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diff --git a/18745.txt b/18745.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1841179 --- /dev/null +++ b/18745.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1895 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On +In It, Vol. 2, No. 23, June 9, 1898, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 2, No. 23, June 9, 1898 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: July 3, 2006 [EBook #18745] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + + + + +Produced by Emmy, Juliet Sutherland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + _FIVE CENTS._ + + THE GREAT ROUND WORLD + AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT + + Vol. 2--No. 23, June 9, 1898. No. 83. + [Entered at Post Office, New York City, as second class matter] + + [Illustration: A + WEEKLY + NEWSPAPER + FOR + BOYS AND + GIRLS] + + Subscription + $1.50 per year + .75 6 months + + + THE GREAT ROUND WORLD PUBL. CO. + NO. 3 AND 5 WEST 18TH ST. NEW YORK CITY + + =Copyright, 1898, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.= + + * * * * * + +The Great Round World + +Published Every Thursday Throughout the Year + +=Single Numbers, 5c. Each= + + * * * * * + +SUBSCRIPTION RATES: + + One year, - 52 numbers $1.50 + Six months, 26 " .75 + Foreign subscriptions 2.25 + +Numbers are bound up into four parts each year. Charge for binding, 35 +cents a part. + +Remittances should be by registered letter, or by check, express-order, +or postal-order, payable to THE GREAT ROUND WORLD PUBLISHING CO. + +No receipts are sent for remittances unless requested. 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PAUL BOOK & STATIONERY CO., St. Paul, Minn. + + * * * * * + +_=TALK IS CHEAP=_ + +=DON'T PAY $100 FOR A= + + =TALKING + MACHINE= + +when you can buy one which for amusement will make the children happy +and cause the old folks to smile. Complicated machines get out of order. + +=$3.50= + +[Illustration] + +=The United States Talking Machine= + +is simple, durable; no parts to break or get out of order. Any child can +operate it. It is neatly encased in a hard wood box, well finished, size +8-1/2x11-1/2x3-1/2 inches, with brass hinges and catch; has hearing +tubes for two persons, one (Berliner's Gramophone) record and +twenty-five needle points. Price, complete with one Record, (express +charges prepaid) =$3.50=. Weight 4 lbs. Remit by Bank Draft, Express, or +Post Office money order. =Agents wanted.= + +For terms and particulars address + + =UNITED STATES TALKING MACHINE CO.= + =(DEPT. B) 57 E. 9th ST., NEW YORK CITY= + + * * * * * + + =Mention...= + + Great + Round + World + + =When + Writing + Advertisers...= + + +[Illustration: DO YOU BIKE AT NIGHT?] + + * * * * * + + _Send for Our...._ + =Premium Catalogue= + _Sent for 2-cent Stamp_ + + * * * * * + +=Patriotic Songs= + + =Words and Music= + =10 Cents a Copy= + +JUST READY + + +_ADDRESS:_ + + THE GREAT ROUND WORLD PUBLISHING COMPANY + 5 West 18th Street, New York + + * * * * * + +A Song of Life + + _By MARGARET W. MORLEY. With illustrations + of flowers, fishes, frogs, birds, etc., set in the text. + 12mo, $1.25._ + +"It describes with artistic delicacy the transmission of that wonderful +thing called life in both the plant and animal existence. The difficult +subject is treated with such intelligence and charm of manner that +children may read it with interest, and parents need have no fear of its +influence."--_The Chicago Times._ + +"Something of flower life, something of fish life, of frogs, and of +birds, and a chapter on human life, form the subjects of this book,--all +told in the graceful manner of a womanly woman, whose love for nature +has given her a keener insight into nature's secrets, and a greater +ability to impart those secrets to others with the ease of face-to-face +talks than is vouchsafed to many people."--_The Boston Times._ + + =SPECIAL--25 copies of this exquisite book at 75 cents each.= + + WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON, 5 West 18th Street. + New York + + * * * * * + + FOUR TRUE STORIES OF LIFE AND ADVENTURE. By Jessie + R. Smith. New York: William Beverley Harison. + Price 36 cents, postpaid. + +"Four True Stories of Life and Adventure," by Jessie R. Smith. This is a +book to be read by children, not to them. A child during the years of +seven and nine is usually hungering for true stories, and some mothers +and teachers try to meet the demand by reading and telling "true" +stories to them. This is well and good, but it is clear that if this +inborn craving could be met by books framed in language of such limited +vocabulary and construction that so young a child would constantly be +invited to the story, how valuable it would be. This book is designated +to meet this end. Less than 750 different words are used in the entire +series, and these, excepting the necessary geographical names, are all +in the commonest use among children. The stories are of Columbus, +Captain John Smith, Miles Standish, Benjamin Franklin. Mothers and +teachers with children of from seven to nine years of age will give this +book a hearty welcome--the teachers because the market supply is so +painfully deficient in this line, and the mothers because it will so +admirably solve the oft-repeated query of "Mother, what can I do next?" +It is so well gotten out and still so cheap that it should have a large +sale.--_Mother's Journal, March, 1898._ + + + * * * * * + +'TIS THE SMALL THINGS OF LIFE THAT GIVE PLEASURE + + That's why the + "=DUBLEOOK=" Bicycle + Hanger + is PERFECT + + =50c.= + + =FULL NICKELED + COMPLETE= + + =EASY= for Cleaning and Storing + =SAVES= Tires and Enamel + All Running Gear Free + + Of all dealers or postpaid of + + =THE G.W.E. CO., Room 1103, 26 Cortlandt Street, New York= + + * * * * * + +=BINDING CASE= + +To hold loose numbers of the current part of THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD--preventing them from being lost, getting soiled, or scattered. +May be had in green, red, or blue cloth. =Price, 35 Cents.= + + ADDRESS + =Great Round World Publishing Co.= + =5 WEST 18TH STREET, NEW YORK.= + + * * * * * + +THE LIVING METHOD FOR LEARNING + + +=How to Think in French= + +The most successful means yet devised for learning and teaching how to +SPEAK FRENCH..... + +=Sent, postpaid, on receipt of $1.00= + +"I am sure the book will accomplish precisely what is set to be its +purpose."--=Prof. James W. Bright=, Johns Hopkins University. + +"You have done a great and beautiful work in the publication of your +manuals."--=Bishop John H. Vincent=, Chancellor of Chautauqua. + + +=How to Think in German= + +=Sent, postpaid, on receipt of $1.50= + +"As a practical book to aid in quickly acquiring the power of correct +and fluent speaking of the German language this work has no +equal."