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+Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Elementary Science Readers, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chambers's Elementary Science Readers
+       Book I
+
+Author: Various
+
+Other: William Chambers
+         Robert Chambers
+
+Release Date: April 20, 2006 [EBook #18217]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S ELEMENTARY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: 'Here comes the big black hen.' Page 85.]
+
+
+
+CHAMBERS'S
+ELEMENTARY
+SCIENCE READERS
+
+
+BOOK I.
+
+
+WITH OBJECT LESSONS
+AND
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+LONDON: 38 Soho Square, W.
+W. & R. CHAMBERS, LIMITED
+EDINBURGH: 339 High Street
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAMBERS'S ELEMENTARY SCIENCE READERS.
+
+With Object Lessons and Attractive Illustrations.
+
+    Book   I. for Standard   I. 140 pages. Price 9d.
+    Book  II. for Standard  II. 148 pages. Price 10d.
+    Book III. for Standard III. 196 pages. Price 1s.
+
+
+CHAMBERS'S OBJECT LESSON MANUALS.
+
+With Lists of Apparatus, Numerous Illustrations, and Blackboard
+Summaries.
+
+    BOOKS I., II., and III. Price 1s. 6d. each.
+    Complete in One Volume, price 3s. 6d.
+
+
+CHAMBERS'S OBJECT LESSON SHEETS.
+
+A Series of Twenty-one Illustrative Diagrams for Standards I., II., and
+III.
+
+Printed in Black and White on Stout Manilla Paper, size 29 by 23 inches.
+Strongly mounted on Roller, 12s. 6d. per Set. Separate sheets can also
+be had, 6d. each; or Eyeletted, 7d. each.
+
+W. & R. CHAMBERS, LIMITED, LONDON AND EDINBURGH.
+
+P. 1912.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+(The Titles of Poetical Pieces are in _Italics_.)
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+The Cat--Part 1                                                        7
+  "        "  2                                                        9
+The Dog                                                               12
+Buttercups                                                            15
+_Daisies and Buttercups_                                              19
+Wheat--Part 1                                                         20
+ "      "   2                                                         23
+Slate--Part 1                                                         26
+ "       "  2                                                         29
+Chalk--Part 1                                                         31
+ "       "  2                                                         34
+The Mouse                                                             36
+_The Field-Mouse_                                                     39
+The Rabbit                                                            41
+Ivy                                                                   43
+A Tree                                                                47
+Bricks                                                                50
+A Donkey                                                              53
+Sheep                                                                 55
+_The Sheep_                                                           58
+Turnips                                                               59
+Green Peas--Part 1                                                    62
+ "           "   2                                                    65
+Iron and Metal                                                        67
+_The Fairy Ring_                                                      70
+Needles--Part 1                                                       71
+  "        "  2                                                       73
+  "        "  3                                                       75
+  "        "  4                                                       78
+The Knife                                                             80
+The Hen                                                               83
+The Sparrow                                                           86
+_A Day in the Country_                                                88
+Some Herbs                                                            90
+Coffee                                                                93
+Paper                                                                 96
+A Fly                                                                 99
+The Wasp                                                             102
+The Sunflower                                                        104
+Merry Workers                                                        107
+The Rose                                                             108
+Wood                                                                 111
+Coal--Part 1                                                         113
+  "     "  2                                                         116
+Fire                                                                 119
+
+
+OBJECT LESSONS.
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+The Cat                                                              121
+The Dog                                                              122
+Buttercups                                                           122
+Wheat                                                                123
+Slate                                                                124
+Chalk                                                                124
+The Mouse                                                            125
+The Rabbit                                                           125
+Ivy                                                                  126
+A Tree                                                               127
+Bricks                                                               127
+The Donkey                                                           128
+Sheep                                                                129
+Turnips                                                              129
+Green Peas                                                           130
+Iron and Metal                                                       130
+Needles                                                              131
+The Knife                                                            132
+The Hen                                                              133
+The Sparrow                                                          133
+Herbs                                                                134
+Coffee                                                               134
+Paper                                                                135
+The Fly                                                              136
+The Wasp                                                             136
+The Sunflower                                                        137
+The Rose                                                             138
+Wood                                                                 138
+Coal                                                                 139
+Fire                                                                 140
+
+
+
+
+CHAMBERS'S SCIENCE READERS.
+
+BOOK I.
+
+[Illustration: He sat down on the rug with her.]
+
+
+
+
+THE CAT.
+
+PART 1.
+
+
+    walk´-ing
+    watched
+    ground
+    shak´-ing
+    thought
+    stroked
+    fore´-paws
+    toes
+    knew
+    smooth
+    yawn
+    stretched
+    sheaths
+    won´-der
+    mis-take´
+    claw
+
+1. Pussy came walking along the garden-path. Harry watched her, and saw
+that she did not like the damp ground.
+
+2. She jumped over the pools, and then began to run, shaking her paws
+as she got to the house.
+
+3. 'Now, a dog does not mind wet feet,' Harry thought; 'he will go into
+the water, but Pussy will never go into the water.
+
+4. 'She does not even use water to wash herself. Come here, Pussy! You
+don't like to wet your nice fur, do you?'
+
+5. As Harry was always kind to pussy, she let him pick her up and carry
+her into the house.
+
+6. He sat down on the rug with her, and stroked her glossy back. One of
+her fore-paws rested on his hand, and he began to look at it.
+
+7. 'Here are five toes,' he said, 'but what funny toes they are!' He
+gently turned the paw over, and saw the sharp nails drawn in under the
+fur.
+
+8. The cat knew that he would not hurt her, so she kept her claws in,
+and let him feel them on the outside.
+
+9. He found under the paw a soft smooth pad. 'Now I know how it is that
+she can walk so softly!' he said. 'This must help her to walk in that
+way.'
+
+10. Here pussy gave a great yawn, and stretched out both her paws, claws
+and all. Harry saw the sharp nails like hooks, and watched them go back
+into their sheaths. Then she curled herself up on his lap.
+
+11. He took hold of one of her hind-feet, and found only four toes upon
+it. 'I wonder if this is a mistake,' he said, 'or if the other one is
+the same.' Yes, it was just the same: there were four toes, with a claw
+at the end of each.
+
+[Illustration: Cat's Paw.]
+
+
+
+
+THE CAT
+
+PART 2.
+
+
+    knives
+    bot´-tom
+    should
+    tear´-ing
+    poured
+    clean
+    sauc´-er
+    tongue
+    touch
+    rough
+    kit´-chen
+    cous´-ins
+    coun´-tries
+    peo´-ple
+    thought
+    be-lieve´
+
+1. 'What long sharp teeth she has got!' cried Harry, as pussy sat up
+and opened her mouth. 'They look like knives. There are two at the top,
+and two at the bottom!
+
+2. 'I should not like my finger to be in the way when you shut your
+mouth. Your teeth must be for tearing and cutting: I am sure you do not
+chew your food as I have to do.
+
+3. 'And what a way you have of drinking!
+
+'Here, pussy, would you like some milk?' said Harry, and getting up, he
+poured a little milk into a clean saucer.
+
+4. The cat ran to it, and Harry went down on the floor close by to watch
+her drinking it.
+
+5. He saw that pussy's tongue was not smooth like his own, but had tiny
+points all over it. It came into his mind that she had once licked his
+face, and her tongue had a 'scrapy' feeling.
+
+6. 'Do it again, pussy, dear,' he said, but she went on lapping up the
+milk.
+
+'May I touch your tongue, then, with one of my fingers?'
+
+7. But pussy did not like this. Then Harry took a drop or two of the
+milk into the palm of his hand. And when the cat had taken all she had
+in the saucer, she came and licked up the milk in his hand.
+
+8. She went on licking even when all was gone, and Harry was able in
+this way to feel how rough her tongue was.
+
+9. Just then his mother came into the kitchen, and Harry told her what
+he had been doing.
+
+She asked:
+
+'Have you looked at pussy's eyes?'
+
+10. 'They are funny eyes,' he said; 'they are green, but there is not
+much of them to be seen.'
+
+'Not just now,' said his mother, 'but she can open them wide when she
+likes. Then she can see even in the dark.'
+
+11. 'In the dark, mother? Well, she is not a bit like me!'
+
+'No, she is not like you. But she has plenty of cousins. Her cousins are
+the big lions and tigers, that live in hot countries, and eat sheep and
+horses, and even people when they can get them.'
+
+12. Harry thought a little, and then said: 'If I were as small as pussy
+is now, and if pussy were as big as I am now, I believe she would eat
+me!'
+
+
+
+
+THE DOG.
+
+
+    fol´-lowed
+    moth´-er
+    hun´-gry
+    lone´-ly
+    win´-dow
+    noise
+    la´-zy
+    be-cause´
+    watched
+    friend
+    bur´-ied
+    e-nough´
+    Ber´-nard
+    shep´-herd
+    wrong
+    talk´-ing
+
+1. A poor lost dog followed Harry and his little sister home from
+school, and tried to come into the house.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. They shut the door; but, when they opened it again, the dog was still
+there.
+
+3. He looked so sad that they begged their mother to give him some food.
+Then they said: 'We can't turn him out again to be hungry and lonely!
+Let us keep him till some one comes for him.' And very soon all three
+were happy at play in the garden.
+
+4. The cat sat up on a window-sill, and looked at them. She did not seem
+to like the fun. What a noise they all made!
+
+5. 'How much nicer he is to play with than pussy!' said Dora. 'He is not
+nearly so lazy as pussy.
+
+6. 'Look, he is wagging his tail with joy! Now, if pussy wags her tail,
+it means that she is cross. But I think I like her round face better
+than his sharp one.'
+
+7. 'I don't,' said Harry. 'See how bright he is, and how he looks as if
+he would like to do something for us!'
+
+8. 'That is because we have been kind to him. Hi, good dog!' and Dora
+threw her ball to the very end of the garden, and watched her new friend
+run after it.
+
+9. 'Do you think, Harry,' she asked, 'that he would save us if we were
+buried in the snow?'
+
+[Illustration: St Bernard Dog.]
+
+'No, he is not a dog of that kind, and is not big enough. The big St
+Bernard dogs save people when they are lost in the snow.
+
+10. 'But all dogs are good for something. Look at the shepherd's dog.'
+
+'What can he do?'
+
+11. 'Oh, he is a wise fellow! He knows just where his master means the
+sheep to go, and, if they go the wrong way, he turns them back, and
+never hurts one of them. Why, the shepherd does nothing but walk on,
+telling the dog now and again what to do.'
+
+[Illustration: The Sheep Dog.]
+
+12. Here a dog barked on the road outside, and the dog in the garden
+pricked up his ears and barked too.
+
+'They are talking to each other,' said Dora.
+
+
+
+
+BUTTERCUPS.
+
+
+    chil´-dren
+    flow´-ers
+    dai´-sy
+    chains
+    hun´-gry
+    bas´-ket
+    ought
+    but´-ter
+    piec´-es
+    hair´-y
+    yel´-low
+    threads
+    mid´-dle
+    break
+    leaves
+    seeds
+
+1. One day the children were out in the fields, running races, picking
+flowers, and making daisy-chains!
+
+2. When they began to feel tired and hungry, they got milk and cake out
+of mother's basket, and had a long rest on the dry, warm grass.
+
+3. 'How these buttercups shine!' said Dora; 'they look like gold!'
+
+'Gold-cups, they ought to be called, not butter-cups,' said Harry. 'They
+look like cups, don't they?'
+
+4. 'But they would not hold water like real cups. Look at this one; it
+is in five pieces.'
+
+5. 'Five? Oh yes! And look underneath. There is another sort of cup with
+five leaves in it.'
+
+'Only it is not bright and golden, but green and hairy.'
+
+6. 'Now, you found that out, and I found the five yellow leaves. It is
+my turn again. I can see yellow threads standing up in a ring all round
+the middle of the cup, and their tops are thick.'
+
+7. 'It is my turn now! In the very middle there is a green heap. It
+looks as if the yellow threads were taking care of it.'
+
+'Oh, the heap is all made up of little round things! Look, I can pull it
+to pieces.'
+
+[Illustration: Butter-cup.]
+
+8. 'So can I,' said Harry; 'here is one, here is another! They are not
+round after all, do you see? Each is round at the bottom, but has a
+little bent horn at the top.'
+
+9. 'They must be seeds. I will break one open. Oh no! Just look, there
+is a little ball inside. Have you found a ball in yours?'
+
+'Yes, there is a ball in every one. It must be a seed, or a little egg.'
+
+10. 'Birds have eggs,' said Dora, 'plants have seeds.'
+
+'Well, it is all the same thing,' said Harry.
+
+'I think the green thing with a horn is only a case to take care of the
+seed.'
+
+11. 'All these things seem to take care of each other. First, the green
+leaves at the back take care of the yellow cup.'
+
+'And the yellow cup takes care of the yellow threads.'
+
+'And the yellow threads take care of the green cases.'
+
+'And the green cases take care of the seeds.'
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+DAISIES AND BUTTERCUPS.
+
+[Illustration: Daisies.]
+
+
+    mead´-ows
+    stalk
+    cov´-ered
+    yel´-low
+    maid´-en
+    light´-ly
+    ten´-der
+    tread
+    win´-ter
+    cun´-ning
+    dai´-sy
+    straight
+    ground
+    chil´-dren
+    moss´-y
+    but´-ter
+
+
+                    I.
+
+    1.  I'm a pretty little thing,
+        Always coming with the spring;
+        In the meadows green I'm found,
+        Peeping just above the ground.
+        And my stalk is covered flat
+        With a white and yellow hat.
+
+    2.  Little maiden, when you pass
+        Lightly o'er the tender grass,
+        Step aside and do not tread
+        On my meek and lowly head;
+        For I always seem to say,
+        'Chilly winter's gone away.'
+
+
+                    II.
+
+    1.  I'm a cunning little thing,
+        Coming also with the spring.
+        Near the daisy I am found,
+        Standing straight above the ground;
+        And my head is covered flat
+        With a glossy, yellow hat.
+
+    2.  Little children, when you pass
+        Through the tall and waving grass,
+        Do not pluck, but gently tread
+        Near my low and mossy bed;
+        For I always seem to say,
+        'Milk and butter fresh to-day.'
+
+
+
+
+WHEAT.
+
+PART 1.
+
+
+    field
+    fa´-ther
+    wheat
+    plough
+    bas´-ket
+    watched
+    threw
+    har´-row
+    grains
+    east
+    morn´-ing
+    earth
+    joints
+    be-lieve´
+    for´-est
+    stalks
+
+1. There was a very little field at the bottom of the garden, and father
+made up his mind to grow wheat in it.
+
+2. A friend kindly lent him a horse and plough, and the soil was quickly
+turned over. A few days afterwards the seed was sown.
+
+3. The children helped to do this.
