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diff --git a/17488-8.txt b/17488-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbed5aa --- /dev/null +++ b/17488-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2125 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in +1891, by Cosmos Mindeleff + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in 1891 + Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the + Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-94, + Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 315-348 + +Author: Cosmos Mindeleff + +Release Date: January 10, 2006 [EBook #17488] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Carlo Traverso, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at +http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: +All brackets except those used with footnotes are in the original text, +as are asterisks indicating long ellipsis.] + + * * * * * + + +THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA, IN 1891 + + BY + + COSMOS MINDELEFF + + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS + +Introduction 321 +Description of the ruins 321 +Condition of Casa Grande in 1891 323 +Plans for the repairs 325 +Execution of the work 326 +Reservation of the land 330 +Specimens found in the excavations 330 + +Exhibits 333 + I. Contract for repairing and preserving + Casa Grande ruin, Arizona 333 + II. Plans and specifications for the preservation + of the Casa Grande ruin, Arizona, 1891 335 + General requirements 335 + Clearing out the debris 335 + Underpinning walls 336 + Filling in openings 336 + Bracing 336 + Wire fencing 337 + Roof 337 + III. Plans and sections 337 + IV. Oath of disinterestedness 338 + V. Bids 338 + VI. Indorsements 339 + VII. Report of Mr H. C. Rizer 340 + +Supplement 344 + Correspondence and report relating to the condition + of Casa Grande in 1895, with recommendations concerning + its further protection 344 + I. Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian + of Casa Grande, to the Secretary of the Interior, + recommending an appropriation for further + protecting the ruin 344 + II. Indorsement of Mr Whittemore's letter by the Acting + Secretary of the Interior 344 + III. Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of + American Ethnology to the Secretary of the + Interior suggesting an examination of Casa Grande + with a view of its further protection 344 + IV. Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior + to the Director of the Bureau of American + Ethnology approving the suggestion that Casa + Grande be visited with a view of determining the + desirability of its further protection 347 + V. Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American + Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior + regarding the examination of Casa Grande by + Mr W J McGee 347 + VI. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American + Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior on the + examination of the condition of Casa Grande by + Mr W J McGee, with a recommendation concerning + its further protection 348 + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + +Plate CXII. Map of the Casa Grande group 321 + CXIII. Ground plan of Casa Grande ruin 322 + CXIV. General view of Casa Grande 325 + CXV. Interior wall surface 326 + CXVI. West front of Casa Grande showing blocks of masonry 329 + CXVII. Plan showing ground-level erosion, tie-rods, + limits of work, and lines of ground sections 330 + CXVIII. East-and-west ground sections 333 + CXIX. North-and-south ground sections 335 + CXX. South front of the ruin, showing underpinning + and ends of tie-rods 337 + CXXI. View from the southeast before the completion + of the work 339 + CXXII. Suggested plan of roof and support 340 + CXXIII. Section through _A-B_ of roof plan, + showing suggested roof support 343 + CXXIV. Section through _C-D_ of roof plan, + showing suggested roof support 345 + CXXV. Map showing location of Casa Grande reservation 346 + +[Transcriber's Note: +In the original, all illustrations are full-page plates distributed +evenly through the text. Their exact position has not been shown in +this e-text.] + + + * * * * * + + + THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN + + By Cosmos Mindeleff + + + * * * * * + + +INTRODUCTION + + +In March, 1889, an appropriation of $2,000 was made by Congress for the +repair of Casa Grande ruin in southern Arizona. This amount was +insufficient for complete restoration, but under the authority of the +act of Congress making the appropriation some work was done. Partly as +an aid to further possible work, and partly that there may be an +available record of what has been done for the benefit of future +students of American archeology, this report is presented. + +A full description of Casa Grande has been given by the writer in a +published memoir[1] on that ruin, hence only a brief account will now be +necessary to aid in making the present report intelligible. Following +this description is a statement of the condition of the ruin in 1891 and +of the plans formed for its repair, the latter being necessarily +controlled by the amount appropriated. After this there is an account of +the work done, from the passage of the bill until the delivery of the +work to the agent of the United States who received it, and of the +reservation, of an area of land about the ruin by order of the +President. This is followed by a catalogue of the articles found during +the excavations in and about the ruin, which were subsequently deposited +in the National Museum; a transcript of the contract under which the +work was done, including specifications, plans, and sections, and the +report of Mr H. C. Rizer, who inspected and received the work. Finally, +there are appended the correspondence and report relating to the +condition of Casa Grande in 1895, with recommendations concerning its +further protection. + + [Footnote 1: Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, + p. 289 et seq.] + +Casa Grande has occupied a very important place in the literature of +American archeology, a place which it doubtless will continue to occupy; +and as dates are frequently of importance an effort has been made to +make the present report as full as possible in that respect. + + +DESCRIPTION OF THE RUINS + +Casa Grande appears to be the sole surviving remnant of an extensive and +important class of remains in the southwest. These remains occur usually +in large groups