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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/18299-8.txt b/18299-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efd58ad --- /dev/null +++ b/18299-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1952 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Norwegian account of Haco's expedition +against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII., by Sturla Þórðarson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Norwegian account of Haco's expedition against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII. + +Author: Sturla Þórðarson + +Translator: James Johnstone + +Release Date: May 2, 2006 [EBook #18299] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HACO'S EXPEDITION *** + + + + +Produced by National Library of Iceland and Cornell +University Library via www.sagnanet.is, Jóhannes Birgir +Jensson, Sankar Viswanathan, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team of Distributed Proofreaders Europe at +http://dp.rastko.net + + + + + + + + + + THE + + NORWEGIAN ACCOUNT + + OF + + HACO'S EXPEDITION + + AGAINST + + SCOTLAND; + + + A.D. MCCLXIII. + + LITERALLY TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL ISLANDIC + OF THE FLATEYAN AND FRISIAN MSS. + + _WITH NOTES_. + + + + BY THE + + REV. JAMES JOHNSTONE, A.M. + CHAPLAIN TO HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AT + THE COURT OF DENMARK. + + + + _Originally Printed for the Author in_ 1782. + + + + EDINBURGH + WILLIAM BROWN, 149 PRINCES STREET. + 1882 + + + + + * * * * * + +TO + +ARCHIBALD MACDONALD, ESQ., + +MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT + +FOR + +NEWCASTLE UNDER LINE; + +THIS FRAGMENT OF ANCIENT SCOTTISH HISTORY, +CONTAINING SEVERAL ANECDOTES +OF HIS + +ANCESTORS + +THE + +LORDS OF THE HEBRIDES + +IS + +INSCRIBED. + + * * * * * + + + + +Exactly one hundred years ago this Translation of the Norwegian +Account of Haco's Invasion of Scotland first issued from the press. + +Since then, amid much literature upon the subject, it has always held +a most important place in the eyes of the student of early Scottish +History. + +As an authentic source of information it has been eagerly sought +after, but it has an additional attraction in the graphic pictures +which it presents of the various perils by land and sea encountered by +the hardy Norsemen. + +The translator's valuable notes are given _in extenso_, and for easier +reference are transferred from the end of the work and printed on the +pages to which they belong. + + * * * * * + + + + +PREFACE. + +(1782.) + + +The editor, from some particular advantages he enjoyed, was encouraged +to collect such inedited fragments as might elucidate antient history. +He, lately, published "Anecdotes of Olave the Black, king of Man;" and +now lays before the learned the Norwegian account of Haco's celebrated +expedition against Scotland. + +It was the editor's intention to have given a succinct detail of the +descents made by the northern nations upon the British isles, but an +increase of materials induced him to reserve that subject for a future +work. At present, therefore, he thinks it sufficient to premise that +the Æbudæ were, long, the cause of much dispute between various +kingdoms. They seemed naturally connected with Scotland; but the +superior navies of Lochlin rendered them liable to impressions from +that quarter. + +The situation of the Kings of the Isles was peculiarly delicate; for, +though their territories were extensive, yet they were by no means a +match for the neighbouring states. On this account, allegiance was +extorted from them by different Sovereigns. The Hebridian Princes +considered this involuntary homage, as, at least, implying protection: +and, when that was not afforded, they thought themselves justified in +forming new connexions more conducive to their safety. + +The Alexanders of Scotland having united Galloway, then a powerful +maritime state, to their dominions, began to think of measures for +obtaining a permanent possession of the Hebrides by expelling the +Norwegians. The preparatory steps they took were first to secure the +Somerled family, and next to gain over the insular chieftains. Haco +was no less earnest to attach every person of consequence to his +party. He gave his daughter in marriage to Harold King of Man; and, on +different occasions, entertained at his court King John, Gilchrist, +Dugall the son of Rudri, Magnus Earl of Orkney, Simon bishop of the +Sudoreys, and the abbot of Icolmkil. + +All this, however, did not effectually conciliate the Somerlidian +tribe. The Norwegian Monarch, disappointed in his negotiations, had +recourse to the sword, and sailed with a fleet, which both the +Sturlunga-saga, and the Flateyan annals represent as the most +formidable that ever left the ports of Norway. + +It would be improper for the editor to draw any comparison between the +Scottish and Norwegian narratives; he, therefore, leaves it to the +discernment of the reader to fix what medium he thinks reasonable. + +The Flateyan and Frisian are the principal MSS. now extant, that +contain the life of Haco the aged. The first belongs to the library of +His Danish Majesty, the latter is deposited in the Magnæan collection. +Of them the editor obtained copies; and by the help of the one was +enabled, reciprocally, to supply the imperfections of the other. He +has since examined the originals themselves. + +The Fr. MS. relates the following anecdote of Missel, at the +coronation of Prince Magnus A.D. 1261. During Mass Missel the Knight +stood up in the middle of the Choir, and wondered greatly at some +ceremonies, unusual at the coronation of Scottish Kings. And when King +Magnus was robed, and King Haco and the Archbishop touched him with +the sword of state, the Scottish knight said, "It was told me, that +there were no knights dubbed in this land; but I never beheld any +knight created with so much solemnity as him whom ten (f. two) noble +lords have now invested with the Sword." + +The conjectures, in my note on page 42 are confirmed by the following +passage in the Fl. MS. Then came there from the western seas John the +son of Duncan, and Dugall the son of Rudra; and both of them solicited +that King Haco would give them the title of King over the northern +part of the Sudoreys. They were with the King all summer. + +Antiquarians may be desirous of knowing something of the MSS. from +which this work hath been taken, therefore, it was judged not improper +to subjoin the following account of them. The Frisian MS. is a vellum +quarto of the largest size, in a beautiful hand, and the character +resembles that which prevailed in the end of the 13 century. The book +of Flatey is a very large vellum volume in folio, and appears to have +been compiled in the 14. age. It contains a collection of poems; +excerpts from Adam Bremensis; a dissertation on the first inhabitants +of Norway; the life of Eric the Traveller; of Olave Trygvason; of St +Olave; of the earls of Orkney; of Suerir; of Haco the Aged; of his son +Magnus; of Magnus the Good; of Harald the Imperious; of Einar Sockason +of Greenland; and of Ölver the Mischievous; it contains also a general +chronology down to A.D. 1394, the year in which the MS. was completed. +The work, from the life of Eric the Traveller to the end of St Olave's +history, inclusive, was written by John Thordrson the priest; the rest +by Magnus Thorvaldson also a clergyman. + +The initial letters, in some places, are ornamented with historical +miniature paintings. In page 35, there is a representation of the +birth of Trygvason; and, at the bottom of the leaf, there is a unicorn +and a lion. 217. An archer shooting. 272. Orme Storolfson carrying off +a hay-cock. 295. Haldan the Black beheading the Norwegian princes; one +of them is represented on his knees, dressed in a red cap, a short +doublet, and in red trousers reaching down to the middle of his legs. +310. Three men armed with swords, and battle axes, dispatching St +Olave at Sticklestad; at the bottom of the page a man killing a boar, +and another fighting with a mermaid. 650. Haco creating Sculi a Duke. +Sculi is drawn with a garland, or coronet, and receiving a sword, +together with a book by which he is to swear. Most of the figures, in +these paintings, are depicted in armour or mail; their helmets are +sometimes conical, sometimes like a broad-brimmed hat; their +defensive armour is generally a round target, and a two-handed sword. +This venerable volume, the noblest treasure of northern literature now +existing, though wrote in a very small character, and much +abbreviated, consists of 960 columns, two to every page. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE + +HISTORY + +OF THE + +NORWEGIAN EXPEDITION + +AGAINST + +SCOTLAND, + +MCCLXIII. + + +At the time that King Haco ruled over Norway, Alexander, the son of +William King of Scotland, was then King of Scotland. He was a great +Prince, and very ambitious of this world's praise. He sent, from +Scotland in the Western sea, two Bishops to King Haco. At first they +begged to know if King Haco would give up those territories in the +Hebrides,[1] which King Magnus Bare-foot had unjustly wrested from +Malcolm, Predecessor to the Scottish King. The King said that Magnus +had settled with Malcolm, what districts the Norwegians should have +in Scotland, or in the Islands which lay near it. He affirmed, +however, that the King of Scotland had no sovereignty in the Hebrides +at the time when King Magnus won them from King Godred,[2] and also +that King Magnus only asserted his Birthright. The commissioners then +said, that the King of Scotland was willing to purchase all the +Hebrides from King Haco, and entreated him to value them in fine +silver. The King replied, he knew no such urgent want of money as +would oblige him to sell his inheritance. With that answer the +messengers departed. From this cause some misunderstanding arose +between the Kings. The Scottish Monarch, however, frequently renewed +the negotiation, and sent many proposals; but the Scots received no +other explanation than what is here related. + + +MCCXLIX. + +Alexander King of Scotland, wished much for possession of the +Hebrides. He had often sent to Norway to redeem them with money, and +he did so this summer. But when he could not purchase those +territories of King Haco, he took other measures in hand, which were +not princely. Collecting forces throughout all Scotland, he prepared +for a voyage to the Hebrides, and determined to subdue those islands +under his dominion. He made it manifest before his subjects, that he +would not desist till he had set his standard east on the cliffs of +Thurso,[3] and had reduced under himself all the provinces which the +Norwegian Monarch possessed to the westward of the German Ocean.[4] + +King Alexander sent word to John King of the isles that he wished to +see him. But King John would not meet the Scottish King till four +Earls of Scotland had pledged their honour, that he should return in +safety, whether any agreement was made or not. When the Kings met, the +Scottish Monarch besought King John, that he would give up +Kiarnaburgh[5] into his power, and three other Castles which he held +of King Haco; as also the other lands which King Haco had conferred +upon him. The Scottish King added, that, if he would join him in good +earnest, he would reward him with many greater estates in Scotland, +together with his confidence and favour. All King John's Relations and +Friends pressed him to assent. But he behaved well, and uprightly; and +declared that he would not break his oath to King Haco. On this King +John went away, and stopped not at any place till he came quite north +to Lewes.[6] + +King Alexander, then lying in Kiararey-sound,[7] dreamed a dream, and +thought three men came to him. He thought one of them was in royal +robes, but very stern, ruddy in countenance, somewhat thick, and of +middling size. Another seemed of a slender make, but active, and of +all men the most engaging, and majestic. The third again, was of very +great stature, but his features were distorted, and of all the rest he +was the most unsightly. They addressed their speech to the King, and +enquired whether he meant to invade the Hebrides. Alexander thought he +answered that he certainly proposed to subject the islands. The Genius +of the vision bade him go back; and told him no other measure would +turn out to his advantage. The King related his dream; and many +advised him to return. But the King would not; and a little after he +was seized with a disorder, and died. The Scottish army then broke up; +and they removed the King's body to Scotland. The Hebridians say that +the men whom the King saw in his sleep were St Olave King of Norway, +St Magnus Earl of Orkney, and St Columba. + +The Scotch took for their King Alexander the son of King Alexander. He +afterwards married the daughter of Henry King of England, and became a +great prince. + + +MCCLXI. + +In summer there came, from Scotland in the west, an Archdeacon, and a +knight called Missel,[8] as Envoys from Alexander King of Scotland. +They shewed more fair language than truth, as seemed to King Haco. +They set out so abruptly on their return, that none wist till they +were under sail. The King dispatched Briniolf Johnson in pursuit, and +he detained them with him. The King declared that they should remain +that winter in Norway, because they had gone away without taking +leave, contrary to what other Envoys did. + + +MCCLXII. + +In summer there came letters from the Kings of the Hebrides in the +western seas. They complain'd much of the hostilities which the Earl +of Ross,[9] Kiarnach, the son of Mac-camal, and other Scots +committed in the Hebrides when they went out to Sky.[10] They burned +villages, and churches, and they killed great numbers both of men and +women. They affirmed, that the Scotch had even taken the small +children and raising them on the points of their spears shook them +till they fell down to their hands, when they threw them away +lifeless on the ground.[11] + +They said also, that the Scottish King purposed to subdue all the +Hebrides, if life was granted him. + +When King Haco heard these tidings they gave him much uneasiness, and +he laid the case before his council. Whatever objections were made, +the resolution was then taken, that King Haco should in winter, about +Christmas,[12] issue an edict through all Norway, and order out both +what troops and provisions he thought his dominions could possibly +supply for an expedition. He commanded all his forces to meet him at +Bergen, about the beginning of spring. + + +MCCLXIII. + +Near the middle of Lent King Haco travelled from Drontheim[13] to +Orkadal, thence east through the mountains to Bahus,[14] and so +eastwards to Elfar[15] to see Earl Birger,[16] according to an +appointment that they should meet at Liodhus in Easter week. But when +King Haco came to Liodhus[17] the Earl was already gone away, and so +the King returned north to Bahus. + +King Haco arrived at Bergen on the day of the invention of the +Cross.[18] He remained there during the spring, and proceeded in his +preparations with great diligence. Prince Magnus, having given the +necessary directions through Rygiafulke[19] concerning the expedition +and the equipment of the fleet, went to join King Haco. After that a +great number of Barons, and officers, and vassals, and a vast many +soldiers flocked in daily to the Capital. + +King Haco held a general council near Bergen at Backa.[20] There the +numerous host was assembled together. The King then declared, +concerning the expedition, that this whole army was intended against +Scotland in the western seas, and to revenge the inroads which the +Scotch had made into his dominions. Prince Magnus begged to command +this expedition instead of King Haco, who should remain at home. He +thanked him in many courteous words; but he observed, that he himself +was older, and had longer acquaintance with the western lands, and +that, therefore, he himself would go this voyage. He, however, gave +Prince Magnus full power to rule the nation in his absence. At this +Council he settled many regulations respecting the internal government +of the Country; and he granted to the yeomanry, that, while he was +away, no Sheriff should decide on any cause, unless such cause was of +the greatest necessity. + +During this voyage King Haco had that great vessel which he had caused +to be constructed at Bergen. It was built entirely of oak, and +contained twenty-seven banks of oars.[21] It was ornamented with +heads and necks of dragons beautifully overlaid with gold. He had also +many other well-appointed ships. + +In the spring King Haco sent John-Langlife-son and Henry Scot west to +the Orkneys, to procure pilots for Shetland. From thence John sailed +to the Hebrides and told King Dugal that he might expect an army from +the East. It had been rumoured that the Scots would plunder in the +islands that summer. King Dugal, therefore, spread abroad a report +that forty ships were coming from Norway. And by this means he +prevented the Scotch from making a descent. + +Some time before the King himself was ready, he sent eight ships to +the westward. The Captains of these were Ronald Urka, Erling Ivarson, +Andrew Nicolson, and Halvard Red. They continued some days out in the +road, as the wind did not favour them. + +When the King had prepared his ship, he removed all his army from the +capital to Eidsvags;[22] afterwards he himself returned to the city, +where he remained some nights, and then set out for Herlover.[23] Here +all the troops, both from the Northern and Southern districts, +assembled, as is described in the Ravens-ode, which Sturla[24] sung. + + 1. + + From the recesses of Finland,[25] bands, keen for battle, + sought the potent Ruler of the storm of Javelins. The + boisterous deep, that girds this earth, bore the ships of + the Protector of thrones west from the streams of Gotelfa. + +King Haco mustered all his force at Herlover. It was a mighty and +splendid armament. The King had many large and well-appointed ships, +as is thus described. + + 2. + + No terrifier of dragons,[26] guardians of the hoarded + treasure,[27] e'er in one place beheld more numerous hosts. + The stainer of the sea-fowl's beak,[28] resolved to scour the + main, far distant shores connected by swift fleets. + + 3. + + A glare of light blazed from the powerful, far-famed monarch + while, carried by the sea-borne wooden coursers[29] of + Gestils,[30] he broke to the roaring waves. The swelling + sails, of keels that ride the surge, reflected the beams of + the unsullied sun around the umpire of wars. + +Some nights after King Haco had arrived at Herlover, Ronald and Erling +sailed out of the bay with their squadron. Ronald was separated from +the rest at sea, and made for the Orkneys with some of the ships. But, +Erling, and Andrew, and Halvard steered south before Shetland, and so +to the west of Tharey-fiord;[31] and they saw no land; except +Sulna-stapa[32] west of the Orkneys. Afterwards they sailed in to +Scotland under Dyrness.[33] They went up into the country and +destroyed a castle, but the garrison had fled. They burned more than +twenty hamlets. Next they steered for the Hebrides, and found there +Magnus King of Man. + +Three nights before the Selian vigils[34] King Haco set sail for the +German sea with all his fleet. He had now been King of Norway six and +forty winters.[35] He had a favourable breeze; the weather was fair +and the armament beautiful to behold, as Sturlas relates. + + 4. + + The Abyss returned the flaming gleam of war, darted from the + bright glittering concave shields of the Goddesses of + battle.[36] This voyage, by the bands of the Troubler of + peace, through the sea that streams around the world, was + unwelcome to the foe--they dreaded the exactor of rings.[37] + +King Haco had a company, particularly selected for his own ship. There +were on the quarter-deck Thorlife abbot of Holm,[38] Sir Askatin,[39] +four priests chaplains to the King, Andrew of Thissisey, Aslac Guss +the King's master of the Horse, Andrew Hawardson, Guthorm Gillason and +Thorstein his brother, Eirek Scot Gautson, with many others. There +were on the main deck Aslack Dagson, Steinar Herka, Klomit Langi, +Andrew Gums, Eirek Dugalson,[40] the father of King Dugal,[41] +Einar Lang-bard, Arnbiörn Suela, Sigvat Bodvarson,[42] Hoskuld +Oddson, John Hoglif, Arni Stinkar. On the fore-deck there were, Sigurd +the son of Ivar Rofu, Ivar Helgason of Lofloc, Erlend Scolbein, Dag of +Southeim, Briniolf Johnson, Gudleik Sneis, and most of the King's +Chamberlains, with Andrew Plytt the King's treasurer. There were in +the fore-castle, Eirek Skifa, Thorfin Sigvald, Kari Endridson, +Gudbrand Johnson and many of the Cup-bearers. In general, there were +four men on every half rowers' seat. With King Haco, Magnus Earl of +Orkney left Bergen; and the King gave him a good galley. These Barons +were also with the King, Briniolf Johnson, Fin Gautson, Erling Alfson, +Erlend Red, Bard of Hestby, Eilif of Naustadale, Andrew Pott, Ogmund +Krekidants, Erling Ivarson, John Drotning. Gaut of Meli, and Nicholas +of Giska were behind with Prince Magnus at Bergen, as were several +other sea officers who had not been ready. Many approved commanders +were however with King Haco, and of whom mention hath been made. + +King Haco having got a gentle breeze, was two nights at sea, when he +reached that Harbour of Shetland called Breydeyiar-sound, with a great +part of his navy, as Sturlas sings. + + 5. + + The Leader of his people unmoored the ploughers of the + Ocean,[43] and raised aloft the expanded wings[44] of his + sky-blue doves.[45] Our Sovereign, rich in the spoils of the + sea-snakes den,[46] viewed the retiring haven from the + stern of his snorting steed[47] adorned with ruddy gold. + +King Haco remained in Breydeyiar-sound near half a month, and from +thence sailed to the Orkneys, and continued some time at Elidarwic +which is near Kirkwall.[48] There he declared before his men, that he +would divide his forces, and send one part south to the Firth of +Forth[49] to plunder. But he himself wished to remain in the Orkneys +with the largest ships and greater part of the army. The vassals and +retainers, however, spoke against this scheme, and made it evident +that they would go nowhere unless with the King himself; so this +proposed expedition was dropt. + +After St Olave's wake[50] King Haco, leaving Elidarwic, sailed south +before the Mull[51] of Ronaldsha with all his navy. At this place King +Haco was joined by Ronald from the Orkneys, with the ships that had +followed him. King Haco next led the whole armament into Ronaldsvo, +and lay there for some space. He then sent men over to Cathness[52] to +levy contribution. He, on the one hand, proposed peace if the +inhabitants would yield, but otherwise heavy punishment. The +Cathnesians submitted to the tax, and King Haco appointed collectors +to receive it, as is here intimated. + + 6. + + First our wise Sovereign, the Bestower of peace, and + Defender of the Northern Thrones, imposed tribute, the + ransom of life, on the dwellers of the Ness.[53] All its + tribes were terrified by the steel-clad exactor of + rings,[54] and panic-struck at his mighty power. + +While King Haco lay in Ronaldsvo a great darkness drew over the sun, +so that only a little ring was bright round the sun, and it continued +so for some hours.[55] + +On the day of St Laurence's wake[56] King Haco, having ordered the +Orkney-men to follow him as soon as they were ready, sailed over +Pentland-Firth,[57] Earl Magnus, however, staid behind. He was here +informed that John Drotning,[58] and Kolbein Aslacson, with the ships +expected from the east, but which had been accidentally detained, were +arrived in the Islands. King Haco then sailed with all his forces to a +haven that is called Asleifarvic,[59] from that to Lewes, so on to +Raasa, and, from thence to that place, in Sky-sound, which is called +Callach-stane.[60] + +Here he was joined by Magnus King of Man, and the relations Erling +Ivarson, Andrew Nicolson, and Halward. He next proceeded to the Sound +of Mull,[61] and then to Kiararey where King Dugal and the other +Hebridians were assembled with all their troops. King Haco had now +above an hundred vessels, for the most part large, and all of them +well provided both with men and arms. + +While King Haco remained at Kiararey he divided his forces, and sent +fifty ships south to the Mull of Kintire[62] to plunder. The captains +appointed over them were King Dugal, Magnus King of Man, Bryniolf +Johnson, Ronald Urka, Andrew Pott, Ogmund Krækidants, Vigleic +Priestson. He also ordered five ships for Bute; these were under the +command of Erlend Red, Andrew Nicolson, Simon Stutt, Ivar Ungi Eyfari, +and Gutthorm the Hebridian, each in his own ship. + +King Haco sailed afterwards south to Gudey[63] before Kintire where +he anchored. There King John met him; he came in the ship with Bishop +Thorgil. King Haco desired him to follow his banner as he should do. +But King John excused himself. He said he had sworn an oath to the +Scottish King, and held of him more lands than of the Norwegian +Monarch; he therefore entreated King Haco to dispose of all those +estates which he had conferred upon him. King Haco kept him with him +some time, and endeavoured to incline his mind to fidelity. Many laid +imputations to his charge. King Haco indeed had before received bad +accounts of him from the Hebrides; for John Langlife-son came to the +King, while he was sailing west from Shetland, and told him the news +that John King of the Hebrides, breaking his faith, had turned to the +Scottish Monarch. King Haco, however, would not believe this till he +had found it so. + +During King Haco's stay at Gudey an Abbot of a monastery of +Greyfriars waited on him, begging protection for their dwelling, and +Holy Church: and this the King granted them in writing. + +Friar Simon had lain sick for some time. He died at Gudey. His corpse +was afterwards carried up to Kintire where the Greyfriars interred him +in their Church. They spread a fringed pall over his grave, and called +him a Saint. + +About this time men came from King Dugal, and said that the Lords of +Kintire, Margad,[64] and Angus,[65] (also proprietor of Ila), were +willing to surrender the lands which they held to King Haco; and to +order their dependants to join him. The King answered, that he would +not lay waste the peninsula, if they submitted on the following day +before noon; if not he gave them to understand he would ravage it. The +messengers returned. Next morning Margad came and gave up every thing +into the King's power; a little after Angus arrived and likewise did +the same. The King then said, that, if they would enter into articles +with him, he would reconcile them with the King of Scotland. On this +they took an oath to King Haco, and delivered hostages. The King laid +a fine of a thousand head of cattle on their estates. Angus yielded up +Ila also to the King; and the King returned Ila to Angus, upon the +same terms that the other Barons in the Hebrides enjoyed their lands; +this is recorded in the Ravens-ode. + + 7 + + Our Sovereign, sage in Council, the imposer of tribute, and + brandisher of the keen Falchion directed his long galleys + thro' the Hebrides. He bestowed Ila, taken by his troops, on + the valiant Angus the generous distributor of the beauteous + ornaments of the hand.[66] + + 8 + + Our dareful King that rules the monsters of the deep,[67] + struck excessive terror into all the regions of the western + ocean. Princes bowed their heads in subjection to the + cleaver of the battered helm; he often dismissed the + suppliants in peace, and dispelled their apprehensions of + the wasteful tribes. + +South in Kintire there was a Castle held by a Knight who came to wait +on King Haco, and surrendered the fortress into his hands. The King +conferred this Castle upon Guthorm Backa-kolf. + +We must next speak of that detachment of the Army, which the King had +sent towards the Mull of Kintire to pillage. The Norwegians made a +descent there. They burnt the hamlets that were before them, and took +all the effects that they could find. They killed some of the +inhabitants; the rest fled where they could. But, when they were +proceeding to the greater villages, letters arrived from King Haco +forbidding them to plunder. Afterwards they sailed for Gudey to rejoin +King Haco, as is here said. + + 9. + + The openers of gushing wounds, undaunted of soul, proceeded + in the paths[68] of the famed Getis,[69] from the south + round Kintire. Our heroes, rousers of the thundering tempest + of swords, glutted the swift, sable-clad birds of prey in + Scotland. + +The wind was not favourable, King Haco, however, made Andrew Pott go +before him south to Bute, with some small vessels, to join those he +had already sent thither. News was soon received that they had won a +fortress, the garrison of which had capitulated, and accepted terms of +the Norwegians. There was with the Norwegians a sea-officer, called +Rudri.