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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Norwegian account of Haco's expedition
+against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII., by Sturla ̃oretharson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Norwegian account of Haco's expedition against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII.
+
+Author: Sturla ̃oretharson
+
+Translator: James Johnstone
+
+Release Date: May 2, 2006 [EBook #18299]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HACO'S EXPEDITION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by National Library of Iceland and Cornell
+University Library via www.sagnanet.is, Johannes Birgir
+Jensson, Sankar Viswanathan, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team of Distributed Proofreaders Europe at
+http://dp.rastko.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                 THE
+
+                          NORWEGIAN ACCOUNT
+
+                                  OF
+
+                          HACO'S EXPEDITION
+
+                               AGAINST
+
+                              SCOTLAND;
+
+
+                            A.D. MCCLXIII.
+
+           LITERALLY TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL ISLANDIC
+                   OF THE FLATEYAN AND FRISIAN MSS.
+
+                            _WITH NOTES_.
+
+
+
+                                BY THE
+
+                      REV. JAMES JOHNSTONE, A.M.
+      CHAPLAIN TO HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AT
+                        THE COURT OF DENMARK.
+
+
+
+             _Originally Printed for the Author in_ 1782.
+
+
+
+                              EDINBURGH
+                  WILLIAM BROWN, 149 PRINCES STREET.
+                                 1882
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO
+
+ARCHIBALD MACDONALD, ESQ.,
+
+MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT
+
+FOR
+
+NEWCASTLE UNDER LINE;
+
+THIS FRAGMENT OF ANCIENT SCOTTISH HISTORY,
+CONTAINING SEVERAL ANECDOTES
+OF HIS
+
+ANCESTORS
+
+THE
+
+LORDS OF THE HEBRIDES
+
+IS
+
+INSCRIBED.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Exactly one hundred years ago this Translation of the Norwegian
+Account of Haco's Invasion of Scotland first issued from the press.
+
+Since then, amid much literature upon the subject, it has always held
+a most important place in the eyes of the student of early Scottish
+History.
+
+As an authentic source of information it has been eagerly sought
+after, but it has an additional attraction in the graphic pictures
+which it presents of the various perils by land and sea encountered by
+the hardy Norsemen.
+
+The translator's valuable notes are given _in extenso_, and for easier
+reference are transferred from the end of the work and printed on the
+pages to which they belong.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+(1782.)
+
+
+The editor, from some particular advantages he enjoyed, was encouraged
+to collect such inedited fragments as might elucidate antient history.
+He, lately, published "Anecdotes of Olave the Black, king of Man;" and
+now lays before the learned the Norwegian account of Haco's celebrated
+expedition against Scotland.
+
+It was the editor's intention to have given a succinct detail of the
+descents made by the northern nations upon the British isles, but an
+increase of materials induced him to reserve that subject for a future
+work. At present, therefore, he thinks it sufficient to premise that
+the AEbudae were, long, the cause of much dispute between various
+kingdoms. They seemed naturally connected with Scotland; but the
+superior navies of Lochlin rendered them liable to impressions from
+that quarter.
+
+The situation of the Kings of the Isles was peculiarly delicate; for,
+though their territories were extensive, yet they were by no means a
+match for the neighbouring states. On this account, allegiance was
+extorted from them by different Sovereigns. The Hebridian Princes
+considered this involuntary homage, as, at least, implying protection:
+and, when that was not afforded, they thought themselves justified in
+forming new connexions more conducive to their safety.
+
+The Alexanders of Scotland having united Galloway, then a powerful
+maritime state, to their dominions, began to think of measures for
+obtaining a permanent possession of the Hebrides by expelling the
+Norwegians. The preparatory steps they took were first to secure the
+Somerled family, and next to gain over the insular chieftains. Haco
+was no less earnest to attach every person of consequence to his
+party. He gave his daughter in marriage to Harold King of Man; and, on
+different occasions, entertained at his court King John, Gilchrist,
+Dugall the son of Rudri, Magnus Earl of Orkney, Simon bishop of the
+Sudoreys, and the abbot of Icolmkil.
+
+All this, however, did not effectually conciliate the Somerlidian
+tribe. The Norwegian Monarch, disappointed in his negotiations, had
+recourse to the sword, and sailed with a fleet, which both the
+Sturlunga-saga, and the Flateyan annals represent as the most
+formidable that ever left the ports of Norway.
+
+It would be improper for the editor to draw any comparison between the
+Scottish and Norwegian narratives; he, therefore, leaves it to the
+discernment of the reader to fix what medium he thinks reasonable.
+
+The Flateyan and Frisian are the principal MSS. now extant, that
+contain the life of Haco the aged. The first belongs to the library of
+His Danish Majesty, the latter is deposited in the Magnaean collection.
+Of them the editor obtained copies; and by the help of the one was
+enabled, reciprocally, to supply the imperfections of the other. He
+has since examined the originals themselves.
+
+The Fr. MS. relates the following anecdote of Missel, at the
+coronation of Prince Magnus A.D. 1261. During Mass Missel the Knight
+stood up in the middle of the Choir, and wondered greatly at some
+ceremonies, unusual at the coronation of Scottish Kings. And when King
+Magnus was robed, and King Haco and the Archbishop touched him with
+the sword of state, the Scottish knight said, "It was told me, that
+there were no knights dubbed in this land; but I never beheld any
+knight created with so much solemnity as him whom ten (f. two) noble
+lords have now invested with the Sword."
+
+The conjectures, in my note on page 42 are confirmed by the following
+passage in the Fl. MS. Then came there from the western seas John the
+son of Duncan, and Dugall the son of Rudra; and both of them solicited
+that King Haco would give them the title of King over the northern
+part of the Sudoreys. They were with the King all summer.
+
+Antiquarians may be desirous of knowing something of the MSS. from
+which this work hath been taken, therefore, it was judged not improper
+to subjoin the following account of them. The Frisian MS. is a vellum
+quarto of the largest size, in a beautiful hand, and the character
+resembles that which prevailed in the end of the 13 century. The book
+of Flatey is a very large vellum volume in folio, and appears to have
+been compiled in the 14. age. It contains a collection of poems;
+excerpts from Adam Bremensis; a dissertation on the first inhabitants
+of Norway; the life of Eric the Traveller; of Olave Trygvason; of St
+Olave; of the earls of Orkney; of Suerir; of Haco the Aged; of his son
+Magnus; of Magnus the Good; of Harald the Imperious; of Einar Sockason
+of Greenland; and of Oelver the Mischievous; it contains also a general
+chronology down to A.D. 1394, the year in which the MS. was completed.
+The work, from the life of Eric the Traveller to the end of St Olave's
+history, inclusive, was written by John Thordrson the priest; the rest
+by Magnus Thorvaldson also a clergyman.
+
+The initial letters, in some places, are ornamented with historical
+miniature paintings. In page 35, there is a representation of the
+birth of Trygvason; and, at the bottom of the leaf, there is a unicorn
+and a lion. 217. An archer shooting. 272. Orme Storolfson carrying off
+a hay-cock. 295. Haldan the Black beheading the Norwegian princes; one
+of them is represented on his knees, dressed in a red cap, a short
+doublet, and in red trousers reaching down to the middle of his legs.
+310. Three men armed with swords, and battle axes, dispatching St
+Olave at Sticklestad; at the bottom of the page a man killing a boar,
+and another fighting with a mermaid. 650. Haco creating Sculi a Duke.
+Sculi is drawn with a garland, or coronet, and receiving a sword,
+together with a book by which he is to swear. Most of the figures, in
+these paintings, are depicted in armour or mail; their helmets are
+sometimes conical, sometimes like a broad-brimmed hat; their
+defensive armour is generally a round target, and a two-handed sword.
+This venerable volume, the noblest treasure of northern literature now
+existing, though wrote in a very small character, and much
+abbreviated, consists of 960 columns, two to every page.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+HISTORY
+
+OF THE
+
+NORWEGIAN EXPEDITION
+
+AGAINST
+
+SCOTLAND,
+
+MCCLXIII.
+
+
+At the time that King Haco ruled over Norway, Alexander, the son of
+William King of Scotland, was then King of Scotland. He was a great
+Prince, and very ambitious of this world's praise. He sent, from
+Scotland in the Western sea, two Bishops to King Haco. At first they
+begged to know if King Haco would give up those territories in the
+Hebrides,[1] which King Magnus Bare-foot had unjustly wrested from
+Malcolm, Predecessor to the Scottish King. The King said that Magnus
+had settled with Malcolm, what districts the Norwegians should have
+in Scotland, or in the Islands  which lay near it. He affirmed,
+however, that the King of Scotland had no sovereignty in the Hebrides
+at the time when King Magnus won them from King Godred,[2] and also
+that King Magnus only asserted his Birthright. The commissioners then
+said, that the King of Scotland was willing to purchase all the
+Hebrides from King Haco, and entreated him to value them in fine
+silver. The King replied, he knew no such urgent want of money as
+would oblige him to sell his inheritance. With that answer the
+messengers departed. From this cause some misunderstanding arose
+between the Kings. The Scottish Monarch, however, frequently renewed
+the negotiation, and sent many proposals; but the Scots received no
+other explanation than what is here related.
