those
+of the mistletoe, on the branches of the tree; and the seedling stem,
+crowned by the cotyledons, grows to about an inch in length, remaining
+in that condition until a certain species of ant bites a hole in the
+stem, which then produces a gall-like growth that ultimately
+constitutes the home of the ants. If the plant is not fortunate enough
+to be bitten by an ant it dies. These ants, then, protect their plant
+home by rushing out fiercely on intruders, and thus are preserved the
+sessile white flowers which, in this plant, are developed on the tuber
+like body.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ADVANCE IN IRON.--At a meeting of the Philadelphia Iron Merchants'
+Association, March 11, prices of all descriptions of merchant iron
+were advanced fully 5 per cent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE ANEROID BAROMETER.
+
+
+The aneroid barometer was invented by M. Vidi, of Paris. It consists
+essentially of a circular box, the face of which is made of thin
+elastic metal, rendered more elastic by being stamped and pressed into
+concentric circular wave-like corrugations. This box is nearly
+exhausted of air, and its elastic face supports the pressure of the
+atmosphere, and yields to it with elastic resistance in proportion to
+the amount of pressure. Thus, if the atmospheric pressure increases,
+the face is pressed inward; if atmospheric pressure diminishes, the
+elastic reaction of the metal moves the face outward. These movements
+are communicated to an index by suitable and very delicate mechanism,
+and registered in largely magnified dimensions, by the movements of
+this index upon the face of the dial.
+
+Aneroid barometers are now made of pocket size, compensated for
+temperature, and with double scales, one reading the height of the
+barometer column, the other the elevation obtained. I have, says Prof.
+W. M. Williams, used one of these during many years, and find it a
+very interesting traveling companion. It is sufficiently sensitive to
+indicate the ascent from the ground floor to the upper rooms of a
+three-storied house, or to enable the traveler sitting in a railway
+train to tell, by watching its face, whether he is ascending or
+descending an incline.
+
+Such slight variations are more easily observed on the aneroid than on
+the mercurial barometer, and therefore it is commonly stated that the
+aneroid is the more sensitive instrument. This, however, is a
+fallacious conclusion. It is not the superior sensitiveness of the
+movements of the instrument, but the greater facility of reading them,
+that gives this advantage to the aneroid, the index of which has a
+needle point traveling nearly in contact with the foot of the
+divisions; the readings are further aided by a needle point register
+attached to a movable rim, which may be brought point to point against
+the index, thus showing the slightest movement that human vision may
+detect. A magnifying lens may be easily used in such a case.
+
+It should be understood that the aneroid barometer is not an
+independent instrument; it is merely a device for representing the
+movements of the mercurial barometer. It is regulated by comparison
+with the primary instrument, and this comparison should be renewed
+from time to time, as the elastic properties of the metal may and do
+vary.
+
+An adjusting or regulating screw is attached to the back of the
+instrument, and is usually movable by a watch key.
+
+Besides this, the magnified reading of course magnifies any primary
+error, and is largely dependent on the accuracy of the mechanism.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE ALBO-CARBON LIGHT.
+
+
+We need hardly remind our readers that numerous unsuccessful attempts
+have been made at various times to enrich ordinary coal gas by the aid
+of volatile oils. Upon the present occasion we have to place before
+them particulars of a process having the same object in view, but
+which is so far dissimilar in that it deals with a solid substance
+instead of a liquid oil. The invention has been brought into its
+present practical shape by Mr. James Livesey, C. E., of No. 9 Victoria
+Chambers, Westminster, in conjunction with Mr. Kidd, with whom it
+originated. The process consists in the employment of a substance
+called albo-carbon, which is the solid residuum of creosote. This
+material is moulded into the form of candles, which in large lamps are
+placed in a metallic vessel or receiver near the gas burner. The
+albo-carbon is warmed by the heat of the burning gas, the heat being
+transmitted to the receiver by a metallic conductor. Upon the
+albo-carbon being raised to the necessary temperature it volatilizes,
+and as the coal gas passes over it to the burner its vapor becomes
+mingled with the gas, and greatly raises its illuminating power. Of
+course when first lighted the coal gas only is burned, but in a few
+minutes the albo-carbon communicates its enriching vapor to it. The
+only alteration necessary to the present gas fittings is the
+vaporizing chamber, which is of simple construction, although at
+present the details of the various arrangements necessary for the
+different kinds of lights have not yet been fully worked out. This
+invention is now being tried experimentally in the eastern section of
+the Westminster Aquarium, where we recently examined it, and found it
+to afford a marked improvement upon the ordinary system of gas
+illumination, although a smaller number of burners is being used.
+Tried alternately with ordinary coal gas, the higher illuminating
+power of the albo-carbon light was very remarkable. It appears that
+there are 200 burners fitted at the Aquarium with the new light, and
+these successfully take the place of 500 ordinary gas burners
+previously in use. The illuminating effect is stated to be doubled,
+with an additional advantage as regards economy. The reduction of cost
+arises from the smaller quantity of gas consumed with the albo-carbon
+process than without it, and the very small cost of the enriching
+material. According to our information, 1,000 cubic feet of ordinary
+gas as generally used will, by the albo-carbon appliance, give as much
+illumination as 3,000 cubic feet without it, and the cost of the
+material to produce this result is only 1s. 6d. Experiments have been
+made with this light by Mr. T. W. Keates, the consulting chemist to
+the Metropolitan Board of Works, who reports very favorably upon it,
+as does also Dr. Wallace, of Glasgow, who has obtained some very
+satisfactory results with it. It is claimed for the albo-carbon
+material that it is perfectly inexplosive, safe and portable, that it
+causes no obstruction and leaves no residuum, and that the receivers
+can be replenished almost indefinitely without any accumulation taking
+place, so perfect is the evaporation of the albo-carbon. On the whole
+the display at the Aquarium speaks greatly in favor of the new process
+of gas enrichment, which, other things being equal, bids fair to find
+its way into practice.--_Engineering._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ENGLISH AND AMERICAN HARDWARE.
+
+
+Mr. Frederick Smith, Manager of the Union Land and Building Company
+(limited), recently read a paper on the above subject before the
+Manchester Scientific and Mechanical Society. Mr. H. Whiley,
+Superintendent of the Manchester Health Department, presided. The
+following is the text of the paper, as given in the London
+_Ironmonger_. The lecturer said:
+
+A spectator in any of our courts of justice will generally be struck
+with the amount of hard swearing which is given to the court, under
+the name of evidence. He will find one set of witnesses testifying,
+under oath, to one thing, and another set, also under oath, to the
+very opposite. Some prove too much, some too little, some are of a
+totally negative character, proving nothing, and some are of no
+character at all, and therefore are willing to prove anything. To some
+extent the same phenomena are to be observed in reference to the
+question of foreign competition. On the one hand the manufacturers
+hold up to our affrighted vision the picture of our mills stopped, our
+machine shops standing empty and idle, our hardware trade slipping
+through our fingers, our ships rotting in our own and in foreign
+ports, and our greatness as a producing nation for ever passed away.
+On the other hand, the journalists who take the labor side of the
+question, the trades-union leaders, and a large number of the workmen
+themselves, hold that we have little or nothing to fear from our
+foreign rivals; that the depression, like those atmospheric ones of
+which our American cousins are constantly warning us, will pass away,
+and leave us with better times to follow. I will, therefore, as far as
+possible, keep out of the region of speculation, give you a few facts,
+show you some examples, and leave you to draw your own inferences.
+Some two or three years ago ordinary axle pulleys of English make were
+difficult to get; the price was scandalously high, and the quality as
+scandalously low. Out of a dozen probably four would not turn round
+without sticking, and the casting was--well, simply vile. I show you a
+sample rather above the average, and the retail price for this
+inferior article was 22s. per gross. All at once the Americans deluged
+the English market with the pulley which I now show to you, and it
+needs no explanation of mine to satisfy the mechanical minds present
+of the superiority of the transatlantic article; but when we also bear
+in mind that the price of the American was from 25 to 33 per cent less
+than the English pulley, you can understand how the builders exulted,
+and how the Volscians of the Birmingham district were fluttered. Then,
+and not till then, would the English maker condescend to believe that
+it was possible to improve upon the wretched things which he had
+foisted upon his customers, and he at once commenced to copy the
+American pulley. He has not yet succeeded in producing such a
+beautiful casting, but I venture to say that he has improved the
+quality more in the last eighteen months than in the previous eighteen
+years.
+
+Now take the ordinary door furniture. For generations the English
+builder and householder has had to be content with the stereotyped,
+with all its aggravating propensities. First, the little screw (so
+small as to be scarcely perceptible to touch or to sight) shakes loose
+from its countersunk depression in the spindle, gets lost, and lets
+the knob go adrift; or next, the knob itself, formed of a bit of sheet
+brass, turns round on its shank and the door cannot be opened, or the
+shank, not having a sufficient bearing on the spindle, works loose,
+and the whole thing is out of repair. It is the same thing to-day as
+it was when it tormented my grandfather; for, of course, no
+improvement could be made until Uncle Sam sent us his cheap, strong,
+serviceable, and sensible "Mineral Knob."
+
+The English maker says: "But look at the many devices which we have
+invented for door furniture." Granted, and some of them very good, but
+none of them so good as this--for the money. Plenty of them well
+adapted for extraordinary use, but none of them cheap enough and
+strong enough to be placed in competition with this in fitting up the
+dwelling of the ordinary Englishman. The spindle and furniture of a
+lock is the portion which is liable to and receives the most rough
+usage.
+
+I have here an ordinary cheap set of china furniture of English make,
+which I dare not drop lest I should break it, but as you see, I dare
+throw its Yankee competitor the whole length of this room. The retail
+price of this English set is ninepence--the price of the American is
+less than sixpence. The English spindle is fitted with the usual
+little screw, the knob is loose, the roses are china, and liable to
+break with the least strain or blow. The American set, as you see, has
+a long shank; the form of the knob is a very oblate spheroid, giving a
+good grip and free play for the fingers between the knob and the door.
+The rose is japanned iron, and has small studs or teeth projecting on
+its inner side effectually preventing it from turning round with the
+spindle; the screw is strong, and is tapped through the spindle
+itself, insuring both security and perfect steadiness. Several small
+washers are supplied with each spindle, enabling the slack to be taken
+up perfectly, and at the same time preventing the spindle from
+sticking with any ordinary amount of friction.
+
+I will now show you a cheap American rim lock. First, you will notice
+that both sides are alike. Next, that by pulling the latch forward it
+can be turned half round, and is thereby converted from a right hand
+to a left hand, or _vice versa_, in an instant. This is an important
+point to a builder, but our lockmakers do not seem to know it. Several
+attempts have been made to introduce locks of this kind, but the fancy
+prices put upon every article which departs, in ever so slight a
+measure, from the antediluvian patterns mostly used, practically
+prohibits their adoption. The carcass of the lock is of cast iron; the
+casting, like all the small American castings, is simply perfect;
+bosses are cast round the follower and keyholes; the box staple is one
+piece of metal, neat and strong.
+
+But there is another point, and, to my mind, the most important one.
+Whatever opinions may be held as to the relative quality of this lock,
+whether it is better or worse than an English one, it is at least an
+honest article. It makes no pretensions to be any better than it is.
+It does not entrap the unwary purchaser by pretending to be a
+first-class article, when at the same time it may be a swindle.
+
+I will now show you an ordinary 6 inch rim-lock of English
+manufacture. At a short distance it looks like a superior article; the
+follower and keyhole appear as if they were bushed with brass. But let
+us take it to pieces, and see what we can find. The follower is a
+rough casting, not turned at the bearings, and is in no sense a fit.
+The screw holes are not countersunk, but merely punched in; the key is
+of the roughest and worst fitting description; the inside is as rough
+and cheap as possible; the key is cut so as to deceive the purchaser
+into the belief that there are twice as many wards in the lock as is
+really the case, and the bushes prove to be thin plates of brass
+riveted on, and not bushes at all. In short, the whole article is a
+vile fraud, and the maker was a swindler. This is strong language, but
+I think you will agree with me when I maintain that it is not stronger
+than the circumstances warrant.
+
+But there are still its defects of bad design and useless workmanship.
+The lock is of the usual form given to the English rim-lock, that is,
+it has a flange which requires to be let into the edge of the door. I
+have fixed hundreds of them, and have never yet been able to see a use
+for this flange. It is one great obstacle to the general introduction
+of a reversible lock; it adds to the labor of fixing without adding to
+the security of the door, for if the door is to be forced from the
+outside, the box staples give way first; if from the inside, the
+unscrewing of the box staple is all that is necessary to give egress;
+if the door requires easing, it effectually prevents it being done--in
+fact, it is a nuisance, and nothing but a nuisance. But our lockmakers
+do not appear to give these things a thought; their doctrine seems to
+be, "As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be."
+
+Again, notice that the edges of the iron which lie against the door
+and the sham bushes are ground bright. Here is labor wasted, for as
+soon as the lock is fixed these polished portions are hidden for
+ever. Next, take the box staple. As is usual, it is fearfully and
+wonderfully made up of sheet iron, square iron, and brass; the outcome
+of which is that the showy brass striking piece comes unriveted, the
+door comes unfastened, and the tenant's temper comes unhinged. Why, in
+the name of common sense, could they not substitute a neat malleable
+casting? In our own houses I have long since discarded the ordinary
+box staple for draw-back locks, and find it cheaper to buy a cast iron
+staple, and throw away the one supplied by the English lockmaker.
+
+Bear in mind that I have shown neither of these locks as samples of
+high-class goods, but as samples of the furniture fixed in the houses
+of the working and middle classes of this country; and when I tell you
+that the American lock, fitted with the mineral furniture, is at least
+25 per cent cheaper than the English abortion I have shown to you, you
+will begin to realize what our English markets have to fear from the
+Americans.
+
+Here is a common, cheap English mortise lock, and you will naturally
+ask why the outside of this lock is ground bright, when it is buried
+in the door and never seen except it has to be taken out for repairs.