or clusters, and Casa Grande is no exception. The name +has been ordinarily applied to a single house structure standing near +the southwestern corner of a large area covered by mounds and other +debris; but some writers have applied the term to the southwestern +portion of the area, others to the whole area. + +Probably no two investigators would assign exactly the same limits to +this area, as its margins merge imperceptibly into the surrounding +country. The accompanying map (plate CXII) shows the limits of the ruins +as interpreted by the writer. The surface covered by well-defined +remains, as there shown, extends about 1,800 feet north and south and +1,500 feet east and west, or a total area of about 65 acres. + +Casa Grande ruin occupies a position near the southwestern corner of the +group, and its size is insignificant as compared with the entire cluster +of ruins, or even with the remains of the large structure which occupied +the north-central part of the area. The contour interval on the map is 1 +foot, sufficiently small to show much surface detail. The depressions +are indicated by dotted contours. + +Within the area shown on the map there are a large number of mounds, +more or less leveled by long-continued exposure to the elements. Some +appear to be quite old, others represent buildings which were standing +within the historic period, and many interesting features are presented +which can not even be alluded to here. + +Casa Grande proper was one of the smallest of the house clusters, but it +is unique in that the walls are still standing to a height of more than +25 feet. While fragments of standing wall are not uncommon, either in +the area mentioned or in the valleys of Gala and Salt rivers generally, +no other example exists, so far as known, so well preserved as the one +under consideration. + +For miles around Casa Grande the ground surface is so flat that from the +summit of the walls an immense stretch of country is brought under view +in every direction. In the whole southwest, where there are thousands of +ruins, many of which represent villages located with especial reference +to outlook, there are few, if any, so well situated as this. + +A ground plan of the ruin is shown in plate CXII and a general view in +plate CXIV. The area covered and inclosed by standing walls is about 43 +by 59 feet, but the building is not exactly rectangular, nor do its +sides exactly face the cardinal points, notwithstanding many published +statements to that effect. The building comprised three central rooms, +each approximately 10 by 24 feet, arranged side by side with the longer +axes north and south, and two other rooms, each about 9 by 35 feet, +occupying, respectively, the northern and southern ends of the building, +and arranged transversely across the ends of the central rooms, the +longer axes running east and west. Excepting the central tier of rooms, +which was three stories high, all the walls rose to a height of two +stories above the ground. The northeastern and southeastern corners of +the structure have fallen, and large blocks of the material of which +they were composed are strewn upon the ground in the vicinity. + +The exterior walls rise to a height of from 20 to 25 feet above the +ground. This height accommodated two stories, but the top of the wall is +from 1 to 2 feet higher than the roof level of the second story. The +middle room or space was built up three stories high, and the walls are +still standing to a height of 28 to 30 feet above the ground level. The +tops of the walls, while rough and greatly eroded, are approximately +level. The exterior surface of the walls is rough, as shown in the +illustrations, but the interior walls of the rooms are finished with a +remarkable degree of smoothness, so much so that it has attracted the +attention of everyone who has visited the ruin. Plate CXV shows this +feature. At the ground level the exterior wall is from 3½ to 4½ feet +thick, and in one place over 5 feet thick. The interior walls are from 3 +to 4 feet thick. At the tops the walls are about 2 feet thick. The +building was constructed by crude methods, thoroughly aboriginal in +character, and there is no uniformity in its measurements. The walls, +even in the same room, are not of even thickness; the floor joists were +seldom in a straight line, and measurements made at similar places (for +example, at the two ends of a room) seldom agree. + +Casa Grande is often referred to as an adobe structure, but this use of +the term is misleading. Adobe construction consists of the use of molded +brick, dried in the sun, but not baked. The walls here are composed of +huge blocks of rammed earth, 3 to 5 feet long, 2 feet high and 3 to 4 +feet thick. These blocks were not molded and then laid in the wall, but +were manufactured in place. + +Plate CXVI shows the character of these blocks. The material employed +was admirably suited for the purpose, being when dry almost as hard as +sandstone and nearly as durable. A building with walls of this material +would last indefinitely, provided a few slight repairs were made at the +conclusion of each rainy season. When abandoned, however, sapping at the +ground level would commence and would in time bring down all the walls; +yet in the two centuries which have elapsed since Padre Kino's visit to +this place--and Casa Grande was then a ruin--there has been but little +destruction from the elements, the damage done by relic hunters during +the last twenty years being, in fact, much greater than that due to all +causes in the preceding two centuries. + +The building was well provided with doorways and other openings, +arranged in pairs, one above the other. There were doorways from each +room into every adjoining room, except that the rooms of the middle tier +were entered only from the east. Some of the openings were not used, and +were closed with blocks of solid masonry, built into them long prior to +the final abandonment of the structure. + + +CONDITION OF CASA GRANDE IN 1891 + +The south and east fronts of Casa Grande seem to have suffered, +particularly from the weather, and here rainstorms have probably caused +some of the damage. The outer faces of the walls are of the same +material as the wall mass, all the masonry being composed of earth from +the immediate site. In the construction of the walls this soil was laid +up in successive courses of varying thickness, whose limits form clearly +defined and approximately horizontal joints. The