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diff --git a/18217-h/18217-h.htm b/18217-h/18217-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28d88a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/18217-h/18217-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5596 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers's Elementary Science Readers, Book I. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; + float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + .rightcaption {text-align: right;} + + .figcenter {text-align: center; margin: auto;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Elementary Science Readers, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Chambers's Elementary Science Readers + Book I + +Author: Various + +Other: William Chambers + Robert Chambers + +Release Date: April 20, 2006 [EBook #18217] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S ELEMENTARY *** + + + + +Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="center"> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;"> +<img src="images/illus-001.jpg" width="401" height="600" alt="'Here comes the big black hen.' +Page 85." title="" /> +<span class="caption">'Here comes the big black hen.' +<span class="smcap">Page</span> 85.</span> +</div> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h1>CHAMBERS'S<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">ELEMENTARY</span><br /> +SCIENCE READERS<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 75%;">BOOK I.</span></h1> + +<h2>WITH OBJECT LESSONS<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">AND</span><br /> +ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + +<p class="center">LONDON: 38 Soho Square, W.<br /> +W. & R. CHAMBERS, <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br /> +EDINBURGH: 339 High Street +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class='center'>CHAMBERS'S<br /> +ELEMENTARY SCIENCE READERS.</p> + +<p class='center'>With Object Lessons and Attractive Illustrations.</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>Book</td><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'>for Standard</td><td align='right'>I.</td><td align='left'>140 pages. Price 9d.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Book</td><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'>for Standard</td><td align='right'>II.</td><td align='left'>148 pages. Price 10d.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Book</td><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'>for Standard</td><td align='right'>III.</td><td align='left'>196 pages. Price 1s.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class='center'>CHAMBERS'S OBJECT LESSON MANUALS.</p> + +<p class='center'>With Lists of Apparatus, Numerous Illustrations, +and Blackboard Summaries.</p> + +<p class='center'> +BOOKS I., II., and III. Price 1s. 6d. each.<br /> +Complete in One Volume, price 3s. 6d.<br /> +</p> + + +<p class='center'>CHAMBERS'S OBJECT LESSON SHEETS.</p> + +<p class='center'>A Series of Twenty-one Illustrative Diagrams for +Standards I., II., and III.</p> + +<p class='center'>Printed in Black and White on Stout Manilla Paper, +size 29 by 23 inches. Strongly mounted on +Roller, 12s. 6d. per Set. Separate sheets can +also be had, 6d. each; or Eyeletted, 7d. each.</p> + +<p class='center'>W. & R. <span class="smcap">Chambers, Limited, London and Edinburgh</span>.</p> + +<p style="font-size: small; text-align: right;"><i>P. 1912.</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<p class="center">(The Titles of Poetical Pieces are in <i>Italics</i>.)</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><span class="smcap">Page</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_CAT_PART_I">The Cat—Part 1</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_CAT_PART_2">The Cat—Part 2</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_DOG">The Dog</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#BUTTERCUPS">Buttercups</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i><a href="#DAISIES_AND_BUTTERCUPS">Daisies and Buttercups</a></i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WHEAT_PART_1">Wheat—Part 1</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WHEAT_PART_2">Wheat—Part 2</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SLATE_PART_1">Slate—Part 1</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SLATE">Slate—Part 2</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CHALK_PART_1">Chalk—Part 1</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CHALK_PART_2">Chalk—Part 2</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_MOUSE">The Mouse</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i><a href="#THE_FIELD-MOUSE">The Field-Mouse</a></i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_RABBIT">The Rabbit</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#IVY">Ivy</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#A_TREE">A Tree</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#BRICKS">Bricks</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#A_DONKEY">A Donkey</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SHEEP">Sheep</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i><a href="#THE_SHEEP">The Sheep</a></i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#TURNIPS">Turnips</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#GREEN_PEAS_PART_1">Green Peas—Part 1</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#GREEN_PEAS_PART_2">Green Peas—Part 2</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#IRON_AND_METAL">Iron and Metal</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i><a href="#THE_FAIRY_RING">The Fairy Ring</a></i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#NEEDLES_PART_1">Needles—Part 1</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#NEEDLES_PART_2">Needles—Part 2</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#NEEDLES_PART_3">Needles—Part 3</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#NEEDLES_PART_4">Needles—Part 4</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_KNIFE">The Knife</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_HEN">The Hen</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_SPARROW">The Sparrow</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i><a href="#A_DAY_IN_THE_COUNTRY">A Day in the Country</a></i></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SOME_HERBS">Some Herbs</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#COFFEE">Coffee</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PAPER">Paper</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#A_FLY">A Fly</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_WASP">The Wasp</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_SUNFLOWER">The Sunflower</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#MERRY_WORKERS">Merry Workers</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_ROSE">The Rose</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WOOD">Wood</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#COAL_PART_1">Coal—Part 1</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#COAL_PART_2">Coal—Part 2</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#FIRE">Fire</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<h2>OBJECT LESSONS.</h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'><span class="smcap">Page</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_CAT_Page_7">The Cat</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_DOG_Page_12">The Dog</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#BUTTERCUPS_Page_15">Buttercups</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WHEAT_Page_20">Wheat</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SLATE_Page_26">Slate</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CHALK_Page_31">Chalk</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_MOUSE_Page_36">The Mouse</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_RABBIT_Page_41">The Rabbit</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#IVY_Page_43">Ivy</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#A_TREE_Page_47">A Tree</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#BRICKS_Page_50">Bricks</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_DONKEY_Page_53">The Donkey</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SHEEP_Page_55">Sheep</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#TURNIPS_Page_59">Turnips</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#GREEN_PEAS_Page_62">Green Peas</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#IRON_AND_METAL_Page_67">Iron and Metal</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#NEEDLES_Page_71">Needles</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_KNIFE_Page_80">The Knife</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_HEN_Page_83">The Hen</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_SPARROW_Page_86">The Sparrow</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#HERBS_Page_90">Herbs</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#COFFEE_Page_93">Coffee</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#PAPER_Page_96">Paper</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_FLY_Page_99">The Fly</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_WASP_Page_102">The Wasp</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_SUNFLOWER_Page_104">The Sunflower</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#THE_ROSE_Page_108">The Rose</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#WOOD_Page_111">Wood</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#COAL_Page_113">Coal</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#FIRE_Page_119">Fire</a></td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAMBERS'S SCIENCE READERS.</h2> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h2>BOOK I.</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<a name="THE_CAT_PART_I" id="THE_CAT_PART_I"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 489px;"> +<img src="images/illus-003.jpg" width="489" height="400" alt="He sat down on the rug with her." title="" /> +<span class="caption">He sat down on the rug with her.</span> +</div></div> + +<h2>THE CAT.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 1.</span></h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>walk´-ing</td><td align='left'>thought</td><td align='left'>knew</td><td align='left'>sheaths</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>watched</td><td align='left'>stroked</td><td align='left'>smooth</td><td align='left'>won´-der</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ground</td><td align='left'>fore´-paws</td><td align='left'>yawn</td><td align='left'>mis-take´</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>shak´-ing</td><td align='left'>toes</td><td align='left'>stretched</td><td align='left'>claw</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. Pussy came walking along the garden-path. +Harry watched her, and saw +that she did not like the damp ground.</p> + +<p>2. She jumped over the pools, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +then began to run, shaking her paws +as she got to the house.</p> + +<p>3. 'Now, a dog does not mind wet +feet,' Harry thought; 'he will go into +the water, but Pussy will never go into +the water.</p> + +<p>4. 'She does not even use water to +wash herself. Come here, Pussy! You +don't like to wet your nice fur, do you?'</p> + +<p>5. As Harry was always kind to pussy, +she let him pick her up and carry her +into the house.</p> + +<p>6. He sat down on the rug with her, +and stroked her glossy back. One of +her fore-paws rested on his hand, and +he began to look at it.</p> + +<p>7. 'Here are five toes,' he said, +'but what funny toes they are!' He +gently turned the paw over, and saw +the sharp nails drawn in under the fur.</p> + +<p>8. The cat knew that he would not +hurt her, so she kept her claws in, and +let him feel them on the outside.</p> + +<p>9. He found under the paw a soft +smooth pad. 'Now I know how it is +that she can walk so softly!' he said. +'This must help her to walk in that way.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<p>10. Here pussy gave a great yawn, and +stretched out both her paws, claws and +all. Harry saw the +sharp nails like hooks, +and watched them go +back into their +sheaths. Then she +curled herself up on +his lap.</p> + +<p>11. He took hold of +one of her hind-feet, +and found only four +toes upon it. 'I wonder +if this is a mistake,' he said, 'or +if the other one is the same.' Yes, it +was just the same: there were four +toes, with a claw at the end of each.</p> + +<div class='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/illus-004.jpg" width="200" height="274" alt="Cat's Paw." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Cat's Paw.</span> +</div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_CAT_PART_2" id="THE_CAT_PART_2"></a>THE CAT<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 2.</span></h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>knives</td><td align='left'>poured</td><td align='left'>touch</td><td align='left'>coun´-tries</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>bot´-tom</td><td align='left'>clean</td><td align='left'>rough</td><td align='left'>peo´-ple</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>should</td><td align='left'>sauc´-er</td><td align='left'>kit´-chen</td><td align='left'>thought</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>tear´-ing</td><td align='left'>tongue</td><td align='left'>cous´-ins</td><td align='left'>be-lieve´</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. 'What long sharp teeth she has +got!' cried Harry, as pussy sat up and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +opened her mouth. 'They look like +knives. There are two at the top, and +two at the bottom!</p> + +<p>2. 'I should not like my finger to be +in the way when you shut your mouth. +Your teeth must be for tearing and +cutting: I am sure you do not chew +your food as I have to do.</p> + +<p>3. 'And what a way you have of +drinking!</p> + +<p>'Here, pussy, would you like some +milk?' said Harry, and getting up, he +poured a little milk into a clean saucer.</p> + +<p>4. The cat ran to it, and Harry went +down on the floor close by to watch her +drinking it.</p> + +<p>5. He saw that pussy's tongue was +not smooth like his own, but had tiny +points all over it. It came into his mind +that she had once licked his face, and +her tongue had a 'scrapy' feeling.</p> + +<p>6. 'Do it again, pussy, dear,' he said, +but she went on lapping up the milk.</p> + +<p>'May I touch your tongue, then, with +one of my fingers?'</p> + +<p>7. But pussy did not like this. Then +Harry took a drop or two of the milk<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +into the palm of his hand. And when +the cat had taken all she had in the +saucer, she came and licked up the milk +in his hand.</p> + +<p>8. She went on licking even when all +was gone, and Harry was able in this +way to feel how rough her tongue was.</p> + +<p>9. Just then his mother came into +the kitchen, and Harry told her what +he had been doing.</p> + +<p>She asked:</p> + +<p>'Have you looked at pussy's eyes?'</p> + +<p>10. 'They are funny eyes,' he said; +'they are green, but there is not much of +them to be seen.'</p> + +<p>'Not just now,' said his mother, 'but +she can open them wide when she likes. +Then she can see even in the dark.'</p> + +<p>11. 'In the dark, mother? Well, she +is not a bit like me!'</p> + +<p>'No, she is not like you. But she has +plenty of cousins. Her cousins are the +big lions and tigers, that live in hot +countries, and eat sheep and horses, and +even people when they can get them.'</p> + +<p>12. Harry thought a little, and then +said: 'If I were as small as pussy is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +now, and if pussy were as big as I am +now, I believe she would eat me!'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_DOG" id="THE_DOG"></a>THE DOG.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>fol´-lowed</td><td align='left'>win´-dow</td><td align='left'>watched</td><td align='left'>Ber´-nard</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>moth´-er</td><td align='left'>noise</td><td align='left'>friend</td><td align='left'>shep´-herd</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>hun´-gry</td><td align='left'>la´-zy</td><td align='left'>bur´-ied</td><td align='left'>wrong</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>lone´-ly</td><td align='left'>be-cause´</td><td align='left'>e-nough´</td><td align='left'>talk´-ing</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. A poor lost dog followed Harry and +his little sister home from school, and +tried to come into the house.</p> + +<div class='center'> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 473px;"> +<img src="images/illus-005.jpg" width="473" height="400" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<p>2. They shut the door; but, when they +opened it again, the dog was still there.</p> + +<p>3. He looked so sad that they begged +their mother to give him some food. +Then they said: 'We can't turn him out +again to be hungry and lonely! Let us +keep him till some one comes for him.' +And very soon all three were happy at +play in the garden.</p> + +<p>4. The cat sat up on a window-sill, and +looked at them. She did not seem to +like the fun. What a noise they all made!</p> + +<p>5. 'How much nicer he is to play with +than pussy!' said Dora. 'He is not nearly +so lazy as pussy.</p> + +<p>6. 'Look, he is wagging his tail with +joy! Now, if pussy wags her tail, it +means that she is cross. But I think I +like her round face better than his +sharp one.'</p> + +<p>7. 'I don't,' said Harry. 'See how +bright he is, and how he looks as if +he would like to do something for us!'</p> + +<p>8. 'That is because we have been kind +to him. Hi, good dog!' and Dora threw +her ball to the very end of the garden, +and watched her new friend run after it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + +<p>9. 'Do you think, Harry,' she asked, +'that he would save us if we were +buried in the snow?'</p> + +<div class='center'> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-006.jpg" width="500" height="329" alt="St Bernard Dog." title="" /> +<span class="caption">St Bernard Dog.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>'No, he is not a dog of that kind, and +is not big enough. The big St Bernard +dogs save people when they are lost in +the snow.</p> + +<p>10. 'But all dogs are good for something. +Look at the shepherd's dog.'</p> + +<p>'What can he do?'</p> + +<p>11. 'Oh, he is a wise fellow! He +knows just where his master means the +sheep to go, and, if they go the wrong +way, he turns them back, and never hurts +one of them. Why, the shepherd does<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +nothing but walk on, telling the dog +now and again what to do.'</p> + +<div class='center'> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-007.jpg" width="500" height="285" alt="The Sheep Dog." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Sheep Dog.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>12. Here a dog barked on the road +outside, and the dog in the garden +pricked up his ears and barked too.</p> + +<p>'They are talking to each other,' said +Dora.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="BUTTERCUPS" id="BUTTERCUPS"></a>BUTTERCUPS.</h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>chil´-dren</td><td align='left'>hun´-gry</td><td align='left'>piec´-es</td><td align='left'>mid´-dle</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>flow´-ers</td><td align='left'>bas´-ket</td><td align='left'>hair´-y</td><td align='left'>break</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>dai´-sy</td><td align='left'>ought</td><td align='left'>yel´-low</td><td align='left'>leaves</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>chains</td><td align='left'>but´-ter</td><td align='left'>threads</td><td align='left'>seeds</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>1. One day the children were out in +the fields, running races, picking flowers, +and making daisy-chains!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<p>2. When they began to feel tired and +hungry, they got milk and cake out of +mother's basket, and had a long rest on +the dry, warm grass.</p> + +<p>3. 'How these buttercups shine!' said +Dora; 'they look like gold!'</p> + +<p>'Gold-cups, they ought to be called, +not butter-cups,' said Harry. 'They look +like cups, don't they?'</p> + +<p>4. 'But they would not hold water +like real cups. Look at this one; it is +in five pieces.'</p> + +<p>5. 'Five? Oh yes! And look underneath. +There is another sort of cup +with five leaves in it.'</p> + +<p>'Only it is not bright and golden, but +green and hairy.'</p> + +<p>6. 'Now, you found that out, and I +found the five yellow leaves. It is my +turn again. I can see yellow threads +standing up in a ring all round the +middle of the cup, and their tops are +thick.'</p> + +<p>7. 'It is my turn now! In the very +middle there is a green heap. It looks +as if the yellow threads were taking +care of it.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + +<p>'Oh, the heap is all made up of little +round things! Look, I can pull it to +pieces.'</p> + +<div class='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/illus-008.jpg" width="350" height="486" alt="Butter-cup." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Butter-cup.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>8. 'So can I,' said Harry; 'here is one, +here is another! They are not round +after all, do you see? Each is round at +the bottom, but has a little bent horn at +the top.'</p> + +<p>9. 'They must be seeds. I will break<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +one open. Oh no! Just look, there is +a little ball inside. Have you found a +ball in yours?'</p> + +<p>'Yes, there is a ball in every one. +It must be a seed, or a little egg.'</p> + +<p>10. 'Birds have eggs,' said Dora, +'plants have seeds.'</p> + +<p>'Well, it is all the same thing,' said +Harry.</p> + +<p>'I think the green thing with a horn +is only a case to take care of the +seed.'</p> + +<p>11. 'All these things seem to take care +of each other. First, the green leaves +at the back take care of the yellow +cup.'</p> + +<p>'And the yellow cup takes care of the +yellow threads.'</p> + +<p>'And the yellow threads take care of +the green cases.'</p> + +<p>'And the green cases take care of the +seeds.'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/illus-009.jpg" width="300" height="173" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class='center'> +<a name="DAISIES_AND_BUTTERCUPS" id="DAISIES_AND_BUTTERCUPS"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-010.jpg" width="500" height="359" alt="Daisies." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Daisies.</span> +</div></div> + +<h2>DAISIES AND BUTTERCUPS.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>mead´-ows</td><td align='left'>maid´-en</td><td align='left'>win´-ter</td><td align='left'>ground</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>stalk</td><td align='left'>light´-ly</td><td align='left'>cun´-ning</td><td align='left'>chil´-dren</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>cov´-ered</td><td align='left'>ten´-der</td><td align='left'>dai´-sy</td><td align='left'>moss´-y</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>yel´-low</td><td align='left'>tread</td><td align='left'>straight</td><td align='left'>but´-ter</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<h3>I.