+I have asked the same question, and for 20 years have paused for a
+reply. This lock is not reversible, the follower is not bushed, and
+the inside is rough and cheap. Contrast it with this neat American
+lock, and notice again the bosses to receive the wear; notice also
+that the bolts are brass; the latch-bolt is, of course, reversible--I
+never saw an American lock which was not. The body of the lock is cast
+iron; and, seeing that there are no strains upon a mortise lock, it is
+quite as good as if it was of wrought iron. There is no unnecessary
+grinding, but the iron is japanned, and the japan is as much superior
+to the English compound as is the lacquer ware of the Japanese to that
+which is executed in Birmingham and palmed upon the ignorant buyer as
+Japanese work. In fact, as you can see for yourselves, the English
+japan looks almost like gas tar beside the American. This American
+lock is a two-lever, and there is no sham about the key, which is made
+of some kind of white metal and is small and neat. This lock is only
+21/2 per cent higher in price than the English.
+
+Before leaving these locks, let me say a word or two upon the
+relative wear upon their different portions, and their relative
+safety. The English maker appears to ignore the fact that
+nineteen-twentieths of the wear of a lock is upon the latch, spindle,
+and follower; the amount of actual wear upon the rest of the lock is
+comparatively slight. Let any of you consider the number of times you
+open and close a door, compared with the times you lock it. Our
+drawbacks and large rim locks are used about once a day; the great
+bulk of our mortise locks are not used, except as latches, once a
+week. One argument used by our manufacturers against the American lock
+is that, being made by machinery, there is necessarily a great
+duplication of parts, and a consequent lowering of the standard of
+security; while their own locks, being made by hand, are not alike,
+and therefore cannot be so easily opened.
+
+Let any of you put this argument to proof, by trying how many front
+doors you can open with one key in a row of workmen's dwellings such
+as are found in Manchester, ranging up to L25 rentals, and the result
+will astonish you. If our own manufacturers made their locks
+sufficiently well to give this security, there would be some force in
+what they say; but so far as security is concerned, they might as well
+make their locks by machinery as make them in the way they do.
+
+I now show you two thumb latches, one of American and one of English
+make. Notice the general finish of the American latch; the shape, the
+mode of construction, and everything about it proves that brains were
+used when it was designed and made. The English "Norfolk latch," on
+the other hand, is ill designed, uncomfortable in hand, clumsily
+finished, the japan hangs about it in lumps, the latch is clumsy, the
+catch is clumsier, and the keeper, a rough piece of hoop iron, seems
+as if designed to "keep" the latch from doing its duty. In this case
+the American latch is 25 per cent cheaper than the English one; and
+the English latch is of the same pattern as the one that was in use
+when I was a boy, only that it is a greatly inferior article.
+
+I will now introduce you to the well known nuisance which we have been
+accustomed to use for fastening our cupboard doors--the cupboard
+turn--and without further comment, ask you to compare it with this
+neat and simple latch of American make, costing about 5 per cent more,
+twice as efficacious, and five times as durable. In this case no
+improvement has been made in the English fastener. It is just as it
+was when I went to the trade, about 28 years ago, and although many
+attempts have been made to improve it they have added so much to its
+cost as to prevent the improved articles from coming into general use.
+
+The difference between the English and American inventor and designer
+seems to consist in this--that while an Englishman devotes all his
+energies to the improvement of an existing shape, the American throws
+the old article under his bench and commences _de novo_.
+
+I think I have made out a case against the English hardware
+manufacturer, but when I have pointed these matters out to merchants
+and ironmongers, I have been met with various reasons for this
+manifest inferiority. I do not know how far these excuses may be
+valid, but one man says that the reason, as regards locks, is somewhat
+as follows: The locksmiths of the district wherein they are made in
+many cases work at their own homes; one man making one part of a lock,
+while other men make other parts. This goes on generation after
+generation, and the men become mere machines, not knowing how the
+entire lock is constructed, and not caring to know. Another attributes
+it to the influence of the trades-unions, and says that if a
+manufacturer wants a different kind of lock, the price for the work is
+immediately put higher, even though the actual labor may not be
+increased. A third says it is due to the drunkenness of the hands, and
+their consequent poverty and physical and social demoralization, which
+prevents them from rising to such an intellectual level as will enable
+them to see the evils of their system, and adopt the right means to
+remove them. A fourth boldly says, "We make these goods because our
+customers want them." How far the reasons assigned by the first three
+are correct I am unable to say, but for the fourth, the extent to
+which the builders of England have patronized the Americans is a
+complete answer.
+
+This defense, "Our customers want them," is as old as the hills, and
+has been used to cover every kind of deception and inferior article
+ever manufactured. Our Lancashire manufacturers use it when they are
+charged with sending china clay and mildew (and call it calico) for
+the mild Hindoo and the Heathen Chinee to dress themselves in. Our
+butter merchants use it when they make up grease and call it butter;
+and our hardware merchants use it when they send us sham locks, and
+call them brass bushed, etc.
+
+It is the duty of the manufacturer to invent for his customers, and it
+is preposterous to say that the builder would prefer that embodiment
+of fraud--the English rim-lock, which I showed to you--to the American
+lock, which, at any rate, was an honest article, especially when the
+latter had the great advantage of being considerably cheaper. I am
+afraid that the swindling and greed of our merchants is having the
+effect of thrusting us out of the markets of the world, including our
+home markets; and when it is too late, these men who are making the
+name of English goods a byword and a reproach, even among the Hindoos,
+the Chinese, and the untutored savages of the South Sea Islands, will
+find that "honesty is the best policy."
+
+We have been accustomed to hear a deal of buncombe talked about the
+honesty of the Englishman, and the want of honesty of the Yankee;
+about the enterprise of our manufacturers and the skill of our
+workmen; but if what I have shown to you is to be taken as a specimen,
+it is time we set our house in order. Since commencing the paper I
+have read the discussion between Messrs. Chubb and Hill, and am at a
+loss to know why Messrs. Chubb entered into the arena. If all the
+English makers tried to reach Chubb's standard we should keep our
+markets, at least so far as high quality is concerned; and to see
+Messrs. Chubb acting as champions of the English lockmakers is
+something like seeing Messrs. Horrocks taking up the cudgels for those
+people who manufacture china clay and call it calico, the proportion
+of fiber in the material being just a little greater than that found
+in hair mortar.
+
+In conclusion, I wish it to be understood that I bring these facts
+before you in no exultant spirit. I am an Englishman, and the future
+welfare of myself and my children depends very much upon the future of
+English manufactures; but we cannot be blind to the fact that the
+apathy and conservatism of our manufacturers, the greed of our
+Merchants, and the ignorance and drunkenness of our workmen, are
+weighing us so heavily in the race for trade that a member of our own
+family, whose leading business should be to produce food for us, is
+outstripping us with the greatest ease. Our boasted supremacy as a
+manufacturing people is leaving us, and leaving us under such
+humiliating circumstances--and if the men of Birmingham and the
+district are content to dwell in their present "fools' paradise," it
+is the duty of every lover of his country to speak as plainly as
+possible to them.
+
+Of course I am prepared to be told that as I am not a lockmaker my
+opinion is worthless; but I have been about 28 years as man and boy,
+employer and workman, in the building trade, and if I have not got to
+know something about builders' hardware during that period, I have
+made but a poor use of my time. I do not know if I have added to your
+stock of knowledge, but deeming the subject an important one, I have
+done the best I could in the time at my disposal.
+
+In the discussion which followed the opinion of the members present
+was unanimously in favor of the American articles shown to them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A high Indian official reports that the people of Cashmere are dying
+of famine like flies, and at the present rate of mortality the
+province will be nearly depopulated by the end of the year.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+TO INVENTORS.
+
+
+An experience of more than thirty years, and the preparation of not
+less than one hundred thousand applications for patents at home and
+abroad, enable us to understand the laws and practice on both
+continents, and to possess unequaled facilities for procuring patents
+everywhere. In addition to our facilities for preparing drawings and
+specifications quickly, the applicant can rest assured that his case
+will be filed in the Patent Office without delay. Every application,
+in which the fees have been paid, is sent complete--including the
+model--to the Patent Office the same day the papers are signed at our
+office, or received by mail, so there is no delay in filing the case,
+a complaint we often hear from other sources. Another advantage to the
+inventor in securing his patent through the Scientific American Patent
+Agency, it insures a special notice of the invention in the SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN, which publication often opens negotiations for the sale of
+the patent or manufacture of the article. A synopsis of the patent
+laws in foreign countries may be found on another page, and persons
+contemplating the securing of patents abroad are invited to write to
+this office for prices, which have been reduced in accordance with the
+times, and our perfected facilities for conducting the business.
+Address MUNN & CO., office SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+BUSINESS AND PERSONAL.
+
+
+_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a line for
+each insertion; about eight words to a line. Advertisements must be
+received at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear
+in next issue._
+
+Valves and Hydrants, warranted to give perfect satisfaction. Chapman
+Valve Manuf. Co., Boston, Mass.
+
+Brown & Sharpe, Prov., R. I. Best Gear Teeth Cutters and Index Plates
+at low prices. Send for catalogue.
+
+Wanted--Galvanic Battery, Induction Coil, Electro-Magnet. Address,
+with description and price, Box 1700, Boston, Mass.
+
+New Steam Governor.--Entire right for $3,000. For circulars address E.
+Towns, Cisne, Ill.
+
+Gutta Percha, pure and sheeted, for sale in quantities to suit.
+Anderson & Reynolds, Salem, Mass.
+
+The new fragrant Vanity Fair Cigarettes. New combinations of rare Old
+Perique and Virginia.
+
+Wanted--Second-hand Corliss Engine, 100 to 125 H. P. Address P. O. Box
+1208, New Haven, Conn.
+
+17 and 20 in. Gibed Rest Screw Lathes. Geo. S. Lincoln, Hartford,
+Conn.
+
+"Downer's Anti-Incrustation Liquid" for Removal and Prevention of
+Scales in Steam Boilers, is spoken of in highest terms by those who
+have given it a thorough trial. Circulars and price lists furnished on
+application. A. H. Downer, 17 Peck Slip, New York.
+
+Mr. W. B. Adams, one of the most extensive contractors and decorators
+in this city, says he has used nearly fifty thousand gallons of H. W.
+Johns' Asbestos Liquid Paints, and after an experience of twenty years
+with white lead and other paints, he considers them not only superior
+in richness of color and durability, but owing to their wonderful
+covering properties, they are fully 20 per cent more economical than
+any others.
+
+New Pamphlet of "Burnham's Standard Turbine Wheel" sent free by N. F.
+Burnham, York, Pa.
+
+Gaume's Electric Engine. 171 Pearl St., B'klyn, N. Y.
+
+Engines, 1/2 to 5 H. P. G. F. Shedd, Waltham, Mass.
+
+Clipper Injector. J. D. Lynde, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+Diamond Drills, J. Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y.
+
+Eagle Anvils, 9 cents per pound. Fully warranted.
+
+Case Hardening Preparation. Box 73, Willimantic, Ct.
+
+Vertical Burr Mill. C. K. Bullock, Phila., Pa.
+
+Sheet Metal Presses, Ferracute Co., Bridgeton, N. J.
+
+Mundy's Pat. Friction Hoist. Eng., of any power, double and single.
+Said by all to be the best. J. S. Mundy, Newark, N. J.
+
+Auction Sale.--The Machinery and Property of the well known Hardie's
+Machine Works, 62 and 64 Church St., Albany, N. Y., will be sold March
+26, at noon. No postponement.
+
+To Manufacturers or Capitalists.--A rare chance to control a valuable
+agricultural patented implement. Address S. A. Fisher, Maplewood,
+Mass.
+
+Reflecting Telescope, 61/2 inches aperture, well mounted, price
+only $70. J. Ramsden, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+See Hogins' Laundry Table, illustrated on page 194. State, Canada, and
+entire right for sale.
+
+Emery.--Best Turkey Emery in bbls., kegs, and cases in quantities to
+suit. Greene, Tweed & Co., 18 Park Place, N. Y.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is published monthly, about the
+15th of each month. Every number comprises most of the plates of the
+four preceding weekly numbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, with other
+appropriate contents, business announcements, etc. It forms a large
+and splendid periodical of nearly one hundred quarto pages, each
+number illustrated with about one hundred engravings. It is a complete
+record of American progress in the arts.
+
+Gold, Silver, and Nickel Plater wants situation. Address Plater,
+Oakville, Conn.
+
+Amateur Photo. Apparatus, including instructions; outfits complete. E.
+Sackmann & Co., 278 Pearl St., N. Y.
+
+Outfits for Nickel and Silver Plating, $5 to $200. Union Silver
+Plating Company, Princeton, Ill.
+
+Send for Circulars of Indestructible Boot and Shoe Soles to H. C.
+Goodrich, 40 Hoyne Ave., Chicago, Ill.
+
+For Sale.--Brown & Sharp Universal Milling Machine; Bement Profiling
+Machine; first-class 2d hand Machine Tools. E. P. Bullard, 14 Dey St.,
+New York.
+
+For Sale.--7 foot bed Putnam Planer, $350. A. A. Pool & Co., Newark,
+N. J.
+
+Bevins & Co.'s Hydraulic Elevator. Great power, simplicity, safety,
+economy, durability. 94 Liberty St. N. Y.
+
+A Cupola works best with forced blast from a Baker Blower. Wilbraham
+Bros., 2,318 Frankford Ave., Phila.
+
+Shaw's Noise Quieting Nozzles and Mercury Pressure Gauges. T. Shaw,
+915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+For Solid Wrought Iron Beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union
+Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc.
+
+H. Prentiss & Company, 14 Dey St., N. Y., Manufs. Taps, Dies, Screw
+Plates, Reamers, etc. Send for list.
+
+Presses, Dies, and Tools for working Sheet Metal, etc. Fruit & other
+can tools. Bliss & Williams, B'klyn, N. Y.
+
+Nickel Plating.--A white deposit guaranteed by using our material.
+Condit, Hanson & Van Winkle, Newark, N. J.