+
+They got up very early one morning and went out with their father. Harry
+had a bag full of wheat, and Dora had a little basket.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+4. They watched what their father did, then dipped their hands into the
+wheat, and threw it out over the earth.
+
+5. After that, the horse came again with a harrow, to cover the seed
+over with soil, and it was left to grow.
+
+6. It seemed strange to think that those little hard grains would grow
+up to be tall plants and have other grains upon them.
+
+7. 'I hope we shall have some nice soft rain,' said father, as they left
+the field.
+
+8. Many days went by, rain came again and again. There was sunshine,
+too; but sometimes the east winds blew.
+
+9. Dora and Harry went out every morning to look at the field. But they
+always came in saying that there was nothing but brown earth to be seen.
+
+10. At last, one morning they came in running and jumping. 'Our wheat is
+up! There are tiny green leaves all over the field!'
+
+11. After this there was always something fresh to see. The wheat-plants
+grew taller, and put out long leaves.
+
+12. Dora said one day that they looked like grass, and her mother told
+her that wheat was a large kind of grass.
+
+'Look at the shape of the leaves,' she said, 'and the joints in the
+stems.'
+
+13. The wheat soon grew so tall that it stood above the heads of the
+children. They used to go in among it, and make believe that they were
+lost in a great forest.
+
+14. One day, when they were lost like this, they saw that the tops of
+the stalks had opened. Inside there were green stems with green ears
+upon them.
+
+
+
+
+WHEAT.
+
+PART 2.
+
+
+    heard
+    talk´-ing
+    har´-vest
+    sup´-per
+    seemed
+    sur-prise´
+    rail´-way
+    heav´-y
+    truck
+    mean
+    flour
+    lis´-ten
+    han´-dle
+    min´-utes
+    treat
+    tea
+
+1. Every day the ears grew larger and harder, and then they began to
+look yellow.
+
+2. The children, too, heard their father and mother talking about their
+golden grain, and saying it was ripe.
+
+3. At last, one very hot day, they found that the time had come to cut
+the wheat. A kind friend came to help, and Harry and Dora and the new
+dog jumped about and ran in and out, and thought that they helped too.
+
+4. The children talked much about their harvest, and mother made them a
+harvest-supper. What a day it was!
+
+5. It seemed so odd to have a bin full of grain just like the grain they
+had sown in the spring.
+
+6. And now there was a great surprise for them. A railway-man came with
+a heavy box on a truck, and when the box was opened, what do you think
+there was inside?
+
+A mill--a fine new wheat-mill!
+
+7. 'We do not need now to go to the miller!' said mother, looking very
+glad. 'We are going to have a miller in our own house--no, two millers,
+I ought to say!'
+
+8. 'Two millers!' cried Harry.
+
+'Do you mean Harry and me?' asked Dora.
+
+'Yes, my dear children, I mean you. You are going to be my dusty
+millers!
+
+9. 'I will show you how much you are to grind, just a little every day.
+You must put it into this big red pan, and cover it up, and when I want
+to bake I shall always have plenty of flour ready.
+
+10. 'And listen! You shall have a penny each every week for doing the
+work.'
+
+At this Dora and Harry jumped for joy, clapped their hands, and ran to
+their mother to hug her.
+
+11. Then she put some of the wheat into the mill, took hold of the
+handle, and made the wheel go round. Harry next took his turn, and Dora
+hers, and in a few minutes they found in the box below a heap of nice
+soft flour.
+
+12. 'Now,' said mother, 'let us give father a treat when he comes home!
+We will make some nice cakes with this flour, and have them for tea!
+Grind a little more, dear millers, while I make up the fire.'
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+SLATE.
+
+PART 1.
+
+
+    rid´-dle
+    ex-act´-ly
+    guessed
+    won´-der
+    bought
+    Sat´-ur-day
+    sup-pose´
+    fin´-gers
+    met´-al
+    smooth
+    re-mem´-ber
+    piece
+
+1. 'What is the oldest thing in this room?' asked the mother one day.
+
+'Is this a riddle?'
+
+'No, not exactly.'
+
+2. Dora guessed one thing, and Harry another, and at last they gave up
+guessing. 'Unless,' said Harry, 'it is the fender, or the poker.'
+
+3. 'It is very likely that the thing you were drawing on just now is
+older than any of those.'
+
+4. 'That slate? Why, mother!' cried the children, opening their eyes
+wide with wonder, 'you bought it only last Saturday!'
+
+'So I did. But it was not made last Saturday.'
+
+5. 'No, I suppose the man cut it, and made the frame, and fixed it on
+before that.'
+
+'Perhaps on Friday,' said Dora.
+
+6. 'But the slate itself,' the mother went on, 'where did that come
+from? Did the man make it?'
+
+Harry and Dora looked well at it, turned it over, rubbed their fingers
+on it, and said they did not know.
+
+7. 'Well, would you say it is like wood, or like stone, or is it metal
+like the poker? Is it a kind of wood, do you think? Did it ever grow?'
+
+'I think it must be a sort of rock, or stone,' said Harry, 'only very
+smooth and thin.'
+
+8. 'The man who worked at it before it came to the shop made it smooth
+and cut it thin. It was not smooth and thin at first. But you are quite
+right; it is a sort of stone.'
+
+[Illustration: A Slate Quarry]
+
+9. 'It is as cold as a stone,' said Dora, putting it against her face.
+'Do you remember, Harry, how cold our hands were in winter when we did
+sums? Yes, and it is very hard. I am sure it is a piece of rock.'
+
+
+
+
+SLATE.
+
+PART 2.
+
+
+    should
+    laughed
+    high´-er
+    thought
+    laugh´-ing
+    pur´-pose
+    prop´-er-ly
+    please
+    set´-tled
+    hap´-pened
+    deal
+    dead
+    weighted
+    through
+    heaved
+    brok´-en
+
+1. 'I should like to see a rock all made of slate! Have you ever seen
+one, mother?'
+
+'Yes, many, dear. But there are none near.' Then she laughed a little.
+'But if you like to go just outside the door you will see rows and rows
+of slates.'
+
+2. Out they ran, looked all over the ground, then at the garden-wall,
+then back at their mother, who had come to the door.
+
+'Look at the house,' she said, 'look higher!'
+
+3. 'Oh, we never thought of the roof,' they cried, and ran in again
+laughing. 'But those slates are not so nice and smooth as our slates.'
+
+'Your slates are made smooth on purpose. Besides, they are made of
+better slate--older slate. The older the slate is the better it is.'
+
+4. 'How old?'
+
+'No one knows. It is a long story, and no one can tell it properly.
+Shall I tell you as much as I know?'
+
+'Yes, do, please, mother!' and the two settled themselves at her feet.
+
+5. 'Well,' she began, 'once upon a time there was a great stir at the
+bottom of the sea. The heat and gas under the ground broke through and
+pushed out everything that was in the way.
+
+6. 'Stones, ashes, and dust came flying up through the water, and then
+fell back into the water again. When all was quiet, they settled down at
+the bottom of the sea, and became mud.
+
+7. 'All this happened many times, till there was a great deal of mud.
+Then, little by little, the mud was covered up by other things.'
+
+8. 'What sort of things?'
+
+'Dead fish, perhaps, and shells, and sand and mud that had been brought
+by rivers into the sea. These things lay on the top of the mud and
+weighed it down.
+
+9. 'The heat under the bottom of the sea still kept up, and made the mud
+very hot, and baked it through. At last it gave a great push, and heaved
+the mud up above the water, so that it became dry land.
+
+10. 'In other ways it was made harder and harder, until it was turned
+into rock. And now we call it slate. Here is a bit of your old broken
+slate. See if you can turn it into mud again!'
+
+
+
+
+CHALK.
+
+PART 1.
+
+
+    a-cross´
+    morn´-ing
+    chalk´-ing
+    picked
+    piece
+    teach´-er
+    black´-board
+    spread´-ing
+    wheat
+    col´-ours
+    fetch
+    laughed
+    earth
+    brown
+    moist
+    through
+
+1. A few days after this, Dora and Harry were going across the fields.
+They saw a horse and cart standing, and a man taking white stones out of
+the cart and putting them over the ground.
+
+2. 'Why, it is Joe!' they cried, as they came nearer. 'Good-morning,
+Joe. What are you doing?'
+
+'Chalking this bit of land, you see. You know what chalk is, do you?'
+
+3. Harry and Dora picked up a piece or two.
+
+'Teacher writes on the blackboard with chalk,' they said.
+
+'Yes, you are right. It is used for many things,' and he went on
+spreading it over the field.
+
+4. 'But what is it wanted here for, Joe?'
+
+'No chalk, no wheat!' said Joe.
+
+'Father put no chalk on our field, and we had such a heap of wheat!'
+
+5. 'Yours is good land. This up here has never been used for farming. It
+had little old trees on it, you know, and they were cut down and their
+roots dug out of the ground; and now, look at it! It is poor soil.'
+
+6. 'How do you know it is poor?'
+
+'Look at the field below, what a nice brown it is! That will grow
+anything, but this is all colours--black, red, yellow, and green.
+
+7. 'I have been a long way to fetch this chalk: I started off with old
+Dobbin this morning before it was light, and got it out of the
+chalk-pit.'
+
+8. 'When we were fast asleep!' said Dora.
+
+'Then you don't buy chalk at a shop?' said Harry.
+
+Joe laughed.
+
+'No; it comes out of the ground.'
+
+'This is like the slate story,' said Dora.
+
+Harry nodded.
+
+9. 'But, Joe, I want to know how the chalk makes the ground good.'
+
+'I don't know how, but it does. If it lies here for a year or more, the
+earth will turn brown, and we can grow wheat in it. Besides, chalk holds
+water, and so it will keep the ground moist up here.'
+
+10. 'How?'
+
+'Well, when it rains, the water will not run away through the earth, but
+will stay in the lumps of chalk. Are you going? Good-bye, then.'
+
+
+
+
+CHALK.
+
+PART 2.
+
+[Illustration: 'Fizz and bubble, bubble and fizz.']
+
+
+    eve´-ning
+    brought
+    vin´-e-gar
+    bub´-ble
+    air
+    stirred
+    poured
+    grains
+    hun´-dreds
+    smiled
+    crowds
+    threads
+    catch
+    died
+    dropped
+    mixed
+
+1. The children had much to say that evening about Joe and the field.
+They had brought home a lump of chalk.
+
+2. 'I will show you something,' said father, and he got a cup of
+vinegar, crushed a little of the chalk, and dropped it into the cup.
+
+Fizz and bubble, bubble and fizz!
+
+3. What was going on?
+
+When the stir came to an end, the chalk was not there!
+
+'Part of it has gone off in gas,' their father said. 'The rest is lime,
+and it is mixed with the vinegar.'
+
+4. 'We did not see any gas,' said Harry.
+
+'You can't see gas. It is like air. All those bubbles were made by the
+gas. It went out of the cup into the air.
+
+'Now, get a cup of water. Come along! Where is your chalk?'
+
+5. Father rubbed some of it into the water, and stirred it up. The water
+now looked like milk.
+
+Father poured it into the sink, and showed Harry and Dora, at the bottom
+of the cup, a great many tiny grains.
+
+6. 'Those little round things,' he said, 'are shells.'
+
+'Shells!' said Dora, trying to see them better.
+
+'Were live things ever in them?' asked Harry, and put a finger into the
+cup to fish some out.
+
+7. 'Yes, long, long ago. That bit of chalk had hundreds and hundreds of
+shells in it. Now, mother, it is your turn! I have had mine. What do you
+know about chalk?'
+
+8. Mother smiled and began: 'There was once a very deep sea, full of
+live things, little and big. And on the top of the water were crowds of
+tiny things in shells, that put out long arms like threads to catch
+their food.
+
+9. 'When they died they all dropped to the bottom of the sea, and lay
+there. The shells were so very little that they made a sort of mud when
+they were mixed with the water.
+
+'And now the mud is dry, and we call it chalk!'
+
+
+
+
+THE MOUSE.
+
+
+    an´-i-mal
+    noise
+    mouse
+    cheese
+    har´-vest
+    stalk
+    should
+    four
+    tail
+    nib´-ble
+    young
+    beasts
+    squeak
+    hours
+    leaves
+    catch
+
+1. Harry came running in one day to say that he had seen a little animal
+in the field.
+
+2. 'It ran so fast, I could hardly see it. I looked a long time for it,
+and so did Dora, but we could not find it. Now, what do you think it
+could be, mother?'
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Then in came Dora, 'It had a long tail, and was very little, and made
+no noise at all.'
+
+4. 'It may have been a mouse,' said their mother; 'very likely it was.'
+
+'But mice live indoors, do they not, and eat cheese, and run about in
+the walls, and make holes?'
+
+5. 'How do you know all this?'
+
+'I have heard them at grandmother's,' said Harry. 'Do they ever live out
+of doors?'
+
+6. 'A good many do. There is a pretty little thing called a
+harvest-mouse. It makes a nest like a bird's, and hangs it up on a stalk
+of wheat.'
+
+[Illustration: The Harvest Mouse and Nest.]
+
+7. 'I wish there had been one in our wheat!' said Dora. 'I should like
+to see the little nest and the baby-mice peeping out. They must be very,
+very small.'
+
+8. 'Yes, the harvest-mouse is the very smallest four-footed animal we
+have. Then there is a field-mouse with a long tail, and a field-mouse
+with a short tail. Mr Short-tail likes to nibble at young trees.'
+
+'Ah, that is not our mouse! He had a long tail.'
+
+9. 'And then there is a wood-mouse.'
+
+'Has he a short tail or long tail?' asked Harry.
+
+'Long. I must tell you about a man who used to go out in the night in
+wild places to see what birds and beasts were doing when most of us
+were in bed.
+
+10. 'One of the things he found out was that field-mice could sing!'
+
+'Don't they squeak?'
+
+'Yes; and he often heard them go on for hours making a kind of singing.
+
+11. 'Sometimes they were close by him as he lay on the ground, and he
+would put out his hand to catch one. But when he opened it again it was
+full of grass or moss or leaves; and there was no mouse.'
+
+'Did he never catch one?'
+
+'Never.'
+
+
+
+
+THE FIELD-MOUSE.
+
+
+    tum´-bles
+    ber´-ry
+    brown
+    mer´-ry
+    scarce´-ly
+    weath´-er
+    nib´-bling
+    fruits
+    farm´-er
+    stacks
+    treas´-ure
+    pleas´-ure
+    reared´
+    un-der-neath´
+    shad´-ow
+    mead´-ow
+
+    1.  Where the acorn tumbles down,
+          Where the ash-tree sheds its berry,
+        With your fur so soft and brown,
+          With your eyes so soft and merry,
+        Scarcely moving the long grass,
+        Field-mouse, I can see you pass.