</h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">1. I'm a pretty little thing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Always coming with the spring;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In the meadows green I'm found,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Peeping just above the ground.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And my stalk is covered flat<br /></span> +<span class="i2">With a white and yellow hat.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">2. Little maiden, when you pass<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Lightly o'er the tender grass,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +<span class="i2">Step aside and do not tread<br /></span> +<span class="i2">On my meek and lowly head;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For I always seem to say,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">'Chilly winter's gone away.'<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<h4>II.</h4> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">1. I'm a cunning little thing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Coming also with the spring.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Near the daisy I am found,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Standing straight above the ground;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And my head is covered flat<br /></span> +<span class="i2">With a glossy, yellow hat.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">2. Little children, when you pass<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Through the tall and waving grass,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Do not pluck, but gently tread<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Near my low and mossy bed;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For I always seem to say,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">'Milk and butter fresh to-day.'<br /></span> +</div></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WHEAT_PART_1" id="WHEAT_PART_1"></a>WHEAT.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 1.</span></h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>field</td><td align='left'>bas´-ket</td><td align='left'>grains</td><td align='left'>joints</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>fa´-ther</td><td align='left'>watched</td><td align='left'>east</td><td align='left'>be-lieve´</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>wheat</td><td align='left'>threw</td><td align='left'>morn´-ing</td><td align='left'>for´-est</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>plough</td><td align='left'>har´-row</td><td align='left'>earth</td><td align='left'>stalks</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. There was a very little field at the +bottom of the garden, and father made +up his mind to grow wheat in it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + +<p>2. A friend kindly lent him a horse +and plough, and the soil was quickly +turned over. A few days afterwards the +seed was sown.</p> + +<p>3. The children helped to do this.</p> + +<p>They got up very early one morning +and went out with their father. Harry +had a bag full of wheat, and Dora had a +little basket.</p> + +<div class='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 474px;"> +<img src="images/illus-011.jpg" width="474" height="400" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + +<p>4. They watched what their father did, +then dipped their hands into the wheat, +and threw it out over the earth.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<p>5. After that, the horse came again +with a harrow, to cover the seed over +with soil, and it was left to grow.</p> + +<p>6. It seemed strange to think that +those little hard grains would grow up +to be tall plants and have other grains +upon them.</p> + +<p>7. 'I hope we shall have some nice +soft rain,' said father, as they left the +field.</p> + +<p>8. Many days went by, rain came +again and again. There was sunshine, +too; but sometimes the east winds blew.</p> + +<p>9. Dora and Harry went out every +morning to look at the field. But they +always came in saying that there was +nothing but brown earth to be seen.</p> + +<p>10. At last, one morning they came in +running and jumping. 'Our wheat is +up! There are tiny green leaves all over +the field!'</p> + +<p>11. After this there was always something +fresh to see. The wheat-plants +grew taller, and put out long leaves.</p> + +<p>12. Dora said one day that they looked +like grass, and her mother told her +that wheat was a large kind of grass.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + +<p>'Look at the shape of the leaves,' she +said, 'and the joints in the stems.'</p> + +<p>13. The wheat soon grew so tall that it +stood above the heads of the children. +They used to go in among it, and make +believe that they were lost in a great +forest.</p> + +<p>14. One day, when they were lost like +this, they saw that the tops of the +stalks had opened. Inside there were +green stems with green ears upon them.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WHEAT_PART_2" id="WHEAT_PART_2"></a>WHEAT.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 2.</span></h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>heard</td><td align='left'>seemed</td><td align='left'>truck</td><td align='left'>han´-dle</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>talk´-ing</td><td align='left'>sur-prise´</td><td align='left'>mean</td><td align='left'>min´-utes</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>har´-vest</td><td align='left'>rail´-way</td><td align='left'>flour</td><td align='left'>treat</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>sup´-per</td><td align='left'>heav´-y</td><td align='left'>lis´-ten</td><td align='left'>tea</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. Every day the ears grew larger and +harder, and then they began to look +yellow.</p> + +<p>2. The children, too, heard their +father and mother talking about their +golden grain, and saying it was ripe.</p> + +<p>3. At last, one very hot day, they +found that the time had come to cut the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +wheat. A kind friend came to help, and +Harry and Dora and the new dog jumped +about and ran in and out, and thought +that they helped too.</p> + +<p>4. The children talked much about +their harvest, and mother made them a +harvest-supper. What a day it was!</p> + +<p>5. It seemed so odd to have a bin +full of grain just like the grain they +had sown in the spring.</p> + +<p>6. And now there was a great surprise +for them. A railway-man came with a +heavy box on a truck, and when the box +was opened, what do you think there +was inside?</p> + +<p>A mill—a fine new wheat-mill!</p> + +<p>7. 'We do not need now to go to the +miller!' said mother, looking very glad. +'We are going to have a miller in our +own house—no, two millers, I ought to +say!'</p> + +<p>8. 'Two millers!' cried Harry.</p> + +<p>'Do you mean Harry and me?' asked +Dora.</p> + +<p>'Yes, my dear children, I mean you. +You are going to be my dusty millers!</p> + +<p>9. 'I will show you how much you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +are to grind, just a little every day. +You must put it into this big red pan, +and cover it up, and when I want to +bake I shall always have plenty of flour +ready.</p> + +<p>10. 'And listen! You shall have a +penny each every week for doing the +work.'</p> + +<p>At this Dora and Harry jumped for +joy, clapped their hands, and ran to their +mother to hug her.</p> + +<p>11. Then she put some of the wheat +into the mill, took hold of the handle, +and made the wheel go round. Harry +next took his turn, and Dora hers, and +in a few minutes they found in the box +below a heap of nice soft flour.</p> + +<p>12. 'Now,' said mother, 'let us give +father a treat when he comes home! +We will make some nice cakes with this +flour, and have them for tea! Grind a +little more, dear millers, while I make +up the fire.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="center"> +<a name="SLATE_PART_1" id="SLATE_PART_1"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 467px;"> +<img src="images/illus-012.jpg" width="467" height="400" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + +<h2>SLATE.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 1.</span></h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>rid´-dle</td><td align='left'>won´-der</td><td align='left'>sup-pose´</td><td align='left'>smooth</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ex-act´-ly</td><td align='left'>bought</td><td align='left'>fin´-gers</td><td align='left'>re-mem´-ber</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>guessed</td><td align='left'>Sat´-ur-day</td><td align='left'>met´-al</td><td align='left'>piece</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>1. 'What is the oldest thing in this +room?' asked the mother one day.</p> + +<p>'Is this a riddle?'</p> + +<p>'No, not exactly.'</p> + +<p>2. Dora guessed one thing, and Harry +another, and at last they gave up guessing. +'Unless,' said Harry, 'it is the +fender, or the poker.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. 'It is very likely that the thing +you were drawing on just now is older +than any of those.'</p> + +<p>4. 'That slate? Why, mother!' cried +the children, opening their eyes wide +with wonder, 'you bought it only last +Saturday!'</p> + +<p>'So I did. But it was not made +last Saturday.'</p> + +<p>5. 'No, I suppose the man cut it, +and made the frame, and fixed it on +before that.'</p> + +<p>'Perhaps on Friday,' said Dora.</p> + +<p>6. 'But the slate itself,' the mother +went on, 'where did that come from? +Did the man make it?'</p> + +<p>Harry and Dora looked well at it, +turned it over, rubbed their fingers on it, +and said they did not know.</p> + +<p>7. 'Well, would you say it is like wood, +or like stone, or is it metal like the poker? +Is it a kind of wood, do you think? Did +it ever grow?'</p> + +<p>'I think it must be a sort of rock, or +stone,' said Harry, 'only very smooth +and thin.'</p> + +<p>8. 'The man who worked at it before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +it came to the shop made it smooth +and cut it thin. It was not smooth and +thin at first. But you are quite right; +it is a sort of stone.'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 361px;"> +<img src="images/illus-013.jpg" width="361" height="500" alt="A Slate Quarry" title="" /> +<span class="caption">A Slate Quarry</span> +</div></div> + +<p>9. 'It is as cold as a stone,' said Dora, +putting it against her face. 'Do you +remember, Harry, how cold our hands<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +were in winter when we did sums? Yes, +and it is very hard. I am sure it is a +piece of rock.'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SLATE" id="SLATE"></a>SLATE.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 2.</span></h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>should</td><td align='left'>laugh´-ing</td><td align='left'>set´-tled</td><td align='left'>weighted</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>laughed</td><td align='left'>pur´-pose</td><td align='left'>hap´-pened</td><td align='left'>through</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>high´-er</td><td align='left'>prop´-er-ly</td><td align='left'>deal</td><td align='left'>heaved</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>thought</td><td align='left'>please</td><td align='left'>dead</td><td align='left'>brok´-en</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. 'I should like to see a rock all made +of slate! Have you ever seen one, +mother?'</p> + +<p>'Yes, many, dear. But there are +none near.' Then she laughed a little. +'But if you like to go just outside the +door you will see rows and rows of slates.'</p> + +<p>2. Out they ran, looked all over the +ground, then at the garden-wall, then +back at their mother, who had come to +the door.</p> + +<p>'Look at the house,' she said, 'look +higher!'</p> + +<p>3. 'Oh, we never thought of the roof,' +they cried, and ran in again laughing. +'But those slates are not so nice and +smooth as our slates.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + +<p>'Your slates are made smooth on +purpose. Besides, they are made of +better slate—older slate. The older the +slate is the better it is.'</p> + +<p>4. 'How old?'</p> + +<p>'No one knows. It is a long story, +and no one can tell it properly. Shall I +tell you as much as I know?'</p> + +<p>'Yes, do, please, mother!' and the two +settled themselves at her feet.</p> + +<p>5. 'Well,' she began, 'once upon a +time there was a great stir at the bottom +of the sea. The heat and gas under the +ground broke through and pushed out +everything that was in the way.</p> + +<p>6. 'Stones, ashes, and dust came flying +up through the water, and then fell +back into the water again. When all +was quiet, they settled down at the +bottom of the sea, and became mud.</p> + +<p>7. 'All this happened many times, till +there was a great deal of mud. Then, +little by little, the mud was covered up +by other things.'</p> + +<p>8. 'What sort of things?'</p> + +<p>'Dead fish, perhaps, and shells, and +sand and mud that had been brought by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +rivers into the sea. These things lay on +the top of the mud and weighed it down.</p> + +<p>9. 'The heat under the bottom of the +sea still kept up, and made the mud +very hot, and baked it through. At +last it gave a great push, and heaved +the mud up above the water, so that it +became dry land.</p> + +<p>10. 'In other ways it was made harder +and harder, until it was turned into +rock. And now we call it slate. +Here is a bit of your old broken slate. +See if you can turn it into mud again!'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHALK_PART_1" id="CHALK_PART_1"></a>CHALK.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 1.</span></h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>a-cross´</td><td align='left'>piece</td><td align='left'>wheat</td><td align='left'>earth</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>morn´-ing</td><td align='left'>teach´-er</td><td align='left'>col´-ours</td><td align='left'>brown</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>chalk´-ing</td><td align='left'>black´-board</td><td align='left'>fetch</td><td align='left'>moist</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>picked</td><td align='left'>spread´-ing</td><td align='left'>laughed</td><td align='left'>through</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. A few days after this, Dora and +Harry were going across the fields. +They saw a horse and cart standing, and +a man taking white stones out of the +cart and putting them over the ground.</p> + +<p>2. 'Why, it is Joe!' they cried, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +they came nearer. 'Good-morning, Joe. +What are you doing?'</p> + +<p>'Chalking this bit of land, you see. +You know what chalk is, do you?'</p> + +<p>3. Harry and Dora picked up a piece +or two.</p> + +<p>'Teacher writes on the blackboard +with chalk,' they said.</p> + +<p>'Yes, you are right. It is used for +many things,' and he went on spreading +it over the field.</p> + +<p>4. 'But what is it wanted here for, +Joe?'</p> + +<p>'No chalk, no wheat!' said Joe.</p> + +<p>'Father put no chalk on our field, and +we had such a heap of wheat!'</p> + +<p>5. 'Yours is good land. This up here +has never been used for farming. It had +little old trees on it, you know, and they +were cut down and their roots dug out of +the ground; and now, look at it! It is +poor soil.'</p> + +<p>6. 'How do you know it is poor?'</p> + +<p>'Look at the field below, what a +nice brown it is! That will grow anything, +but this is all colours—black, red, +yellow, and green.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + +<p>7. 'I have been a long way to fetch this +chalk: I started off with old Dobbin this +morning before it was light, and got it +out of the chalk-pit.'</p> + +<p>8. 'When we were fast asleep!' said +Dora.</p> + +<p>'Then you don't buy chalk at a shop?' +said Harry.</p> + +<p>Joe laughed.</p> + +<p>'No; it comes out of the ground.'</p> + +<p>'This is like the slate story,' said Dora.</p> + +<p>Harry nodded.</p> + +<p>9. 'But, Joe, I want to know how the +chalk makes the ground good.'</p> + +<p>'I don't know how, but it does. If +it lies here for a year or more, the earth +will turn brown, and we can grow wheat +in it. Besides, chalk holds water, and so +it will keep the ground moist up here.'</p> + +<p>10. 'How?'</p> + +<p>'Well, when it rains, the water will not +run away through the earth, but will +stay in the lumps of chalk. Are you +going? Good-bye, then.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="center"> +<a name="CHALK_PART_2" id="CHALK_PART_2"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 498px;"> +<img src="images/illus-014.jpg" width="498" height="418" alt="'Fizz and bubble, bubble and fizz.'" title="" /> +<span class="caption">'Fizz and bubble, bubble and fizz.'</span> +</div></div> + +<h2>CHALK.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 2.</span></h2> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>eve´-ning</td><td align='left'>air</td><td align='left'>hun´-dreds</td><td align='left'>catch</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>brought</td><td align='left'>stirred</td><td align='left'>smiled</td><td align='left'>died</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>vin´-e-gar</td><td align='left'>poured</td><td align='left'>crowds</td><td align='left'>dropped</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>bub´-ble</td><td align='left'>grains</td><td align='left'>threads</td><td align='left'>mixed</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. The children had much to say that +evening about Joe and the field. They +had brought home a lump of chalk.</p> + +<p>2. 'I will show you something,' said +father, and he got a cup of vinegar, +crushed a little of the chalk, and dropped +it into the cup.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> + +<p>Fizz and bubble, bubble and fizz!</p> + +<p>3. What was going on?</p> + +<p>When the stir came to an end, the +chalk was not there!</p> + +<p>'Part of it has gone off in gas,' their +father said. 'The rest is lime, and it is +mixed with the vinegar.'</p> + +<p>4. 'We did not see any gas,' said +Harry.</p> + +<p>'You can't see gas. It is like air. All +those bubbles were made by the gas. It +went out of the cup into the air.</p> + +<p>'Now, get a cup of water. Come +along! Where is your chalk?'</p> + +<p>5. Father rubbed some of it into the +water, and stirred it up. The water +now looked like milk.</p> + +<p>Father poured it into the sink, and +showed Harry and Dora, at the bottom +of the cup, a great many tiny grains.</p> + +<p>6. 'Those little round things,' he said, +'are shells.'</p> + +<p>'Shells!' said Dora, trying to see them +better.</p> + +<p>'Were live things ever in them?' asked +Harry, and put a finger into the cup to +fish some out.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + +<p>7. 'Yes, long, long ago. That bit of +chalk had hundreds and hundreds of +shells in it. Now, mother, it is your +turn! I have had mine. What do you +know about chalk?'</p> + +<p>8. Mother smiled and began: 'There +was once a very deep sea, full of live +things, little and big. And on the top +of the water were crowds of tiny things +in shells, that put out long arms like +threads to catch their food.</p> + +<p>9. 'When they died they all dropped +to the bottom of the sea, and lay there. +The shells were so very little that they +made a sort of mud when they were +mixed with the water.</p> + +<p>'And now the mud is dry, and we call +it chalk!'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_MOUSE" id="THE_MOUSE"></a>THE MOUSE.</h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>an´-i-mal</td><td align='left'>har´-vest</td><td align='left'>tail</td><td align='left'>squeak</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>noise</td><td align='left'>stalk</td><td align='left'>nib´-ble</td><td align='left'>hours</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>mouse</td><td align='left'>should</td><td align='left'>young</td><td align='left'>leaves</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>cheese</td><td align='left'>four</td><td align='left'>beasts</td><td align='left'>catch</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. Harry came running in one day +to say that he had seen a little animal in +the field.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> + +<p>2. 'It ran so fast, I could hardly see it. +I looked a long time for it, and so did +Dora, but we could not find it. Now, +what do you think it could be, mother?'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-015.jpg" width="500" height="297" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + +<p>3. Then in came Dora, 'It had a long +tail, and was very little, and made no +noise at all.'</p> + +<p>4. 'It may have been a mouse,' said +their mother; 'very likely it was.'</p> + +<p>'But mice live indoors, do they not, +and eat cheese, and run about in the +walls, and make holes?'</p> + +<p>5. 'How do you know all this?'</p> + +<p>'I have heard them at grandmother's,' +said Harry. 'Do they ever +live out of doors?'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> + +<p>6. 'A good many do. There is a +pretty little thing called a harvest-mouse. +It makes a nest like a bird's, and hangs +it up on a stalk of wheat.'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/illus-016.jpg" width="250" height="340" alt="The Harvest Mouse and Nest." title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Harvest Mouse and Nest.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>7. 'I wish there +had been one in our +wheat!' said Dora. +'I should like to see +the little nest and +the baby-mice peeping +out. They must +be very, very small.'</p> + +<p>8. 'Yes, the harvest-mouse +is the +very smallest four-footed +animal we +have. Then there is +a field-mouse with a long tail, and a field-mouse +with a short tail. Mr Short-tail +likes to nibble at young trees.'</p> + +<p>'Ah, that is not our mouse! He had +a long tail.'</p> + +<p>9. 'And then there is a wood-mouse.'</p> + +<p>'Has he a short tail or long tail?' +asked Harry.</p> + +<p>'Long. I must tell you about a man +who used to go out in the night in wild<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +places to see what birds and beasts were +doing when most of us were in bed.</p> + +<p>10. 'One of the things he found out +was that field-mice could sing!'</p> + +<p>'Don't they squeak?'</p> + +<p>'Yes; and he often heard them go on +for hours making a kind of singing.</p> + +<p>11. 'Sometimes they were close by him +as he lay on the ground, and he would +put out his hand to catch one. But +when he opened it again it was full of +grass or moss or leaves; and there was +no mouse.'</p> + +<p>'Did he never catch one?'</p> + +<p>'Never.'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_FIELD-MOUSE" id="THE_FIELD-MOUSE"></a>THE FIELD-MOUSE.