+
+Hydraulic Elevators for private houses, hotels, and public buildings.
+Burdon Iron Works, Brooklyn, N. Y.
+
+The Lathes, Planers, Drills, and other Tools, new and second-hand, of
+the Wood & Light Machine Company, Worcester, are to be sold out very
+low by the George Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., New York.
+
+Hydraulic Presses and Jacks, new and second hand. Lathes and Machinery
+for Polishing and Buffing Metals E. Lyon & Co., 470 Grand St., N. Y.
+
+Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels--The Solid Original Emery Wheel--other
+kinds imitations and inferior. Caution.--Our name is stamped in full
+on all our best Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only.
+The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing Company, 37 and
+38 Park Row, N. Y.
+
+Pulverizing Mills for all hard substances and grinding purposes.
+Walker Bros. & Co., 23d & Wood St., Phila., Pa.
+
+Portland Cement--Roman & Keene's, for walks, cisterns, foundations,
+stables, cellars, bridges, reservoirs, breweries, etc. Remit 25 cents
+postage stamps for Practical Treatise on Cements. S. L. Merchant &
+Co., 53 Broadway, New York.
+
+Needle Pointed Iron, Brass, and Steel Wire for all purposes. W. Crabb,
+Newark, N. J.
+
+Manufacturers of Improved Goods who desire to build up a lucrative
+foreign trade, will do well to insert a well displayed advertisement
+in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition. This paper has a very large
+foreign circulation.
+
+Band Saws, $100; Scroll Saws, $75; Planers, $150; Universal Wood
+Workers and Hand Planers, $150, and upwards. Bentel, Margedant & Co.,
+Hamilton, Ohio.
+
+The best Friction Clutch Pulley and Friction Hoisting Machinery in the
+world, to be seen with power applied, 95 and 97 Liberty St., New York.
+D. Frisbie & Co., New Haven, Conn.
+
+C. M. Flint, Fitchburg, Mass., Mfr. of Saw Mills and Dogs, Shingle and
+Clapboard Machines. Circulars.
+
+Blake's Belt Studs; strongest, cheapest, and best fastening for
+Leather or Rubber Belts. Greene, Tweed & Co., New York.
+
+No gum! No grit! No acid! Anti-Corrosive Cylinder Oil is the best in
+the world, and the first and only oil that perfectly lubricates a
+railroad locomotive cylinder, doing it with half the quantity required
+of best lard or tallow, giving increased power and less wear to
+machinery, with entire freedom from gum, stain, or corrosion of any
+sort, and it is equally superior for all steam cylinders or heavy work
+where body or cooling qualities are indispensable. A fair trial
+insures its continued use. Address E. H. Kellogg, sole manufacturer,
+17 Cedar St., New York.
+
+The unprecedented demand for Kinney Bros.' New Cigarette, Sweet
+Caporal, is a good recommendation as to their merit.
+
+Wheels and Pinions, heavy and light, remarkably strong and durable.
+Especially suited for sugar mills and similar work. Pittsburgh Steel
+Casting Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.
+
+Deoxidized Bronze. Patent for machine and engine journals.
+Philadelphia Smelting Co., Phila., Pa.
+
+For Sale.--4 H. P. Vertical Engine and Boiler (New York Safety Steam
+Power Co.'s make), as good, and in some respects better, than new.
+Address H. M. Quackenbush, Herkimer, N. Y.
+
+Wood-working Machinery, Waymouth Lathes. Specialty, Wardwell Patent
+Saw Bench; it has no equal. Improved Patent Planers; Elevators; Dowel
+Machines. Rollstone Machine Company, Fitchburg, Mass.
+
+Galland & Co.'s improved Hydraulic Elevators. Office 206 Broadway, N.
+Y., (Evening Post Building, room 22.)
+
+The only economical and practical Gas Engine in the market is the new
+"Otto" Silent, built by Schleicher. Schumm & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
+Send for circular.
+
+Dead Pulleys that stop the running of loose pulleys and their belts,
+controlled from any point. Send for catalogue. Taper Sleeve Pulley
+Works, Erie, Pa.
+
+_Vick's Illustrated Monthly Magazine_ is one of the most beautiful
+magazines in the world. Each number contains a chromo of some group of
+flowers, and many fine engravings. Published monthly at $1.25 per
+year. Address James Vick, Rochester, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Notes and Queries]
+
+NOTES & QUERIES
+
+
+HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
+
+No attention will be paid to communications unless accompanied with
+the full name and address of the writer.
+
+Names and addresses of correspondents will not be given to inquirers.
+
+We renew our request that correspondents, in referring to former
+answers or articles, will be kind enough to name the date of the paper
+and the page, or the number of the question.
+
+Correspondents whose inquiries do not appear after a reasonable time
+should repeat them.
+
+Persons desiring special information which is purely of a personal
+character, and not of general interest, should remit from $1 to $5,
+according to the subject, as we cannot be expected to spend time and
+labor to obtain such information without remuneration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+(1) S. Q.--The speed of a circular saw at the periphery should be from
+6,000 to 7,000 feet per minute. The number of revolutions per minute
+will of course vary with the diameter of the saw.
+
+(2) T. J. F. asks (1) for the best way to fasten emery on a wooden
+wheel, to be used in place of a solid emery wheel. A. Cover the wheel
+with leather devoid of grease, and coat the leather surface, a portion
+at a time, with good glue; immediately roll the glued surface in emery
+spread out on a board. 2. How can I fasten small pieces of looking
+glass on iron? A. Use equal parts of pitch and gutta percha together.
+
+(3) W. C. asks: 1. What is the power of the simple electric light
+described in SUPPLEMENT NO. 149? A. When supplied with a strong
+current it is equal to 5 or 6 5-foot gas burners. It is designed for
+temporary use only. 2. What is the cost of manufacturing the
+dynamo-electric machine in SUPPLEMENT NO. 161? A. The one shown in the
+article referred to cost about $35.
+
+(4) L. D. asks: 1. Which is the better conductor, silver or copper? A.
+Silver. 2. And the comparative resistance offered to the electric
+current by water and the above? A. Taking pure silver as 100,000,000,
+the conductivity of distilled water would be 0.01.
+
+(5) H. J. F. writes: In SUPPLEMENT 162 a simple electric light is
+described. I wish to light a room 20x20x10 feet. 1. How large is the
+bell glass? A. 21/2 inches. 2. Can I use battery carbon? A. Use a
+carbon pencil made for electric lamps. 3. How can I make tray water
+tight after putting wire through? A. With gutta percha. 4. I have one
+large cell Bunsen and one Smee. How many more and of what kind shall I
+get? A. One of the batteries described in SUPPLEMENTS 157, 158, 159,
+will do, probably 8 or 10 Bunsen elements would be the best.
+
+(6) W. B. F. writes: I tried to make an electric pen, like the one
+described in your SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, of February 22d, 1879, using a
+Smee's battery, a circuit breaker, and an induction coil, but it did
+not work. Is there anything wrong, or is a condenser different from an
+induction coil? A. A condenser consists of a number of sheets of tin
+foil separated from each other by larger sheets of paper. One half of
+the tin foil sheets are connected with one terminal of the primary
+coil, the other half with the other terminal; the tin foil sheets
+connected with one terminal alternate with those of the other
+terminal. The condenser is essential to the working of the coil. For
+complete directions for making induction coils, see SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 160.
+
+(7) J. De F. asks: 1. Knowing the resistance of a wire of given
+conductivity, length, and diameter, will the resistance of any other
+wire be in proportion inversely? A. Yes. 2. Is there heat enough
+developed in the secondary coil of an induction coil to prevent the
+use of paraffine as an insulating material? A. With proper battery
+power, no. 3. How high in the list of non-conductors does paraffine
+stand? A. It is one of the best. 4. Will a cotton insulator soaked in
+paraffine answer as well as silk? A. No, because it renders the
+covering of the wire too thick. 5. Can you recommend any insulating
+material for making induction coils which will dry rapidly? A.
+Alcoholic shellac varnish. Rosin to which a little beeswax has been
+added is an excellent insulator; it must be applied in a melted state.
+6. What is the composition of the black material covering the
+Leclanche porous cell? A. Gutta percha. 7. Is the magneto-electric
+machine described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT patented? A.
+To which do you refer? Most, if not all of them are patented.
+
+(8) B. V. F. writes: With reference to item 8, on page 139, of
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, March 1, 1879, I think there is some mistake
+about the coal you think required to heat 1,000 cubic feet space. I
+burn some 8 tons coal to heat, in the whole year, such part of my
+house as must exceed 25x20x18=9,000 cubic feet. We keep up a moderate
+heat at night. Ventilate more than most families do; take part only of
+the cool air, and only in part of the coldest weather, from the
+cellar, which at such times is opened into the main entries. House
+wood, back plastered, and stands alone. If 100 lbs. coal would heat
+1,000 feet one day, I ought to burn 900 lbs. a day, or nearly 14 tons
+in December and 14 more in January. A. We are glad to receive these
+data, which correspond quite closely with some obtained by recent
+accurate experiments. The estimate given in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+also agrees well with experiments on the use of hot air heaters for
+very small buildings or rooms. Of course, the larger the space to be
+heated, the more economically it can generally be done.
+
+(9) W. M. S. asks: Will the coil described in SUPPLEMENT NO. 160 do
+for the electric pen described in a recent number of the SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN? If not how must it be changed? A. It is too large; make it
+one half the size given.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(10) B. G.--In reply to your inquiry as to Mr. Stroh's telephone
+experiment, we give the following, which we clip from the _English
+Mechanic_: A singular experimental effect, of special interest just
+now from its possible bearing on the theory of the source of sound in
+the Bell telephone, has just been observed by Mr. Stroh, the well
+known mechanician. If a telephone, T, with the circuit of its coil
+left open, be held to the ear, and a powerful magnet, M, be moved
+gently up and down along the length of the magnet, as shown by the
+arrow, and at a distance of an inch or two from it, a faint breathing
+sound will be heard, the recurring pulses of sound keeping time with
+the up and down motion of the magnet. The sound may be aptly compared
+to the steady breathing of a child, and there is a striking
+resemblance between it and the microphonic sounds of gases diffusing
+through a porous septum as heard by Mr. Chandler Roberts. We
+understand that Professor Hughes is investigating the cause of this
+curious sound by help of the microphone.
+
+(11) "Enterprise" asks: What part of its volume will iron expand in
+passing from a temperature of 60 deg. to melting temperature? A. The
+cubical expansion of iron for each degree (C.) between 0 deg. and 100 deg. is
+0.00003546 of its volume, its volume being 1. This ratio however,
+increases somewhat at higher temperatures, since the mean coefficient
+of expansion for each degree between 0 deg. C. and 300 deg. C. is 0.00004405.
+The question you ask has probably never been settled. You may form an
+approximation by the use of the above ratios, knowing the melting
+point of the iron.
+
+(12) P. L. O. asks for a good chemistry for a beginner to study
+without a teacher. A. Fownes' "Chemistry;" Gorup-Besanez, "Inorganic,
+Organic and Physiological Chemistry."
+
+(13) L. E. M. asks: What is the best method of keeping fine guns from
+rusting, and what oil should be used? A. For the outside, clear gum
+copal 1 part, oil of rosemary 1 part, absolute alcohol 3 parts. Clean
+and heat the metal and apply a flowing coat of the liquid by means of
+a camel's hair brush. Do not handle until the coat becomes dry and
+hard. For the inside of the barrel a trace of refined sperm oil is as
+good as anything, but an excess should be avoided.
+
+(14) A. H. B. asks how much weight, falling 10 feet, will be required
+to produce one horse power for five hours? A. One horse power for 5
+hours = 33,000 x 300 = 9,900,000 foot pounds--so that the weight
+required is 9,900,000 / 10 = 990,000 lbs.
+
+(15) A. D. R. asks: 1. In renewing a Leclanche battery, do the zincs
+have to be amalgamated? A. They are usually amalgamated. 2. Will two
+cells large size Leclanche battery give any light, using the simple
+lamp described in SUPPLEMENT NO. 162? A. No.
+
+(16) H. L. J. writes: In a recent issue of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN you
+state that the floating of solid iron on melted iron is on the same
+principle as the floating of ice in water. I do not quite understand
+how it can be. Please explain. A. Solid iron, at an elevated
+temperature, floats upon molten iron for the same reason that ice
+floats upon molten ice-water--because it is specifically lighter. You
+will find the subject discussed at length in Tyndall's "Heat as a Mode
+of Motion."
+
+(17) J. W. will find full directions for canning corn, etc., on p. 394
+(4), vol. 39, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+(18) "Amateur" writes: I wish to make some small bells that have a
+clear ring. What metal or metals can I use that I can melt easily? A.
+Use an alloy of tin and antimony. See SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+NO. 17.
+
+(19) H.--A nutritious mixed diet is unquestionably the best, care
+being taken to avoid an excess of meat.
+
+(20) W. F. writes: I have made an engine, and would like to find out
+what size of boiler it will require. The cylinder has 21/4 inch bore and
+3 inches stroke. A. It depends upon pressure and speed to be
+maintained; probably a vertical tubular boiler, 15 inches diameter,
+and 32 to 36 inches high, would suit you.
+
+(21) R. G. (Salt Lake).--Please send full name.
+
+(22) J. M. G. asks: If two persons each pull one hundred pounds on
+opposite ends of a rope, what will be the strain on the rope? A. The
+strain on the rope will be 100 lbs.
+
+(23) W. M. M. asks: In laying off a mill stone in furrows, what
+draught is given? What amount of the space of a stone is given to
+furrows and what to grinding surface? A. There is considerable
+difference in the practice of various millers, and we would be glad to
+receive communications from those experienced in the art of dressing
+millstones.
+
+MINERALS, ETC.--Specimens have been received from the following
+correspondents, and examined, with the results stated:
+
+S. (New Orleans.)--The powder consists of a mixture of zinc oxide and
+finely powdered resin. A quantitative analysis would be necessary to
+determine the proportions.