+
+    2.  Little thing, in what dark den,
+          Lie you all the winter sleeping,
+        Till warm weather comes again?
+          Then once more I see you peeping
+        Round about the tall tree roots,
+        Nibbling at their fallen fruits.
+
+    3.  Field-mouse, field-mouse, do not go,
+          Where the farmer stacks his treasure;
+        Find the nut that falls below,
+          Eat the acorn at your pleasure;
+        But you must not eat the grain,
+        He has reared with so much pain.
+
+    4.  Make your hole where mosses spring,
+          Underneath the tall oak's shadow,
+        Pretty, quiet, harmless thing,
+          Play about the sunny meadow;
+        Keep away from corn and house,
+        None will harm you, little mouse.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+THE RABBIT.
+
+[Illustration: 'Oh, look at that one going into a hole.']
+
+
+    moth´-er
+    rab´-bits
+    dare´-say
+    friends
+    Sat´-ur-day
+    an´-i-mals
+    morn´-ing
+    beat´-ing
+    knock
+    fight
+    meant
+    dan´-ger
+
+1. Harry and Dora were coming home with their mother from a long walk,
+when they saw some rabbits playing about on the grass.
+
+2. They wished to stay and watch them, and the three sat down on a log a
+little way off.
+
+'Oh, look at that one going into a hole!' said Dora. 'See his funny
+tail. Why is he going into a hole?'
+
+3. 'That is his house,' said their mother. 'I daresay he is sleepy and
+wants to go to bed.'
+
+'He goes early, then, like the birds?'
+
+'Yes, about sunset. He gets up a little before sunrise.
+
+4. 'There goes another! They will soon all be gone.'
+
+'Then we can look at their houses?'
+
+'Only at their front doors. If you were to sit quite still over there in
+the day-time, you would see the rabbits popping in and out.
+
+5. 'After a time they would find out that you were their friends, and
+then you would be able to watch their doings.'
+
+6. Then mother told them more about the man who often stayed out all
+night to see what animals did. 'One morning, before it was quite light,
+he heard a tap-tap near him, and saw a rabbit beating on the ground with
+his hind-feet close to another rabbit's hole.
+
+7. 'He saw him go to another hole and tap there, and then to another.
+Some holes he passed and did not knock at all.
+
+'At last he had just begun tap-tapping in front of a hole, when out
+rushed a big rabbit. They began to fight, and they both rolled down to
+the bottom of the hill.
+
+8. 'The man often saw rabbits tapping like this. Sometimes two or three
+would come out to speak to the one that tapped, and they seemed to have
+a friendly chat.
+
+9. 'There was another sound they could make with their hind-feet. If one
+of them made it, the others would run into their holes as fast as they
+could. It meant danger.'
+
+'What was it like?' asked Dora.
+
+'_Tap-pat._'
+
+
+
+
+IVY.
+
+
+    win´-ter
+    vase
+    changed
+    sprays
+    be-tween´
+    pur´-pose
+    um-brel´-la
+    mid´-dle
+    straight
+    veins
+    flow´-er
+    thick´-er
+    thread
+    ten´-der
+    mouth
+    use´-ful
+
+1. Some sprigs of ivy had been standing all the winter in a vase. The
+water had often been changed, and the leaves washed.
+
+2. When spring came each spray began to put out buds. The buds were not
+all at the ends of the sprays, but came out also close to the old
+leaves.
+
+3. At last there was a very small bud between every old leaf and the
+stem. When the first bud opened into a leaf, Dora and Harry clapped
+their hands, and called every one to look.
+
+4. 'How clean and sweet it is!' cried Dora. 'And do you see something
+like wool or hair on it?'
+
+'How curly it is!' said Harry. 'It is not quite open yet. Why, it is
+like a hand! All the leaves look rather like hands, don't they? See;
+one, two, three, four, five!'
+
+5. 'Look at this old leaf against the light,' said the mother; 'now you
+can see the five long fingers. But people call them ribs, not fingers!
+They are for the purpose of keeping the leaf spread out.'
+
+6. 'Like the ribs of an umbrella,' said Harry. 'They seem very strong;
+the middle one, which goes up straight from the stem, is the strongest
+of all.'
+
+[Illustration: Spray of Ivy.]
+
+7. Dora was holding up one spray after another to the light. 'What are
+all these pretty marks on the leaves, mother, lines crossing about all
+ways?'
+
+'Those are veins, dear. They carry the sap that feeds the leaves.'
+
+8. 'What is sap?'
+
+'The blood of plants and trees.'
+
+'Oh,' said Dora, 'then that is the wet that comes out when I pick a
+flower or cut a leaf!
+
+9. 'But look at this!' and she held up one of the sprays.
+
+At the end of it was a little bunch of white, curly roots. Each root was
+not much thicker than a thread.
+
+10. 'Don't touch them,' said the mother; 'roots are very tender things.'
+
+'What is the good of them?' asked Dora.
+
+'What is your mouth useful for?' asked her mother.
+
+11. 'Oh, do you mean that the ivy eats and drinks?'
+
+'Yes, that is what I mean. These roots take out of the water, or out of
+the earth, all sorts of things good for the food of the plant. They then
+send them up into the stem and on into the leaves.'
+
+12. 'Mother,' said Harry, 'let us go and plant all this ivy. I am sure
+it wants to try the taste of the earth!'
+
+
+
+
+A TREE.
+
+
+    rab´-bits
+    shoots
+    ta´-ble
+    spread
+    rough
+    heard
+    birch
+    beech
+    branch´-es
+    caught
+    oak
+    found
+
+1. 'Let us go over to that log where we sat when we saw the rabbits,'
+said Dora to Harry.
+
+2. 'All right! We can play at ship, and the grass shall be the sea.'
+
+'Or we can have see-saw, if we can find some wood to lay across the
+log.'
+
+3. They were soon at the log, and on it they sat down, and looked about
+them.
+
+The log was the trunk of an old oak, and a little way off stood the
+stump, with many new shoots and leaves coming out all round it.
+
+4. Dora went and stood on it, and called out that she was on a hill. She
+jumped off and on a few times, and then said it would make a good table,
+and they might have tea on it.
+
+5. Harry found that the stump had roots that spread out all round for a
+long way.
+
+'How thick and hard they are!' he said; 'come and feel this one!'
+
+[Illustration: It is all marked in rings.]
+
+'It is not like the roots we saw on the ivy,' she said. 'Now look at the
+top of the stump. It is all marked in rings.'
+
+6. 'In the very middle there is a little light spot, and then come dark
+rings, and then more rings outside. Father once told me these rings
+showed how old the trees were. And do you see lines coming away from the
+middle?'
+
+7. 'They look like the rays of the sun, which I draw on my slate,' said
+Dora. 'What a rough coat this tree had! Come and feel the outside of the
+log.'
+
+'That is the bark! I have heard father talk about bark.'
+
+8. 'Well, I shall call it the coat. It is the tree's overcoat to keep
+him warm and dry. But trees do not all seem to have rough coats. Look at
+that one!' and she ran over to a little birch, and pulled off some of
+its thin bark.
+
+9. 'I have found a fine tree!' cried Harry; and Dora came running to
+look at it.
+
+[Illustration: Leaves of the Beech and the Oak.]
+
+10. It was a beech, with a great round smooth trunk and long strong
+branches. Harry jumped up and caught at a leaf or two, and then went to
+pick an oak-leaf. He laid them side by side on his hand and looked at
+them, and found they were not at all alike.
+
+
+
+
+BRICKS.
+
+
+    stopped
+    emp´-ty
+    mor´-tar
+    sound
+    trow´-el
+    struck
+    picked
+    size
+    teach´-er
+    re´-al-ly
+    clay
+    win´-ter
+    breaks
+    moulds
+    nice´-ly
+    ov´-en
+
+1. Two men were making a wall by the road-side, and Harry and Dora
+stopped to look at them.
+
+2. Another man was going away with a horse and cart. The cart was empty,
+but it had been full of red bricks. The men were putting these bricks on
+the wall and making them fast with mortar.
+
+3. Dora liked the sound which the trowel made when it struck against the
+wall. Harry picked up one of the bricks and looked at it, and then Dora
+must look at one too.
+
+4. They found that the bricks were light and easy to lift. They also
+saw that they were all of the same size and shape, as if they had been
+made, and not dug out of the ground.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+5. They did not like to ask the men about them, and so they put the
+bricks down, and set off on their way home.
+
+6. As they went they met their teacher, who stopped and spoke to them,
+so Harry asked her to tell them what bricks really were.
+
+7. 'I wish there were a brick-field near,' she said, 'and then we would
+go and see it! But I can tell you a little about it.
+
+8. 'Bricks are made of clay, and clay is dug out of the ground. Men dig
+it before winter comes, and let it lie out all the winter, and the frost
+breaks it up nicely for them.
+
+9. 'The next thing is to mix it well into a paste, and then it is put
+into moulds.'
+
+'What are moulds?' Harry asked.
+
+'Well, these moulds are like boxes with no bottom or top.'
+
+'Only sides, then?' said Dora.
+
+10. 'Yes, they have two long sides, and two short ones, and they hold
+the soft, wet clay.
+
+'You may call them clay-puddings before they are put into the hot oven.
+When they are taken out, what do you think they are? They are bricks!'
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+A DONKEY.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+    bot´-tom
+    lane
+    don´-key
+    load
+    fruit
+    this´-tles
+    hedge
+    rough
+    ap-ple
+    car´-rot
+    touch
+    mor´-row
+    feast
+    win´-dow
+    shag´-gy
+    tuft
+
+1. At the bottom of the lane lived a donkey. Harry and Dora knew him
+well. They often met him going to town with a load of fruit, and they
+saw him in the lane every day cropping the grass and thistles by the
+hedge-side.
+
+2. He knew them, too, for they would stop to pat his rough sides, or
+give him an apple or a carrot.
+
+3. They wondered how he could eat such prickly things as thistles. A
+horse would never touch them.
+
+4. One day his master took him into the garden while he was working. He
+let Neddy go up and down the paths and crop the grass, which had grown
+long on the little grass-plot.
+
+5. The donkey did not once try to get at the pears and apples; he did
+not even look at them.
+
+6. His master was pleased, and said to his wife: 'It is quite safe to
+leave the gate open, and let Neddy come into the garden when he likes. I
+shall be away to-morrow, but you need not look after him. He will be all
+right.'
+
+7. Next day, Neddy walked into the garden, found that no one was there,
+and began to eat the fruit. He had a good feast before his mistress saw
+him from the window.
+
+8. Then he was driven out, and the gate was shut. After that he always
+had to find his dinner in the lane.
+
+9. The children saw him one day feeding with a white horse that had
+come down from the farm, and they stopped to talk to them.
+
+10. Then Dora said to Harry:
+
+'They are like each other, and yet not like! Neddy has a shaggy coat.'
+
+'And his mane is short, and stands up.'
+
+'His ears are very long.'
+
+'His tail is not like Snowflake's tail; and, see, it has a little tuft
+at the end of it!'
+
+'And Snowflake is much taller.'
+
+
+
+
+SHEEP.
+
+
+    chalk
+    wheth´-er
+    earth
+    hedge
+    tear´-ing
+    swal´-low
+    chew´-ing
+    though
+    re-mem´-ber
+    for-got´-ten
+    brought
+    mouth
+
+1. The next time that Dora and Harry were out, they ran up to the place
+where they had met Joe. They wished to see how the chalk was getting on,
+and whether the earth was brown yet.
+
+2. After that they went over a stile into a field where many sheep were
+feeding. The sheep began to move away when they saw the boy and girl
+coming.
+
+3. Then said Harry: 'Let us try mother's plan of keeping quite still and
+letting them see that we don't want to hurt them.'
+
+4. So they sat down under a hedge and looked at the sheep for a long
+time, and soon one and another began to come near, eating away at the
+grass.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+5. 'I like that sound of tearing off the grass, don't you?' said Dora.
+
+'Do you see they swallow it all at once?' said Harry. 'What would
+mother say to us if we ate without chewing?'
+
+6. 'There is some chewing going on, though. Look over there!' and she
+showed him some sheep that were lying down in the grass.
+
+7. 'Oh, now I know! Don't you remember, Dora, father told us once what
+the cow does. It was that day we had tea at the farm.'
+
+8. 'No, I don't remember. We saw the cows milked, and I had some new
+milk in a glass. I don't think father told me!'
+
+9. 'Yes, he did. You must have forgotten. He said that the cow sent her
+food down into a big bag inside, and then it went into a smaller bag,
+where it was rolled up into little balls. And when the cow lay down to
+rest, she brought them up into her mouth and chewed them well.'
+
+10. 'I should think the sheep must be doing the same thing. Look at this
+fat one close by! She is just sitting down. Now watch!'
+
+'Yes, I can see her chewing! How funny it is! They all look as if they
+liked it, don't they?'
+
+
+
+
+THE SHEEP.
+
+
+    la´-zy
+    pleas´-ant
+    dai´-sies
+    clothes
+    chil´-ly
+    dew´-y
+    scant´-y
+    com´-mon
+    brown
+    mer´-ry
+    wool´-ly
+    coat
+
+    1.  'Lazy sheep, pray tell me why
+        In the pleasant fields you lie,
+        Eating grass and daisies white,
+        From the morning till the night?
+        Everything can something do;
+        Oh what kind of use are you?'
+
+    2.  'Nay, my little fellow, nay,
+        Do not serve me so, I pray:
+        Don't you see the wool that grows
+        On my back to make you clothes?
+        Cold and very cold you'd be,
+        If you had not wool from me.
+
+    3.  'True, it seems a pleasant thing,
+        To nip the daisies in the spring;
+        But many chilly nights I pass,
+        On the cold and dewy grass,
+        Or pick a scanty dinner where
+        All the common's brown and bare.
+
+    4.  'Then the farmer comes at last,
+        When the merry spring is past,
+        And cuts my woolly coat away,
+        To warm you in the winter's day.
+        Little Master, this is why
+        In the pleasant fields I lie.'
+
+
+
+
+TURNIPS.
+
+
+    white
+    ly´-ing
+    tur´-nip
+    picked
+    win´-ter
+    din´-ner
+    read´-y
+    but´-ter
+    sor´-ry
+    heard
+    peo´-ple
+    bread
+    pressed
+    meal
+    mean
+    jok´-ing
+
+1. 'What are those sheep eating over there, at the far end of the field?
+There is something white all over the grass. What can it be?'
+
+'Chalk?' Dora asked.
+
+'No, they never would be so silly! Let us go and see.'
+
+2. Up they got, and away they went. They found that the white things
+lying about on the grass were bits of turnip.
+
+Harry picked one up and looked at it. It was only a round rind: all the
+inside had been eaten out.