northeast and southeast +corners of the building have entirely fallen away, and low mounds of +their debris still show many knobs and lumps, parts of the original wall +mass. + +The destruction of the walls was due mainly to undermining at the ground +level. The character of this undermining is shown in many of the +illustrations to this report, especially in plate CXVI, and its extent +is indicated on the accompanying ground plan (plate CXVII) by dotted +lines within the wall mass. Although the material of which the walls are +composed is very hard when dry, and capable of resisting the destructive +influences to which it has been subjected for a long time, yet under +certain conditions it becomes more yielding. The excessively dry climate +of this region, which in one respect has made the preservation of the +ruin possible, has also furnished, in its periodic sandstorms, a most +efficient agent of destruction. The amount of moisture in the soil is so +small as scarcely to be detected, but what there is in the soil next to +the walls is absorbed by the latter, rising doubtless by capillary +attraction to a height of a foot or more from the ground. This portion +of the wall being then more moist than the remainder, although possibly +only in an infinitesimal degree, is more subject to erosion by flying +sand in the windstorms so frequent in this region, and gradually the +base of the wall is eaten away until the support becomes insufficient +and the wall falls en masse. The plan shows that in some places the +walls have been eaten away at the ground level to a depth of more than a +foot. Portions of the south wall were in a dangerous condition and +likely to fall at any time. + +Visiting tourists have done much damage by their vandalism. They have +torn out and carried away every lintel and every particle of visible +wood in the building. After the removal of the lintels a comparatively +short time elapses before the falling in of the wall above. Apparently +but a small amount of this damage can be attributed to rainstorms, +which, although rare in this region, are sometimes violent. There is +evidence that the present height of the walls is nearly the original +height, in other words, that the loss from surface erosion in several +centuries has been trifling, although numerous opinions to the contrary +have been expressed by causal observers. The eastern wall has suffered +more from this cause than the others; a belt on the northern half, +apparently softer than the remainder of the wall, has been eaten away to +a depth of nearly a foot. The interior wall faces are in good condition +generally, except about openings and in places near the top. + +Evidences of the original flooring are preserved in several of the +rooms, especially in the north room. The flooring conformed to the +pueblo type in the use of a series of principal beams, about 3 inches in +diameter, above which was a secondary series smaller in size and placed +quite close together, and above this again a layer of rushes with a +coating of clay. All the walls show evidences of the principal series of +beams in the line of holes formed by their ends where they were embedded +in the walls. In the south wall, in parts of the east wall high up on +the level of the upper roof, and in parts of other walls a few stumps of +floor beams remained. These specimens of aboriginal woodwork have +survived only because they are not in sight from the ground, and their +existence therefore was not suspected by the tourists. Evidence of the +other features of the floor construction can be seen on the walls in +places where they have left an imprint, as described in the memoir +previously cited. + +No single opening remains intact, as the lintels have been removed from +every one of them. This is particularly unfortunate, for openings at +their best are an element of weakness in a wall, and here each opening, +after the lintel was removed, became, as it were, a center of weakness +from which the destruction of the wall mass gradually proceeded further +and further. + + +PLANS FOR THE REPAIRS + +The plans for the repair of the ruin and its preservation included the +reservation of the area covered by remains and, if possible, its +inclosure, for within that area are exhibited all the various degrees of +decay and disintegration which clearly link the comparatively well +preserved Casa Grande with the numerous almost obliterated ruins along +the Gila and the Salt, whose vestiges will become even less distinct as +time passes and cultivation increases. + +It was deemed necessary to remove all the rubbish and debris within the +building and from an area measuring 10 feet from the outer walls in +every direction. Plate CXVII shows the extent of this area, and six +sections are shown in plates CXVIII and CXIX, three on east-and-west +lines and three on north-and-south lines. The lines along which these +sections were made are indicated on the plan, plate CXVII. The ground +level was determined by excavation, and is of course only approximate. +The sections show the estimated amount of debris which was to be +removed. Aside from other considerations, it was necessary to uncover +the walls to the ground level in order to do the necessary underpinning. + +It was planned to underpin the walls, where erosion at the ground level +had weakened them, with hard-burned brick laid in cement mortar. Plate +CXVII shows in a measure the extent of this erosion. The brick surface +was to be set back an inch or two and faced with that thickness of +cement mortar. Plate CXX shows the south front and plate CXXI the south +and east fronts when the brickwork was completed, but before it was +plastered, and will illustrate what was planned better than can a +description. + +This treatment, it was believed, would give a surface capable of +effectually resisting atmospheric influences and the destructive action +of flying sand, and at the same time would not disfigure the ruin by +making the repairs obtrusive. + +The broken-out lintels of openings were to be replaced, and the cavities +above them filled in with brick faced with mortar similar to the +underpinning. + +The south wall, which was in a dangerous condition, was to be supported +by three internal braces, as shown in the plan, plate CXVII. The longest +brace or beam was necessarily of wood, as the wide range of temperature +in this region, even between day and night, would produce so much +expansion and contraction in an iron rod 60 feet long that without some +compensating device the wall would be rocked on its base and its rapid +destruction necessarily follow. + + +EXECUTION OF THE WORK + +Appended to that portion of the sundry civil appropriation act approved +March. 