--=Scientific American=, Nov. 11, 1893, p. 316. + + +=How to Think in Spanish= + +=Sent, postpaid, on receipt of $1.50= + +"The learner is not obliged to think of rules or of English words when +he wishes to speak Spanish."--=N. Y. School Journal=, July 14, 1894. + + * * * * * + + =Prof. CH. F. KROEH, Author and Publisher= + Stevens Institute of Technology HOBOKEN, N. J. + + * * * * * + +The Great Round World + +And What Is Going On In It + + * * * * * + +Vol. II., No. 23. JUNE 9, 1898 Whole No. 83 + + * * * * * + +CONTENTS. + LATEST NEWS 774 + With the Editor 713 + Letters 714 + New Books 715 + American and Spanish Losses 717 + Declarations of Neutrality 718 + Second Call for Volunteers 719 + Damage to the _Columbia_ 719 + Balloons for War Purposes 720 + Taking Photographs of Battles 720 + Use of Kites in War-time 721 + New Armor-plate Contracts 722 + Privateers for Spain 723 + Hawaii 724 + News from Spain 724 + Lieutenant Carranza in Trouble 725 + News from the Philippines 727 + Postal Service in War-time 730 + European Powers and the Philippines 731 + Cable-Cutting and International Law 732 + Riots in Italy 733 + The Leiter Wheat Deal 734 + News from West Africa 735 + War News 736 + LATEST NEWS 738 + The Flag 742 + + * * * * * + +[Sidenote: =With the Editor=] + +We wish to call our subscribers' attention to our new binders for THE +GREAT ROUND WORLD. During the past year we have received many requests +for missing numbers, also suggestions that some sort of cover or holder +should be supplied, in order that numbers might be kept together, +constant reference being made to back numbers, the loss of one causing +much inconvenience. After giving the matter careful study, we have at +last succeeded in making a handy case, in which the numbers as issued +may be inserted. This case is strongly bound in cloth, with a handsome +design on back and sides; the copies of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD can be +inserted without mutilating them in any way, and be kept clean and in +condition for binding. + + * * * * * + +Letters + + EDITOR OF THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. + + I am very much interested in the war, and would + like to do something for my country. Could you + suggest something that a little girl could do? + + Respectfully yours, + ALMA D. + +Other boys and girls are gathering illustrated papers, periodicals, and +books to be forwarded to the soldiers and sailors. You can help in this +way. + + EDITOR OF THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. + + In your issue of April 21st, you speak of the + Russian officer Milutine having said that no + Christian had ever succeeded in entering and + leaving Mecca before his doing so. Sir Richard + Burton distinctly states that he was the first man + ever to accomplish this feat, as you will see by + his book. Who is correct? + + Very truly yours, + J. T. + +If you read the account again, you will see that Milutine is quoted as +having said that he had heard that no Christian had previously gone to +Mecca and returned safely. It is true that Burton did precede Milutine. +EDITOR. + + * * * * * + +New Books + +"Manipulation of the Microscope," Edward Bausch (Rochester: Bausch & +Lomb Optical Co.). At this season of the year, when so many of our +readers are interested in the study of botany and other nature work, the +use of the microscope enters largely into their work--and yet how few +people really understand this most useful instrument. The writer of this +admirable little book very sensibly assumes that his readers are anxious +to learn the subject from its simplest form to the more complex details, +and he has therefore made a thoroughly useful book. Few people realize +the delight of using a microscope intelligently, nor do they grasp the +true value of even the simple pocket forms of this invaluable little +instrument. If they did properly appreciate the microscope, every boy +would carry a two or three loop lens, and find it as useful almost as +the indispensable jackknife. The wonders of field, forest, and seashore +are not thoroughly appreciated unless the microscope is +used--_intelligently_. + +[Illustration: SPANISH TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYER, "FUROR."] + + + * * * * * + +Current History + + * * * * * + +In our last number we give a review of the first month of the war. In +glancing over the news, it is extremely interesting to contrast the +losses of Spain with those of the United States. In the campaign off +Cuba, we have had less than thirty men killed and wounded, whereas the +Spaniards have lost several hundreds; they have had many of their +fortifications destroyed, and have suffered great damage in other +ways--by the capture of vessels, etc. In the far East, Spain's fleet was +destroyed, and many men killed and wounded; against this was a loss on +our part of one man killed and six wounded, and approximately no damage +to our vessels. + +The escape of the _Oregon_ is considered another victory for us, as +during that trip of about fifteen thousand miles she might easily have +been intercepted and destroyed had she not been splendidly handled. Her +run of four thousand miles between San Francisco and Callao (cal-ye-ae-o) +is the longest ever made by a battle-ship without stop, and in the +latter part of her trip, on one long stretch, she averaged over fifteen +knots, a wonderful speed at the end of a trip of over ten thousand +miles--for a vessel's bottom becomes very foul with barnacles, seaweed, +etc., which greatly retard its passage through the water. + +It is reported that, while coaling at Rio, a number of dynamite-bombs +were smuggled into the coal, but fortunately they were discovered by the +sailors. + +[Footnote: Authority for pronunciation of proper names: Century +Dictionary.] + + * * * * * + +Action in reference to neutrality has been taken by Russia, Greece, +Venezuela, the Netherlands, and Canada. The declaration of neutrality by +Venezuela is of special importance, as Spain's fleet would have found +Venezuelean ports of inestimable value as places of refuge and for the +purpose of coaling. Venezuela expresses her position in the one +sentence: "The Republic will observe the strictest neutrality during the +contest." No statement is made, however, as to what will be considered +contraband. + +The Dutch proclamation of neutrality, in addition to the usual forms, +especially cautions the citizens of the Netherlands against becoming +connected in any way with privateering; and the Dutch vessels are also +required to respect the blockade; in reference to coal, the Dutch +regulation is that only enough shall be sold to permit Spanish or +American vessels to reach the nearest port of their country. + +The Russian proclamation contains a statement to the effect that the +Imperial Government, in concert with the other powers, had endeavored to +find a means which