+
+Any numbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT referred to in these
+columns may be had at this office. Price 10 cents each.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED.
+
+  Life Preserving Stone. By J. D. W.
+  On Ventilation. By D. W.
+  What is Mental Action? By N. K.
+  Panama Railroad or Canal. By G. R. P.
+  A Problem. By K.
+  On the Gary Motor. By G. F. M.
+  Magnetic Motor. By G. W. W., W. A. A., G. H. F.
+  House Warming. By H. B. F.
+  The Injector. By M. A. B.
+  Columbus' Problem; Cure for Diphtheria; The Mullein
+  Cure for Consumption. By R. W. L.
+  A Visit to Tula. By L. R.
+  On Vacuum in Pumps and the Atwood Machine. By P. J. D.
+  On the Patent Bill. By R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[OFFICIAL.]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF INVENTIONS
+
+FOR WHICH
+
+LETTERS PATENT OF THE UNITED STATES WERE GRANTED IN THE WEEK ENDING
+
+February 18, 1879,
+
+AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE.
+
+[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.]
+
+A complete copy of any patent in the annexed list, including both the
+specifications and drawings, will be furnished from this office for
+one dollar. In ordering, please state the number and date of the
+patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York city.
+
+
+  Air heater, W. Pickhardt                                        212,499
+  Anchor, A. F. White                                             212,340
+  Animal trap, S. J. Bennett                                      212,430
+  Axle box, vehicle, P. K. Hughes                                 212,382
+  Axle, carriage, C. H. Kendall                                   212,387
+  Axle for wagons, trussed, J. Herby                              212,378
+  Axle, vehicle, C. H. Kendall                                    212,386
+  Barrel cover, C. Brinton                                        212,350
+  Bed bottom, J. Flinn                                            212,451
+  Bed bottom, spring, W. B. Crich                                 212,443
+  Bedstead, sofa, A. N. Hornung                                   212,312
+  Bedstead, wardrobe, H. P. Blackman                              212,348
+  Belt hook templet, E. Card                                      212,353
+  Boot and shoe laster, L. Graf                                   212,460
+  Boot and shoe sole polisher, etc., O. Gilmore                   212,372
+  Boot and shoe sole edge trimmer, C. H. Helms                    212,311
+  Boot fronts, cutting in, C. H. Colburn                          212,357
+  Boot, India-rubber, G. Watkinson (r)                              8,587
+  Bottle filler, W. S. Paddock                                    212,494
+  Bread board, H. Van Doren                                       212,334
+  Brick, shed for drying, C. H. Roselius                          212,511
+  Bridge gate, A. Stempel                                         212,329
+  Broom corn tabler, G. W. Foulger                                212,454
+  Button F. E. Williams                                           212,418
+  Calculator, tax, P. F. Pettibone                                212,498
+  Car coupling, G. R. Hamilton                                    212,462
+  Car coupling, S. A. Haydock                                     212,464
+  Car coupling, J. Worrall                                        212,529
+  Car heaters, coupling for pipes of railway, J. W. Graydon       212,376
+  Car heater, railway, J. W. Graydon                              212,375
+  Car heating pipe coupling, railway, J. W. Graydon               212,374
+  Car ventilation, J. Knipscheer                                  212,475
+  Cars, heating, J. & J. W. Russell                               212,403
+  Cars, supplying water to wash stands on, D. H. Jones            212,385
+  Carbureter feed regulator, W. H. Reed                           212,502
+  Card machine burr conveyer, W. C. Bramwell                      212,435
+  Carpet beater, J. L. Leach                                      212,476
+  Carriage, C. H. Palmer, Jr.                                     212,397
+  Carriage bow, F. H. Niemann                                     212,491
+  Carriage, child's, F. H. Way (r)                                  8,583
+  Carriage top prop, J. P. Simpson                                212,519
+  Carriage canopy top, D. Gleason                                 212,458
+  Cartridge, W. W. Hubbell                                        212,313
+  Chair foot or leg rest, M. E. Keiran                            212,474
+  Chimney, locomotive engine, H. R. Walker                        212,414
+  Chuck, lathe, J. H. Vinton                                      212,413
+  Churn power motion, W. F. Witherington                          212,527
+  Cigarette, C. C. Millaudon                                      212,392
+  Coat, reversible, N. H. Lund                                    212,479
+  Cock and faucet, etc., self-closing, J. Broughton               212,436
+  Coffee pot, teapot, etc., stand, D. H. Murphy                   212,395
+  Coffee roaster, R. Davis                                        212,445
+  Corset, W. Thomas                                               212,411
+  Corset steel, E. M. Smith                                       211,520
+  Dental plugger, W. G. A. Bonwill                                212,434
+  Door securer and combined tool, P. E. Rudel                     212,512
+  Door sill and carpet strip, S. M. Stewart                       212,521
+  Drip pan and self-oiler for bearings, R. B. Eason               212,449
+  Egg cup and opener, D. H. Murphy                                212,394
+  End gate, wagon, W. H. Parkin                                   212,398
+  File, bill, E. H. Owen                                          212,493
+  Files, recutting, M. J. Murphy                                  212,490
+  Filter, J. W. Lefferts                                          212,477
+  Firearm, breech-loading, H. Goodman                             212,459
+  Firearm lock, Kaufmann & Warnant                                212,473
+  Fire extinguisher, D. T. Perkins                                212,322
+  Fires in buildings, extinguishing, C. Barnes                    212,346
+  Fluid motor, Chase & Bowker                                     212,356
+  Fountain tip, H. G. Fiske                                       212,368
+  Furnace, G. B. Field                                            212,366
+  Game apparatus, W. T. Ebert                                     212,304
+  Garter, etc., clasp, L. Lobenstein                              212,390
+  Gate, McKinley & Ellis                                          212,482
+  Gate, G. W. Pyle                                                212,501
+  Glassware, decorating, H. Feurhake                              212,365
+  Glassware shaper and finisher, Atterbury & Beck                 212,421
+  Glazier's tool, W. H. G. Savage                                 212,515
+  Governor and friction brake for machinery, speed, T. A. Weston  212,337
+  Grain drill, C. F. Davis (r)                                      8,589
+  Harness breeching strap, H. Holt                                212,467
+  Harrow, toothless, J. W. Mulvey                                 212,393
+  Harvester, W. A. Wood                                           212,528
+  Harvester cutter, B. Pratt                                      212,323
+  Harvester, grain binding, J. F. Appleby                         212,420
+  Harvester reel, B. Moreland                                     212,318
+  Harvesting machine, Dutton & Tornquist                          212,303
+  Hat formers, web tender for, R. Eickemeyer                      212,450
+  Hay binder and elevator, P. H. Nichols                          212,319
+  Hay elevator, H. Barlow                                         212,427
+  Hay tedder, E. J. Knowlton                                      212,388
+  Headlights, signal for locomotive, W. Kelley (r)                  8,591
+  Heat regulator for furnaces, A. C. Norcross (r)                   8,582
+  Hoisting bucket, F. H. C. Mey                                   212,317
+  Hoisting drums, etc., friction brake and clutch for, T. A.      212,338
+    Weston
+  Hoisting machine, T. A. Weston                                  212,339
+  Horse toe weight, G. C. Clausen                                 212,440
+  Hydrant, J. Snell                                               212,408
+  Hydrant, street, G. C. Morgan                                   212,486
+  Hydraulic motor, W. S. Puckett                                  212,500
+  Injector, steam boiler, G. R. Buckman                           212,438
+  Keg trussing machine, E. & B. Holmes                            212,381
+  Kettle, H. C. McLean                                            212,483
+  Kitchen cabinet, C. A. Adams                                    212,343
+  Lamp, J. H. Irwin                                               212,470
+  Lamp burner, E. B. Requa                                        212,401
+  Lamp, fountain, C. Stockmann                                    212,522
+  Lamp shade holder, Brown & Taplin                               212,437
+  Lamp, street, J. Stewart                                        212,410
+  Lamp wick, H. Halvorson                                         212,309
+  Life preserver, T. Richards                                     212,402
+  Life preserver, R. E. Rose                                      212,404
+  Lock, W. E. Forster                                             212,452
+  Lock gate, D. Risher, Jr.                                       212,506
+  Mechanical movement, C. B. Hitchcock                            212,380
+  Metal tube maker, A. Ball                                       212,425
+  Middlings separator, J. Schoonover                              212,406
+  Milker, cow, A. C. Baldwin                                      212,423
+  Millstone adjustment, S. P. Walling                             212,525
+  Millstone curb or hoop, J. S. Detwiler                          212,361
+  Miter machine, J. J. Spilker                                    212,409
+  Mop head, H. Murch                                              212,489
+  Needle eye polisher, George & Payne                             212,455
+  Oil cup, F. Lunkenheimer                                        212,480
+  Ore concentrator, E. W. Stephens                                212,330
+  Ore roaster, C. E. Robinson                                     212,508
+  Oven bottom and slide, J. Jewett                                212,471
+  Oysters, board bank for fattening, F. Lang                      212,389
+  Package or box filler, Bolton & Strieby                         212,349
+  Paper cutter, J. M. Jones                                       212,384
+  Paper folder, R. M. Hoe                                         212,466
+  Paper machines, method and apparatus for producing a vacuum in  212,362
+    the suction box of, Dunn & Hollister
+  Paper machines, wire guide for J. W. Moore                      212,485
+  Paper making, treating pulp stock, S. & J. Deacon               212,447
+  Paper scorer and cutter, G. L. Ingram                           212,314
+  Paper scorer and cutter, W. F. Lodge                            212,315
+  Permutation lock dial screen, Corbett & Miller                  212,359
+  Picture exhibitor, A. L. High                                   212,465
+  Pill machine, Fort & Moore                                      212,453
+  Pipe wrench, S. W. Hudson                                       212,468
+  Pipe wrench with cutter, Franklin & Gilberds                    212,369
+  Plant protector, E. R. Frederick                                212,306
+  Plants, etc., poison distributer for, G. Townsend               212,412
+  Planter and drill, check row, G. J. Hyer                        212,469
+  Planter, corn, J. A. Roderick                                   212,509
+  Plow, E. Walker                                                 212,524
+  Plow attachment, A. O. Bement                                   212,429
+  Plow cutter, A. Aldrich                                         212,419
+  Plow, sulky, J. R. Whitney                                      212,341
+  Printer's roller, T. M. Fisher                                  212,367
+  Printing machine, L. C. Crowell                                 212,444
+  Pumping engine, duplex, G. F. Blake (r)                           8,585
+  Radiator for steam heaters, Covert & Snyder                     212,360
+  Railway crossing, Bernard & Perkins                             212,432
+  Railway switch, C. F. Gessert                                   212,456
+  Ratchet mechanism and clutch for machinery, T. A. Weston        212,336
+  Rocking chair, J. W. Hamburger                                  212,461
+  Rotary engine, A. B. Haughey                                    212,463
+  Rubber mat, E. L. Perry                                         212,497
+  Sad iron holder, A. Failor                                      212,363
+  Safety pin, I. W. Stewart (r)                                     8,592
+  Salt cellar, W. Sellers                                         212,518
+  Sandpaper roll, O. Gilmore                                      212,371
+  Sash cord guide, Clarkson & Kesler (r)                            8,586
+  Sash fastener, J. Benson                                        212,431
+  Sash fastener, G. W. Cary                                       212,354
+  Sash fastener, J. B. Morris                                     212,487
+  Saw, circular, G. Schleicher                                    212,516
+  Saw handle, E. R. Osgood                                        212,396
+  Saw, jig, G. W. Gary                                            212,355
+  Saw mill, gang, H. D. & E. N. Wickes                            212,526
+  Saw mill head block, J. T. James                                212,383
+  Sawing machine, scroll, N. P. Selden                            212,326
+  Scales, platform, F. Fairbanks                                  212,364
+  Scales, weighing, G. L. C. Coulon                               212,300
+  Scarf pins, etc., making ball heads of, J. N. Allen             212,297
+  Scythe snath fastening, P. E. Rudel                             212,513
+  Sewer trap, J. P. Cahill                                        212,352
+  Sewing implement, A. J. Lytle                                   212,481
+  Sewing machine, C. O. Parmenter                                 212,495
+  Sewing machine attachment, J. B. Sulgrove                       212,523
+  Sewing machine plaiter, White & Bowhannan                       212,417
+  Sheet metal vessel bottom, F. W. Moseley                        212,484
+  Shoe, Searl & Bly                                               212,517
+  Skate, C. T. Day (r)                                              8,590
+  Skylight, J. Friend                                             212,307
+  Slate frame, E. Butler (r)                                        8,588
+  Sled propeller, G. F. Shaver (r)                                  8,593
+  Smelting furnace, iron, P. L. Weimer                            212,415
+  Sole edge burnisher, T. P. Young                                212,342
+  Spoke tenoning machine, A. J. Roberts                           212,507
+  Sprinkling can, G. F. Payne                                     212,321
+  Stamp, postage and revenue, K. Wheeler                          212,416
+  Staple machine, W. M. Collins                                   212,441
+  Staples in paper, etc., device for inserting metallic, G. W.    212,316
+    McGill
+  Stave crozer and chamferer, H. H. Dunlevy                       212,448
+  Steak tenderer, E. Richmond                                     212,505
+  Steam boiler, fire tube, J. Cowhig                              212,301
+  Steam brake for locomotives, etc., W. L. Card                   212,439
+  Steam piping for heating, etc., B. F. Osborne                   212,420
+  Steam trap, I. W. Merrill                                       212,391
+  Stove and furnace grate, S. Smyth                               212,407
+  Stove, cooking, G. H. Hess                                      212,379
+  Stove, cooking, J. Jewett                                       212,472
+  Stove, oil, Fleming & Hamilton                                  212,305
+  Stove oven door and shelf, C. W. Brieder                        212,351
+  Strainer, gravy, J. Scheider (r)                                  8,584
+  Strap for garments, adjusting, T. O. Potter                     212,400
+  Street motor, J. T. Cord                                        212,442
+  Surveying instrument leveler, G. N. Saegmuller                  212,405
+  Swing, J. Ryan                                                  212,514
+  Telephone apparatus, speaking, E. Gray                          212,373
+  Telephony, electric, Black & Rosebrugh                          212,433
+  Telephony, electric, A. M. Rosebrugh                            212,510
+  Thill coupling, D. C. Bacon                                     212,422
+  Thill coupling, C. E. Gillespie et al.                          212,308
+  Thill coupling, M. F. Ten Eyck                                  212,333
+  Thill supporter, vehicle, H. O. Rector                          212,325
+  Ticket, passenger, J. H. Purdy                                  212,324
+  Tiles for use as stands, frame for holding ornamental or fancy  212,335
+    pottery, C. A. Wellington
+  Tiles, decorative, J. G. Low                                    212,478
+  Tiles, paving blocks, etc., composition for drain, W. H. Haight 212,377
+  Tire upsetter, B. K. Taylor                                     212,332
+  Tobacco, curing, A. P. Poladura                                 212,399
+  Tobacco cutter, Bauer & Seitz                                   212,347
+  Tobacco flavoring compound, D. Sternberg                        212,331
+  Tobacco manufacture, J. T. Harris                               212,310
+  Tobacco presser, F. B. Deane                                    212,446
+  Traction engine, J. Cooper                                      212,358
+  Truss, J. R. Alexander                                          212,344
+  Type distributer, A. C. Richards                                212,503
+  Type setter, A. C. Richards                                     212,504
+  Umbrella, M. Girbardt                                           212,457
+  Umbrella runner, W. H. Belknap                                  212,428
+  Undershoe or slipper, G. Gardner                                212,370
+  Vehicle seat lock, W. G. Allen                                  212,345
+  Vehicle spring, M. H. Crane                                     212,302
+  Vehicle spring bolster, J. G. Snyder                            212,328
+  Velocipede, E. C. F. Otto                                       212,492
+  Wash boiler, F. J. Boyer                                        212,299
+  Washing and bath tub, J. B O. Shevill                           212,327
+  Washing machine, J. W. Patterson                                212,496
+  Water meter diaphragm, W. B. Mounteney                          212,488
+  Whip holder, Curtis & Worden (r)                                  8,581
+  Wire measurer and cutter, G. A. Baron                           212,426
+  Wire, winding tubes and rods with, A. Ball                      212,424
+  Wrench, C. B. Billings                                          212,298
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRADE MARKS.