[70] He considered Bute as his Birthright; and because he had +not received the Island of the Scotch he committed many ravages, and +killed many people; and for that he was outlawed by the Scottish King. +He came to King Haco, and took the oaths to him; and with two of his +brothers became his subjects. As soon as the garrison, after having +delivered up the strong-hold, were gone away from the Norwegians, +Rudri killed nine of them, because he thought that he owed them no +good will. Afterwards King Haco reduced the island, as is here said. + + 10. + + The wide-extended Bute was won from the forlorn wearers[71] + of rings by the renowned and invincible troops of the + promoter of conquest,--they wielded the two-edged sword--the + foes of our Ruler dropt, and the Raven from his + fields of slaughter, winged his flight for the Hebrides. + +The Norwegians who had been in Bute went to Scotland, where they +burned many houses, and several towns. Rudri, proceeding a great way, +did all the mischief that he could, as is here described. + + 11. + + The habitations of men, the dwellings of the wretched, + flamed. Fire, the devourer of halls, glowed in their + granaries. The hapless throwers of the dart[72] fell near + the swan-frequented plain,[73] while south from our floating + pines[74] marched a host of warriors. + +While King Haco was in the Hebrides, deputies came to him from Ireland +intimating that the Irish[75] Ostmen would submit to his power, if he +would secure them from the encroachments of the English, who +possessed all the best towns along the sea-coast. King Haco +accordingly sent Sigurd the Hebridian, with some fast-sailing vessels, +to examine on what terms the Irish invited him thither. + +After this King Haco sailed south before the Mull of Kintire with all +his fleet, and anchored for some time in Arran-sound. Then, there came +often Predicant, or Barefooted friars, from the Scottish Monarch, to +King Haco, to sound him about a pacification between the two +Sovereigns. At this juncture also King Haco set King John at liberty; +and bidding him go in peace, wherever he would, gave him several rich +presents. He promised King Haco, to do everything in his power to +effectuate a peace between him and the Scottish King; and that he +would immediately return to King Haco whenever he desired him. Soon +after King Haco sent Gilbert Bishop of Hamar, Henry Bishop of Orkney, +Andrew Nicolson, Andrew Plytt, and Paul Soor as envoys to treat about +a peace with the King of Scotland. They went to the Scottish Monarch, +and laid before him their overtures. He received them honourably, +seemed inclined to a compromise, and said that such terms of +accommodation as he would consent to, would be transmitted to King +Haco. The commissioners departed; and the Scottish envoys arrived soon +after. King Haco had ordered that all the Islands to the west of +Scotland, which he called his, should be wrote down. The King of +Scotland again had named all such as he would not relinquish. These +were Bute, Arran, and the two Cumbras;[76] as to other matters there +was very little dispute between the Sovereigns; but however no +agreement took place. + +The Scotch purposely declined any accommodation, because summer was +drawing to a period, and the weather was becoming bad. Finding this, +Haco sailed in, with all his forces, past the Cumbras. + +Afterwards an interview in Scotland was agreed upon for a +reconciliation. King Haco sent thither a Bishop and a Baron; and to +meet them came some Knights and Monks. They spoke much about an +accommodation, but, at last, things ended the same way as formerly. +Towards the conclusion of the day a greater number of Scots convened +from the country than the Norwegians thought were to be trusted. They +therefore, retiring to the ships, waited on the King, and told him +their opinion. The generality advised him to declare that the truce +was now ended, and to give orders to plunder, as the army was very +short of provisions. + +King Haco, however, sent one of his courtiers, called Kolbein Rich, to +the Scottish Monarch. He carried with him the Articles of pacification +which the Scottish King had sent to King Haco, and was commanded to +bring back the proposals which King Haco had sent to the King of +Scotland. He was besides to propose that the Sovereigns should meet +with all their forces and treat about a peace. If that, by the grace +of God, took place, it was very well; but if it should turn out +otherwise, then Haco proposed to the King of Scotland to fight, with +their whole armies, and let him conquer whom God pleased. The Scottish +Monarch seem'd not unwilling to fight, but he gave no explanation. +Kolbein, therefore, returned back to his Sovereign, who appeared but +little satisfied with his message; as is mentioned in the Ravens-ode. + + 12. + + The Eastern Hero great in command, and ennobled by Victory, + repeatedly offered the decisive conflict of Javelins to the + enemy. The strangers, distrustful of their strength, risked + not the combat against our magnanimous Prince, wielder of + the gleaming blade. + +The truce was now declared to be totally ended. The King accordingly +sent sixty ships in to Loch-Long.[77] They were commanded by Magnus +King of Man, King Dugal,[78] and Allan his brother, Angus, Margad, +Vigleik Priestson and Ivar Holm. When they came into the inlet they +took their boats, and drew them[79] up to a great lake which is called +Loch-Lomond. On the far side round the lake was an Earldom called +Lennox.[80] In the lake there were a great many islands well +inhabited;[81] these islands the Norwegians wasted with fire. They +also burned all the buildings about the lake, and made great +devastation, as Sturlas relates. + + 13. + + The persevering shielded warriors of the thrower of the + whizzing spear[82] drew their boats across the broad + isthmus. Our fearless troops, the exactors of contribution, + with flaming brands wasted the populous islands in the + lake, and the mansions around its winding bays. + +Allan the brother of King Dugal, marched far over into Scotland, and +killed great numbers of the inhabitants. He took many hundred head of +cattle, and made vast havoc, as is here described. + + 14. + + Our veterans fierce of Soul, feeders of wolves, hastened + their wasteful course through the spacious districts of the + mountains. Allan, the bravest of mortals, at the fell + interview of battle, often wreaked his fatal vengeance on + the expiring foe. + +Afterwards the Norwegians retired to their fleet, and met with so +violent a storm that it dashed in pieces about ten of their ships in +Loch-Long. At this time Ivar Holm was seized with an acute disease, +which occasioned his death. + +King Haco, as was before written, still lay in the Hebrides. +Michaelmas fell on a Saturday; and, on the Monday night after, there +came a great tempest with hailstones and rain. The watch on the +fore-castle of the King's ship called out, and said that a transport +vessel was driving full against their cable. The sailors immediately +sprung upon deck; but the rigging of the transport getting entangled +in the King's ship, carried away its beak. The transport then fell +aboard in such a manner, that the anchor grappled the cordage of the +King's ship, which then began to drag its anchors. The King, +therefore, ordered the cable of the transport to be cut, which was +accordingly done. It then drove out to sea, but the King's ship +remained steadfast, and continued uncovered[83] till daylight. On the +morning, the transport floated with the tide, and, together with a +galley, was cast ashore on Scotland. The wind gradually increasing, +the crew of the King's ship got more cables, and dropt a fifth +anchor. The King himself then took to his long-boat, and rowing out to +the islands, ordered mass to be sung. The fleet in the meantime was +forced up the channel; and the tempest that day was so furious that +some vessels cut away their masts, others ran aground. The King's ship +also drove into the sound, tho' seven anchors, including that taken +from the transport, had been used. They then let go an eighth, which +was the sheet anchor; the ship still drove, but the anchors at length +took fast hold. Five vessels were cast ashore. So great was this storm +that people said it was raised by the power of Magic, and the quantity +of rain was prodigious, as is thus described. + + 15. + + Now our deep-enquiring Sovereign encounter'd the horrid + powers of enchantment, and the abominations of an impious + race. The troubled flood tore many fair gallies from their + moorings and swept them anchorless before its waves. + + 16. + + A magic-raised watery tempest blew upon our warriors, + ambitious of conquest, and against the floating + habitations[84] of the brave. The roaring billows and stormy + blast threw shielded companies of our adventurous nation on + the Scottish strand. + +When the Scotch saw that the vessels had run aground, they assembled +together, and advancing against the Norwegians, attacked them with +missile weapons. They, however, defended themselves gallantly under +cover of their ships; the Scotch made several attempts, at different +times, but killed few, tho' many were wounded. King Haco, as the wind +was now somewhat abated, sent in some boats with a reinforcement, as +is here mentioned. + + 17. + + The victorious breaker of gleaming weapons, attentive of + soul, then sent his bands to the hard-fought field, where + breast-plates rang. Our troops, by the slaughter of the + suspicious foe, established their Monarch's fame, vilified + by the dwellers of the vallies.[85] + +Afterwards the Sovereign himself, attended by Thorlaug Bosa, set sail +in a barge belonging to the Masters of the Lights.[86] As soon as the +King's men approached the land the Scotch retired; and the Norwegians +continued ashore all night. The Scotch, however, during the darkness, +entered the transport,[87] and carried off as much of the lading as +they could. On the morning, the King with a numerous reinforcement +came on shore; and he ordered the transport to be lightened, and towed +out to the ships. + +In a little time, they descried the Scottish army, and it was so +numerous that they supposed the King of Scotland was present. Ogmund +Krækidants with his company was stationed on a hill. The Scottish van +skirmished with his men; and, their main body coming on, the +Norwegians entreated the King, as they were anxious for his safety, to +row to his fleet and to send them help. The King insisted on remaining +on shore; but they would not assent to his continuing any longer so +exposed; he, therefore, sailed out in a barge to his ships at the +Cumbras. The following Barons remained on land, Lord Andrew Nicolson, +Ogmund Krækidants, Erling Alfson, Andrew Pott, Ronald Urka, Thorlaug +Bosi, Paul Soor. The whole number of soldiers with them was eight or +nine hundred. Two hundred men were upon the rising-ground with Ogmund; +but the rest of the troops were posted down upon the beach. + +The Scottish army now advanced, and it was conjectured to consist of +near fifteen hundred knights.[88] All their horses had breast-plates; +and there were many Spanish steeds in complete armour. The Scottish +King had, besides, a numerous army of foot soldiers, well accoutred. +They generally had bows and spears. + +The Norwegians on the hill, apprehensive of being surrounded, began to +retire in scattered parties towards the sea. Andrew Nicolson, +observing this, came up to the rising ground, and desired Ogmund to +draw off his men towards the beach, but not to retreat so +precipitately as if he fled. The Scotch at this time attacked them +furiously with darts and stones. Showers of weapons were poured upon +the Norwegians, who defended themselves, and retired in good order. +But when they approached the sea, each one hurrying faster than +another, those on the beach imagined they were routed. Some therefore +leaped into their boats, and pushed off from the land, others jumped +into the transport. Their companions called upon them to return, and +some returned, tho' few. Andrew Pott leaped over two boats, and into a +third, and so escaped from land. Many boats went down, and some men +were lost, and the rest of the Norwegians at last wheeled about +towards the sea. + +Here Haco of Steini, one of King Haco's household, fell. The +Norwegians were then driven south from the transport, and were headed +by Andrew Nicolson, Ogmund Krækidants, Thorlaug Bosi, and Paul Soor. +There soon began a severe contest, tho' very unequal, as ten Scots +fought against each Norwegian. Among the Scotch there was a young +knight called Ferash,[89] equally distinguished for his birth and +fortune. He wore a helmet plaited with gold, and set with precious +stones, and the rest of his armour was of a piece with it. He rode +gallantly up to the Norwegians, but no other ventured. He galloped +frequently along the Norwegian line, and then back to his own +followers. Andrew Nicolson had now reached the Scottish van. He +encountered this illustrious knight, and struck at his thigh with such +force that he cut it off,[90] through the armour, with his sword, +which penetrated to the saddle. The Norwegians stript him of his +beautiful belt.[91] The hardest conflict then commenced. Many fell on +both sides, but more of the Scotch, as Sturlas sings. + + 18. + + Where cuirasses rung, our generous youths, formed in a + circle, prostrated the illustrious givers of bracelets. The + birds of prey were gluttonously filled with lifeless limbs. + What great chieftain shall avenge the fate of the renowned + wearer of the Belt? + +During the battle there was so great a tempest that King Haco saw no +possibility of bringing the army ashore. Ronald, and Eilif of +Naustadale, however, with some men, rowed to land, and greatly +distinguished themselves; as did those troops who had before gone out +in their boats. Ronald, in the end, was repulsed to his ships; but +Eilif behaved most heroically. The Norwegians now began to form +themselves anew; and the Scotch took possession of the rising ground. +There were continued skirmishes with stones and missile weapons; but +towards evening the Norwegians made a desperate charge against the +Scotch on the hill, as is here recorded. + + 19. + + The champions of Nordmæra's[92] Lord saluted the stout, + harnassed Barons, with the rough music of battle. The train + of the supporter of thrones, courageous, and clad in steel, + marched to the din of clashing swords. + + 20. + + At the conflict of corselets on the blood-red hill, the + damasked blade hewed the mail of hostile tribes, ere the + Scot, nimble as the hound, would leave the field to the + followers of our all-conquering king. + +The Scotch then left the eminence, and fled, where they could, away to +their mountains. The Norwegians, perceiving this, retired to their +boats, and rowing out to their ships, luckily escaped the storm. On +the morning they came back in search of the bodies of those who had +dropt. Among the dead were Haco of Steini, and Thorgisl Gloppa, both +belonging to King Haco's household. There fell also a worthy vassal +called Karlhoved, from Drontheim, and another vassal named Halkel, +from Fiorde. Besides, there died three Masters of the Lights, +Thorstein Bat, John Ballhoved, and Halward Buniard. It was impossible +for the Norwegians to tell how many were killed of the Scotch, because +those who dropt were taken up and removed to the woods. King Haco +ordered his dead to be carried to a church. + +Five days after, King Haco commanded his men to weigh anchor and to +bring his ship close under the Cumbras. He was soon joined by the +squadron which had been in Loch-long. On the fast day following, the +weather was good, and the King sent some retainers ashore to burn the +vessels which had been stranded; that same day the King sailed past +Cumbra to Melansey,[93] where he lay some nights. Here he was met by +the Commissioners he had sent to Ireland, who assured him that the +Irish Ostmen would willingly engage to maintain his army till he freed +them from the dominion of the English. King Haco was extremely +desirous of sailing for Ireland, and, as the wind was not favourable, +he held a Council on the subject, but the whole army was against this +plan. He, therefore, told them that as he was short of provisions he +would steer for the Hebrides. The King then ordered the body of Ivar +Holm to be carried to Bute, where it was interred. + +Afterwards King Haco sailed past Melansey and lay some nights near +Arran, then proceeded to Sandey and so to the Mull of Kintire, and at +night he arrived north at Gudey; next he sailed out to Ila-sound, +where he remained two nights. King Haco laid a contribution, rated at +three hundred head of cattle, on the island, but part was to be paid +in meal, part in cheese. Haco set sail again on the first Sunday of +winter, and met a fog and a storm so violent that few of the ships +could carry their sails. The king, therefore, made for Kiararey, and +about this time messengers passed between him and King John, but to +little purpose. Here the King was informed that his troops had made +depredations in Mull, and that some of the Mull-men, with two or three +Norwegians, had been killed. + +King Haco next sailed in to the Calf of Mull,[94] where he stayed some +nights. There King Dugal and Allan his brother took leave of the King, +who gave them those estates which King John formerly possessed--Magnus +King of Man and other Hebridians had returned home before. He gave +Bute to Rudri, and Arran to Margad. To King Dugal he gave the Castle +in Kintire which Guthorm Backa-kolf had besieged and taken during the +summer. In this expedition King Haco regained all those provinces +which King Magnus Barefoot had acquired, and conquered from the Scotch +and Hebridians, as is here narrated. + + 21. + + The Lord of Egda[95] soon recovered all those territories on + the continent which had been subjected by the Scottish + tribes. In the western regions none durst contend with the + offspring of Ingui.[96] His army, like a gathering tempest, + indicated desolation to the dominions of his imperious + adversary. + +King Haco, leaving the calf of Mull, sailed to Rauney. Here he +overtook Balti a vassal of Shetland, with those who had been sent to +the Orkneys, and to whom a permission had been given of returning to +Norway. King Haco from Rauney steered northwards. The wind being +unfavourable, he made for Westerford in Sky, and ordered the islanders +to supply him with provisions. Next he sailed past Cape Wrath,[97] and +arriving at Dyrness, there happened a calm, for which reason the King +ordered the fleet to be steered into Gia-ford.[98] This was done on +the feast of the two apostles, Simon and Jude,[99] which fell on a +Sunday. The King spent the night there. On this festival, after mass +had been sung, some Scots, whom the Norwegians had taken prisoners, +were presented to the King. The King detained one as a hostage, and +sent the others up the country, at liberty, on giving a promise that +they would return with cattle. On the same day it happened that nine +men belonging to Andrew Biusa's ship went ashore to procure water, and +an outcry was soon heard from the mainland. The crew, therefore, +immediately setting off from their ships, found two men swimming, +though badly wounded, and took them on board; the other seven, +unarmed, and incapable of making any defence, remained by their boat +(which was left aground by the tide) and were killed by the Scotch. +The Norwegians landing, carried away their dead; and the Scotch, in +the meantime, fled to a wood. On the Monday, King Haco sailed from +Gia-ford after having liberated the Scottish hostage, and sent him +ashore. The King in the evening reached the Orkneys, and anchored in a +certain sound, to the north of Asmundsvo,[100] from whence he, with +the greatest part of his fleet, steered for Ronaldsvo. In passing over +Pentland Firth, a terrible whirlpool appeared, and in which a ship +from Rygia-fylke, with all on board, perished. John of Hestby was +driven through the straits, and was very near being swallowed up in +the gulf; but, by the mercy of God, his ship was forced east to the +ocean, and he made for Norway. + +While King Haco remained in the Orkneys the most part of his troops +sailed to Norway; some went with the King's permission, but others +took leave for themselves. King Haco, on his arrival at the islands, +had at first given out that he would return immediately to Norway; +but, as it was a long time before the wind favoured him, he determined +to winter in the Orkneys. He, therefore, named twenty ships that were +to remain with him, and dismissed the rest. All the vassals stayed +with him, except Eilif of Naustdale; he sailed home. Most of the +gentry, however, continued with their Sovereign. The King then +despatched letters to Norway, concerning the necessaries he should +want. After All Saints Day, the King steered for Medalland[101] +harbour; but spent one day at Ronaldsha. + +On the Saturday before Martinmas King Haco rode to the port of +Medalland, and after mass he was taken very ill. He was aboard his +ship during the night; but, on the morning, he ordered mass to be sung +on shore. He afterwards held a council to deliberate where the vessels +should be laid up; and ordered his men to be attentive, and see after +their respective ships. Upon this each captain took the charge of his +own galley. Some were laid up in the harbour of Medalland, and others +at Skalpeid.[102] + +Next King Haco proceeded to Skalpeid, and then rode to Kirkwall. He, +with such officers as dined at his table, lodged in the Bishop's +palace. Here the King and the Bishop kept separate tables in the +halls, each for his own retinue; but the King dined in the upper +story. He ordered certain districts to furnish his nobility and +household with provisions. Andrew Plytt had the inspection of the +King's table, and delivered out to the courtiers, retainers, masters +of the Lights, and other attendants their usual allowance. After the +proper arrangements were taken concerning the disposal of the fleet, +the different captains went whither their ships were laid up. The +Barons who remained at Kirkwall were Briniolf Johnston, Erling Alfson, +Ronald Urka, Erling of Birkey, John Drotning, and Erlend Red. The +other Barons repaired to their proper districts. + +King Haco had spent the summer in much watchfulness and anxiety. Being +often called to deliberate with his captains, he had enjoyed little +rest, and when he arrived at Kirkwall, he was confined to his bed by +his disorder. Having lain for some nights, the illness abated, and he +was on foot for three days. On the first day he walked about in his +apartments; on the second, he attended at the Bishop's chapel to hear +mass; and on the third he went to Magnus's Church, and walked round +the shrine of St Magnus, Earl of Orkney. He then ordered a bath to be +prepared, and got himself shaved. Some nights after he relapsed, and +took again to his bed. During his sickness, he ordered the Bible and +Latin authors to be read to him. But finding his spirits were too much +fatigued by reflecting on what he had heard, he desired Norwegian +books might be read to him night and day; first the lives of Saints, +and, when they were ended, he made his attendants read the Chronicles +of our Kings from Haldan the Black, and so of all the Norwegian +Monarchs in succession, one after the other. The King still found his +disorder increasing. He, therefore, took into consideration the pay to +be given to his troops, and commanded that a mark of fine silver +should be given to each courtier, and half a mark to each of the +masters of the lights, chamberlains, and other attendants on his +person. He ordered all the ungilt plate belonging to his table to be +weighed, and to be distributed if his plain silver fell short. At +this time also letters were wrote to Prince Magnus concerning the +government of the nation, and some things which the King wanted to +have settled respecting the army. King Haco received extreme unction +on the night before the festival of St Lucia.[103] Thorgisl, Bishop of +Stavanger, Gilbert Bishop of Hamar, Henry Bishop of Orkney, Abbot +Thorleif, and many other learned men were present; and before the +unction, all present bade the King farewell with a kiss. He still +spoke distinctly; and his particular favourites asked him if he left +behind him any other son than Prince Magnus, or any other heirs that +should share in the kingdom, but he uniformly persisted that he had no +other heirs in the male or female line, than what were publicly known. + +When the histories of all the Kings down to Suerer had been recited, +he ordered the life of that Prince to be read, and to be continued +night and day, whenever he found himself indisposed to sleep. + +The festival of the Virgin St. Lucia happened on a Thursday, and on +the Saturday after, the King's disorder increased to such a degree +that he lost the use of his speech; and at midnight Almighty God +called King Haco out of this mortal life. This was matter of great +grief to all those who attended, and to most of those who heard of the +event. The following Barons were present at the death of the King, +Briniolf Johnson, Erling Alfson, John Drottning, Ronald Urka, and some +domestics who had been near the King's person during his illness. +Immediately on the decease of the King, Bishops, and learned men were +sent for to sing mass. Afterwards all the company went out except +Bishop Thorgisl, Briniolf Johnson and two other persons, who watched +by the body, and performed all the services due to so illustrious a +Lord and Prince as King Haco had been. On Sunday the royal corpse was +carried to the upper hall, and laid on a bier. The body was clothed in +a rich garb, with a garland on the head, and dressed out as became a +crowned monarch. The masters of the lights stood with tapers in their +hands, and the whole hall was illuminated. All the people came to see +the body, which appeared beautiful and animated, and the King's +countenance was as fair and ruddy as while he was alive. It was some +alleviation of the deep sorrow of the beholders to see the corpse of +their departed Sovereign so decorated. High mass was then sung for the +deceased. The Nobility kept watch by the body during the night. On +Monday the remains of King Haco were carried to St. Magnus's church, +where they lay in state that night. On Tuesday the royal corpse was +put into a coffin, and buried in the Choir of St. Magnus's Church, +near the steps leading to the shrine of St. Magnus Earl of Orkney. The +tomb was then closed, and a canopy was spread over it. It was also +determined that watch should be kept over the King's grave all winter. +At Christmas the Bishop and Andrew Plytt furnished entertainments, as +the King had directed, and good presents were given to all the +soldiers. + +King Haco had given orders that his remains should be carried east to +Norway, and buried near his Father and relations. Towards the end of +winter, therefore, that great vessel which he had had in the west was +launched, and soon got ready. On Ash-Wednesday the corpse of King Haco +was taken out of the ground; this happened on the third of the nones +of March. The Courtiers followed the corpse to Skalpeid where the ship +lay, and which was chiefly under the direction of Bishop Thorgisl, and +Andrew Plytt. They put to sea on the first Saturday in Lent; but +meeting with hard weather, they steered for Silavog.[104] From this +place they wrote letters to Prince Magnus acquainting him with the +news, and then set sail for Bergen. They arrived at Laxavog[105] +before the festival of St. Benedict.[106] On that day Prince Magnus +rowed out to meet the corpse. The ship was brought near to the King's +palace; and the body was carried up to a summer house. Next morning +the corpse was removed to Christ-church, and was attended by Prince +Magnus, the two Queens, the Courtiers, and the town's people. The body +was then interred in the Choir of Christ-church; and Prince Magnus +addressed a long and gracious speech to those who attended the +funeral procession. All the multitude present expressed great sorrow +of mind as Sturlas says. + + 22. + + Three nights did the brave warriors, the flower of chivalry, + continue at Bergen, ere they entombed their wise and + glorious Prince. The breakers of temper'd metals, stood + crowding around the grave of the ruler of the nation, while + in their swimming eyes appear'd no look of joy.--Then + commenced those bloody feuds which till our days have + reigned. + +King Haco was buried three nights before the festival of the +annunciation of the Virgin Mary; and after the Incarnation of our Lord +Jesus Christ one thousand two hundred and sixty three years.[107] + +FINIS. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 1: Sudr-eyiar, (_orig._). The Hebrides or southern division +of the Scottish islands, so called in contradistinction to the +Orkneys.] + +[Footnote 2: Godred, Chrou-ban, _i.e._ the white handed, King of Man.] + +[Footnote 3: _Th_ursa sker (_orig._) _i.e._ the giants' rocks, +Thurso.] + +[Footnote 4: Solunder-haf, (_orig._) the Northern ocean. So called +from the Soloe islands near that promontory of Norway called Stad. +That species of sea fowl which frequent the Bass, probably received +their name from being more commonly found in the Solund isles.] + +[Footnote 5: Kiarna-borg, (_orig._), _Fl. Ms._ Kianaborg, from the +Irish _carn_ a rock, and the Is. _borg_ a castle. This castle was +situated on a rocky islet near Mul. Fordun calls it Carnborg.] + +[Footnote 6: Liod-hus, _i.e._ The residence of Liot. It is not +unlikely that the isle of Lewes, & the family of McLeod were so +named from Liod earl of Orkney.] + +[Footnote 7: Kiarareyiar, in the Mss. Kiarbareyiar, the island +Kiararey where Alexander died, suddenly, Jul. 8th. 1249.] + +[Footnote 8: Perhaps the Author means Frissel afterwards Bishop of St +Andrews; or Michael _viz._ de Weymyss, who was ambassador to Norway, +A. D. 1290.] + +[Footnote 9: Jarlin af Ros ok Kiarnakr son Makamals (_orig._). The +text here is much vitiated. The author might have read in some Irish +accounts, Jarl na Ross (William) McKerchar, McCalom, _i.e._, the Earl +of Ross (William) the son of Ferchard, the son of Malcolm. This +William Mac Erchart was a young Hero, and is corruptly called +Macentagart by the Scottish historians. Or perhaps, three persons may +be alluded to, viz., the Earl of Ross, Kinneach-son (of Kintail), and +a MacCamal of Lochaw, all powerful chieftains on the west coast of +Scotland. It is, however, not impossible that Kiarnak was some ancient +chieftain from whom a branch of the Grants was called Clan-Chiarnach. +The Fl. Ms. for Makamals reads Machamals.] + +[Footnote 10: I Skid (_orig._). In the Fl. Ms. ístrid e. to war.] + +[Footnote 11: The inhuman practice here described was common in those +times. From the Landnamaboc we learn that Olver first discouraged this +custom. We read, Olver did not permit tossing infants from spear to +spear as was usual among pirates, and was therefore surnamed +Barna-kall or the protector of Infants.] + +[Footnote 12: Jol (_orig._). The great brumal festival among the +Scandinavians. Hence the Scotch word Yule, _i.e._, Christmas.] + +[Footnote 13: Nid-ar-os (_orig._), _i.e._, the mouth of the river Nid, +now Drontheim.] + +[Footnote 14: Vikor (_orig._), now Bahus in Sweden.] + +[Footnote 15: Elfa, the river at Gottenburg.] + +[Footnote 16: An Earl of Sweden and father-in-law to Haco the +younger.] + +[Footnote 17: Liodhusa, a town of Sweden demolished A.D. 1268.] + +[Footnote 18: May 3.] + +[Footnote 19: _i.e._, the hilly country. Harald Harfager divided his +kingdom into several counties, each of which was to fit out a squadron +of ships on an emergency. The counties were again divided into +_skipreidor_, or smaller districts, each of which furnished a single +vessel properly equipped.] + +[Footnote 20: _i.e._, an eminence, near Bergen.] + +[Footnote 21: By banks of oars we are only to understand benches for +the rowers.] + +[Footnote 22: _i.e._, Cape-bay, near Bergen.] + +[Footnote 23: An island and excellent harbour near Bergen.] + +[Footnote 24: A celebrated poet, uncle to Sigvat Bodvarson, who +attended Haco in this expedition, and from whom Sturla probably had +his information of facts.] + +[Footnote 25: The most northerly province of Norway.] + +[Footnote 26: _i.e._, no warrior.] + +[Footnote 27: The Scandinavian Scalds and Mythologists often +represented treasures as guarded by monsters, dragons, sea snakes, &c. +This notion probably originated from the fabulous tales of those who +traded to the Indies. An ancient author, speaking of Scythia, says, +"nam qvum in plerisque locis auro & gemmis affluant, Gryphorum +immanitate, accessus hominum rarus est."] + +[Footnote 28: _i.e._, Haco.] + +[Footnote 29: _i.e._, ships.] + +[Footnote 30: Gestil, a famous sea king or pirate.] + +[Footnote 31: _Th_areyiar-fiörd (_orig._), perhaps a mistake for +Faroeyiar-fiörd. Torfæus read it Barreyiarfiord.] + +[Footnote 32: _i.e._, the column of pillars, perhaps the island +Staffa.] + +[Footnote 33: _i.e._, the promontory of deer, now +Durnish.] + +[Footnote 34: 7th of July.] + +[Footnote 35: The Norwegians computed by winters: the Scotch did the +same, as we see by Winton's chronicle: + + "Thretty winters and four than + Edan regnyd Max Gowran." +] + +[Footnote 36: Val-drosar (_orig._), the Goddesses of Fate, or +Valkyriæ, to whom armour was supposed sacred.] + +[Footnote 37: _i.e._, Tribute--Ringa elldingom, (_orig._), bright +rings: _Ringa_ signify not only rings, or bracelets, but also money; +for before the introduction of coinage into the North, very thick +spiral gold wires were worn round the wrists of great men, who +distributed bits to those who performed any signal service; and such a +wire is still to be seen in the Royal Museum at Copenhagen. It is not +always easy to discern when by _ringa_ is understood ornaments for the +fingers, bracelets, rings of investiture, or the current money of the +times.] + +[Footnote 38: _i.e._, the islet, a monastery near Bergen.] + +[Footnote 39: Afterwards chancellor of Norway.] + +[Footnote 40: Probably the son of Dugal, the son of Somerled.] + +[Footnote 41: The father of King Dugal was Rory, I suppose. See notes +on pages 34 and 42.] + +[Footnote 42: Nephew to Sturla author of the Ravens-ode. He attended +Haco in this expedition.] + +[Footnote 43: _i.e._ ships.] + +[Footnote 44: _i.e._ sails.] + +[Footnote 45: Bla-dufor (_orig._), _i.e._ Blue pigeons. The Scalds +frequently compared ships under sail to birds, horses, and other +animals in motion.] + +[Footnote 46: _i.e._ gold.] + +[Footnote 47: _i.e._ ship.] + +[Footnote 48: Kirkio-vog (_orig._) _i.e._ Church-bay. Kirkwall.] + +[Footnote 49: Breida-fiardar (_orig._), _i.e._ Broad bay. The firth of +Forth.] + +[Footnote 50: St Olave's day, July 29.] + +[Footnote 51: Mula in Irish and Icelandic signifies a cape or beak.] + +[Footnote 52: Kata-nes (_orig._), _i.e._ the promontory of Cadtav or +Cathness. Cathness was particularly exposed to the inroads of the +Norwegians. On this account great numbers of the inhabitants retired +into Murray and the adjacent counties, where they were afterwards +known by the name of Clan-Chattan.] + +[Footnote 53: _i.e._, the promontory, or Cathness.] + +[Footnote 54: Baug-gerdar (_orig._), _i.e._ imposer of rings. _Baug_ +signifies anything circular, therefore, in compounded words, it is not +easy to discern when it denotes rings or shields, &c. See note on +_ringa_, p. 19.] + +[Footnote 55: This eclipse happened on the 5th of August 1263.] + +[Footnote 56: St Laurence's wake or vigil, 9th of Aug.] + +[Footnote 57: Cathness by the ancient Britons was called Pentîr, +_i.e._ the headland, whence the neighbouring firth had its name.] + +[Footnote 58: _i.e._ John the Queen, perhaps the ancestor of the +McQueens.] + +[Footnote 59: Asleifarvik (_orig._). Fl. MS., Hals-eyiar-vic.] + +[Footnote 60: _i.e._ The old woman's rock. _Cailleach_ in Irish, and +_kerling_ in Icelandic signify an old woman.] + +[Footnote 61: _i.e._ The promontory. This island was so called +because, from its propinquity to the opposite shore, it appeared like +a cape. The old Venetian edition of Pliny has "Mella xxv mill. pass. +amplior proditur;" in the other copies it is "Reliquarum nulla" &c. +Hence the true reading appears to be Reliquarum Mulla &c.] + +[Footnote 62: Ken-tîr, _i.e._ the promontory, a Peninsula in Scotland, +Kintire.] + +[Footnote 63: _i.e._ God's-Island. I take this to be Giga, or, as +Fordon calls it, Gia, compounded of the Gaelic _Dhia_, God, and the +Islandic _ey_, an island.] + +[Footnote 64: Who this Margad was does not appear from history, I +believe.] + +[Footnote 65: Angus, Lord of Kintire and Ila, was grandson & heir of +Reginald king of the isles. His posterity succeeded to the county of +Ross, & John, the second Earl, A.D. 1449, gave to his Brother Hugh the +Barony of Slate &c. Lord McDonald Baron of Slate, is the direct +male representative of Reginald.] + +[Footnote 66: _i.e._, rings or bracelets.] + +[Footnote 67: _i.e._, ships.] + +[Footnote 68: _i.e._ the sea.] + +[Footnote 69: A celebrated adventurer or sea king.] + +[Footnote 70: Rudri or Ruari is the Irish abbreviation of Roderic. The +person here meant is, no doubt, the second son of King Reginald, & the +same who in a donation to the abbey of Sandale, is stiled Rodericus de +Kintire filius Reginaldi. This Roderic, it seems, besides Allan & +Dougal, had another son Angus McRorie, Lord of Bute, whose daughter +and heiress Jean was married to Alexander sixth Lord High Steward, +Grand father to Robert II. King of Scotland. Robert, A.D. 1400., gave +Bute to his son John from whom the present family of Bute is lineally +descended.] + +[Footnote 71: _i.e._ the Scotch.] + +[Footnote 72: _i.e._ the Scotch.] + +[Footnote 73: _i.e._ sea.] + +[Footnote 74: _i.e._ ships.] + +[Footnote 75: Irar. (_orig._), _i.e._ Irish. As the native Irish had +suffer'd so much from the Scandinavians it is improbable they would +apply for assistance to the _Siol Lochlin na beum_. We may therefore +reasonably conclude that the People here mentioned were the +descendants of those Norwegians or Ostmen, who long inhabited the +eastern coast of Ireland and founded some of its best towns. A. D. +1201 those Ostmen or Easterlings were still so considerable that, at a +recognition taken of the diocese of Limerick, the arbitrators +consisted of 12 English, 12 Irish, & 12 Ostmen. Edw. I. gave +Gilchrist, William, & John Gilmorys, with other Ostmen in the County +of Waterford, peculiar privileges; &, by the rolls of Edw. II. they +evidently subsisted, as a distinct people, during the reign of that +prince.] + +[Footnote 76: Kumr-eyiar (_orig._), _i.e._ the Islands of the +Cumbrians, two small islands to the West of Scotland.] + +[Footnote 77: Skipa-fiörd in Islandic, and Loch-Lhong, in Gaelic, +signifies the Bay of Ships.] + +[Footnote 78: Allan & Dougal his brother were, I imagine, the sons of +Rudri (see the note on page 34.) This Allan we may suppose to be the +same who, in Rymer's Foedera, is called "Alanus filius Rotherici," & +who A. D. 1284 was one of the Barons that engaged to support Margaret +of Norway's title to the crown of Scotland. Dugal was probably the +predecessor of McDougal of Dunoly _i.e._ Olave's tower. The place +might receive this name, from having been the residence of Olave, the +youngest Son of Somerled thane of Argyle.] + +[Footnote 79: To avoid long, or dangerous circumnavigations, it was +usual for the antients to draw their light canoes over isthmuses. +Among the Greeks such places were termed [Greek: _diolchoi_] _i.e._ +dragging-places, and there was a very remarkable one near Corinth. By +the Scotch they were called Tarbats, from the Gaelic _tarn_ to draw, +and _baat_ a boat. There was a Tarbat between Loch-Lomond and +Loch-Long.] + +[Footnote 80: Alwin McArkel, as appears from the Chartulary of +Glasgow, was created Earl of Levnach by Maol-Coluim IIII., A. D. +1153.] + +[Footnote 81: No doubt the neighbouring inhabitants retired to the +isles of Loch-Lomond in times of danger.] + +[Footnote 82: _i.e._ Haco.] + +[Footnote 83: _i.e._ without an awning.] + +[Footnote 84: _i.e._ ships.] + +[Footnote 85: _i.e._, the Scotch.] + +[Footnote 86: Kerti-sveina (_orig._), _i.e._ Inspectors of the Lights, +who were to see that the Norwegian palace was properly illuminated. +The office corresponded exactly to the Canhowllyd of the Welsh +Princes.] + +[Footnote 87: In the Fl. Ms. the Norwegians are said to have entered +the transport.] + +[Footnote 88: Fl. MS., Five hundred.] + +[Footnote 89: Perus or Pherus (_orig._), probably Fergus.] + +[Footnote 90: A quotation from Giraldus's account of the Irish will +both illustrate this passage & the antient method of fighting. +"Utuntur--securibus quoque amplis, fabrili diligentiâ optimè +chalybatis, quas a Norwegiensibus & Oustmannis sunt mutuati. Unâ +tantum manu, & non ambabus, securi percutiunt, pollice desuper +manubrium in longum extenso ictu regente, a quo nec galea, caput, in +conum erecta, nec reliquum corpus ferrea loricæ tricatura tuetur. Unde +& in nostris contigit temporibus totam militis coxam ferro utcunque +fideliter vestitam, uno securis ictu præcisam fuisse, ex unâ equi +parte coxâ cum tibiâ, ex altera verò, corpore cadente moribundo. +Lapides quoque pugillares, cum alia arma defecerint, hostibus in +conflictu damnosissimos, præ alia gente promptius, & expeditius ad +manum habent."] + +[Footnote 91: Knights at their creation were invested with belts +ornamented with gems. See Malmsb., book 2, chap. 6.] + +[Footnote 92: A district of Norway.] + +[Footnote 93: Melanzeiar (_orig._). Fl. Ms. Melas eyiar, perhaps the +island of Lamlash or Alisa.] + +[Footnote 94: Mylar-Kalf (_orig._). Among the Norwegians a small +island adjoining to a greater was called its calf, as the calf of +Mull, the calf of Man, &c.] + +[Footnote 95: A subdivision of Norway.] + +[Footnote 96: Yngua (_orig._), one of Haco's predecessors.] + +[Footnote 97: Hvarf, (_orig._), signifies an intervening ridge that +intercepts the prospect--Farohead.] + +[Footnote 98: Giafiörd (_orig._) Fl. Ms. Goa-fiörd.] + +[Footnote 99: October 28.] + +[Footnote 100: Asmundar-vogi (_orig._), _i.e._, Asmund's Bay.] + +[Footnote 101: Probably some harbour of the Mainland, one of the +Orkneys.] + +[Footnote 102: A cape of Pomona.] + +[Footnote 103: December 13.] + +[Footnote 104: _i.e._ Herring bay.] + +[Footnote 105: _i.e._ Salmon bay.] + +[Footnote 106: March 21.] + +[Footnote 107: Here it must be observed that the Norwegian year +commenced March 25. So that, according to our reckoning, Haco died in +March 1264.] + + + + +Recently published. + + +_Rob Roy and the Clan Macgregor,_ Historical Memoirs of; including the +_Story of the Abduction of_ LADY GRANGE. With an Introductory Sketch, +illustrative of the Condition of the Highlands prior to 1745. By K. +MACLEAY, M.D. I vol., crown 8vo., cloth, _with authentic +portrait of_ ROB ROY, 5s. + +250 LARGE PAPER COPIES on Dutch Handmade Paper, _with portrait_, 7s. 6d. + + The previous editions of this interesting and authentic + account of the Times, the Family, and the Exploits of the + celebrated Rob Roy have now been out of print for many years. + It has therefore been increasingly difficult to obtain copies + of a work which throws much light, not only upon the romantic + career of the outlaw, but upon the state of the Highlands + prior to the Rebellion of 1715. The present publisher has for + these reasons issued this third edition, which he trusts will + meet with acceptance alike from those interested in Scottish + history, and those who may be curious to learn more of the + life, character, and adventures of the hero of one of Sir + Walter Scott's greatest novels. The story of the abduction of + Lady Grange, which is added, as in the previous editions, + forms an appropriate sequel to the memoirs of Rob Roy, having + all the charm of a romance, while well illustrating the utter + lawlessness at one time prevailing within the Highland + borders.--_Preface._ + + * * * * * + + "No one doubts the interest of the book. It has, indeed, won + the favour of a large number of readers."--_Scotsman._ + + "Those who want to learn the true history of Rob Roy will + find it graphically told in the work before us. The whole + work is of the most engrossing interest, and reads more like + a sensational novel than a chapter in veritable + history."--_Perthshire Constitutional._ + + "An authority upon the history of the unfortunate Clan + Gregor."--_Dundee Advertiser._ + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Norwegian account of Haco's +expedition against Scotland, A.D. 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A.D. MCCLXIII., by Rev. James Johnstone. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + background: #F4F4F4; + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: x-small; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .sp { letter-spacing:0.2em; } + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + + + .footnotes {border: solid 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: middle; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + // +--> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Norwegian account of Haco's expedition +against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII., by Sturla Þórðarson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Norwegian account of Haco's expedition against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII. + +Author: Sturla Þórðarson + +Translator: James Johnstone + +Release Date: May 2, 2006 [EBook #18299] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HACO'S EXPEDITION *** + + + + +Produced by National Library of Iceland and Cornell +University Library via www.sagnanet.is, Jóhannes Birgir +Jensson, Sankar Viswanathan, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team of Distributed Proofreaders Europe at +http://dp.rastko.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + + + + + +<h4><span class="sp">THE</span></h4> + + +<h2>NORWEGIAN ACCOUNT</h2> + + +<h5>OF</h5> + + + +<h1>HACO'S EXPEDITION</h1> + +<h4>AGAINST</h4> + +<h2><span class="sp">SCOTLAND</span>;</h2> + +<h3>A.D. MCCLXIII.</h3> + +<h4>LITERALLY TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL ISLANDIC<br /> + +OF THE FLATEYAN AND FRISIAN MSS.</h4> +<h3><span class="sp"><i>WITH NOTES</i></span>.</h3> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<h4>BY THE</h4> + +<h2>REV. JAMES JOHNSTONE, A.M.</h2> + +<h4>CHAPLAIN TO HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AT<br /> + +THE COURT OF DENMARK.</h4> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><i>Originally Printed for the Author in</i> 1782.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<h3><span class="sp">EDINBURGH</span></h3> +<h3><span class="sp">WILLIAM BROWN, 149 PRINCES STREET.</span></h3> +<h3><span class="sp">1882</span></h3> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>TO</h3> +<h2>ARCHIBALD MACDONALD, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>,</h2> +<h3>MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT</h3> +<h3>FOR</h3> +<h3><span class="sp">NEWCASTLE UNDER LINE</span>;</h3> +<h3>THIS FRAGMENT OF ANCIENT SCOTTISH HISTORY, <br /> + CONTAINING SEVERAL + ANECDOTES <br /> + OF HIS</h3> +<h2><span class="sp">ANCESTORS</span></h2> +<h3>THE</h3> +<h3><span class="sp">LORDS OF THE HEBRIDES</span></h3> +<h3>IS</h3> +<h3>INSCRIBED.</h3> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p> +<p>Exactly one hundred years ago this Translation of the Norwegian +Account of Haco's Invasion of Scotland first issued from the press.</p> + +<p>Since then, amid much literature upon the subject, it has always held +a most important place in the eyes of the student of early Scottish +History.</p> + +<p>As an authentic source of information it has been eagerly sought +after, but it has an additional attraction in the graphic pictures +which it presents of the various perils by land and sea encountered by +the hardy Norsemen.</p> + +<p>The translator's valuable notes are given <i>in extenso</i>, and for easier +reference are transferred from the end of the work and printed on the +pages to which they belong.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a><span class="sp">PREFACE.</span></h2> + +<h3>(1782.)</h3> + + +<p>The editor, from some particular advantages he enjoyed, was encouraged +to collect such inedited fragments as might elucidate antient history. +He, lately, published “Anecdotes of Olave the Black, king of Man;” and +now lays before the learned the Norwegian account of Haco's celebrated +expedition against Scotland.</p> + +<p>It was the editor's intention to have given a succinct detail of the +descents made by the northern nations upon the British isles, but an +increase of materials induced him to reserve that subject for a future +work. At present, therefore, he thinks it sufficient to premise that +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span>the Æbudæ were, long, the cause of much dispute between various +kingdoms. They seemed naturally connected with Scotland; but the +superior navies of Lochlin rendered them liable to impressions from +that quarter.</p> + +<p>The situation of the Kings of the Isles was peculiarly delicate; for, +though their territories were extensive, yet they were by no means a +match for the neighbouring states. On this account, allegiance was +extorted from them by different Sovereigns. The Hebridian Princes +considered this involuntary homage, as, at least, implying protection: +and, when that was not afforded, they thought themselves justified in +forming new connexions more conducive to their safety.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p> +<p>The Alexanders of Scotland having united Galloway, then a powerful +maritime state, to their dominions, began to think of measures for +obtaining a permanent possession of the Hebrides by expelling the +Norwegians. The preparatory steps they took were first to secure the +Somerled family, and next to gain over the insular chieftains. Haco +was no less earnest to attach every person of consequence to his +party. He gave his daughter in marriage to Harold King of Man; and, on +different occasions, entertained at his court King John, Gilchrist, +Dugall the son of Rudri, Magnus Earl of Orkney, Simon bishop of the +Sudoreys, and the abbot of Icolmkil.</p> + +<p>All this, however, did not effectually conciliate the Somerlidian +tribe. The Norwegian Monarch, disappointed in his negotiations, had +recourse to the sword, and sailed with a fleet, which both the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> +Sturlunga-saga, and the Flateyan annals represent as the most +formidable that ever left the ports of Norway.</p> + +<p>It would be improper for the editor to draw any comparison between the +Scottish and Norwegian narratives; he, therefore, leaves it to the +discernment of the reader to fix what medium he thinks reasonable.</p> + +<p>The Flateyan and Frisian are the principal MSS. now extant, that +contain the life of Haco the aged. The first belongs to the library of +His Danish Majesty, the latter is deposited in the Magnæan collection. +Of them the editor obtained copies; and by the help of the one was +enabled, reciprocally, to supply the imperfections of the other. He +has since examined the originals themselves.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p> +<p>The Fr. MS. relates the following anecdote of Missel, at the +coronation of Prince Magnus A.D. 1261. During Mass Missel the Knight +stood up in the middle of the Choir, and wondered greatly at some +ceremonies, unusual at the coronation of Scottish Kings. And when King +Magnus was robed, and King Haco and the Archbishop touched him with +the sword of state, the Scottish knight said, “It was told me, that +there were no knights dubbed in this land; but I never beheld any +knight created with so much solemnity as him whom ten (f. two) noble +lords have now invested with the Sword.”</p> + +<p>The conjectures, in my note on page 42 are confirmed by the following +passage in the Fl. MS. Then came there from the western seas John the +son of Duncan, and Dugall the son of Rudra; and both of them solicited +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span> +that King Haco would give them the title of King over the northern +part of the Sudoreys. They were with the King all summer.</p> + +<p>Antiquarians may be desirous of knowing something of the MSS. from +which this work hath been taken, therefore, it was judged not improper +to subjoin the following account of them. The Frisian MS. is a vellum +quarto of the largest size, in a beautiful hand, and the character +resembles that which prevailed in the end of the 13 century. The book +of Flatey is a very large vellum volume in folio, and appears to have +been compiled in the 14. age. It contains a collection of poems; +excerpts from Adam Bremensis; a dissertation on the first inhabitants +of Norway; the life of Eric the Traveller; of Olave Trygvason; of St +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span> +Olave; of the earls of Orkney; of Suerir; of Haco the Aged; of his son +Magnus; of Magnus the Good; of Harald the Imperious; of Einar Sockason +of Greenland; and of Ölver the Mischievous; it contains also a general +chronology down to A.D. 1394, the year in which the MS. was completed. +The work, from the life of Eric the Traveller to the end of St Olave's +history, inclusive, was written by John Thordrson the priest; the rest +by Magnus Thorvaldson also a clergyman.</p> + +<p>The initial letters, in some places, are ornamented with historical +miniature paintings. In page 35, there is a representation of the +birth of Trygvason; and, at the bottom of the leaf, there is a unicorn +and a lion. 217. An archer shooting. 272. Orme Storolfson carrying off +a hay-cock. 295. Haldan the Black beheading the Norwegian princes; one +of them is represented on his knees, dressed in a red cap, a short +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span> +doublet, and in red trousers reaching down to the middle of his legs. +310. Three men armed with swords, and battle axes, dispatching St +Olave at Sticklestad; at the bottom of the page a man killing a boar, +and another fighting with a mermaid. 650. Haco creating Sculi a Duke. +Sculi is drawn with a garland, or coronet, and receiving a sword, +together with a book by which he is to swear. Most of the figures, in +these paintings, are depicted in armour or mail; their helmets are +sometimes conical, sometimes like a broad-brimmed hat; their +defensive armour is generally a round target, and a two-handed sword. +This venerable volume, the noblest treasure of northern literature now +existing, though wrote in a very small character, and much +abbreviated, consists of 960 columns, two to every page.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<h5>THE</h5> +<h3>HISTORY</h3> +<h5>OF THE</h5> +<h2>NORWEGIAN EXPEDITION</h2> +<h3>AGAINST</h3> +<h2>SCOTLAND,</h2> +<h3>MCCLXIII.</h3> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p>At the time that King Haco ruled over Norway, Alexander, the son of +William King of Scotland, was then King of Scotland. He was a great +Prince, and very ambitious of this world's praise. He sent, from +Scotland in the Western sea, two Bishops to King Haco. At first they +begged to know if King Haco would give up those territories in the +Hebrides,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> which King Magnus Bare-foot had unjustly wrested from +Malcolm, Predecessor to the Scottish King. The King said that Magnus +had settled with Malcolm, what districts the Norwegians should have +in Scotland, or in the Islands which lay near it. He affirmed, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +however, that the King of Scotland had no sovereignty in the Hebrides +at the time when King Magnus won them from King Godred,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> and also +that King Magnus only asserted his Birthright. The commissioners then +said, that the King of Scotland was willing to purchase all the +Hebrides from King Haco, and entreated him to value them in fine +silver. The King replied, he knew no such urgent want of money as +would oblige him to sell his inheritance. With that answer the +messengers departed. From this cause some misunderstanding arose +between the Kings. The Scottish Monarch, however, frequently renewed +the negotiation, and sent many proposals; but the Scots received no +other explanation than what is here related.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="MCCXLIX" id="MCCXLIX"></a>MCCXLIX.</h2> + + +<p>Alexander King of Scotland, wished much for possession of the +Hebrides. He had often sent to Norway to redeem them with money, and +he did so this summer. But when he could not purchase those +territories of King Haco, he took other measures in hand, which were +not princely. Collecting forces throughout all Scotland, he prepared +for a voyage to the Hebrides, and determined to subdue those islands +under his dominion. He made it manifest before his subjects, that he +would not desist till he had set his standard east on the cliffs of +Thurso,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> and had reduced under himself all the provinces which the +Norwegian Monarch possessed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> to the westward of the German Ocean.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>King Alexander sent word to John King of the isles that he wished to +see him. But King John would not meet the Scottish King till four +Earls of Scotland had pledged their honour, that he should return in +safety, whether any agreement was made or not. When the Kings met, the +Scottish Monarch besought King John, that he would give up +Kiarnaburgh<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> into his power, and three other Castles which he held +of King Haco; as also the other lands which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>King Haco had conferred +upon him. The Scottish King added, that, if he would join him in good +earnest, he would reward him with many greater estates in Scotland, +together with his confidence and favour. All King John's Relations and +Friends pressed him to assent. But he behaved well, and uprightly; and +declared that he would not break his oath to King Haco. On this King +John went away, and stopped not at any place till he came quite north +to Lewes.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>King Alexander, then lying in Kiararey-sound,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> dreamed a dream, and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +thought three men came to him. He thought one of them was in royal +robes, but very stern, ruddy in countenance, somewhat thick, and of +middling size. Another seemed of a slender make, but active, and of +all men the most engaging, and majestic. The third again, was of very +great stature, but his features were distorted, and of all the rest he +was the most unsightly. They addressed their speech to the King, and +enquired whether he meant to invade the Hebrides. Alexander thought he +answered that he certainly proposed to subject the islands. The Genius +of the vision bade him go back; and told him no other measure would +turn out to his advantage. The King related his dream; and many +advised him to return. But the King would not; and a little after he +was seized with a disorder, and died. The Scottish army then broke up; +and they removed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>the King's body to Scotland. The Hebridians say that +the men whom the King saw in his sleep were St Olave King of Norway, +St Magnus Earl of Orkney, and St Columba.</p> + +<p>The Scotch took for their King Alexander the son of King Alexander. He +afterwards married the daughter of Henry King of England, and became a +great prince.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MCCLXI" id="MCCLXI"></a>MCCLXI.