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>tum´-bles</td><td align='left'>scarce´-ly</td><td align='left'>farm´-er</td><td align='left'>reared´</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ber´-ry</td><td align='left'>weath´-er</td><td align='left'>stacks</td><td align='left'>un-der-neath´</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>brown</td><td align='left'>nib´-bling</td><td align='left'>treas´-ure</td><td align='left'>shad´-ow</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>mer´-ry</td><td align='left'>fruits</td><td align='left'>pleas´-ure</td><td align='left'>mead´-ow</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">1. Where the acorn tumbles down,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Where the ash-tree sheds its berry,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">With your fur so soft and brown,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">With your eyes so soft and merry,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Scarcely moving the long grass,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Field-mouse, I can see you pass.<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">2. Little thing, in what dark den,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Lie you all the winter sleeping,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Till warm weather comes again?<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Then once more I see you peeping<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Round about the tall tree roots,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Nibbling at their fallen fruits.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">3. Field-mouse, field-mouse, do not go,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Where the farmer stacks his treasure;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Find the nut that falls below,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Eat the acorn at your pleasure;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But you must not eat the grain,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">He has reared with so much pain.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">4. Make your hole where mosses spring,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Underneath the tall oak's shadow,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Pretty, quiet, harmless thing,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Play about the sunny meadow;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Keep away from corn and house,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">None will harm you, little mouse.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/illus-017.jpg" width="250" height="171" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="center"> +<a name="THE_RABBIT" id="THE_RABBIT"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-018.jpg" width="500" height="451" alt="'Oh, look at that one going into a hole.'" title="" /> +<span class="caption">'Oh, look at that one going into a hole.'</span> +</div></div> + + +<h2>THE RABBIT.</h2> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>moth´-er</td><td align='left'>friends</td><td align='left'>morn´-ing</td><td align='left'>fight</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>rab´-bits</td><td align='left'>Sat´-ur-day</td><td align='left'>beat´-ing</td><td align='left'>meant</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>dare´-say</td><td align='left'>an´-i-mals</td><td align='left'>knock</td><td align='left'>dan´-ger</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p>1. Harry and Dora were coming home +with their mother from a long walk, when +they saw some rabbits playing about on +the grass.</p> + +<p>2. They wished to stay and watch them, +and the three sat down on a log a little +way off.</p> + +<p>'Oh, look at that one going into a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +hole!' said Dora. 'See his funny tail. +Why is he going into a hole?'</p> + +<p>3. 'That is his house,' said their +mother. 'I daresay he is sleepy and +wants to go to bed.'</p> + +<p>'He goes early, then, like the birds?'</p> + +<p>'Yes, about sunset. He gets up a +little before sunrise.</p> + +<p>4. 'There goes another! They will +soon all be gone.'</p> + +<p>'Then we can look at their houses?'</p> + +<p>'Only at their front doors. If you +were to sit quite still over there in the +day-time, you would see the rabbits +popping in and out.</p> + +<p>5. 'After a time they would find out +that you were their friends, and then you +would be able to watch their doings.'</p> + +<p>6. Then mother told them more about +the man who often stayed out all night +to see what animals did. 'One morning, +before it was quite light, he heard a tap-tap +near him, and saw a rabbit beating +on the ground with his hind-feet close to +another rabbit's hole.</p> + +<p>7. 'He saw him go to another hole +and tap there, and then to another.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +Some holes he passed and did not knock +at all.</p> + +<p>'At last he had just begun tap-tapping +in front of a hole, when out rushed a big +rabbit. They began to fight, and they +both rolled down to the bottom of the +hill.</p> + +<p>8. 'The man often saw rabbits tapping +like this. Sometimes two or three would +come out to speak to the one that tapped, +and they seemed to have a friendly chat.</p> + +<p>9. 'There was another sound they +could make with their hind-feet. If +one of them made it, the others would +run into their holes as fast as they +could. It meant danger.'</p> + +<p>'What was it like?' asked Dora.</p> + +<p>'<i>Tap-pat.</i>'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="IVY" id="IVY"></a>IVY.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>win´-ter</td><td align='left'>be-tween´</td><td align='left'>straight</td><td align='left'>thread</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>vase</td><td align='left'>pur´-pose</td><td align='left'>veins</td><td align='left'>ten´-der</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>changed</td><td align='left'>um-brel´-la</td><td align='left'>flow´-er</td><td align='left'>mouth</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>sprays</td><td align='left'>mid´-dle</td><td align='left'>thick´-er</td><td align='left'>use´-ful</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p>1. Some sprigs of ivy had been standing +all the winter in a vase. The water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +had often been changed, and the leaves +washed.</p> + +<p>2. When spring came each spray began +to put out buds. The buds were not all +at the ends of the sprays, but came out +also close to the old leaves.</p> + +<p>3. At last there was a very small bud +between every old leaf and the stem. +When the first bud opened into a leaf, +Dora and Harry clapped their hands, and +called every one to look.</p> + +<p>4. 'How clean and sweet it is!' cried +Dora. 'And do you see something like +wool or hair on it?'</p> + +<p>'How curly it is!' said Harry. 'It is +not quite open yet. Why, it is like a +hand! All the leaves look rather like +hands, don't they? See; one, two, three, +four, five!'</p> + +<p>5. 'Look at this old leaf against the +light,' said the mother; 'now you can +see the five long fingers. But people call +them ribs, not fingers! They are for +the purpose of keeping the leaf spread +out.'</p> + +<p>6. 'Like the ribs of an umbrella,' +said Harry. 'They seem very strong;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +the middle one, which goes up straight +from the stem, is the strongest of all.'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illus-019.jpg" width="400" height="559" alt="Spray of Ivy." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Spray of Ivy.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>7. Dora was holding up one spray after +another to the light. 'What are all +these pretty marks on the leaves, mother, +lines crossing about all ways?'</p> + +<p>'Those are veins, dear. They carry +the sap that feeds the leaves.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> + +<p>8. 'What is sap?'</p> + +<p>'The blood of plants and trees.'</p> + +<p>'Oh,' said Dora, 'then that is the wet +that comes out when I pick a flower or +cut a leaf!</p> + +<p>9. 'But look at this!' and she held up +one of the sprays.</p> + +<p>At the end of it was a little bunch of +white, curly roots. Each root was not +much thicker than a thread.</p> + +<p>10. 'Don't touch them,' said the +mother; 'roots are very tender things.'</p> + +<p>'What is the good of them?' asked +Dora.</p> + +<p>'What is your mouth useful for?' +asked her mother.</p> + +<p>11. 'Oh, do you mean that the ivy +eats and drinks?'</p> + +<p>'Yes, that is what I mean. These +roots take out of the water, or out of +the earth, all sorts of things good for +the food of the plant. They then send +them up into the stem and on into the +leaves.'</p> + +<p>12. 'Mother,' said Harry, 'let us go +and plant all this ivy. I am sure it +wants to try the taste of the earth!'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="A_TREE" id="A_TREE"></a>A TREE.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>rab´-bits</td><td align='left'>spread</td><td align='left'>birch</td><td align='left'>caught</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>shoots</td><td align='left'>rough</td><td align='left'>beech</td><td align='left'>oak</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ta´-ble</td><td align='left'>heard</td><td align='left'>branch´-es</td><td align='left'>found</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>1. 'Let us go over to that log where +we sat when we saw the rabbits,' said +Dora to Harry.</p> + +<p>2. 'All right! We can play at ship, +and the grass shall be the sea.'</p> + +<p>'Or we can have see-saw, if we can +find some wood to lay across the log.'</p> + +<p>3. They were soon at the log, and on it +they sat down, and looked about them.</p> + +<p>The log was the trunk of an old oak, +and a little way off stood the stump, with +many new shoots and leaves coming out +all round it.</p> + +<p>4. Dora went and stood on it, and +called out that she was on a hill. She +jumped off and on a few times, and then +said it would make a good table, and +they might have tea on it.</p> + +<p>5. Harry found that the stump had +roots that spread out all round for a +long way.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<p>'How thick and hard they are!' he +said; 'come and feel this one!'</p> + +<div class='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-020.jpg" width="500" height="428" alt="It is all marked in rings." title="" /> +<span class="caption">It is all marked in rings.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>'It is not like the roots we saw on the +ivy,' she said. 'Now look at the top of +the stump. It is all marked in rings.'</p> + +<p>6. 'In the very middle there is a little +light spot, and then come dark rings, +and then more rings outside. Father +once told me these rings showed how old +the trees were. And do you see lines +coming away from the middle?'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> + +<p>7. 'They look like the rays of the sun, +which I draw on my slate,' said Dora. +'What a rough coat this tree had! +Come and feel the outside of the log.'</p> + +<p>'That is the bark! I have heard +father talk about bark.'</p> + +<p>8. 'Well, I shall call it the coat. It is +the tree's overcoat to keep him warm +and dry. But trees do not all seem to +have rough coats. Look at that one!' +and she ran over to a little birch, and +pulled off some of its thin bark.</p> + +<p>9. 'I have found a fine tree!' cried +Harry; and Dora came running to look +at it.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<img src="images/illus-021.jpg" width="450" height="215" alt="Leaves of the Beech and the Oak." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Leaves of the Beech and the Oak.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>10. It was a beech, with a great round +smooth trunk and long strong branches. +Harry jumped up and caught at a leaf<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +or two, and then went to pick an oak-leaf. +He laid them side by side on his hand +and looked at them, and found they were +not at all alike.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="BRICKS" id="BRICKS"></a>BRICKS.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>stopped</td><td align='left'>trow´-el</td><td align='left'>teach´-er</td><td align='left'>breaks</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>emp´-ty</td><td align='left'>struck</td><td align='left'>re´-al-ly</td><td align='left'>moulds</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>mor´-tar</td><td align='left'>picked</td><td align='left'>clay</td><td align='left'>nice´-ly</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>sound</td><td align='left'>size</td><td align='left'>win´-ter</td><td align='left'>ov´-en</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. Two men were making a wall by +the road-side, and Harry and Dora +stopped to look at them.</p> + +<p>2. Another man was going away +with a horse and cart. The cart was +empty, but it had been full of red bricks. +The men were putting these bricks +on the wall and making them fast with +mortar.</p> + +<p>3. Dora liked the sound which the +trowel made when it struck against the +wall. Harry picked up one of the bricks +and looked at it, and then Dora must +look at one too.</p> + +<p>4. They found that the bricks were +light and easy to lift. They also saw<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +that they were all of the same size and +shape, as if they had been made, and +not dug out of the ground.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-022.jpg" width="500" height="429" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + +<p>5. They did not like to ask the men +about them, and so they put the bricks +down, and set off on their way home.</p> + +<p>6. As they went they met their +teacher, who stopped and spoke to +them, so Harry asked her to tell them +what bricks really were.</p> + +<p>7. 'I wish there were a brick-field +near,' she said, 'and then we would go<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +and see it! But I can tell you a little +about it.</p> + +<p>8. 'Bricks are made of clay, and clay +is dug out of the ground. Men dig it +before winter comes, and let it lie out +all the winter, and the frost breaks it +up nicely for them.</p> + +<p>9. 'The next thing is to mix it well +into a paste, and then it is put into +moulds.'</p> + +<p>'What are moulds?' Harry asked.</p> + +<p>'Well, these moulds are like boxes with +no bottom or top.'</p> + +<p>'Only sides, then?' said Dora.</p> + +<p>10. 'Yes, they have two long sides, +and two short ones, and they hold the +soft, wet clay.</p> + +<p>'You may call them clay-puddings +before they are put into the hot oven. +When they are taken out, what do you +think they are? They are bricks!'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/illus-023.jpg" width="200" height="172" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="center"> +<a name="A_DONKEY" id="A_DONKEY"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-024.jpg" width="500" height="379" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + +<h2>A DONKEY.</h2> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>bot´-tom</td><td align='left'>fruit</td><td align='left'>ap-ple</td><td align='left'>feast</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>lane</td><td align='left'>this´-tles</td><td align='left'>car´-rot</td><td align='left'>win´-dow</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>don´-key</td><td align='left'>hedge</td><td align='left'>touch</td><td align='left'>shag´-gy</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>load</td><td align='left'>rough</td><td align='left'>mor´-row</td><td align='left'>tuft</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p>1. At the bottom of the lane lived a +donkey. Harry and Dora knew him +well. They often met him going to town +with a load of fruit, and they saw him +in the lane every day cropping the grass +and thistles by the hedge-side.</p> + +<p>2. He knew them, too, for they would +stop to pat his rough sides, or give him +an apple or a carrot.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. They wondered how he could eat +such prickly things as thistles. A horse +would never touch them.</p> + +<p>4. One day his master took him into +the garden while he was working. He +let Neddy go up and down the paths and +crop the grass, which had grown long on +the little grass-plot.</p> + +<p>5. The donkey did not once try to get +at the pears and apples; he did not +even look at them.</p> + +<p>6. His master was pleased, and said +to his wife: 'It is quite safe to leave the +gate open, and let Neddy come into the +garden when he likes. I shall be away +to-morrow, but you need not look after +him. He will be all right.'</p> + +<p>7. Next day, Neddy walked into the +garden, found that no one was there, +and began to eat the fruit. He had +a good feast before his mistress saw him +from the window.</p> + +<p>8. Then he was driven out, and the +gate was shut. After that he always +had to find his dinner in the lane.</p> + +<p>9. The children saw him one day feeding +with a white horse that had come<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +down from the farm, and they stopped +to talk to them.</p> + +<p>10. Then Dora said to Harry:</p> + +<p>'They are like each other, and yet not +like! Neddy has a shaggy coat.'</p> + +<p>'And his mane is short, and stands +up.'</p> + +<p>'His ears are very long.'</p> + +<p>'His tail is not like Snowflake's tail; +and, see, it has a little tuft at the end +of it!'</p> + +<p>'And Snowflake is much taller.'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SHEEP" id="SHEEP"></a>SHEEP.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>chalk</td><td align='left'>hedge</td><td align='left'>chew´-ing</td><td align='left'>for-got´-ten</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>wheth´-er</td><td align='left'>tear´-ing</td><td align='left'>though</td><td align='left'>brought</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>earth</td><td align='left'>swal´-low</td><td align='left'>re-mem´-ber</td><td align='left'>mouth</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. The next time that Dora and Harry +were out, they ran up to the place where +they had met Joe. They wished to see +how the chalk was getting on, and +whether the earth was brown yet.</p> + +<p>2. After that they went over a stile +into a field where many sheep were +feeding. The sheep began to move away +when they saw the boy and girl coming.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. Then said Harry: 'Let us try +mother's plan of keeping quite still and +letting them see that we don't want to +hurt them.'</p> + +<p>4. So they sat down under a hedge +and looked at the sheep for a long +time, and soon one and another began +to come near, eating away at the +grass.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-025.jpg" width="500" height="427" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + +<p>5. 'I like that sound of tearing off the +grass, don't you?' said Dora.</p> + +<p>'Do you see they swallow it all at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +once?' said Harry. 'What would mother +say to us if we ate without chewing?'</p> + +<p>6. 'There is some chewing going on, +though. Look over there!' and she +showed him some sheep that were lying +down in the grass.</p> + +<p>7. 'Oh, now I know! Don't you remember, +Dora, father told us once what +the cow does. It was that day we had +tea at the farm.'</p> + +<p>8. 'No, I don't remember. We saw +the cows milked, and I had some new +milk in a glass. I don't think father +told me!'</p> + +<p>9. 'Yes, he did. You must have forgotten. +He said that the cow sent her +food down into a big bag inside, and +then it went into a smaller bag, where +it was rolled up into little balls. And +when the cow lay down to rest, she +brought them up into her mouth and +chewed them well.'</p> + +<p>10. 'I should think the sheep must be +doing the same thing. Look at this fat +one close by! She is just sitting down. +Now watch!'</p> + +<p>'Yes, I can see her chewing! How<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +funny it is! They all look as if they +liked it, don't they?'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_SHEEP" id="THE_SHEEP"></a>THE SHEEP.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>la´-zy</td><td align='left'>clothes</td><td align='left'>scant´-y</td><td align='left'>mer´-ry</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>pleas´-ant</td><td align='left'>chil´-ly</td><td align='left'>com´-mon</td><td align='left'>wool´-ly</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>dai´-sies</td><td align='left'>dew´-y</td><td align='left'>brown</td><td align='left'>coat</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">1. 'Lazy sheep, pray tell me why<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In the pleasant fields you lie,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Eating grass and daisies white,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">From the morning till the night?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Everything can something do;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Oh what kind of use are you?'<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">2. 'Nay, my little fellow, nay,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Do not serve me so, I pray:<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Don't you see the wool that grows<br /></span> +<span class="i2">On my back to make you clothes?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Cold and very cold you'd be,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">If you had not wool from me.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">3. 'True, it seems a pleasant thing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To nip the daisies in the spring;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">But many chilly nights I pass,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">On the cold and dewy grass,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Or pick a scanty dinner where<br /></span> +<span class="i2">All the common's brown and bare.<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">4. 'Then the farmer comes at last,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">When the merry spring is past,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And cuts my woolly coat away,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">To warm you in the winter's day.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Little Master, this is why<br /></span> +<span class="i2">In the pleasant fields I lie.'<br /></span> +</div></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TURNIPS" id="TURNIPS"></a>TURNIPS.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>white</td><td align='left'>win´-ter</td><td align='left'>sor´-ry</td><td align='left'>pressed</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ly´-ing</td><td align='left'>din´-ner</td><td align='left'>heard</td><td align='left'>meal</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>tur´-nip</td><td align='left'>read´-y</td><td align='left'>peo´-ple</td><td align='left'>mean</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>picked</td><td align='left'>but´-ter</td><td align='left'>bread</td><td align='left'>jok´-ing</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p>1. 'What are those sheep eating over +there, at the far end of the field? There +is something white all over the grass. +What can it be?'</p> + +<p>'Chalk?' Dora asked.</p> + +<p>'No, they never would be so silly! Let +us go and see.'</p> + +<p>2. Up they got, and away they went. +They found that the white things lying +about on the grass were bits of turnip.</p> + +<p>Harry picked one up and looked at it. +It was only a round rind: all the inside +had been eaten out.