+
+
+MCCXLIX.
+
+Alexander King of Scotland, wished much for possession of the
+Hebrides. He had often sent to Norway to redeem them with money, and
+he did so this summer. But when he could not purchase those
+territories of King Haco, he took other measures in hand, which were
+not princely. Collecting forces throughout all Scotland, he prepared
+for a voyage to the Hebrides, and determined to subdue those islands
+under his dominion. He made it manifest before his subjects, that he
+would not desist till he had set his standard east on the cliffs of
+Thurso,[3] and had reduced under himself all the provinces which the
+Norwegian Monarch possessed to the westward of the German Ocean.[4]
+
+King Alexander sent word to John King of the isles that he wished to
+see him. But King John would not meet the Scottish King till four
+Earls of Scotland had pledged their honour, that he should return in
+safety, whether any agreement was made or not. When the Kings met, the
+Scottish Monarch besought King John, that he would give up
+Kiarnaburgh[5] into his power, and three other Castles which he held
+of King Haco; as also the other lands which King Haco had conferred
+upon him. The Scottish King added, that, if he would join him in good
+earnest, he would reward him with many greater estates in Scotland,
+together with his confidence and favour. All King John's Relations and
+Friends pressed him to assent. But he behaved well, and uprightly; and
+declared that he would not break his oath to King Haco. On this King
+John went away, and stopped not at any place till he came quite north
+to Lewes.[6]
+
+King Alexander, then lying in Kiararey-sound,[7] dreamed a dream, and
+thought three men came to him. He thought one of them was in royal
+robes, but very stern, ruddy in countenance, somewhat thick, and of
+middling size. Another seemed of a slender make, but active, and of
+all men the most engaging, and majestic. The third again, was of very
+great stature, but his features were distorted, and of all the rest he
+was the most unsightly. They addressed their speech to the King, and
+enquired whether he meant to invade the Hebrides. Alexander thought he
+answered that he certainly proposed to subject the islands. The Genius
+of the vision bade him go back; and told him no other measure would
+turn out to his advantage. The King related his dream; and many
+advised him to return. But the King would not; and a little after he
+was seized with a disorder, and died. The Scottish army then broke up;
+and they removed the King's body to Scotland. The Hebridians say that
+the men whom the King saw in his sleep were St Olave King of Norway,
+St Magnus Earl of Orkney, and St Columba.
+
+The Scotch took for their King Alexander the son of King Alexander. He
+afterwards married the daughter of Henry King of England, and became a
+great prince.
+
+
+MCCLXI.
+
+In summer there came, from Scotland in the west, an Archdeacon, and a
+knight called Missel,[8] as Envoys from Alexander King of Scotland.
+They shewed more fair language than truth, as seemed to King Haco.
+They set out so abruptly on their return, that none wist till they
+were under sail. The King dispatched Briniolf Johnson in pursuit, and
+he detained them with him. The King declared that they should remain
+that winter in Norway, because they had gone away without taking
+leave, contrary to what other Envoys did.
+
+
+MCCLXII.
+
+In summer there came letters from the Kings of the Hebrides in the
+western seas. They complain'd much of the hostilities which the Earl
+of Ross,[9] Kiarnach, the son of Mac-camal, and  other Scots
+committed in the Hebrides when they went out to Sky.[10] They burned
+villages, and churches, and they killed great numbers both of men and
+women. They affirmed, that the Scotch had even taken the small
+children and raising them on the points of their spears shook them
+till they fell down to their hands, when they threw them away
+lifeless on the ground.[11]
+
+They said also, that the Scottish King purposed to subdue all the
+Hebrides, if life was granted him.
+
+When King Haco heard these tidings they gave him much uneasiness, and
+he laid the case before his council. Whatever objections were made,
+the resolution was then taken, that King Haco should in winter, about
+Christmas,[12] issue an edict through all Norway, and order out both
+what troops and provisions he thought his dominions could possibly
+supply for an expedition. He commanded all his forces to meet him at
+Bergen, about the beginning of spring.
+
+
+MCCLXIII.
+
+Near the middle of Lent King Haco travelled from Drontheim[13] to
+Orkadal, thence east through the mountains to Bahus,[14] and so
+eastwards to Elfar[15] to see Earl Birger,[16] according to an
+appointment that they should meet at Liodhus in Easter week. But when
+King Haco came to Liodhus[17] the Earl was already gone away, and so
+the King returned north to Bahus.
+
+King Haco arrived at Bergen on the day of the invention of the
+Cross.[18] He remained there during the spring, and proceeded in his
+preparations with great diligence. Prince Magnus, having given the
+necessary directions through Rygiafulke[19] concerning the expedition
+and the equipment of the fleet, went to join King Haco. After that a
+great number of Barons, and officers, and vassals, and a vast many
+soldiers flocked in daily to the Capital.
+
+King Haco held a general council near Bergen at Backa.[20] There the
+numerous host was assembled together. The King then declared,
+concerning the expedition, that this whole army was intended against
+Scotland in the western seas, and to revenge the inroads which the
+Scotch had made into his dominions. Prince Magnus begged to command
+this expedition instead of King Haco, who should remain at home. He
+thanked him in many courteous words; but he observed, that he himself
+was older, and had longer acquaintance with the western lands, and
+that, therefore, he himself would go this voyage. He, however, gave
+Prince Magnus full power to rule the nation in his absence. At this
+Council he settled many regulations respecting the internal government
+of the Country; and he granted to the yeomanry, that, while he was
+away, no Sheriff should decide on any cause, unless such cause was of
+the greatest necessity.
+
+During this voyage King Haco had that great vessel which he had caused
+to be constructed at Bergen. It was built entirely of oak, and
+contained twenty-seven banks of oars.[21] It was ornamented with
+heads and necks of dragons beautifully overlaid with gold. He had also
+many other well-appointed ships.
+
+In the spring King Haco sent John-Langlife-son and Henry Scot west to
+the Orkneys, to procure pilots for Shetland. From thence John sailed
+to the Hebrides and told King Dugal that he might expect an army from
+the East. It had been rumoured that the Scots would plunder in the
+islands that summer. King Dugal, therefore, spread abroad a report
+that forty ships were coming from Norway. And by this means he
+prevented the Scotch from making a descent.
+
+Some time before the King himself was ready, he sent eight ships to
+the westward. The Captains of these were Ronald Urka, Erling Ivarson,
+Andrew Nicolson, and Halvard Red. They continued some days out in the
+road, as the wind did not favour them.
+
+When the King had prepared his ship, he removed all his army from the
+capital to Eidsvags;[22] afterwards he himself returned to the city,
+where he remained some nights, and then set out for Herlover.[23] Here
+all the troops, both from the Northern and Southern districts,
+assembled, as is described in the Ravens-ode, which Sturla[24] sung.
+
+     1.
+
+     From the recesses of Finland,[25] bands, keen for battle,
+     sought the potent Ruler of the storm of Javelins. The
+     boisterous deep, that girds this earth, bore the ships of
+     the Protector of thrones west from the streams of Gotelfa.
+
+King Haco mustered all his force at Herlover. It was a mighty and
+splendid armament. The King had many large and well-appointed ships,
+as is thus described.
+
+     2.
+
+     No terrifier of dragons,[26] guardians of the hoarded
+     treasure,[27] e'er in one place beheld more numerous hosts.
+     The stainer of the sea-fowl's beak,[28] resolved to scour the
+     main, far distant shores connected by swift fleets.
+
+     3.
+
+     A glare of light blazed from the powerful, far-famed monarch
+     while, carried by the sea-borne wooden coursers[29] of
+     Gestils,[30] he broke to the roaring waves. The swelling
+     sails, of keels that ride the surge, reflected the beams of
+     the unsullied sun around the umpire of wars.
+
+Some nights after King Haco had arrived at Herlover, Ronald and Erling
+sailed out of the bay with their squadron. Ronald was separated from
+the rest at sea, and made for the Orkneys with some of the ships. But,
+Erling, and Andrew, and Halvard steered south before Shetland, and so
+to the west of Tharey-fiord;[31] and they saw no land; except
+Sulna-stapa[32] west of the Orkneys. Afterwards they sailed in to
+Scotland under Dyrness.[33] They went up into the country and
+destroyed a castle, but the garrison had fled. They burned more than
+twenty hamlets. Next they steered for the Hebrides, and found there
+Magnus King of Man.
+
+Three nights before the Selian vigils[34] King Haco set sail for the
+German sea with all his fleet. He had now been King of Norway six and
+forty winters.[35] He had a favourable breeze; the weather was fair
+and the armament beautiful to behold, as Sturlas relates.
+
+     4.