2, 1889,[1] in which certain expenses of the United States +Geological Survey are provided for, is the following item: + + Repair of the ruin of Casa Grande, Arizona: To enable the Secretary + of the Interior to repair and protect the ruin of Casa Grande, + situate in Pinal County, near Florence, Arizona, two thousand + dollars; and the President is authorized to reserve from settlement + and sale the land on which said ruin is situated and so much of the + public land adjacent thereto as in his judgment may be necessary for + the protection of said ruin and of the ancient city of which it is a + part. + + [Footnote 1: 25 Statutes, p. 961.] + +On the 12th of April, 1889, there was a conference between the Secretary +of the Interior and the Commissioner of the General Land Office looking +to the execution of the law, and on the 16th of that month the +Commissioner submitted a statement on the subject, calling attention to +the fact that the appropriation would not be available until July 1 +following, and suggesting that a special agent should be sent out to +examine the ruin. This suggestion was approved, and on April 27, 1889, +Special Agent Alexander L. Morrison, of the General Land Office, was +instructed to proceed to the ruins for the purpose of investigating and +reporting as to what method should be adopted for their repair and +protection. Mr Morrison was further instructed to report "all the facts +obtainable as regards said ruins of 'Casa Grande,' in order that +appropriate action may be taken by the Department for its preservation." + +On May 15,1889, Mr Morrison submitted a report to the Commissioner, +describing his journey, the location of the ruin, the ruin itself, and +other ruins in the vicinity. He stated that danger to the ruin was of +three kinds--(1) by vandalism, (2) by elements, (3) by undermining. He +recommended the construction of a roof and an underpinning of stone for +the walls. Finally, he gave some historical notes, and closed with a +peroration. + +Mr Morrison's plans were found impracticable, as their execution would +require an expenditure of many times the sum appropriated, and on +September 23, 1889, all the papers in the case were transmitted by the +Secretary to the Director of the Geological Survey, "for appropriate +action under the clause of the act referred to, as being within the +province of your Bureau." It was ordered that the work be commenced +without the least delay, and November 27, 1889, Mr Victor Mindeleff, of +the Bureau of Ethnology, was detailed by the Director and ordered to +proceed to the ruin and report on the best means of repairing it and +protecting it from further destruction. He was also directed to make +other investigations in the vicinity, which have no relation to the +present case. + +On July 1, 1890, Mr Mindeleff submitted a report. He described the ruins +of which Casa Grande is the type, and also Casa Grande itself. He also +made a statement of the condition of the ruin and suggested that the +main destruction "was due to the undermining of the walls, and stated +that much damage had been done by tourists. He recommended (1) that an +area about the ruin be fenced in; (2) that a man be located permanently +on the ground to watch the ruins; (3) that the ruins be cleaned out; (4) +that the walls be underpinned with brick instead of stone, as previously +suggested; (5) that the tops of the walls, after removing several inches +to afford a good bearing surface, be treated with a coping of cement. It +was regarded that this plan, if carried into effect, would afford +sufficient protection against the weather, but a plan for a roof was +submitted should such a structure be deemed desirable and practicable. +Mr Mindeleff also recommended a number of tie-rods and beams, the +replacement of the broken-out lintels, and the filling of the cavities +above. + +This plan was approved in its general features, but the means provided +for its execution were found insufficient. A further complication arose +from the fact that a few months later Mr Mindeleff severed his +connection with the Bureau of Ethnology and his knowledge became no +longer available. + +November 20, 1890, the writer was ordered to proceed to the ruin and +inaugurate the work of repair, following, so far as practicable, the +plans already approved. He left Washington soon afterward and reached +the ruin late in December. It was found necessary to make a detailed +survey of the ruin and of the group of which it forms a part, and to +make plans and sections showing the probable amount of excavation for +the use of those who were invited to bid on the work. Furthermore, the +amount appropriated was so well known to be inadequate that great +difficulty was experienced in obtaining bids, and it was only through +the efficient cooperation of the Reverend I. T. Whittemore at Florence +and of Mr C. A. Garlick at Phoenix that success was finally achieved. +Two bids were received from the former place and one from the latter; +but this was not accomplished until March 17, 1891, the date when the +last bid was received. In the meantime the writer, having completed his +work at Casa Grande, so far as he could, had entered, in January, on an +archeologic investigation of the valley of the Rio Verde, in compliance +with his orders to that effect. + +It was found impossible to execute all the work deemed requisite for the +preservation of the ruin within the limits of the appropriation. A +selection of items became necessary, therefore, and those which were of +most importance were chosen. Even in this, however, it was found that a +maximum limit on the amount of work to be done on each item must be set, +and this limit was considerably below the amount of work estimated to be +necessary. + +The first thing to be done was, of course, the clearing out of the +rubbish and debris. The item next in importance was the underpinning of +the walls with brick wherever it was needed. The third item was the +restoration of the lintels and the filling of the cavities above them. +The fourth item was the tying in of the south wall, or of the several +parts of it, with braces. This was the only feature of the plan which +would appreciably disfigure the ruin, but some such