</h2> + + +<p>In summer there came, from Scotland in the west, an Archdeacon, and a +knight called Missel,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> as Envoys from Alexander King of Scotland. +They shewed more fair language than truth, as seemed to King Haco. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +They set out so abruptly on their return, that none wist till they +were under sail. The King dispatched Briniolf Johnson in pursuit, and +he detained them with him. The King declared that they should remain +that winter in Norway, because they had gone away without taking +leave, contrary to what other Envoys did.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MCCLXII" id="MCCLXII"></a>MCCLXII.</h2> + + +<p>In summer there came letters from the Kings of the Hebrides in the +western seas. They complain'd much of the hostilities which the Earl +of Ross,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Kiarnach, the son of Mac-camal, and other Scots committed +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +in the Hebrides when they went out to Sky.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> They burned villages, +and churches, and they killed great numbers both of men and women. +They affirmed, that the Scotch had even taken the small children and +raising them on the points of their spears shook them till they fell +down to their hands, when they threw them away lifeless on the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +ground.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<p>They said also, that the Scottish King purposed to subdue all the +Hebrides, if life was granted him.</p> + +<p>When King Haco heard these tidings they gave him much uneasiness, and +he laid the case before his council. Whatever objections were made, +the resolution was then taken, that King Haco should in winter, about +Christmas,<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> issue an edict through all Norway, and order out both +what troops and provisions he thought his dominions could possibly +supply for an expedition. He commanded all his forces to meet him at +Bergen, about the beginning of spring.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="MCCLXIII" id="MCCLXIII"></a>MCCLXIII.</h2> + + +<p>Near the middle of Lent King Haco travelled from Drontheim<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> to +Orkadal, thence east through the mountains to Bahus,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> and so +eastwards to Elfar<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> to see Earl Birger,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> according to an +appointment that they should meet at Liodhus in Easter week. But when +King Haco came to Liodhus<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> the Earl was already gone away, and so +the King returned north to Bahus.</p> + +<p>King Haco arrived at Bergen on the day of the invention of the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +Cross.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> He remained there during the spring, and proceeded in his +preparations with great diligence. Prince Magnus, having given the +necessary directions through Rygiafulke<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> concerning the expedition +and the equipment of the fleet, went to join King Haco. After that a +great number of Barons, and officers, and vassals, and a vast many +soldiers flocked in daily to the Capital.</p> + +<p>King Haco held a general council near Bergen at Backa.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> There the +numerous host was assembled together. The King then declared, +concerning the expedition, that this whole army was intended against +Scotland in the western seas, and to revenge the inroads which the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +Scotch had made into his dominions. Prince Magnus begged to command +this expedition instead of King Haco, who should remain at home. He +thanked him in many courteous words; but he observed, that he himself +was older, and had longer acquaintance with the western lands, and +that, therefore, he himself would go this voyage. He, however, gave +Prince Magnus full power to rule the nation in his absence. At this +Council he settled many regulations respecting the internal government +of the Country; and he granted to the yeomanry, that, while he was +away, no Sheriff should decide on any cause, unless such cause was of +the greatest necessity.</p> + +<p>During this voyage King Haco had that great vessel which he had caused +to be constructed at Bergen. It was built entirely of oak, and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +contained twenty-seven banks of oars.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> It was ornamented with +heads and necks of dragons beautifully overlaid with gold. He had also +many other well-appointed ships.</p> + +<p>In the spring King Haco sent John-Langlife-son and Henry Scot west to +the Orkneys, to procure pilots for Shetland. From thence John sailed +to the Hebrides and told King Dugal that he might expect an army from +the East. It had been rumoured that the Scots would plunder in the +islands that summer. King Dugal, therefore, spread abroad a report +that forty ships were coming from Norway. And by this means he +prevented the Scotch from making a descent.</p> + +<p>Some time before the King himself was ready, he sent eight ships to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +the westward. The Captains of these were Ronald Urka, Erling Ivarson, +Andrew Nicolson, and Halvard Red. They continued some days out in the +road, as the wind did not favour them.</p> + +<p>When the King had prepared his ship, he removed all his army from the +capital to Eidsvags;<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> afterwards he himself returned to the city, +where he remained some nights, and then set out for Herlover.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Here +all the troops, both from the Northern and Southern districts, +assembled, as is described in the Ravens-ode, which Sturla<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> sung.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>1.</b></p> + +<p>From the recesses of Finland,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> bands, keen for battle, sought +the potent Ruler of the storm of Javelins. The boisterous deep, +that girds this earth, bore the ships of the Protector of thrones +west from the streams of Gotelfa.</p></div> + +<p>King Haco mustered all his force at Herlover. It was a mighty and +splendid armament. The King had many large and well-appointed ships, +as is thus described.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>2.</b></p> + +<p>No terrifier of dragons,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> guardians of the hoarded treasure,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> +e'er in one place beheld more numerous hosts. The stainer of the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +sea-fowl's beak,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> resolved to scour the main, far distant shores +connected by swift fleets.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>3.</b></p> + +<p>A glare of light blazed from the powerful, far-famed monarch while, +carried by the sea-borne wooden coursers<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> of Gestils,<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> he +broke to the roaring waves. The swelling sails, of keels that ride +the surge, reflected the beams of the unsullied sun around the +umpire of wars.</p></div> + +<p>Some nights after King Haco had arrived at Herlover, Ronald and Erling +sailed out of the bay with their squadron. Ronald was separated from +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +the rest at sea, and made for the Orkneys with some of the ships. +But, Erling, and Andrew, and Halvard steered south +before Shetland, and so to the west of Tharey-fiord;<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> and they saw +no land; except Sulna-stapa<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> west of the Orkneys. Afterwards they +sailed in to Scotland under Dyrness.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> They went up into the country +and destroyed a castle, but the garrison had fled. They burned more +than twenty hamlets. Next they steered for the Hebrides, and found +there Magnus King of Man.</p> + +<p>Three nights before the Selian vigils<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> King Haco set sail for the +German sea with all his fleet. He had now been King of Norway six and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +forty winters.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> He had a favourable breeze; the weather was fair +and the armament beautiful to behold, as Sturlas relates.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>4.</b></p> + + +<p>The Abyss returned the flaming gleam of war, darted from the bright +glittering concave shields of the Goddesses of battle.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> This +voyage, by the bands of the Troubler of peace, through the sea that +streams around the world, was unwelcome to the foe—they dreaded +the exactor of rings.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> +<p>King Haco had a company, particularly selected for his own ship. There +were on the quarter-deck Thorlife abbot of Holm,<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> Sir Askatin,<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> +four priests chaplains to the King, Andrew of Thissisey, Aslac Guss +the King's master of the Horse, Andrew Hawardson, Guthorm Gillason and +Thorstein his brother, Eirek Scot Gautson, with many others. There +were on the main deck Aslack Dagson, Steinar Herka, Klomit Langi, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +Andrew Gums, Eirek Dugalson,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> the father of King Dugal,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p> + +<p>Einar Lang-bard, Arnbiörn Suela, Sigvat Bodvarson,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> Hoskuld +Oddson, John Hoglif, Arni Stinkar. On the fore-deck there were, Sigurd +the son of Ivar Rofu, Ivar Helgason of Lofloc, Erlend Scolbein, Dag of +Southeim, Briniolf Johnson, Gudleik Sneis, and most of the King's +Chamberlains, with Andrew Plytt the King's treasurer. There were in +the fore-castle, Eirek Skifa, Thorfin Sigvald, Kari Endridson, +Gudbrand Johnson and many of the Cup-bearers. In general, there were +four men on every half rowers' seat. With King Haco, Magnus Earl of +Orkney left Bergen; and the King gave him a good galley. These Barons +were also with the King, Briniolf Johnson, Fin Gautson, Erling Alfson, +Erlend Red, Bard of Hestby, Eilif of Naustadale, Andrew Pott, Ogmund +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +Krækidants, Erling Ivarson, John Drotning. Gaut of Meli, and Nicholas +of Giska were behind with Prince Magnus at Bergen, as were several +other sea officers who had not been ready. Many approved commanders +were however with King Haco, and of whom mention hath been made.</p> + +<p>King Haco having got a gentle breeze, was two nights at sea, when he +reached that Harbour of Shetland called Breydeyiar-sound, with a great +part of his navy, as Sturlas sings.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>5.</b></p> + + +<p>The Leader of his people unmoored the ploughers of the Ocean,<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> +and raised aloft the expanded wings<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> of his sky-blue doves.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> +Our Sovereign, rich in the spoils of the sea-snakes den,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> viewed +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +the retiring haven from the stern of his snorting steed<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> +adorned with ruddy gold.</p></div> + +<p>King Haco remained in Breydeyiar-sound near half a month, and from +thence sailed to the Orkneys, and continued some time at Elidarwic +which is near Kirkwall.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> There he declared before his men, that he +would divide his forces, and send one part south to the Firth of +Forth<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> to plunder. But he himself wished to remain in the Orkneys +with the largest ships and greater part of the army. The vassals and +retainers, however, spoke against this scheme, and made it evident +that they would go nowhere unless with the King himself; so this +proposed expedition was dropt.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> +<p>After St Olave's wake<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> King Haco, leaving Elidarwic, sailed south +before the Mull<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> of Ronaldsha with all his navy. At this place King +Haco was joined by Ronald from the Orkneys, with the ships that had +followed him. King Haco next led the whole armament into Ronaldsvo, +and lay there for some space. He then sent men over to Cathness<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> to +levy contribution. He, on the one hand, proposed peace if the +inhabitants would yield, but otherwise heavy punishment. The +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +Cathnesians submitted to the tax, and King Haco appointed collectors +to receive it, as is here intimated.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>6.</b></p> + +<p>First our wise Sovereign, the Bestower of peace, and Defender of +the Northern Thrones, imposed tribute, the ransom of life, on the +dwellers of the Ness.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> All its tribes were terrified by the +steel-clad exactor of rings,<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> and panic-struck at his mighty +power.</p></div> + +<p>While King Haco lay in Ronaldsvo a great darkness drew over the sun, +so that only a little ring was bright round the sun, and it continued +so for some hours.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> +<p>On the day of St Laurence's wake<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> King Haco, having ordered the +Orkney-men to follow him as soon as they were ready, sailed over +Pentland-Firth,<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> Earl Magnus, however, staid behind. He was here +informed that John Drotning,<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> and Kolbein Aslacson, with the ships +expected from the east, but which had been accidentally detained, were +arrived in the Islands. King Haco then sailed with all his forces to a +haven that is called Asleifarvic,<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> from that to Lewes, so on to +Raasa, and, from thence to that place, in Sky-sound, which is called +Callach-stane.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> + + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +Here he was joined by Magnus King of Man, and the relations Erling +Ivarson, Andrew Nicolson, and Halvard. He next proceeded to the Sound +of Mull,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> and then to Kiararey where King Dugal and the other +Hebridians were assembled with all their troops. King Haco had now +above an hundred vessels, for the most part large, and all of them +well provided both with men and arms.</p> + +<p>While King Haco remained at Kiararey he divided his forces, and sent +fifty ships south to the Mull of Kintire<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> to plunder. The captains +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +appointed over them were King Dugal, Magnus King of Man, Bryniolf +Johnson, Ronald Urka, Andrew Pott, Ogmund Krækidants, Vigleic +Priestson. He also ordered five ships for Bute; these were under the +command of Erlend Red, Andrew Nicolson, Simon Stutt, Ivar Ungi Eyfari, +and Gutthorm the Hebridian, each in his own ship.</p> + +<p>King Haco sailed afterwards south to Gudey<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> before Kintire where +he anchored. There King John met him; he came in the ship with Bishop +Thorgil. King Haco desired him to follow his banner as he should do. +But King John excused himself. He said he had sworn an oath to the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +Scottish King, and held of him more lands than of the Norwegian +Monarch; he therefore entreated King Haco to dispose of all those +estates which he had conferred upon him. King Haco kept him with him +some time, and endeavoured to incline his mind to fidelity. Many laid +imputations to his charge. King Haco indeed had before received bad +accounts of him from the Hebrides; for John Langlife-son came to the +King, while he was sailing west from Shetland, and told him the news +that John King of the Hebrides, breaking his faith, had turned to the +Scottish Monarch. King Haco, however, would not believe this till he +had found it so.</p> + +<p>During King Haco's stay at Gudey an Abbot of a monastery of +Greyfriars waited on him, begging protection for their dwelling, and +Holy Church: and this the King granted them in writing.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span></p> +<p>Friar Simon had lain sick for some time. He died at Gudey. His corpse +was afterwards carried up to Kintire where the Greyfriars interred him +in their Church. They spread a fringed pall over his grave, and called +him a Saint.</p> + +<p>About this time men came from King Dugal, and said that the Lords of +Kintire, Margad,<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> and Angus,<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> (also proprietor of Ila), were +willing to surrender the lands which they held to King Haco; and to +order their dependants to join him. The King answered, that he would +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +not lay waste the peninsula, if they submitted on the following day +before noon; if not he gave them to understand he would ravage it. The +messengers returned. Next morning Margad came and gave up every thing +into the King's power; a little after Angus arrived and likewise did +the same. The King then said, that, if they would enter into articles +with him, he would reconcile them with the King of Scotland. On this +they took an oath to King Haco, and delivered hostages. The King laid +a fine of a thousand head of cattle on their estates. Angus yielded up +Ila also to the King; and the King returned Ila to Angus, upon the +same terms that the other Barons in the Hebrides enjoyed their lands; +this is recorded in the Ravens-ode.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + <p class="center"><b>7.</b></p> + + <p>Our Sovereign, sage in Council, the imposer of tribute, and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +brandisher of the keen Falchion directed his long galleys thro' the +Hebrides. He bestowed Ila, taken by his troops, on the valiant +Angus the generous distributor of the beauteous ornaments of the +hand.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p> + + + + +<p class="center"><b>8.</b></p> + +<p>Our dareful King that rules the monsters of the deep,<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> struck +excessive terror into all the regions of the western ocean. Princes +bowed their heads in subjection to the cleaver of the battered +helm; he often dismissed the suppliants in peace, and dispelled +their apprehensions of the wasteful tribes.</p></div> + +<p>South in Kintire there was a Castle held by a Knight who came to wait +on King Haco, and surrendered the fortress into his hands. The King +conferred this Castle upon Guthorm Backa-kolf.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p> +<p>We must next speak of that detachment of the Army, which the King had +sent towards the Mull of Kintire to pillage. The Norwegians made a +descent there. They burnt the hamlets that were before them, and took +all the effects that they could find. They killed some of the +inhabitants; the rest fled where they could. But, when they were +proceeding to the greater villages, letters arrived from King Haco +forbidding them to plunder. Afterwards they sailed for Gudey to rejoin +King Haco, as is here said.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>9.</b></p> + + + +<p>The openers of gushing wounds, undaunted of soul, proceeded in the +paths<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> of the famed Getis,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> from the south round Kintire. Our +heroes, rousers of the thundering tempest of swords, glutted the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +swift, sable-clad birds of prey in Scotland.</p></div> + +<p>The wind was not favourable, King Haco, however, made Andrew Pott go +before him south to Bute, with some small vessels, to join those he +had already sent thither. News was soon received that they had won a +fortress, the garrison of which had capitulated, and accepted terms of +the Norwegians. There was with the Norwegians a sea-officer, called +Rudri.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> He considered Bute as his Birthright; and because he had +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +not received the Island of the Scotch he committed many ravages, and +killed many people; and for that he was outlawed by the Scottish King. +He came to King Haco, and took the oaths to him; and with two of his +brothers became his subjects. As soon as the garrison, after having +delivered up the strong-hold, were gone away from the Norwegians, +Rudri killed nine of them, because he thought that he owed them no +good will. Afterwards King Haco reduced the island, as is here said.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>10.</b></p> + +<p>The wide-extended Bute was won from the forlorn wearers<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> of +rings by the renowned and invincible troops of the promoter of +conquest,—they wielded the two-edged sword—the foes of our Ruler +dropt, and the Raven from his fields of slaughter, winged his +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +flight for the Hebrides.</p></div> + +<p>The Norwegians who had been in Bute went to Scotland, where they +burned many houses, and several towns. Rudri, proceeding a great way, +did all the mischief that he could, as is here described.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>11.</b></p> + +<p>The habitations of men, the dwellings of the wretched, flamed. +Fire, the devourer of halls, glowed in their granaries. The hapless +throwers of the dart<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> fell near the swan-frequented plain,<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> +while south from our floating pines<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> marched a host of warriors.</p></div> + +<p>While King Haco was in the Hebrides, deputies came to him from Ireland +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +intimating that the Irish<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> Ostmen would submit to his power, if he +would secure them from the encroachments of the English, who +possessed all the best towns along the sea-coast. King Haco +accordingly sent Sigurd the Hebridian, with some fast-sailing vessels, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +to examine on what terms the Irish invited him thither.</p> + +<p>After this King Haco sailed south before the Mull of Kintire with all +his fleet, and anchored for some time in Arran-sound. Then, there came +often Predicant, or Barefooted friars, from the Scottish Monarch, to +King Haco, to sound him about a pacification between the two +Sovereigns. At this juncture also King Haco set King John at liberty; +and bidding him go in peace, wherever he would, gave him several rich +presents. He promised King Haco, to do everything in his power to +effectuate a peace between him and the Scottish King; and that he +would immediately return to King Haco whenever he desired him. Soon +after King Haco sent Gilbert Bishop of Hamar, Henry Bishop of Orkney, +Andrew Nicolson, Andrew Plytt, and Paul Soor as envoys to treat about +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +a peace with the King of Scotland. They went to the Scottish Monarch, +and laid before him their overtures. He received them honourably, +seemed inclined to a compromise, and said that such terms of +accommodation as he would consent to, would be transmitted to King +Haco. The commissioners departed; and the Scottish envoys arrived soon +after. King Haco had ordered that all the Islands to the west of +Scotland, which he called his, should be wrote down. The King of +Scotland again had named all such as he would not relinquish. These +were Bute, Arran, and the two Cumbras;<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> as to other matters there +was very little dispute between the Sovereigns; but however no +agreement took place. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +The Scotch purposely declined any accommodation, because summer was +drawing to a period, and the weather was becoming bad. Finding this, +Haco sailed in, with all his forces, past the Cumbras.</p> + +<p>Afterwards an interview in Scotland was agreed upon for a +reconciliation. King Haco sent thither a Bishop and a Baron; and to +meet them came some Knights and Monks. They spoke much about an +accommodation, but, at last, things ended the same way as formerly. +Towards the conclusion of the day a greater number of Scots convened +from the country than the Norwegians thought were to be trusted. They +therefore, retiring to the ships, waited on the King, and told him +their opinion. The generality advised him to declare that the truce +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +was now ended, and to give orders to plunder, as the army was very +short of provisions.</p> + +<p>King Haco, however, sent one of his courtiers, called Kolbein Rich, to +the Scottish Monarch. He carried with him the Articles of pacification +which the Scottish King had sent to King Haco, and was commanded to +bring back the proposals which King Haco had sent to the King of +Scotland. He was besides to propose that the Sovereigns should meet +with all their forces and treat about a peace. If that, by the grace +of God, took place, it was very well; but if it should turn out +otherwise, then Haco proposed to the King of Scotland to fight, with +their whole armies, and let him conquer whom God pleased. The Scottish +Monarch seem'd not unwilling to fight, but he gave no explanation. +Kolbein, therefore, returned back to his Sovereign, who appeared but +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +little satisfied with his message; as is mentioned in the Ravens-ode.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>12.</b></p> + +<p>The Eastern Hero great in command, and ennobled by Victory, +repeatedly offered the decisive conflict of Javelins to the enemy. +The strangers, distrustful of their strength, risked not the combat +against our magnanimous Prince, wielder of the gleaming blade.</p></div> + +<p>The truce was now declared to be totally ended. The King accordingly +sent sixty ships in to Loch-Long.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> They were commanded by Magnus +King of Man, King Dugal,<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> and Allan his brother, Angus, Margad, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +Vigleik Priestson and Ivar Holm. When they came into the inlet they +took their boats, and drew them<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> up to a great lake which is called +Loch-Lomond. On the far side round the lake was an Earldom called +Lennox.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> In the lake there were a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +great many islands well +inhabited;<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> these islands the Norwegians wasted with fire. They +also burned all the buildings about the lake, and made great +devastation, as Sturlas relates.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>13.</b></p> + +<p>The persevering shielded warriors of the thrower of the whizzing +spear<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> drew their boats across the broad isthmus. Our fearless +troops, the exactors of contribution, with flaming brands wasted +the populous islands in the lake, and the mansions around its +winding bays.</p></div> + +<p>Allan the brother of King Dugal, marched far over into Scotland, and +killed great numbers of the inhabitants. He took many hundred head of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +cattle, and made vast havoc, as is here described.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>14.</b></p> + +<p>Our veterans fierce of Soul, feeders of wolves, hastened their +wasteful course through the spacious districts of the mountains. +Allan, the bravest of mortals, at the fell interview of battle, +often wreaked his fatal vengeance on the expiring foe.</p></div> + +<p>Afterwards the Norwegians retired to their fleet, and met with so +violent a storm that it dashed in pieces about ten of their ships in +Loch-Long. At this time Ivar Holm was seized with an acute disease, +which occasioned his death.