+
+  Boots, shoes, and brogans, W. F. Thorne & Co.                    7,037
+  Cigars, Sullivan & Burk                                          7,035
+  Cigars, cigarettes, and smoking and chewing tobacco, B. Hilson   7,038
+  Cotton gins, Printup, Brother & Pollard                          7,042
+  Fertilizers for flowers, W. H. Bowker & Co.                      7,041
+  Grain fans, J. Montgomery                                        7,032
+  Hair goods for ladies' wear, M. E. Thompson                      7,040
+  Hoes, Semple & Birge Manufacturing Company                       7,039
+  Medicine for the cure of neuralgia, and the like diseases,
+    J. S. Nicolds                                                  7,033
+  Roofing paper, carpet paper, or paper felt, and building paper,
+    Watson & Janes                                                 7,043
+  Soap, Gallup & Hewitt                                            7,036
+  Spool cotton, J. & J. Clark & Co                                 7,031
+  Table cutlery, John Russell Cutlery Company                      7,034
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DESIGNS.
+
+  Carpet, T. J. Stearns                                           11,029
+  Combined sleigh bell and terret ring, H. M. Richmond            11,027
+  Crocheted body for shawls, L. Howard                            11,028
+  Oil cloth, C. T. & V. E. Meyer                        11,024 to 11,026
+  Statue, A. Bartholdi                                            11,023
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH PATENTS ISSUED TO AMERICANS.
+
+From February 18 to February 21, inclusive.
+
+  Bed bottoms, etc.--C. D. Flynt, Brooklyn, N. Y.
+  Berth.--D. Huston, Boston, Mass.
+  Lead smelting furnace.--G. T. Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa.
+  Locks.--A. P. Thomas _et al._, Baltimore, Md.
+  Railway joint.--P. T. Madison, Indianapolis, Ind.
+  Spikes for railroads.--R. Bocklen, New York city.
+  Ventilating buildings.--F. S. Norton, New York city.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+  INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION      75 CENTS A LINE.
+  BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION        $1.00 A LINE.
+
+(About eight words to a line.)
+
+_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by
+measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received at
+publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in next
+issue._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A RARE OPPORTUNITY, ON EASY TERMS.
+
+To be sold at Auction, at Charleston, South Carolina, on Tuesday, the
+first day of April, 1879, the Taylor Iron Works, complete and in
+operation, together with all stores, stock, and work on hand on day of
+sale.
+
+The above is a large, first-class engineering establishment, complete
+within itself for all kinds of work, comprising iron and brass
+foundries, boiler shop, machine shops, pattern and millwright shops,
+with a large stock of patterns for local machinery, and Taylor
+presses. Connected with the works is a large, well-stocked engineer
+and mill supply store. All departments have the best of modern tools
+in thorough repair. Buildings comparatively new, and conveniently
+arranged on large grounds. The business was established 1844; has
+always done a large business and maintained a high reputation. The
+present works, built since 1866, have ample facilities to work 200
+men. At present about 100 men are employed. For further particulars
+apply to the works or to JOHN F. TAYLOR, Sharon Springs, N. Y., who
+will meet parties at Albany, N. Y., by appointment, or New York, if
+preferred.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LARGEST ASSORTMENT IN THE WORLD
+
+of Plays, Dramas, Comedies, Farces, Ethiopian Dramas, Plays for Ladies
+only, Plays for Gentlemen only. Wigs, Beards, Moustaches, Face
+Preparations, Burnt Cork, Jarley's Wax Works, Tableaux, Charades,
+Pantomimes, Guides to the Stage, and for Amateurs Make up Book, Make
+up Boxes, New Plays. SAM'L FRENCH & SON, 38 East 14th St., Union
+Square, New York.
+
+CATALOGUES SENT FREE!!!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+50 _Latest Style_ CARDS. _Bouquet, Lawn, Floral,_ etc., in case, _name
+in gold_, 10c. SEAVY BROS., Northford, Ct.
+
+[Symbol: Right index] RARE OPPORTUNITY. [Symbol: Left index]
+
+The proprietor, advanced in years and desirous of retiring from active
+control of business, would _sell at a bargain_, or convert into a
+joint stock company and retain an interest himself, a Foundry and
+Machine Shops, with all their machinery and fixtures complete, and now
+crowded with custom work, having cost upwards of sixty thousand
+dollars, and the only ones of magnitude for 120 miles on the
+Mississippi River, on various points of which may be seen specimens of
+work of these shops at Stillwater, Winona, McGregor. Dubuque, Fulton,
+Lyons, Clinton, Muscatine, and on many of the boats. For particulars,
+address the proprietor at Clinton, Iowa.
+
+          A. P. HOSFORD.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOR SALE--GEAR CUTTER.
+
+Been in use only eighteen months; will cut gears, both
+Spur-Bevel-Miter and Spiral, from four feet to one inch in diameter.
+Is complete with counter-shaft and several cutters. Machine made by
+Pond, of Worcester. Index made by Browne & Sharpe. Cost $900. Will
+sell for $250.
+
+Address J. G. STOWE, 126 Main Street, Cincinnati, O.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE TRIUMPH NON-CONDUCTOR
+
+weighs but 11/2 lbs. to the square foot, and saves daily four pounds of
+coal. (Asbestos saves but 2 lbs.) Price 15 cts.--5 cts. cash and 10
+cts. after satisfactory trial. Agents wanted. For circulars showing
+WHY fuel is wasted and HOW 25 to 50 per cent., can be saved; also, HOW
+to construct reduction works for mineral ores of half the present
+weight and cost, to do three times the work with the fuel now used,
+and save 98 per cent. of assay; also, the opinions of distinguished
+engineers, address B. F. SMITH, New Orleans, La.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTO VISITING CARDS--Now all the rage in Paris. One dozen beautiful
+gilt edged (round cornered) Cards with your name and photograph, only
+60 cents; 2 dozen, $1. Full particulars and a 50-page book free. E.
+NASON & CO., 111 Nassau St., New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"BELL" TELEPHONES. _Any_ one can make in fifteen minutes. Send three
+3c. stamps for "Where to get the Parts, Prices (Total $3.60 per pair),
+and how put together."
+
+A. H. DAVIS, 30 Hanover St., Boston, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CATARRH. A SURE CURE. Samples by mail, 10c. GEO. N. STODDARD, Buffalo,
+N. Y. It cures others. _It will cure you_. Sample will prove.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANY NUMBER OF OPPORTUNITIES
+
+to buy what you want or sell or exchange what you don't want, in the
+_Property Journal_. Send 5c. for copy.
+
+ANDERSON & CO., 252 Broadway, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOVELTIES, NOTIONS,
+
+WATCHES, CHEAP JEWELRY, STATIONERY PACKAGES.
+
+Agents and country stores supplied. Illustrated circular _free_. J.
+BRIDE & CO., Manufacturers, Salesroom,
+
+297 B'way, New York. Address letters to P. O. Box 2773.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOR UNIVERSAL LATHE DOGS, DIE DOGS, ETC.,
+send for circular to C. W. LE COUNT, S. Norwalk, Ct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ICE-HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.--BY R. G.
+Hatfield. With directions for construction. Four engravings.
+SUPPLEMENT NO. 59. Price, 10 cents.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SEND FOR OUR PRICED AND ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES.
+
+Part 1st--MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS, 160 pages; contains list and
+prices of Drawing Instruments, Drawing Materials, Pocket Compasses,
+Surveying Compasses, Engineers' Transits and Levels, Surveying Chains,
+Tape Measures, Pocket Rules, and Books relating to Drawing,
+Engineering, and Mechanics.
+
+Part 2d--OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 144 pages; contains list and prices of
+Spectacles, Eye Glasses, Lenses, Spy Glasses, Telescopes, Opera and
+Field Glasses, Graphoscopes, Stereoscopes, Camera Obscuras, Camera
+Lucidas, Microscopes, Microscopic Preparations, and Books on Optics
+and Microscopy.
+
+Part 3d--MAGIC LANTERNS AND SLIDES, 112 pages; contains list and
+prices or Magic Lanterns for Toys, for Public and Private Exhibitions,
+Sciopticons, Stereopticons, Scientific Lanterns, and accessory
+apparatus to be used with them; Magic Lantern Slides, both colored and
+uncolored.
+
+Part 4th--PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS, 188 pages; contains list and prices of
+Instruments to illustrate Lectures in every department of Physics and
+Chemical Science, Air Pumps, Electric Machines, Galvanic Batteries,
+Barometers, Thermometers, Rain Gauges, Globes, Spectroscopes, Auzoux's
+Anatomical Models, and Books relating to Scientific Subjects.
+
+JAMES W. QUEEN & CO.,
+Optical and Philosophical Instrument Makers,
+924 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY,
+
+Such as Woodworth Planing, Tonguing, and Grooving Machines, Daniel's
+Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved Tenon Machines, Mortising,
+Moulding, and Re-Saw Machines, and Wood-Working Machinery generally.
+
+Manufactured by
+
+WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON,
+26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass.
+(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL & CO.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE DRIVEN WELL.
+
+Town and County privileges for making DRIVEN WELLS and selling
+Licenses under the established AMERICAN DRIVEN WELL PATENT, leased by
+the year to responsible parties, by
+
+WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO.,
+NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MINING MACHINERY. ENGINES. BOILERS, PUMPS,
+
+Coal and Ore Jigs, Dust Burning Appliances. Drawings and advice free
+to customers. Jeanesville Iron Works (J. C. Haydon & Co.). Address
+HOWELL GREEN,
+
+Supt., Jeanesville, Luzerne Co., Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IT PAYS to sell our Rubber Hand Printing Stamps. Goods delivered in
+any country. Circulars free.
+
+G. A. HARPER & BRO., Cleveland, O.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOR TEN DOLLARS CASH,
+
+we will insert a seven-line advertisement one week in a list of 269
+weekly newspapers, or four lines in a different list of 337 papers, or
+ten lines two weeks in a choice of either of four separate and
+distinct lists containing from 70 to 100 papers each, or four lines
+one week in all four of the same lists, or one line one week in all
+six lists combined, being more than 1,000 papers. We also have lists
+of papers by States, throughout the United States and Canada. Send 10
+cents for our 100 page pamphlet. Address GEO. P. ROWELL & CO.,
+Newspaper Advertising Bureau, 10 Spruce Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MACHINERY AT VERY LOW PRICES.
+
+2d hand Lathes, Drills, Planers, Hand Tools for Iron Work, new
+Woodworth Planing Machines, Resawing, Tenoning, Moulding Machines,
+Scroll Saws, Portable Steam Engine. Jos. R. Blossom, Ass'e, Matteawan,
+N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GEORGE PLACE MACHINERY AGENCY
+Machinery of Every Description.
+121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+60 Chromo and Perfumed Cards [no 3 alike], Name in Gold and Jet, 10c.
+CLINTON BROS., Clintonville, Ct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ROOF PAINTING.
+
+For $5, by Post Office Order or express, I will send the recipe for
+making Langhorne's English Gum Coating Paint and other mineral paints,
+with full instructions for roof and sidewall painting. This paint is
+used by the U. S. Government. Address M. LANGHORNE,
+
+708 E Street, Washington, D. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOR SALE.--LETTERS PATENT OF
+Wilhide's Celebrated Noiseless Self-setting Rat and Mouse Traps.
+Thoroughly introduced. Traps sold by all dealers. Address Owners and
+Manufacturers,
+
+J. T. WILHIDE & BRO., York Road, Carroll Co., Md.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IMPORTANT FOR ALL CORPORATIONS AND MANF'G CONCERNS.--BUERK'S
+WATCHMAN'S TIME DETECTOR, capable of accurately controlling the motion
+of a watchman or patrolman at the different stations of his beat. Send
+for circular.