device was deemed +essential for the preservation of the south wall. + +These four items consumed practically all of the amount appropriated, +and the other items of the original plan were therefore omitted. The bid +of T. L. Stouffer and F. E. White, of Florence, Arizona, covering the +four items, was accepted, and a contract was made with them, under date +of May 9, 1891, for the execution of the work for the sum of $1,985. +This contract, together with the specifications, plans, and other +drawings which formed part of it, accompany this report. It was +transmitted to the Director of the Geological Survey, and by him +approved and forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior June 6, 1891. It +was approved by the Acting Secretary June 20, 1891. Finally, on July 20, +1891, it was placed on file, together "with the bids, proposals, and all +the original papers." + +A time limit of two months was made in the contract, expiring August 20, +1891, but it was changed to four months from July 1, 1891, expiring +October 31, 1891. Before the time expired, however, Mr H. G. Rizer, then +chief clerk of the Bureau of Ethnology, was ordered to proceed to Casa +Grande ruin to examine the work done and, if in accord with the terms of +the contract and the specifications, to certify the amount due the +contractors. He submitted a report, under date of November 24, 1891, +which is appended hereto. He also obtained six photographic negatives of +the work as it stood a short time before its completion, and two of +these (reproduced in plates CXX and CXXI) have been utilized in the +preparation of this report. + +Mr Rizer found that a considerable amount of work had been done by the +contractors in excess of that authorized, and also that not sufficient +work had been done to render the repairs permanently effective. Under +the terms of the contract, no amount in excess of that stated ($1,985) +could be paid, and payment of this amount was made late in 1891. On +January 7, 1892, the contractors filed a claim for extra work on the +ruin amounting to $600.40. The work was actually performed, but the +terms of the contract were clear, and the claim was therefore +disapproved January 28, 1892. + +It would have been desirable to have had a supervisor of the work, but +as the contract consumed practically all of the amount appropriated no +provision could be made for one. It is fortunate, therefore, that the +Reverend I. T. Whittemore, who had in the meantime been appointed +honorary custodian of the ruin, generously undertook to look after the +work without compensation, and on its conclusion the small sum remaining +($15) was turned over to him, thus exhausting the appropriation. In the +sundry civil appropriation act for the year ending June 30, 1893, +provision was made for a salaried custodian of the ruin, and Mr +Whittemore was appointed to this position. Similar provision has been +continued from year to year to the present time. + +It is to be regretted that the necessities of the case, imposed by the +limited amount appropriated, compelled the fixing of a maximum amount of +work so far below the amount necessary that the repair of the ruin is +incomplete. Had it been possible to carry out the plans, it is believed +that the ruin would have stood unchanged for many decades, if not for a +century. Should further provision be made for the continuation of the +work, it should include an item for the fencing of the area covered by +the ruins or of the reservation, and possibly an item for the +construction of a roof. + +It is not clear that a roof is absolutely necessary, but it is certain +that it would be very undesirable. The region where this rain occurs has +probably less rainfall than any other part of the United States, but it +must not be forgotten that while rainstorms are infrequent they are +sometimes violent, and what damage they do may be done in a few hours. +All the items for the repair of the ruin, except that pertaining to a +roof, were so devised that the ruin was not materially disfigured or +changed, and were they fully carried out the ruin would present much the +same general appearance as before. It is important that this appearance +should be preserved as far as possible, but it can not be maintained if +a roof is erected over the walls. As four years have elapsed since the +completion of the work, it should be possible now to determine whether +atmospheric erosion has played a material part in the work of +destruction.[1] + + [Footnote 1: See the letter of the Director of the Bureau of + American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior regarding the + examination of Casa Grande by Mr W J McGee in the supplement to + the present paper.] + +In the original plans and in the specifications which formed part of the +contract (although this section was not operative) a plan for a roof was +included. Such a structure, if erected at all, should be made as +inconspicuous as possible and should be supported entirely from within +the building. The system of framing employed might safely be left to the +contractor if he were made responsible for the strength of the completed +structure. + + +RESERVATION OF THE LAND + +The final step in the execution of the law quoted was taken June 22, +1892. On that date the recommendation of the writer to the Director of +the Geological Survey, referred by him to the Secretary of the Interior +and by the latter to the President, was finally approved, and it was +ordered that an area of land sufficient for the preservation of the +ruin, and comprising in all 480 acres, be reserved under authority of +act of Congress approved March 2, 1889. This area is shown on the map +reproduced in plate CXXV, the base of which is a map accompanying the +report of Mr H. C. Rizer. + +The letter of the Secretary of the Interior recommending the reservation +of the Casa Grande tract, with its indorsement by the President, is as +follows: + + Department of the Interior, + _Washington, June 20, 1893_. + + Sir: I have the honor to recommend that the SW. ¼ SW. ¼, SE. ¼ SW. + ¼, SW. ¼ SE. ¼ section 9, NW. ¼, NW. ¼ NE. ¼, SW. ¼ NE. ¼, NW. ¼ SW. + ¼, NE. ¼ SW. ¼, and NW. ¼ SE. ¼ section 16, all in township 5 south, + range 8 east, Gila and Salt river meridian, Arizona, containing 480 + acres more or less, and including the Casa Grande ruin, be reserved + in accordance with the authority vested in you by the act of March + 2, 1889 (25 Stat., 961), for the protection of the