+
+3. He took it home with him to show to his mother, and she said:
+
+'I saw some bits like this that were shooting out green leaves when
+spring came. They had been lying out on the ground in the winter, yet
+there was so much life in them that they could grow again. But, come,
+wash your hands: dinner is ready, and I have something to tell you. We
+are going to have turnips for dinner!'
+
+[Illustration: He took it home with him to show to his mother.]
+
+4. When Harry had his helping of turnips he said:
+
+'Now I am a sheep!'
+
+'No,' said Dora, 'the sheep don't boil their turnips, or mash them with
+nice butter.'
+
+5. 'But raw turnip is very nice,' said her father. 'I have often eaten
+one out in the fields. I am not at all sorry for the sheep.'
+
+6. 'I have heard,' said mother, 'that, when corn was very dear, people
+had to use turnips in making bread. They say the bread looked good, and
+kept well. The water was first pressed out of the turnips, and then they
+were mixed with wheat-meal.'
+
+7. 'I wish you would make some, mother,' said Dora, 'just for fun, to
+see what it is like.'
+
+'I will--some day.'
+
+8. 'What did you mean, mother,' Harry asked, 'about water in turnips?'
+
+'There is a great deal of water in turnips,' said mother.
+
+9. 'Turnips are nearly all water,' said father.
+
+'Now, father, you must be joking,' cried Harry.
+
+'No, I am not. Am I, mother?'
+
+Mother smiled, and said 'No.'
+
+
+
+
+GREEN PEAS.
+
+PART 1.
+
+
+    peas
+    flow´-ers
+    ten´-drils
+    un-rolled´
+    watched
+    thought
+    pur´-pose
+    but´-ter-flies
+    half
+    count´-ed
+    true
+    flow´-er
+    with´-er
+    stayed
+    shin´-y
+    touched
+
+1. Dora was alone in the garden. She had played about till she was
+tired, when she found herself close to the bed of peas. She had seen her
+father sow the peas, and now there were tall plants with leaves and
+flowers and green tendrils.
+
+2. Dora unrolled one or two of these tendrils, and then watched them
+roll up again. She thought:
+
+'How funny it is of the plant to put these out on purpose to take hold
+of the sticks! And how pretty the flowers are! They look like little
+white butterflies. I will pull one open.'
+
+3. She picked a flower, and sat down with it on the grass. Inside of it
+she found something long and green. This she opened, and saw a row of
+tiny green balls.
+
+[Illustration: Pea-flower.]
+
+4. Not one of them was half as big as a pin's head. They were all in a
+row, and Dora counted seven of them.
+
+She picked out each one and laid them on her hand to look at.
+
+5. Then it came into her mind that these little mites of things must be
+baby-peas. And she felt sorry to think what she had done, for she could
+not put them back into their nest, and now they would never grow up to
+be big.
+
+6. She told Harry about it next day, and he said, yes, it was very true.
+But he must pull open just one flower himself and see the peas inside;
+and so he did. There were six peas in his flower.
+
+7. Every day after this, Dora and Harry came to look at the plants.
+
+For a long time the flowers were very pretty. Then they began to wither.
+One by one they dropped off; but the inside part of each stayed on,
+looking green and shiny.
+
+8. The children called these shiny green things bags, till they heard
+some one say that they were pods.
+
+Sometimes they touched them. They soon began to feel the peas inside.
+The pods grew larger and fatter every day.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+GREEN PEAS.
+
+PART 2.
+
+
+    bas´-ket
+    shell´-ing
+    bas´-in
+    taught
+    won´-der-ful
+    break´-ing
+    fair´-y
+    hap´-pens
+    weath´-er
+    earth
+    moist
+    pea
+    su´-gar
+    starch
+    earth
+    sun´-light
+
+[Illustration: Pea-pods.]
+
+1. At last, one sunny morning, mother came out with a basket and began
+to pick the pods. Harry and Dora wished to help her, and all three were
+soon at work.
+
+2. Next, the shelling began. Mother had a basin in her lap, and the two
+children sat close to her and shelled their peas into it.
+
+3. They told her how they had shelled the baby-peas. She taught them how
+each plant was a living thing, and had a tiny plant inside of it, all
+ready to come out at the right time. This was very wonderful.
+
+4. 'Did that big plant come out of one little pea?' cried Dora.
+
+'I can't see a little plant inside,' said
+
+Harry, breaking one of the peas open.
+
+5. 'Yet it is there, a fairy-plant, with a root, a stem, and two leaves.
+These leaves take up nearly all the room in the green ball. How would
+you like to have two or three of these peas to plant? There! I can spare
+you three each from to-day's dinner.'
+
+6. The children were glad to have them. 'I wish we could see them grow,'
+said Dora. 'What happens, mother, when they are in the earth?'
+
+7. 'Do you mean, How do they begin to grow? Well, the weather must be
+rather warm, and the earth moist, and the pea swells itself out till it
+bursts open its thin coat. The little root goes down to fasten it firmly
+in the ground, and to look for food. Then the little stem and the two
+leaves come up to get air and sunshine. That is how it begins.'
+
+8. 'What food is there in the ground? What food do the roots find?'
+
+'Lime and iron'----
+
+'Iron!' cried Harry.
+
+9. 'Yes, there is iron in green peas! There are sugar, too, and starch,
+and fat, and water, and other things. Some come out of the earth, some
+come out of the air and the sunlight, and some the plant makes for
+itself. Oh, it is a very clever plant! But all plants are clever, I
+think.'
+
+
+
+
+IRON AND METAL.
+
+
+    pock´-ets
+    mar´-bles
+    wrapped
+    size
+    heav´-y
+    weight
+    light´-er
+    though
+    cop´-per
+    thought
+    zinc
+    met´-als
+    sup-pose´
+    wheat
+    i´-ron
+    ket´-tle
+
+1. 'What have you in your pockets, father?' asked Harry, pulling at
+them. 'Nuts? stones? marbles?'
+
+'Put your hand in, and find out. Here, Dora, you can try the other
+pocket.'
+
+2. In went two hands, and out came little hard lumps, each wrapped in
+paper. The children laid them on the table in a row, and wanted to know
+what they were.
+
+[Illustration: 'What have you in your pockets, father?']
+
+3. They were not nuts, nor marbles, and not quite like stones. They were
+all about the same size, but one was very heavy. Harry and Dora held it
+in their hands to feel how heavy it was.
+
+4. 'That is a bit of lead,' said their father. 'Which do you think is
+the next in weight?'
+
+'This red one. It is a good deal lighter, though!'
+
+'That is called copper. Now, what comes next?'
+
+5. They were not sure, but thought that iron came next, and then tin,
+and then zinc. Their father told them these names as they went on. He
+told them also that all these things were metals, and had been dug out
+of the earth.
+
+6. 'Suppose we make a box to keep them in?'
+
+'Oh yes!' cried both.
+
+'And if we find any more things like these, we will put them in.
+
+7. 'Would you put in a buttercup?'
+
+'No, no!'
+
+'Or a grain of wheat?'
+
+'No, it is not at all like these.'
+
+'Or a bit of slate?'
+
+'I think so,' said Harry.
+
+Dora was not quite sure.
+
+8. 'Yes, we will put the slate into the box. It is not a metal, but it
+came out of the ground. Now, what do you say to this?' And he pulled out
+a lump that looked like earth and stone.
+
+9. What could this be? It was iron, just as it had come out of the
+ground, with clay and earth about it.
+
+10. 'Once upon a time,' said father, 'the kettle, and the poker, and the
+fender, all looked like this!'
+
+
+
+
+THE FAIRY RING.
+
+
+    danc´-ing
+    fair´-y
+    queen
+    sea´-sons
+    year
+    cir´-cle
+    sphere
+    sum´-mer
+    glide
+    au´-tumn
+    tress´-es
+    cheeks
+
+    1.  Let us dance and let us sing,
+        Dancing in a merry ring;
+        We'll be fairies on the green,
+        Sporting round the fairy queen.
+
+    2.  Like the seasons of the year
+        Round we circle in a sphere;
+        I'll be Summer, you'll be Spring,
+        Dancing in a fairy ring.
+
+    3.  Spring and Summer glide away,
+        Autumn comes with tresses gay;
+        Winter, hand-in-hand with Spring,
+        Dancing in a fairy ring.
+
+    4.  Faster, faster round we go,
+        While our cheeks with roses glow,
+        Free as birds upon the wing,
+        Dancing in a fairy ring.
+
+
+
+
+NEEDLES.
+
+PART 1.
+
+
+    treat
+    hol´-i-days
+    aunt
+    nee´-dles
+    coils
+    steel
+    wire
+    wrapped
+    stretched
+    straight
+    ma-chine´
+    un´-cle
+    mid´-dle
+    chop´-ping
+    dropped
+    e-nough´
+
+1. Harry and Dora once had a great treat.
+
+They went in the holidays to stay with an uncle and aunt who lived at a
+town where needles were made. We may call it Needle-town.
+
+2. While they were there, they were taken to the mills to see the
+needles made.
+
+3. The first room into which they went was very warm. It was called the
+wire-room. A workman who was there told them that it was filled with hot
+air night and day, so that no damp should come in and spoil the steel.
+
+4. All round the room coils of steel-wire were hanging. They were
+wrapped up in paper, but the man took some of them down and let them
+look in. They saw that one coil was of very thick wire, while another
+was of wire as fine as a hair.
+
+5. 'One of these coils would be more than a mile long if it were
+stretched out straight,' the man told Harry. 'Would you like to take
+hold of this one?'
+
+But Harry found it too heavy, and it was hung up again on the wall.
+
+6. Then they went into another room, where a machine was cutting a coil
+of wire into bits.
+
+'They are much too long for needles,' said Dora, softly, to her uncle;
+but one of the workmen heard her, and said:
+
+7. 'So they are! Each bit is going to be two needles. The two ends are
+to be the points, and the heads lie in the middle of the wire.'
+
+8. But no heads were to be seen yet. And the wire was not even straight,
+for it had long been rolled up in a coil. As the machine went on
+chopping, and the wire-strips dropped, a man picked them up and put them
+on a shelf in a sort of oven.
+
+9. There they were kept till they were red-hot, and then they were soft
+enough to be made straight.
+
+
+
+
+NEEDLES.
+
+PART 2.
+
+[Illustration: 'Now you see the points of the needles.']
+
+
+    points
+    heads
+    eyes
+    un´-cle
+    block
+    heav´-y
+    ham´-mer
+    al-lowed´
+    laugh´-ing
+    watched
+    piece
+    sharp
+
+1. The next thing that the children saw was a grindstone turning round
+very, very fast.
+
+2. A man put the bits of wire into a thing which was fixed just over the
+grindstone, and both ends were quickly rubbed sharp.
+
+3. 'Now you see the points of the needles,' said the man, as the wire
+came out again.
+
+'But there are no heads yet!' said Harry.
+
+'And no eyes!' said Dora.
+
+'Well, come along to the stamping-room,' said their uncle.
+
+4. In this room they found a block of stone that had iron on the top of
+it. Over it hung a heavy hammer. A man who stood there took one of the
+wires, put it on the block, and made the hammer come down upon it.
+
+5. The moment the hammer went up again the wire fell into a pan, and the
+children were allowed to look at it.
+
+6. Still there were no eyes or heads! All that could be seen were two
+little dents, one on each side of the middle of the wire.
+
+7. 'But, look again!' said uncle. 'Don't you see a tiny dot in each
+dent? That is where the eye is going to be.'
+
+8. In the next room they found a great number of boys at work.
+
+'Oh, uncle,' said Harry, 'do you think I could come here and help to
+make needles?'
+
+'You would soon be tired of it,' said his uncle, laughing.
+
+9. They went up to one of the boys, and watched him for some time. He
+took some wires that had come from the stamping-room, and laid them on a
+piece of iron, but held the two ends in his hands.
+
+10. Then a heavy thing with two hard, sharp, steel points under it came
+down on the middle part of the wires, and made two holes just where the
+dots had been.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+'Now we see the eyes, at last!' cried Dora.
+
+
+
+
+NEEDLES.
+
+PART 3.
+
+
+    thread´-ing
+    to-geth´-er
+    tooth´-comb
+    smooth
+    rough
+    edg´-es
+    nee´-dle
+    thought
+    ov´-en
+    sec´-ond
+    steam´-ing
+    e-nough´
+    break´-ing
+    bench
+    ham´-mer
+    straight
+
+1. They went on into another room. Here there were boys again! And what
+were the boys doing? They were threading the wires together.
+
+2. When they were all strung together, they looked like a long
+tooth-comb. The heads were in the middle, and the points lay on either
+side.
+
+3. The boys took them to some of the workmen, and these men made the
+middle part quite smooth. Rough edges had been left along the tiny
+dents, and had to be rubbed down.
+
+4. When this was done, a man made a line along the middle of the 'comb,'
+and then gently bent it backwards and forwards till it broke right in
+the middle.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+5. Harry and Dora were glad to see this. Each bit of wire looked like a
+needle now. It had a head of its own, and an eye, and a point.
+
+6. The next thing was to make the needles hard. Dora and Harry thought
+they looked quite hard already, but they did not know.
+
+7. How were they hardened? They were first laid on iron plates and put
+into a kind of oven.
+
+'This is the second baking they have had,' said Harry.
+
+They were kept in till they were white-hot.
+
+8. When the needles came out, they were put into cold water! What a
+hissing and steaming they made! But they had to lie there till they were
+quite cool.
+
+9. Then they were taken out and dried. The man said they were hard
+enough now, but something else must be done to them to make them able to
+bend well without breaking.
+
+10. They were put on an iron plate over a fire, and gently moved about.
+Some of them curled up, and had to be taken off.
+
+11. They were given to a woman, who was sitting on a bench with a little
+hammer in her hand and a small steel block in front of her. She laid a
+curly needle on the block, and hammered it till it was straight, and
+then another, and another.
+
+
+
+
+NEEDLES.
+
+PART 4.
+
+
+    clean´-ing
+    piece
+    can´-vas
+    soap
+    oil
+    em´-er-y
+    pow´-der
+    bun´-dle
+    man´-gle
+    a-fraid´
+    brok´-en
+    sec´-ond
+    Fri´-day
+    points
+    hun´-gry
+    laugh´-ing
+
+1. The cleaning of the needles came next.
+
+2. A great many were laid side by side on a piece of canvas, and covered
+with paste.
+
+'What is the paste made of?' Harry wanted to know.
+
+'Soft soap, my lad,' said the workman, 'and oil, and emery-powder.'
+
+3. He rolled them all up in the canvas, tied string round the bundle,
+and put it between the rollers of a thing that looked like a mangle.
+
+4. Dora and Harry opened their eyes wide. 'Think of needles being
+mangled! This will be something to tell mother!'
+
+5. When the bundle was unrolled, they were afraid that the needles would
+be broken. But they were all right, and they were taken out and washed
+in warm soap-suds.