</p> + +<p>King Haco, as was before written, still lay in the Hebrides. +Michaelmas fell on a Saturday; and, on the Monday night after, there +came a great tempest with hailstones and rain. The watch on the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +fore-castle of the King's ship called out, and said that a transport +vessel was driving full against their cable. The sailors immediately +sprung upon deck; but the rigging of the transport getting entangled +in the King's ship, carried away its beak. The transport then fell +aboard in such a manner, that the anchor grappled the cordage of the +King's ship, which then began to drag its anchors. The King, +therefore, ordered the cable of the transport to be cut, which was +accordingly done. It then drove out to sea, but the King's ship +remained steadfast, and continued uncovered<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> till daylight. On the +morning, the transport floated with the tide, and, together with a +galley, was cast ashore on Scotland. The wind gradually increasing, +the crew of the King's ship got more cables, and dropt a fifth +anchor. The King himself then took to his long-boat, and rowing out to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +the islands, ordered mass to be sung. The fleet in the meantime was +forced up the channel; and the tempest that day was so furious that +some vessels cut away their masts, others ran aground. The King's ship +also drove into the sound, tho' seven anchors, including that taken +from the transport, had been used. They then let go an eighth, which +was the sheet anchor; the ship still drove, but the anchors at length +took fast hold. Five vessels were cast ashore. So great was this storm +that people said it was raised by the power of Magic, and the quantity +of rain was prodigious, as is thus described.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>15.</b></p> + +<p>Now our deep-enquiring Sovereign encounter'd the horrid powers of +enchantment, and the abominations of an impious race. The troubled +flood tore many fair gallies from their moorings and swept them +anchorless before its waves.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>16.</b></p> + +<p>A magic-raised watery tempest blew upon our warriors, ambitious of +conquest, and against the floating habitations<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> of the brave. +The roaring billows and stormy blast threw shielded companies of +our adventurous nation on the Scottish strand.</p></div> + +<p>When the Scotch saw that the vessels had run aground, they assembled +together, and advancing against the Norwegians, attacked them with +missile weapons. They, however, defended themselves gallantly under +cover of their ships; the Scotch made several attempts, at different +times, but killed few, tho' many were wounded. King Haco, as the wind +was now somewhat abated, sent in some boats with a reinforcement, as +is here mentioned.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>17.</b></p> + +<p>The victorious breaker of gleaming weapons, attentive of soul, then +sent his bands to the hard-fought field, where breast-plates rang. +Our troops, by the slaughter of the suspicious foe, established +their Monarch's fame, vilified by the dwellers of the vallies.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p></div> + +<p>Afterwards the Sovereign himself, attended by Thorlaug Bosa, set sail +in a barge belonging to the Masters of the Lights.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> As soon as the +King's men approached the land the Scotch retired; and the Norwegians +continued ashore all night. The Scotch, however, during the darkness, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +entered the transport,<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> and carried off as much of the lading as +they could. On the morning, the King with a numerous reinforcement +came on shore; and he ordered the transport to be lightened, and towed +out to the ships.</p> + +<p>In a little time, they descried the Scottish army, and it was so +numerous that they supposed the King of Scotland was present. Ogmund +Krækidants with his company was stationed on a hill. The Scottish van +skirmished with his men; and, their main body coming on, the +Norwegians entreated the King, as they were anxious for his safety, to +row to his fleet and to send them help. The King insisted on remaining +on shore; but they would not assent to his continuing any longer so +exposed; he, therefore, sailed out in a barge to his ships at the +Cumbras. The following Barons remained on land, Lord Andrew Nicolson, +Ogmund Krækidants, Erling Alfson, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +Andrew Pott, Ronald Urka, Thorlaug Bosi, Paul Soor. The whole number +of soldiers with them was eight or nine hundred. Two hundred men were +upon the rising-ground with Ogmund; but the rest of the troops were +posted down upon the beach.</p> + +<p>The Scottish army now advanced, and it was conjectured to consist of +near fifteen hundred knights.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> All their horses had breast-plates; +and there were many Spanish steeds in complete armour. The Scottish +King had, besides, a numerous army of foot soldiers, well accoutred. +They generally had bows and spears.</p> + +<p>The Norwegians on the hill, apprehensive of being surrounded, began to +retire in scattered parties towards the sea. Andrew Nicolson, +observing this, came up to the rising ground, and desired Ogmund to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +draw off his men towards the beach, but not to retreat so +precipitately as if he fled. The Scotch at this time attacked them +furiously with darts and stones. Showers of weapons were poured upon +the Norwegians, who defended themselves, and retired in good order. +But when they approached the sea, each one hurrying faster than +another, those on the beach imagined they were routed. Some therefore +leaped into their boats, and pushed off from the land, others jumped +into the transport. Their companions called upon them to return, and +some returned, tho' few. Andrew Pott leaped over two boats, and into a +third, and so escaped from land. Many boats went down, and some men +were lost, and the rest of the Norwegians at last wheeled about +towards the sea.</p> + +<p>Here Haco of Steini, one of King Haco's household, fell. The +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +Norwegians were then driven south from the transport, and were headed +by Andrew Nicolson, Ogmund Krækidants, Thorlaug Bosi, and Paul Soor. +There soon began a severe contest, tho' very unequal, as ten Scots +fought against each Norwegian. Among the Scotch there was a young +knight called Ferash,<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> equally distinguished for his birth and +fortune. He wore a helmet plaited with gold, and set with precious +stones, and the rest of his armour was of a piece with it. He rode +gallantly up to the Norwegians, but no other ventured. He galloped +frequently along the Norwegian line, and then back to his own +followers. Andrew Nicolson had now reached the Scottish van. He +encountered this illustrious knight, and struck at his thigh with such +force that he cut it off,<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> through the armour, with his sword, +which penetrated to the saddle. The Norwegians stript him of his +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +beautiful belt.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> The hardest conflict then commenced. Many fell on +both sides, but more of the Scotch, as Sturlas sings.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>18.</b></p> + +<p>Where cuirasses rung, our generous youths, formed in a circle, +prostrated the illustrious givers of bracelets. The birds of prey +were gluttonously filled with lifeless limbs. What great chieftain +shall avenge the fate of the renowned wearer of the Belt?</p></div> + +<p>During the battle there was so great a tempest that King Haco saw no +possibility of bringing the army ashore. Ronald, and Eilif of +Naustadale, however, with some men, rowed to land, and greatly +distinguished themselves; as did those troops who had before gone out +in their boats. Ronald, in the end, was repulsed to his ships; but +Eilif behaved most heroically. The Norwegians now began to form +themselves anew; and the Scotch took possession of the rising ground. +There were continued skirmishes with stones and missile weapons; but +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +towards evening the Norwegians made a desperate charge against the +Scotch on the hill, as is here recorded.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>19.</b></p> + +<p>The champions of Nordmæra's<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> Lord saluted the stout, harnassed +Barons, with the rough music of battle. The train of the supporter +of thrones, courageous, and clad in steel, marched to the din of +clashing swords.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>20.</b></p> + +<p>At the conflict of corselets on the blood-red hill, the damasked +blade hewed the mail of hostile tribes, ere the Scot, nimble as the +hound, would leave the field to the followers of our +all-conquering king.</p></div> + +<p>The Scotch then left the eminence, and fled, where they could, away to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +their mountains. The Norwegians, perceiving this, retired to their +boats, and rowing out to their ships, luckily escaped the storm. On +the morning they came back in search of the bodies of those who had +dropt. Among the dead were Haco of Steini, and Thorgisl Gloppa, both +belonging to King Haco's household. There fell also a worthy vassal +called Karlhoved, from Drontheim, and another vassal named Halkel, +from Fiorde. Besides, there died three Masters of the Lights, +Thorstein Bat, John Ballhoved, and Halvard Buniard. It was impossible +for the Norwegians to tell how many were killed of the Scotch, because +those who dropt were taken up and removed to the woods. King Haco +ordered his dead to be carried to a church.</p> + +<p>Five days after, King Haco commanded his men to weigh anchor and to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +bring his ship close under the Cumbras. He was soon joined by the +squadron which had been in Loch-long. On the fast day following, the +weather was good, and the King sent some retainers ashore to burn the +vessels which had been stranded; that same day the King sailed past +Cumbra to Melansey,<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> where he lay some nights. Here he was met by +the Commissioners he had sent to Ireland, who assured him that the +Irish Ostmen would willingly engage to maintain his army till he freed +them from the dominion of the English. King Haco was extremely +desirous of sailing for Ireland, and, as the wind was not favourable, +he held a Council on the subject, but the whole army was against this +plan. He, therefore, told them that as he was short of provisions he +would steer for the Hebrides. The King then ordered the body of Ivar +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>Holm to be carried to Bute, where it was interred.</p> + +<p>Afterwards King Haco sailed past Melansey and lay some nights near +Arran, then proceeded to Sandey and so to the Mull of Kintire, and at +night he arrived north at Gudey; next he sailed out to Ila-sound, +where he remained two nights. King Haco laid a contribution, rated at +three hundred head of cattle, on the island, but part was to be paid +in meal, part in cheese. Haco set sail again on the first Sunday of +winter, and met a fog and a storm so violent that few of the ships +could carry their sails. The king, therefore, made for Kiararey, and +about this time messengers passed between him and King John, but to +little purpose. Here the King was informed that his +troops had made depredations in Mull, and that some of the Mull-men, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +with two or three Norwegians, had been killed.</p> + +<p>King Haco next sailed in to the Calf of Mull,<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> where he stayed some +nights. There King Dugal and Allan his brother took leave of the King, +who gave them those estates which King John formerly possessed—Magnus +King of Man and other Hebridians had returned home before. He gave +Bute to Rudri, and Arran to Margad. To King Dugal he gave the Castle +in Kintire which Guthorm Backa-kolf had besieged and taken during the +summer. In this expedition King Haco regained all those provinces +which King Magnus Barefoot had acquired, and conquered from the Scotch +and Hebridians, as is here narrated.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>21.</b></p> + +<p>The Lord of Egda<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> soon recovered all those territories on the +continent which had been subjected by the Scottish tribes. In the +western regions none durst contend with the offspring of Ingui.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> +His army, like a gathering tempest, indicated desolation to the +dominions of his imperious adversary.</p></div> + +<p>King Haco, leaving the calf of Mull, sailed to Rauney. Here he +overtook Balti a vassal of Shetland, with those who had been sent to +the Orkneys, and to whom a permission had been given of returning to +Norway. King Haco from Rauney steered northwards. The wind being +unfavourable, he made for Westerford in Sky, and ordered the islanders +to supply him with provisions. Next he sailed past Cape Wrath,<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +arriving at Dyrness, there happened a calm, for which reason the King +ordered the fleet to be steered into Gia-ford.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> This was done on +the feast of the two apostles, Simon and Jude,<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> which fell on a +Sunday. The King spent the night there. On this festival, after mass +had been sung, some Scots, whom the Norwegians had taken prisoners, +were presented to the King. The King detained one as a hostage, and +sent the others up the country, at liberty, on giving a promise that +they would return with cattle. On the same day it happened that nine +men belonging to Andrew Biusa's ship went ashore to procure water, and +an outcry was soon heard from the mainland. The crew, therefore, +immediately setting off from their ships, found two men swimming, +though badly wounded, and took them on board; the other seven, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +unarmed, and incapable of making any defence, remained by their boat +(which was left aground by the tide) and were killed by the Scotch. +The Norwegians landing, carried away their dead; and the Scotch, in +the meantime, fled to a wood. On the Monday, King Haco sailed from +Gia-ford after having liberated the Scottish hostage, and sent him +ashore. The King in the evening reached the Orkneys, and anchored in a +certain sound, to the north of Asmundsvo,<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> from whence he, with +the greatest part of his fleet, steered for Ronaldsvo. In passing over +Pentland Firth, a terrible whirlpool appeared, and in which a ship +from Rygia-fylke, with all on board, perished. John of Hestby was +driven through the straits, and was very near being swallowed up in +the gulf; but, by the mercy of God, his ship was forced east to the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +ocean, and he made for Norway.</p> + +<p>While King Haco remained in the Orkneys the most part of his troops +sailed to Norway; some went with the King's permission, but others +took leave for themselves. King Haco, on his arrival at the islands, +had at first given out that he would return immediately to Norway; +but, as it was a long time before the wind favoured him, he determined +to winter in the Orkneys. He, therefore, named twenty ships that were +to remain with him, and dismissed the rest. All the vassals stayed +with him, except Eilif of Naustdale; he sailed home. Most of the +gentry, however, continued with their Sovereign. The King then +despatched letters to Norway, concerning the necessaries he should +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +want. After All Saints Day, the King steered for Medalland<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> +harbour; but spent one day at Ronaldsha.</p> + +<p>On the Saturday before Martinmas King Haco rode to the port of +Medalland, and after mass he was taken very ill. He was aboard his +ship during the night; but, on the morning, he ordered mass to be sung +on shore. He afterwards held a council to deliberate where the vessels +should be laid up; and ordered his men to be attentive, and see after +their respective ships. Upon this each captain took the charge of his +own galley. Some were laid up in the harbour of Medalland, and others +at Skalpeid.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p> + +<p>Next King Haco proceeded to Skalpeid, and then rode to Kirkwall. He, +with such officers as dined at his table, lodged in the Bishop's +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +palace. Here the King and the Bishop kept separate tables in the +halls, each for his own retinue; but the King dined in the upper +story. He ordered certain districts to furnish his nobility and +household with provisions. Andrew Plytt had the inspection of the +King's table, and delivered out to the courtiers, retainers, masters +of the Lights, and other attendants their usual allowance. After the +proper arrangements were taken concerning the disposal of the fleet, +the different captains went whither their ships were laid up. The +Barons who remained at Kirkwall were Briniolf Johnston, Erling Alfson, +Ronald Urka, Erling of Birkey, John Drotning, and Erlend Red. The +other Barons repaired to their proper districts.</p> + +<p>King Haco had spent the summer in much watchfulness and anxiety. Being +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +often called to deliberate with his captains, he had enjoyed little +rest, and when he arrived at Kirkwall, he was confined to his bed by +his disorder. Having lain for some nights, the illness abated, and he +was on foot for three days. On the first day he walked about in his +apartments; on the second, he attended at the Bishop's chapel to hear +mass; and on the third he went to Magnus's Church, and walked round +the shrine of St Magnus, Earl of Orkney. He then ordered a bath to be +prepared, and got himself shaved. Some nights after he relapsed, and +took again to his bed. During his sickness, he ordered the Bible and +Latin authors to be read to him. But finding his spirits were too much +fatigued by reflecting on what he had heard, he desired Norwegian +books might be read to him night and day; first the lives of Saints, +and, when they were ended, he made his attendants read the Chronicles +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +of our Kings from Haldan the Black, and so of all the Norwegian +Monarchs in succession, one after the other. The King still found his +disorder increasing. He, therefore, took into consideration the pay to +be given to his troops, and commanded that a mark of fine silver +should be given to each courtier, and half a mark to each of the +masters of the lights, chamberlains, and other attendants on his +person. He ordered all the ungilt plate belonging to his table to be +weighed, and to be distributed if his plain silver fell short. At +this time also letters were wrote to Prince Magnus concerning the +government of the nation, and some things which the King wanted to +have settled respecting the army. King Haco received extreme unction +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +on the night before the festival of St Lucia.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> Thorgisl, Bishop of +Stavanger, Gilbert Bishop of Hamar, Henry Bishop of Orkney, Abbot +Thorleif, and many other learned men were present; and before the +unction, all present bade the King farewell with a kiss. He +still spoke distinctly; and his particular favourites asked him if he +left behind him any other son than Prince Magnus, or any other heirs +that should share in the kingdom, but he uniformly persisted that he +had no other heirs in the male or female line, than what were publicly +known.</p> + +<p>When the histories of all the Kings down to Suerer had been recited, +he ordered the life of that Prince to be read, and to be continued +night and day, whenever he found himself indisposed to sleep.</p> + +<p>The festival of the Virgin St. Lucia happened on a Thursday, and on +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +the Saturday after, the King's disorder increased to such a degree +that he lost the use of his speech; and at midnight Almighty God +called King Haco out of this mortal life. This was matter of great +grief to all those who attended, and to most of those who heard of the +event. The following Barons were present at the death of the King, +Briniolf Johnson, Erling Alfson, John Drottning, Ronald Urka, and some +domestics who had been near the King's person during his illness. +Immediately on the decease of the King, Bishops, and learned men were +sent for to sing mass. Afterwards all the company went out except +Bishop Thorgisl, Briniolf Johnson and two other persons, who watched +by the body, and performed all the services due to so illustrious a +Lord and Prince as King Haco had been. On Sunday the royal corpse was +carried to the upper hall, and laid on a bier. The body was clothed in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +a rich garb, with a garland on the head, and dressed out as became a +crowned monarch. The masters of the lights stood with tapers in their +hands, and the whole hall was illuminated. All the people came to see +the body, which appeared beautiful and animated, and the King's +countenance was as fair and ruddy as while he was alive. It was some +alleviation of the deep sorrow of the beholders to see the corpse of +their departed Sovereign so decorated. High mass was then sung for the +deceased. The Nobility kept watch by the body during the night. On +Monday the remains of King Haco were carried to St. Magnus's church, +where they lay in state that night. On Tuesday the royal corpse was +put into a coffin, and buried in the Choir of St. Magnus's Church, +near the steps leading to the shrine of St. Magnus Earl of Orkney. The +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +tomb was then closed, and a canopy was spread over it. It was also +determined that watch should be kept over the King's grave all winter. +At Christmas the Bishop and Andrew Plytt furnished entertainments, as +the King had directed, and good presents were given to all the +soldiers.</p> + +<p>King Haco had given orders that his remains should be carried east to +Norway, and buried near his Father and relations. Towards the end of +winter, therefore, that great vessel which he had had in the west was +launched, and soon got ready. On Ash-Wednesday the corpse of King Haco +was taken out of the ground; this happened on the third of the nones +of March. The Courtiers followed the corpse to Skalpeid where the ship +lay, and which was chiefly under the direction of Bishop Thorgisl, and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +Andrew Plytt. They put to sea on the first Saturday in Lent; but +meeting with hard weather, they steered for Silavog.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> From this +place they wrote letters to Prince Magnus acquainting him with the +news, and then set sail for Bergen. They arrived at Laxavog<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> +before the festival of St. Benedict.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> On that day Prince Magnus +rowed out to meet the corpse. The ship was brought near to the King's +palace; and the body was carried up to a summer house. Next morning +the corpse was removed to Christ-church, and was attended by Prince +Magnus, the two Queens, the Courtiers, and the town's people. The body +was then interred in the Choir of Christ-church; and Prince Magnus +addressed a long and gracious speech to those who attended the +funeral procession. All the multitude present expressed great sorrow +of mind as Sturlas says.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>22.</b></p> + +<p>Three nights did the brave warriors, the flower of chivalry, +continue at Bergen, ere they entombed their wise and glorious +Prince. The breakers of temper'd metals, stood crowding around the +grave of the ruler of the nation, while in their swimming eyes +appear'd no look of joy.—Then commenced those bloody feuds which +till our days have reigned.</p></div> + +<p>King Haco was buried three nights before the festival of the +annunciation of the Virgin Mary; and after the Incarnation of our Lord +Jesus Christ one thousand two hundred and sixty three years.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p> + +<h3><span class="sp">FINIS.</span></h3> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Sudr-eyiar, (<i>orig.</i>). The Hebrides or southern division +of the Scottish islands, so called in contradistinction to the +Orkneys.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Godred, Chrou-ban, <i>i.e.</i> the white handed, King of Man.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>Th</i>ursa sker (<i>orig.</i>) <i>i.e.</i> the giants' rocks, +Thurso.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Solunder-haf, (<i>orig.</i>) the Northern ocean. So called +from the Soloe islands near that promontory of Norway called Stad. +That species of sea fowl which frequent the Bass, probably received +their name from being more commonly found in the Solund isles.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Kiarna-borg, (<i>orig.</i>), <i>Fl. Ms.</i> Kianaborg, from the +Irish <i>carn</i> a rock, and the Is. <i>borg</i> a castle. This castle was +situated on a rocky islet near Mul. Fordun calls it Carnborg.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Liod-hus, <i>i.e.</i> The residence of Liot. It is not +unlikely that the isle of Lewes, & the family of M<sup>c</sup>Leod were so +named from Liod earl of Orkney.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Kiarareyiar, in the Mss. Kiarbareyiar, the island +Kiararey where Alexander died, suddenly, Jul. 8th. 1249.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Perhaps the Author means Frissel afterwards Bishop of St +Andrews; or Michael <i>viz.</i> de Weymyss, who was ambassador to Norway, +A. D. 1290.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Jarlin af Ros ok Kiarnakr son Makamals (<i>orig.</i>). The +text here is much vitiated. The author might have read in some Irish +accounts, Jarl na Ross (William) M<sup>c</sup>Kerchar, M<sup>c</sup>Calom, <i>i.e.</i>, the +Earl of Ross (William) the son of Ferchard, the son of Malcolm. This +William Mac Erchart was a young Hero, and is corruptly called +Macentagart by the Scottish historians. Or perhaps, three persons may +be alluded to, viz., the Earl of Ross, Kinneach-son (of Kintail), and +a MacCamal of Lochaw, all powerful chieftains on the west coast of +Scotland. It is, however, not impossible that Kiarnak was some ancient +chieftain from whom a branch of the Grants was called Clan-Chiarnach. +The Fl. Ms. for Makamals reads Machamals.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> I Skid (<i>orig.</i>). In the Fl. Ms. ístrid e. to war.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The inhuman practice here described was common in those +times. From the Landnamaboc we learn that Olver first discouraged this +custom. We read, Olver did not permit tossing infants from spear to +spear as was usual among pirates, and was therefore surnamed +Barna-kall or the protector of Infants.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Jol (<i>orig.</i>). The great brumal festival among the +Scandinavians. Hence the Scotch word Yule, <i>i.e.</i>, Christmas.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Nid-ar-os (<i>orig.</i>), <i>i.e.</i>, the mouth of the river Nid, +now Drontheim.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Vikor (<i>orig.</i>), now Bahus in Sweden.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Elfa, the river at Gottenburg.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> An Earl of Sweden and father-in-law to Haco the +younger.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Liodhusa, a town of Sweden demolished <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 1268.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> May 3.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, the hilly country. Harald Harfager divided his +kingdom into several counties, each of which was to fit out a squadron +of ships on an emergency. The counties were again divided into +<i>skipreidor</i>, or smaller districts, each of which furnished a single +vessel properly equipped.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, an eminence, near Bergen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> By banks of oars we are only to understand benches for +the rowers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, Cape-bay, near Bergen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> An island and excellent harbour near Bergen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> A celebrated poet, uncle to Sigvat Bodvarson, who +attended Haco in this expedition, and from whom Sturla probably had +his information of facts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> The most northerly province of Norway.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, no warrior.