ruin. + + The Director of the Bureau of Ethnology requests that the + reservation be made, and the Acting Commissioner of the General Land + Office knows of no objection to such action. + + Very respectfully, + John W. Noble, + _Secretary_. + + The President. + [_Indorsement by the President_] + Executive Mansion, _June 23, 1892_. + + Let the lands described within be reserved for the protection of the + Casa Grande ruin as recommended by the Secretary of the Interior. + + Benj. Harrison. + +The limits of this reservation are laid down on the plat of the survey +of said township in the General Land Office, and the reservation is now +under the control of the Secretary of the Interior. + + +SPECIMENS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS + +In the course of the excavations a number of specimens of archeologic +interest were unearthed. These were all preserved and on the conclusion +of the work were forwarded to the National Museum in Washington, in +compliance with the terms of the contract. Following is a list showing +the collection number and also the Museum number. + + +National Museum number + | + |Bureau of Ethnology number + | | + | | Article | Number of specimens + | | | + | | | | Remarks +--------+-----+---------------------+------+----------------------------- + | | | | + 155088 | 595 | Fragments of large | Lot. | Plain red on both sides. + | | earthenware vessel. | | + 155089 | 596 | Large bowl. | 1 | Red outside; black, polished + | | | | inside; restored. + 155090 | 597 | Large vase. | 1 | Decorated outside; restored. + 155091 | 598 | Pottery fragments. | 14 | Decorated. + 155092 | 599 | Pottery vase (toy). | 1 | Small, dark brown. + 155093 | 600 | Pottery bowl (toy). | 1 | Small, black. + 155094 | 601 | Pottery disk or | 4 | + | | spindle. | | + 155095 | 602 | Pottery toy | 1 | Dark brown. + | | (mountain goat). | | + | 603 | Adobe. | 2 | Lumps; 1 showing impression + | | | | of cloth, the other of a + | | | | human foot. + | 604 | Small shells. | Lot. | + | 605 | -- do -- | Lot. | + | 606 | Small shells(lonus?)| Lot. | + | 607 | Small shells (cut | Lot. | For use as pendants. + | | and perforated). | | + | 608 | Small shells, beads,| Lot. | 1 string and 2 fragments. + | | and pendants. | | + | 609 | Bone awls. | 3 | + | 610 | Bone fragments. | 6 | Partly charred. + | 611 | Chalk, obsidian | Lot. | + | | chips, and brown | | + | | adobe. | | + | 612 | Charred wood, 2 | 4 | + | | nuts, and a | | + | | corncob. | | + | 613 | Charred textiles, | 2 | + | | cloth. | | + | 614 | Wooden joist | 3 | 3, 6, and 9 inches long; + | | fragments. | | 4 inches diameter. + | 615 | Reed. | 1 | 12 inches long. + | 616 | Stone axes. | 7 | And 3 broken, grooved. + | 617 | Pounding stone and | 2 | Of sandstone, with + | | fragment. | | ring-shaped handle. + | 618 | Stone pestles | 2 | One 12½ inches long, 1¾ + | | | | inches diameter; one 9½ + | | | | inches long, 1¾ inches + | | | | diameter; also a fragment + | 619 | Stone mullers. | 4 | + | 620 | Stone hammers. | 6 | 1 pitted. + | 621 | Stone mullers, flat.| 6 | 5 broken. + | 622 | Stone mortar, flat. | 1 | 6½ by 12 inches; 2 inches + | | | | thick. + | 623 | -- do -- | 1 | 13 by 22 inches; 6 inches + | | | | thick. + | 624 | Stone, polished. | 1 | 22 inches long, 6½ inches + | | | | diameter; restored. + | 625 | Stone hoes or | 2 | + | | chopping knives. | | + | 626 | Limestone ornament. | 1 | Carved; fragmentary. + | 627 | Small stone vessel. | 1 | Serpent carved on the + | | | | outside. + | 628 | Stone arrowhead. | 2 | 1 of obsidian, very small, + | | | | and 1 of flint; also a + | | | | broken specimen. + + Specimen number 627 B.E. was not obtained from the ruin itself, but + was found in that vicinity by Mr Whittemore and presented by him. + + + + +EXHIBITS + + +I. CONTRACT FOR REPAIRING AND PRESERVING CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA + +_This contract_, made and entered into this ninth day of May, eighteen +hundred and ninety-one, between Theodore Louis Stouffer and Frederick +Emerson White, both of Florence, Arizona, as principals, and Augustine +Gray Williams, of Florence, Arizona, Andrew James Doran, of Florence, +Arizona, as sureties, of the first part, and the United States of +America, by Cosmos Mindeleff, acting for the Secretary of the Interior, +of the second part: + +_Witnesseth_, That the said parties of the first part do hereby contract +and agree with the United States of America, as follows: That for the +consideration hereinafter mentioned they will at their own expense and +risk perform and execute the work upon the Casa Grande ruin, described +and specified in the specification hereto annexed and forming a part +hereof, in the manner and with the conditions specified, items of said +work to be as follows: + +Item No. 1. Clearing out the débris: To excavate and remove 350 cubic +yards of earth and débris, or less, as specified, amount of excavation +not to exceed 350 cubic yards. + +Item No. 2. Underpinning walls: To underpin the walls as specified, +requiring 750 cubic feet of brick masonry, or less, amount of masonry +not to exceed 750 cubic feet. + +Item No. 3. Filling in cavities: To fill in cavities and openings as +specified, 500 lineal feet of 2 by 4 inches squared lumber and 800 cubic +feet of masonry, or less, whole amount of filling not to exceed 825 +cubic feet. + +Item No. 4. To brace the walls as specified in the annexed plan and +specifications. + +Items numbered five and six of the specifications hereto annexed, +together with the plans, specifications, and conditions pertaining +especially and only to them and not to the other items, are omitted. + +The said parties of the first part further contract and agree to deliver +over the work, completed and finished, to such person as the Secretary +of the Interior may designate, within two months after receipt of notice +that this contract has been approved by the Secretary of the Interior. + +_It is further stipulated and agreed_, That should the parties of the +first part fail to complete the work within the time specified, or +should they deliver work which is not in accordance with the plans and +specifications hereto annexed, only such sum shall be paid for the work +as may be agreed upon by the said parties of the first part and the +Secretary of the Interior; and it is further stipulated and agreed on +the part of the parties of the first part that if the work is not +completed in the time specified and according to the specifications +hereto