+
+6. 'Now they must be clean!' said Dora.
+
+'Not yet,' said the man; 'they have to be rolled up again with more
+paste, and put between those rollers again, and again, and again. It
+takes eight days to clean the best needles.
+
+7. 'And it takes six days to clean the second-best,' said the man.
+
+'Then even the second-best won't be done till Friday!' said Harry.
+
+8. 'But we can go and see some needles that have been cleaned,' said his
+uncle. 'Let us go up-stairs again.'
+
+9. And they went up into a room where many girls were sitting at a long
+table with heaps of bright needles before them. They were putting them
+in order, side by side, heads all one way, points another.
+
+Dora was sure that she could not pick them out so quickly.
+
+10. They were going on into another room to see the eyes of the needles
+made smooth, when Dora said, 'Oh, uncle, I am so tired!'
+
+'So am I,' said Harry, 'and hungry, too.'
+
+11. 'Come along, then,' said uncle, laughing. 'We all want our dinners,
+I think.' He took Dora's hand in his, and away they went.
+
+
+
+
+THE KNIFE.
+
+
+    ro´-ley
+    po´-ley
+    thought
+    morn´-ing
+    knife
+    least
+    blade
+    han´-dle
+    aunt´-ie
+    edg´-es
+    rath´-er
+    clock
+
+1. There was not much talking at dinner, till after the second helping
+of roley-poley.
+
+2. Then Dora and Harry felt happy again, and began to tell their aunt
+all about the needle-making. She had seen it once, but it was a long
+time ago, and she thought she should like to see it again.
+
+3. 'But if I had gone this morning,' she said, 'you would not have had
+your pudding.'
+
+'That would have been sad,' said Dora.
+
+4. 'What a lot of steel we have seen,' said Harry. 'I never knew there
+was so much in the world.'
+
+5. 'You can see some on this table now.'
+
+'Where?'
+
+'What have I cut the pudding with?'
+
+[Illustration]
+
+'Oh, the knife! Yes, I see; that must be steel; at least, that part of
+it. What do you call that part?'
+
+'The blade.'
+
+6. 'And what about the handle?'
+
+'I don't know. It is yellow, and smooth, and hard.'
+
+'It is bone,' said his uncle, 'part of an ox-bone. But some handles are
+made of wood.'
+
+7. 'May I look at that knife near you, auntie? I mean the clean one.
+Thank you!'
+
+8. Then Dora wanted one to look at too; and they felt the edges softly
+and found them very sharp. They looked at the blunt backs of the blades,
+and then tried to read the maker's name.
+
+9. 'There is no room to put the maker's name on a needle,' said Harry.
+'But how do they get it on here?'
+
+'It is stamped on when the blade is red-hot and rather soft.'
+
+10. They could not make out how the handle was put on, so their aunt
+went to the knife-box and got out an old knife that had lost its handle.
+They saw that the blade had a long thin piece of iron at the end of it.
+
+11. 'A long hole is made inside the handle, and this iron thing is put
+into it, and made fast.'
+
+So their uncle said, and then looked at the clock and saw that it was
+time for him to go.
+
+
+
+
+THE HEN.
+
+[Illustration: Setting out for the Farm.]
+
+
+    bas´-ket
+    fetch
+    friends
+    fowls
+    watch
+    thought
+    charge
+    pair
+    ban´-tams
+    know
+    proud
+    peck´-ing
+    greed´-y
+    gray
+    swal´-lowed
+    laughed
+
+1. The day after Dora and Harry came home, their mother gave them a
+basket and sent them up to the farm to fetch eggs.
+
+2. Rover went with them, and all three were glad to go, for they had
+many friends at the farm.
+
+3. There was the great dog, Watch, and there were the cart-horses and
+the pony, the ducks and the fowls. And there were five girls and
+boys--Mary, Tom, Johnny, Annie, and Kate.
+
+4. When these five, and Watch, saw Harry, Dora, and Rover coming, they
+ran down the lane to meet them. They were soon all in the farm-yard,
+talking as fast as they could talk.
+
+5. Two had to tell about their visit to Needle-town, and five about the
+doings at the farm, so it was some time before the eggs were thought of.
+
+6. Mary had charge of the eggs, and went every morning to look for new
+ones.
+
+'Since you went away,' she said, 'I have had a pair of bantams given me,
+for my very own. Here they are!'
+
+'What little things! and how very pretty!' cried Dora. 'Do they know
+you, Mary?'
+
+7. 'Yes; I feed them every day. Here comes the big black hen. She has
+been laying an egg. See how proud she is! She calls out in that way to
+let the rest know what she has done.'
+
+8. 'Now she is pecking about for food,' said Harry.
+
+Tom said that fowls were always eating.
+
+'They are greedy things,' said Kate.
+
+9. 'Oh, look at this gray hen!' said Harry, 'she picked up a bit of
+stone just now and ate it! Does she know no better?'
+
+10. 'It is not for food,' Mary told him; 'she takes it to grind up the
+hard seeds she has swallowed. They all go into a strong little bag, and
+the stones rub and press on the seeds.'
+
+11. 'I never heard of such a thing! She keeps a mill inside to grind her
+food!'
+
+12. The others laughed, and then Mary went in to get some eggs. After
+the basket was filled, the two children said good-bye to their friends,
+and went home.
+
+
+
+
+THE SPARROW.
+
+
+    shoots
+    spar´-rows
+    steal
+    fruit
+    thou´-sand
+    ba´-bies
+    build
+    spoil
+    beaks
+    ap´-ple
+    blos´-som
+    fruit
+    clean
+    thirst´-y
+    wheat
+    throw
+
+1. 'Mother,' cried Harry, running in one day, 'Jack Denny says he shoots
+sparrows!'
+
+'I am very sorry to hear it. Why does he shoot them?'
+
+'"They steal fruit and corn," he says. He wanted me to throw stones at
+them!'
+
+2. 'Well, you can tell him about some silly men who killed the sparrows
+and other birds, and the next year their fruit and corn were eaten up by
+grubs. Even the leaves on the trees were eaten.'
+
+3. 'Is this true?'
+
+'Quite true. They had to send for little birds from other places to live
+in their fields and gardens. Do you know that a sparrow kills four
+thousand grubs in one day when her babies are in the nest?
+
+4. 'One wise man who grows fruit says that his best friends are the
+sparrows, and he makes holes in the garden-walls for them to build in.
+Their sharp eyes see the tiny things that would spoil the fruit, and
+their sharp beaks nip them up at once.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+5. 'He loves to see sparrows in an apple-tree in blossom-time; he knows
+they are saving the apples for him.'
+
+'But Jack says he has seen them pecking at fruit.'
+
+6. 'Yes, they like fruit, just as you and I do. But there would be no
+fruit at all, if the birds did not eat the grubs.
+
+7. 'The man I was telling you about puts nets over his trees when the
+fruit begins to ripen. And I heard only the other day that it is a good
+plan to put pans of clean fresh water close to the trees and bushes.
+Then the birds will not go so often to the fruit. They are thirsty and
+hot, poor things!
+
+8. 'And there would be no corn, if the birds did not kill the
+wheat-fly's grubs.'
+
+9. When Harry heard all this, he made up his mind not to throw stones at
+the sparrows, as Jack wanted him to do.
+
+
+
+
+A DAY IN THE COUNTRY.
+
+
+    but´-ter-flies
+    mer´-ry
+    gath´-ered
+    broth´-er
+    flow´-ers
+    o-bliged´
+    roamed
+    scoured
+    pleas´-ant
+    cheese
+    hedge
+    ease
+    brook´-let
+    crys´-tal
+    thrush
+    mus´-ic
+
+    1.  Where the bees and butterflies
+          Skim the grassy down,
+        Four merry little children
+          Gathered from the town;
+
+    2.  Ragged little Johnnie,
+          And his brother Ben,
+        With wild-flowers are laden,
+          These merry little men.
+        Kate and Mat have posies
+          Of colours bright and gay,
+        For Tim, their tiny brother,
+          At home obliged to stay.
+
+    3.  They have roamed the meadow,
+          They have scoured the wood,
+        Seeking nuts and blackberries,
+          For their pleasant food.
+        With their nuts and blackberries
+          And bits of bread and cheese,
+        On a mossy hedge-bank,
+          Now they take their ease.
+
+    4.  Drinking from the brooklet
+          'Neath the hawthorn tree,
+        Clear it runs as crystal,
+          Fresh and bright and free.
+        And the thrush sings loudly
+          On the hawthorn spray,
+        And the brooklet ever
+          Makes music on its way.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+SOME HERBS.
+
+
+    stream
+    through
+    grav´-el
+    mar´-ket
+    tea
+    lett´-uce
+    tongue
+    mus´-tard
+    pow´-der
+    sprin´-kled
+    flan´-nel
+    car´-ried
+    pars´-ley
+    thyme
+    herbs
+    sage
+
+1. A little stream ran through one of the farmer's fields. The water was
+so clear that you could see the sand and gravel at the bottom, and in it
+there grew plenty of water-cress.
+
+[Illustration: Water-cress.]
+
+2. Harry went one afternoon to help Johnny and Tom to pick it for
+market, and brought a big bunch home for tea.
+
+3. His mother had picked a lettuce from the garden, and some mustard and
+cress, and they were all put on one plate.
+
+'They bite my tongue,' said Dora, 'all but the lettuce. I like it best.'
+
+4. 'And I like the biting,' said Harry. 'Why is this called mustard,
+mother?'
+
+'Because the yellow mustard comes from it. The seeds are ground to
+powder.'
+
+'And we eat the leaves. It is a useful plant.'
+
+[Illustration: Lettuce.]
+
+5. After tea, mother took some cress-seed and mustard-seed out of two
+little packets. Then she cut up one or two corks, put them into a deep
+plate, filled it with water, and sprinkled seed on the cork.
+
+6. 'This is for you, Harry,' she said. 'You will soon have a little crop
+of mustard and cress. And here is one for Dora!'
+
+In Dora's plate she laid a bit of flannel, poured water on it, and sowed
+seed. The children carried off their plates to a safe place, and thought
+it would be fine fun to see roots and leaves come out of the tiny seeds.
+
+7. Then mother called them into the garden to see her parsley. She told
+them that hares and rabbits would come a long way to feed on a
+parsley-bed if they could get at it.
+
+8. Close by grew mint, sage, and thyme. 'All these are herbs,' she said.
+'They are not like trees, are they?'
+
+'No; they have no bark, no hard wood, and they are so small.'
+
+[Illustration: Leaves of Mint, Parsley, Thyme, and Sage.]
+
+9. Dora picked a mint-leaf, a parsley-leaf, a thyme-leaf, and a
+sage-leaf, and laid them side by side. She wanted to see if they were
+like each other. But when she looked at them she found that they were
+not alike.
+
+
+
+
+COFFEE.
+
+
+    cof´-fee
+    beans
+    kneel´-ing
+    chair
+    win´-dow
+    bus´-y
+    stock´-ings
+    ket´-tle
+    rat´-tled
+    coun´-try
+    cher´-ry
+    to-geth´-er
+    blos´-som
+    cov´-ered
+    cloths
+    ber´-ries
+
+1. 'What is coffee, mother dear? Does it grow?'
+
+2. It was Dora who asked this. She and Harry were putting away some
+things that had come from the shop, and she was now filling a tin with
+coffee-beans.
+
+3. She was kneeling on a chair by the table in the window. Her mother
+was busy mending stockings, and the cat and the dog were both asleep.
+The kettle was singing, and all was cosy.
+
+4. The coffee-beans rattled into the tin, and Dora picked one out and
+looked at it.
+
+When Harry heard Dora asking about it, he also put his hand in and took
+a coffee-bean. It smelt very nice, he thought. So did Dora.
+
+5. They found that it had a flat side and a round side.
+
+'It humps up,' said Dora.
+
+'See, I can put the flat side of mine against the flat side of yours,'
+said Harry.
+
+'They grew like that,' said mother.
+
+'Oh, then, they did grow? They were alive once?'
+
+[Illustration: Coffee branch with Berries.]
+
+6. 'Yes; they were seeds of a plant that grows in a warm country, far
+away from here. They once lived inside a berry.
+
+'The berry was red like a cherry, and the seeds inside were held
+together in a little bag.'
+
+7. 'There must have been a flower before the berry came,' said Harry,
+thinking of the pea-flower and its pod.
+
+[Illustration: Coffee-flower.]
+
+[Illustration: Berry.]
+
+[Illustration: Seeds in Berry.]
+
+'A very pretty white flower,' said his mother. 'They say that a
+coffee-garden looks lovely in blossom-time, just as if it were all
+covered with snow.
+
+8. 'In two or three days the snow-like blossoms are gone, and the fruit
+is left. When it is ripe, men put cloths under the trees, and shake it
+down.'
+
+9. 'I wish I could go and help!' said Harry. 'What comes next?'
+
+'They pick up the berries, dry them in the sun, and get the beans out.
+Then they send the beans over the sea in a ship. And here they are!'
+
+[Illustration: Dora and Harry tearing up the old papers.]
+
+
+
+
+PAPER.
+
+
+    un-hap´-py
+    should
+    tea
+    heels
+    per-haps´
+    clean
+    school
+    clean´-ing
+    hearth
+    laugh
+    jok´-ing
+    in-deed´
+    tear
+    boil
+    through
+    clev´-er
+
+1. 'It is such a wet day, I don't know what to do!' said Harry, looking
+very unhappy.
+
+2. 'Are you tired of your drawing and painting?' asked his mother.
+
+'Oh yes! And we have played at houses, and had the bricks out on the
+floor, and now there is nothing to do, and it is not nearly tea-time
+yet. Will you read to us, mother?'
+
+3. 'Not just now. But if you would help me a little I should get on
+faster, and then we might have a nice time before tea.'
+
+'Jolly!' cried Harry; and he ran to the foot of the stairs and called
+Dora.
+
+4. Down came Dora very fast, with her doll in her arms, and the dog at
+her heels.
+
+5. 'What I want you to do,' said mother, 'is to tear up these old papers
+and put them into this sack. The man is coming soon to take it to the
+paper-mill.'
+
+6. 'Why is it taken to the paper-mill?' asked Harry.
+
+'To be made over again into paper. Perhaps it will come back to us some
+day, all clean.
+
+7. 'Or it may be made into a newspaper, and father may bring it home in
+his pocket.'
+
+'Or we may get it in copy-books at school.'
+
+'Yes; or it may come from the shop with rice in it.'
+
+8. 'It may never come at all,' said Dora. 'Perhaps it will go to some
+other house.'
+
+'That is quite likely,' said mother, who was now cleaning the hearth.
+
+9. They went on putting the paper into the sack for a long time, and
+then Harry asked:
+
+'How was paper made before there was old paper to make it of?'