+
+     The Abyss returned the flaming gleam of war, darted from the
+     bright glittering concave shields of the Goddesses of
+     battle.[36] This voyage, by the bands of the Troubler of
+     peace, through the sea that streams around the world, was
+     unwelcome to the foe--they dreaded the exactor of rings.[37]
+
+King Haco had a company, particularly selected for his own ship. There
+were on the quarter-deck Thorlife abbot of Holm,[38] Sir Askatin,[39]
+four priests chaplains to the King, Andrew of Thissisey, Aslac Guss
+the King's master of the Horse, Andrew Hawardson, Guthorm Gillason and
+Thorstein his brother, Eirek Scot Gautson, with many others. There
+were on the main deck Aslack Dagson, Steinar Herka, Klomit Langi,
+Andrew Gums, Eirek Dugalson,[40] the father of King Dugal,[41]
+Einar Lang-bard, Arnbioern Suela, Sigvat Bodvarson,[42] Hoskuld
+Oddson, John Hoglif, Arni Stinkar. On the fore-deck there were, Sigurd
+the son of Ivar Rofu, Ivar Helgason of Lofloc, Erlend Scolbein, Dag of
+Southeim, Briniolf Johnson, Gudleik Sneis, and most of the King's
+Chamberlains, with Andrew Plytt the King's treasurer. There were in
+the fore-castle, Eirek Skifa, Thorfin Sigvald, Kari Endridson,
+Gudbrand Johnson and many of the Cup-bearers. In general, there were
+four men on every half rowers' seat. With King Haco, Magnus Earl of
+Orkney left Bergen; and the King gave him a good galley. These Barons
+were also with the King, Briniolf Johnson, Fin Gautson, Erling Alfson,
+Erlend Red, Bard of Hestby, Eilif of Naustadale, Andrew Pott, Ogmund
+Krekidants, Erling Ivarson, John Drotning. Gaut of Meli, and Nicholas
+of Giska were behind with Prince Magnus at Bergen, as were several
+other sea officers who had not been ready. Many approved commanders
+were however with King Haco, and of whom mention hath been made.
+
+King Haco having got a gentle breeze, was two nights at sea, when he
+reached that Harbour of Shetland called Breydeyiar-sound, with a great
+part of his navy, as Sturlas sings.
+
+     5.
+
+     The Leader of his people unmoored the ploughers of the
+     Ocean,[43] and raised aloft the expanded wings[44] of his
+     sky-blue doves.[45] Our Sovereign, rich in the spoils of the
+     sea-snakes den,[46] viewed  the retiring haven from the
+     stern of his snorting steed[47] adorned with ruddy gold.
+
+King Haco remained in Breydeyiar-sound near half a month, and from
+thence sailed to the Orkneys, and continued some time at Elidarwic
+which is near Kirkwall.[48] There he declared before his men, that he
+would divide his forces, and send one part south to the Firth of
+Forth[49] to plunder. But he himself wished to remain in the Orkneys
+with the largest ships and greater part of the army. The vassals and
+retainers, however, spoke against this scheme, and made it evident
+that they would go nowhere unless with the King himself; so this
+proposed expedition was dropt.
+
+After St Olave's wake[50] King Haco, leaving Elidarwic, sailed south
+before the Mull[51] of Ronaldsha with all his navy. At this place King
+Haco was joined by Ronald from the Orkneys, with the ships that had
+followed him. King Haco next led the whole armament into Ronaldsvo,
+and lay there for some space. He then sent men over to Cathness[52] to
+levy contribution. He, on the one hand, proposed peace if the
+inhabitants would yield, but otherwise heavy punishment. The
+Cathnesians submitted to the tax, and King Haco appointed collectors
+to receive it, as is here intimated.
+
+     6.
+
+     First our wise Sovereign, the Bestower of peace, and
+     Defender of the Northern Thrones, imposed tribute, the
+     ransom of life, on the dwellers of the Ness.[53] All its
+     tribes were terrified by the steel-clad exactor of
+     rings,[54] and panic-struck at his mighty power.
+
+While King Haco lay in Ronaldsvo a great darkness drew over the sun,
+so that only a little ring was bright round the sun, and it continued
+so for some hours.[55]
+
+On the day of St Laurence's wake[56] King Haco, having ordered the
+Orkney-men to follow him as soon as they were ready, sailed over
+Pentland-Firth,[57] Earl Magnus, however, staid behind. He was here
+informed that John Drotning,[58] and Kolbein Aslacson, with the ships
+expected from the east, but which had been accidentally detained, were
+arrived in the Islands. King Haco then sailed with all his forces to a
+haven that is called Asleifarvic,[59] from that to Lewes, so on to
+Raasa, and, from thence to that place, in Sky-sound, which is called
+Callach-stane.[60]
+
+Here he was joined by Magnus King of Man, and the relations Erling
+Ivarson, Andrew Nicolson, and Halward. He next proceeded to the Sound
+of Mull,[61] and then to Kiararey where King Dugal and the other
+Hebridians were assembled with all their troops. King Haco had now
+above an hundred vessels, for the most part large, and all of them
+well provided both with men and arms.
+
+While King Haco remained at Kiararey he divided his forces, and sent
+fifty ships south to the Mull of Kintire[62] to plunder. The captains
+appointed over them were King Dugal, Magnus King of Man, Bryniolf
+Johnson, Ronald Urka, Andrew Pott, Ogmund Kraekidants, Vigleic
+Priestson. He also ordered five ships for Bute; these were under the
+command of Erlend Red, Andrew Nicolson, Simon Stutt, Ivar Ungi Eyfari,
+and Gutthorm the Hebridian, each in his own ship.
+
+King Haco sailed afterwards south to Gudey[63] before Kintire where
+he anchored. There King John met him; he came in the ship with Bishop
+Thorgil. King Haco desired him to follow his banner as he should do.
+But King John excused himself. He said he had sworn an oath to the
+Scottish King, and held of him more lands than of the Norwegian
+Monarch; he therefore entreated King Haco to dispose of all those
+estates which he had conferred upon him. King Haco kept him with him
+some time, and endeavoured to incline his mind to fidelity. Many laid
+imputations to his charge. King Haco indeed had before received bad
+accounts of him from the Hebrides; for John Langlife-son came to the
+King, while he was sailing west from Shetland, and told him the news
+that John King of the Hebrides, breaking his faith, had turned to the
+Scottish Monarch. King Haco, however, would not believe this till he
+had found it so.
+
+During King Haco's stay at Gudey an Abbot of a monastery of
+Greyfriars waited on him, begging protection for their dwelling, and
+Holy Church: and this the King granted them in writing.
+
+Friar Simon had lain sick for some time. He died at Gudey. His corpse
+was afterwards carried up to Kintire where the Greyfriars interred him
+in their Church. They spread a fringed pall over his grave, and called
+him a Saint.
+
+About this time men came from King Dugal, and said that the Lords of
+Kintire, Margad,[64] and Angus,[65] (also proprietor of Ila), were
+willing to surrender the lands which they held to King Haco; and to
+order their dependants to join him. The King answered, that he would
+not lay waste the peninsula, if they submitted on the following day
+before noon; if not he gave them to understand he would ravage it. The
+messengers returned. Next morning Margad came and gave up every thing
+into the King's power; a little after Angus arrived and likewise did
+the same. The King then said, that, if they would enter into articles
+with him, he would reconcile them with the King of Scotland. On this
+they took an oath to King Haco, and delivered hostages. The King laid
+a fine of a thousand head of cattle on their estates. Angus yielded up
+Ila also to the King; and the King returned Ila to Angus, upon the
+same terms that the other Barons in the Hebrides enjoyed their lands;
+this is recorded in the Ravens-ode.
+
+     7
+
+     Our Sovereign, sage in Council, the imposer of tribute, and
+     brandisher of the keen Falchion directed his long galleys
+     thro' the Hebrides. He bestowed Ila, taken by his troops, on
+     the valiant Angus the generous distributor of the beauteous
+     ornaments of the hand.[66]
+
+     8
+
+     Our dareful King that rules the monsters of the deep,[67]
+     struck excessive terror into all the regions of the western
+     ocean. Princes bowed their heads in subjection to the
+     cleaver of the battered helm; he often dismissed the
+     suppliants in peace, and dispelled their apprehensions of
+     the wasteful tribes.
+
+South in Kintire there was a Castle held by a Knight who came to wait
+on King Haco, and surrendered the fortress into his hands. The King
+conferred this Castle upon Guthorm Backa-kolf.
+
+We must next speak of that detachment of the Army, which the King had
+sent towards the Mull of Kintire to pillage. The Norwegians made a
+descent there. They burnt the hamlets that were before them, and took
+all the effects that they could find. They killed some of the
+inhabitants; the rest fled where they could. But, when they were
+proceeding to the greater villages, letters arrived from King Haco
+forbidding them to plunder. Afterwards they sailed for Gudey to rejoin
+King Haco, as is here said.
+
+     9.