</p> + +<p>3. He took it home with him to show +to his mother, and she said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> + +<p>'I saw some bits like this that were +shooting out green leaves when spring +came. They had been lying out on the +ground in the winter, yet there was so +much life in them that they could grow +again. But, come, wash your hands: +dinner is ready, and I have something to +tell you. We are going to have turnips +for dinner!'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-026.jpg" width="500" height="426" alt="He took it home with him to show to his mother." title="" /> +<span class="caption">He took it home with him to show to his mother.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>4. When Harry had his helping of +turnips he said:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> + +<p>'Now I am a sheep!'</p> + +<p>'No,' said Dora, 'the sheep don't boil +their turnips, or mash them with nice +butter.'</p> + +<p>5. 'But raw turnip is very nice,' said +her father. 'I have often eaten one out +in the fields. I am not at all sorry for +the sheep.'</p> + +<p>6. 'I have heard,' said mother, 'that, +when corn was very dear, people had to +use turnips in making bread. They say +the bread looked good, and kept well. +The water was first pressed out of the +turnips, and then they were mixed with +wheat-meal.'</p> + +<p>7. 'I wish you would make some, +mother,' said Dora, 'just for fun, to see +what it is like.'</p> + +<p>'I will—some day.'</p> + +<p>8. 'What did you mean, mother,' +Harry asked, 'about water in turnips?'</p> + +<p>'There is a great deal of water in +turnips,' said mother.</p> + +<p>9. 'Turnips are nearly all water,' said +father.</p> + +<p>'Now, father, you must be joking,' cried +Harry.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + +<p>'No, I am not. Am I, mother?'</p> + +<p>Mother smiled, and said 'No.'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GREEN_PEAS_PART_1" id="GREEN_PEAS_PART_1"></a>GREEN PEAS.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 1.</span></h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>peas</td><td align='left'>watched</td><td align='left'>half</td><td align='left'>with´-er</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>flow´-ers</td><td align='left'>thought</td><td align='left'>count´-ed</td><td align='left'>stayed</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ten´-drils</td><td align='left'>pur´-pose</td><td align='left'>true</td><td align='left'>shin´-y</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>un-rolled´</td><td align='left'>but´-ter-flies</td><td align='left'>flow´-er</td><td align='left'>touched</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p>1. Dora was alone in the garden. She +had played about till she was tired, when +she found herself close to the bed of +peas. She had seen her father sow the +peas, and now there were tall plants +with leaves and flowers and green tendrils.</p> + +<p>2. Dora unrolled one or two of these +tendrils, and then watched them roll up +again. She thought:</p> + +<p>'How funny it is of the plant to put +these out on purpose to take hold of the +sticks! And how pretty the flowers are! +They look like little white butterflies. +I will pull one open.'</p> + +<p>3. She picked a flower, and sat down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +with it on the grass. Inside of it she +found something long and green. This +she opened, and saw a row of tiny green +balls.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/illus-027.jpg" width="350" height="349" alt="Pea-flower." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Pea-flower.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>4. Not one of them was half as big as +a pin's head. They were all in a row, +and Dora counted seven of them.</p> + +<p>She picked out each one and laid +them on her hand to look at.</p> + +<p>5. Then it came into her mind that +these little mites of things must be baby-peas. +And she felt sorry to think what +she had done, for she could not put<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +them back into their nest, and now they +would never grow up to be big.</p> + +<p>6. She told Harry about it next day, +and he said, yes, it was very true. But +he must pull open just one flower himself +and see the peas inside; and so he +did. There were six peas in his flower.</p> + +<p>7. Every day after this, Dora and +Harry came to look at the plants.</p> + +<p>For a long time the flowers were +very pretty. Then they began to wither. +One by one they dropped off; but the +inside part of each stayed on, looking +green and shiny.</p> + +<p>8. The children called these shiny +green things bags, till they heard some +one say that they were pods.</p> + +<p>Sometimes they touched them. They +soon began to feel the peas inside. The +pods grew larger and fatter every day.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> +<img src="images/illus-028.jpg" width="150" height="119" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GREEN_PEAS_PART_2" id="GREEN_PEAS_PART_2"></a>GREEN PEAS.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 2.</span></h2> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>bas´-ket</td><td align='left'>won´-der-ful</td><td align='left'>weath´-er</td><td align='left'>su´-gar</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>shell´-ing</td><td align='left'>break´-ing</td><td align='left'>earth</td><td align='left'>starch</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>bas´-in</td><td align='left'>fair´-y</td><td align='left'>moist</td><td align='left'>earth</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>taught</td><td align='left'>hap´-pens</td><td align='left'>pea</td><td align='left'>sun´-light</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/illus-029.jpg" width="250" height="372" alt="Pea-pods." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Pea-pods.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>1. At last, one sunny morning, mother +came out with a basket and began to +pick the pods. Harry and Dora wished +to help her, and all +three were soon at +work.</p> + +<p>2. Next, the shelling +began. Mother +had a basin in her +lap, and the two +children sat close to +her and shelled their +peas into it.</p> + +<p>3. They told her +how they had shelled +the baby-peas. She +taught them how +each plant was a living thing, and had +a tiny plant inside of it, all ready to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +come out at the right time. This was +very wonderful.</p> + +<p>4. 'Did that big plant come out of +one little pea?' cried Dora.</p> + +<p>'I can't see a little plant inside,' said</p> + +<p>Harry, breaking one of the peas open.</p> + +<p>5. 'Yet it is there, a fairy-plant, with +a root, a stem, and two leaves. These +leaves take up nearly all the room in the +green ball. How would you like to have +two or three of these peas to plant? +There! I can spare you three each from +to-day's dinner.'</p> + +<p>6. The children were glad to have +them. 'I wish we could see them grow,' +said Dora. 'What happens, mother, +when they are in the earth?'</p> + +<p>7. 'Do you mean, How do they begin +to grow? Well, the weather must be +rather warm, and the earth moist, and +the pea swells itself out till it bursts +open its thin coat. The little root goes +down to fasten it firmly in the ground, +and to look for food. Then the little +stem and the two leaves come up to +get air and sunshine. That is how it +begins.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> + +<p>8. 'What food is there in the ground? +What food do the roots find?'</p> + +<p>'Lime and iron'——</p> + +<p>'Iron!' cried Harry.</p> + +<p>9. 'Yes, there is iron in green peas! +There are sugar, too, and starch, and fat, +and water, and other things. Some come +out of the earth, some come out of the +air and the sunlight, and some the plant +makes for itself. Oh, it is a very clever +plant! But all plants are clever, I think.'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="IRON_AND_METAL" id="IRON_AND_METAL"></a>IRON AND METAL.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>pock´-ets</td><td align='left'>heav´-y</td><td align='left'>cop´-per</td><td align='left'>sup-pose´</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>mar´-bles</td><td align='left'>weight</td><td align='left'>thought</td><td align='left'>wheat</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>wrapped</td><td align='left'>light´-er</td><td align='left'>zinc</td><td align='left'>i´-ron</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>size</td><td align='left'>though</td><td align='left'>met´-als</td><td align='left'>ket´-tle</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. 'What have you in your pockets, +father?' asked Harry, pulling at them. +'Nuts? stones? marbles?'</p> + +<p>'Put your hand in, and find out. Here, +Dora, you can try the other pocket.'</p> + +<p>2. In went two hands, and out came +little hard lumps, each wrapped in paper. +The children laid them on the table in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +a row, and wanted to know what they +were.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-030.jpg" width="500" height="418" alt="'What have you in your pockets, father?'" title="" /> +<span class="caption">'What have you in your pockets, father?'</span> +</div></div> + +<p>3. They were not nuts, nor marbles, +and not quite like stones. They were +all about the same size, but one was +very heavy. Harry and Dora held it in +their hands to feel how heavy it was.</p> + +<p>4. 'That is a bit of lead,' said their +father. 'Which do you think is the next +in weight?'</p> + +<p>'This red one. It is a good deal lighter, +though!'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + +<p>'That is called copper. Now, what +comes next?'</p> + +<p>5. They were not sure, but thought +that iron came next, and then tin, +and then zinc. Their father told them +these names as they went on. He +told them also that all these things +were metals, and had been dug out of +the earth.</p> + +<p>6. 'Suppose we make a box to keep +them in?'</p> + +<p>'Oh yes!' cried both.</p> + +<p>'And if we find any more things like +these, we will put them in.</p> + +<p>7. 'Would you put in a buttercup?'</p> + +<p>'No, no!'</p> + +<p>'Or a grain of wheat?'</p> + +<p>'No, it is not at all like these.'</p> + +<p>'Or a bit of slate?'</p> + +<p>'I think so,' said Harry.</p> + +<p>Dora was not quite sure.</p> + +<p>8. 'Yes, we will put the slate into the +box. It is not a metal, but it came out +of the ground. Now, what do you say +to this?' And he pulled out a lump +that looked like earth and stone.</p> + +<p>9. What could this be? It was iron,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +just as it had come out of the ground, +with clay and earth about it.</p> + +<p>10. 'Once upon a time,' said father, +'the kettle, and the poker, and the +fender, all looked like this!'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_FAIRY_RING" id="THE_FAIRY_RING"></a>THE FAIRY RING.</h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>danc´-ing</td><td align='left'>sea´-sons</td><td align='left'>sphere</td><td align='left'>au´-tumn</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>fair´-y</td><td align='left'>year</td><td align='left'>sum´-mer</td><td align='left'>tress´-es</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>queen</td><td align='left'>cir´-cle</td><td align='left'>glide</td><td align='left'>cheeks</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">1. Let us dance and let us sing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dancing in a merry ring;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">We'll be fairies on the green,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Sporting round the fairy queen.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">2. Like the seasons of the year<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Round we circle in a sphere;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I'll be Summer, you'll be Spring,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dancing in a fairy ring.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">3. Spring and Summer glide away,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Autumn comes with tresses gay;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Winter, hand-in-hand with Spring,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dancing in a fairy ring.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">4. Faster, faster round we go,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">While our cheeks with roses glow,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Free as birds upon the wing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Dancing in a fairy ring.<br /></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></div></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="NEEDLES_PART_1" id="NEEDLES_PART_1"></a>NEEDLES.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 1.</span></h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>treat</td><td align='left'>coils</td><td align='left'>stretched</td><td align='left'>mid´-dle</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>hol´-i-days</td><td align='left'>steel</td><td align='left'>straight</td><td align='left'>chop´-ping</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>aunt</td><td align='left'>wire</td><td align='left'>ma-chine´</td><td align='left'>dropped</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>nee´-dles</td><td align='left'>wrapped</td><td align='left'>un´-cle</td><td align='left'>e-nough´</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. Harry and Dora once had a great +treat.</p> + +<p>They went in the holidays to stay +with an uncle and aunt who lived at +a town where needles were made. We +may call it Needle-town.</p> + +<p>2. While they were there, they were +taken to the mills to see the needles made.</p> + +<p>3. The first room into which they +went was very warm. It was called the +wire-room. A workman who was there +told them that it was filled with hot +air night and day, so that no damp +should come in and spoil the steel.</p> + +<p>4. All round the room coils of steel-wire +were hanging. They were wrapped +up in paper, but the man took some of +them down and let them look in. They +saw that one coil was of very thick wire, +while another was of wire as fine as a hair.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> + +<p>5. 'One of these coils would be more +than a mile long if it were stretched out +straight,' the man told Harry. 'Would +you like to take hold of this one?'</p> + +<p>But Harry found it too heavy, and it +was hung up again on the wall.</p> + +<p>6. Then they went into another room, +where a machine was cutting a coil of +wire into bits.</p> + +<p>'They are much too long for needles,' +said Dora, softly, to her uncle; but one +of the workmen heard her, and said:</p> + +<p>7. 'So they are! Each bit is going to +be two needles. The two ends are to +be the points, and the heads lie in the +middle of the wire.'</p> + +<p>8. But no heads were to be seen yet. +And the wire was not even straight, for +it had long been rolled up in a coil. As +the machine went on chopping, and the +wire-strips dropped, a man picked them +up and put them on a shelf in a sort +of oven.</p> + +<p>9. There they were kept till they were +red-hot, and then they were soft enough +to be made straight.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="center"> +<a name="NEEDLES_PART_2" id="NEEDLES_PART_2"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-031.jpg" width="500" height="435" alt="'Now you see the points of the needles.'" title="" /> +<span class="caption">'Now you see the points of the needles.'</span> +</div></div> + +<h2>NEEDLES.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 2.</span></h2> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>points</td><td align='left'>un´-cle</td><td align='left'>ham´-mer</td><td align='left'>watched</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>heads</td><td align='left'>block</td><td align='left'>al-lowed´</td><td align='left'>piece</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>eyes</td><td align='left'>heav´-y</td><td align='left'>laugh´-ing</td><td align='left'>sharp</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. The next thing that the children +saw was a grindstone turning round +very, very fast.</p> + +<p>2. A man put the bits of wire into a +thing which was fixed just over the +grindstone, and both ends were quickly +rubbed sharp.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. 'Now you see the points of the +needles,' said the man, as the wire came +out again.</p> + +<p>'But there are no heads yet!' said +Harry.</p> + +<p>'And no eyes!' said Dora.</p> + +<p>'Well, come along to the stamping-room,' +said their uncle.</p> + +<p>4. In this room they found a block of +stone that had iron on the top of it. +Over it hung a heavy hammer. A man +who stood there took one of the wires, +put it on the block, and made the +hammer come down upon it.</p> + +<p>5. The moment the hammer went up +again the wire fell into a pan, and the +children were allowed to look at it.</p> + +<p>6. Still there were no eyes or heads! +All that could be seen were two little +dents, one on each side of the middle +of the wire.</p> + +<p>7. 'But, look again!' said uncle. +'Don't you see a tiny dot in each dent? +That is where the eye is going to be.'</p> + +<p>8. In the next room they found a +great number of boys at work.</p> + +<p>'Oh, uncle,' said Harry, 'do you think<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +I could come here and help to make +needles?'</p> + +<p>'You would soon be tired of it,' said +his uncle, laughing.</p> + +<p>9. They went up to one of the boys, +and watched him for some time. He +took some wires that had come from +the stamping-room, and laid them on a +piece of iron, but held the two ends in +his hands.</p> + +<p>10. Then a heavy thing with two hard, +sharp, steel points under it came down +on the middle part of the wires, and made +two holes just where the dots had been.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/illus-032.jpg" width="400" height="39" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + +<p>'Now we see the eyes, at last!' cried +Dora.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="NEEDLES_PART_3" id="NEEDLES_PART_3"></a>NEEDLES.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 3.</span></h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>thread´-ing</td><td align='left'>rough</td><td align='left'>ov´-en</td><td align='left'>break´-ing</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>to-geth´-er</td><td align='left'>edg´-es</td><td align='left'>sec´-ond</td><td align='left'>bench</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>tooth´-comb</td><td align='left'>nee´-dle</td><td align='left'>steam´-ing</td><td align='left'>ham´-mer</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>smooth</td><td align='left'>thought</td><td align='left'>e-nough´</td><td align='left'>straight</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>1. They went on into another room. +Here there were boys again! And what<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +were the boys doing? They were +threading the wires together.</p> + +<p>2. When they were all strung together, +they looked like a long tooth-comb. +The heads were in the middle, and the +points lay on either side.</p> + +<p>3. The boys took them to some of the +workmen, and these men made the +middle part quite smooth. Rough edges +had been left along the tiny dents, and +had to be rubbed down.</p> + +<p>4. When this was done, a man made a +line along the middle of the 'comb,' and +then gently bent it backwards +and forwards till +it broke right in the +middle.</p> + +<div class='center'><div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/illus-033.jpg" width="200" height="203" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + +<p>5. Harry and Dora were +glad to see this. Each bit +of wire looked like a needle now. It +had a head of its own, and an eye, and +a point.</p> + +<p>6. The next thing was to make the +needles hard. Dora and Harry thought +they looked quite hard already, but they +did not know.</p> + +<p>7. How were they hardened? They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +were first laid on iron plates and put +into a kind of oven.</p> + +<p>'This is the second baking they have +had,' said Harry.</p> + +<p>They were kept in till they were +white-hot.</p> + +<p>8. When the needles came out, they +were put into cold water! What a +hissing and steaming they made! But +they had to lie there till they were quite +cool.</p> + +<p>9. Then they were taken out and +dried. The man said they were hard +enough now, but something else must +be done to them to make them able to +bend well without breaking.</p> + +<p>10. They were put on an iron plate +over a fire, and gently moved about. +Some of them curled up, and had to be +taken off.</p> + +<p>11. They were given to a woman, who +was sitting on a bench with a little +hammer in her hand and a small steel +block in front of her. She laid a curly +needle on the block, and hammered it +till it was straight, and then another, +and another.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="NEEDLES_PART_4" id="NEEDLES_PART_4"></a>NEEDLES.<br /> +<br /> +PART 4.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>clean´-ing</td><td align='left'>oil</td><td align='left'>man´-gle</td><td align='left'>Fri´-day</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>piece</td><td align='left'>em´-er-y</td><td align='left'>a-fraid´</td><td align='left'>points</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>can´-vas</td><td align='left'>pow´-der</td><td align='left'>brok´-en</td><td align='left'>hun´-gry</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>soap</td><td align='left'>bun´-dle</td><td align='left'>sec´-ond</td><td align='left'>laugh´-ing</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. The cleaning of the needles came +next.</p> + +<p>2. A great many were laid side by +side on a piece of canvas, and covered +with paste.</p> + +<p>'What is the paste made of?' Harry +wanted to know.</p> + +<p>'Soft soap, my lad,' said the workman, +'and oil, and emery-powder.'</p> + +<p>3. He rolled them all up in the +canvas, tied string round the bundle, and +put it between the rollers of a thing +that looked like a mangle.</p> + +<p>4. Dora and Harry opened their eyes +wide. 'Think of needles being mangled! +This will be something to tell mother!'</p> + +<p>5. When the bundle was unrolled, they +were afraid that the needles would be +broken. But they were all right, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +they were taken out and washed in +warm soap-suds.</p> + +<p>6. 'Now they must be clean!' said Dora.</p> + +<p>'Not yet,' said the man; 'they have +to be rolled up again with more paste, +and put between those rollers again, and +again, and again. It takes eight days +to clean the best needles.</p> + +<p>7. 'And it takes six days to clean the +second-best,' said the man.</p> + +<p>'Then even the second-best won't be +done till Friday!' said Harry.</p> + +<p>8. 'But we can go and see some +needles that have been cleaned,' said +his uncle. 'Let us go up-stairs again.'</p> + +<p>9. And they went up into a room +where many girls were sitting at a long +table with heaps of bright needles before +them. They were putting them in order, +side by side, heads all one way, points +another.</p> + +<p>Dora was sure that she could not pick +them out so quickly.