would prevent an armed conflict between the two +countries; that such friendly measures were without result, and that the +Imperial Government "witnesses with regret the armed conflict between +two states to which she is united by old friendship and deep sympathy; +it is firmly resolved in regard to the two belligerents that a perfect +and impartial neutrality will be observed." + +Greece has simply declared that the strictest neutrality will be +maintained. + + * * * * * + +On the 25th of May, President McKinley issued a call for 75,000 +additional volunteers; of the previous volunteers called for, about +112,000 have been mustered into the army; with the addition that is now +called for, the army will number about 250,000; and it is expected that +active operations will be begun at once, and that Porto Rico as well as +Cuba will be seized at the earliest possible moment; it is expected that +part of our fleet will proceed at once to San Juan, Porto Rico, and +destroy the fortifications there, so that our army can without serious +opposition land on the island. + + * * * * * + +The cruiser _Columbia_, which was disabled in a collision off Long +Island, is being rapidly repaired in the Brooklyn Navy-Yard. If she had +not been very strong there is little doubt but that the _Foscolia_ would +have cut her in two; the frames of the vessel, however, are so well +constructed that these, with the protective deck, prevented more serious +damage. Naval officers are very much pleased to find how well the vessel +withstood the collision; they say that if the _Columbia_ had been a ship +like the large ocean liners, nothing would have prevented her sinking +with the ship that struck her. When the officer on the _Columbia_ saw +that a collision was inevitable, he gave the order "Full speed ahead"; +it is very fortunate that he did so, as otherwise the _Foscolia_ would +have hit her amidships; and the damage must then have been very serious, +as the water compartments in that part of the vessel are large, and when +filled might have caused her to capsize. The damage proves to be much +less severe than was at first thought; after two or three weeks it is +thought she will be on duty again. + +This is not the first time that the _Columbia_ has been in trouble of +this kind; two years ago she collided with the _Wyanoke_, a coasting +steamer; in spite of the trying circumstances at that time, not a man +was lost on the sinking coaster, so perfect was the discipline on the +_Columbia_. + + * * * * * + +It is reported that the balloons recently received from Paris will be +sent forward with the first expedition to Cuba; arrangements for +equipping the balloon train are under charge of Lieut. Joseph E. +Maxfield of the Signal Service. It is reported that one of the French +balloons will be first given a careful test from the deck of one of the +war-ships off Cuba. The necessary plant for generating the gas is +already in Tampa; the gas will be forwarded in steel tubes, which will +hold a large volume when the gas is compressed. + + * * * * * + +It is now proposed to take the necessary apparatus to Cuba, and have +pictures of the bombardment of Havana and of other engagements made for +reproduction with the cinematograph. Dr. D. S. Elmendorf is now at +Tampa, Fla., making elaborate preparations for taking these pictures. +The cinematograph is a wonderful invention. By a clever arrangement +hundreds of photographs are taken, one after the other, with marvellous +rapidity; these pictures are printed on a long strip, and made to pass +through the magic lantern as rapidly as when the photographs were taken; +the result is a composite picture which, when thrown upon a screen, +reproduces every motion. + +Edison was the one who invented this system of taking in succession very +rapidly a great number of pictures of moving objects. We hope that Dr. +Elmendorf will be successful, for we will then be able to see these +interesting scenes; and if by a clever use of the phonograph or +graphophone he can record the sound of the guns, we may not only see, +but hear, the battles. + + * * * * * + +In THE GREAT ROUND WORLD last year we described experiments that were +being made with kites by Mr. W. E. Eddy, of Bayonne, N. J., who has been +largely instrumental in promoting interest in scientific kite-flying. +Kites have been made of such power as to carry a heavy cable from one +point to another over some obstruction, or to lift a man some distance +from the ground for the purpose of observation. It is now planned to +make use of the kites for offensive and defensive purposes in connection +with the invasion of Cuba. These kites can be raised to an enormous +height and photographs taken of the country, or, if necessary, by a +clever device which slides on the string of the kite, dynamite can be +carried to a point over the enemies' camp or fortifications and dropped +into them. + +It is also believed that the kite will be of great value for signalling +purposes, especially at night, as it will be possible to hoist electric +incandescent lamps to a great height above the earth and signal by +turning the light on or off in accordance with a settled code. Mr. Eddy +estimates that it will be possible to drop fifty pounds of dynamite at a +time from a distance a mile away; the plan is to send up these kites +from within the lines of the attacking force and drop the dynamite into +the fortifications of Havana. The men who fly the kites can remain out +of sight of the forts; and the kite will be such a small mark and so +high up in the air as to be very difficult to hit with a rifle-ball. + + * * * * * + +After a great deal of discussion in Congress, and many delays in +finishing our war-ships because of the price asked for armor by the +large armor companies, it was decided that the maximum rate--that is, +the highest price--that the Government would pay should be $400 per ton; +until this change was made neither of the great armor-plate +manufacturers would bid, and, as a result, armor was not obtainable. May +24th, bids were opened for supplying the three battle-ships, _Illinois_, +_Alabama_, and _Wisconsin_, now being constructed by the Union Iron +Works, Newport News. About a year ago the Government advertised for bids +for supplying this armor, but no bids were received because Congress had +made the limit of price too low. Bids opened on the 24th were from two +companies, the Bethlehem Iron Works and Carnegie & Co. It is evident +that an arrangement had been entered into between the two, as one +company bid to supply the armor for the _Alabama_, and the other for the +_Wisconsin_, the bids in each case being the same--that is, at the +maximum price of $400 per ton. + +The armor for the _Alabama_ will cost $1,022,504; that for the +_Wisconsin_, $1,023,504; the first of this armor will be delivered in +about seven months, and thereafter