+
+     The openers of gushing wounds, undaunted of soul, proceeded
+     in the paths[68] of the famed Getis,[69] from the south
+     round Kintire. Our heroes, rousers of the thundering tempest
+     of swords, glutted the swift, sable-clad birds of prey in
+     Scotland.
+
+The wind was not favourable, King Haco, however, made Andrew Pott go
+before him south to Bute, with some small vessels, to join those he
+had already sent thither. News was soon received that they had won a
+fortress, the garrison of which had capitulated, and accepted terms of
+the Norwegians. There was with the Norwegians a sea-officer, called
+Rudri.[70] He considered Bute as his Birthright; and because he had
+not received the Island of the Scotch he committed many ravages, and
+killed many people; and for that he was outlawed by the Scottish King.
+He came to King Haco, and took the oaths to him; and with two of his
+brothers became his subjects. As soon as the garrison, after having
+delivered up the strong-hold, were gone away from the Norwegians,
+Rudri killed nine of them, because he thought that he owed them no
+good will. Afterwards King Haco reduced the island, as is here said.
+
+     10.
+
+     The wide-extended Bute was won from the forlorn wearers[71]
+     of rings by the renowned and invincible troops of the
+     promoter of conquest,--they wielded the two-edged sword--the
+     foes of our Ruler dropt, and the Raven from his
+     fields of slaughter, winged his flight for the Hebrides.
+
+The Norwegians who had been in Bute went to Scotland, where they
+burned many houses, and several towns. Rudri, proceeding a great way,
+did all the mischief that he could, as is here described.
+
+     11.
+
+     The habitations of men, the dwellings of the wretched,
+     flamed. Fire, the devourer of halls, glowed in their
+     granaries. The hapless throwers of the dart[72] fell near
+     the swan-frequented plain,[73] while south from our floating
+     pines[74] marched a host of warriors.
+
+While King Haco was in the Hebrides, deputies came to him from Ireland
+intimating that the Irish[75] Ostmen would submit to his power, if he
+would secure them from the encroachments of the English, who
+possessed all the best towns along the sea-coast. King Haco
+accordingly sent Sigurd the Hebridian, with some fast-sailing vessels,
+to examine on what terms the Irish invited him thither.
+
+After this King Haco sailed south before the Mull of Kintire with all
+his fleet, and anchored for some time in Arran-sound. Then, there came
+often Predicant, or Barefooted friars, from the Scottish Monarch, to
+King Haco, to sound him about a pacification between the two
+Sovereigns. At this juncture also King Haco set King John at liberty;
+and bidding him go in peace, wherever he would, gave him several rich
+presents. He promised King Haco, to do everything in his power to
+effectuate a peace between him and the Scottish King; and that he
+would immediately return to King Haco whenever he desired him. Soon
+after King Haco sent Gilbert Bishop of Hamar, Henry Bishop of Orkney,
+Andrew Nicolson, Andrew Plytt, and Paul Soor as envoys to treat about
+a peace with the King of Scotland. They went to the Scottish Monarch,
+and laid before him their overtures. He received them honourably,
+seemed inclined to a compromise, and said that such terms of
+accommodation as he would consent to, would be transmitted to King
+Haco. The commissioners departed; and the Scottish envoys arrived soon
+after. King Haco had ordered that all the Islands to the west of
+Scotland, which he called his, should be wrote down. The King of
+Scotland again had named all such as he would not relinquish. These
+were Bute, Arran, and the two Cumbras;[76] as to other matters there
+was very little dispute between the Sovereigns; but however no
+agreement took place.
+
+The Scotch purposely declined any accommodation, because summer was
+drawing to a period, and the weather was becoming bad. Finding this,
+Haco sailed in, with all his forces, past the Cumbras.
+
+Afterwards an interview in Scotland was agreed upon for a
+reconciliation. King Haco sent thither a Bishop and a Baron; and to
+meet them came some Knights and Monks. They spoke much about an
+accommodation, but, at last, things ended the same way as formerly.
+Towards the conclusion of the day a greater number of Scots convened
+from the country than the Norwegians thought were to be trusted. They
+therefore, retiring to the ships, waited on the King, and told him
+their opinion. The generality advised him to declare that the truce
+was now ended, and to give orders to plunder, as the army was very
+short of provisions.
+
+King Haco, however, sent one of his courtiers, called Kolbein Rich, to
+the Scottish Monarch. He carried with him the Articles of pacification
+which the Scottish King had sent to King Haco, and was commanded to
+bring back the proposals which King Haco had sent to the King of
+Scotland. He was besides to propose that the Sovereigns should meet
+with all their forces and treat about a peace. If that, by the grace
+of God, took place, it was very well; but if it should turn out
+otherwise, then Haco proposed to the King of Scotland to fight, with
+their whole armies, and let him conquer whom God pleased. The Scottish
+Monarch seem'd not unwilling to fight, but he gave no explanation.
+Kolbein, therefore, returned back to his Sovereign, who appeared but
+little satisfied with his message; as is mentioned in the Ravens-ode.
+
+     12.
+
+     The Eastern Hero great in command, and ennobled by Victory,
+     repeatedly offered the decisive conflict of Javelins to the
+     enemy. The strangers, distrustful of their strength, risked
+     not the combat against our magnanimous Prince, wielder of
+     the gleaming blade.
+
+The truce was now declared to be totally ended. The King accordingly
+sent sixty ships in to Loch-Long.[77] They were commanded by Magnus
+King of Man, King Dugal,[78] and Allan his brother, Angus, Margad,
+Vigleik Priestson and Ivar Holm. When they came into the inlet they
+took their boats, and drew them[79] up to a great lake which is called
+Loch-Lomond. On the far side round the lake was an Earldom called
+Lennox.[80] In the lake  there were a great many islands well
+inhabited;[81] these islands the Norwegians wasted with fire. They
+also burned all the buildings about the lake, and made great
+devastation, as Sturlas relates.
+
+     13.
+
+     The persevering shielded warriors of the thrower of the
+     whizzing spear[82] drew their boats across the broad
+     isthmus. Our fearless troops, the exactors of contribution,
+     with flaming brands wasted the populous islands in the
+     lake, and the mansions around its winding bays.
+
+Allan the brother of King Dugal, marched far over into Scotland, and
+killed great numbers of the inhabitants. He took many hundred head of
+cattle, and made vast havoc, as is here described.
+
+     14.
+
+     Our veterans fierce of Soul, feeders of wolves, hastened
+     their wasteful course through the spacious districts of the
+     mountains. Allan, the bravest of mortals, at the fell
+     interview of battle, often wreaked his fatal vengeance on
+     the expiring foe.
+
+Afterwards the Norwegians retired to their fleet, and met with so
+violent a storm that it dashed in pieces about ten of their ships in
+Loch-Long. At this time Ivar Holm was seized with an acute disease,
+which occasioned his death.
+
+King Haco, as was before written, still lay in the Hebrides.
+Michaelmas fell on a Saturday; and, on the Monday night after, there
+came a great tempest with hailstones and rain. The watch on the
+fore-castle of the King's ship called out, and said that a transport
+vessel was driving full against their cable. The sailors immediately
+sprung upon deck; but the rigging of the transport getting entangled
+in the King's ship, carried away its beak. The transport then fell
+aboard in such a manner, that the anchor grappled the cordage of the
+King's ship, which then began to drag its anchors. The King,
+therefore, ordered the cable of the transport to be cut, which was
+accordingly done. It then drove out to sea, but the King's ship
+remained steadfast, and continued uncovered[83] till daylight. On the
+morning, the transport floated with the tide, and, together with a
+galley, was cast ashore on Scotland. The wind gradually increasing,
+the crew of the King's ship got more cables, and dropt a fifth
+anchor. The King himself then took to his long-boat, and rowing out to
+the islands, ordered mass to be sung. The fleet in the meantime was
+forced up the channel; and the tempest that day was so furious that
+some vessels cut away their masts, others ran aground. The King's ship
+also drove into the sound, tho' seven anchors, including that taken
+from the transport, had been used. They then let go an eighth, which
+was the sheet anchor; the ship still drove, but the anchors at length
+took fast hold. Five vessels were cast ashore. So great was this storm
+that people said it was raised by the power of Magic, and the quantity
+of rain was prodigious, as is thus described.
+
+     15.
+
+     Now our deep-enquiring Sovereign encounter'd the horrid
+     powers of enchantment, and the abominations of an impious
+     race. The troubled flood tore many fair gallies from their
+     moorings and swept them anchorless before its waves.
+
+     16.
+
+     A magic-raised watery tempest blew upon our warriors,
+     ambitious of conquest, and against the floating
+     habitations[84] of the brave. The roaring billows and stormy
+     blast threw shielded companies of our adventurous nation on
+     the Scottish strand.
+
+When the Scotch saw that the vessels had run aground, they assembled
+together, and advancing against the Norwegians, attacked them with
+missile weapons. They, however, defended themselves gallantly under
+cover of their ships; the Scotch made several attempts, at different
+times, but killed few, tho' many were wounded. King Haco, as the wind
+was now somewhat abated, sent in some boats with a reinforcement, as
+is here mentioned.