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> The Scandinavian Scalds and Mythologists often +represented treasures as guarded by monsters, dragons, sea snakes, &c. +This notion probably originated from the fabulous tales of those who +traded to the Indies. An ancient author, speaking of Scythia, says, +“nam qvum in plerisque locis auro & gemmis affluant, Gryphorum +immanitate, accessus hominum rarus est.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, Haco.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, ships.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Gestil, a famous sea king or pirate.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>Th</i>areyiar-fiörd (<i>orig.</i>), perhaps a mistake for +Faroeyiar-fiörd. Torfæus read it Barreyiarfiord.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, the column of pillars, perhaps the island +Staffa.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, the promontory of deer, now +Durnish.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> 7th of July.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> The Norwegians computed by winters: the Scotch did the +same, as we see by Winton's chronicle:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Thretty winters and four than</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Edan regnyd Max Gowran.”</span></div></div> + + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Val-drosar (<i>orig.</i>), the Goddesses of Fate, or +Valkyriæ, to whom armour was supposed sacred.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, Tribute—Ringa elldingom, (<i>orig.</i>), bright +rings: <i>Ringa</i> signify not only rings, or bracelets, but also money; +for before the introduction of coinage into the North, very thick +spiral gold wires were worn round the wrists of great men, who +distributed bits to those who performed any signal service; and such a +wire is still to be seen in the Royal Museum at Copenhagen. It is not +always easy to discern when by <i>ringa</i> is understood ornaments for the +fingers, bracelets, rings of investiture, or the current money of the +times.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, the islet, a monastery near Bergen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Afterwards chancellor of Norway.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Probably the son of Dugal, the son of Somerled.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> The father of King Dugal was Rory, I suppose. See notes +on pages 34 and 42.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Nephew to Sturla author of the Ravens-ode. He attended +Haco in this expedition.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> ships.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> sails.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Bla-dufor (<i>orig.</i>), <i>i.e.</i> Blue pigeons. The Scalds +frequently compared ships under sail to birds, horses, and other +animals in motion.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> gold.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> ship.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Kirkio-vog (<i>orig.</i>) <i>i.e.</i> Church-bay. Kirkwall.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Breida-fiardar (<i>orig.</i>), <i>i.e.</i> Broad bay. The firth of +Forth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> St Olave's day, July 29.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Mula in Irish and Icelandic signifies a cape or beak.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Kata-nes (<i>orig.</i>), <i>i.e.</i> the promontory of Cadtav or +Cathness. Cathness was particularly exposed to the inroads of the +Norwegians. On this account great numbers of the inhabitants retired +into Murray and the adjacent counties, where they were afterwards +known by the name of Clan-Chattan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, the promontory, or Cathness.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Baug-gerdar (<i>orig.</i>), <i>i.e.</i> imposer of rings. <i>Baug</i> +signifies anything circular, therefore, in compounded words, it is not +easy to discern when it denotes rings or shields, &c. See note on +<i>ringa</i>, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> This eclipse happened on the 5th of August 1263.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> St Laurence's wake or vigil, 9th of Aug.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Cathness by the ancient Britons was called Pentîr, +<i>i.e.</i> the headland, whence the neighbouring firth had its name.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> John the Queen, perhaps the ancestor of the +M<sup>c</sup>Queens.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Asleifarvik (<i>orig.</i>). Fl. MS., Hals-eyiar-vic.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> The old woman's rock. <i>Cailleach</i> in Irish, and +<i>kerling</i> in Icelandic signify an old woman.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> The promontory. This island was so called +because, from its propinquity to the opposite shore, it appeared like +a cape. The old Venetian edition of Pliny has “Mella xxv mill. pass. +amplior proditur;” in the other copies it is “Reliquarum nulla” &c. +Hence the true reading appears to be Reliquarum Mulla &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Ken-tîr, <i>i.e.</i> the promontory, a Peninsula in Scotland, +Kintire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> God's-Island. I take this to be Giga, or, as +Fordon calls it, Gia, compounded of the Gaelic <i>Dhia</i>, God, and the +Islandic <i>ey</i>, an island.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Who this Margad was does not appear from history, I +believe.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Angus, Lord of Kintire and Ila, was grandson & heir of +Reginald king of the isles. His posterity succeeded to the county of +Ross, & John, the second Earl, A.D. 1449, gave to his Brother Hugh the +Barony of Slate &c. Lord M<sup>c</sup>Donald Baron of Slate, is the direct +male representative of Reginald.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, rings or bracelets.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, ships.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> the sea.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> A celebrated adventurer or sea king.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Rudri or Ruari is the Irish abbreviation of Roderic. The +person here meant is, no doubt, the second son of King Reginald, & the +same who in a donation to the abbey of Sandale, is stiled Rodericus de +Kintire filius Reginaldi. This Roderic, it seems, besides Allan & +Dougal, had another son Angus M<sup>c</sup>Rorie, Lord of Bute, whose daughter +and heiress Jean was married to Alexander sixth Lord High Steward, +Grand father to Robert II. King of Scotland. Robert, A.D. 1400., gave +Bute to his son John from whom the present family of Bute is lineally +descended.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> the Scotch.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> the Scotch.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> sea.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> ships.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Irar. (<i>orig.</i>), <i>i.e.</i> Irish. As the native Irish had +suffer'd so much from the Scandinavians it is improbable they would +apply for assistance to the <i>Siol Lochlin na beum</i>. We may therefore +reasonably conclude that the People here mentioned were the +descendants of those Norwegians or Ostmen, who long inhabited the +eastern coast of Ireland and founded some of its best towns. A. D. +1201 those Ostmen or Easterlings were still so considerable that, at a +recognition taken of the diocese of Limerick, the arbitrators +consisted of 12 English, 12 Irish, & 12 Ostmen. Edw. I. gave +Gilchrist, William, & John Gilmorys, with other Ostmen in the County +of Waterford, peculiar privileges; &, by the rolls of Edw. II. they +evidently subsisted, as a distinct people, during the reign of that +prince.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Kumr-eyiar (<i>orig.</i>), <i>i.e.</i> the Islands of the +Cumbrians, two small islands to the West of Scotland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Skipa-fiörd in Islandic, and Loch-Lhong, in Gaelic, +signifies the Bay of Ships.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Allan & Dougal his brother were, I imagine, the sons of +Rudri (see the note on page 34.) This Allan we may suppose to be the +same who, in Rymer's Fœdera, is called “Alanus filius Rotherici,” & +who A. D. 1284 was one of the Barons that engaged to support Margaret +of Norway's title to the crown of Scotland. Dugal was probably the +predecessor of M<sup>c</sup>Dougal of Dunoly <i>i.e.</i> Olave's tower. The place +might receive this name, from having been the residence of Olave, the +youngest Son of Somerled thane of Argyle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> To avoid long, or dangerous circumnavigations, it was +usual for the antients to draw their light canoes over isthmuses. +Among the Greeks such places were termed <i>διολχοι</i><i> i.e.</i> dragging-places, and there was a very remarkable one +near Corinth. By the Scotch they were called Tarbats, from the Gaelic +<i>tarn</i> to draw, and <i>baat</i> a boat. There was a Tarbat between +Loch-Lomond and Loch-Long.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Alwin M<sup>c</sup>Arkel, as appears from the Chartulary of +Glasgow, was created Earl of Levnach by Maol-Coluim IIII., A. D. +1153.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> No doubt the neighbouring inhabitants retired to the +isles of Loch-Lomond in times of danger.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> Haco.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> without an awning.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> ships.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i>, the Scotch.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Kerti-sveina (<i>orig.</i>), <i>i.e.</i> Inspectors of the Lights, +who were to see that the Norwegian palace was properly illuminated. +The office corresponded exactly to the Canhowllyd of the Welsh +Princes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> In the Fl. Ms. the Norwegians are said to have entered +the transport.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Fl. MS., Five hundred.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Perus or Pherus (<i>orig.</i>), probably Fergus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> A quotation from Giraldus's account of the Irish will +both illustrate this passage & the antient method of fighting. +“Utuntur—securibus quoque amplis, fabrili diligentiâ optimè +chalybatis, quas a Norwegiensibus & Oustmannis sunt mutuati. Unâ +tantum manu, & non ambabus, securi percutiunt, pollice desuper +manubrium in longum extenso ictu regente, a quo nec galea, caput, in +conum erecta, nec reliquum corpus ferrea loricæ tricatura tuetur. Unde +& in nostris contigit temporibus totam militis coxam ferro utcunque +fideliter vestitam, uno securis ictu præcisam fuisse, ex unâ equi +parte coxâ cum tibiâ, ex altera verò, corpore cadente moribundo. +Lapides quoque pugillares, cum alia arma defecerint, hostibus in +conflictu damnosissimos, præ alia gente promptius, & expeditius ad +manum habent.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Knights at their creation were invested with belts +ornamented with gems. See Malmsb., book 2, chap. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> A district of Norway.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Melanzeiar (<i>orig.</i>). Fl. Ms. Melas eyiar, perhaps the +island of Lamlash or Alisa.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Mylar-Kalf (<i>orig.</i>). Among the Norwegians a small +island adjoining to a greater was called its calf, as the calf of +Mull, the calf of Man, &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> A subdivision of Norway.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Yngua (<i>orig.</i>), one of Haco's predecessors.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Hvarf, (<i>orig.</i>), signifies an intervening ridge that +intercepts the prospect—Farohead.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Giafiörd (<i>orig.</i>) Fl. Ms. Goa-fiörd.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> October 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Asmundar-vogi (<i>orig.</i>), <i>i.e.</i>, Asmund's Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Probably some harbour of the Mainland, one of the +Orkneys.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> A cape of Pomona.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> December 13.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> Herring bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> <i>i.e.</i> Salmon bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> March 21.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Here it must be observed that the Norwegian year +commenced March 25. So that, according to our reckoning, Haco died in +March 1264.</p></div> +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<h2><a name="Recently_published" id="Recently_published"></a>Recently published.</h2> + + +<p><i><b>Rob Roy and the Clan Macgregor</b>,</i> Historical Memoirs of; including +the <i>Story of the Abduction of</i> <span class="smcap">Lady Grange</span>. With an Introductory +Sketch, illustrative of the Condition of the Highlands prior to 1745. +By <span class="smcap">K. Macleay</span>, M.D. I vol., crown 8vo., cloth, <i>with authentic portrait +of</i> <span class="smcap">Rob Roy</span>, 5s.</p> + +<p>250 <span class="smcap">Large Paper Copies</span> on Dutch Handmade Paper, <i>with portrait</i>, 7s. +6d.</p> + +<p>The previous editions of this interesting and authentic account of the +Times, the Family, and the Exploits of the celebrated Rob Roy have now +been out of print for many years. It has therefore been increasingly +difficult to obtain copies of a work which throws much light, not only +upon the romantic career of the outlaw, but upon the state of the +Highlands prior to the Rebellion of 1715. The present publisher has +for these reasons issued this third edition, which he trusts will meet +with acceptance alike from those interested in Scottish history, and +those who may be curious to learn more of the life, character, and +adventures of the hero of one of Sir Walter Scott's greatest novels. +The story of the abduction of Lady Grange, which is added, as in the +previous editions, forms an appropriate sequel to the memoirs of Rob +Roy, having all the charm of a romance, while well illustrating the +utter lawlessness at one time prevailing within the Highland +borders.—<i>Preface.</i></p> + +<p>“No one doubts the interest of the book. It has, indeed, won the +favour of a large number of readers.”—<i>Scotsman.</i></p> + +<p>“Those who want to learn the true history of Rob Roy will find it +graphically told in the work before us. The whole work is of the most +engrossing interest, and reads more like a sensational novel than a +chapter in veritable history.”—<i>Perthshire Constitutional.</i></p> + +<p>“An authority upon the history of the unfortunate Clan +Gregor.”—<i>Dundee Advertiser.</i></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Norwegian account of Haco's +expedition against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII., by Sturla Þórðarson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HACO'S EXPEDITION *** + +***** This file should be named 18299-h.htm or 18299-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/2/9/18299/ + +Produced by National Library of Iceland and Cornell +University Library via www.sagnanet.is, Jóhannes Birgir +Jensson, Sankar Viswanathan, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team of Distributed Proofreaders Europe at +http://dp.rastko.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Norwegian account of Haco's expedition against Scotland, A.D. MCCLXIII. + +Author: Sturla Þoretharson + +Translator: James Johnstone + +Release Date: May 2, 2006 [EBook #18299] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HACO'S EXPEDITION *** + + + + +Produced by National Library of Iceland and Cornell +University Library via www.sagnanet.is, Johannes Birgir +Jensson, Sankar Viswanathan, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team of Distributed Proofreaders Europe at +http://dp.rastko.net + + + + + + + + + + THE + + NORWEGIAN ACCOUNT + + OF + + HACO'S EXPEDITION + + AGAINST + + SCOTLAND; + + + A.D. MCCLXIII. + + LITERALLY TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL ISLANDIC + OF THE FLATEYAN AND FRISIAN MSS. + + _WITH NOTES_. + + + + BY THE + + REV. JAMES JOHNSTONE, A.M. + CHAPLAIN TO HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AT + THE COURT OF DENMARK. + + + + _Originally Printed for the Author in_ 1782. + + + + EDINBURGH + WILLIAM BROWN, 149 PRINCES STREET. + 1882 + + + + + * * * * * + +TO + +ARCHIBALD MACDONALD, ESQ., + +MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT + +FOR + +NEWCASTLE UNDER LINE; + +THIS FRAGMENT OF ANCIENT SCOTTISH HISTORY, +CONTAINING SEVERAL ANECDOTES +OF HIS + +ANCESTORS + +THE + +LORDS OF THE HEBRIDES + +IS + +INSCRIBED. + + * * * * * + + + + +Exactly one hundred years ago this Translation of the Norwegian +Account of Haco's Invasion of Scotland first issued from the press. + +Since then, amid much literature upon the subject, it has always held +a most important place in the eyes of the student of early Scottish +History. + +As an authentic source of information it has been eagerly sought +after, but it has an additional attraction in the graphic pictures +which it presents of the various perils by land and sea encountered by +the hardy Norsemen. + +The translator's valuable notes are given _in extenso_, and for easier +reference are transferred from the end of the work and printed on the +pages to which they belong. + + * * * * * + + + + +PREFACE. + +(1782.) + + +The editor, from some particular advantages he enjoyed, was encouraged +to collect such inedited fragments as might elucidate antient history. +He, lately, published "Anecdotes of Olave the Black, king of Man;" and +now lays before the learned the Norwegian account of Haco's celebrated +expedition against Scotland. + +It was the editor's intention to have given a succinct detail of the +descents made by the northern nations upon the British isles, but an +increase of materials induced him to reserve that subject for a future +work. At present, therefore, he thinks it sufficient to premise that +the AEbudae were, long, the cause of much dispute between various +kingdoms. They seemed naturally connected with Scotland; but the +superior navies of Lochlin rendered them liable to impressions from +that quarter. + +The situation of the Kings of the Isles was peculiarly delicate; for, +though their territories were extensive, yet they were by no means a +match for the neighbouring states. On this account, allegiance was +extorted from them by different Sovereigns. The Hebridian Princes +considered this involuntary homage, as, at least, implying protection: +and, when that was not afforded, they thought themselves justified in +forming new connexions more conducive to their safety. + +The Alexanders of Scotland having united Galloway, then a powerful +maritime state, to their dominions, began to think of measures for +obtaining a permanent possession of the Hebrides by expelling the +Norwegians. The preparatory steps they took were first to secure the +Somerled family, and next to gain over the insular chieftains. Haco +was no less earnest to attach every person of consequence to his +party. He gave his daughter in marriage to Harold King of Man; and, on +different occasions, entertained at his court King John, Gilchrist, +Dugall the son of Rudri, Magnus Earl of Orkney, Simon bishop of the +Sudoreys, and the abbot of Icolmkil. + +All this, however, did not effectually conciliate the Somerlidian +tribe. The Norwegian Monarch, disappointed in his negotiations, had +recourse to the sword, and sailed with a fleet, which both the +Sturlunga-saga, and the Flateyan annals represent as the most +formidable that ever left the ports of Norway. + +It would be improper for the editor to draw any comparison between the +Scottish and Norwegian narratives; he, therefore, leaves it to the +discernment of the reader to fix what medium he thinks reasonable. + +The Flateyan and Frisian are the principal MSS. now extant, that +contain the life of Haco the aged. The first belongs to the library of +His Danish Majesty, the latter is deposited in the Magnaean collection. +Of them the editor obtained copies; and by the help of the one was +enabled, reciprocally, to supply the imperfections of the other. He +has since examined the originals themselves. + +The Fr. MS. relates the following anecdote of Missel, at the +coronation of Prince Magnus A.D. 1261. During Mass Missel the Knight +stood up in the middle of the Choir, and wondered greatly at some +ceremonies, unusual at the coronation of Scottish Kings. And when King +Magnus was robed, and King Haco and the Archbishop touched him with +the sword of state, the Scottish knight said, "It was told me, that +there were no knights dubbed in this land; but I never beheld any +knight created with so much solemnity as him whom ten (f. two) noble +lords have now invested with the Sword." + +The conjectures, in my note on page 42 are confirmed by the following +passage in the Fl. MS. Then came there from the western seas John the +son of Duncan, and Dugall the son of Rudra; and both of them solicited +that King Haco would give them the title of King over the northern +part of the Sudoreys. They were with the King all summer. + +Antiquarians may be desirous of knowing something of the MSS. from +which this work hath been taken, therefore, it was judged not improper +to subjoin the following account of them. The Frisian MS. is a vellum +quarto of the largest size, in a beautiful hand, and the character +resembles that which prevailed in the end of the 13 century. The book +of Flatey is a very large vellum volume in folio, and appears to have +been compiled in the 14. age. It contains a collection of poems; +excerpts from Adam Bremensis; a dissertation on the first inhabitants +of Norway; the life of Eric the Traveller; of Olave Trygvason; of St +Olave; of the earls of Orkney; of Suerir; of Haco the Aged; of his son +Magnus; of Magnus the Good; of Harald the Imperious; of Einar Sockason +of Greenland; and of Oelver the Mischievous; it contains also a general +chronology down to A.D. 1394, the year in which the MS. was completed. +The work, from the life of Eric the Traveller to the end of St Olave's +history, inclusive, was written by John Thordrson the priest; the rest +by Magnus Thorvaldson also a clergyman. + +The initial letters, in some places, are ornamented with historical +miniature paintings. In page 35, there is a representation of the +birth of Trygvason; and, at the bottom of the leaf, there is a unicorn +and a lion. 217. An archer shooting. 272. Orme Storolfson carrying off +a hay-cock. 295. Haldan the Black beheading the Norwegian princes; one +of them is represented on his knees, dressed in a red cap, a short +doublet, and in red trousers reaching down to the middle of his legs. +310. Three men armed with swords, and battle axes, dispatching St +Olave at Sticklestad; at the bottom of the page a man killing a boar, +and another fighting with a mermaid. 650. Haco creating Sculi a Duke. +Sculi is drawn with a garland, or coronet, and receiving a sword, +together with a book by which he is to swear. Most of the figures, in +these paintings, are depicted in armour or mail; their helmets are +sometimes conical, sometimes like a broad-brimmed hat; their +defensive armour is generally a round target, and a two-handed sword. +This venerable volume, the noblest treasure of northern literature now +existing, though wrote in a very small character, and much +abbreviated, consists of 960 columns, two to every page. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE + +HISTORY + +OF THE + +NORWEGIAN EXPEDITION + +AGAINST + +SCOTLAND, + +MCCLXIII. + + +At the time that King Haco ruled over Norway, Alexander, the son of +William King of Scotland, was then King of Scotland. He was a great +Prince, and very ambitious of this world's praise. He sent, from +Scotland in the Western sea, two Bishops to King Haco. At first they +begged to know if King Haco would give up those territories in the +Hebrides,[1] which King Magnus Bare-foot had unjustly wrested from +Malcolm, Predecessor to the Scottish King. The King said that Magnus +had settled with Malcolm, what districts the Norwegians should have +in Scotland, or in the Islands which lay near it. He affirmed, +however, that the King of Scotland had no sovereignty in the Hebrides +at the time when King Magnus won them from King Godred,[2] and also +that King Magnus only asserted his Birthright. The commissioners then +said, that the King of Scotland was willing to purchase all the +Hebrides from King Haco, and entreated him to value them in fine +silver. The King replied, he knew no such urgent want of money as +would oblige him to sell his inheritance. With that answer the +messengers departed. From this cause some misunderstanding arose +between the Kings. The Scottish Monarch, however, frequently renewed +the negotiation, and sent many proposals; but the Scots received no +other explanation than what is here related. + + +MCCXLIX. + +Alexander King of Scotland, wished much for possession of the +Hebrides. He had often sent to Norway to redeem them with money, and +he did so this summer. But when he could not purchase those +territories of King Haco, he took other measures in hand, which were +not princely. Collecting forces throughout all Scotland, he prepared +for a voyage to the Hebrides, and determined to subdue those islands +under his dominion. He made it manifest before his subjects, that he +would not desist till he had set his standard east on the cliffs of +Thurso,[3] and had reduced under himself all the provinces which the +Norwegian Monarch possessed to the westward of the German Ocean.[4] + +King Alexander sent word to John King of the isles that he wished to +see him. But King John would not meet the Scottish King till four +Earls of Scotland had pledged their honour, that he should return in +safety, whether any agreement was made or not. When the Kings met, the +Scottish Monarch besought King John, that he would give up +Kiarnaburgh[5] into his power, and three other Castles which he held +of King Haco; as also the other lands which King Haco had conferred +upon him. The Scottish King added, that, if he would join him in good +earnest, he would reward him with many greater estates in Scotland, +together with his confidence and favour. All King John's Relations and +Friends pressed him to assent. But he behaved well, and uprightly; and +declared that he would not break his oath to King Haco. On this King +John went away, and stopped not at any place till he came quite north +to Lewes.[6] + +King Alexander, then lying in Kiararey-sound,[7] dreamed a dream, and +thought three men came to him. He thought one of them was in royal +robes, but very stern, ruddy in countenance, somewhat thick, and of +middling size. Another seemed of a slender make, but active, and of +all men the most engaging, and majestic. The third again, was of very +great stature, but his features were distorted, and of all the rest he +was the most unsightly. They addressed their speech to the King, and +enquired whether he meant to invade the Hebrides. Alexander thought he +answered that he certainly proposed to subject the islands. The Genius +of the vision bade him go back; and told him no other measure would +turn out to his advantage. The King related his dream; and many +advised him to return. But the King would not; and a little after he +was seized with a disorder, and died. The Scottish army then broke up; +and they removed the King's body to Scotland. The Hebridians say that +the men whom the King saw in his sleep were St Olave King of Norway, +St Magnus Earl of Orkney, and St Columba. + +The Scotch took for their King Alexander the son of King Alexander. He +afterwards married the daughter of Henry King of England, and became a +great prince. + + +MCCLXI. + +In summer there came, from Scotland in the west, an Archdeacon, and a +knight called Missel,[8] as Envoys from Alexander King of Scotland. +They shewed more fair language than truth, as seemed to King Haco. +They set out so abruptly on their return, that none wist till they +were under sail. The King dispatched Briniolf Johnson in pursuit, and +he detained them with him. The King declared that they should remain +that winter in Norway, because they had gone away without taking +leave, contrary to what other Envoys did. + + +MCCLXII. + +In summer there came letters from the Kings of the Hebrides in the +western seas. They complain'd much of the hostilities which the Earl +of Ross,[9] Kiarnach, the son of Mac-camal, and other Scots +committed in the Hebrides when they went out to Sky.[10] They burned +villages, and churches, and they killed great numbers both of men and +women. They affirmed, that the Scotch had even taken the small +children and raising them on the points of their spears shook them +till they fell down to their hands, when they threw them away +lifeless on the ground.