about 300 tons will be delivered +monthly. At this rate it will be about fifteen months before the last of +the armor is ready. + + * * * * * + +It is reported that Spain is about to sanction the commission or fitting +out of privateers to prey upon our commerce. In the Spanish newspapers +appear almost daily criticisms of our _cowardly_ methods of carrying on +the war. At one time it is stated that our vessels have been seen flying +the Spanish flag in order that they may surprise some ship of theirs; at +another time our _cowardly_ attack upon some fort in Cuba is mentioned, +when we sneak up under cover of darkness only to beat a hasty retreat +when the first gun is fired. + +In the face of such conduct, it is claimed by the Spaniards that we are +entitled to no consideration, and it is believed both here and abroad +that all of this kind of absurd talk means that Spain contemplates a +resort to privateers to get even with us. + +Privateers, in former years, when fitted out by Spain have acted so much +like pirates that they have been considered and treated as such by +England and by other nations, and the whole system has been so seriously +condemned that it is believed that, should either Spain or this country +fit out privateers, other nations would immediately interfere and put a +stop to it. + + * * * * * + +There has been considerable discussion in reference to Hawaii; the +question of annexation is favored almost universally by our people and +in Congress; in fact, the annexation of the island is now considered not +merely advisable, but absolutely necessary. In sending troops from this +country to the Philippine Islands we must stop on the way for supplies, +and should Hawaii be captured by the Spaniards or annexed by another +power, it would prove a very serious matter to us; it is to be hoped +that the question of annexation will be settled at once. + + * * * * * + +Very little news of interest is received from Spain. In the list of the +new Spanish ministry, published week before last, we included the name +of Senor Leon y Castillo as Minister of Foreign Affairs; Senor Castillo +did not accept the office, which was then offered to Duke Almodovar de +Rio, who has accepted. + +The duke said that he did not wish the office, but accepted it on +patriotic grounds, "as every Spaniard is bound to devote all his powers +to the defence of his country." The duke is well and favorably known in +England, where he was educated, and it is considered that the choice for +this office is a good one. + +The Spanish Minister of Finance, in discussing Spain's financial +condition, recently said that he considered it satisfactory, and that +the payment of all expenses of the war is assured; as a means of raising +additional funds he proposes to convert the floating debt, now amounting +to about 500,000,000 pesetas, into treasury bonds of small denomination, +and to extend the Bank of Spain note issues. Spain may by this issue of +additional paper money find herself in as unfortunate a position as did +Cuba when Weyler endeavored to force paper money upon the people there. +With an increase of twenty per cent. on taxes of all kinds, and with a +paper money of doubtful value, Spain will indeed be in a sorry +predicament. + +Later reports from Spain would indicate that a crisis is approaching; +business is at a standstill, and a famine imminent, as provisions are so +high as to place them beyond the reach of the poorer people. It is +thought that if an encounter with our fleet ends in disaster to Admiral +Cervera, a revolution is inevitable. It is said that Emperor Francis +Joseph of Austria has advised the Queen to leave the country, but that +she has expressed her determination to remain and face the result. + + * * * * * + +Lieutenant Carranza, to whom we are indebted for the admirable +explanation of why Spain should not be held responsible for the _Maine_ +disaster, published in THE GREAT ROUND WORLD some weeks ago, is having +an unpleasant time in Canada. Together with several other Spanish +officials he has been carrying on an "information bureau" for the +Spanish Government; by information bureau we mean a system of receiving +and forwarding reports to the Spanish Government in reference to our +fortifications, etc. The present trouble has arisen from the fact that a +letter containing important information has been mislaid; he accuses +Joseph Kellert, a Montreal detective, and two other persons of entering +his room and stealing this letter. They are making such a fuss over the +matter that the letter must have been an exceedingly important one. + +[Illustration: NEGRO TYPE--PHILIPPINE ISLANDS] + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: MALAY TYPE--PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.] + +A despatch has been received from Admiral Dewey, dated May 20th, +addressed to the Secretary of the Navy; he cables as follows: + +"Situation is unchanged. Blockade is continued. There is a great +scarcity of provisions in Manila. The foreign subjects fear an outbreak +of Spanish soldiers; arrangements have been made for the transfer of +these foreign subjects to Cavite if necessary. The rebel +commander-in-chief, Aguinaldo, who was brought here by the _McCulloch_, +is reorganizing a force, and may render assistance that will be +valuable." + +[Illustration: THE CASINO ESPANOL, FACING PLAZA, SANTIAGO DE CUBA.] + +The first shipment of troops to the Philippine Islands started May 25th +on the three transports, _City of Pekin_, _Australia_, and _City of +Sydney_. When these vessels left San Francisco, late in the afternoon, +the shores were lined with people, and there was great enthusiasm. These +three transports carry about twenty-five hundred men; the expedition is +under command of Brigadier-General Anderson, and consists of four +companies of regulars under Major Robe; the First Regiment California +Volunteers, Colonel Smith; the First Regiment Oregon Volunteers, Colonel +Summers; and a battalion of fifty heavy artillery, Major Gary; and in +addition to these a number of sailors, naval officers, a large amount of +ammunition and naval stores for Admiral Dewey's fleet, and supplies +sufficient to last a year. It was expected that the fleet would arrive +at the Sandwich Islands by Tuesday, May 31st; it will proceed from this +port in company with the _Charleston_, and should arrive at Manila about +June 20th. A detachment of the United States Engineers was ordered from +Willets Point, N. Y., to the Philippines, under command of Captain +Langfitt; Captain Langfitt is an expert in the matter of torpedoes and +harbor defences of this kind, and it is thought that his mission at the +Philippines will be to fortify the different harbors by planting mines, +torpedoes, etc. + +Now that the reinforcements are well on their way, there is no reason to +feel any anxiety in reference