+
+     17.
+
+     The victorious breaker of gleaming weapons, attentive of
+     soul, then sent his bands to the hard-fought field, where
+     breast-plates rang. Our troops, by the slaughter of the
+     suspicious foe, established their Monarch's fame, vilified
+     by the dwellers of the vallies.[85]
+
+Afterwards the Sovereign himself, attended by Thorlaug Bosa, set sail
+in a barge belonging to the Masters of the Lights.[86] As soon as the
+King's men approached the land the Scotch retired; and the Norwegians
+continued ashore all night. The Scotch, however, during the darkness,
+entered the transport,[87] and carried off as much of the lading as
+they could. On the morning, the King with a numerous reinforcement
+came on shore; and he ordered the transport to be lightened, and towed
+out to the ships.
+
+In a little time, they descried the Scottish army, and it was so
+numerous that they supposed the King of Scotland was present. Ogmund
+Kraekidants with his company was stationed on a hill. The Scottish van
+skirmished with his men; and, their main body coming on, the
+Norwegians entreated the King, as they were anxious for his safety, to
+row to his fleet and to send them help. The King insisted on remaining
+on shore; but they would not assent to his continuing any longer so
+exposed; he, therefore, sailed out in a barge to his ships at the
+Cumbras. The following Barons remained on land, Lord Andrew Nicolson,
+Ogmund Kraekidants, Erling Alfson, Andrew Pott, Ronald Urka, Thorlaug
+Bosi, Paul Soor. The whole number of soldiers with them was eight or
+nine hundred. Two hundred men were upon the rising-ground with Ogmund;
+but the rest of the troops were posted down upon the beach.
+
+The Scottish army now advanced, and it was conjectured to consist of
+near fifteen hundred knights.[88] All their horses had breast-plates;
+and there were many Spanish steeds in complete armour. The Scottish
+King had, besides, a numerous army of foot soldiers, well accoutred.
+They generally had bows and spears.
+
+The Norwegians on the hill, apprehensive of being surrounded, began to
+retire in scattered parties towards the sea. Andrew Nicolson,
+observing this, came up to the rising ground, and desired Ogmund to
+draw off his men towards the beach, but not to retreat so
+precipitately as if he fled. The Scotch at this time attacked them
+furiously with darts and stones. Showers of weapons were poured upon
+the Norwegians, who defended themselves, and retired in good order.
+But when they approached the sea, each one hurrying faster than
+another, those on the beach imagined they were routed. Some therefore
+leaped into their boats, and pushed off from the land, others jumped
+into the transport. Their companions called upon them to return, and
+some returned, tho' few. Andrew Pott leaped over two boats, and into a
+third, and so escaped from land. Many boats went down, and some men
+were lost, and the rest of the Norwegians at last wheeled about
+towards the sea.
+
+Here Haco of Steini, one of King Haco's household, fell. The
+Norwegians were then driven south from the transport, and were headed
+by Andrew Nicolson, Ogmund Kraekidants, Thorlaug Bosi, and Paul Soor.
+There soon began a severe contest, tho' very unequal, as ten Scots
+fought against each Norwegian. Among the Scotch there was a young
+knight called Ferash,[89] equally distinguished for his birth and
+fortune. He wore a helmet plaited with gold, and set with precious
+stones, and the rest of his armour was of a piece with it. He rode
+gallantly up to the Norwegians, but no other ventured. He galloped
+frequently along the Norwegian line, and then back to his own
+followers. Andrew Nicolson had now reached the Scottish van. He
+encountered this illustrious knight, and struck at his thigh with such
+force that he cut it off,[90] through the armour, with his sword,
+which penetrated to the saddle. The Norwegians stript him of his
+beautiful belt.[91] The hardest conflict then commenced. Many fell on
+both sides, but more of the Scotch, as Sturlas sings.
+
+     18.
+
+     Where cuirasses rung, our generous youths, formed in a
+     circle, prostrated the illustrious givers of bracelets. The
+     birds of prey were gluttonously filled with lifeless limbs.
+     What great chieftain shall avenge the fate of the renowned
+     wearer of the Belt?
+
+During the battle there was so great a tempest that King Haco saw no
+possibility of bringing the army ashore. Ronald, and Eilif of
+Naustadale, however, with some men, rowed to land, and greatly
+distinguished themselves; as did those troops who had before gone out
+in their boats. Ronald, in the end, was repulsed to his ships; but
+Eilif behaved most heroically. The Norwegians now began to form
+themselves anew; and the Scotch took possession of the rising ground.
+There were continued skirmishes with stones and missile weapons; but
+towards evening the Norwegians made a desperate charge against the
+Scotch on the hill, as is here recorded.
+
+     19.
+
+     The champions of Nordmaera's[92] Lord saluted the stout,
+     harnassed Barons, with the rough music of battle. The train
+     of the supporter of thrones, courageous, and clad in steel,
+     marched to the din of clashing swords.
+
+     20.
+
+     At the conflict of corselets on the blood-red hill, the
+     damasked blade hewed the mail of hostile tribes, ere the
+     Scot, nimble as the hound, would leave the field to the
+     followers of our all-conquering king.
+
+The Scotch then left the eminence, and fled, where they could, away to
+their mountains. The Norwegians, perceiving this, retired to their
+boats, and rowing out to their ships, luckily escaped the storm. On
+the morning they came back in search of the bodies of those who had
+dropt. Among the dead were Haco of Steini, and Thorgisl Gloppa, both
+belonging to King Haco's household. There fell also a worthy vassal
+called Karlhoved, from Drontheim, and another vassal named Halkel,
+from Fiorde. Besides, there died three Masters of the Lights,
+Thorstein Bat, John Ballhoved, and Halward Buniard. It was impossible
+for the Norwegians to tell how many were killed of the Scotch, because
+those who dropt were taken up and removed to the woods. King Haco
+ordered his dead to be carried to a church.
+
+Five days after, King Haco commanded his men to weigh anchor and to
+bring his ship close under the Cumbras. He was soon joined by the
+squadron which had been in Loch-long. On the fast day following, the
+weather was good, and the King sent some retainers ashore to burn the
+vessels which had been stranded; that same day the King sailed past
+Cumbra to Melansey,[93] where he lay some nights. Here he was met by
+the Commissioners he had sent to Ireland, who assured him that the
+Irish Ostmen would willingly engage to maintain his army till he freed
+them from the dominion of the English. King Haco was extremely
+desirous of sailing for Ireland, and, as the wind was not favourable,
+he held a Council on the subject, but the whole army was against this
+plan. He, therefore, told them that as he was short of provisions he
+would steer for the Hebrides. The King then ordered the body of Ivar
+Holm to be carried to Bute, where it was interred.
+
+Afterwards King Haco sailed past Melansey and lay some nights near
+Arran, then proceeded to Sandey and so to the Mull of Kintire, and at
+night he arrived north at Gudey; next he sailed out to Ila-sound,
+where he remained two nights. King Haco laid a contribution, rated at
+three hundred head of cattle, on the island, but part was to be paid
+in meal, part in cheese. Haco set sail again on the first Sunday of
+winter, and met a fog and a storm so violent that few of the ships
+could carry their sails. The king, therefore, made for Kiararey, and
+about this time messengers passed between him and King John, but to
+little purpose. Here the King was informed that his troops had made
+depredations in Mull, and that some of the Mull-men, with two or three
+Norwegians, had been killed.
+
+King Haco next sailed in to the Calf of Mull,[94] where he stayed some
+nights. There King Dugal and Allan his brother took leave of the King,
+who gave them those estates which King John formerly possessed--Magnus
+King of Man and other Hebridians had returned home before. He gave
+Bute to Rudri, and Arran to Margad. To King Dugal he gave the Castle
+in Kintire which Guthorm Backa-kolf had besieged and taken during the
+summer. In this expedition King Haco regained all those provinces
+which King Magnus Barefoot had acquired, and conquered from the Scotch
+and Hebridians, as is here narrated.
+
+     21.
+
+     The Lord of Egda[95] soon recovered all those territories on
+     the continent which had been subjected by the Scottish
+     tribes. In the western regions none durst contend with the
+     offspring of Ingui.[96] His army, like a gathering tempest,
+     indicated desolation to the dominions of his imperious
+     adversary.