annexed they will pay to the United States a sum not exceeding +fifty dollars for each and every week after the time specified, such +payments to be deducted from the amount due for work done: _Provided_, +That the Secretary of the Interior, or such person as he may authorize +to do so, may extend the time for the completion of the work. + +_And the United States of America_, by the said Cosmos Mindeleff, acting +for the Secretary of the Interior, do hereby contract and agree with the +said parties of the first part that for the aforesaid work, performed +and executed in the manner and under the conditions aforesaid, there +shall be paid to the said parties of the first part the following sums: + +For item No. 1. For clearing out the débris, as specified and as above +limited, sixty cents ($0.60) for each cubic yard. + +For item No. 2. For underpinning walls, as specified and as above +limited, one dollar ($1) for each cubic foot. + +For item No. 3. For filling in cavities, as specified and as above +limited, one dollar ($1) for each cubic foot, including lumber. + +For item No. 4. For bracing walls, as specified, two hundred dollars +($200). _Provided_, That payments for the work here contracted for shall +be made only after the inspection and approval of the work by such +person as the Secretary of the Interior shall designate. + +It is an express condition of this contract that it shall have no force +or effect until it is submitted to and approved by the Secretary of the +Interior. + +It is a further condition of this contract that no Member or Delegate +to Congress, or any other officer or agent of the United States, either +directly or indirectly, himself or by any other person in trust for him, +or for his use and benefit, or on his account, is a party to or in any +manner interested, in whole or in part, in this contract, or in the +enjoyments, benefits, profits, or emoluments arising therefrom. + + (Signed) Theodore Louis Stouffer. [SEAL] + Frederick Emerson White. [SEAL] + Augustine Gray Williams. [SEAL] + Andrew James Doran. [SEAL] + +Witnesses as to Stouffer, White, Doran, and Williams: + + (Signed) Frank C. Kebbey, + _Clerk District Court, Second Judicial District, + Territory of Arizona_. + Cosmos Mindeleff, [SEAL] + _Acting for the Secretary of the Interior_. + +Witnesses as to Cosmos Mindeleff: + + (Signed) Jeff Hunt. + Chas. B. Eaman. + + +AFFIDAVIT OF CONTRACTORS + +Territory of Arizona, _County of Pinal, ss:_ + +Augustine Gray Williams and Andrew James Doran, subscribers to and +sureties in the contract hereto annexed, being duly sworn, depose +and say, each for himself, that he is worth the sum of two thousand +dollars over and above all debts and liabilities which he owes or +has incurred, and exclusive of property exempt by law from levy and +sale under execution. + + (Signed) Augustine Gray Williams. [SEAL] + Andrew James Doran. [SEAL] + +Sworn to and subscribed before me this ninth day of May, A. D. 1891. + + [SEAL] (Signed) Frank C. Kebbey, + _Clerk District Court, Second Judicial District, + Territory of Arizona_. + + +Territory of Arizona, _S Ct:_ + +I, Joseph H. Kebbey, associate justice of the supreme court of the +Territory of Arizona, certify that I am personally acquainted with +Augustine Gray Williams and Andrew James Doran, sureties, and that +in my opinion they are good and sufficient to the amounts in which +they have bound themselves in the foregoing contract. + +Florence, Arizona Territory, 9th May, 1891. + + (Signed) Joseph H. Kebbey, + _Associate Justice Supreme Court, Arizona Territory_. + + +II. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE CASA GRANDE +RUIN, ARIZONA, 1891 + +(_Attached to and forming part of contract_) + +GENERAL REQUIREMENTS + +All the work upon this ruin is to be carried out in such a manner as to +interfere as little as possible with the present condition and +appearance of the building, and the contractors will be held responsible +for any injury to it. + +The work is to be carried on under a supervisor, acting for the United +States, who shall have power to reject any materials it is proposed to +use in the work which are not in his judgment equal to those specified, +and he shall have power to have torn down any work done which he has +reason to suspect is not such as required by the specifications, but if +such work shall prove upon inspection to have been well done the +contractor may make a charge of the amount which would have been allowed +for that part of the work had it passed inspection. + +When the work is completed it must pass the final inspection of the +supervisor, or such person as the Secretary of the Interior may +designate for the purpose. + +1. CLEARING OUT THE DÉBRIS + +The débris now filling up the interior is to be removed down to the +floor level, or the original ground level. The débris covering an area +measuring 10 feet from the exterior walls of the building in every +direction is also to be removed. This work is to be carried on in +conjunction with the underpinning of the walls, and is to be dependent +upon the progress of the latter, the work being done as required by the +person holding the contract for the underpinning. All proper precautions +must be observed during the progress of the work to prevent any injury +to the building, the walls being properly braced and supported before +excavation is commenced. The contractor will be held responsible for any +injury to the building. Any objects found of archeologic or other value +properly belong to the United States and must be deposited in the +National Museum. The material removed from the building and from the +area about it is to be removed to a proper distance, not less than 100 +yards from the building. Proper drainage channels must be provided to +keep the excavated area permanently clear of water. + +2. UNDERPINNING WALLS + +The walls where eroded at the ground level are to be underpinned with +hard-burned brick, laid in good cement mortar and extending to a depth +of at least 12 inches below the original ground level. This work must be +carried on gradually and very carefully in conjunction with the clearing +out of the débris. The under surfaces of the overhanging walls must be +carefully trimmed to afford solid horizontal bearings against the +brickwork. The face of the brickwork is to be set back at least 1 inch +and not more than 2 inches from the face of the wall, and the brickwork +is to be plastered with a coating of cement mortar, 1 to 2 