to any expedition which might be sent from +Spain. The shortest route from Cadiz is, of course, by way of the Suez +Canal; the distance by this route is over 8,000 miles; from San +Francisco to Manila, by way of the Sandwich Islands, is but 7,000 miles; +therefore we have at least a week the start of any expedition which +might leave Spain. The troops sent on the three transports which sailed +May 25th will be sufficient to garrison Corregidor Island; with strong +fortifications on this island at the entrance of Manila Bay, it is +believed that we can prevent the entrance of any fleet. The only fleet +which it is possible for Spain to send at this time is Admiral Camara's; +in this there are but two armorclads, the _Pelayo_ and _Emperadar Carlos +V_. Admiral Dewey would not consider them sufficiently formidable to +give him any anxiety. + +Unless we meet with misfortune or great reverses in dealing with the +Spanish forces now at the Philippines, there is little doubt but that +they are ours by this time. + + * * * * * + +Now that the Philippine Islands are to be kept by us, the previous +regulations in reference to mails have been changed. When war was +declared the Post-Office Department shut off communication with the +Philippine Islands, as well as with other Spanish countries. A new order +has been issued, and mail may now be sent to the Philippine Islands by +way of San Francisco. In times of war this country permits soldiers to +mail letters to their homes without prepaying postage; this is a great +advantage to them, as we can readily understand that while on a campaign +post-offices cannot be reached and postage stamps are not easy to get. +The officers or men have simply to write on the letters, "Soldier's +letter," "Sailor's letter," "Marine's letter," and they will be carried +by post to their destination and postage collected there without extra +charge. Under ordinary circumstances letters will not be carried unless +partly prepaid; and if foreign postage is not fully prepaid a penalty in +the shape of extra postage is added to the regular rate, and collected +upon delivery. + + * * * * * + +European powers are watching with great interest our movements in the +East. Admiral Dewey's victory, it is considered, has put an end to +Spanish sovereignty in the East. European governments evidently expect +the United States to keep the Philippines, and it is difficult to see +any other solution, as it will certainly not be advisable to return the +islands to Spain, nor would this be consistent with the "war for +humanity's sake." Spain's cruelties in the Philippines have been even +more excessive than in Cuba, and we certainly should not again place the +islands in the hands of that cruel taskmaster, Spain. It has been +suggested that we cede them to some European power; the question is, Can +we do this? These powers are so jealous of each other that they will not +stand quietly by and see any one of their number favored by a gift of +such importance; on the other hand, the presence of an American colony +in Eastern Asia will be a thorn in the side of the great powers; we +have, therefore, to choose which horn of the dilemma we shall accept. +The final settlement of the matter will, no doubt, cause many new +complications and material changes in the traditional policy of our +Government. + + * * * * * + +The mysterious sailing of the steamship _Adria_ from Key West, a week +ago, has attracted a good deal of comment; it is said that she had on +board many miles of submarine cable, together with the necessary +appliances for grappling, splicing, and laying, and telegraphic +instruments for use on shore. It is believed that the purpose is to cut +the cable off shore, splice a piece to it, and carry it to some +unfrequented spot and there establish a cable station; this would enable +our authorities to communicate quickly with Washington--when the +invasion of Cuba takes place, or to keep the insurgents advised as to +our movements. + + * * * * * + +A very interesting question of international law has been brought up by +the cutting of the cables by Admiral Dewey; it is claimed that by doing +this he has established an international precedent, for his cutting of +the cable connecting a country at war with another country is a forcible +interference with communication which has not been practised in any +previous war. + +The question of cable-cutting has never come up before as a means of +offensive warfare, as it is only in recent years that there has been any +extensive laying of cables. Dewey's example has been followed by the +blockading fleet off Cuba; this fact establishes beyond all peradventure +the position that this Government has assumed. The British Government +evidently believes that in the time of war the right to cut cables +connecting the opposing nation with other countries is one which may be +assumed without violation of international law. In a speech on this +matter, Mr. Balfour, First Lord of the Treasury, quoting in Parliament a +few days ago an agreement made in Paris in 1884, in reference to the +protection of cables by different nations, said: "By Article XV. of this +convention, in time of war a belligerent signatory to the convention +(that is, a county signing this agreement) is as free to act with +respect to submarine cables as if the convention did not exist. I am not +prepared, therefore, to say that a belligerent, on the ground of +military exigency, would under no circumstances be justified in +interfering with cables between the territory of the opposing power and +any other part of the world." + +Our State Department considers that this statement on the part of Great +Britain commits that country to the policy regarding cables which we +have recently put into practice; her approval of our action virtually +establishes this right as a principle of international law. + + * * * * * + +Very serious trouble is anticipated in Italy because of the hopeless +poverty of much of the peasantry, and the apparent inefficiency of the +present system of government. The Italian peasant barely succeeds under +the most advantageous circumstances in obtaining food enough for himself +and family; consequently every change in the price of bread is a +serious matter to him; under the present Government the taxes have +become heavier, and this is sure at no distant date to bring about a +crisis; that this crisis is near is shown by the recent bread riots. The +only hope of averting trouble is a change in the policy of the Italian +Government. + + +Many people in Europe are asking why the price of wheat continues to +advance, as there is apparently no reason, for the Spanish-American war +has created no increased demand, nor has it seriously interfered with +the shipment of grain. The increase in price is accounted for, by those +who are familiar with these subjects, on the ground