+
+King Haco, leaving the calf of Mull, sailed to Rauney. Here he
+overtook Balti a vassal of Shetland, with those who had been sent to
+the Orkneys, and to whom a permission had been given of returning to
+Norway. King Haco from Rauney steered northwards. The wind being
+unfavourable, he made for Westerford in Sky, and ordered the islanders
+to supply him with provisions. Next he sailed past Cape Wrath,[97] and
+arriving at Dyrness, there happened a calm, for which reason the King
+ordered the fleet to be steered into Gia-ford.[98] This was done on
+the feast of the two apostles, Simon and Jude,[99] which fell on a
+Sunday. The King spent the night there. On this festival, after mass
+had been sung, some Scots, whom the Norwegians had taken prisoners,
+were presented to the King. The King detained one as a hostage, and
+sent the others up the country, at liberty, on giving a promise that
+they would return with cattle. On the same day it happened that nine
+men belonging to Andrew Biusa's ship went ashore to procure water, and
+an outcry was soon heard from the mainland. The crew, therefore,
+immediately setting off from their ships, found two men swimming,
+though badly wounded, and took them on board; the other seven,
+unarmed, and incapable of making any defence, remained by their boat
+(which was left aground by the tide) and were killed by the Scotch.
+The Norwegians landing, carried away their dead; and the Scotch, in
+the meantime, fled to a wood. On the Monday, King Haco sailed from
+Gia-ford after having liberated the Scottish hostage, and sent him
+ashore. The King in the evening reached the Orkneys, and anchored in a
+certain sound, to the north of Asmundsvo,[100] from whence he, with
+the greatest part of his fleet, steered for Ronaldsvo. In passing over
+Pentland Firth, a terrible whirlpool appeared, and in which a ship
+from Rygia-fylke, with all on board, perished. John of Hestby was
+driven through the straits, and was very near being swallowed up in
+the gulf; but, by the mercy of God, his ship was forced east to the
+ocean, and he made for Norway.
+
+While King Haco remained in the Orkneys the most part of his troops
+sailed to Norway; some went with the King's permission, but others
+took leave for themselves. King Haco, on his arrival at the islands,
+had at first given out that he would return immediately to Norway;
+but, as it was a long time before the wind favoured him, he determined
+to winter in the Orkneys. He, therefore, named twenty ships that were
+to remain with him, and dismissed the rest. All the vassals stayed
+with him, except Eilif of Naustdale; he sailed home. Most of the
+gentry, however, continued with their Sovereign. The King then
+despatched letters to Norway, concerning the necessaries he should
+want. After All Saints Day, the King steered for Medalland[101]
+harbour; but spent one day at Ronaldsha.
+
+On the Saturday before Martinmas King Haco rode to the port of
+Medalland, and after mass he was taken very ill. He was aboard his
+ship during the night; but, on the morning, he ordered mass to be sung
+on shore. He afterwards held a council to deliberate where the vessels
+should be laid up; and ordered his men to be attentive, and see after
+their respective ships. Upon this each captain took the charge of his
+own galley. Some were laid up in the harbour of Medalland, and others
+at Skalpeid.[102]
+
+Next King Haco proceeded to Skalpeid, and then rode to Kirkwall. He,
+with such officers as dined at his table, lodged in the Bishop's
+palace. Here the King and the Bishop kept separate tables in the
+halls, each for his own retinue; but the King dined in the upper
+story. He ordered certain districts to furnish his nobility and
+household with provisions. Andrew Plytt had the inspection of the
+King's table, and delivered out to the courtiers, retainers, masters
+of the Lights, and other attendants their usual allowance. After the
+proper arrangements were taken concerning the disposal of the fleet,
+the different captains went whither their ships were laid up. The
+Barons who remained at Kirkwall were Briniolf Johnston, Erling Alfson,
+Ronald Urka, Erling of Birkey, John Drotning, and Erlend Red. The
+other Barons repaired to their proper districts.
+
+King Haco had spent the summer in much watchfulness and anxiety. Being
+often called to deliberate with his captains, he had enjoyed little
+rest, and when he arrived at Kirkwall, he was confined to his bed by
+his disorder. Having lain for some nights, the illness abated, and he
+was on foot for three days. On the first day he walked about in his
+apartments; on the second, he attended at the Bishop's chapel to hear
+mass; and on the third he went to Magnus's Church, and walked round
+the shrine of St Magnus, Earl of Orkney. He then ordered a bath to be
+prepared, and got himself shaved. Some nights after he relapsed, and
+took again to his bed. During his sickness, he ordered the Bible and
+Latin authors to be read to him. But finding his spirits were too much
+fatigued by reflecting on what he had heard, he desired Norwegian
+books might be read to him night and day; first the lives of Saints,
+and, when they were ended, he made his attendants read the Chronicles
+of our Kings from Haldan the Black, and so of all the Norwegian
+Monarchs in succession, one after the other. The King still found his
+disorder increasing. He, therefore, took into consideration the pay to
+be given to his troops, and commanded that a mark of fine silver
+should be given to each courtier, and half a mark to each of the
+masters of the lights, chamberlains, and other attendants on his
+person. He ordered all the ungilt plate belonging to his table to be
+weighed, and to be distributed if his plain silver fell short. At
+this time also letters were wrote to Prince Magnus concerning the
+government of the nation, and some things which the King wanted to
+have settled respecting the army. King Haco received extreme unction
+on the night before the festival of St Lucia.[103] Thorgisl, Bishop of
+Stavanger, Gilbert Bishop of Hamar, Henry Bishop of Orkney, Abbot
+Thorleif, and many other learned men were present; and before the
+unction, all present bade the King farewell with a kiss. He still
+spoke distinctly; and his particular favourites asked him if he left
+behind him any other son than Prince Magnus, or any other heirs that
+should share in the kingdom, but he uniformly persisted that he had no
+other heirs in the male or female line, than what were publicly known.
+
+When the histories of all the Kings down to Suerer had been recited,
+he ordered the life of that Prince to be read, and to be continued
+night and day, whenever he found himself indisposed to sleep.
+
+The festival of the Virgin St. Lucia happened on a Thursday, and on
+the Saturday after, the King's disorder increased to such a degree
+that he lost the use of his speech; and at midnight Almighty God
+called King Haco out of this mortal life. This was matter of great
+grief to all those who attended, and to most of those who heard of the
+event. The following Barons were present at the death of the King,
+Briniolf Johnson, Erling Alfson, John Drottning, Ronald Urka, and some
+domestics who had been near the King's person during his illness.
+Immediately on the decease of the King, Bishops, and learned men were
+sent for to sing mass. Afterwards all the company went out except
+Bishop Thorgisl, Briniolf Johnson and two other persons, who watched
+by the body, and performed all the services due to so illustrious a
+Lord and Prince as King Haco had been. On Sunday the royal corpse was
+carried to the upper hall, and laid on a bier. The body was clothed in
+a rich garb, with a garland on the head, and dressed out as became a
+crowned monarch. The masters of the lights stood with tapers in their
+hands, and the whole hall was illuminated. All the people came to see
+the body, which appeared beautiful and animated, and the King's
+countenance was as fair and ruddy as while he was alive. It was some
+alleviation of the deep sorrow of the beholders to see the corpse of
+their departed Sovereign so decorated. High mass was then sung for the
+deceased. The Nobility kept watch by the body during the night. On
+Monday the remains of King Haco were carried to St. Magnus's church,
+where they lay in state that night. On Tuesday the royal corpse was
+put into a coffin, and buried in the Choir of St. Magnus's Church,
+near the steps leading to the shrine of St. Magnus Earl of Orkney. The
+tomb was then closed, and a canopy was spread over it. It was also
+determined that watch should be kept over the King's grave all winter.
+At Christmas the Bishop and Andrew Plytt furnished entertainments, as
+the King had directed, and good presents were given to all the
+soldiers.
+
+King Haco had given orders that his remains should be carried east to
+Norway, and buried near his Father and relations. Towards the end of
+winter, therefore, that great vessel which he had had in the west was
+launched, and soon got ready. On Ash-Wednesday the corpse of King Haco
+was taken out of the ground; this happened on the third of the nones
+of March. The Courtiers followed the corpse to Skalpeid where the ship
+lay, and which was chiefly under the direction of Bishop Thorgisl, and
+Andrew Plytt. They put to sea on the first Saturday in Lent; but
+meeting with hard weather, they steered for Silavog.[104] From this
+place they wrote letters to Prince Magnus acquainting him with the
+news, and then set sail for Bergen. They arrived at Laxavog[105]
+before the festival of St. Benedict.[106] On that day Prince Magnus
+rowed out to meet the corpse. The ship was brought near to the King's
+palace; and the body was carried up to a summer house. Next morning
+the corpse was removed to Christ-church, and was attended by Prince
+Magnus, the two Queens, the Courtiers, and the town's people. The body
+was then interred in the Choir of Christ-church; and Prince Magnus
+addressed a long and gracious speech to those who attended the
+funeral procession. All the multitude present expressed great sorrow
+of mind as Sturlas says.
+
+     22.
+
+     Three nights did the brave warriors, the flower of chivalry,
+     continue at Bergen, ere they entombed their wise and
+     glorious Prince. The breakers of temper'd metals, stood
+     crowding around the grave of the ruler of the nation, while
+     in their swimming eyes appear'd no look of joy.--Then
+     commenced those bloody feuds which till our days have
+     reigned.