[11] + +They said also, that the Scottish King purposed to subdue all the +Hebrides, if life was granted him. + +When King Haco heard these tidings they gave him much uneasiness, and +he laid the case before his council. Whatever objections were made, +the resolution was then taken, that King Haco should in winter, about +Christmas,[12] issue an edict through all Norway, and order out both +what troops and provisions he thought his dominions could possibly +supply for an expedition. He commanded all his forces to meet him at +Bergen, about the beginning of spring. + + +MCCLXIII. + +Near the middle of Lent King Haco travelled from Drontheim[13] to +Orkadal, thence east through the mountains to Bahus,[14] and so +eastwards to Elfar[15] to see Earl Birger,[16] according to an +appointment that they should meet at Liodhus in Easter week. But when +King Haco came to Liodhus[17] the Earl was already gone away, and so +the King returned north to Bahus. + +King Haco arrived at Bergen on the day of the invention of the +Cross.[18] He remained there during the spring, and proceeded in his +preparations with great diligence. Prince Magnus, having given the +necessary directions through Rygiafulke[19] concerning the expedition +and the equipment of the fleet, went to join King Haco. After that a +great number of Barons, and officers, and vassals, and a vast many +soldiers flocked in daily to the Capital. + +King Haco held a general council near Bergen at Backa.[20] There the +numerous host was assembled together. The King then declared, +concerning the expedition, that this whole army was intended against +Scotland in the western seas, and to revenge the inroads which the +Scotch had made into his dominions. Prince Magnus begged to command +this expedition instead of King Haco, who should remain at home. He +thanked him in many courteous words; but he observed, that he himself +was older, and had longer acquaintance with the western lands, and +that, therefore, he himself would go this voyage. He, however, gave +Prince Magnus full power to rule the nation in his absence. At this +Council he settled many regulations respecting the internal government +of the Country; and he granted to the yeomanry, that, while he was +away, no Sheriff should decide on any cause, unless such cause was of +the greatest necessity. + +During this voyage King Haco had that great vessel which he had caused +to be constructed at Bergen. It was built entirely of oak, and +contained twenty-seven banks of oars.[21] It was ornamented with +heads and necks of dragons beautifully overlaid with gold. He had also +many other well-appointed ships. + +In the spring King Haco sent John-Langlife-son and Henry Scot west to +the Orkneys, to procure pilots for Shetland. From thence John sailed +to the Hebrides and told King Dugal that he might expect an army from +the East. It had been rumoured that the Scots would plunder in the +islands that summer. King Dugal, therefore, spread abroad a report +that forty ships were coming from Norway. And by this means he +prevented the Scotch from making a descent. + +Some time before the King himself was ready, he sent eight ships to +the westward. The Captains of these were Ronald Urka, Erling Ivarson, +Andrew Nicolson, and Halvard Red. They continued some days out in the +road, as the wind did not favour them. + +When the King had prepared his ship, he removed all his army from the +capital to Eidsvags;[22] afterwards he himself returned to the city, +where he remained some nights, and then set out for Herlover.[23] Here +all the troops, both from the Northern and Southern districts, +assembled, as is described in the Ravens-ode, which Sturla[24] sung. + + 1. + + From the recesses of Finland,[25] bands, keen for battle, + sought the potent Ruler of the storm of Javelins. The + boisterous deep, that girds this earth, bore the ships of + the Protector of thrones west from the streams of Gotelfa. + +King Haco mustered all his force at Herlover. It was a mighty and +splendid armament. The King had many large and well-appointed ships, +as is thus described. + + 2. + + No terrifier of dragons,[26] guardians of the hoarded + treasure,[27] e'er in one place beheld more numerous hosts. + The stainer of the sea-fowl's beak,[28] resolved to scour the + main, far distant shores connected by swift fleets. + + 3. + + A glare of light blazed from the powerful, far-famed monarch + while, carried by the sea-borne wooden coursers[29] of + Gestils,[30] he broke to the roaring waves. The swelling + sails, of keels that ride the surge, reflected the beams of + the unsullied sun around the umpire of wars. + +Some nights after King Haco had arrived at Herlover, Ronald and Erling +sailed out of the bay with their squadron. Ronald was separated from +the rest at sea, and made for the Orkneys with some of the ships. But, +Erling, and Andrew, and Halvard steered south before Shetland, and so +to the west of Tharey-fiord;[31] and they saw no land; except +Sulna-stapa[32] west of the Orkneys. Afterwards they sailed in to +Scotland under Dyrness.[33] They went up into the country and +destroyed a castle, but the garrison had fled. They burned more than +twenty hamlets. Next they steered for the Hebrides, and found there +Magnus King of Man. + +Three nights before the Selian vigils[34] King Haco set sail for the +German sea with all his fleet. He had now been King of Norway six and +forty winters.[35] He had a favourable breeze; the weather was fair +and the armament beautiful to behold, as Sturlas relates. + + 4. + + The Abyss returned the flaming gleam of war, darted from the + bright glittering concave shields of the Goddesses of + battle.[36] This voyage, by the bands of the Troubler of + peace, through the sea that streams around the world, was + unwelcome to the foe--they dreaded the exactor of rings.[37] + +King Haco had a company, particularly selected for his own ship. There +were on the quarter-deck Thorlife abbot of Holm,[38] Sir Askatin,[39] +four priests chaplains to the King, Andrew of Thissisey, Aslac Guss +the King's master of the Horse, Andrew Hawardson, Guthorm Gillason and +Thorstein his brother, Eirek Scot Gautson, with many others. There +were on the main deck Aslack Dagson, Steinar Herka, Klomit Langi, +Andrew Gums, Eirek Dugalson,[40] the father of King Dugal,[41] +Einar Lang-bard, Arnbioern Suela, Sigvat Bodvarson,[42] Hoskuld +Oddson, John Hoglif, Arni Stinkar. On the fore-deck there were, Sigurd +the son of Ivar Rofu, Ivar Helgason of Lofloc, Erlend Scolbein, Dag of +Southeim, Briniolf Johnson, Gudleik Sneis, and most of the King's +Chamberlains, with Andrew Plytt the King's treasurer. There were in +the fore-castle, Eirek Skifa, Thorfin Sigvald, Kari Endridson, +Gudbrand Johnson and many of the Cup-bearers. In general, there were +four men on every half rowers' seat. With King Haco, Magnus Earl of +Orkney left Bergen; and the King gave him a good galley. These Barons +were also with the King, Briniolf Johnson, Fin Gautson, Erling Alfson, +Erlend Red, Bard of Hestby, Eilif of Naustadale, Andrew Pott, Ogmund +Krekidants, Erling Ivarson, John Drotning. Gaut of Meli, and Nicholas +of Giska were behind with Prince Magnus at Bergen, as were several +other sea officers who had not been ready. Many approved commanders +were however with King Haco, and of whom mention hath been made. + +King Haco having got a gentle breeze, was two nights at sea, when he +reached that Harbour of Shetland called Breydeyiar-sound, with a great +part of his navy, as Sturlas sings. + + 5. + + The Leader of his people unmoored the ploughers of the + Ocean,[43] and raised aloft the expanded wings[44] of his + sky-blue doves.[45] Our Sovereign, rich in the spoils of the + sea-snakes den,[46] viewed the retiring haven from the + stern of his snorting steed[47] adorned with ruddy gold. + +King Haco remained in Breydeyiar-sound near half a month, and from +thence sailed to the Orkneys, and continued some time at Elidarwic +which is near Kirkwall.[48] There he declared before his men, that he +would divide his forces, and send one part south to the Firth of +Forth[49] to plunder. But he himself wished to remain in the Orkneys +with the largest ships and greater part of the army. The vassals and +retainers, however, spoke against this scheme, and made it evident +that they would go nowhere unless with the King himself; so this +proposed expedition was dropt. + +After St Olave's wake[50] King Haco, leaving Elidarwic, sailed south +before the Mull[51] of Ronaldsha with all his navy. At this place King +Haco was joined by Ronald from the Orkneys, with the ships that had +followed him. King Haco next led the whole armament into Ronaldsvo, +and lay there for some space. He then sent men over to Cathness[52] to +levy contribution. He, on the one hand, proposed peace if the +inhabitants would yield, but otherwise heavy punishment. The +Cathnesians submitted to the tax, and King Haco appointed collectors +to receive it, as is here intimated. + + 6. + + First our wise Sovereign, the Bestower of peace, and + Defender of the Northern Thrones, imposed tribute, the + ransom of life, on the dwellers of the Ness.[53] All its + tribes were terrified by the steel-clad exactor of + rings,[54] and panic-struck at his mighty power. + +While King Haco lay in Ronaldsvo a great darkness drew over the sun, +so that only a little ring was bright round the sun, and it continued +so for some hours.[55] + +On the day of St Laurence's wake[56] King Haco, having ordered the +Orkney-men to follow him as soon as they were ready, sailed over +Pentland-Firth,[57] Earl Magnus, however, staid behind. He was here +informed that John Drotning,[58] and Kolbein Aslacson, with the ships +expected from the east, but which had been accidentally detained, were +arrived in the Islands. King Haco then sailed with all his forces to a +haven that is called Asleifarvic,[59] from that to Lewes, so on to +Raasa, and, from thence to that place, in Sky-sound, which is called +Callach-stane.[60] + +Here he was joined by Magnus King of Man, and the relations Erling +Ivarson, Andrew Nicolson, and Halward. He next proceeded to the Sound +of Mull,[61] and then to Kiararey where King Dugal and the other +Hebridians were assembled with all their troops. King Haco had now +above an hundred vessels, for the most part large, and all of them +well provided both with men and arms. + +While King Haco remained at Kiararey he divided his forces, and sent +fifty ships south to the Mull of Kintire[62] to plunder. The captains +appointed over them were King Dugal, Magnus King of Man, Bryniolf +Johnson, Ronald Urka, Andrew Pott, Ogmund Kraekidants, Vigleic +Priestson. He also ordered five ships for Bute; these were under the +command of Erlend Red, Andrew Nicolson, Simon Stutt, Ivar Ungi Eyfari, +and Gutthorm the Hebridian, each in his own ship. + +King Haco sailed afterwards south to Gudey[63] before Kintire where +he anchored. There King John met him; he came in the ship with Bishop +Thorgil. King Haco desired him to follow his banner as he should do. +But King John excused himself. He said he had sworn an oath to the +Scottish King, and held of him more lands than of the Norwegian +Monarch; he therefore entreated King Haco to dispose of all those +estates which he had conferred upon him. King Haco kept him with him +some time, and endeavoured to incline his mind to fidelity. Many laid +imputations to his charge. King Haco indeed had before received bad +accounts of him from the Hebrides; for John Langlife-son came to the +King, while he was sailing west from Shetland, and told him the news +that John King of the Hebrides, breaking his faith, had turned to the +Scottish Monarch. King Haco, however, would not believe this till he +had found it so. + +During King Haco's stay at Gudey an Abbot of a monastery of +Greyfriars waited on him, begging protection for their dwelling, and +Holy Church: and this the King granted them in writing. + +Friar Simon had lain sick for some time. He died at Gudey. His corpse +was afterwards carried up to Kintire where the Greyfriars interred him +in their Church. They spread a fringed pall over his grave, and called +him a Saint. + +About this time men came from King Dugal, and said that the Lords of +Kintire, Margad,[64] and Angus,[65] (also proprietor of Ila), were +willing to surrender the lands which they held to King Haco; and to +order their dependants to join him. The King answered, that he would +not lay waste the peninsula, if they submitted on the following day +before noon; if not he gave them to understand he would ravage it. The +messengers returned. Next morning Margad came and gave up every thing +into the King's power; a little after Angus arrived and likewise did +the same. The King then said, that, if they would enter into articles +with him, he would reconcile them with the King of Scotland. On this +they took an oath to King Haco, and delivered hostages. The King laid +a fine of a thousand head of cattle on their estates. Angus yielded up +Ila also to the King; and the King returned Ila to Angus, upon the +same terms that the other Barons in the Hebrides enjoyed their lands; +this is recorded in the Ravens-ode. + + 7 + + Our Sovereign, sage in Council, the imposer of tribute, and + brandisher of the keen Falchion directed his long galleys + thro' the Hebrides. He bestowed Ila, taken by his troops, on + the valiant Angus the generous distributor of the beauteous + ornaments of the hand.[66] + + 8 + + Our dareful King that rules the monsters of the deep,[67] + struck excessive terror into all the regions of the western + ocean. Princes bowed their heads in subjection to the + cleaver of the battered helm; he often dismissed the + suppliants in peace, and dispelled their apprehensions of + the wasteful tribes. + +South in Kintire there was a Castle held by a Knight who came to wait +on King Haco, and surrendered the fortress into his hands. The King +conferred this Castle upon Guthorm Backa-kolf. + +We must next speak of that detachment of the Army, which the King had +sent towards the Mull of Kintire to pillage. The Norwegians made a +descent there. They burnt the hamlets that were before them, and took +all the effects that they could find. They killed some of the +inhabitants; the rest fled where they could. But, when they were +proceeding to the greater villages, letters arrived from King Haco +forbidding them to plunder. Afterwards they sailed for Gudey to rejoin +King Haco, as is here said. + + 9. + + The openers of gushing wounds, undaunted of soul, proceeded + in the paths[68] of the famed Getis,[69] from the south + round Kintire. Our heroes, rousers of the thundering tempest + of swords, glutted the swift, sable-clad birds of prey in + Scotland. + +The wind was not favourable, King Haco, however, made Andrew Pott go +before him south to Bute, with some small vessels, to join those he +had already sent thither. News was soon received that they had won a +fortress, the garrison of which had capitulated, and accepted terms of +the Norwegians. There was with the Norwegians a sea-officer, called +Rudri.[70] He considered Bute as his Birthright; and because he had +not received the Island of the Scotch he committed many ravages, and +killed many people; and for that he was outlawed by the Scottish King. +He came to King Haco, and took the oaths to him; and with two of his +brothers became his subjects. As soon as the garrison, after having +delivered up the strong-hold, were gone away from the Norwegians, +Rudri killed nine of them, because he thought that he owed them no +good will. Afterwards King Haco reduced the island, as is here said. + + 10. + + The wide-extended Bute was won from the forlorn wearers[71] + of rings by the renowned and invincible troops of the + promoter of conquest,--they wielded the two-edged sword--the + foes of our Ruler dropt, and the Raven from his + fields of slaughter, winged his flight for the Hebrides. + +The Norwegians who had been in Bute went to Scotland, where they +burned many houses, and several towns. Rudri, proceeding a great way, +did all the mischief that he could, as is here described. + + 11. + + The habitations of men, the dwellings of the wretched, + flamed. Fire, the devourer of halls, glowed in their + granaries. The hapless throwers of the dart[72] fell near + the swan-frequented plain,[73] while south from our floating + pines[74] marched a host of warriors. + +While King Haco was in the Hebrides, deputies came to him from Ireland +intimating that the Irish[75] Ostmen would submit to his power, if he +would secure them from the encroachments of the English, who +possessed all the best towns along the sea-coast. King Haco +accordingly sent Sigurd the Hebridian, with some fast-sailing vessels, +to examine on what terms the Irish invited him thither. + +After this King Haco sailed south before the Mull of Kintire with all +his fleet, and anchored for some time in Arran-sound. Then, there came +often Predicant, or Barefooted friars, from the Scottish Monarch, to +King Haco, to sound him about a pacification between the two +Sovereigns. At this juncture also King Haco set King John at liberty; +and bidding him go in peace, wherever he would, gave him several rich +presents. He promised King Haco, to do everything in his power to +effectuate a peace between him and the Scottish King; and that he +would immediately return to King Haco whenever he desired him. Soon +after King Haco sent Gilbert Bishop of Hamar, Henry Bishop of Orkney, +Andrew Nicolson, Andrew Plytt, and Paul Soor as envoys to treat about +a peace with the King of Scotland. They went to the Scottish Monarch, +and laid before him their overtures. He received them honourably, +seemed inclined to a compromise, and said that such terms of +accommodation as he would consent to, would be transmitted to King +Haco. The commissioners departed; and the Scottish envoys arrived soon +after. King Haco had ordered that all the Islands to the west of +Scotland, which he called his, should be wrote down. The King of +Scotland again had named all such as he would not relinquish. These +were Bute, Arran, and the two Cumbras;[76] as to other matters there +was very little dispute between the Sovereigns; but however no +agreement took place. + +The Scotch purposely declined any accommodation, because summer was +drawing to a period, and the weather was becoming bad. Finding this, +Haco sailed in, with all his forces, past the Cumbras. + +Afterwards an interview in Scotland was agreed upon for a +reconciliation. King Haco sent thither a Bishop and a Baron; and to +meet them came some Knights and Monks. They spoke much about an +accommodation, but, at last, things ended the same way as formerly. +Towards the conclusion of the day a greater number of Scots convened +from the country than the Norwegians thought were to be trusted. They +therefore, retiring to the ships, waited on the King, and told him +their opinion. The generality advised him to declare that the truce +was now ended, and to give orders to plunder, as the army was very +short of provisions. + +King Haco, however, sent one of his courtiers, called Kolbein Rich, to +the Scottish Monarch. He carried with him the Articles of pacification +which the Scottish King had sent to King Haco, and was commanded to +bring back the proposals which King Haco had sent to the King of +Scotland. He was besides to propose that the Sovereigns should meet +with all their forces and treat about a peace. If that, by the grace +of God, took place, it was very well; but if it should turn out +otherwise, then Haco proposed to the King of Scotland to fight, with +their whole armies, and let him conquer whom God pleased. The Scottish +Monarch seem'd not unwilling to fight, but he gave no explanation. +Kolbein, therefore, returned back to his Sovereign, who appeared but +little satisfied with his message; as is mentioned in the Ravens-ode. + + 12. + + The Eastern Hero great in command, and ennobled by Victory, + repeatedly offered the decisive conflict of Javelins to the + enemy. The strangers, distrustful of their strength, risked + not the combat against our magnanimous Prince, wielder of + the gleaming blade. + +The truce was now declared to be totally ended. The King accordingly +sent sixty ships in to Loch-Long.[77] They were commanded by Magnus +King of Man, King Dugal,[78] and Allan his brother, Angus, Margad, +Vigleik Priestson and Ivar Holm. When they came into the inlet they +took their boats, and drew them[79] up to a great lake which is called +Loch-Lomond. On the far side round the lake was an Earldom called +Lennox.[80] In the lake there were a great many islands well +inhabited;[81] these islands the Norwegians wasted with fire. They +also burned all the buildings about the lake, and made great +devastation, as Sturlas relates. + + 13. + + The persevering shielded warriors of the thrower of the + whizzing spear[82] drew their boats across the broad + isthmus. Our fearless troops, the exactors of contribution, + with flaming brands wasted the populous islands in the + lake, and the mansions around its winding bays. + +Allan the brother of King Dugal, marched far over into Scotland, and +killed great numbers of the inhabitants. He took many hundred head of +cattle, and made vast havoc, as is here described. + + 14. + + Our veterans fierce of Soul, feeders of wolves, hastened + their wasteful course through the spacious districts of the + mountains. Allan, the bravest of mortals, at the fell + interview of battle, often wreaked his fatal vengeance on + the expiring foe. + +Afterwards the Norwegians retired to their fleet, and met with so +violent a storm that it dashed in pieces about ten of their ships in +Loch-Long. At this time Ivar Holm was seized with an acute disease, +which occasioned his death. + +King Haco, as was before written, still lay in the Hebrides. +Michaelmas fell on a Saturday; and, on the Monday night after, there +came a great tempest with hailstones and rain. The watch on the +fore-castle of the King's ship called out, and said that a transport +vessel was driving full against their cable. The sailors immediately +sprung upon deck; but the rigging of the transport getting entangled +in the King's ship, carried away its beak. The transport then fell +aboard in such a manner, that the anchor grappled the cordage of the +King's ship, which then began to drag its anchors. The King, +therefore, ordered the cable of the transport to be cut, which was +accordingly done. It then drove out to sea, but the King's ship +remained steadfast, and continued uncovered[83] till daylight. On the +morning, the transport floated with the tide, and, together with a +galley, was cast ashore on Scotland. The wind gradually increasing, +the crew of the King's ship got more cables, and dropt a fifth +anchor. The King himself then took to his long-boat, and rowing out to +the islands, ordered mass to be sung. The fleet in the meantime was +forced up the channel; and the tempest that day was so furious that +some vessels cut away their masts, others ran aground. The King's ship +also drove into the sound, tho' seven anchors, including that taken +from the transport, had been used. They then let go an eighth, which +was the sheet anchor; the ship still drove, but the anchors at length +took fast hold. Five vessels were cast ashore. So great was this storm +that people said it was raised by the power of Magic, and the quantity +of rain was prodigious, as is thus described. + + 15. + + Now our deep-enquiring Sovereign encounter'd the horrid + powers of enchantment, and the abominations of an impious + race. The troubled flood tore many fair gallies from their + moorings and swept them anchorless before its waves. + + 16. + + A magic-raised watery tempest blew upon our warriors, + ambitious of conquest, and against the floating + habitations[84] of the brave. The roaring billows and stormy + blast threw shielded companies of our adventurous nation on + the Scottish strand. + +When the Scotch saw that the vessels had run aground, they assembled +together, and advancing against the Norwegians, attacked them with +missile weapons. They, however, defended themselves gallantly under +cover of their ships; the Scotch made several attempts, at different +times, but killed few, tho' many were wounded. King Haco, as the wind +was now somewhat abated, sent in some boats with a reinforcement, as +is here mentioned. + + 17. + + The victorious breaker of gleaming weapons, attentive of + soul, then sent his bands to the hard-fought field, where + breast-plates rang. Our troops, by the slaughter of the + suspicious foe, established their Monarch's fame, vilified + by the dwellers of the vallies.[85] + +Afterwards the Sovereign himself, attended by Thorlaug Bosa, set sail +in a barge belonging to the Masters of the Lights.[86] As soon as the +King's men approached the land the Scotch retired; and the Norwegians +continued ashore all night. The Scotch, however, during the darkness, +entered the transport,[87] and carried off as much of the lading as +they could. On the morning, the King with a numerous reinforcement +came on shore; and he ordered the transport to be lightened, and towed +out to the ships. + +In a little time, they descried the Scottish army, and it was so +numerous that they supposed the King of Scotland was present. Ogmund +Kraekidants with his company was stationed on a hill. The Scottish van +skirmished with his men; and, their main body coming on, the +Norwegians entreated the King, as they were anxious for his safety, to +row to his fleet and to send them help. The King insisted on remaining +on shore; but they would not assent to his continuing any longer so +exposed; he, therefore, sailed out in a barge to his ships at the +Cumbras. The following Barons remained on land, Lord Andrew Nicolson, +Ogmund Kraekidants, Erling Alfson, Andrew Pott, Ronald Urka, Thorlaug +Bosi, Paul Soor. The whole number of soldiers with them was eight or +nine hundred. Two hundred men were upon the rising-ground with Ogmund; +but the rest of the troops were posted down upon the beach. + +The Scottish army now advanced, and it was conjectured to consist of +near fifteen hundred knights.[88] All their horses had breast-plates; +and there were many Spanish steeds in complete armour. The Scottish +King had, besides, a numerous army of foot soldiers, well accoutred. +They generally had bows and spears. + +The Norwegians on the hill, apprehensive of being surrounded, began to +retire in scattered parties towards the sea. Andrew Nicolson, +observing this, came up to the rising ground, and desired Ogmund to +draw off his men towards the beach, but not to retreat so +precipitately as if he fled. The Scotch at this time attacked them +furiously with darts and stones. Showers of weapons were poured upon +the Norwegians, who defended themselves, and retired in good order. +But when they approached the sea, each one hurrying faster than +another, those on the beach imagined they were routed. Some therefore +leaped into their boats, and pushed off from the land, others jumped +into the transport. Their companions called upon them to return, and +some returned, tho' few. Andrew Pott leaped over two boats, and into a +third, and so escaped from land. Many boats went down, and some men +were lost, and the rest of the Norwegians at last wheeled about +towards the sea. + +Here Haco of Steini, one of King Haco's household, fell. The +Norwegians were then driven south from the transport, and were headed +by Andrew Nicolson, Ogmund Kraekidants, Thorlaug Bosi, and Paul Soor. +There soon began a severe contest, tho' very unequal, as ten Scots +fought against each Norwegian. Among the Scotch there was a young +knight called Ferash,[89] equally distinguished for his birth and +fortune. He wore a helmet plaited with gold, and set with precious +stones, and the rest of his armour was of a piece with it. He rode +gallantly up to the Norwegians, but no other ventured. He galloped +frequently along the Norwegian line, and then back to his own +followers. Andrew Nicolson had now reached the Scottish van. He +encountered this illustrious knight, and struck at his thigh with such +force that he cut it off,[90] through the armour, with his sword, +which penetrated to the saddle. The Norwegians stript him of his +beautiful belt.