</p> + +<p>10. They were going on into another +room to see the eyes of the needles +made smooth, when Dora said, 'Oh, uncle, +I am so tired!'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> + +<p>'So am I,' said Harry, 'and hungry, +too.'</p> + +<p>11. 'Come along, then,' said uncle, +laughing. 'We all want our dinners, I +think.' He took Dora's hand in his, and +away they went.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_KNIFE" id="THE_KNIFE"></a>THE KNIFE.</h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>ro´-ley</td><td align='left'>morn´-ing</td><td align='left'>blade</td><td align='left'>edg´-es</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>po´-ley</td><td align='left'>knife</td><td align='left'>han´-dle</td><td align='left'>rath´-er</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>thought</td><td align='left'>least</td><td align='left'>aunt´-ie</td><td align='left'>clock</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. There was not much talking at +dinner, till after the second helping +of roley-poley.</p> + +<p>2. Then Dora and Harry felt happy +again, and began to tell their aunt all +about the needle-making. She had seen +it once, but it was a long time ago, +and she thought she should like to see +it again.</p> + +<p>3. 'But if I had gone this morning,' +she said, 'you would not have had your +pudding.'</p> + +<p>'That would have been sad,' said +Dora.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. 'What a lot of steel we have seen,' +said Harry. 'I never knew there was +so much in the world.'</p> + +<p>5. 'You can see some on this table now.'</p> + +<p>'Where?'</p> + +<p>'What have I cut the pudding with?'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-034.jpg" width="500" height="423" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + +<p>'Oh, the knife! Yes, I see; that must +be steel; at least, that part of it. What +do you call that part?'</p> + +<p>'The blade.'</p> + +<p>6. 'And what about the handle?'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> + +<p>'I don't know. It is yellow, and +smooth, and hard.'</p> + +<p>'It is bone,' said his uncle, 'part of +an ox-bone. But some handles are made +of wood.'</p> + +<p>7. 'May I look at that knife near you, +auntie? I mean the clean one. Thank +you!'</p> + +<p>8. Then Dora wanted one to look at +too; and they felt the edges softly and +found them very sharp. They looked +at the blunt backs of the blades, and +then tried to read the maker's name.</p> + +<p>9. 'There is no room to put the +maker's name on a needle,' said Harry. +'But how do they get it on here?'</p> + +<p>'It is stamped on when the blade is +red-hot and rather soft.'</p> + +<p>10. They could not make out how the +handle was put on, so their aunt went +to the knife-box and got out an old knife +that had lost its handle. They saw +that the blade had a long thin piece of +iron at the end of it.</p> + +<p>11. 'A long hole is made inside the +handle, and this iron thing is put into +it, and made fast.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p> + +<p>So their uncle said, and then looked +at the clock and saw that it was time +for him to go.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="center"> +<a name="THE_HEN" id="THE_HEN"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-035.jpg" width="500" height="428" alt="Setting out for the Farm." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Setting out for the Farm.</span> +</div></div> + +<h2>THE HEN.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>bas´-ket</td><td align='left'>watch</td><td align='left'>ban´-tams</td><td align='left'>greed´-y</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>fetch</td><td align='left'>thought</td><td align='left'>know</td><td align='left'>gray</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>friends</td><td align='left'>charge</td><td align='left'>proud</td><td align='left'>swal´-lowed</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>fowls</td><td align='left'>pair</td><td align='left'>peck´-ing</td><td align='left'>laughed</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. The day after Dora and Harry came +home, their mother gave them a basket<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +and sent them up to the farm to fetch +eggs.</p> + +<p>2. Rover went with them, and all +three were glad to go, for they had +many friends at the farm.</p> + +<p>3. There was the great dog, Watch, +and there were the cart-horses and the +pony, the ducks and the fowls. And +there were five girls and boys—Mary, +Tom, Johnny, Annie, and Kate.</p> + +<p>4. When these five, and Watch, saw +Harry, Dora, and Rover coming, they +ran down the lane to meet them. They +were soon all in the farm-yard, talking +as fast as they could talk.</p> + +<p>5. Two had to tell about their visit to +Needle-town, and five about the doings +at the farm, so it was some time +before the eggs were thought of.</p> + +<p>6. Mary had charge of the eggs, and +went every morning to look for new ones.</p> + +<p>'Since you went away,' she said, 'I +have had a pair of bantams given me, +for my very own. Here they are!'</p> + +<p>'What little things! and how very +pretty!' cried Dora. 'Do they know you, +Mary?'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> + +<p>7. 'Yes; I feed them every day. Here +comes the big black hen. She has been +laying an egg. See how proud she is! +She calls out in that way to let the +rest know what she has done.'</p> + +<p>8. 'Now she is pecking about for +food,' said Harry.</p> + +<p>Tom said that fowls were always +eating.</p> + +<p>'They are greedy things,' said Kate.</p> + +<p>9. 'Oh, look at this gray hen!' said +Harry, 'she picked up a bit of stone just +now and ate it! Does she know no +better?'</p> + +<p>10. 'It is not for food,' Mary told him; +'she takes it to grind up the hard seeds +she has swallowed. They all go into a +strong little bag, and the stones rub +and press on the seeds.'</p> + +<p>11. 'I never heard of such a thing! +She keeps a mill inside to grind her +food!'</p> + +<p>12. The others laughed, and then Mary +went in to get some eggs. After the +basket was filled, the two children said +good-bye to their friends, and went +home.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_SPARROW" id="THE_SPARROW"></a>THE SPARROW.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>shoots</td><td align='left'>thou´-sand</td><td align='left'>beaks</td><td align='left'>clean</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>spar´-rows</td><td align='left'>ba´-bies</td><td align='left'>ap´-ple</td><td align='left'>thirst´-y</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>steal</td><td align='left'>build</td><td align='left'>blos´-som</td><td align='left'>wheat</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>fruit</td><td align='left'>spoil</td><td align='left'>fruit</td><td align='left'>throw</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. 'Mother,' cried Harry, running in +one day, 'Jack Denny says he shoots +sparrows!'</p> + +<p>'I am very sorry to hear it. Why +does he shoot them?'</p> + +<p>'"They steal fruit and corn," he says. +He wanted me to throw stones at +them!'</p> + +<p>2. 'Well, you can tell him about some +silly men who killed the sparrows and +other birds, and the next year their fruit +and corn were eaten up by grubs. Even +the leaves on the trees were eaten.'</p> + +<p>3. 'Is this true?'</p> + +<p>'Quite true. They had to send for +little birds from other places to live in +their fields and gardens. Do you know +that a sparrow kills four thousand grubs +in one day when her babies are in the +nest?</p> + +<p>4. 'One wise man who grows fruit says<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +that his best friends are the sparrows, +and he makes holes in the garden-walls +for them to build in. Their sharp eyes +see the tiny things that would spoil the +fruit, and their sharp beaks nip them +up at once.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-036.jpg" width="500" height="373" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + +<p>5. 'He loves to see sparrows in an +apple-tree in blossom-time; he knows +they are saving the apples for him.'</p> + +<p>'But Jack says he has seen them +pecking at fruit.'</p> + +<p>6. 'Yes, they like fruit, just as you +and I do. But there would be no fruit +at all, if the birds did not eat the grubs.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> + +<p>7. 'The man I was telling you about +puts nets over his trees when the fruit +begins to ripen. And I heard only the +other day that it is a good plan to put +pans of clean fresh water close to the +trees and bushes. Then the birds will +not go so often to the fruit. They are +thirsty and hot, poor things!</p> + +<p>8. 'And there would be no corn, if +the birds did not kill the wheat-fly's +grubs.'</p> + +<p>9. When Harry heard all this, he +made up his mind not to throw stones at +the sparrows, as Jack wanted him to do.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="A_DAY_IN_THE_COUNTRY" id="A_DAY_IN_THE_COUNTRY"></a>A DAY IN THE COUNTRY.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>but´-ter-flies</td><td align='left'>flow´-ers</td><td align='left'>pleas´-ant</td><td align='left'>brook´-let</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>mer´-ry</td><td align='left'>o-bliged´</td><td align='left'>cheese</td><td align='left'>crys´-tal</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>gath´-ered</td><td align='left'>roamed</td><td align='left'>hedge</td><td align='left'>thrush</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>broth´-er</td><td align='left'>scoured</td><td align='left'>ease</td><td align='left'>mus´-ic</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">1. Where the bees and butterflies<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Skim the grassy down,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Four merry little children<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Gathered from the town;<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">2. Ragged little Johnnie,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">And his brother Ben,<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +<span class="i2">With wild-flowers are laden,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">These merry little men.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Kate and Mat have posies<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Of colours bright and gay,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For Tim, their tiny brother,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">At home obliged to stay.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">3. They have roamed the meadow,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">They have scoured the wood,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Seeking nuts and blackberries,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">For their pleasant food.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">With their nuts and blackberries<br /></span> +<span class="i4">And bits of bread and cheese,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">On a mossy hedge-bank,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Now they take their ease.<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">4. Drinking from the brooklet<br /></span> +<span class="i4">'Neath the hawthorn tree,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Clear it runs as crystal,<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Fresh and bright and free.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And the thrush sings loudly<br /></span> +<span class="i4">On the hawthorn spray,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">And the brooklet ever<br /></span> +<span class="i4">Makes music on its way.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> +<img src="images/illus-037.jpg" width="150" height="154" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SOME_HERBS" id="SOME_HERBS"></a>SOME HERBS.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>stream</td><td align='left'>tea</td><td align='left'>pow´-der</td><td align='left'>pars´-ley</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>through</td><td align='left'>lett´-uce</td><td align='left'>sprin´-kled</td><td align='left'>thyme</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>grav´-el</td><td align='left'>tongue</td><td align='left'>flan´-nel</td><td align='left'>herbs</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>mar´-ket</td><td align='left'>mus´-tard</td><td align='left'>car´-ried</td><td align='left'>sage</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. A little stream ran through one of +the farmer's fields. The water was so +clear that you could see +the sand and gravel at +the bottom, and in it +there grew plenty of +water-cress.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px;"> +<img src="images/illus-038.jpg" width="225" height="367" alt="Water-cress." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Water-cress.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>2. Harry went one +afternoon to help +Johnny and Tom to +pick it for market, +and brought a big +bunch home for tea.</p> + +<p>3. His mother had +picked a lettuce from +the garden, and some mustard and cress, +and they were all put on one plate.</p> + +<p>'They bite my tongue,' said Dora, 'all +but the lettuce. I like it best.'</p> + +<p>4. 'And I like the biting,' said Harry. +'Why is this called mustard, mother?'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> + +<p>'Because the yellow mustard comes +from it. The seeds are ground to +powder.'</p> + +<p>'And we eat the +leaves. It is a useful +plant.'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/illus-039.jpg" width="250" height="307" alt="Lettuce." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Lettuce.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>5. After tea, +mother took some +cress-seed and mustard-seed +out of two +little packets. Then +she cut up one or +two corks, put them +into a deep plate, +filled it with water, and sprinkled seed +on the cork.</p> + +<p>6. 'This is for you, Harry,' she said. +'You will soon have a little crop of +mustard and cress. And here is one for +Dora!'</p> + +<p>In Dora's plate she laid a bit of flannel, +poured water on it, and sowed seed. The +children carried off their plates to a safe +place, and thought it would be fine fun +to see roots and leaves come out of the +tiny seeds.</p> + +<p>7. Then mother called them into the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +garden to see her parsley. She told +them that hares and rabbits would come +a long way to feed on a parsley-bed if +they could get at it.</p> + +<p>8. Close by grew mint, sage, and +thyme. 'All these are herbs,' she said. +'They are not like trees, are they?'</p> + +<p>'No; they have no bark, no hard +wood, and they are so small.'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-040.jpg" width="500" height="285" alt="Leaves of Mint, Parsley, Thyme, and Sage." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Leaves of Mint, Parsley, Thyme, and Sage.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>9. Dora picked a mint-leaf, a parsley-leaf, +a thyme-leaf, and a sage-leaf, and +laid them side by side. She wanted to +see if they were like each other. But +when she looked at them she found +that they were not alike.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="COFFEE" id="COFFEE"></a>COFFEE.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>cof´-fee</td><td align='left'>win´-dow</td><td align='left'>rat´-tled</td><td align='left'>blos´-som</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>beans</td><td align='left'>bus´-y</td><td align='left'>coun´-try</td><td align='left'>cov´-ered</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>kneel´-ing</td><td align='left'>stock´-ings</td><td align='left'>cher´-ry</td><td align='left'>cloths</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>chair</td><td align='left'>ket´-tle</td><td align='left'>to-geth´-er</td><td align='left'>ber´-ries</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. 'What is coffee, mother dear? Does +it grow?'</p> + +<p>2. It was Dora who asked this. She +and Harry were putting away some +things that had come from the shop, +and she was now filling a tin with coffee-beans.</p> + +<p>3. She was kneeling on a chair by the +table in the window. Her mother was +busy mending stockings, and the cat +and the dog were both asleep. The kettle +was singing, and all was cosy.</p> + +<p>4. The coffee-beans rattled into the tin, +and Dora picked one out and looked at it.</p> + +<p>When Harry heard Dora asking +about it, he also put his hand in and +took a coffee-bean. It smelt very nice, +he thought. So did Dora.</p> + +<p>5. They found that it had a flat side +and a round side.</p> + +<p>'It humps up,' said Dora.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> + +<p>'See, I can put the flat side of mine +against the flat side of yours,' said +Harry.</p> + +<p>'They grew like that,' said mother.</p> + +<p>'Oh, then, they did grow? They were +alive once?'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/illus-041.jpg" width="350" height="432" alt="Coffee branch with Berries." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Coffee branch with Berries.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>6. 'Yes; they were seeds of a plant +that grows in a warm country, far away +from here. They once lived inside a +berry.</p> + +<p>'The berry was red like a cherry, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +the seeds inside were held together in a +little bag.'</p> + +<p>7. 'There must have been a flower +before the berry came,' said Harry, thinking +of the pea-flower and its pod.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> +<img src="images/illus-042a.jpg" width="150" height="136" alt="Coffee-flower." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Coffee-flower.</span> +</div></div> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px; height: 175px;"> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/illus-042b.jpg" width="100" height="123" alt="Berry." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Berry.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 130px;"> +<img src="images/illus-042c.jpg" width="130" height="144" alt="Seeds in Berry." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Seeds in Berry.</span> +</div></div></div> + +<p>'A very pretty white flower,' said his +mother. 'They say that a coffee-garden +looks lovely in blossom-time, just as if +it were all covered with snow.</p> + +<p>8. 'In two or three days the snow-like +blossoms are gone, and the fruit is left. +When it is ripe, men put cloths under +the trees, and shake it down.'</p> + +<p>9. 'I wish I could go and help!' said +Harry. 'What comes next?'</p> + +<p>'They pick up the berries, dry them +in the sun, and get the beans out. Then +they send the beans over the sea in a +ship. And here they are!'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="center"> +<a name="PAPER" id="PAPER"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-043.jpg" width="500" height="430" alt="Dora and Harry tearing up the old papers." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Dora and Harry tearing up the old papers.</span> +</div></div> + +<h2>PAPER.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>un-hap´-py</td><td align='left'>per-haps´</td><td align='left'>hearth</td><td align='left'>tear</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>should</td><td align='left'>clean</td><td align='left'>laugh</td><td align='left'>boil</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>tea</td><td align='left'>school</td><td align='left'>jok´-ing</td><td align='left'>through</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>heels</td><td align='left'>clean´-ing</td><td align='left'>in-deed´</td><td align='left'>clev´-er</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>1. 'It is such a wet day, I don't know +what to do!' said Harry, looking very +unhappy.</p> + +<p>2. 'Are you tired of your drawing +and painting?' asked his mother.</p> + +<p>'Oh yes! And we have played at +houses, and had the bricks out on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +floor, and now there is nothing to do, +and it is not nearly tea-time yet. Will +you read to us, mother?'</p> + +<p>3. 'Not just now. But if you would +help me a little I should get on faster, +and then we might have a nice time +before tea.'</p> + +<p>'Jolly!' cried Harry; and he ran to +the foot of the stairs and called Dora.</p> + +<p>4. Down came Dora very fast, with her +doll in her arms, and the dog at her +heels.</p> + +<p>5. 'What I want you to do,' said +mother, 'is to tear up these old papers +and put them into this sack. The man +is coming soon to take it to the paper-mill.'</p> + +<p>6. 'Why is it taken to the paper-mill?' +asked Harry.</p> + +<p>'To be made over again into paper. +Perhaps it will come back to us some +day, all clean.</p> + +<p>7. 'Or it may be made into a newspaper, +and father may bring it home +in his pocket.'</p> + +<p>'Or we may get it in copy-books at +school.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> + +<p>'Yes; or it may come from the shop +with rice in it.'</p> + +<p>8. 'It may never come at all,' said +Dora. 'Perhaps it will go to some other +house.'</p> + +<p>'That is quite likely,' said mother, +who was now cleaning the hearth.</p> + +<p>9. They went on putting the paper +into the sack for a long time, and then +Harry asked:</p> + +<p>'How was paper made before there +was old paper to make it of?'</p> + +<p>10. 'Oh, it is not made of paper only. +It is made of old rags, old ropes'——</p> + +<p>Harry and Dora began to laugh.</p> + +<p>'And straw, and wood, and a kind of +grass'——</p> + +<p>'Now, are you joking, mother?'</p> + +<p>11. 'No, indeed! They cut the wood +and straw into tiny bits, and they cut +and tear the rags and boil them.'</p> + +<p>'And what do they do with the grass?'</p> + +<p>'They cut it up, boil it, and mix clay +with it. Then it is put through a very +clever machine, which makes it into +paper.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="center"> +<a name="A_FLY" id="A_FLY"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-044.jpg" width="500" height="435" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div> + + + +<h2>A FLY.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>spilt</td><td align='left'>thirst´-y</td><td align='left'>ceil´-ing</td><td align='left'>won´-der-ful</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>won´-der</td><td align='left'>mouth</td><td align='left'>ei´-ther</td><td align='left'>straight</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>e-nough´</td><td align='left'>su´-gar</td><td align='left'>win´-dow</td><td align='left'>count´-ed</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>fel´-low</td><td align='left'>teeth</td><td align='left'>pane</td><td align='left'>friend</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. 'Just look here, Harry!' Dora called +out.</p> + +<p>A little milk had been spilt on the +table, and two flies had found it out.</p> + +<p>'We won't wipe it up! Let us wait +and see if they can take it all. See, it is +getting less! I wonder how they do it.'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> + +<p>2. 'There! one fly has gone. He has +had enough. But this old fellow is very +thirsty. He does not look as if he were +drinking, and yet the milk goes. That +long thing must be his +mouth. Is it, mother?'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/illus-045.jpg" width="200" height="242" alt="Enlarged view of Head +of Fly showing Trunk." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Enlarged view of Head +of Fly showing Trunk.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>3. 'It is called his +trunk. The mouth is at +the end of it. He is +very clever with it. Do +you know that he +never eats? He only +drinks.'</p> + +<p>4. 'But I have seen +him eating sugar.'</p> + +<p>'No; I don't think you have. He +has no teeth and no jaws. He can't bite +anything. What he does is to wet the +sugar with his mouth and melt it, and +then suck it up.'</p> + +<p>5. 'Well, that is clever! I wonder +how he found out how to do it. And I +know something else that he is clever at.'</p> + +<p>6. 'What is it, Harry?' asked Dora.</p> + +<p>'Something you can't do! He can +walk on the ceiling.'</p> + +<p>'You can't do it either,' said Dora.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p> + +<p>'How does he hold on, mother? We +can see one up there now! He walks +about as if he were on the table.'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 190px;"> +<img src="images/illus-046.jpg" width="190" height="188" alt="Enlarged view of +Fly's Foot." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Enlarged view of +Fly's Foot.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>7. 'He has something like gum inside +his feet, and, when he +wants to stand or walk +upside down, he presses +this out, and it helps him +to stick on. Here is +another fly walking up +the window-pane.'</p> + +<p>'I have often seen flies +on the window-pane.'</p> + +<p>8. 'How wonderful it is! The glass, +you see, is smooth and hard, and it +stands straight up. We could not go +up a hill like that, could we?'</p> + +<p>9. They watched him go up and down, +counted his six legs, and saw that his +wings were very pretty. Their mother +told them a very strange thing, that his +eyes could see all ways at once!</p> + +<p>10. Then they had to say good-bye to +him, for out he went into the garden. +When they turned to the table, they +found that their other friend had gone +too—and so had the milk.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_WASP" id="THE_WASP"></a>THE WASP.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>wasp</td><td align='left'>pass´-age</td><td align='left'>pow´-der</td><td align='left'>pil´-lars</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>bus´-y</td><td align='left'>loose</td><td align='left'>spread</td><td align='left'>cell</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>win´-ter</td><td align='left'>per-haps´</td><td align='left'>brown</td><td align='left'>hatched</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ground</td><td align='left'>fence</td><td align='left'>comb</td><td align='left'>crawl´-ing</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. There was a great stir at dinner +one day. A wasp came in, begging for +sugar and plum-tart. Harry and Dora +ran this way and that.</p> + +<p>2. At last their father got the wasp out +into the garden, and, when all was quiet +again, he asked if they would like to +hear its story.</p> + +<p>'Oh yes, father!' said Dora.</p> + +<p>3. Harry was busy with his plums, +but he nodded, as much as to say, 'I +shall be glad to hear it too!'</p> + +<p>4. So the father began:</p> + +<p>'All last winter the wasp was asleep, +but when spring came she waked up +and set out to look for a home. I am +not quite sure where she found it, but it +was in the ground, I think.</p> + +<p>5. 'She began to dig in the soft earth, +and she dug on till she had made a +long passage. She had to carry out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +all the loose earth herself. Then she +made a little room at the end of the +passage.</p> + +<p>6. 'Next she looked about for some old +wood, and found it in a tree, perhaps, or +post, or bit of fence. She rubbed away +at it with her jaws till she got some of +it off in powder.</p> + +<p>7. 'She made this powder into a paste +with a sort of gum which came out of +her mouth, and off she went with it to +her room.'</p> + +<p>8. 'What did she do with it?'</p> + +<p>'She spread it out in sheets of thin +brown paper, and with these she made +a comb like a bee's.'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px;"> +<img src="images/illus-047.jpg" width="225" height="269" alt="Wasp's Nest." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Wasp's Nest.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>'She made paper of it.'</p> + +<p>'Only a bee's is made +of wax. I know that!' +said Harry.</p> + +<p>9. 'She put many +layers of paper on the +top to keep the rain out, +and pillars under it to +hold it up. Then she +laid an egg in each cell. When the eggs +were hatched'—<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>—</p> + +<p>'Little wasps came flying out,' said +Dora.</p> + +<p>'No; little grubs came crawling +out!</p> + +<p>10. 'The wasp was now more busy than +ever. She fed each baby in turn, and as +they all grew bigger she had to get more +and more food for them.'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_SUNFLOWER" id="THE_SUNFLOWER"></a>THE SUNFLOWER</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>blue</td><td align='left'>sun´-flow-er</td><td align='left'>star´-ing</td><td align='left'>cush´-ion</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>buzz´-ing</td><td align='left'>course</td><td align='left'>spar-row</td><td align='left'>mid´-dle</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>set´-tled</td><td align='left'>warmth</td><td align='left'>stopped</td><td align='left'>gar´-den</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>watched</td><td align='left'>in-stead´</td><td align='left'>crowd</td><td align='left'>know</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p>1. It was very hot, the sky was blue, +and the air was full of the humming and +buzzing of bees and flies. A white +butterfly flitted by, but soon went away +over the garden-wall.</p> + +<p>2. Bee after bee, and fly after fly, +settled on the sunflowers and hunted for +honey. Dora and Harry watched for a +long time.</p> + +<p>3. 'The sunflower is like a little sun,' +said Dora.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> + +<p>'And it loves the sun,' said her mother, +who was snipping off dead roses close +by; 'it always turns to look at it. See, +its face is towards the sun now. And if +you look again before sunset you will +find the flower turned to it still.'</p> + +<p>4. 'How strange!' said Dora.</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/illus-048.jpg" width="350" height="411" alt="Sunflower." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Sunflower.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>'And it has such a strong stalk,' said +Harry. 'You would not think that it +could turn round. It must be alive!'</p> + +<p>'Of course it is alive!'</p> + +<p>'But, I mean, it must feel, or why<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +should it turn and turn to get the light +and warmth?'</p> + +<p>5. 'How ragged all the stalks and +leaves are!' said Dora. 'I wish they +would make themselves tidy instead of +always staring at the sun. Why are +there so many holes in the leaves?'</p> + +<p>6. 'Grubs have been eating them. +Our friend Mr Sparrow must have been +away lately!'</p> + +<p>7. Here mother stopped snipping at +her rose-trees, and came up to one of the +sunflowers.</p> + +<p>8. 'There is something I want you to +see,' she said. 'You think this is one big +flower, but it is really a crowd of little +flowers. Look! Can you think of +another flower that is something like it?'</p> + +<p>9. Harry and Dora shook their heads.</p> + +<p>'It is very small,' mother went on, +'with a cushion in the middle like this, +and rays standing out all round like these.'</p> + +<p>10. 'Does it grow on a tree?'</p> + +<p>'No.'</p> + +<p>'In this garden?'</p> + +<p>'No.'</p> + +<p>'In the fields?'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + +<p>'Yes.'</p> + +<p>'Oh, I know!' cried Harry. 'It is the +daisy.'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MERRY_WORKERS" id="MERRY_WORKERS"></a>MERRY WORKERS.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>wheels</td><td align='left'>brook´-lets</td><td align='left'>lis´-ten</td><td align='left'>hum´-ming</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>bus´-y</td><td align='left'>ripp´-ling</td><td align='left'>hon´-ey</td><td align='left'>e-nough´</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>i´-dle</td><td align='left'>sky´-lark</td><td align='left'>mer´-ri-ly</td><td align='left'>wea´-ry</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">1. Tell me what the mill-wheels say,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Always turning night and day;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">When we sleep and when we wake,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">What a busy sound they make!<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Never idle, never still,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">What a worker is the mill!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">2. What is it that the brooklets say,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Rippling onward day by day?<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Sweet as skylark on the wing,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Ripple, ripple—thus they sing.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Never idle, never still,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Always working with a will!<br /></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">3. Listen to the honey-bee,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Flying now so merrily<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Here and there with busy hum—<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Humming, drumming, drumming, drum.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Never idle, never still,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Humming, drumming—hum it will!<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">4. Like the mill, the brook, the bee,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">May it now be said of me<br /></span> +<span class="i2">That I'm always busy too,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">For there's work enough to do.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">If I work, then, with a will,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">It will be but playing still;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Ever merry, never weary,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">It will be but playing still.<br /></span> +</div></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_ROSE" id="THE_ROSE"></a>THE ROSE.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>bas´-ket</td><td align='left'>sweet´-ly</td><td align='left'>stooped</td><td align='left'>yel´-low</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>wo´-man</td><td align='left'>cab´-bage</td><td align='left'>smile</td><td align='left'>a-greed´</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>vil´-lage</td><td align='left'>be-cause´</td><td align='left'>thorns</td><td align='left'>win´-ter</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>1. Mother went back to her roses, and +soon called for a little basket, saying that +Dora and Harry should take a few to an +old woman who lived in the village.</p> + +<p>2. 'Poor granny,' she said, 'is so +fond of roses, and she can never get out +now to see them. Which shall we pick +for her?'</p> + +<p>3. 'Some of these white ones,' said +Dora.</p> + +<p>'I think she would like these red ones,' +said Harry, 'they smell so sweetly.'</p> + +<p>4. Mother cut one or two of each, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +then a moss-rose, which looked as if it +had moss growing round it, and then a +pink cabbage-rose.</p> + +<p>5. 'What has it to do with cabbage?' +asked Harry.</p> + +<p>'It is only called cabbage because it is +so big and round.'</p> + +<p>6. 'I like it the best of all,' said +Dora, and stooped to smell it, putting +her nose far down into the sweet, deep +cup: 'it is such a nice rose!'</p> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 575px; height: 325px;"> +<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/illus-049a.jpg" width="250" height="302" alt="Wild Rose." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Wild Rose.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/illus-049b.jpg" width="250" height="305" alt="Garden Rose." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Garden Rose.</span> +</div></div></div> + +<p>7. 'Yes, I am very fond of it, and of all +roses,' said mother, looking at her bushes +with a smile, 'but I almost think I like<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +the wild ones best. Do you know that +the wild rose is the mother of all these? +Once upon a time all roses were wild.'</p> + +<p>8. Harry and Dora did not think that +wild roses were very like garden roses. +'But they both have thorns,' they said.</p> + +<p>9. 'Look at them as you go along. +There are some bushes not far from the +bottom of the lane, after you turn round +to go to the village. I don't think you +will find many roses left, but you will see +their fruit. They are the birds' fruit-trees.'</p> + +<p>10. 'What can mother mean?' they +asked as they went along.</p> + +<p>But they soon found out. The bushes +were covered with hips; some green, +others yellow, one or two quite red.</p> + +<p>11. They agreed to leave them for the +birds. Dora said 'They would be sure +to want them in the winter.'</p> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/illus-050.jpg" width="200" height="98" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="center"> +<a name="WOOD" id="WOOD"></a> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-051.jpg" width="500" height="427" alt="Making the Doll's House." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Making the Doll's House.</span> +</div></div> + + + +<h2>WOOD.</h2> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>min´-er-al</td><td align='left'>gummed</td><td align='left'>tools</td><td align='left'>beech</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>cop´-per</td><td align='left'>climbed</td><td align='left'>dead</td><td align='left'>birch</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>zinc</td><td align='left'>knees</td><td align='left'>thought</td><td align='left'>wil´-low</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>chalk</td><td align='left'>eve´-nings</td><td align='left'>oak</td><td align='left'>build´-ing</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>1. The little mineral box was made, +and Harry and Dora put in the lumps of +lead, iron, copper, tin, zinc, chalk, and +slate. Father wrote the names on tiny +slips of paper and gummed them on.</p> + +<p>2. Then he said that he was going to +make Dora a doll's house. On hearing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +this, Dora first jumped about for joy, and +then climbed up on her father's knees to +kiss and hug him.</p> + +<p>3. The doll's house was not made all at +once. It had to be done bit by bit in +the evenings after father had come home +from work and had his tea.</p> + +<p>4. Dora and Harry always helped him, +or stood by and talked, played with bits +of wood, and turned over the tools in the +box.</p> + +<p>5. They said that saw-dust should be +called wood-dust; and they found out +that wood was called tree when it was +alive, and tree was called wood when it +was dead. They thought this very funny.</p> + +<p>6. They also learned that there were as +many kinds of wood as there were trees.</p> + +<p>'Some wood is hard,' said their father, +'some is half-hard, and some is soft.'</p> + +<p>'Soft wood!' cried Dora.</p> + +<p>7. 'Well, not soft like butter! But +softer than oak, beech, birch, and +elm'——</p> + +<p>'The trunk of an oak-tree is lying +where the rabbits live,' said Harry, in +a great hurry. 'We often play on it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +I know that it is hard. What sort of +wood are you making the doll's house of?'</p> + +<p>8. 'Soft wood. It is a bit of pine. So +is the box that holds the minerals. I +should find it hard work to cut oak.</p> + +<p>'Now, there is one kind of wood so soft +that you can bend it. It is called willow, +and baskets are made of it.</p> + +<p>'But oak was once used in building +the great strong ships.'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="COAL_PART_1" id="COAL_PART_1"></a>COAL.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 1.</span></h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>win´-dow</td><td align='left'>coal</td><td align='left'>won´-der-ing</td><td align='left'>stretch´-ing</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>shov´-el</td><td align='left'>tum´-bled</td><td align='left'>earth</td><td align='left'>en´-gine</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>spade</td><td align='left'>con-tent´</td><td align='left'>cage</td><td align='left'>doz´-en</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. 'Here comes the coal,' said Harry, +looking out of the window. 'Mother, +may we help Jim to get it in? I can have +the big shovel, and Dora the little one. +I should like to see the cart upset! +What fun it will be!'</p> + +<p>2. Crash came the coal on the ground. +Then the coal-man drew his horse and +cart away, and set to work with a spade +to fill the little coal-place.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. The dog jumped, and got in every +one's way. He wanted to help, too, but +did not know how. Dora tumbled over +the heap and bumped her head, so she +thought she would be content with +watching Jim and Harry. But Harry +was soon tired, and Jim was left to go +on alone.</p> + +<p>4. 'Where does coal come from, Jim?' +he asked.</p> + +<p>'Out of the ground, my lad.'</p> + +<p>'Does it? Do you dig for it?'</p> + +<p>'I don't. But I know somebody who +does.'</p> + +<p>5. 'If I were to dig for it, should I +find any, Jim?'</p> + +<p>'Not you! Why, you have to go down +ever such a long way before you can even +begin to dig.'</p> + +<p>6. 'How do you get down?'</p> + +<p>'You go down in a thing they call a +cage. You can't walk down, you know. +It is like going down a deep pit. They +call it a mine.'</p> + +<p>7. 'Oh, I have heard of coal-mines!'</p> + +<p>Dora was taking up one little lump of +coal after another, and wondering why<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +it was so shiny if it had really come out +of the earth.</p> + +<p>8. Harry went on. 'How do they let +the cage down? Have you ever been +down?'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/illus-052.jpg" width="500" height="426" alt="Coal-miners going down to work." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Coal-miners going down to work.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>'I have been down once,' said Jim, stopping +in his work and stretching himself. +'This is the way. There is an engine at +the top of the shaft'——</p> + +<p>'What is the shaft?'</p> + +<p>9. 'The pit I told you about. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +engine is fixed there and it lets down +the cage and pulls it up again. Half-a-dozen +men or so can go in it at a time.'</p> + +<p>'It must be very strong.'</p> + +<p>10. 'Yes, it is, and it has strong chains +to hold it. It goes up and down all day +long, bringing up the coal.'</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="COAL_PART_2" id="COAL_PART_2"></a>COAL.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size: 50%;">PART 2.</span></h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>re´-al-ly</td><td align='left'>knife</td><td align='left'>pic´-tures</td><td align='left'>thou´-sands</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>eas´-i-ly</td><td align='left'>be-tween´</td><td align='left'>an´-i-mal</td><td align='left'>piec´-es</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>slic´-es</td><td align='left'>met´-al</td><td align='left'>whole</td><td align='left'>to-geth´-er</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>straight</td><td align='left'>fetched</td><td align='left'>for´-ests</td><td align='left'>puz´-zles</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>1. Next day the children asked their +mother to tell them what coal really +was. Harry did not think it was a +stone, because he had broken two or +three lumps with a hammer. He found +that it broke much more easily than +stone.</p> + +<p>2. Besides, it did not fly all into sharp +bits, but came off in slices; and he saw +that it had straight lines along it. +When he poked his knife in between<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +these lines, he could take off a slice of +coal at once!</p> + +<p>3. Dora did not think it was a metal, +because she had learnt that iron would +melt in a fire and flow like water. 'Coal +does not melt,' she said, 'every one knows +that!'</p> + +<p>4. She took a small lump out of the +coal-box, and Harry did the same. +Mother then fetched some pictures, and +one or two other things, and the talk +began.</p> + +<p>5. 'It is no wonder that you can't +guess what coal is! It does not look at +all like what it was at first. It was not +always in the ground; it used to live on +the top and get the air and sunshine.'</p> + +<p>6. 'It must have been alive,' said +Harry. 'Was it an animal?'</p> + +<p>'No.'</p> + +<p>'Then it was a plant!' cried Dora.</p> + +<p>7. 'Well, it is all that is left of many +plants and trees, whole forests of plants +and trees, that grew long, long ago.'</p> + +<p>'Before you were born, mother?'</p> + +<p>8. 'Yes, long before that! It was +hundreds and thousands of years ago.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +It was so far back that the trees were +not like the trees we have now. Many +of them were big +ferns. Think of a +fern grown up to be +a tree! And many +were great horse-tails. +You know +what a horse-tail is?'</p> + +<p>9. 'Oh yes,' said +Dora, 'we find them +in the ditch down the +lane. It is such fun +pulling them to pieces +and putting them +together again—like +puzzles!'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> +<img src="images/illus-053a.jpg" width="250" height="443" alt="Horse-tail." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Horse-tail.</span> +</div></div> + +<p>10. 'Those trees +must have been very strange,' said Harry. +'They would not be nice to climb. But +there were no boys in those days, so it +did not matter.'</p> + +<div class="center"><div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> +<img src="images/illus-053b.jpg" width="150" height="141" alt="" title="" /> +</div></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="FIRE" id="FIRE"></a>FIRE.</h2> + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" style="font-weight: bold;"> +<tr><td align='left'>min´-er-al</td><td align='left'>walk´-ing</td><td align='left'>Lon´-don</td><td align='left'>blaze</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>coal</td><td align='left'>laugh´-ing</td><td align='left'>smoke</td><td align='left'>beast</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>fen´-der</td><td align='left'>grate</td><td align='left'>al-read´-y</td><td align='left'>cage</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>prop´-er</td><td align='left'>cru´-el</td><td align='left'>flame</td><td align='left'>pic´-tures</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>1. 'Don't you think,' said Harry, 'that +a bit of coal would be a good thing for +our mineral box?'</p> + +<p>2. 'I do,' said his father. 