+
+King Haco was buried three nights before the festival of the
+annunciation of the Virgin Mary; and after the Incarnation of our Lord
+Jesus Christ one thousand two hundred and sixty three years.[107]
+
+FINIS.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: Sudr-eyiar, (_orig._). The Hebrides or southern division
+of the Scottish islands, so called in contradistinction to the
+Orkneys.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Godred, Chrou-ban, _i.e._ the white handed, King of Man.]
+
+[Footnote 3: _Th_ursa sker (_orig._) _i.e._ the giants' rocks,
+Thurso.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Solunder-haf, (_orig._) the Northern ocean. So called
+from the Soloe islands near that promontory of Norway called Stad.
+That species of sea fowl which frequent the Bass, probably received
+their name from being more commonly found in the Solund isles.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Kiarna-borg, (_orig._), _Fl. Ms._ Kianaborg, from the
+Irish _carn_ a rock, and the Is. _borg_ a castle. This castle was
+situated on a rocky islet near Mul. Fordun calls it Carnborg.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Liod-hus, _i.e._ The residence of Liot. It is not
+unlikely that the isle of Lewes, & the family of McLeod were so
+named from Liod earl of Orkney.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Kiarareyiar, in the Mss. Kiarbareyiar, the island
+Kiararey where Alexander died, suddenly, Jul. 8th. 1249.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Perhaps the Author means Frissel afterwards Bishop of St
+Andrews; or Michael _viz._ de Weymyss, who was ambassador to Norway,
+A. D. 1290.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Jarlin af Ros ok Kiarnakr son Makamals (_orig._). The
+text here is much vitiated. The author might have read in some Irish
+accounts, Jarl na Ross (William) McKerchar, McCalom, _i.e._, the Earl
+of Ross (William) the son of Ferchard, the son of Malcolm. This
+William Mac Erchart was a young Hero, and is corruptly called
+Macentagart by the Scottish historians. Or perhaps, three persons may
+be alluded to, viz., the Earl of Ross, Kinneach-son (of Kintail), and
+a MacCamal of Lochaw, all powerful chieftains on the west coast of
+Scotland. It is, however, not impossible that Kiarnak was some ancient
+chieftain from whom a branch of the Grants was called Clan-Chiarnach.
+The Fl. Ms. for Makamals reads Machamals.]
+
+[Footnote 10: I Skid (_orig._). In the Fl. Ms. istrid e. to war.]
+
+[Footnote 11: The inhuman practice here described was common in those
+times. From the Landnamaboc we learn that Olver first discouraged this
+custom. We read, Olver did not permit tossing infants from spear to
+spear as was usual among pirates, and was therefore surnamed
+Barna-kall or the protector of Infants.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Jol (_orig._). The great brumal festival among the
+Scandinavians. Hence the Scotch word Yule, _i.e._, Christmas.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Nid-ar-os (_orig._), _i.e._, the mouth of the river Nid,
+now Drontheim.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Vikor (_orig._), now Bahus in Sweden.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Elfa, the river at Gottenburg.]
+
+[Footnote 16: An Earl of Sweden and father-in-law to Haco the
+younger.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Liodhusa, a town of Sweden demolished A.D. 1268.]
+
+[Footnote 18: May 3.]
+
+[Footnote 19: _i.e._, the hilly country. Harald Harfager divided his
+kingdom into several counties, each of which was to fit out a squadron
+of ships on an emergency. The counties were again divided into
+_skipreidor_, or smaller districts, each of which furnished a single
+vessel properly equipped.]
+
+[Footnote 20: _i.e._, an eminence, near Bergen.]
+
+[Footnote 21: By banks of oars we are only to understand benches for
+the rowers.]
+
+[Footnote 22: _i.e._, Cape-bay, near Bergen.]
+
+[Footnote 23: An island and excellent harbour near Bergen.]
+
+[Footnote 24: A celebrated poet, uncle to Sigvat Bodvarson, who
+attended Haco in this expedition, and from whom Sturla probably had
+his information of facts.]
+
+[Footnote 25: The most northerly province of Norway.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _i.e._, no warrior.]
+
+[Footnote 27: The Scandinavian Scalds and Mythologists often
+represented treasures as guarded by monsters, dragons, sea snakes, &c.
+This notion probably originated from the fabulous tales of those who
+traded to the Indies. An ancient author, speaking of Scythia, says,
+"nam qvum in plerisque locis auro & gemmis affluant, Gryphorum
+immanitate, accessus hominum rarus est."]
+
+[Footnote 28: _i.e._, Haco.]
+
+[Footnote 29: _i.e._, ships.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Gestil, a famous sea king or pirate.]
+
+[Footnote 31: _Th_areyiar-fioerd (_orig._), perhaps a mistake for
+Faroeyiar-fioerd. Torfaeus read it Barreyiarfiord.]
+
+[Footnote 32: _i.e._, the column of pillars, perhaps the island
+Staffa.]
+
+[Footnote 33: _i.e._, the promontory of deer, now
+Durnish.]
+
+[Footnote 34: 7th of July.]
+
+[Footnote 35: The Norwegians computed by winters: the Scotch did the
+same, as we see by Winton's chronicle:
+
+     "Thretty winters and four than
+     Edan regnyd Max Gowran."
+]
+
+[Footnote 36: Val-drosar (_orig._), the Goddesses of Fate, or
+Valkyriae, to whom armour was supposed sacred.]
+
+[Footnote 37: _i.e._, Tribute--Ringa elldingom, (_orig._), bright
+rings: _Ringa_ signify not only rings, or bracelets, but also money;
+for before the introduction of coinage into the North, very thick
+spiral gold wires were worn round the wrists of great men, who
+distributed bits to those who performed any signal service; and such a
+wire is still to be seen in the Royal Museum at Copenhagen. It is not
+always easy to discern when by _ringa_ is understood ornaments for the
+fingers, bracelets, rings of investiture, or the current money of the
+times.]
+
+[Footnote 38: _i.e._, the islet, a monastery near Bergen.]
+
+[Footnote 39: Afterwards chancellor of Norway.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Probably the son of Dugal, the son of Somerled.]
+
+[Footnote 41: The father of King Dugal was Rory, I suppose. See notes
+on pages 34 and 42.]
+
+[Footnote 42: Nephew to Sturla author of the Ravens-ode. He attended
+Haco in this expedition.]
+
+[Footnote 43: _i.e._ ships.]
+
+[Footnote 44: _i.e._ sails.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Bla-dufor (_orig._), _i.e._ Blue pigeons. The Scalds
+frequently compared ships under sail to birds, horses, and other
+animals in motion.]
+
+[Footnote 46: _i.e._ gold.]
+
+[Footnote 47: _i.e._ ship.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Kirkio-vog (_orig._) _i.e._ Church-bay. Kirkwall.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Breida-fiardar (_orig._), _i.e._ Broad bay. The firth of
+Forth.]
+
+[Footnote 50: St Olave's day, July 29.]
+
+[Footnote 51: Mula in Irish and Icelandic signifies a cape or beak.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Kata-nes (_orig._), _i.e._ the promontory of Cadtav or
+Cathness. Cathness was particularly exposed to the inroads of the
+Norwegians. On this account great numbers of the inhabitants retired
+into Murray and the adjacent counties, where they were afterwards
+known by the name of Clan-Chattan.]
+
+[Footnote 53: _i.e._, the promontory, or Cathness.]
+
+[Footnote 54: Baug-gerdar (_orig._), _i.e._ imposer of rings. _Baug_
+signifies anything circular, therefore, in compounded words, it is not
+easy to discern when it denotes rings or shields, &c. See note on
+_ringa_, p. 19.]
+
+[Footnote 55: This eclipse happened on the 5th of August 1263.]
+
+[Footnote 56: St Laurence's wake or vigil, 9th of Aug.]
+
+[Footnote 57: Cathness by the ancient Britons was called Pentir,
+_i.e._ the headland, whence the neighbouring firth had its name.]
+
+[Footnote 58: _i.e._ John the Queen, perhaps the ancestor of the
+McQueens.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Asleifarvik (_orig._). Fl. MS., Hals-eyiar-vic.]
+
+[Footnote 60: _i.e._ The old woman's rock. _Cailleach_ in Irish, and
+_kerling_ in Icelandic signify an old woman.]
+
+[Footnote 61: _i.e._ The promontory. This island was so called
+because, from its propinquity to the opposite shore, it appeared like
+a cape. The old Venetian edition of Pliny has "Mella xxv mill. pass.
+amplior proditur;" in the other copies it is "Reliquarum nulla" &c.
+Hence the true reading appears to be Reliquarum Mulla &c.]
+
+[Footnote 62: Ken-tir, _i.e._ the promontory, a Peninsula in Scotland,
+Kintire.]
+
+[Footnote 63: _i.e._ God's-Island. I take this to be Giga, or, as
+Fordon calls it, Gia, compounded of the Gaelic _Dhia_, God, and the
+Islandic _ey_, an island.]
+
+[Footnote 64: Who this Margad was does not appear from history, I
+believe.]