[91] The hardest conflict then commenced. Many fell on +both sides, but more of the Scotch, as Sturlas sings. + + 18. + + Where cuirasses rung, our generous youths, formed in a + circle, prostrated the illustrious givers of bracelets. The + birds of prey were gluttonously filled with lifeless limbs. + What great chieftain shall avenge the fate of the renowned + wearer of the Belt? + +During the battle there was so great a tempest that King Haco saw no +possibility of bringing the army ashore. Ronald, and Eilif of +Naustadale, however, with some men, rowed to land, and greatly +distinguished themselves; as did those troops who had before gone out +in their boats. Ronald, in the end, was repulsed to his ships; but +Eilif behaved most heroically. The Norwegians now began to form +themselves anew; and the Scotch took possession of the rising ground. +There were continued skirmishes with stones and missile weapons; but +towards evening the Norwegians made a desperate charge against the +Scotch on the hill, as is here recorded. + + 19. + + The champions of Nordmaera's[92] Lord saluted the stout, + harnassed Barons, with the rough music of battle. The train + of the supporter of thrones, courageous, and clad in steel, + marched to the din of clashing swords. + + 20. + + At the conflict of corselets on the blood-red hill, the + damasked blade hewed the mail of hostile tribes, ere the + Scot, nimble as the hound, would leave the field to the + followers of our all-conquering king. + +The Scotch then left the eminence, and fled, where they could, away to +their mountains. The Norwegians, perceiving this, retired to their +boats, and rowing out to their ships, luckily escaped the storm. On +the morning they came back in search of the bodies of those who had +dropt. Among the dead were Haco of Steini, and Thorgisl Gloppa, both +belonging to King Haco's household. There fell also a worthy vassal +called Karlhoved, from Drontheim, and another vassal named Halkel, +from Fiorde. Besides, there died three Masters of the Lights, +Thorstein Bat, John Ballhoved, and Halward Buniard. It was impossible +for the Norwegians to tell how many were killed of the Scotch, because +those who dropt were taken up and removed to the woods. King Haco +ordered his dead to be carried to a church. + +Five days after, King Haco commanded his men to weigh anchor and to +bring his ship close under the Cumbras. He was soon joined by the +squadron which had been in Loch-long. On the fast day following, the +weather was good, and the King sent some retainers ashore to burn the +vessels which had been stranded; that same day the King sailed past +Cumbra to Melansey,[93] where he lay some nights. Here he was met by +the Commissioners he had sent to Ireland, who assured him that the +Irish Ostmen would willingly engage to maintain his army till he freed +them from the dominion of the English. King Haco was extremely +desirous of sailing for Ireland, and, as the wind was not favourable, +he held a Council on the subject, but the whole army was against this +plan. He, therefore, told them that as he was short of provisions he +would steer for the Hebrides. The King then ordered the body of Ivar +Holm to be carried to Bute, where it was interred. + +Afterwards King Haco sailed past Melansey and lay some nights near +Arran, then proceeded to Sandey and so to the Mull of Kintire, and at +night he arrived north at Gudey; next he sailed out to Ila-sound, +where he remained two nights. King Haco laid a contribution, rated at +three hundred head of cattle, on the island, but part was to be paid +in meal, part in cheese. Haco set sail again on the first Sunday of +winter, and met a fog and a storm so violent that few of the ships +could carry their sails. The king, therefore, made for Kiararey, and +about this time messengers passed between him and King John, but to +little purpose. Here the King was informed that his troops had made +depredations in Mull, and that some of the Mull-men, with two or three +Norwegians, had been killed. + +King Haco next sailed in to the Calf of Mull,[94] where he stayed some +nights. There King Dugal and Allan his brother took leave of the King, +who gave them those estates which King John formerly possessed--Magnus +King of Man and other Hebridians had returned home before. He gave +Bute to Rudri, and Arran to Margad. To King Dugal he gave the Castle +in Kintire which Guthorm Backa-kolf had besieged and taken during the +summer. In this expedition King Haco regained all those provinces +which King Magnus Barefoot had acquired, and conquered from the Scotch +and Hebridians, as is here narrated. + + 21. + + The Lord of Egda[95] soon recovered all those territories on + the continent which had been subjected by the Scottish + tribes. In the western regions none durst contend with the + offspring of Ingui.[96] His army, like a gathering tempest, + indicated desolation to the dominions of his imperious + adversary. + +King Haco, leaving the calf of Mull, sailed to Rauney. Here he +overtook Balti a vassal of Shetland, with those who had been sent to +the Orkneys, and to whom a permission had been given of returning to +Norway. King Haco from Rauney steered northwards. The wind being +unfavourable, he made for Westerford in Sky, and ordered the islanders +to supply him with provisions. Next he sailed past Cape Wrath,[97] and +arriving at Dyrness, there happened a calm, for which reason the King +ordered the fleet to be steered into Gia-ford.[98] This was done on +the feast of the two apostles, Simon and Jude,[99] which fell on a +Sunday. The King spent the night there. On this festival, after mass +had been sung, some Scots, whom the Norwegians had taken prisoners, +were presented to the King. The King detained one as a hostage, and +sent the others up the country, at liberty, on giving a promise that +they would return with cattle. On the same day it happened that nine +men belonging to Andrew Biusa's ship went ashore to procure water, and +an outcry was soon heard from the mainland. The crew, therefore, +immediately setting off from their ships, found two men swimming, +though badly wounded, and took them on board; the other seven, +unarmed, and incapable of making any defence, remained by their boat +(which was left aground by the tide) and were killed by the Scotch. +The Norwegians landing, carried away their dead; and the Scotch, in +the meantime, fled to a wood. On the Monday, King Haco sailed from +Gia-ford after having liberated the Scottish hostage, and sent him +ashore. The King in the evening reached the Orkneys, and anchored in a +certain sound, to the north of Asmundsvo,[100] from whence he, with +the greatest part of his fleet, steered for Ronaldsvo. In passing over +Pentland Firth, a terrible whirlpool appeared, and in which a ship +from Rygia-fylke, with all on board, perished. John of Hestby was +driven through the straits, and was very near being swallowed up in +the gulf; but, by the mercy of God, his ship was forced east to the +ocean, and he made for Norway. + +While King Haco remained in the Orkneys the most part of his troops +sailed to Norway; some went with the King's permission, but others +took leave for themselves. King Haco, on his arrival at the islands, +had at first given out that he would return immediately to Norway; +but, as it was a long time before the wind favoured him, he determined +to winter in the Orkneys. He, therefore, named twenty ships that were +to remain with him, and dismissed the rest. All the vassals stayed +with him, except Eilif of Naustdale; he sailed home. Most of the +gentry, however, continued with their Sovereign. The King then +despatched letters to Norway, concerning the necessaries he should +want. After All Saints Day, the King steered for Medalland[101] +harbour; but spent one day at Ronaldsha. + +On the Saturday before Martinmas King Haco rode to the port of +Medalland, and after mass he was taken very ill. He was aboard his +ship during the night; but, on the morning, he ordered mass to be sung +on shore. He afterwards held a council to deliberate where the vessels +should be laid up; and ordered his men to be attentive, and see after +their respective ships. Upon this each captain took the charge of his +own galley. Some were laid up in the harbour of Medalland, and others +at Skalpeid.[102] + +Next King Haco proceeded to Skalpeid, and then rode to Kirkwall. He, +with such officers as dined at his table, lodged in the Bishop's +palace. Here the King and the Bishop kept separate tables in the +halls, each for his own retinue; but the King dined in the upper +story. He ordered certain districts to furnish his nobility and +household with provisions. Andrew Plytt had the inspection of the +King's table, and delivered out to the courtiers, retainers, masters +of the Lights, and other attendants their usual allowance. After the +proper arrangements were taken concerning the disposal of the fleet, +the different captains went whither their ships were laid up. The +Barons who remained at Kirkwall were Briniolf Johnston, Erling Alfson, +Ronald Urka, Erling of Birkey, John Drotning, and Erlend Red. The +other Barons repaired to their proper districts. + +King Haco had spent the summer in much watchfulness and anxiety. Being +often called to deliberate with his captains, he had enjoyed little +rest, and when he arrived at Kirkwall, he was confined to his bed by +his disorder. Having lain for some nights, the illness abated, and he +was on foot for three days. On the first day he walked about in his +apartments; on the second, he attended at the Bishop's chapel to hear +mass; and on the third he went to Magnus's Church, and walked round +the shrine of St Magnus, Earl of Orkney. He then ordered a bath to be +prepared, and got himself shaved. Some nights after he relapsed, and +took again to his bed. During his sickness, he ordered the Bible and +Latin authors to be read to him. But finding his spirits were too much +fatigued by reflecting on what he had heard, he desired Norwegian +books might be read to him night and day; first the lives of Saints, +and, when they were ended, he made his attendants read the Chronicles +of our Kings from Haldan the Black, and so of all the Norwegian +Monarchs in succession, one after the other. The King still found his +disorder increasing. He, therefore, took into consideration the pay to +be given to his troops, and commanded that a mark of fine silver +should be given to each courtier, and half a mark to each of the +masters of the lights, chamberlains, and other attendants on his +person. He ordered all the ungilt plate belonging to his table to be +weighed, and to be distributed if his plain silver fell short. At +this time also letters were wrote to Prince Magnus concerning the +government of the nation, and some things which the King wanted to +have settled respecting the army. King Haco received extreme unction +on the night before the festival of St Lucia.[103] Thorgisl, Bishop of +Stavanger, Gilbert Bishop of Hamar, Henry Bishop of Orkney, Abbot +Thorleif, and many other learned men were present; and before the +unction, all present bade the King farewell with a kiss. He still +spoke distinctly; and his particular favourites asked him if he left +behind him any other son than Prince Magnus, or any other heirs that +should share in the kingdom, but he uniformly persisted that he had no +other heirs in the male or female line, than what were publicly known. + +When the histories of all the Kings down to Suerer had been recited, +he ordered the life of that Prince to be read, and to be continued +night and day, whenever he found himself indisposed to sleep. + +The festival of the Virgin St. Lucia happened on a Thursday, and on +the Saturday after, the King's disorder increased to such a degree +that he lost the use of his speech; and at midnight Almighty God +called King Haco out of this mortal life. This was matter of great +grief to all those who attended, and to most of those who heard of the +event. The following Barons were present at the death of the King, +Briniolf Johnson, Erling Alfson, John Drottning, Ronald Urka, and some +domestics who had been near the King's person during his illness. +Immediately on the decease of the King, Bishops, and learned men were +sent for to sing mass. Afterwards all the company went out except +Bishop Thorgisl, Briniolf Johnson and two other persons, who watched +by the body, and performed all the services due to so illustrious a +Lord and Prince as King Haco had been. On Sunday the royal corpse was +carried to the upper hall, and laid on a bier. The body was clothed in +a rich garb, with a garland on the head, and dressed out as became a +crowned monarch. The masters of the lights stood with tapers in their +hands, and the whole hall was illuminated. All the people came to see +the body, which appeared beautiful and animated, and the King's +countenance was as fair and ruddy as while he was alive. It was some +alleviation of the deep sorrow of the beholders to see the corpse of +their departed Sovereign so decorated. High mass was then sung for the +deceased. The Nobility kept watch by the body during the night. On +Monday the remains of King Haco were carried to St. Magnus's church, +where they lay in state that night. On Tuesday the royal corpse was +put into a coffin, and buried in the Choir of St. Magnus's Church, +near the steps leading to the shrine of St. Magnus Earl of Orkney. The +tomb was then closed, and a canopy was spread over it. It was also +determined that watch should be kept over the King's grave all winter. +At Christmas the Bishop and Andrew Plytt furnished entertainments, as +the King had directed, and good presents were given to all the +soldiers. + +King Haco had given orders that his remains should be carried east to +Norway, and buried near his Father and relations. Towards the end of +winter, therefore, that great vessel which he had had in the west was +launched, and soon got ready. On Ash-Wednesday the corpse of King Haco +was taken out of the ground; this happened on the third of the nones +of March. The Courtiers followed the corpse to Skalpeid where the ship +lay, and which was chiefly under the direction of Bishop Thorgisl, and +Andrew Plytt. They put to sea on the first Saturday in Lent; but +meeting with hard weather, they steered for Silavog.[104] From this +place they wrote letters to Prince Magnus acquainting him with the +news, and then set sail for Bergen. They arrived at Laxavog[105] +before the festival of St. Benedict.[106] On that day Prince Magnus +rowed out to meet the corpse. The ship was brought near to the King's +palace; and the body was carried up to a summer house. Next morning +the corpse was removed to Christ-church, and was attended by Prince +Magnus, the two Queens, the Courtiers, and the town's people. The body +was then interred in the Choir of Christ-church; and Prince Magnus +addressed a long and gracious speech to those who attended the +funeral procession. All the multitude present expressed great sorrow +of mind as Sturlas says. + + 22. + + Three nights did the brave warriors, the flower of chivalry, + continue at Bergen, ere they entombed their wise and + glorious Prince. The breakers of temper'd metals, stood + crowding around the grave of the ruler of the nation, while + in their swimming eyes appear'd no look of joy.--Then + commenced those bloody feuds which till our days have + reigned. + +King Haco was buried three nights before the festival of the +annunciation of the Virgin Mary; and after the Incarnation of our Lord +Jesus Christ one thousand two hundred and sixty three years.[107] + +FINIS. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 1: Sudr-eyiar, (_orig._). The Hebrides or southern division +of the Scottish islands, so called in contradistinction to the +Orkneys.] + +[Footnote 2: Godred, Chrou-ban, _i.e._ the white handed, King of Man.] + +[Footnote 3: _Th_ursa sker (_orig._) _i.e._ the giants' rocks, +Thurso.] + +[Footnote 4: Solunder-haf, (_orig._) the Northern ocean. So called +from the Soloe islands near that promontory of Norway called Stad. +That species of sea fowl which frequent the Bass, probably received +their name from being more commonly found in the Solund isles.] + +[Footnote 5: Kiarna-borg, (_orig._), _Fl. Ms._ Kianaborg, from the +Irish _carn_ a rock, and the Is. _borg_ a castle. This castle was +situated on a rocky islet near Mul. Fordun calls it Carnborg.] + +[Footnote 6: Liod-hus, _i.e._ The residence of Liot. It is not +unlikely that the isle of Lewes, & the family of McLeod were so +named from Liod earl of Orkney.] + +[Footnote 7: Kiarareyiar, in the Mss. Kiarbareyiar, the island +Kiararey where Alexander died, suddenly, Jul. 8th. 1249.] + +[Footnote 8: Perhaps the Author means Frissel afterwards Bishop of St +Andrews; or Michael _viz._ de Weymyss, who was ambassador to Norway, +A. D. 1290.] + +[Footnote 9: Jarlin af Ros ok Kiarnakr son Makamals (_orig._). The +text here is much vitiated. The author might have read in some Irish +accounts, Jarl na Ross (William) McKerchar, McCalom, _i.e._, the Earl +of Ross (William) the son of Ferchard, the son of Malcolm. This +William Mac Erchart was a young Hero, and is corruptly called +Macentagart by the Scottish historians. Or perhaps, three persons may +be alluded to, viz., the Earl of Ross, Kinneach-son (of Kintail), and +a MacCamal of Lochaw, all powerful chieftains on the west coast of +Scotland. It is, however, not impossible that Kiarnak was some ancient +chieftain from whom a branch of the Grants was called Clan-Chiarnach. +The Fl. Ms. for Makamals reads Machamals.] + +[Footnote 10: I Skid (_orig._). In the Fl. Ms. istrid e. to war.] + +[Footnote 11: The inhuman practice here described was common in those +times. From the Landnamaboc we learn that Olver first discouraged this +custom. We read, Olver did not permit tossing infants from spear to +spear as was usual among pirates, and was therefore surnamed +Barna-kall or the protector of Infants.] + +[Footnote 12: Jol (_orig._). The great brumal festival among the +Scandinavians. Hence the Scotch word Yule, _i.e._, Christmas.] + +[Footnote 13: Nid-ar-os (_orig._), _i.e._, the mouth of the river Nid, +now Drontheim.] + +[Footnote 14: Vikor (_orig._), now Bahus in Sweden.] + +[Footnote 15: Elfa, the river at Gottenburg.] + +[Footnote 16: An Earl of Sweden and father-in-law to Haco the +younger.] + +[Footnote 17: Liodhusa, a town of Sweden demolished A.D. 1268.] + +[Footnote 18: May 3.] + +[Footnote 19: _i.e._, the hilly country. Harald Harfager divided his +kingdom into several counties, each of which was to fit out a squadron +of ships on an emergency. The counties were again divided into +_skipreidor_, or smaller districts, each of which furnished a single +vessel properly equipped.] + +[Footnote 20: _i.e._, an eminence, near Bergen.] + +[Footnote 21: By banks of oars we are only to understand benches for +the rowers.] + +[Footnote 22: _i.e._, Cape-bay, near Bergen.] + +[Footnote 23: An island and excellent harbour near Bergen.] + +[Footnote 24: A celebrated poet, uncle to Sigvat Bodvarson, who +attended Haco in this expedition, and from whom Sturla probably had +his information of facts.] + +[Footnote 25: The most northerly province of Norway.] + +[Footnote 26: _i.e._, no warrior.] + +[Footnote 27: The Scandinavian Scalds and Mythologists often +represented treasures as guarded by monsters, dragons, sea snakes, &c. +This notion probably originated from the fabulous tales of those who +traded to the Indies. An ancient author, speaking of Scythia, says, +"nam qvum in plerisque locis auro & gemmis affluant, Gryphorum +immanitate, accessus hominum rarus est."] + +[Footnote 28: _i.e._, Haco.] + +[Footnote 29: _i.e._, ships.] + +[Footnote 30: Gestil, a famous sea king or pirate.] + +[Footnote 31: _Th_areyiar-fioerd (_orig._), perhaps a mistake for +Faroeyiar-fioerd. Torfaeus read it Barreyiarfiord.] + +[Footnote 32: _i.e._, the column of pillars, perhaps the island +Staffa.] + +[Footnote 33: _i.e._, the promontory of deer, now +Durnish.] + +[Footnote 34: 7th of July.] + +[Footnote 35: The Norwegians computed by winters: the Scotch did the +same, as we see by Winton's chronicle: + + "Thretty winters and four than + Edan regnyd Max Gowran." +] + +[Footnote 36: Val-drosar (_orig._), the Goddesses of Fate, or +Valkyriae, to whom armour was supposed sacred.] + +[Footnote 37: _i.e._, Tribute--Ringa elldingom, (_orig._), bright +rings: _Ringa_ signify not only rings, or bracelets, but also money; +for before the introduction of coinage into the North, very thick +spiral gold wires were worn round the wrists of great men, who +distributed bits to those who performed any signal service; and such a +wire is still to be seen in the Royal Museum at Copenhagen. It is not +always easy to discern when by _ringa_ is understood ornaments for the +fingers, bracelets, rings of investiture, or the current money of the +times.] + +[Footnote 38: _i.e._, the islet, a monastery near Bergen.] + +[Footnote 39: Afterwards chancellor of Norway.] + +[Footnote 40: Probably the son of Dugal, the son of Somerled.] + +[Footnote 41: The father of King Dugal was Rory, I suppose. See notes +on pages 34 and 42.] + +[Footnote 42: Nephew to Sturla author of the Ravens-ode. He attended +Haco in this expedition.] + +[Footnote 43: _i.e._ ships.] + +[Footnote 44: _i.e._ sails.] + +[Footnote 45: Bla-dufor (_orig._), _i.e._ Blue pigeons. The Scalds +frequently compared ships under sail to birds, horses, and other +animals in motion.] + +[Footnote 46: _i.e._ gold.] + +[Footnote 47: _i.e._ ship.] + +[Footnote 48: Kirkio-vog (_orig._) _i.e._ Church-bay. Kirkwall.] + +[Footnote 49: Breida-fiardar (_orig._), _i.e._ Broad bay. The firth of +Forth.] + +[Footnote 50: St Olave's day, July 29.] + +[Footnote 51: Mula in Irish and Icelandic signifies a cape or beak.] + +[Footnote 52: Kata-nes (_orig._), _i.e._ the promontory of Cadtav or +Cathness. Cathness was particularly exposed to the inroads of the +Norwegians. On this account great numbers of the inhabitants retired +into Murray and the adjacent counties, where they were afterwards +known by the name of Clan-Chattan.] + +[Footnote 53: _i.e._, the promontory, or Cathness.] + +[Footnote 54: Baug-gerdar (_orig._), _i.e._ imposer of rings. _Baug_ +signifies anything circular, therefore, in compounded words, it is not +easy to discern when it denotes rings or shields, &c. See note on +_ringa_, p. 19.] + +[Footnote 55: This eclipse happened on the 5th of August 1263.] + +[Footnote 56: St Laurence's wake or vigil, 9th of Aug.] + +[Footnote 57: Cathness by the ancient Britons was called Pentir, +_i.e._ the headland, whence the neighbouring firth had its name.] + +[Footnote 58: _i.e._ John the Queen, perhaps the ancestor of the +McQueens.] + +[Footnote 59: Asleifarvik (_orig._). Fl. MS., Hals-eyiar-vic.] + +[Footnote 60: _i.e._ The old woman's rock. _Cailleach_ in Irish, and +_kerling_ in Icelandic signify an old woman.] + +[Footnote 61: _i.e._ The promontory. This island was so called +because, from its propinquity to the opposite shore, it appeared like +a cape. The old Venetian edition of Pliny has "Mella xxv mill. pass. +amplior proditur;" in the other copies it is "Reliquarum nulla" &c. +Hence the true reading appears to be Reliquarum Mulla &c.] + +[Footnote 62: Ken-tir, _i.e._ the promontory, a Peninsula in Scotland, +Kintire.] + +[Footnote 63: _i.e._ God's-Island. I take this to be Giga, or, as +Fordon calls it, Gia, compounded of the Gaelic _Dhia_, God, and the +Islandic _ey_, an island.] + +[Footnote 64: Who this Margad was does not appear from history, I +believe.] + +[Footnote 65: Angus, Lord of Kintire and Ila, was grandson & heir of +Reginald king of the isles. His posterity succeeded to the county of +Ross, & John, the second Earl, A.D. 1449, gave to his Brother Hugh the +Barony of Slate &c. Lord McDonald Baron of Slate, is the direct +male representative of Reginald.] + +[Footnote 66: _i.e._, rings or bracelets.] + +[Footnote 67: _i.e._, ships.] + +[Footnote 68: _i.e._ the sea.] + +[Footnote 69: A celebrated adventurer or sea king.] + +[Footnote 70: Rudri or Ruari is the Irish abbreviation of Roderic. The +person here meant is, no doubt, the second son of King Reginald, & the +same who in a donation to the abbey of Sandale, is stiled Rodericus de +Kintire filius Reginaldi. This Roderic, it seems, besides Allan & +Dougal, had another son Angus McRorie, Lord of Bute, whose daughter +and heiress Jean was married to Alexander sixth Lord High Steward, +Grand father to Robert II. King of Scotland. Robert, A.D. 1400., gave +Bute to his son John from whom the present family of Bute is lineally +descended.] + +[Footnote 71: _i.e._ the Scotch.] + +[Footnote 72: _i.e._ the Scotch.] + +[Footnote 73: _i.e._ sea.] + +[Footnote 74: _i.e._ ships.] + +[Footnote 75: Irar. (_orig._), _i.e._ Irish. As the native Irish had +suffer'd so much from the Scandinavians it is improbable they would +apply for assistance to the _Siol Lochlin na beum_. We may therefore +reasonably conclude that the People here mentioned were the +descendants of those Norwegians or Ostmen, who long inhabited the +eastern coast of Ireland and founded some of its best towns. A. D. +1201 those Ostmen or Easterlings were still so considerable that, at a +recognition taken of the diocese of Limerick, the arbitrators +consisted of 12 English, 12 Irish, & 12 Ostmen. Edw. I. gave +Gilchrist, William, & John Gilmorys, with other Ostmen in the County +of Waterford, peculiar privileges; &, by the rolls of Edw. II. they +evidently subsisted, as a distinct people, during the reign of that +prince.] + +[Footnote 76: Kumr-eyiar (_orig._), _i.e._ the Islands of the +Cumbrians, two small islands to the West of Scotland.] + +[Footnote 77: Skipa-fioerd in Islandic, and Loch-Lhong, in Gaelic, +signifies the Bay of Ships.] + +[Footnote 78: Allan & Dougal his brother were, I imagine, the sons of +Rudri (see the note on page 34.) This Allan we may suppose to be the +same who, in Rymer's Foedera, is called "Alanus filius Rotherici," & +who A. D. 1284 was one of the Barons that engaged to support Margaret +of Norway's title to the crown of Scotland. Dugal was probably the +predecessor of McDougal of Dunoly _i.e._ Olave's tower. The place +might receive this name, from having been the residence of Olave, the +youngest Son of Somerled thane of Argyle.] + +[Footnote 79: To avoid long, or dangerous circumnavigations, it was +usual for the antients to draw their light canoes over isthmuses. +Among the Greeks such places were termed [Greek: _diolchoi_] _i.e._ +dragging-places, and there was a very remarkable one near Corinth. By +the Scotch they were called Tarbats, from the Gaelic _tarn_ to draw, +and _baat_ a boat. There was a Tarbat between Loch-Lomond and +Loch-Long.] + +[Footnote 80: Alwin McArkel, as appears from the Chartulary of +Glasgow, was created Earl of Levnach by Maol-Coluim IIII., A. D. +1153.] + +[Footnote 81: No doubt the neighbouring inhabitants retired to the +isles of Loch-Lomond in times of danger.] + +[Footnote 82: _i.e._ Haco.] + +[Footnote 83: _i.e._ without an awning.] + +[Footnote 84: _i.e._ ships.] + +[Footnote 85: _i.e._, the Scotch.] + +[Footnote 86: Kerti-sveina (_orig._), _i.e._ Inspectors of the Lights, +who were to see that the Norwegian palace was properly illuminated. +The office corresponded exactly to the Canhowllyd of the Welsh +Princes.] + +[Footnote 87: In the Fl. Ms. the Norwegians are said to have entered +the transport.] + +[Footnote 88: Fl. MS., Five hundred.] + +[Footnote 89: Perus or Pherus (_orig._), probably Fergus.] + +[Footnote 90: A quotation from Giraldus's account of the Irish will +both illustrate this passage & the antient method of fighting. +"Utuntur--securibus quoque amplis, fabrili diligentia optime +chalybatis, quas a Norwegiensibus & Oustmannis sunt mutuati. Una +tantum manu, & non ambabus, securi percutiunt, pollice desuper +manubrium in longum extenso ictu regente, a quo nec galea, caput, in +conum erecta, nec reliquum corpus ferrea loricae tricatura tuetur. Unde +& in nostris contigit temporibus totam militis coxam ferro utcunque +fideliter vestitam, uno securis ictu praecisam fuisse, ex una equi +parte coxa cum tibia, ex altera vero, corpore cadente moribundo. +Lapides quoque pugillares, cum alia arma defecerint, hostibus in +conflictu damnosissimos, prae alia gente promptius, & expeditius ad +manum habent."] + +[Footnote 91: Knights at their creation were invested with belts +ornamented with gems. See Malmsb., book 2, chap. 6.] + +[Footnote 92: A district of Norway.] + +[Footnote 93: Melanzeiar (_orig._). Fl. Ms. Melas eyiar, perhaps the +island of Lamlash or Alisa.] + +[Footnote 94: Mylar-Kalf (_orig._). Among the Norwegians a small +island adjoining to a greater was called its calf, as the calf of +Mull, the calf of Man, &c.] + +[Footnote 95: A subdivision of Norway.] + +[Footnote 96: Yngua (_orig._), one of Haco's predecessors.] + +[Footnote 97: Hvarf, (_orig._), signifies an intervening ridge that +intercepts the prospect--Farohead.] + +[Footnote 98: Giafioerd (_orig._) Fl. Ms. Goa-fioerd.] + +[Footnote 99: October 28.] + +[Footnote 100: Asmundar-vogi (_orig._), _i.e._, Asmund's Bay.] + +[Footnote 101: Probably some harbour of the Mainland, one of the +Orkneys.] + +[Footnote 102: A cape of Pomona.] + +[Footnote 103: December 13.] + +[Footnote 104: _i.e._ Herring bay.] + +[Footnote 105: _i.e._ Salmon bay.] + +[Footnote 106: March 21.] + +[Footnote 107: Here it must be observed that the Norwegian year +commenced March 25. So that, according to our reckoning, Haco died in +March 1264.] + + + + +Recently published. + + +_Rob Roy and the Clan Macgregor,_ Historical Memoirs of; including the +_Story of the Abduction of_ LADY GRANGE. With an Introductory Sketch, +illustrative of the Condition of the Highlands prior to 1745. By K. +MACLEAY, M.D. I vol., crown 8vo., cloth, _with authentic +portrait of_ ROB ROY, 5s. + +250 LARGE PAPER COPIES on Dutch Handmade Paper, _with portrait_, 7s. 6d. + + The previous editions of this interesting and authentic + account of the Times, the Family, and the Exploits of the + celebrated Rob Roy have now been out of print for many years. + It has therefore been increasingly difficult to obtain copies + of a work which throws much light, not only upon the romantic + career of the outlaw, but upon the state of the Highlands + prior to the Rebellion of 1715. The present publisher has for + these reasons issued this third edition, which he trusts will + meet with acceptance alike from those interested in Scottish + history, and those who may be curious to learn more of the + life, character, and adventures of the hero of one of Sir + Walter Scott's greatest novels. The story of the abduction of + Lady Grange, which is added, as in the previous editions, + forms an appropriate sequel to the memoirs of Rob Roy, having + all the charm of a romance, while well illustrating the utter + lawlessness at one time prevailing within the Highland + borders.--_Preface._ + + * * * * * + + "No one doubts the interest of the book. It has, indeed, won + the favour of a large number of readers."--_Scotsman._ + + "Those who want to learn the true history of Rob Roy will + find it graphically told in the work before us. The whole + work is of the most engrossing interest, and reads more like + a sensational novel than a chapter in veritable + history."--_Perthshire Constitutional._ + + "An authority upon the history of the unfortunate Clan + Gregor."--_Dundee Advertiser._ + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Norwegian account of Haco's +expedition against Scotland, A.D. 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