that there seems to +be a general conspiracy to hold back supplies from Europe in the hope of +obtaining higher prices, and in consequence scarcity is created in +certain markets, thus causing the rise in price both there and +elsewhere, and with each rise in price comes additional reason for the +holding back of supplies on the part of the speculators who are +manipulating the market. + + * * * * * + +It is rather interesting to turn from the account of the riots in Italy +to a brief history of Joseph Leiter's famous wheat deal. This wheat +deal, which has just been closed, is the most remarkable that has ever +been known in the history of the grain markets. Leiter has not only made +himself rich, but has added to the wealth of the farmers in the West +enormously. Every effort on the part of other speculators to force +Leiter to the wall has been unsuccessful. Last fall when he was buying, +they turned over enormous quantities of wheat, but he seemed to have +untold millions at his command, for he met every offer with cash, and +demonstrated that he had more money if they could furnish more wheat: +the result was that wheat went up, up, up, until it reached nearly $2 a +bushel, and Leiter has made, it is estimated, over $4,000,000, or nearly +$500 _an hour_ since April of last year. + +The account of the troubles in Italy, and the great prosperity resulting +from Leiter's success here, simply demonstrate what has been called +attention to before--that what affects one part of the world has its +influence upon the rest. A contribution from the prospered wheat farmers +(and Leiter) to the suffering poor in Italy would not be amiss under the +circumstances. + + * * * * * + +In our recent numbers we mentioned the trouble in the Sierra Leone +Protectorate. This trouble has been ascribed to the hut tax; this tax is +practically the only tax levied upon the natives, and it is for the +purpose of raising sufficient revenue to prevent slave-trading. The +trouble in this colony has arisen indirectly, not directly, as a result +of this tax, as the slave-traders have used it as a pretext for stirring +up the rebellion among the natives. England for many years has been +doing her best to suppress slave-trading, and the slave-traders make use +of any grievance, imaginary or otherwise, in their attempts to overthrow +the power of the white men, in order that their barbarous man-hunting +may not be interfered with. Several men-of-war have been sent by England +to Sierra Leone, and are to be reinforced by others; troops have also +been sent to the assistance of the missionaries and others whose lives +are endangered by the uprising of the natives. + +Day by day news from this district becomes more alarming; all of this +part of Africa is at the present time in a state of great excitement, +and it is expected that great difficulty will be experienced in +suppressing the revolt. Early in May, the rebels attacked the American +mission at Rotufunk and killed five of the American missionaries--Mr. +and Mrs. Kane, Miss Archer, Miss Hatfield, and Miss Schenck. Their +bodies have been recovered. + +The hut tax, which has been made a pretext for all this trouble, amounts +to about one shilling a year for each member of the population, or, in +case of families, five shillings for each family. The insurrection was +started by a native chief who has given the colonial government much +trouble heretofore. + +[Illustration] + +During the latter part of May there were first rumors, then reports, and +then confirmed reports that the Spanish fleet was at Santiago, Cuba, and +that it was caught as in a trap by our war-vessels. + +The harbor of Santiago is a deep one, with a very narrow mouth, as +stated in a recent issue of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. The Navy Department +feels extremely happy over the locating of the Spanish fleet and the +fact that it may be kept where it is for the present; this will make +possible the invasion of Cuba and the carrying out of the general plans +of the campaign without fear of having them interrupted by attack from +the Spanish vessels. Santiago is not very well supplied with provisions, +and it will be but a question of time when the Spanish fleet must either +force their way out of the harbor or else surrender. It is to be hoped +that the capture of this fleet will be accomplished without battle, for +battle will mean a large loss on both sides, and it can have but one +ultimate outcome. The inevitable may be deferred, but the United States +is pretty sure to win in the long run. + +One or two of our battle-ships or monitors stationed at the entrance of +the harbor will be sufficient to prevent the exit of the Spaniards, even +if we do not succeed in so blocking the channel with obstructions as to +make exit impossible; this will leave the rest of our fleet free to +operate elsewhere. Great vigilance will be exercised to prevent the +Spanish torpedo-boats from running out and attacking our vessels under +cover of darkness. The entrance to the harbor is so narrow that a patrol +of small boats can be established, making such an attack almost +impossible. + +Cables connecting Cuba with the world outside are being rapidly located +and cut, and by the time this paper goes to press Cuba will no doubt be +cut off entirely, and we will cease to see reports from Madrid of what +is going on in Havana and elsewhere in Cuba. + + * * * * * + +[Sidenote: =Latest News=] + +May 31st Commodore Schley made an attack upon the forts at the entrance +to the harbor of Santiago, with the intention of ascertaining the +position and strength of the fortifications. At one o'clock in the +afternoon of that day the signal to form column was hoisted on the +_Massachusetts_; the _New Orleans_, _Iowa_, and _Vixen_ followed her as +she steamed slowly toward the harbor entrance. When between three and +four miles from shore two of her 13-inch guns were fired; it is reported +that one of the shells struck the partly dismantled Spanish war-ship +_Reina Mercedes_, crashing through her bow and killing a number of men; +two shots followed quite near the same vessel; the two guns in the +forward turret sent their projectiles so close to the Spanish flagship +that the spray was thrown all over her. The shore batteries at this time +began a rapid fire on the _Massachusetts_, but she was soon beyond their +range. The fire was then turned on the _New Orleans_; the shells from +this vessel struck the large battery on the hill above Morro Castle, and +a great cloud of dust and debris rose in the air as the shells burst. +They must have done considerable damage; the shells which followed sent +portions of the wall of Morro Castle tumbling down, a mass of ruins. +Almost every shot found a mark in either the batteries or vessels. It +was the _Iowa's_ turn next; her shells made things lively for the +Spanish