'Get a little +lump, and put it in. And, by the way, +we want more coal on the fire. I must +get some.'</p> + +<p>3. 'How nice a fire is on a cold day!' +said Dora, sitting down on the fender, to +be as near to it as she could.</p> + +<p>'Very nice,' said her mother, 'in its +proper place—in the grate.'</p> + +<p>4. 'Ah, we should not like it to come +walking about the room!' said Harry, +laughing. 'There would soon be no +room'——</p> + +<p>'And no house!' said Dora, shaking +her head. 'And then what should we +do?'</p> + +<p>5. Father came back with the coal, +and put some into the grate, saying:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> + +<p>'Fire is a good servant but a bad +master. If it gets its own way it is a +cruel thing. It would burn a town +down. It once burned big London.'</p> + +<p>6. Harry was looking at one of the +lumps that had been put on the fire. +Smoke was coming out of it already. +A flame burst out in front, and soon +the whole lump was in a blaze.</p> + +<p>7. 'It seems such a pity that it should +all be burned up,' said Harry, 'when it +took so long to make.'</p> + +<p>'That is the way of fire,' said father, +'it eats up everything, and when it has +nothing more to feed on it comes to an +end—it goes out, we say.'</p> + +<p>8. 'We don't want it to go out, and so +we keep on feeding it,' said mother. 'It +is like a wild beast in a cage.'</p> + +<p>'Now look at the coal!' said father.</p> + +<p>9. By this time the lumps were red and +very hot. The children went down on +their knees to look for pictures in the +fire. They soon saw what looked like +men and dogs, rocks, hills, and trees, +and at last a great cat with red-hot eyes +and a very curly tail.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="OBJECT_LESSONS" id="OBJECT_LESSONS"></a>OBJECT LESSONS.</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_CAT_Page_7" id="THE_CAT_Page_7"></a>THE CAT.</h2> <p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#THE_CAT_PART_I">Page 7.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. The cat lives in and about our homes; so we call it a +domestic animal.</p> + +<p>2. It belongs to the same tribe of animals as the lion +and tiger. They are savage—puss is tame. Like them, +it is a beast of prey—that is, it catches and eats other +animals. They cannot hear it coming with its soft, padded +feet.</p> + +<p>3. The cat leaps upon its prey. It sticks its strong, sharp +claws into a mouse, and soon kills it with its sharp teeth.</p> + +<p>4. Puss is covered with fur; she has five claws on each +fore-paw, and four on each hind one. She draws them +into little sheaths when not angry.</p> + +<p>5. With its rough tongue the cat can lap up milk, and also +clean its fur. It likes to be clean. It opens its eyes wider +in the dark, and can see to run about at night. On each +side of its head are long whiskers, with which it feels its +way.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Cats have—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Cats like—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Cats are—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Padded feet.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Milk.</td><td align='left'>Domestic.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sharp claws and teeth.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Meat.</td><td align='left'>Tame.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rough tongues.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Mice and rats.</td><td align='left'>Useful.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Good sight at night.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Birds and fish.</td><td align='left'>Cleanly.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_DOG_Page_12" id="THE_DOG_Page_12"></a>THE DOG.</h2> <p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#THE_DOG">Page 12.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. The dog is larger and more active than the cat. It is +also of more use to man, for it guards the house, minds +the sheep, and will not allow any one to harm its master.</p> + +<p>2. There are many kinds of dogs. All are of some use—from +the large Newfoundland dog to the little fox-terrier.</p> + +<p>3. Dogs are like cats in some things. They have padded +feet and strong claws. But their claws are blunt. They +cannot draw them into sheaths as puss does; so they make +more noise in walking.</p> + +<p>4. The dog is also a beast of prey. But it is not so fierce as +the wolf or the fox, which belong to the same tribe of +animals. It likes meat and bones, but will also eat bread +and vegetables. Its teeth are very strong and sharp.</p> + +<p>5. Most dogs have keen scent, pointed noses, and quick +sight.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Dogs have—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Dogs—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Dogs are—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blunt claws.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Bark.</td><td align='left'>Useful.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sharp, strong teeth.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Watch.</td><td align='left'>Faithful.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Keen scent.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Jump.</td><td align='left'>Friendly.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Quick sight.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Hunt.</td><td align='left'>Wise.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="BUTTERCUPS_Page_15" id="BUTTERCUPS_Page_15"></a>BUTTERCUPS. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#BUTTERCUPS">Page 15.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Buttercups grow wild. They are of a golden yellow +colour. Each flower has five yellow leaves growing out from +the middle of five smaller green ones.</p> + +<p>2. The flowers are something like a cup in shape, with a +little tuft of grass-like threads standing in each one. In the +green ball in the middle there are tiny seeds from which other +buttercups will grow if they fall into the ground.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. Buttercups come in spring. They grow on taller stems +than daisies. They have no nice scent such as violets or +roses have.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Buttercups—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Buttercups have—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Buttercups are—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Grow wild.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Five yellow leaves.</td><td align='left'>Pretty and shiny.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Come in spring.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Five green ones.</td><td align='left'>Eaten by cattle.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WHEAT_Page_20" id="WHEAT_Page_20"></a>WHEAT. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#WHEAT_PART_1">Page 20.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Wheat is a plant of the <i>grass</i> kind, but grows higher +than common grass. It is grown from seed, which is grains +of wheat kept until hard and dry.</p> + +<p>2. Ruts are made in the soil by a plough, and into these +the seed is cast. Then the soil is covered over them by a +harrow, drawn by a horse.</p> + +<p>3. Rain and warm sunshine help the grains to grow. They +grow into tall, jointed stems, and soon the ears of wheat +appear. They are green at first, but the sun ripens them and +turns them yellow.</p> + +<p>4. Then the wheat is cut, and the new grains are threshed +out from the husks which are called chaff. The tall stems +make straw. The grains are ground into flour by the miller. +We use flour for making bread, cakes, and puddings.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Wheat is—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Wheat has—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Wheat makes—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A grass plant.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">A tall stem.</td><td align='left'>Flour.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Grown from seed.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Graceful leaves.</td><td align='left'>Foods.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Green at first.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">An ear.</td><td align='left'>Chaff.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Yellow when ripe.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Grains.</td><td align='left'>Straw.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SLATE_Page_26" id="SLATE_Page_26"></a>SLATE. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#SLATE_PART_1">Page 26.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Slate is a kind of stone. Rocks, and even mountains, are +sometimes made of slate. The great hole made in the rocks +by getting it out, is called a quarry. It is got out in very +large blocks. Sometimes gunpowder is used to crack the rocks +before the blocks can be got out.</p> + +<p>2. Slate is very hard and brittle. It is used for many purposes. +Houses are roofed with slates. Sometimes it is used for +pavements. It can be made so smooth that we use it for +writing upon. Slate-pencil is made from soft slate-stone.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Slate is—</b></td><td align='center' class="br bl"><b>Slate is found in—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Slate is useful for—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A kind of stone.</td><td align='left' class="br bl">Cumberland.</td><td align='left'>Roofing houses.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Very hard.</td><td align='left' class="br bl">Wales.</td><td align='left'>Making pavements.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brittle.</td><td align='left' class="br bl">Cornwall and Devon.</td><td align='left'>Writing upon.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHALK_Page_31" id="CHALK_Page_31"></a>CHALK. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#CHALK_PART_1">Page 31.</a></i></p> + +<p>1. Like slate, chalk comes out of the hills. It is white +and soft. It is used for many purposes. The farmer puts it +on the fields sometimes, to make the soil better. It holds +water and keeps the soil moist.</p> + +<p>2. We get lime and whiting from chalk. We use it in +these forms for making our ceilings and walls clean. It is +used, too, for writing on the blackboard. Chalk is found in +many parts of England. Kent and Hampshire have most. +Chalk-pits are often seen in the hills.</p> + +<p>3. Chalk is formed of thousands of tiny shells.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Chalk is—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Chalk is found in—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Chalk makes—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>White.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Hampshire.</td><td align='left'>Lime.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Soft.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Kent.</td><td align='left'>Whiting.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crumbly.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Isle of Wight.</td><td align='left'>Chalk-pencils.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_MOUSE_Page_36" id="THE_MOUSE_Page_36"></a>THE MOUSE. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#THE_MOUSE">Page 36.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. The mouse is a very small animal, with pointed nose and +long tail. It has large bright eyes, large ears, strong sharp +teeth, and is very timid.</p> + +<p>2. The mouse gnaws through the walls and floors of our +houses with its sharp, strong teeth. It makes a little nest in +a hole. It comes out when all is quiet to look for crumbs, +or anything left about that it can eat. It gets into the +pantry sometimes.</p> + +<p>3. Some mice live in fields and woods. The tiny harvest-mouse +makes its nest on a wheat-stalk. It often does great +harm to the wheat.</p> + +<p>4. But for puss there would soon be so many mice that we +should not know what to do.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Mice have—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Mice like—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Mice are—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Long tails.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Bread.</td><td align='left'>Very small.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sharp teeth.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Meat.</td><td align='left'>Very timid.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Large ears.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Cheese.</td><td align='left'>Very quick.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bright eyes.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Milk.</td><td align='left'>Very quiet.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_RABBIT_Page_41" id="THE_RABBIT_Page_41"></a>THE RABBIT. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#THE_RABBIT">Page 41.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. The rabbit is about the size of the cat, and is covered<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +with short fur. It burrows a hole in the ground and makes +a nest there for its young.</p> + +<p>2. Rabbits have long ears and large eyes. They can hear +a very slight sound, and can see <i>behind</i> as well as before +them.</p> + +<p>3. Their hind-legs are longer than their fore-legs; so they +do not run, but leap.</p> + +<p>4. Rabbits like to live where there is plenty of furze, which +they eat for food. They do much mischief in corn-fields by +eating the young corn. They also eat the bark off young +trees, and so spoil them.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Rabbits have—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Rabbits eat—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Rabbits—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Long ears.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Grass.</td><td align='left'>Burrow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Large eyes.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Roots.</td><td align='left'>Make nests for their young.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Long hind-legs.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Leaves.</td><td align='left'>Leap.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Warm fur.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Bark.</td><td align='left'>Play.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="IVY_Page_43" id="IVY_Page_43"></a>IVY. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#IVY">Page 43.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Ivy is an evergreen, climbing plant. It grows on old +walls, houses, and churches, and sometimes on trees.</p> + +<p>2. There are several kinds of ivy. The leaves of each +kind are of a different shape. All ivy leaves are very pretty.</p> + +<p>3. The leaves have little marks called veins, crossing them +in all ways. These veins are full of sap, or moisture, which +the roots of the plant suck up from the earth.</p> + +<p>4. Some ivy flowers, and bears berries.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Ivy is—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Ivy has—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Ivy grows—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>An evergreen.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Different forms of leaf.</td><td align='left'>On old buildings.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A climber.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Many veins.</td><td align='left'>Sometimes round trees.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="A_TREE_Page_47" id="A_TREE_Page_47"></a>A TREE. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#A_TREE">Page 47.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. There are many kinds of trees. The oak, elm, and +beech are very common.</p> + +<p>2. Trees have roots, trunks, branches, leaves, and often +flowers and fruit. The brown covering of the trunk is called +bark. This keeps the tree warm and dry.</p> + +<p>3. Their leaves fall off in autumn, except those of evergreens +like the holly and the laurel.</p> + +<p>4. Trees are both beautiful and useful. They provide us +with timber and firewood, and give shade and shelter to our +houses and gardens.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Trees have—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Trees—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Trees give us—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Roots.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Shed leaves.</td><td align='left'>Timber.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Branches.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Live long.</td><td align='left'>Fruits.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leaves.</td><td class="bl br"> </td><td align='left'>Shade and shelter.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="BRICKS_Page_50" id="BRICKS_Page_50"></a>BRICKS. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#BRICKS">Page 50.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Bricks are made of clay. The clay is very damp and +heavy when it is dug out of the ground.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> + +<p>2. It is put into moulds to make bricks, and slowly baked +in a kiln. Then the bricks are dry and not so heavy as +the clay was. They are porous.</p> + +<p>3. Most bricks are of oblong shape. This is the shape used +for building houses, schools, walls. Sometimes they are +made into very pretty shapes, are glazed and used for floors +and other things.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Bricks are—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Bricks are—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Bricks are used—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Made of clay.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Not so heavy as stone.</td><td align='left'>For building.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shaped in moulds.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Hard.</td><td align='left'>For ornament.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baked in a kiln.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Oblong.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_DONKEY_Page_53" id="THE_DONKEY_Page_53"></a>THE DONKEY. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#A_DONKEY">Page 53.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. The donkey is a useful animal when well treated. It +is cheaper to buy and to keep than a pony.</p> + +<p>2. The donkey has hoofs like the horse, and wears shoes. +It is very patient and gentle, and can do with coarse food.</p> + +<p>3. The donkey's coat is rough, and its mane short. It has +a black stripe down its back and across its shoulders. Its +head and ears are very long.</p> + +<p>4. The donkey can climb high rugged paths better than +the horse. It can also carry heavy loads up hill, because it +is strong and sure-footed.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>The donkey has—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>The donkey is—</b></td><td align='center'><b>The donkey likes—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hoofed feet.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Strong.</td><td align='left'>Hay.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Long ears.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Sure-footed.</td><td align='left'>Grass.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A shaggy coat.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Gentle.</td><td align='left'>Thistles.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A short mane.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Patient.</td><td align='left'>Carrots.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="SHEEP_Page_55" id="SHEEP_Page_55"></a>SHEEP. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#SHEEP">Page 55.</a></i></p> + +<p>1. Sheep live mostly in the fields. They often climb +very high hills. Their feet are not like the donkey's; they +are cloven, like the cow's.</p> + +<p>2. Their legs are so slender that their bodies seem almost +too large for them. The thick wool which grows upon them +makes them look large.</p> + +<p>3. Sheep eat grass. They tear it off, as the cow does. +They cannot bite, since they have no front teeth in the +upper jaw.</p> + +<p>4. They are very timid, gentle creatures. They do not like +to be alone. They live in flocks. They make a great noise +when bleating.</p> + +<p>5. Sheep are very useful. Their flesh gives us mutton; +their wool makes clothing; their skin makes leather.</p> + +<p><i>Write and Learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Sheep have—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Sheep are—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Sheep give us—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cloven hoofs.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Gentle.</td><td align='left'>Food.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Slender legs.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Timid.</td><td align='left'>Clothing.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thick wool.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Climbers.</td><td align='left'>Leather.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="TURNIPS_Page_59" id="TURNIPS_Page_59"></a>TURNIPS. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#TURNIPS">Page 59.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Turnips are grown both in fields and gardens. The tops +are green. The turnip is almost round; but it tapers towards +the bottom. Most of the turnip grows under ground; but +we can see part of it above ground when nearly ripe.</p> + +<p>2. Turnips are good for food. Sheep and cattle are fond of +them. Animals eat them raw. We boil them. Raw turnips<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +are not good for us. Pigs will eat the rinds which we +peel off.</p> + +<p>3. Turnips are white or yellow, sweet, juicy, wholesome.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Turnips are—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Turnips have—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Turnips are eaten—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>White or yellow.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Roots.</td><td align='left'>By man.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sweet.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Green tops.</td><td align='left'>By animals.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wholesome.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Thick rinds.</td><td align='left'>Mostly in winter.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="GREEN_PEAS_Page_62" id="GREEN_PEAS_Page_62"></a>GREEN PEAS. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#GREEN_PEAS_PART_1">Page 62.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. The pea is a climbing plant. We put tall sticks in the +garden for the peas to climb. They grow from seeds which +are dried peas.</p> + +<p>2. As they grow, tendrils shoot out and take hold of the +sticks. Pretty green leaves grow too. Then come the +dainty white flowers.