+
+10. 'Oh, it is not made of paper only. It is made of old rags, old
+ropes'----
+
+Harry and Dora began to laugh.
+
+'And straw, and wood, and a kind of grass'----
+
+'Now, are you joking, mother?'
+
+11. 'No, indeed! They cut the wood and straw into tiny bits, and they
+cut and tear the rags and boil them.'
+
+'And what do they do with the grass?'
+
+'They cut it up, boil it, and mix clay with it. Then it is put through a
+very clever machine, which makes it into paper.'
+
+
+
+
+A FLY.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+    spilt
+    won´-der
+    e-nough´
+    fel´-low
+    thirst´-y
+    mouth
+    su´-gar
+    teeth
+    ceil´-ing
+    ei´-ther
+    win´-dow
+    pane
+    won´-der-ful
+    straight
+    count´-ed
+    friend
+
+1. 'Just look here, Harry!' Dora called out.
+
+A little milk had been spilt on the table, and two flies had found it
+out.
+
+'We won't wipe it up! Let us wait and see if they can take it all. See,
+it is getting less! I wonder how they do it.'
+
+2. 'There! one fly has gone. He has had enough. But this old fellow is
+very thirsty. He does not look as if he were drinking, and yet the milk
+goes. That long thing must be his mouth. Is it, mother?'
+
+[Illustration: Enlarged view of Head of Fly showing Trunk.]
+
+3. 'It is called his trunk. The mouth is at the end of it. He is very
+clever with it. Do you know that he never eats? He only drinks.'
+
+4. 'But I have seen him eating sugar.'
+
+'No; I don't think you have. He has no teeth and no jaws. He can't bite
+anything. What he does is to wet the sugar with his mouth and melt it,
+and then suck it up.'
+
+5. 'Well, that is clever! I wonder how he found out how to do it. And I
+know something else that he is clever at.'
+
+6. 'What is it, Harry?' asked Dora.
+
+'Something you can't do! He can walk on the ceiling.'
+
+'You can't do it either,' said Dora.
+
+'How does he hold on, mother? We can see one up there now! He walks
+about as if he were on the table.'
+
+[Illustration: Enlarged view of Fly's Foot.]
+
+7. 'He has something like gum inside his feet, and, when he wants to
+stand or walk upside down, he presses this out, and it helps him to
+stick on. Here is another fly walking up the window-pane.'
+
+'I have often seen flies on the window-pane.'
+
+8. 'How wonderful it is! The glass, you see, is smooth and hard, and it
+stands straight up. We could not go up a hill like that, could we?'
+
+9. They watched him go up and down, counted his six legs, and saw that
+his wings were very pretty. Their mother told them a very strange thing,
+that his eyes could see all ways at once!
+
+10. Then they had to say good-bye to him, for out he went into the
+garden. When they turned to the table, they found that their other
+friend had gone too--and so had the milk.
+
+
+
+
+THE WASP.
+
+
+    wasp
+    bus´-y
+    win´-ter
+    ground
+    pass´-age
+    loose
+    per-haps´
+    fence
+    pow´-der
+    spread
+    brown
+    comb
+    pil´-lars
+    cell
+    hatched
+    crawl´-ing
+
+1. There was a great stir at dinner one day. A wasp came in, begging for
+sugar and plum-tart. Harry and Dora ran this way and that.
+
+2. At last their father got the wasp out into the garden, and, when all
+was quiet again, he asked if they would like to hear its story.
+
+'Oh yes, father!' said Dora.
+
+3. Harry was busy with his plums, but he nodded, as much as to say, 'I
+shall be glad to hear it too!'
+
+4. So the father began:
+
+'All last winter the wasp was asleep, but when spring came she waked up
+and set out to look for a home. I am not quite sure where she found it,
+but it was in the ground, I think.
+
+5. 'She began to dig in the soft earth, and she dug on till she had made
+a long passage. She had to carry out all the loose earth herself. Then
+she made a little room at the end of the passage.
+
+6. 'Next she looked about for some old wood, and found it in a tree,
+perhaps, or post, or bit of fence. She rubbed away at it with her jaws
+till she got some of it off in powder.
+
+7. 'She made this powder into a paste with a sort of gum which came out
+of her mouth, and off she went with it to her room.'
+
+8. 'What did she do with it?'
+
+'She spread it out in sheets of thin brown paper, and with these she
+made a comb like a bee's.'
+
+[Illustration: Wasp's Nest.]
+
+'She made paper of it.'
+
+'Only a bee's is made of wax. I know that!' said Harry.
+
+9. 'She put many layers of paper on the top to keep the rain out, and
+pillars under it to hold it up. Then she laid an egg in each cell. When
+the eggs were hatched'----
+
+'Little wasps came flying out,' said Dora.
+
+'No; little grubs came crawling out!
+
+10. 'The wasp was now more busy than ever. She fed each baby in turn,
+and as they all grew bigger she had to get more and more food for them.'
+
+
+
+
+THE SUNFLOWER
+
+
+    blue
+    buzz´-ing
+    set´-tled
+    watched
+    sun´-flow-er
+    course
+    warmth
+    in-stead´
+    star´-ing
+    spar-row
+    stopped
+    crowd
+    cush´-ion
+    mid´-dle
+    gar´-den
+    know
+
+1. It was very hot, the sky was blue, and the air was full of the
+humming and buzzing of bees and flies. A white butterfly flitted by, but
+soon went away over the garden-wall.
+
+2. Bee after bee, and fly after fly, settled on the sunflowers and
+hunted for honey. Dora and Harry watched for a long time.
+
+3. 'The sunflower is like a little sun,' said Dora.
+
+'And it loves the sun,' said her mother, who was snipping off dead roses
+close by; 'it always turns to look at it. See, its face is towards the
+sun now. And if you look again before sunset you will find the flower
+turned to it still.'
+
+4. 'How strange!' said Dora.
+
+[Illustration: Sunflower.]
+
+'And it has such a strong stalk,' said Harry. 'You would not think that
+it could turn round. It must be alive!'
+
+'Of course it is alive!'
+
+'But, I mean, it must feel, or why should it turn and turn to get the
+light and warmth?'
+
+5. 'How ragged all the stalks and leaves are!' said Dora. 'I wish they
+would make themselves tidy instead of always staring at the sun. Why are
+there so many holes in the leaves?'
+
+6. 'Grubs have been eating them. Our friend Mr Sparrow must have been
+away lately!'
+
+7. Here mother stopped snipping at her rose-trees, and came up to one of
+the sunflowers.
+
+8. 'There is something I want you to see,' she said. 'You think this is
+one big flower, but it is really a crowd of little flowers. Look! Can
+you think of another flower that is something like it?'
+
+9. Harry and Dora shook their heads.
+
+'It is very small,' mother went on, 'with a cushion in the middle like
+this, and rays standing out all round like these.'
+
+10. 'Does it grow on a tree?'
+
+'No.'
+
+'In this garden?'
+
+'No.'
+
+'In the fields?'
+
+'Yes.'
+
+'Oh, I know!' cried Harry. 'It is the daisy.'
+
+
+
+
+MERRY WORKERS.
+
+
+    wheels
+    bus´-y
+    i´-dle
+    brook´-lets
+    ripp´-ling
+    sky´-lark
+    lis´-ten
+    hon´-ey
+    mer´-ri-ly
+    hum´-ming
+    e-nough´
+    wea´-ry
+
+    1.  Tell me what the mill-wheels say,
+        Always turning night and day;
+        When we sleep and when we wake,
+        What a busy sound they make!
+        Never idle, never still,
+        What a worker is the mill!
+
+    2.  What is it that the brooklets say,
+        Rippling onward day by day?
+        Sweet as skylark on the wing,
+        Ripple, ripple--thus they sing.
+        Never idle, never still,
+        Always working with a will!
+
+    3.  Listen to the honey-bee,
+        Flying now so merrily
+        Here and there with busy hum--
+        Humming, drumming, drumming, drum.
+        Never idle, never still,
+        Humming, drumming--hum it will!
+
+    4.  Like the mill, the brook, the bee,
+        May it now be said of me
+        That I'm always busy too,
+        For there's work enough to do.
+        If I work, then, with a will,
+        It will be but playing still;
+        Ever merry, never weary,
+        It will be but playing still.
+
+
+
+
+THE ROSE.
+
+
+    bas´-ket
+    wo´-man
+    vil´-lage
+    sweet´-ly
+    cab´-bage
+    be-cause´
+    stooped
+    smile
+    thorns
+    yel´-low
+    a-greed´
+    win´-ter
+
+1. Mother went back to her roses, and soon called for a little basket,
+saying that Dora and Harry should take a few to an old woman who lived
+in the village.
+
+2. 'Poor granny,' she said, 'is so fond of roses, and she can never get
+out now to see them. Which shall we pick for her?'
+
+3. 'Some of these white ones,' said Dora.
+
+'I think she would like these red ones,' said Harry, 'they smell so
+sweetly.'
+
+4. Mother cut one or two of each, and then a moss-rose, which looked as
+if it had moss growing round it, and then a pink cabbage-rose.
+
+5. 'What has it to do with cabbage?' asked Harry.
+
+'It is only called cabbage because it is so big and round.'
+
+6. 'I like it the best of all,' said Dora, and stooped to smell it,
+putting her nose far down into the sweet, deep cup: 'it is such a nice
+rose!'
+
+[Illustration: Wild Rose.]
+
+[Illustration: Garden Rose.]
+
+7. 'Yes, I am very fond of it, and of all roses,' said mother, looking
+at her bushes with a smile, 'but I almost think I like the wild ones
+best. Do you know that the wild rose is the mother of all these? Once
+upon a time all roses were wild.'
+
+8. Harry and Dora did not think that wild roses were very like garden
+roses. 'But they both have thorns,' they said.
+
+9. 'Look at them as you go along. There are some bushes not far from the
+bottom of the lane, after you turn round to go to the village. I don't
+think you will find many roses left, but you will see their fruit. They
+are the birds' fruit-trees.'
+
+10. 'What can mother mean?' they asked as they went along.
+
+But they soon found out. The bushes were covered with hips; some green,
+others yellow, one or two quite red.
+
+11. They agreed to leave them for the birds. Dora said 'They would be
+sure to want them in the winter.'
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+WOOD.
+
+[Illustration: Making the Doll's House.]
+
+
+    min´-er-al
+    cop´-per
+    zinc
+    chalk
+    gummed
+    climbed
+    knees
+    eve´-nings
+    tools
+    dead
+    thought
+    oak
+    beech
+    birch
+    wil´-low
+    build´-ing
+
+1. The little mineral box was made, and Harry and Dora put in the lumps
+of lead, iron, copper, tin, zinc, chalk, and slate. Father wrote the
+names on tiny slips of paper and gummed them on.
+
+2. Then he said that he was going to make Dora a doll's house. On
+hearing this, Dora first jumped about for joy, and then climbed up on
+her father's knees to kiss and hug him.
+
+3. The doll's house was not made all at once. It had to be done bit by
+bit in the evenings after father had come home from work and had his
+tea.
+
+4. Dora and Harry always helped him, or stood by and talked, played with
+bits of wood, and turned over the tools in the box.
+
+5. They said that saw-dust should be called wood-dust; and they found
+out that wood was called tree when it was alive, and tree was called
+wood when it was dead. They thought this very funny.
+
+6. They also learned that there were as many kinds of wood as there were
+trees.
+
+'Some wood is hard,' said their father, 'some is half-hard, and some is
+soft.'
+
+'Soft wood!' cried Dora.
+
+7. 'Well, not soft like butter! But softer than oak, beech, birch, and
+elm'----
+
+'The trunk of an oak-tree is lying where the rabbits live,' said Harry,
+in a great hurry. 'We often play on it. I know that it is hard. What
+sort of wood are you making the doll's house of?'
+
+8. 'Soft wood. It is a bit of pine. So is the box that holds the
+minerals. I should find it hard work to cut oak.
+
+'Now, there is one kind of wood so soft that you can bend it. It is
+called willow, and baskets are made of it.
+
+'But oak was once used in building the great strong ships.'
+
+
+
+
+COAL.
+
+PART 1.
+
+
+    win´-dow
+    shov´-el
+    spade
+    coal
+    tum´-bled
+    con-tent´
+    won´-der-ing
+    earth
+    cage
+    stretch´-ing
+    en´-gine
+    doz´-en
+
+1. 'Here comes the coal,' said Harry, looking out of the window.
+'Mother, may we help Jim to get it in? I can have the big shovel, and
+Dora the little one. I should like to see the cart upset! What fun it
+will be!'
+
+2. Crash came the coal on the ground. Then the coal-man drew his horse
+and cart away, and set to work with a spade to fill the little
+coal-place.
+
+3. The dog jumped, and got in every one's way. He wanted to help, too,
+but did not know how. Dora tumbled over the heap and bumped her head, so
+she thought she would be content with watching Jim and Harry. But Harry
+was soon tired, and Jim was left to go on alone.
+
+4. 'Where does coal come from, Jim?' he asked.
+
+'Out of the ground, my lad.'
+
+'Does it? Do you dig for it?'
+
+'I don't. But I know somebody who does.'
+
+5. 'If I were to dig for it, should I find any, Jim?'
+
+'Not you! Why, you have to go down ever such a long way before you can
+even begin to dig.'
+
+6. 'How do you get down?'
+
+'You go down in a thing they call a cage. You can't walk down, you know.
+It is like going down a deep pit. They call it a mine.'
+
+7. 'Oh, I have heard of coal-mines!'
+
+Dora was taking up one little lump of coal after another, and wondering
+why it was so shiny if it had really come out of the earth.
+
+8. Harry went on. 'How do they let the cage down? Have you ever been
+down?'
+
+[Illustration: Coal-miners going down to work.]
+
+'I have been down once,' said Jim, stopping in his work and stretching
+himself. 'This is the way. There is an engine at the top of the
+shaft'----
+
+'What is the shaft?'
+
+9. 'The pit I told you about. The engine is fixed there and it lets
+down the cage and pulls it up again. Half-a-dozen men or so can go in it
+at a time.'
+
+'It must be very strong.'
+
+10. 'Yes, it is, and it has strong chains to hold it. It goes up and
+down all day long, bringing up the coal.'
+
+
+
+
+COAL.
+
+PART 2.
+
+
+    re´-al-ly
+    eas´-i-ly
+    slic´-es
+    straight
+    knife
+    be-tween´
+    met´-al
+    fetched
+    pic´-tures
+    an´-i-mal
+    whole
+    for´-ests
+    thou´-sands
+    piec´-es
+    to-geth´-er
+    puz´-zles
+
+1. Next day the children asked their mother to tell them what coal
+really was. Harry did not think it was a stone, because he had broken
+two or three lumps with a hammer. He found that it broke much more
+easily than stone.