fleet in the harbor, although it is believed she was not +successful in hitting any of the Spanish vessels. The little _Vixen_ +swept along after her predecessors, and banged away with her one +6-pounder with as great an air of importance as if it had been a +13-inch rifle; then she steamed away in a triumphant manner, as much as +to say: "I have done my share." The commodore promptly ordered her to +keep out of danger. The ironclads turned, and a second time bore down on +the harbor, and when within five miles the shells began again to fall +thick and fast around the Spanish vessels, although accurate firing was +almost out of the question, as the vessels were behind the hill out in +sight, and range could not be ascertained. The Spaniards kept up a brisk +cannonade long after our vessels had stopped firing; a tremendous amount +of damage was done--to the Caribbean Sea; their shells did not come +within a mile of our vessels. + +June 3d the auxiliary cruiser _St. Paul_ returned to New York, after a +two weeks' cruise in West Indian waters; she had been detailed for guard +and scout duty, and was one of the first to discover the Spanish fleet +in Santiago Bay. She left Key West May 18th, and arrived off Santiago +about the 20th. The St. Louis had been detailed for similar service, and +had been watching Santiago harbor with the expectation that the Spanish +vessels would attempt to enter there; she, however, left on the 19th. It +is supposed that Admiral Cervera must have entered the harbor in the +twenty-four hours between this date and that of the arrival of the _St. +Paul_. + +As it was advisable that her whereabouts should not be discovered to the +Spaniards, the _St. Paul_ cruised backward and forward about twenty +miles out; she kept this distance off shore in order that the Spanish +torpedo-boats might not make a dash out of the harbor in the darkness +and torpedo her. It was not until the 23d that anything was seen of the +Spaniards. Captain Sigsbee is quite confident that on this date he +identified the _Vizcaya_, the _Christopher Colon_, and several +torpedo-boat destroyers within the harbor; they were evidently making +preparations for departure, but were too late, as our fleet under +Commodore Schley reached the harbor before they could get away. + +The only excitement that the _St. Paul_ had was the capture of the +collier _Restormel_. The vessel was sighted very early one morning about +five miles from the harbor entrance, running with all speed to obtain +the protection of the batteries on shore. The _St. Paul_ was too quick +for her; crowding on all steam, the collier was soon overtaken and +stopped by a solid shot fired across her bows. A prize crew was put on +board and the vessel sent to Key West. + +The _St. Paul_ is off again; her destination is, however, a secret. + +Another "great victory" was reported by the Spaniards on June 4th. In +the despatch from Madrid it was stated that one of our most powerful +vessels attempted to enter the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and had been +blown up by a torpedo and sunk, her crew of six men and one officer +being captured. There was something very inconsistent about the +statement "most powerful vessel" with a crew of six men and one officer, +but apparently the Spaniards overlooked this. The fact of the matter is +that Admiral Sampson decided to close the harbor effectually, and in +order to do this sent the collier _Merrimac_ to the entrance of the +channel and had her sunk there. + +This brilliant exploit was planned by a young officer, Lieut. Richmond +Pearson Hobson, who with seven volunteers carried it out in a most +gallant way. + +At this distance and without experience of the fearful effect of modern +gunnery, we cannot appreciate what a dangerous errand these brave men +undertook. To sail close under the guns of many batteries and forts, +through a narrow channel known to be mined, was to face death, and +almost sure death--an act which will make their names famous. Yet when +volunteers were called for, every man stepped forward and begged to be +taken. + +At three o'clock Friday morning the _Merrimac_ started. In the darkness +she succeeded in getting well in shore before she was discovered; then +shot and shell made the water white with spray all around her. But the +brave fellows never flinched, and on they sailed until the narrowest +part of the channel was reached. Down went the anchor, and soon a dull +report in her hold told of the successful explosion of the torpedo which +was to blow her bottom out and make her sinking certain. + +The crew left and succeeded in clearing the vessel before she went down. +But two are reported to have been wounded, and these but slightly. All +were captured and taken to Morro Castle. + +The great bravery of the gallant fellows was recognized by Admiral +Cervera and he sent a boat with a flag of truce to advise Admiral +Sampson that the men were safe and would be exchanged. This act of the +Spanish admiral has won for him a feeling of great admiration in this +country. It was the act of a noble man. + +The Spanish fleet is not only bottled up now, but the cork is in the +bottle. + + * * * * * + +THE FLAG. + +Many questions have reached us from subscribers and friends concerning +the meaning and reason for the stars and stripes on the United States +flag, and how the United States came to choose the colors and design of +the flag. + +Early in Revolutionary times, each colony had its own flag, and they +were very varied in design, and some had strange designs. The colony of +Massachusetts had a pine-tree on its flag. South Carolina had a +rattlesnake on a yellow flag, and underneath the snake the motto: "Don't +tread on me." New York had a white flag with a beaver on it; and Rhode +Island a white flag with a blue anchor. + +Many variations of the "stars and stripes" are found in the flags used +during the first years of the Revolution. Some have red and white +stripes, with the field (where the stars are in the flag we all know) +like the field of the British flag--red, white, and blue lines crossing +one another. This design in the corner of a flag is called its "jack," +and is often used alone. + +In 1777, Congress declared that the flag should have thirteen horizontal +stripes and thirteen white stars on a blue field, each representing one +of the thirteen States. The idea of the adoption of the grouping of +stars and stripes was doubtless taken from the arms of the Washington +family, which consisted of a white shield with two horizontal red bars, +and above these three red stars. + +It was the original intention to add a stripe and a star for each state +admitted to the Union, and the grouping of the equal stripes was +supposed to represent the unity of the Federation. In 1792 the stars and +the stripes were both increased to fifteen on account of the admission +to the Union of the States of Vermont and Kentucky, and, after this, +others were added. In 1818, Congress decided to return to the original +thirteen stripes, and to add a star for each new State, which plan has +been followed since. The three colors, red, white, and blue, symbolize +valor, purity, and truth. + +The United States has but one national flag, which is flown alike on +buildings, men-of-war, and merchant vessels, and to us Americans its +purity and beauty appeal strongly. + +A number of the foreign nations have different flags, known as the royal +standard, the war flag, and the merchant flag. For instance, Spain has +the three. The colors of Spain are red and yellow. The navy flag +consists of three horizontal stripes--yellow in the middle, and a +narrower red band at top and bottom. On the yellow band near the staff +is a coat of arms surmounted by a crown. The merchant flag is made up of +five horizontal stripes--a yellow in middle, a narrow red, then a narrow +yellow, and then a broad red above and below. The colors, red and +yellow, were the colors of the royal house of Aragon, whose fortunes +were closely allied with the Spanish crown. The royal standard of Spain +is an elaborate affair, divided into four parts, containing the heraldic +arms of leading families of Spain, and many devices indicating the +control of Spain over countries which it once held sway over, but which +have long since been lost to her, as Holland, Portugal, etc. + +France uses the "tricolor," a flag of three vertical equal stripes, red, +white, and blue, the blue being nearest the staff. France has undergone +many political changes, and this, the flag of the Republic, was adopted +in 1789. + +Germany's national flag has a white ground, divided into four parts by +black lines--one broad black line and a narrow one on each side. At the +centre is a circle containing the Prussian crowned eagle. The upper +quarter, by the staff, is divided into three equal horizontal stripes, +black, white, and red, and on these is a Maltese cross--the iron cross +of Germany. + +The German merchant flag has red, white, and black horizontal stripes. + +Flags have grown by custom and international law to represent +nationality. If they are insulted the insult is to the nation. In war +they are protected by lives, and in peace they pass around the world, or +float from their staffs on land--marks of their nation's strength and +supremacy. + + * * * * * + +SELECTED LIST OF NEW BOOKS + + * * * * * + +=FRENCH= =WITHOUT A MASTER. + ENTIRELY NEW= + + =Pitman's Practical French Grammar= + +=and Conversation for Self-Instruction.= The latest and most successful +method for learning and teaching HOW TO SPEAK FRENCH, with IMITATED +PRONUNCIATION and copious VOCABULARIES. =Price, paper boards, 40 cents; +cloth, 50 cents, postpaid.= + + "A book of great value to those who would master + French without a teacher."--Prof. J. H. GROVE, + A.M., Pres. Howard Payne College, Brownwood, Tex. + ADDRESS + +=ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, THE PHONOGRAPHIC DEPOT, 33 UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK= + + _Take Lessons at Metropolitan Shorthand School, 170 Fifth Avenue._ + + * * * * * + +The Educational Courier + + W. I. THAMES, Editor + + Is the oldest School Journal published in + Mississippi. Devoted to the general cause of + education. Keeps in close touch with educational + matters in MISSISSIPPI. Publishes STATE BOARD + QUESTIONS and educational news from everywhere. A + splendid ADVERTISING MEDIUM. Subscription Fifty + Cents per Annum. Advertising rate card sent on + application...... THE EDUCATIONAL COURIER + Poplarville, Miss. + + * * * * * + +=The Great Round World REFERENCE ATLAS= + +New maps by W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Edinburgh, Scotland. Specially adapted +for ready reference, and invaluable in tracing geographically the +current of events. Sent postpaid upon receipt of 25 cts. Address + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD PUB. CO., 5 West 18th Street, New York City= + + * * * * * + + BOUND + VOLUMES + + =THE GREAT ROUND WORLD= + is bound four parts to the year. 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Sample dozen, postpaid, 25 +cents.= + + * * * * * + +FIRST EDITION EXHAUSTED + + * * * * * + +A Short History of.... SPAIN + + BY + MARY PLATT PARMELE + (Author of the famous Evolution of Empire Series of Histories) + + =10 Cents Each _POSTPAID_ $1.00 per Dozen= + + * * * * * + +WE QUOTE FROM LETTERS RECEIVED: + +" . . . Wonderfully condensed . . ." "It reads like a romance." "Can be +finished in less than an hour, yet gives a full bird's-eye view of a +country and people. The author's style is charming." "Accidentally +running across your cute little History of Spain, I was so taken with it +as an epitome of the sort that I have long believed there was room for, +that I would like to see what else you have. So please mail me a couple +of sample copies of your weekly, as I have not seen _that_ yet." + +"Every school should have a course in Spanish History at this time." + + =Second Edition Now in Press= + + * * * * * + + =The Great Round World Publishing Company= + =5 West 18th Street, New York City= + + + + * * * * * + +.CLUB RATES. + +"The Great Round World" + + * * * * * + + _Subscription + Price.. + 52 numbers.._ + + $1.50 + + _per year_ + + _Address_ + + _The Great + Round World + Publishing Co._ + + _3 and 5 West + 18th Street + + New York City_ + + PRICE WITH + SEPARATELY "G. R. 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I should like to tell you that + having had classes in current events for both old + and young people, I have never seen any other + publication which so fully carries out my ideas of + the subjects to be presented in such classes as + your little magazine does. I have had classes + every day in the week. I find moreover in your + publication a most excellent resume, especially + for the younger classes. I have moreover + recommended the magazine to many of my older + people. I am writing this because I think it may + be pleasant for you to hear that your work is + appreciated." + +=The Great Round World= + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Obvious punctuations errors repaired. + +Page 714, "incovenience" changed to "inconvenience." (much +inconvenience) + +Page 735, "Sierre" changed to "Sierra." (England to Sierra Leone) + +Under Club Rates, "Bazar" changed to "Bazaar." (Harper's Bazaar) + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 2, No. 23, June 9, 1898, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + +***** This file should be named 18745.txt or 18745.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/7/4/18745/ + +Produced by Emmy, Juliet Sutherland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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