+
+[Footnote 65: Angus, Lord of Kintire and Ila, was grandson & heir of
+Reginald king of the isles. His posterity succeeded to the county of
+Ross, & John, the second Earl, A.D. 1449, gave to his Brother Hugh the
+Barony of Slate &c. Lord McDonald Baron of Slate, is the direct
+male representative of Reginald.]
+
+[Footnote 66: _i.e._, rings or bracelets.]
+
+[Footnote 67: _i.e._, ships.]
+
+[Footnote 68: _i.e._ the sea.]
+
+[Footnote 69: A celebrated adventurer or sea king.]
+
+[Footnote 70: Rudri or Ruari is the Irish abbreviation of Roderic. The
+person here meant is, no doubt, the second son of King Reginald, & the
+same who in a donation to the abbey of Sandale, is stiled Rodericus de
+Kintire filius Reginaldi. This Roderic, it seems, besides Allan &
+Dougal, had another son Angus McRorie, Lord of Bute, whose daughter
+and heiress Jean was married to Alexander sixth Lord High Steward,
+Grand father to Robert II. King of Scotland. Robert, A.D. 1400., gave
+Bute to his son John from whom the present family of Bute is lineally
+descended.]
+
+[Footnote 71: _i.e._ the Scotch.]
+
+[Footnote 72: _i.e._ the Scotch.]
+
+[Footnote 73: _i.e._ sea.]
+
+[Footnote 74: _i.e._ ships.]
+
+[Footnote 75: Irar. (_orig._), _i.e._ Irish. As the native Irish had
+suffer'd so much from the Scandinavians it is improbable they would
+apply for assistance to the _Siol Lochlin na beum_. We may therefore
+reasonably conclude that the People here mentioned were the
+descendants of those Norwegians or Ostmen, who long inhabited the
+eastern coast of Ireland and founded some of its best towns. A. D.
+1201 those Ostmen or Easterlings were still so considerable that, at a
+recognition taken of the diocese of Limerick, the arbitrators
+consisted of 12 English, 12 Irish, & 12 Ostmen. Edw. I. gave
+Gilchrist, William, & John Gilmorys, with other Ostmen in the County
+of Waterford, peculiar privileges; &, by the rolls of Edw. II. they
+evidently subsisted, as a distinct people, during the reign of that
+prince.]
+
+[Footnote 76: Kumr-eyiar (_orig._), _i.e._ the Islands of the
+Cumbrians, two small islands to the West of Scotland.]
+
+[Footnote 77: Skipa-fioerd in Islandic, and Loch-Lhong, in Gaelic,
+signifies the Bay of Ships.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Allan & Dougal his brother were, I imagine, the sons of
+Rudri (see the note on page 34.) This Allan we may suppose to be the
+same who, in Rymer's Foedera, is called "Alanus filius Rotherici," &
+who A. D. 1284 was one of the Barons that engaged to support Margaret
+of Norway's title to the crown of Scotland. Dugal was probably the
+predecessor of McDougal of Dunoly _i.e._ Olave's tower. The place
+might receive this name, from having been the residence of Olave, the
+youngest Son of Somerled thane of Argyle.]
+
+[Footnote 79: To avoid long, or dangerous circumnavigations, it was
+usual for the antients to draw their light canoes over isthmuses.
+Among the Greeks such places were termed [Greek: _diolchoi_] _i.e._
+dragging-places, and there was a very remarkable one near Corinth. By
+the Scotch they were called Tarbats, from the Gaelic _tarn_ to draw,
+and _baat_ a boat. There was a Tarbat between Loch-Lomond and
+Loch-Long.]
+
+[Footnote 80: Alwin McArkel, as appears from the Chartulary of
+Glasgow, was created Earl of Levnach by Maol-Coluim IIII., A. D.
+1153.]
+
+[Footnote 81: No doubt the neighbouring inhabitants retired to the
+isles of Loch-Lomond in times of danger.]
+
+[Footnote 82: _i.e._ Haco.]
+
+[Footnote 83: _i.e._ without an awning.]
+
+[Footnote 84: _i.e._ ships.]
+
+[Footnote 85: _i.e._, the Scotch.]
+
+[Footnote 86: Kerti-sveina (_orig._), _i.e._ Inspectors of the Lights,
+who were to see that the Norwegian palace was properly illuminated.
+The office corresponded exactly to the Canhowllyd of the Welsh
+Princes.]
+
+[Footnote 87: In the Fl. Ms. the Norwegians are said to have entered
+the transport.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Fl. MS., Five hundred.]
+
+[Footnote 89: Perus or Pherus (_orig._), probably Fergus.]
+
+[Footnote 90: A quotation from Giraldus's account of the Irish will
+both illustrate this passage & the antient method of fighting.
+"Utuntur--securibus quoque amplis, fabrili diligentia optime
+chalybatis, quas a Norwegiensibus & Oustmannis sunt mutuati. Una
+tantum manu, & non ambabus, securi percutiunt, pollice desuper
+manubrium in longum extenso ictu regente, a quo nec galea, caput, in
+conum erecta, nec reliquum corpus ferrea loricae tricatura tuetur. Unde
+& in nostris contigit temporibus totam militis coxam ferro utcunque
+fideliter vestitam, uno securis ictu praecisam fuisse, ex una equi
+parte coxa cum tibia, ex altera vero, corpore cadente moribundo.
+Lapides quoque pugillares, cum alia arma defecerint, hostibus in
+conflictu damnosissimos, prae alia gente promptius, & expeditius ad
+manum habent."]
+
+[Footnote 91: Knights at their creation were invested with belts
+ornamented with gems. See Malmsb., book 2, chap. 6.]
+
+[Footnote 92: A district of Norway.]
+
+[Footnote 93: Melanzeiar (_orig._). Fl. Ms. Melas eyiar, perhaps the
+island of Lamlash or Alisa.]
+
+[Footnote 94: Mylar-Kalf (_orig._). Among the Norwegians a small
+island adjoining to a greater was called its calf, as the calf of
+Mull, the calf of Man, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 95: A subdivision of Norway.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Yngua (_orig._), one of Haco's predecessors.]
+
+[Footnote 97: Hvarf, (_orig._), signifies an intervening ridge that
+intercepts the prospect--Farohead.]
+
+[Footnote 98: Giafioerd (_orig._) Fl. Ms. Goa-fioerd.]
+
+[Footnote 99: October 28.]
+
+[Footnote 100: Asmundar-vogi (_orig._), _i.e._, Asmund's Bay.]
+
+[Footnote 101: Probably some harbour of the Mainland, one of the
+Orkneys.]
+
+[Footnote 102: A cape of Pomona.]
+
+[Footnote 103: December 13.]
+
+[Footnote 104: _i.e._ Herring bay.]
+
+[Footnote 105: _i.e._ Salmon bay.]
+
+[Footnote 106: March 21.]
+
+[Footnote 107: Here it must be observed that the Norwegian year
+commenced March 25. So that, according to our reckoning, Haco died in
+March 1264.]
+
+
+
+
+Recently published.
+
+
+_Rob Roy and the Clan Macgregor,_ Historical Memoirs of; including the
+_Story of the Abduction of_ LADY GRANGE. With an Introductory Sketch,
+illustrative of the Condition of the Highlands prior to 1745. By K.
+MACLEAY, M.D. I vol., crown 8vo., cloth, _with authentic
+portrait of_ ROB ROY, 5s.
+
+250 LARGE PAPER COPIES on Dutch Handmade Paper, _with portrait_, 7s. 6d.
+
+     The previous editions of this interesting and authentic
+     account of the Times, the Family, and the Exploits of the
+     celebrated Rob Roy have now been out of print for many years.
+     It has therefore been increasingly difficult to obtain copies
+     of a work which throws much light, not only upon the romantic
+     career of the outlaw, but upon the state of the Highlands
+     prior to the Rebellion of 1715. The present publisher has for
+     these reasons issued this third edition, which he trusts will
+     meet with acceptance alike from those interested in Scottish
+     history, and those who may be curious to learn more of the
+     life, character, and adventures of the hero of one of Sir
+     Walter Scott's greatest novels. The story of the abduction of
+     Lady Grange, which is added, as in the previous editions,
+     forms an appropriate sequel to the memoirs of Rob Roy, having
+     all the charm of a romance, while well illustrating the utter
+     lawlessness at one time prevailing within the Highland
+     borders.--_Preface._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     "No one doubts the interest of the book. It has, indeed, won
+     the favour of a large number of readers."--_Scotsman._
+
+     "Those who want to learn the true history of Rob Roy will
+     find it graphically told in the work before us. The whole
+     work is of the most engrossing interest, and reads more like
+     a sensational novel than a chapter in veritable
+     history."--_Perthshire Constitutional._
+
+     "An authority upon the history of the unfortunate Clan
+     Gregor."--_Dundee Advertiser._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Norwegian account of Haco's
+expedition against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII., by Sturla ̃oretharson
+
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