+
+2. Besides, it did not fly all into sharp bits, but came off in slices;
+and he saw that it had straight lines along it. When he poked his knife
+in between these lines, he could take off a slice of coal at once!
+
+3. Dora did not think it was a metal, because she had learnt that iron
+would melt in a fire and flow like water. 'Coal does not melt,' she
+said, 'every one knows that!'
+
+4. She took a small lump out of the coal-box, and Harry did the same.
+Mother then fetched some pictures, and one or two other things, and the
+talk began.
+
+5. 'It is no wonder that you can't guess what coal is! It does not look
+at all like what it was at first. It was not always in the ground; it
+used to live on the top and get the air and sunshine.'
+
+6. 'It must have been alive,' said Harry. 'Was it an animal?'
+
+'No.'
+
+'Then it was a plant!' cried Dora.
+
+7. 'Well, it is all that is left of many plants and trees, whole forests
+of plants and trees, that grew long, long ago.'
+
+'Before you were born, mother?'
+
+8. 'Yes, long before that! It was hundreds and thousands of years ago.
+It was so far back that the trees were not like the trees we have now.
+Many of them were big ferns. Think of a fern grown up to be a tree! And
+many were great horse-tails. You know what a horse-tail is?'
+
+9. 'Oh yes,' said Dora, 'we find them in the ditch down the lane. It is
+such fun pulling them to pieces and putting them together again--like
+puzzles!'
+
+[Illustration: Horse-tail.]
+
+10. 'Those trees must have been very strange,' said Harry. 'They would
+not be nice to climb. But there were no boys in those days, so it did
+not matter.'
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+FIRE.
+
+
+    min´-er-al
+    coal
+    fen´-der
+    prop´-er
+    walk´-ing
+    laugh´-ing
+    grate
+    cru´-el
+    Lon´-don
+    smoke
+    al-read´-y
+    flame
+    blaze
+    beast
+    cage
+    pic´-tures
+
+1. 'Don't you think,' said Harry, 'that a bit of coal would be a good
+thing for our mineral box?'
+
+2. 'I do,' said his father. 'Get a little lump, and put it in. And, by
+the way, we want more coal on the fire. I must get some.'
+
+3. 'How nice a fire is on a cold day!' said Dora, sitting down on the
+fender, to be as near to it as she could.
+
+'Very nice,' said her mother, 'in its proper place--in the grate.'
+
+4. 'Ah, we should not like it to come walking about the room!' said
+Harry, laughing. 'There would soon be no room'----
+
+'And no house!' said Dora, shaking her head. 'And then what should we
+do?'
+
+5. Father came back with the coal, and put some into the grate, saying:
+
+'Fire is a good servant but a bad master. If it gets its own way it is a
+cruel thing. It would burn a town down. It once burned big London.'
+
+6. Harry was looking at one of the lumps that had been put on the fire.
+Smoke was coming out of it already. A flame burst out in front, and soon
+the whole lump was in a blaze.
+
+7. 'It seems such a pity that it should all be burned up,' said Harry,
+'when it took so long to make.'
+
+'That is the way of fire,' said father, 'it eats up everything, and when
+it has nothing more to feed on it comes to an end--it goes out, we say.'
+
+8. 'We don't want it to go out, and so we keep on feeding it,' said
+mother. 'It is like a wild beast in a cage.'
+
+'Now look at the coal!' said father.
+
+9. By this time the lumps were red and very hot. The children went down
+on their knees to look for pictures in the fire. They soon saw what
+looked like men and dogs, rocks, hills, and trees, and at last a great
+cat with red-hot eyes and a very curly tail.
+
+
+
+
+OBJECT LESSONS.
+
+
+
+
+THE CAT.                      [_Page 7._
+
+
+1. The cat lives in and about our homes; so we call it a domestic
+animal.
+
+2. It belongs to the same tribe of animals as the lion and tiger. They
+are savage--puss is tame. Like them, it is a beast of prey--that is, it
+catches and eats other animals. They cannot hear it coming with its
+soft, padded feet.
+
+3. The cat leaps upon its prey. It sticks its strong, sharp claws into a
+mouse, and soon kills it with its sharp teeth.
+
+4. Puss is covered with fur; she has five claws on each fore-paw, and
+four on each hind one. She draws them into little sheaths when not
+angry.
+
+5. With its rough tongue the cat can lap up milk, and also clean its
+fur. It likes to be clean. It opens its eyes wider in the dark, and can
+see to run about at night. On each side of its head are long whiskers,
+with which it feels its way.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Cats have--
+    Padded feet.
+    Sharp claws and teeth.
+    Rough tongues.
+    Good sight at night.
+
+Cats like--
+    Milk.
+    Meat.
+    Mice and rats.
+    Birds and fish.
+
+Cats are--
+    Domestic.
+    Tame.
+    Useful.
+    Cleanly.
+
+
+
+
+THE DOG.                      [_Page 12._
+
+
+1. The dog is larger and more active than the cat. It is also of more
+use to man, for it guards the house, minds the sheep, and will not allow
+any one to harm its master.
+
+2. There are many kinds of dogs. All are of some use--from the large
+Newfoundland dog to the little fox-terrier.
+
+3. Dogs are like cats in some things. They have padded feet and strong
+claws. But their claws are blunt. They cannot draw them into sheaths as
+puss does; so they make more noise in walking.
+
+4. The dog is also a beast of prey. But it is not so fierce as the wolf
+or the fox, which belong to the same tribe of animals. It likes meat and
+bones, but will also eat bread and vegetables. Its teeth are very strong
+and sharp.
+
+5. Most dogs have keen scent, pointed noses, and quick sight.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Dogs have--
+    Blunt claws.
+    Sharp, strong teeth.
+    Keen scent.
+    Quick sight.
+
+Dogs--
+    Bark.
+    Watch.
+    Jump.
+    Hunt.
+
+Dogs are--
+    Useful.
+    Faithful.
+    Friendly.
+    Wise.
+
+
+
+
+BUTTERCUPS.                   [_Page 15._
+
+
+1. Buttercups grow wild. They are of a golden yellow colour. Each flower
+has five yellow leaves growing out from the middle of five smaller green
+ones.
+
+2. The flowers are something like a cup in shape, with a little tuft of
+grass-like threads standing in each one. In the green ball in the middle
+there are tiny seeds from which other buttercups will grow if they fall
+into the ground.
+
+3. Buttercups come in spring. They grow on taller stems than daisies.
+They have no nice scent such as violets or roses have.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Buttercups--
+    Grow wild.
+    Come in spring.
+
+Buttercups have--
+    Five yellow leaves.
+    Five green ones.
+
+Buttercups are--
+    Pretty and shiny.
+    Eaten by cattle.
+
+
+
+
+WHEAT.                        [_Page 20._
+
+
+1. Wheat is a plant of the _grass_ kind, but grows higher than common
+grass. It is grown from seed, which is grains of wheat kept until hard
+and dry.
+
+2. Ruts are made in the soil by a plough, and into these the seed is
+cast. Then the soil is covered over them by a harrow, drawn by a horse.
+
+3. Rain and warm sunshine help the grains to grow. They grow into tall,
+jointed stems, and soon the ears of wheat appear. They are green at
+first, but the sun ripens them and turns them yellow.
+
+4. Then the wheat is cut, and the new grains are threshed out from the
+husks which are called chaff. The tall stems make straw. The grains are
+ground into flour by the miller. We use flour for making bread, cakes,
+and puddings.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Wheat is--
+    A grass plant.
+    Grown from seed.
+    Green at first.
+    Yellow when ripe.
+
+Wheat has--
+    A tall stem.
+    Graceful leaves.
+    An ear.
+    Grains.
+
+Wheat makes--
+    Flour.
+    Foods.
+    Chaff.
+    Straw.
+
+
+
+
+SLATE.                        [_Page 26._
+
+
+1. Slate is a kind of stone. Rocks, and even mountains, are sometimes
+made of slate. The great hole made in the rocks by getting it out, is
+called a quarry. It is got out in very large blocks. Sometimes gunpowder
+is used to crack the rocks before the blocks can be got out.
+
+2. Slate is very hard and brittle. It is used for many purposes. Houses
+are roofed with slates. Sometimes it is used for pavements. It can be
+made so smooth that we use it for writing upon. Slate-pencil is made
+from soft slate-stone.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Slate is--
+    A kind of stone.
+    Very hard.
+    Brittle.
+
+Slate is found in--
+    Cumberland.
+    Wales.
+    Cornwall and Devon.
+
+Slate is useful for--
+    Roofing houses.
+    Making pavements.
+    Writing upon.
+
+
+
+
+CHALK.                        [_Page 31._
+
+1. Like slate, chalk comes out of the hills. It is white and soft. It is
+used for many purposes. The farmer puts it on the fields sometimes, to
+make the soil better. It holds water and keeps the soil moist.
+
+2. We get lime and whiting from chalk. We use it in these forms for
+making our ceilings and walls clean. It is used, too, for writing on the
+blackboard. Chalk is found in many parts of England. Kent and Hampshire
+have most. Chalk-pits are often seen in the hills.
+
+3. Chalk is formed of thousands of tiny shells.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Chalk is--
+    White.
+    Soft.
+    Crumbly.
+
+Chalk is found in--
+    Hampshire.
+    Kent.
+    Isle of Wight.
+
+Chalk makes--
+    Lime.
+    Whiting.
+    Chalk-pencils.
+
+
+
+
+THE MOUSE.                    [_Page 36._
+
+
+1. The mouse is a very small animal, with pointed nose and long tail. It
+has large bright eyes, large ears, strong sharp teeth, and is very
+timid.
+
+2. The mouse gnaws through the walls and floors of our houses with its
+sharp, strong teeth. It makes a little nest in a hole. It comes out when
+all is quiet to look for crumbs, or anything left about that it can eat.
+It gets into the pantry sometimes.
+
+3. Some mice live in fields and woods. The tiny harvest-mouse makes its
+nest on a wheat-stalk. It often does great harm to the wheat.
+
+4. But for puss there would soon be so many mice that we should not know
+what to do.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Mice have--
+    Long tails.
+    Sharp teeth.
+    Large ears.
+    Bright eyes.
+
+Mice like--
+    Bread.
+    Meat.
+    Cheese.
+    Milk.
+
+Mice are--
+    Very small.
+    Very timid.
+    Very quick.
+    Very quiet.
+
+
+
+
+THE RABBIT.                   [_Page 41._
+
+
+1. The rabbit is about the size of the cat, and is covered with short
+fur. It burrows a hole in the ground and makes a nest there for its
+young.
+
+2. Rabbits have long ears and large eyes. They can hear a very slight
+sound, and can see _behind_ as well as before them.
+
+3. Their hind-legs are longer than their fore-legs; so they do not run,
+but leap.
+
+4. Rabbits like to live where there is plenty of furze, which they eat
+for food. They do much mischief in corn-fields by eating the young corn.
+They also eat the bark off young trees, and so spoil them.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Rabbits have--
+    Long ears.
+    Large eyes.
+    Long hind-legs.
+    Warm fur.
+
+Rabbits eat--
+    Grass.
+    Roots.
+    Leaves.
+    Bark.
+
+Rabbits--
+    Burrow.
+    Make nests for their young.
+    Leap.
+    Play.
+
+
+
+
+IVY.                          [_Page 43._
+
+
+1. Ivy is an evergreen, climbing plant. It grows on old walls, houses,
+and churches, and sometimes on trees.
+
+2. There are several kinds of ivy. The leaves of each kind are of a
+different shape. All ivy leaves are very pretty.
+
+3. The leaves have little marks called veins, crossing them in all ways.
+These veins are full of sap, or moisture, which the roots of the plant
+suck up from the earth.
+
+4. Some ivy flowers, and bears berries.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Ivy is--
+    An evergreen.
+    A climber.
+
+Ivy has--
+    Different forms of leaf.
+    Many veins.
+
+Ivy grows--
+    On old buildings.
+    Sometimes round trees.
+
+
+
+
+A TREE.                       [_Page 47._
+
+
+1. There are many kinds of trees. The oak, elm, and beech are very
+common.
+
+2. Trees have roots, trunks, branches, leaves, and often flowers and
+fruit. The brown covering of the trunk is called bark. This keeps the
+tree warm and dry.
+
+3. Their leaves fall off in autumn, except those of evergreens like the
+holly and the laurel.
+
+4. Trees are both beautiful and useful. They provide us with timber and
+firewood, and give shade and shelter to our houses and gardens.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Trees have--
+    Roots.
+    Branches.
+    Leaves.
+
+Trees--
+    Shed leaves.
+    Live long.
+
+Trees give us--
+    Timber.
+    Fruits.
+    Shade and shelter.
+
+
+
+
+BRICKS.                       [_Page 50._
+
+
+1. Bricks are made of clay. The clay is very damp and heavy when it is
+dug out of the ground.
+
+2. It is put into moulds to make bricks, and slowly baked in a kiln.
+Then the bricks are dry and not so heavy as the clay was. They are
+porous.
+
+3. Most bricks are of oblong shape. This is the shape used for building
+houses, schools, walls. Sometimes they are made into very pretty shapes,
+are glazed and used for floors and other things.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Bricks are--
+    Made of clay.
+    Shaped in moulds.
+    Baked in a kiln.
+
+Bricks are--
+    Not so heavy as stone.
+    Hard.
+    Oblong.
+
+Bricks are used--
+    For building.
+    For ornament.
+
+
+
+
+THE DONKEY.                   [_Page 53._
+
+
+1. The donkey is a useful animal when well treated. It is cheaper to buy
+and to keep than a pony.
+
+2. The donkey has hoofs like the horse, and wears shoes. It is very
+patient and gentle, and can do with coarse food.
+
+3. The donkey's coat is rough, and its mane short. It has a black stripe
+down its back and across its shoulders. Its head and ears are very long.
+
+4. The donkey can climb high rugged paths better than the horse. It can
+also carry heavy loads up hill, because it is strong and sure-footed.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+The donkey has--
+    Hoofed feet.
+    Long ears.
+    A shaggy coat.
+    A short mane.
+
+The donkey is--
+    Strong.
+    Sure-footed.
+    Gentle.
+    Patient.
+
+The donkey likes--
+    Hay.
+    Grass.
+    Thistles.
+    Carrots.
+
+
+
+
+SHEEP.                        [_Page 55._
+
+1. Sheep live mostly in the fields. They often climb very high hills.
+Their feet are not like the donkey's; they are cloven, like the cow's.
+
+2. Their legs are so slender that their bodies seem almost too large for
+them. The thick wool which grows upon them makes them look large.
+
+3. Sheep eat grass. They tear it off, as the cow does. They cannot bite,
+since they have no front teeth in the upper jaw.
+
+4. They are very timid, gentle creatures. They do not like to be alone.