</p> + +<p>3. When the flowers wither, they leave little green pods. +Inside the pods are little green peas. Peas and pods grow +larger each day until ripe.</p> + +<p>4. Peas are very good for food. Pigs like the husks.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Peas have—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Peas—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Peas grow—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Roots.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Climb.</td><td align='left'>In gardens.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tendrils.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Grow from seed.</td><td align='left'>In fields.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Flowers.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Hold by tendrils.</td><td align='left'>In summer.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="IRON_AND_METAL_Page_67" id="IRON_AND_METAL_Page_67"></a>IRON AND METAL. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#IRON_AND_METAL">Page 67.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Metals are made from ores which are dug out of the +earth. These ores are found in many parts of the world.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +Iron is the most common, as well as the most useful +metal.</p> + +<p>2. Many things we use are made of it. The <i>steel</i> of which +our knives, tools, and other things are made, is made from +iron. Iron is largely used for making bridges, railings, +fire-grates, hammers.</p> + +<p>3. Lead, copper, tin, and zinc are metals also. So are +silver and gold.</p> + +<p>4. Men must dig deep down into the earth to find them. +The holes and passages which they make are called mines.</p> + +<p>5. All metals are heavy. All will melt in great heat, and +all can be hammered out into thin sheets or drawn out into +wire.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Metals are—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Metals can be—</b></td><td align='center'><b>The common metals are—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heavy.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Melted.</td><td align='left'>Iron.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Useful.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Hammered out.</td><td align='left'>Lead.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Plentiful.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Polished.</td><td align='left'>Tin and copper.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="NEEDLES_Page_71" id="NEEDLES_Page_71"></a>NEEDLES.</h2> <p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#NEEDLES_PART_1">Page 71.</a></i></p> + +<p>1. Needles are made of steel wire. In a needle-factory there +are hundreds of coils of wire. Some of the wire is thick +enough for darning-needles; some very thin for making +sewing-needles.</p> + +<p>2. The wire is cut by a machine. The needles are pointed +on a grindstone. The eyes are punched by another machine. +Then the needles are filed to make them smooth.</p> + +<p>3. To make them hard, the needles are made white-hot, and +put into cold water until quite cool. They are then cleaned +and polished.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. They must be very dry before put into packets, or they +will rust.</p> + +<p>5. Many boys and girls, as well as men and women, work +in needle-factories.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Needles are—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Needles have—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Needles are used—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Smooth.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Eyes.</td><td align='left'>For sewing.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bright.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Shanks.</td><td align='left'>For darning.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pointed.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Points.</td><td align='left'>For other work.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_KNIFE_Page_80" id="THE_KNIFE_Page_80"></a>THE KNIFE. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#THE_KNIFE">Page 80.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. A knife is most useful for cutting. The blade is made +of steel; the handle of ivory, bone, or wood.</p> + +<p>2. The blade and handle are fastened together by a long, +thin piece of iron which goes into the handle. The blades +have to be heated as needles are, to make them hard.</p> + +<p>3. A knife is blunt on one edge; sharp on the other. The +grinder sharpens it on a huge stone which goes round and +round. The blades are polished before being put into the +handles, as well as after.</p> + +<p>4. There are many kinds of knives. Pocket-knives have +a spring to make them shut tightly. A table-knife is rounded +at the end; the carving-knife has a sharp pointed blade.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Knives are—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Knives have—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Knives are made—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sharp.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Blades.</td><td align='left'>In Sheffield.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bright.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Handles.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Useful.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Springs.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_HEN_Page_83" id="THE_HEN_Page_83"></a>THE HEN. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#THE_HEN">Page 83.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. The hen is a domestic bird. Some are white; some +black; others many colours. The hen finds much of its own +food in the fields. It is fed with barley, bread, potatoes, +and other things from the house.</p> + +<p>2. The hen has a small head with eyes at the sides. Its +bill is strong and sharp.</p> + +<p>3. The hen sleeps on a perch on one leg. It never falls +off; its foot is made for grasping.</p> + +<p>4. Hens are useful for the eggs they give us; and they are +also good for food. Their feathers, too, are useful.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>The hen has—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>The hen is—</b></td><td align='center'><b>The hen gives us—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A small head.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">A domestic bird.</td><td align='left'>Eggs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A strong bill.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">A percher.</td><td align='left'>Food.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A grasping foot.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Useful.</td><td align='left'>Feathers.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_SPARROW_Page_86" id="THE_SPARROW_Page_86"></a>THE SPARROW. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#THE_SPARROW">Page 86.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. The sparrow is a small bird with brown and gray feathers. +It builds its nest on our houses, and sometimes in the pipes +which carry the rain off the roof. A sparrow's nest is seldom +found in a tree. It lays five or six eggs which are spotted +with brown.</p> + +<p>2. Farmers often kill sparrows because they steal the corn +and fruit. But they are really good friends to the farmer. +They eat the worms and grubs, which would destroy <i>all</i> +the fruit.</p> + +<p>3. The sparrow is a very bold little bird, and is to be +found in the streets of the largest towns as well as in the +country.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>The sparrow has—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>The sparrow is—</b></td><td align='center'><b>The sparrow eats—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brown and gray feathers.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Small.</td><td align='left'>Grain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sharp claws.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Bold.</td><td align='left'>Worms.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A long tail.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Useful.</td><td align='left'>Fruit.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="HERBS_Page_90" id="HERBS_Page_90"></a>HERBS. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#SOME_HERBS">Page 90.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Herbs are plants or vegetables with soft stalks or stems. +Some grow wild, others we grow in our gardens.</p> + +<p>2. We use some for eating, such as mustard and cress. +Others, such as parsley, mint, sage, and thyme, we use to +flavour our food. Many are used as medicine.</p> + +<p>3. Most herbs have a nice scent. They are very plentiful, +and very useful.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Herbs have—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Herbs are—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Herbs are used—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Soft stems.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Plentiful.</td><td align='left'>For eating.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nice scent.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Useful.</td><td align='left'>For flavouring.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Strong flavour.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Grown from seeds.</td><td align='left'>For medicine.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="COFFEE_Page_93" id="COFFEE_Page_93"></a>COFFEE </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#COFFEE">Page 93.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. We get coffee from the coffee-tree. It is an evergreen, +something like our bay-tree. It bears a pretty white flower.</p> + +<p>2. When the flower falls it leaves a red berry, something<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +like a cherry. The two hard, oval seeds inside it are what +we call coffee beans. They are of a pale colour in the berry, +but are roasted to make them brown.</p> + +<p>3. Coffee is good to drink, but it is not so cheap as tea. It +grows in warm countries far away—in Arabia and the West +Indies chiefly.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>The Coffee-tree—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Coffee is—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Coffee grows—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Is an evergreen.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Good to drink.</td><td align='left'>In Arabia.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Has white flowers.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Warming.</td><td align='left'>In the West Indies.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Has a red berry.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Not so cheap as tea.</td><td align='left'>In Brazil.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PAPER_Page_96" id="PAPER_Page_96"></a>PAPER. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#PAPER">Page 96.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Paper is one of the most useful things we have. It is +made of old rags which are torn to pieces by a machine. +Lime is put in to make them white.</p> + +<p>2. The pulp, as it is called, is then formed into sheets +and pressed. It is then covered with <i>size</i>, and pressed again +to make it smooth and glossy.</p> + +<p>3. Blotting-paper and other kinds not used for writing upon, +are not sized. Brown paper is made of old canvas and +sacking.</p> + +<p>4. Before paper was made, people used to write upon the +inner bark of trees, and the thin skins of animals made +sweet and dry, and called parchment.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Writing-paper is—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Blotting-paper is—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Brown paper is—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Smooth.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Soft.</td><td align='left'>Coarse.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Glossy.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Unglazed.</td><td align='left'>Strong.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fine.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Porous.</td><td align='left'>Used for parcels.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_FLY_Page_99" id="THE_FLY_Page_99"></a>THE FLY.</h2> <p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#A_FLY">Page 99.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. The fly is a wonderful little insect. It has six legs, with +such curious feet that it can walk on the window-panes or +the ceiling.</p> + +<p>2. It has a funny little round head. Its eyes stand out so +that it can see round about it. It cannot move its eyes as +we do. Neither can it bite its food—it sucks it.</p> + +<p>3. The fly teases us in summer. It gets into our sugar, +milk, treacle, and honey. Then it makes marks upon our +windows and other things.</p> + +<p>4. Its wings are very pretty. When they get wet it +cannot fly. The noise flies make is called buzzing.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Flies have—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Flies—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Flies like—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Six legs.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Buzz.</td><td align='left'>Sugar.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Curious feet.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Lay tiny eggs.</td><td align='left'>Honey.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fixed eyes.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Suck their food.</td><td align='left'>Milk.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_WASP_Page_102" id="THE_WASP_Page_102"></a>THE WASP.</h2> <p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#THE_WASP">Page 102.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. A wasp is a very pretty insect, black and yellow in +colour. There are several kinds. Some burrow in the ground +and make their nests there. Others build their nests in trees.</p> + +<p>2. Wasps live together in large numbers. They are very +busy. Some lay eggs; some are masons, and build the nest; +others are soldiers, and guard the home; whilst others carry +away all the rubbish, and keep everything clean and tidy.</p> + +<p>3. The wasp's sting has poison in it. This is why it gives +us such pain if we get stung.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<p>4. The wasp is something like the fly in shape, only much +larger. It preys upon other insects.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>The Wasp has—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>The Wasp—</b></td><td align='center'><b>The Wasp likes—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Six legs.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Makes a nest.</td><td align='left'>Insects.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Four wings.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Works hard.</td><td align='left'>Meat.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A sharp sting.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Sleeps all winter.</td><td align='left'>Sweet things.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_SUNFLOWER_Page_104" id="THE_SUNFLOWER_Page_104"></a>THE SUNFLOWER. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#THE_SUNFLOWER">Page 104.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. This flower is called <i>sun</i>-flower because it always turns +its face to the sun. It turns as the sun goes round.</p> + +<p>2. The sunflower grows on a strong, tall stalk. It is something +like a daisy in form.</p> + +<p>3. The deep-yellow leaves stand out in rays from the dark-coloured +middle of the flower, which is called the <i>disk</i>. +This disk is made of a large number of tiny flowers closely +packed together.</p> + +<p>4. The seeds of this flower are large and oblong, and +contain oil.</p> + +<p>5. Bees and flies visit sunflowers, to gather honey.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>The sunflower has—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>The sunflower—</b></td><td align='center'><b>The sunflower has—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A strong stalk.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Grows from seed.</td><td align='left'>Small flowers in its disk.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A large disk.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Contains honey.</td><td align='left'>Oblong seeds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Many rays.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Turns to the sun.</td><td align='left'>Oily seed.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="THE_ROSE_Page_108" id="THE_ROSE_Page_108"></a>THE ROSE. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#THE_ROSE">Page 108.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Roses are of many kinds and many colours. Most of +them are sweet-scented. Some rose-bushes do not grow very +high. Others grow up as high as our houses.</p> + +<p>2. Roses have thorns on their stems. Wild roses have +many thorns. Wild roses are small—have only five leaves—but +they are very pretty.</p> + +<p>3. When they die they leave berries, called hips, which +make good food for the birds in winter. There are seeds in +them.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>The rose has—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>The rose is—</b></td><td align='center'><b>The wild rose—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A sweet scent.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Sometimes white.</td><td align='left'>Grows in hedges.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sharp thorns on its stem.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Sometimes yellow.</td><td align='left'>Has five leaves.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Soft, smooth leaves.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Sometimes red.</td><td align='left'>Has berries called 'hips.'</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="WOOD_Page_111" id="WOOD_Page_111"></a>WOOD. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#WOOD">Page 111.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Wood seems to be almost as useful as iron. Hundreds of +years ago, houses were built of wood. All the houses in +London were. There is much wood in our houses now.</p> + +<p>2. There are many kinds of wood—each comes from a +different tree. Oak is a very hard wood. Pine is softer. +Willow is very soft; its thin branches will bend easily. It is +used for making baskets.</p> + +<p>3. When the trunk of a tree is sawn into planks we can see +the grain or marks in it. Some are very prettily marked. +Oak and walnut are. Wood can be highly polished.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Wood grows—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Wood is—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Wood is used for—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>In most countries.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Very useful.</td><td align='left'>Building purposes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>In forests.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Mostly hard.</td><td align='left'>Furniture.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Plentifully.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Grained.</td><td align='left'>Fires.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="COAL_Page_113" id="COAL_Page_113"></a>COAL. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#COAL_PART_1">Page 113.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Coal is dug out of the earth. Coal and iron are found +together. But coal is not a metal as iron is. It will not +melt. We call it a mineral.</p> + +<p>2. It is found in many parts of the world. There is a +very large quantity in our own country.</p> + +<p>3. It is a black, shiny, opaque, and brittle mineral. Men +have to go deep down into the earth, into mines, to get it. +They are in great danger.</p> + +<p>4. Coals were once forests, which sank lower and lower into +the earth hundreds and thousands of years ago. They +became mixed with other things, and in time were changed to +coal. We can see the grain in some of the coal, as we see it +in wood.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Coal is—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Coal is—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Coal is used for—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A Mineral.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Buried forests.</td><td align='left'>Fuel.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Black.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Got from mines.</td><td align='left'>Smelting metals.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Opaque.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Heavy.</td><td align='left'>Making gas.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brittle.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Grained.</td><td align='left'>Making tar.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="FIRE_Page_119" id="FIRE_Page_119"></a>FIRE. </h2><p class="rightcaption">[<i><a href="#FIRE">Page 119.</a></i></p> + + +<p>1. Fire is useful but dangerous. A spark from it might set +a house on fire. We ought to be very careful about it. +Children should never play with fire.</p> + +<p>2. It is so useful that we should not be able to have many +things we have, if we had no fire.</p> + +<p>3. When England was covered with forests, hundreds of +years ago, people used to have fires of wood, instead of coal. +Wood-fires are not so smoky as those made of coal, but they +are not so hot.</p> + +<p class='center'><i>Write and learn:</i></p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b>Fire is—</b></td><td align='center' class="bl br"><b>Fire—</b></td><td align='center'><b>Fire—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Useful.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Burns.</td><td align='left'>Warms our houses.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dangerous.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Smokes.</td><td align='left'>Cooks our food.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A good servant.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Makes flame.</td><td align='left'>Makes water into steam.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A bad master.</td><td align='left' class="bl br">Gives heat.</td><td align='left'>Makes soot.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p class="center">THE END.</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p class="center"> +Edinburgh:<br /> +Printed by W. & R. Chambers, Limited.<br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Elementary Science Readers, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S ELEMENTARY *** + +***** This file should be named 18217-h.htm or 18217-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/8/2/1/18217/ + +Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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