+
+J. E. BUERK, P. O. BOX 979. BOSTON, MASS
+
+N. B.--The suit against Imhaeuser & Co., of New York, was decided in
+my favor, June 10, 1874. A fine was assessed against them Nov. 11,
+1876, for selling contrary to the order of the court. Persons buying
+or using clocks infringing on my patent will be dealt with according
+to law.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST.
+
+DRIVEN OR TUBE WELLS
+furnished to large consumers of Croton and Ridgewood Water. WM. D.
+ANDREWS & BRO., 414 Water St., N. Y., who control the patent for
+Green's American Driven Well.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A New and Valuable Work for the Practical Mechanic and Engineer.
+
+APPLETONS'
+
+CYCLOPAEDIA OF APPLIED MECHANICS.
+
+A DICTIONARY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND THE MECHANICAL ARTS.
+
+Illustrated by 5,000 Engravings.
+
+_Edited by PARK BENJAMIN, Ph.D._
+
+This valuable work is now being published in semi-monthly parts, at
+fifty cents each. Active agents wanted. For terms and territory
+address GEO. W. DAVIS, care of D. APPLETON & CO., New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADE MARKS, ETC.
+
+Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication of the
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to examine Improvements, and to act as
+Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.
+
+In this line of business they have had OVER THIRTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE,
+and now have _unequaled facilities_ for the preparation of Patent
+Drawings, Specifications, and the Prosecution of Applications for
+Patents in the United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs.
+Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Trade Mark
+Regulations, Copyrights for Books, Labels, Reissues, Assignments, and
+Reports on Infringements of Patents. All business intrusted to them is
+done with special care and promptness, on very moderate terms.
+
+We send free of charge, on application, a pamphlet containing further
+information about Patents and how to procure them; directions
+concerning Trade Marks, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals,
+Reissues, Infringements, Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the
+Sale of Patents, etc.
+
+_Foreign Patents_.--We also send, _free of charge_, a Synopsis of
+Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing patents
+in all the principal countries of the world. American inventors should
+bear in mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable
+to the patentee in this country is worth equally as much in England
+and some other foreign countries. Five patents--embracing Canadian,
+English, German, French, and Belgian--will secure to an inventor the
+exclusive monopoly to his discovery among about ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY
+MILLIONS of the most intelligent people in the world. The facilities
+of business and steam communication are such that patents can be
+obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at home. The
+expense to apply for an English patent is $75; German, $100; French,
+$100; Belgian, $100; Canadian, $50.
+
+_Copies of Patents_.--Persons desiring any patent issued from 1836 to
+November 26, 1867, can be supplied with official copies at reasonable
+cost, the price depending upon the extent of drawings and length of
+specifications.
+
+Any patent issued since November 27, 1867, at which time the Patent
+Office commenced printing the drawings and specifications, may be had
+by remitting to this office $1.
+
+A copy of the claims of any patent issued since 1836 will be furnished
+for $1.
+
+When ordering copies, please to remit for the same as above, and state
+name of patentee, title of invention, and date of patent.
+
+A pamphlet, containing full directions for obtaining United States
+patents sent free. A handsomely bound Reference Book, gilt edges,
+contains 140 pages and many engravings and tables important to every
+patentee and mechanic, and is a useful hand book of reference for
+everybody. Price 25 cents, mailed free.
+
+Address
+
+MUNN & CO.,
+Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
+37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
+
+_BRANCH OFFICE--Corner of F and 7th Streets,
+Washington, D. C._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRACTICAL DRAUGHTSMAN'S BOOK OF
+INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
+AND MACHINISTS' & ENGINEERS'
+DRAWING COMPANION.
+
+Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical, Engineering, and
+Architectural Drawing. From the French of M. Armengaud the elder,
+Professor of Design in Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and
+MM. Armengaud the younger, and Amoroux, Civil Engineers. Rewritten and
+arranged with additional matter and plates, selections from and
+examples of the most useful and generally employed mechanism of the
+day. By William Johnson, Assoc. Inst. C. E. Illustrated by fifty folio
+steel plates, and fifty wood cuts. A new edition, 4to....$10
+
+Among the contents are: Linear Drawing, Definitions, and Problems.
+Sweeps, Sections, and Mouldings, Elementary Gothic Forms, and
+Rosettes. Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas, and Volutes. Rules and Principal
+Data. Study of Projections. Elementary Principles. Of Prisms and other
+Solids. Rules and Practical Data. On coloring Sections, with
+applications. Conventional Colors, Composition or Mixture of Colors.
+Continuation of the Study of Projection--Use of Sections--details of
+machinery. Simple applications--spindles, shafts, couplings, wooden
+patterns. Method of constructing a wooden model or pattern of a
+coupling. Elementary applications. Rules and Practical Data.
+
+THE INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES, WITH APPLICATIONS.--The
+Intersection of Cylinders and Cones. The Delineation and Development
+of Helices, Screws, and Serpentines. Application of the helix--the
+construction of a staircase. The Intersection of Surfaces--applications
+to stop cocks. Rules and Practical Data.
+
+THE STUDY AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOOTHED GEAR.--Involute, cycloid, and
+epicycloid. Involute, Cycloid. External epicycloid, described by a
+circle rolling about a fixed circle inside of it. Internal epicycloid.
+Delineation of a rack and pinion in gear. Gearing of a worm with a
+worm wheel. Cylindrical or Spur Gearing. Practical delineation of a
+couple of Spur wheels. The Delineation and Construction of Wooden
+Patterns for Toothed Wheels. Rules and Practical Data.
+
+CONTINUATION OF THE STUDY OF TOOTHED GEAR.--Design for a pair of bevel
+wheels in gear. Construction of wooden patterns for a pair of bevel
+wheels. Involute and Helical Teeth. Contrivances for obtaining
+differential Movements. Rules and Practical Data.
+
+ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF SHADOWS.--Shadows of Prisms, Pyramids, and
+Cylinders. Principles of Shading. Continuation of the Study of
+Shadows. Tuscan Order. Rules and practical data.
+
+APPLICATION OF SHADOWS TO TOOTHED GEAR.--Application of Shadows to
+Screws. Application of Shadow to a Boiler and its Furnace. Shading in
+Black--Shading in Colors.
+
+THE CUTTING AND SHAPING OF MASONRY.--Rules and Practical Data. Remarks
+on Machine Tools.
+
+THE STUDY OF MACHINERY AND SKETCHING.--Various applications and
+combinations: The Sketching of Machinery. Drilling Machines; Motive
+Machines; Water wheels. Construction and Setting up of water wheels.
+Delineation of water wheels. Design of a water wheel. Sketch of a
+water wheel. Overshot water wheels. Water Pumps; Steam Motors;
+High-pressure expansive steam engine. Details of Construction;
+Movements of the Distribution and Expansion Valves; Rules and
+Practical Data.
+
+OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS.
+
+PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE.
+
+TRUE PERSPECTIVE.--Elementary principles. Applications--flour mill
+driven by belts. Description of the mill. Representation of the mill
+in perspective.
+
+EXAMPLES OF FINISHED DRAWINGS OF MACHINERY.
+
+[Symbol: Right index] The above, or any of our Books, sent by mail,
+free of postage, at the publication price.
+
+Our new and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS--96
+pages, 8vo.--sent free to any one who will furnish his address.
+
+HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.,
+INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS and BOOKSELLERS,
+810 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STEAM PUMPS.
+HENRY R. WORTHINGTON,
+239 Broadway, N. Y.    83 Water St., Boston.
+
+THE WORTHINGTON DUPLEX PUMPING ENGINES FOR WATER WORKS--Compound,
+Condensing or Non-Condensing. Used in over 100 Water-Works Stations.
+
+STEAM PUMPS--Duplex and Single Cylinder.
+
+PRICE LIST ISSUED JAN. 1, 1879, WITH A REDUCTION EXCEEDING 30 PER
+CENT.
+
+WATER METERS. OIL METERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Truss]
+
+THIS NEW
+ELASTIC TRUSS
+
+Has a Pad differing from all others, is cup-shape, with Self-Adjusting
+Ball in center, adapts itself to all positions of the body, while the
+BALL in the cup PRESSES BACK the INTESTINES JUST AS A PERSON WOULD
+WITH THE FINGER. With light pressure the Hernia is held securely day
+and night, and a radical cure certain. It is easy, durable and cheap.
+Sent by mail. Circulars free.
+
+EGGLESTON TRUSS CO., CHICAGO, ILL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE
+HANCOCK
+INSPIRATOR
+
+TESTIMONIALS.
+
+OFFICE OF THE HANCOCK INSP. CO.,
+LONDON, ENG., Feb. 11, 1879.
+
+I have just received an order from the English Government for 22
+Number 15 Inspirators--making 24 machines in all for the Government
+this month.
+
+          B. H. WARREN, Agent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+          OFFICE OF H. S. MANNING & CO., 111 Liberty St.,
+NEW YORK, Feb. 26, 1879.
+
+GENTLEMEN: We have authority from Mr. Martin, Chief Engineer Union
+Ferry Co., Brooklyn, to state that they have 17 Inspirators at work on
+17 of their boats, feeding their main boilers, and all giving
+satisfaction, and to refer any one to him. Yours truly,
+
+          H. S. MANNING & CO., Agents.
+
+[Symbol: Right index] ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULARS SENT ON
+APPLICATION TO
+
+HANCOCK INSPIRATOR CO.,
+52 CENTRAL WHARF,
+BOSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Corrugated Iron]
+
+THIS NEW
+
+MOSELEY IRON BRIDGE AND
+ROOF CO.
+CORRUGATED IRON
+
+Buildings, Roofs, Shutters, Doors, Iron Sashes, Skylights, etc.
+
+5 Dey Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Crusher]
+
+THIS NEW
+
+BLAKE'S STONE AND ORE BREAKER AND CRUSHER.
+
+For breaking hard and brittle substances to any size. Endorsed by the
+leading MINING, MANUFACTURING, and RAILROAD corporations in the UNITED
+STATES and FOREIGN COUNTRIES. FIRST PREMIUM wherever exhibited, and
+hundreds of testimonials of the _highest character_.
+
+A NEW SIZE FOR PROSPECTING AND LABORATORY USE.
+
+[Symbol: Right index] ALL STONE CRUSHERS not made or licensed by us,
+containing vibratory convergent jaws actuated by a revolving shaft and
+fly-wheel, are infringements on our patent, and makers and users of
+such will be held accountable. Address
+
+          BLAKE CRUSHER CO., NEW HAVEN, CONN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: RIVAL STEAM PUMPS.
+               $35. and UPWARDS
+               JOHN McGOWAN & Co.
+               CINCINNATI, OHIO. ]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PULMOCURA
+AN ABSOLUTE AND UNFAILING REMEDY FOR
+CONSUMPTION
+
+and all other diseases of the LUNGS AND THROAT. Mailed free on receipt
+of $1. A. A. MARTIN, Pulmocura Man'f'g Co., sole depot for the U. S.,
+60 East 12th St., cor. Broadway, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Soft, Strong,
+and Smooth
+Iron or Brass
+CASTINGS
+Plain, Galvanized,
+Bronzed or Nickled
+to order promptly.
+
+Also patterns and models. Light work a specialty.
+
+LIVINGSTON & CO., Iron Founders, Pittsburg, Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Horse Shoe]
+
+NEW STEEL HORSE SHOE
+
+With Level Spring Platform--Continuous Calk. The best in the world.
+Cures Tender and Contracted Feet, Corns, Interfering, Quarter-crack
+Lameness, and all evils resulting from the use of the common shoe.
+Responsible men can make money selling this Shoe. Send for pamphlet.
+Trial set with nails, $1.00. To measure, place foot on paper, and draw
+pencil around.
+
+The JOHN D. BILLINGS PATENT
+HORSE SHOE COMPANY
+265 Broadway, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Steel Stamps.
+               N.Y. STENCIL WORKS, 87 Nassau St., N.Y.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LAP WELDED CHARCOAL IRON
+
+Boiler Tubes, Steam Pipe, Light and Heavy Forgings, Engines, Boilers,
+Cotton Presses, Rolling Mill and Blast Furnace Work.
+
+READING IRON WORKS,
+261 SOUTH FOURTH ST., PHILA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOSPHOR-BRONZE
+BEARINGS,
+PUMP-RODS,
+AND
+SPRING WIRE.
+
+[Illustration: Phosphor-bronze]
+
+Apply to
+THE PHOSPHOR-BRONZE SMELTING CO., Limited,
+2038 Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LATHES, PLANERS, SHAPERS
+
+Drills, Bolt and Gear Cutters, Milling Machines. Special Machinery. E.
+GOULD & EBERHARDT, Newark, N. J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE BEST STEAM PUMP in AMERICA
+THE DEANE
+Made by HOLYOKE MACHINE CO.
+
+More than 4500 in use.
+
+Send for reduced Price List.
+Deane Steam Pump Works
+85 LIBERTY ST.,
+    NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Gear Wheels]
+
+Small Tools of all kinds; GEAR WHEELS, parts of MODELS, and materials
+of all kinds. Catalogues free.
+
+GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, 176 Wash'n St., Boston, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FINE PAMPHLETS printed for 75c. A PAGE per 1,000. 1,000 Fine 9x12
+Circulars, $2.50. Price list or estimate and samples for stamp. 250
+Bill Heads, $1.
+
+"LOCAL" PRINTING HOUSE, Silver Creek, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+$77 a Month and expenses guaranteed to Agents.
+Outfit free. SHAW & CO., AUGUSTA, MAINE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LEFFEL WATER WHEELS.
+
+[Illustration: Water Wheel]
+
+With recent improvements.
+
+PRICES GREATLY REDUCED.
+
+7000 in successful operation.
+
+FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1877
+
+Sent free to those interested
+
+JAMES LEFFEL & CO.,
+    Springfield, O.