+They live in flocks. They make a great noise when bleating.
+
+5. Sheep are very useful. Their flesh gives us mutton; their wool makes
+clothing; their skin makes leather.
+
+_Write and Learn:_
+
+Sheep have--
+    Cloven hoofs.
+    Slender legs.
+    Thick wool.
+
+Sheep are--
+    Gentle.
+    Timid.
+    Climbers.
+
+Sheep give us--
+    Food.
+    Clothing.
+    Leather.
+
+
+
+
+TURNIPS.                      [_Page 59._
+
+
+1. Turnips are grown both in fields and gardens. The tops are green. The
+turnip is almost round; but it tapers towards the bottom. Most of the
+turnip grows under ground; but we can see part of it above ground when
+nearly ripe.
+
+2. Turnips are good for food. Sheep and cattle are fond of them. Animals
+eat them raw. We boil them. Raw turnips are not good for us. Pigs will
+eat the rinds which we peel off.
+
+3. Turnips are white or yellow, sweet, juicy, wholesome.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Turnips are--
+    White or yellow.
+    Sweet.
+    Wholesome.
+
+Turnips have--
+    Roots.
+    Green tops.
+    Thick rinds.
+
+Turnips are eaten--
+    By man.
+    By animals.
+    Mostly in winter.
+
+
+
+
+GREEN PEAS.                   [_Page 62._
+
+
+1. The pea is a climbing plant. We put tall sticks in the garden for the
+peas to climb. They grow from seeds which are dried peas.
+
+2. As they grow, tendrils shoot out and take hold of the sticks. Pretty
+green leaves grow too. Then come the dainty white flowers.
+
+3. When the flowers wither, they leave little green pods. Inside the
+pods are little green peas. Peas and pods grow larger each day until
+ripe.
+
+4. Peas are very good for food. Pigs like the husks.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Peas have--
+    Roots.
+    Tendrils.
+    Flowers.
+
+Peas--
+    Climb.
+    Grow from seed.
+    Hold by tendrils.
+
+Peas grow--
+    In gardens.
+    In fields.
+    In summer.
+
+
+
+
+IRON AND METAL.               [_Page 67._
+
+
+1. Metals are made from ores which are dug out of the earth. These ores
+are found in many parts of the world. Iron is the most common, as well
+as the most useful metal.
+
+2. Many things we use are made of it. The _steel_ of which our knives,
+tools, and other things are made, is made from iron. Iron is largely
+used for making bridges, railings, fire-grates, hammers.
+
+3. Lead, copper, tin, and zinc are metals also. So are silver and gold.
+
+4. Men must dig deep down into the earth to find them. The holes and
+passages which they make are called mines.
+
+5. All metals are heavy. All will melt in great heat, and all can be
+hammered out into thin sheets or drawn out into wire.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Metals are--
+    Heavy.
+    Useful.
+    Plentiful.
+
+Metals can be--
+    Melted.
+    Hammered out.
+    Polished.
+
+The common metals are--
+    Iron.
+    Lead.
+    Tin and copper.
+
+
+
+
+NEEDLES.                      [_Page 71._
+
+
+1. Needles are made of steel wire. In a needle-factory there are
+hundreds of coils of wire. Some of the wire is thick enough for
+darning-needles; some very thin for making sewing-needles.
+
+2. The wire is cut by a machine. The needles are pointed on a
+grindstone. The eyes are punched by another machine. Then the needles
+are filed to make them smooth.
+
+3. To make them hard, the needles are made white-hot, and put into cold
+water until quite cool. They are then cleaned and polished.
+
+4. They must be very dry before put into packets, or they will rust.
+
+5. Many boys and girls, as well as men and women, work in
+needle-factories.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Needles are--
+    Smooth.
+    Bright.
+    Pointed.
+
+Needles have--
+    Eyes.
+    Shanks.
+    Points.
+
+Needles are used--
+    For sewing.
+    For darning.
+    For other work.
+
+
+
+
+THE KNIFE.                    [_Page 80._
+
+
+1. A knife is most useful for cutting. The blade is made of steel; the
+handle of ivory, bone, or wood.
+
+2. The blade and handle are fastened together by a long, thin piece of
+iron which goes into the handle. The blades have to be heated as needles
+are, to make them hard.
+
+3. A knife is blunt on one edge; sharp on the other. The grinder
+sharpens it on a huge stone which goes round and round. The blades are
+polished before being put into the handles, as well as after.
+
+4. There are many kinds of knives. Pocket-knives have a spring to make
+them shut tightly. A table-knife is rounded at the end; the
+carving-knife has a sharp pointed blade.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Knives are--
+    Sharp.
+    Bright.
+    Useful.
+
+Knives have--
+    Blades.
+    Handles.
+    Springs.
+
+Knives are made--
+    In Sheffield.
+
+
+
+
+THE HEN.                      [_Page 83._
+
+
+1. The hen is a domestic bird. Some are white; some black; others many
+colours. The hen finds much of its own food in the fields. It is fed
+with barley, bread, potatoes, and other things from the house.
+
+2. The hen has a small head with eyes at the sides. Its bill is strong
+and sharp.
+
+3. The hen sleeps on a perch on one leg. It never falls off; its foot is
+made for grasping.
+
+4. Hens are useful for the eggs they give us; and they are also good for
+food. Their feathers, too, are useful.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+The hen has--
+    A small head.
+    A strong bill.
+    A grasping foot.
+
+The hen is--
+    A domestic bird.
+    A percher.
+    Useful.
+
+The hen gives us--
+    Eggs.
+    Food.
+    Feathers.
+
+
+
+
+THE SPARROW.                  [_Page 86._
+
+
+1. The sparrow is a small bird with brown and gray feathers. It builds
+its nest on our houses, and sometimes in the pipes which carry the rain
+off the roof. A sparrow's nest is seldom found in a tree. It lays five
+or six eggs which are spotted with brown.
+
+2. Farmers often kill sparrows because they steal the corn and fruit.
+But they are really good friends to the farmer. They eat the worms and
+grubs, which would destroy _all_ the fruit.
+
+3. The sparrow is a very bold little bird, and is to be found in the
+streets of the largest towns as well as in the country.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+The sparrow has--
+    Brown and gray feathers.
+    Sharp claws.
+    A long tail.
+
+The sparrow is--
+    Small.
+    Bold.
+    Useful.
+
+The sparrow eats--
+    Grain.
+    Worms.
+    Fruit.
+
+
+
+
+HERBS.                        [_Page 90._
+
+
+1. Herbs are plants or vegetables with soft stalks or stems. Some grow
+wild, others we grow in our gardens.
+
+2. We use some for eating, such as mustard and cress. Others, such as
+parsley, mint, sage, and thyme, we use to flavour our food. Many are
+used as medicine.
+
+3. Most herbs have a nice scent. They are very plentiful, and very
+useful.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Herbs have--
+    Soft stems.
+    Nice scent.
+    Strong flavour.
+
+Herbs are--
+    Plentiful.
+    Useful.
+    Grown from seeds.
+
+Herbs are used--
+    For eating.
+    For flavouring.
+    For medicine.
+
+
+
+
+COFFEE                        [_Page 93._
+
+
+1. We get coffee from the coffee-tree. It is an evergreen, something
+like our bay-tree. It bears a pretty white flower.
+
+2. When the flower falls it leaves a red berry, something like a
+cherry. The two hard, oval seeds inside it are what we call coffee
+beans. They are of a pale colour in the berry, but are roasted to make
+them brown.
+
+3. Coffee is good to drink, but it is not so cheap as tea. It grows in
+warm countries far away--in Arabia and the West Indies chiefly.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+The Coffee-tree--
+    Is an evergreen.
+    Has white flowers.
+    Has a red berry.
+
+Coffee is--
+    Good to drink.
+    Warming.
+    Not so cheap as tea.
+
+Coffee grows--
+    In Arabia.
+    In the West Indies.
+    In Brazil.
+
+
+
+
+PAPER.                        [_Page 96._
+
+
+1. Paper is one of the most useful things we have. It is made of old
+rags which are torn to pieces by a machine. Lime is put in to make them
+white.
+
+2. The pulp, as it is called, is then formed into sheets and pressed. It
+is then covered with _size_, and pressed again to make it smooth and
+glossy.
+
+3. Blotting-paper and other kinds not used for writing upon, are not
+sized. Brown paper is made of old canvas and sacking.
+
+4. Before paper was made, people used to write upon the inner bark of
+trees, and the thin skins of animals made sweet and dry, and called
+parchment.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Writing-paper is--
+    Smooth.
+    Glossy.
+    Fine.
+
+Blotting-paper is--
+    Soft.
+    Unglazed.
+    Porous.
+
+Brown paper is--
+    Coarse.
+    Strong.
+    Used for parcels.
+
+
+
+
+THE FLY.                      [_Page 99._
+
+
+1. The fly is a wonderful little insect. It has six legs, with such
+curious feet that it can walk on the window-panes or the ceiling.
+
+2. It has a funny little round head. Its eyes stand out so that it can
+see round about it. It cannot move its eyes as we do. Neither can it
+bite its food--it sucks it.
+
+3. The fly teases us in summer. It gets into our sugar, milk, treacle,
+and honey. Then it makes marks upon our windows and other things.
+
+4. Its wings are very pretty. When they get wet it cannot fly. The noise
+flies make is called buzzing.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Flies have--
+    Six legs.
+    Curious feet.
+    Fixed eyes.
+
+Flies--
+    Buzz.
+    Lay tiny eggs.
+    Suck their food.
+
+Flies like--
+    Sugar.
+    Honey.
+    Milk.
+
+
+
+
+THE WASP.                     [_Page 102._
+
+
+1. A wasp is a very pretty insect, black and yellow in colour. There are
+several kinds. Some burrow in the ground and make their nests there.
+Others build their nests in trees.
+
+2. Wasps live together in large numbers. They are very busy. Some lay
+eggs; some are masons, and build the nest; others are soldiers, and
+guard the home; whilst others carry away all the rubbish, and keep
+everything clean and tidy.
+
+3. The wasp's sting has poison in it. This is why it gives us such pain
+if we get stung.
+
+4. The wasp is something like the fly in shape, only much larger. It
+preys upon other insects.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+The Wasp has--
+    Six legs.
+    Four wings.
+    A sharp sting.
+
+The Wasp--
+    Makes a nest.
+    Works hard.
+    Sleeps all winter.
+
+The Wasp likes--
+    Insects.
+    Meat.
+    Sweet things.
+
+
+
+
+THE SUNFLOWER.                [_Page 104._
+
+
+1. This flower is called _sun_-flower because it always turns its face
+to the sun. It turns as the sun goes round.
+
+2. The sunflower grows on a strong, tall stalk. It is something like a
+daisy in form.
+
+3. The deep-yellow leaves stand out in rays from the dark-coloured
+middle of the flower, which is called the _disk_. This disk is made of a
+large number of tiny flowers closely packed together.
+
+4. The seeds of this flower are large and oblong, and contain oil.
+
+5. Bees and flies visit sunflowers, to gather honey.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+The sunflower has--
+    A strong stalk.
+    A large disk.
+    Many rays.
+
+The sunflower--
+    Grows from seed.
+    Contains honey.
+    Turns to the sun.
+
+The sunflower has--
+    Small flowers in its disk.
+    Oblong seeds.
+    Oily seed.
+
+
+
+
+THE ROSE.                     [_Page 108._
+
+
+1. Roses are of many kinds and many colours. Most of them are
+sweet-scented. Some rose-bushes do not grow very high. Others grow up as
+high as our houses.
+
+2. Roses have thorns on their stems. Wild roses have many thorns. Wild
+roses are small--have only five leaves--but they are very pretty.
+
+3. When they die they leave berries, called hips, which make good food
+for the birds in winter. There are seeds in them.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+The rose has--
+    A sweet scent.
+    Sharp thorns on its stem.
+    Soft, smooth leaves.
+
+The rose is--
+    Sometimes white.
+    Sometimes yellow.
+    Sometimes red.
+
+The wild rose--
+    Grows in hedges.
+    Has five leaves.
+    Has berries called 'hips.'
+
+
+
+
+WOOD.                         [_Page 111._
+
+
+1. Wood seems to be almost as useful as iron. Hundreds of years ago,
+houses were built of wood. All the houses in London were. There is much
+wood in our houses now.
+
+2. There are many kinds of wood--each comes from a different tree. Oak
+is a very hard wood. Pine is softer. Willow is very soft; its thin
+branches will bend easily. It is used for making baskets.
+
+3. When the trunk of a tree is sawn into planks we can see the grain or
+marks in it. Some are very prettily marked. Oak and walnut are. Wood can
+be highly polished.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Wood grows--
+    In most countries.
+    In forests.
+    Plentifully.
+
+Wood is--
+    Very useful.
+    Mostly hard.
+    Grained.
+
+Wood is used for--
+    Building purposes.
+    Furniture.
+    Fires.
+
+
+
+
+COAL.                         [_Page 113._
+
+
+1. Coal is dug out of the earth. Coal and iron are found together. But
+coal is not a metal as iron is. It will not melt. We call it a mineral.
+
+2. It is found in many parts of the world. There is a very large
+quantity in our own country.
+
+3. It is a black, shiny, opaque, and brittle mineral. Men have to go
+deep down into the earth, into mines, to get it. They are in great
+danger.
+
+4. Coals were once forests, which sank lower and lower into the earth
+hundreds and thousands of years ago. They became mixed with other
+things, and in time were changed to coal. We can see the grain in some
+of the coal, as we see it in wood.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Coal is--
+    A Mineral.
+    Black.
+    Opaque.
+    Brittle.
+
+Coal is--
+    Buried forests.
+    Got from mines.
+    Heavy.
+    Grained.
+
+Coal is used for--
+    Fuel.
+    Smelting metals.
+    Making gas.
+    Making tar.
+
+
+
+
+FIRE.                         [_Page 119._
+
+
+1. Fire is useful but dangerous. A spark from it might set a house on
+fire. We ought to be very careful about it. Children should never play
+with fire.
+
+2. It is so useful that we should not be able to have many things we
+have, if we had no fire.
+
+3. When England was covered with forests, hundreds of years ago, people
+used to have fires of wood, instead of coal. Wood-fires are not so smoky
+as those made of coal, but they are not so hot.
+
+_Write and learn:_
+
+Fire is--
+    Useful.
+    Dangerous.
+    A good servant.
+    A bad master.
+
+Fire--
+    Burns.
+    Smokes.
+    Makes flame.
+    Gives heat.
+
+Fire--
+    Warms our houses.
+    Cooks our food.
+    Makes water into steam.
+    Makes soot.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+Edinburgh:
+Printed by W. & R. Chambers, Limited.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Chambers's Elementary Science Readers, by Various
+
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