+
+109 Liberty St., N. Y. City.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Medal]
+
+  Paris,        1878
+  Australia,    1877
+  Phila.,       1876
+  Santiago,     1875
+  Vienna,       1873
+
+J. A. FAY & CO'S
+WOOD WORKING MACHINERY
+
+was awarded at the Paris Exposition over all competitors THE GOLD
+MEDAL OF HONOR. Also highest award at Phila., Santiago, Australia, and
+Vienna. It is
+
+ORIGINAL IN DESIGN, SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION,
+PERFECT IN WORKMANSHIP, SAVES LABOR,
+ECONOMIZES LUMBER, AND INCREASES
+PRODUCTS OF THE HIGHEST STANDARD
+OF EXCELLENCE.
+
+Railroad, Furniture, and Agricultural Implement Shops, Planing Mills,
+etc., equipped at short notice, and the lowest cash prices. Send for
+Circulars.
+
+J. A. FAY & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+L. F. STANDISH & CO.,
+SCREW MANUFACTURERS,
+Builders of Small Machinery and Fine Tools.
+          26 Artisan St., New Haven, Ct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Emery Wheel.]
+
+Emery Wheel.
+
+NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING COMP'Y.
+
+The Oldest and Largest Manufacturers of the Original
+
+SOLID VULCANITE
+EMERY WHEELS.
+
+All other kinds Imitations and Inferior. Our name is stamped in full
+upon all our standard BELTING, PACKING, and HOSE.
+
+Address NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO.,
+          NEW YORK.
+
+JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SEVENTH
+CINCINNATI
+INDUSTRIAL
+EXPOSITION
+
+Opens for the reception of goods AUGUST 20TH.
+
+Opens to the public SEPTEMBER 10TH, and continues open until OCTOBER
+11TH, in the
+
+NEW PERMANENT BUILDINGS
+ERECTED FOR THE PURPOSE.
+
+Machinery Tested and Fully Reported upon.
+
+Send for Rules and Premium Lists after April 1.
+
+          H. McCOLLUM, Sec'y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Amalgamating.]
+
+THE FORSTER-FIRMIN
+GOLD AND SILVER
+AMALGAMATING COMP'Y
+
+of Norristown, Pa., will grant state rights or licenses or easy terms.
+This system works up to assay, and recovers the mercury rapidly.
+
+Apply as above.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THOMAS'S CONCENTRATED DYE
+Stuffs. (138 Recipes SENT GRATIS.) (See SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+SUPPLEMENT, March 15, '79.) Address
+
+          N. SPENCER THOMAS, Elmira, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Rotary Pressure Blower.]
+
+BAKER ROTARY PRESSURE BLOWER.
+(FORCED BLAST)
+
+Warranted superior to any other.
+
+WILBRAHAM BROS.
+2318 Frankford Ave.
+        PHILADELPHIA
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"THE 1876 INJECTOR."
+
+Simple, Durable, and Reliable. Requires no special valves. Send for
+illustrated circular.
+
+          WM. SELLERS & CO., Phila.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Cold Rolled Shafting.]
+
+The fact that this shafting has 75 per cent. greater strength, a finer
+finish, and is truer to gauge, than any other in use renders it
+undoubtedly the most economical. We are also the sole manufacturers of
+the CELEBRATED COLLINS' PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers,
+etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on application to
+
+    JONES & LAUGHLINS,
+Try Street, 2d and 3d Avenues, Pittsburgh, Pa.
+190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill., and Milwaukee. Wis.
+
+[Right index] Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by
+
+FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass.
+Geo. Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS
+
+WE SELL EVERYTHING FOR THE GARDEN
+
+Descriptive Catalogues of 175 pages sent Free
+
+PETER HENDERSON & CO.
+_35 Cortlandt St., New York._
+FLOWER AND FRUIT PLANTS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Engraving.]
+
+L. SMITH HOBART, President.         JOHN C. MOSS, Superintendent.
+
+TYPE-METAL RELIEF PLATES.
+A SUPERIOR SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD-CUTS
+AT MUCH LOWER PRICES.
+
+Persons desiring illustrations for Books, Newspapers, Catalogues,
+Advertisements, or for any other purposes, can have their work done by
+us promptly and in the best style.
+
+OUR RELIEF PLATES are engraved by photo-chemical means; are mounted on
+blocks type-high ready for use on any ordinary press, and will wear
+longer than the common stereotype plates.
+
+They have a perfectly smooth printing surface, and the lines are _as
+deep, as even,_ and _as sharp_ as they could possibly be cut by hand.
+
+ELECTROTYPES may be made from them in the same manner as from
+wood-cuts.
+
+COPY. The engraving is done either from prints or pen-drawings. Almost
+all kinds of prints can be re-engraved directly from the copy,
+provided they be in _clear, black lines_ or stipple, and on _white_ or
+only slightly tinted paper.
+
+Pen drawings, suitable for engraving by us, must be made with
+_thoroughly_ BLACK ink, on _smooth, white_ paper. They should usually
+be made twice the length and twice the width of the plates desired.
+
+When such drawings cannot be furnished us, we can produce them from
+photographs, pencil sketches, or designs of any kind accompanied with
+proper instructions. Photographs taken in the usual way, and of any
+convenient size, we can use.
+
+CHANGE OF SIZE.--Wood-cut prints of the coarser kind may often be
+reduced to half their lineal dimensions, while others will admit of
+very little reduction, and some of none at all.
+
+Most lithographic and steel-plate prints will admit of no reduction.
+
+Very fine prints of any kind may be _enlarged_ moderately without
+detriment.
+
+Any prints which cannot be satisfactorily reduced or enlarged may be
+_redrawn_ and thus brought to any desired size.
+
+In all cases of reduction and enlargement, the relative proportions
+remain unchanged.
+
+PROOFS.--Whenever desired, we will furnish tintype proofs of the
+drawings made by us, for approval or correction, before engraving. A
+printed proof is furnished with each plate.
+
+TIME.--We cannot usually engage to fill an order for a single plate in
+less than from three to six days; larger orders will require longer
+time.
+
+ESTIMATES will be promptly furnished when desired. That these may be
+definite and correct, the copy to be used--whether print, photograph,
+sketch, or drawing--should always be submitted for our examination,
+together with a distinct statement of the size of plate wanted, and of
+any other details to be observed.
+
+TERMS.--To insure attention, all orders must be accompanied by an
+advance of half the price charged, the balance to be paid on delivery.
+
+ELECTROTYPING AND PRINTING.--We have recently added to our
+establishment excellent facilities for making electrotypes, and also
+three power presses specially fitted for printing plates of all sizes
+in the finest manner.
+
+ARTIFICIAL LIGHT.--We have just introduced this most important
+facility, which enables us to prosecute our work _in cloudy weather_,
+and to push forward hurried orders _in the night_.
+
+REFERENCES.--Our plates are now used by the principal publishers in
+this city, and by most of the leading houses in every State in the
+Union.
+
+OUR GENERAL CIRCULAR contains a few specimens of the various kinds of
+our work, and will be sent on receipt of stamp. We have just prepared
+five special circulars, as follows:
+
+  No. 1.   Portraits and Figures.
+  No. 2.   Buildings and Landscapes.
+  No. 3.   Machinery and Apparatus.
+  No. 4.   Maps, Autographs, and Ornamental Lettering.
+  No. 5.   Reproductions from Wood-Cuts, Steel-Plate Prints, and
+             Lithographs.
+
+These will be furnished at _ten cents_ each.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION--75 CENTS A LINE
+BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION--$1.00 A LINE.
+
+(About eight words to a line.)
+
+_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by
+measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received at
+publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in next
+issue._
+
+ADJUSTABLE INCLINE PRESSES.
+
+STILES & PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Conn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Illustrated Guide.]
+
+136 pages beautifully illustrated, mailed to all applicants inclosing
+10 cents. Regular customers free.
+
+BLISS' ILLUSTRATED AMATEUR'S GUIDE to the FLOWER and KITCHEN GARDEN,
+with colored chromo; 216 pages, price 35 CENTS.
+
+Address
+B. K. BLISS & SONS,
+P. O. Box 4129, New York City.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO LARGE CONSUMERS OF FINE LIGHT MALLEABLE IRON CASTINGS, we can offer
+special inducements in the way of VERY SUPERIOR QUALITY GUARANTEED,
+and at fair prices. Being ourselves large consumers and requiring the
+most perfect castings, other work is insured the same attention.
+
+MALLORY, WHEELER & CO.,
+NEW HAVEN, CONN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Lawn Mower.]
+
+THE PHILADELPHIA LAWN MOWER
+_Stands_ "_Head of the Class._" Descriptive Circulars and Price Lists
+sent on application. GRAHAM, EMLEM & PASSMORE, Patentees and
+Manufacturers, 631 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAFTING PULLEYS, HANGERS, ETC.
+a specialty. Send for Price List to
+A. & F. BROWN, 57-61 Lewis Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AIR COMPRESSORS,
+HOISTING ENGINES and OTHER
+MINING MACHINERY;
+MANUFACTURED BY
+GRIFFITH & WEDGE. ZANESVILLE, OHIO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MILL STONES AND CORN MILLS.
+
+We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines, Packers, Mill
+Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and Gearing, specially adapted to Flour
+Mills. Send for catalogue.
+
+          J. T. NOYE & SON, BUFFALO, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOW TO SELL PATENTS.--This little book fully explains how all patents
+can be sold for good prices. Price 25 cents. L. D. SNOOK, Barrington,
+Yates Co., N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POND'S TOOLS,
+
+Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.,
+
+DAVID W. POND, Worcester, Mass.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EDMUND DRAPER,
+Manufacturer of First-class Engineers' Instruments.
+Established in 1830. 226 Pear St., Phila., Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+J. LLOYD HAIGH,
+
+Manufacturer of
+
+[Illustration: Wire Rope.]
+
+every description, for Railroad and Mining Use, Elevators, Derricks,
+Rope Tramways, Transmission of Power, etc. No. 81 John St., N. Y. Send
+for price list. Plans and Estimates furnished for Suspension Bridges.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE DINGEE & CONARD CO'S
+BEAUTIFUL EVER-BLOOMING
+ROSES
+THE BEST IN THE WORLD.
+
+OUR GREAT SPECIALTY is _growing_ and _distributing_ these BEAUTIFUL
+ROSES. _We deliver_ STRONG POT PLANTS, suitable for _immediate_ bloom,
+_safely by mail_ at all post-offices. 5 SPLENDID VARIETIES, _your
+choice_, all labeled, for $1; 12 for $2; 19 for $3; 26 for $4; 35 for
+$5; 75 for $10; 100 for $13.
+
+[Symbol: Right index] Send for our NEW GUIDE TO ROSE CULTURE--60 pages,
+elegantly illustrated--and _choose_ from over FIVE HUNDRED FINEST
+SORTS. Address
+
+THE DINGEE & CONARD CO.,
+ROSE GROWERS, WEST GROVE, CHESTER CO., PA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOW TO SELL PATENTS.
+
+We send our 100 page book of instruction, containing valuable
+information, free.
+
+Send us your address. GEO. C. TRACY & CO., Cleveland, O.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: NO MORE
+               RHEUMATISM
+               OR GOUT
+               ACUTE OR CHRONIC
+               SALICYLICA
+               SURE CURE.]
+
+Manufactured only under the above Trade-Mark, by the
+
+EUROPEAN SALICYLIC MEDICINE CO.,
+OF PARIS AND LEIPZIG.
+
+IMMEDIATE RELIEF WARRANTED. PERMANENT CURE GUARANTEED. Now exclusively
+used by all celebrated Physicians of Europe and America, becoming a
+Staple, Harmless, and Reliable Remedy on both continents. The Highest
+Medical Academy of Paris report 95 cures out of 100 cases within three
+days. Secret--The only dissolver of the poisonous Uric Acid which
+exists in the Blood of Rheumatic and Gouty Patients. $1.00 a Box; 6
+Boxes for $5.00. Sent to any address on receipt of price. ENDORSED BY
+PHYSICIANS. SOLD BY ALL DRUGGISTS. Address
+
+WASHBURNE & CO.,
+ONLY IMPORTERS' DEPOT. 212 BROADWAY, COR.
+FULTON ST., NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+19TH ANNUAL STATEMENT OF THE EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY OF THE U. S.
+
+HENRY B. HYDE, PRESIDENT.
+
+FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1878.
+
+
+  AMOUNT OF LEDGER ASSETS, JAN. 1, 1878            $32,477,991.87
+  Less Depreciation in Government Bonds, and
+  Appropriation to meet any depreciation in
+  other assets                                         369,553.27
+                                                         --------
+                                                    32,108,438.60
+  INCOME                                             8,217,943.24
+                                                         --------
+                                                   $40,326,381.84
+
+DISBURSEMENTS.
+
+  Paid Policy Holders for Claims by Death,
+  Dividends, Surrender Values, Discounted
+  and Matured Endowments and Annuities               4,935,171.43
+  Other Disbursements as per extended
+  statement                                          1,195,841.88
+                                                         --------
+  NET CASH ASSETS, December 31, 1878               $34,195,368.53
+
+ASSETS.
+
+  Bonds and Mortgages                              $12,437,584.93
+  Real Estate                                        6,834,904.96
+  United States Stocks                               5,638,768.54
+  State, City, and other Stocks authorized by
+  the Laws of the State                              6,201,978.16
+  Loans secured by United States and other
+  Stocks                                               928,000.00
+  Cash and other Ledger Assets as per extended
+  statement                                          2,154,131.94
+                                                    -------------
+                                                   $34,195,368.53
+  Market Value of Stocks over Cost                     129,796.41
+  Accrued Interest, Rents, and Premiums, as
+  per extended statement                             1,128,927.42
+                                                    -------------
+  TOTAL ASSETS, DEC. 31, 1878                      $35,454,092.36
+
+  TOTAL LIABILITIES, including legal reserve
+  for reinsurance of all existing policies          28,560,268.00
+                                                    -------------
+  TOTAL UNDIVIDED SURPLUS                           $6,893,824.36
+                                                    -------------
+
+
+RISKS ASSUMED IN 1878, 6,115 POLICIES, ASSURING $21,440,213.00
+
+N. B.--For the details of the above statement, see the Society's
+"Circular to Policy Holders," and other publications for 1879.
+
+  JAMES W. ALEXANDER, VICE-PRESIDENT.
+  E. W. SCOTT, Superintendent of Agencies.
+  SAMUEL BORROWE, SECRETARY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Bolt Cutters.]
+
+BOLT CUTTERS.
+
+Send for Catalogue of Schlenker's Automatic Bolt Cutters and Screw
+Cutting Machines.
+
+HOWARD IRON WORKS, BUFFALO, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BIG PAY to sell our Rubber Printing Stamps. Samples free. Taylor Bros.
+& Co., Cleveland, O.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: LA CAISSE
+               GENERALE
+               OF
+               PARIS, FRANCE.]
+
+FIRE INSURANCE EXCLUSIVELY.
+
+  PAID UP CAPITAL                            $1,458,007.78
+  NET SURPLUS, DEC. 31, 1876                    530,056.86
+  CASH ASSETS IN U. S. JAN. 1, 1878             427,881.28
+  NET ASSETS IN U. S. JAN. 1, 1878              220,000.00
+
+TRUSTEES IN NEW YORK:
+
+  LOUIS DE COMEAU, ESQ., of De Rham & Co.
+  CHAS. COUDERT, JR., ESQ., of Coudert Bros.
+  CHAS. RENAULD, ESQ., of Renauld, Francois & Co.
+  JULIEN LE CESNE, RESIDENT SECRETARY.
+  T. J. TEMPLE, MANAGER FOR THE MIDDLE STATES.
+
+_WESTERN UNION BUILDING, N. Y._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE
+ECLIPSE ENGINE
+
+[Illustration: Eclipse Engine.]
+
+Furnishes steam power for all _Agricultural_ purposes, _Driving Saw
+Mills_, and for every use where a first-class and economical Engine is
+required. Eleven first-class premiums awarded, including Centennial,
+'76. Refer to No. 7, issue of '77, No. 14, issue of '78, of SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN, for Editorial illustrations.
+
+          FRICK & CO., Waynesboro, Franklin Co., Pa.
+
+When you write please name this paper.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CAMERON STEAM PUMP,
+
+Also known as the "SPECIAL" PUMP, is the standard of excellence at
+home and abroad. For Price Lists, address CAMERON PUMP WORKS,
+
+Foot East 23d Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Foot Lathe.]
+
+SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED
+$50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe.
+
+Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses, Scrolls, Circular and Band Saws,
+Saw Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc.
+Send for catalogue of outfits for amateurs or artisans.
+
+H. L. SHEPARD & CO.,
+333, 335, & 337 West Front Street,
+          CINCINNATI, OHIO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Established 1844.
+JOSEPH C. TODD,
+
+ENGINEER and MACHINIST. Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum and Bagging
+Machinery, Steam Engines, Boilers, etc. I also manufacture Baxter's
+New Portable Engine of 1877. Can be seen in operation at my store. A
+one horse-power portable engine, complete, $125; two horse-power,
+$225; two and a half horse-power, $250; three horse-power, $275.
+Manufactured exclusively by
+
+J. C. TODD,
+10 BARCLAY ST., NEW YORK, OR PATERSON, N. J.
+
+Send for Catalogue
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STEEL CASTINGS,
+
+From 1/4; to 10,000 lbs. weight, true to pattern, sound and solid, of
+unequaled strength, toughness and durability. An invaluable substitute
+for forgings or cast-iron requiring three-fold strength. Send for
+circular & price list.
+
+CHESTER STEEL CASTINGS CO., Evelina St., Phila, Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: STEEL WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION
+               & STEEL SPRINGS.
+               CARY & MOEN
+               234 W. 29. ST.
+               NEW YORK CITY]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAFTS, PULLEYS, HANGERS, ETC.
+Full assortment in store for immediate delivery.
+WM. SELLERS & CO.,
+          79 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LEHIGH VALLEY EMERY WHEEL CO.,
+WEISSPORT, Carbon Co., Pa.
+
+Manufacturers of Wheels and Machines.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MEDALS.
+MASON'S FRICTION CLUTCHES AND ELEVATORS.
+"New and Improved Patterns." 20 per cent. off list.
+VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Providence, R. I., U.S.A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RUFFNER & DUNN, PATENTEES
+
+and Sole Manufacturers of the Excelsior Steel Tube Cleaners. Price
+$1.00 per inch. Send for circular.
+
+SCHUYLKILL FALLS, PHILA., PA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WOODWORTH SURFACE PLANERS, $125. Planers and Matchers, $350. S. C.
+HILLS, 78 Chambers Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Columbia Bicycle.]
+
+THE COLUMBIA BICYCLE,
+Made by THE POPE M'F'G CO.,
+89 Summer Street, Boston.
+
+A practical road machine, easy to learn to ride, and when mastered one
+can beat the best horse in a day's run over an ordinary road. Send 3c.
+stamp for price list and 24-page catalogue with full informat'n.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Bradford Mill Company Cin. O.]
+
+BRADFORD MILL CO.
+Successors to Jas. Bradford & Co.,
+MANUFACTURERS OF
+FRENCH BUHR MILLSTONES,
+PORTABLE CORN & FLOUR MILLS,
+SMU MACHINES, ETC.
+
+Also, dealers in Bolting Cloths and General Mill Furnishings.
+
+Office & Factory, 158 W. 2d St.
+CINCINNATI, O.
+J. R. Stewart, _Pres._ W. R. Dunlap, _Sec._
+
+[Symbol: Right index] PRICE LISTS SENT ON APPLICATION.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SECOND-HAND BOILERS AND MACHINERY FOR SALE.--Boilers from 30 to 70
+horse power, 15-horse power portable Engine, one 60-inch Lathe, two
+Upright Drills, Blowers, etc., etc. For prices, etc., address JAMES F.
+MANN, Utica, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WETHERILL & BROTHER,
+PHILADELPHIA.
+PURE WHITE LEAD
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ROCK DRILLS.
+NATIONAL DRILL AND COMPRESSOR CO.,
+95 LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK.
+AIR COMPRESSORS to be run by Steam, Water Power, or Belt.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Foot Power.]
+
+BARNES' FOOT POWER MACHINERY.
+
+13 Different machines with which Builders, Cabinet Makers, Wagon
+Makers, and Jobbers in miscellaneous work can compete as to QUALITY
+AND PRICE with steam power manufacturing; also Amateurs' supplies.
+MACHINES SENT ON TRIAL.
+
+Say where you read this, and send for catalogue and prices.
+
+W. F. & JOHN BARNES,
+Rockford, Winnebago Co., Ill.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NAT'L BOLT & PIPE MACHINERY CO.,
+
+Mfrs. of Hand and Power Bolt and Pipe Cutters, Bolt Pointers, Bolt
+Headers, Hot and Cold Pressed Nut Machinery, Taps and Dies, etc. Send
+for Cir. Cleveland, O.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: ELEVATORS
+               HAND POWER AND HYDRAULIC
+               FREIGHT AND PASSENGER
+               SHAFTING PULLEYS & HANGERS
+               S. GRAVES & SON ROCHESTER N.Y.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOILER COVERINGS.
+WITH THE "AIR SPACE" IMPROVEMENTS.
+THE CHALMERS-SPENCE CO., FOOT E. 9TH ST., NEW YORK. Sole owners of the
+Air Space Patents.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE TANITE CO.,
+STROUDSBURG, PA.
+EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS.
+LONDON--9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.
+LIVERPOOL--42 The Temple, Dale St.
+GEO. PLACE, 121 Chambers St., New York Agent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: ROCK DRILLING MACHINES
+               AND
+               AIR COMPRESSORS
+               MANUFACTURED BY BURLEIGH ROCK DRILL CO
+               FITCHBURG MASS.
+               SEND FOR PAMPHLET.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PATENTS AT AUCTION.
+
+Regular Monthly Sales. For terms, address N. Y.
+PATENT EXCHANGE, 67 Liberty Street, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOLLY'S IMPROVED WATER WORKS.
+
+Direct Pumping Plan. Combines, with other advantages, over older
+systems, the following: 1. Secures by variable pressure a more
+reliable water supply for all purposes. 2. Less cost for construction.
+3. Less cost for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply by the use
+of Holly's Improved Pumping Machinery. 5. Affords the best fire
+protection in the world. 6. Largely reduces insurance risks and
+premiums. 7. Dispenses with fire engines, in whole or in part. 8.
+Reduces fire department expenses. For information by descriptive
+pamphlet, or otherwise, address the
+
+          HOLLY MANUFACTURING CO., Lockport, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EVERY MAN
+HIS OWN
+PRINTER.
+
+[Illustration: The Excelsior.]
+
+THE EXCELSIOR
+
+$3 PRESS
+
+Prints labels, cards etc. (Self-inker $5) 9 Larger sizes For business,
+pleasure, young or old Catalogue of Presses, Type, Etc., for 2 stamps.
+
+KELSEY & Co.
+MERIDEN, CONN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PYROMETERS. For showing heat of ovens. Hot Blast Pipes, Boiler Flues,
+Superheated Steam, Oil Stills, etc.
+
+HENRY W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer,
+149 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MACHINISTS' TOOLS.
+
+NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS.
+Send for new illustrated catalogue.
+
+Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.
+
+NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO.,
+          NEW HAVEN, CONN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Sanitary Closet.]
+
+HERMETICAL SANITARY CLOSET
+GUARANTEED ABSOLUTELY WATER & GAS TIGHT
+SEND FOR CIRCULAR
+JOHN S. LENG, 4 FLETCHER ST. N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CIGAR BOX LUMBER,
+MANUFACTURED by our NEW PATENT PROCESS.
+
+THE BEST IN THE WORLD.
+SPANISH CEDAR,
+MAHOGANY,
+POPLAR.
+
+Also thin lumber of all other kinds, 1/8 to 1/2 in., at corresponding
+prices. All qualities. Equal in all respects to any made, and at
+prices much under any to be obtained outside of our establishment.
+Send for price list.
+
+GEO. W. READ & CO.,
+          186 TO 200 LEWIS STREET, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS--For grinding Bones, Ores,
+Sand, Old Crucibles, Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, Corn and
+Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, Spices, Coffee, Cocoanut,
+Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica, etc., and whatever cannot be ground by other
+mills. Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc. JOHN W.
+THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS, corner of White and Elm Sts.,
+New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: Watson Pump.]
+
+THE WATSON PUMP, FOR ARTESIAN, OR DEEPWELL
+PUMPING, PISTON ROD, PLUNGER & WELL
+ROD IN DIRECT LINE MACHINE SIMPLE, EFFICIENT.
+JAMES WATSON. 1608. S. FRONT ST. PHILA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FARM LAW. ADDRESS OF HON. EDMUND H. BENNETT, delivered before the
+Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. This is an essay embracing
+complete and practical information, valuable not only to the farmer
+but to every one. Showing how to Buy a Farm: Bargains that are not
+Binding; Boundaries, and where they are in Streams, Ponds, Lakes, or
+on the Seashore; what a Deed of a Farm includes; Rights in the Road.
+Farm Fences: their Legal Height, etc. Railway Fences. Stray cattle;
+Cattle on Railways; Impounding Cattle. The Farmer's Liability for his
+Animals. The Law on the Dog. The Farmer not Liable for his Dogs. Water
+Rights and Drainage; Damming; Diverting the Course of a Stream.
+Surface Water; Underground Water. Trespassing, in Summer and in
+Winter. Hunting and Fishing. Fruit Trees on Boundary Lines, etc., etc.
+Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 166. Price 10 cents.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: WROUGHT IRON.
+               BEAMS & GIRDERS]
+
+THE UNION IRON MILLS. Pittsburgh, Pa., Manufacturers of improved
+wrought iron Beams and Girders (patented).
+
+The great fall which has taken place in the prices of Iron, and
+especially in Beams used in the construction of FIRE PROOF BUILDINGS,
+induces us to call the special attention of Engineers, Architects, and
+Builders to the undoubted advantages of now erecting Fire Proof
+structures; and by reference to pages 52 & 54 of our Book of
+Sections--which will be sent on application to those contemplating the
+erection of fire proof buildings--THE COST CAN BE ACCURATELY
+CALCULATED, the cost of Insurance avoided, and the serious losses and
+interruption to business caused by fire; these and like considerations
+fully justify any additional first cost. It is believed, that, were
+owners fully aware of the small difference which now exists between
+the use of Wood and Iron, in many cases the latter would be adopted.
+We shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the Beams complete,
+for any specific structure, so that the difference in cost may at once
+be ascertained. Address
+
+          CARNEGIE, BROS. & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ICE AT $1.00 PER TON.
+The PICTET ARTIFICIAL ICE CO.,
+LIMITED,
+Room 51, Coal and Iron Exchange, P. O. Box 3083, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[Illustration: H. W. JOHNS'
+               ASBESTOS]
+
+LIQUID PAINTS, ROOFING, BOILER COVERINGS, Steam Packing, Sheathings,
+Fire Proof Coatings, Cements, &c. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE PRICE LIST.
+
+H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO. 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+$10 TO $1000 Invested in Wall St. Stocks makes fortunes every month.
+Books sent free explaining everything.
+
+Address BAXTER & CO., Bankers, 17 Wall St., N. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S
+INK. Tenth and Lombard Sts., Philadelphia, and 59 Gold St., New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
+
+[Symbol: right Index] and [Symbol: Left index] are used where the text
+had a picture of a hand with the index finger pointing right or left,
+respectively.
+
+Table of Contents: Article named "Buffalo, the domestication of" page
+197 was not included in the original.
+
+Table of Contents: Article named "Steamship, ocean, large" page 196
+was not included in the original.
+
+Table of Contents: Article named "Specimen, a rare geological" page
+196 was not included in the Table of Contents.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Volume 40, No.
+13, March 29, 1879, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VOLUME ***
+
+***** This file should be named 18866.txt or 18866.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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