inches thick, +bringing it out flush with the outer wall. + +3. FILLING IN OPENINGS + +The broken-out lintels of openings are to be replaced by wooden lintels +composed of squared lumber, 2 by 4 inches in size, laid side by side +across nearly the whole thickness of the walls, with not more than 1 +inch space between the boards, and of the same length as the original +lintels. The broken-out walls are to be trimmed to afford solid resting +places for the new lintels, which are to occupy the same horizontal +planes that the old ones did. The openings above the lintels are to be +filled in in the same manner as the underpinning previously described, +the tinder wall surfaces being carefully dressed to afford solid +horizontal bearings, the brick work being set back 1 inch from the wall +surfaces and plastered with a coating of cement mortar to bring it out +flush with the wall. + +4. BRACING + +One wooden brace and two iron braces are to be put in, as shown upon the +plan hereto annexed. The wooden brace is to be of one piece, or of two +pieces well bolted together, of selected lumber, free from knots and +other imperfections, squared, and measuring 6 by 8 inches in cross +section. The iron braces are to be of 1 inch diameter, best quality +wrought-iron rods. The bearing plates, four to each rod, are to be not +less than 10 inches in diameter, of sufficient strength, and securely +and permanently fastened to the braces. + +5. WIRE FENCING + +Such area as may be determined is to be fenced with the best quality of +galvanized iron barbed wire, strung upon posts placed 20 feet apart. The +posts are to be of mesquite, not less than 3 inches in diameter and of a +reasonable degree of straightness (not varying more than 5 inches from a +straight line). The posts are to be at least 6 feet 6 inches long and +are to be planted perpendicularly with 4 feet 6 inches clear and at +least 2 feet below the ground surface. Three lines of double wire are to +be stretched upon and securely fastened to the posts, the first at a +distance of 2 feet from the ground, the second at 3 feet, and the third +at 4 feet from the ground. Two gateways are to be provided, at such +points as may be directed, the side posts to be of squared timber, 6 by +6 inches in cross section, and the gates to be made of sawed lumber 1 +inch by 5 inches, hung upon good iron hinges, and leaving a clear space +of not less than 12 feet when open, the whole to be executed in the best +and most workmanlike manner. + +6. ROOF + +The building is to be crowned by a roof of corrugated iron, supported in +the manner shown in the accompanying plan and sections. The uprights are +to be of selected squared lumber 1 foot square, each in a single piece, +the lower ends planted at least 3 feet below the original ground level, +and to be braced and tied to each other, as shown in the plan. The tie +pieces are to be of selected squared lumber, 4 inches by 6 inches in +cross section. The roof is to be framed and braced in the ordinary +manner, and this framing is to extend beyond the outer wall 6 feet. The +covering is to be a good quality of corrugated iron roofing, securely +fastened to the framework, and painted with three good coats of the best +quality of roof paint. The whole to be constructed and executed, in the +best and most workmanlike manner, of good materials throughout, and to +be of a strength sufficient to withstand the windstorms to which it may +be subjected. + + +III. PLANS AND SECTIONS--PRESERVATION OF THE CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA. +SCALE OF ALL THE PLANS AND SECTIONS. 0.1 INCH = 1 FOOT + +Plans and sections accompanying specifications are as follows: + + Plan showing tie-rods, limits of work, and lines of ground sections. + [Plate CXVII of this report.] + + Three east-and-west sections to show estimated amount of excavation + necessary. [Plate CXVIII of this report.] + + Three north-and-south sections to show estimated amount of excavation + necessary. [Plate CXIX of this report.] + + Plan showing roof support. [Plate CXXII of this report.] + + Two sections showing roof support. [Plate CXXIII and plate CXXIV of + this report.] + + +IV. OATH OF DISINTERESTEDNESS + + I do solemnly swear that the copy of contract hereunto annexed is + an exact copy of contract made by me personally with Theodore Louis + Stouffer and Frederick Emerson White; that I made the same fairly, + without any benefit or advantage to myself, or allowing any such + benefit or advantage corruptly to the said Theodore Louis Stouffer + and Frederick Emerson White, or to any other person or persons; and + that the papers accompanying include all those relating to the said + contract, as required by the statute, in such case made and provided. + + (Signed) Cosmos Mindeleff. + + Sworn to and subscribed before me at Washington, D.C., this 18th day + of July, 1891. + + [SEAL] (Signed) Jno. D. McChesney, + _Notary Public_. + + +V. BIDS + +I + + Bid for repairs on the Casa Grande ruins, in Pinal County, + Arizona, bidders to furnish all labor and materials according to + specifications: + + Item No. 1. Cleaning out débris, 60 cents per cubic yard. + Item No. 2. Underpinning walls, $1 per cubic foot. + Item No. 3. Filling in openings, $1 per cubic foot. + Item No. 4. Bracing walls, $200. + Item No. 5. Wire fence, 3 cents per foot complete. + Item No. 6. Roof, $2,000. + + (Signed) T. L. Stouffer. + F. E. White. + + Florence, Arizona, _January 28, 1891_. + +II + + Bid for putting a roof on the Casa Grande ruins as per plans and + specifications furnished, $3,000. + + (Signed) C. D. Henry. + +III + + Bid for fencing in the Casa Grande ruins: Furnishing the posts and + barbed wire, for 100 feet of fence, $7 per 100 feet. + + (Signed) C. D. Henry. + +IV + + Bids for restoring the Casa Grande ruins: + + First. Removing débris from interior of the ruins, 320 cubic yards, + more or less, $1 per yard; 140 cubic yards from exterior of the + ruins, at 60 cents per yard. + + Second. Eight hundred cubic feet of brick masonry underpinning, more + or less, at $1.30 per cubic foot. + + Third. One thousand cubic feet, more or less, of brick masonry to + fill in cavities, at $1.40 per cubic foot. + + Fourth. Bracing walls, as per plans, $120. + + Fifth. Five hundred lineal feet of 2 by 4 square timber at 8 cents + per foot, lumber measure. + + (Signed) C. D. Henry. + +V + + Phoenix, Arizona, _February 11, 1891_. + Cosmos Mindeleff, Esq., + _Tempe, Arizona_. + + Dear Sir: I hereby submit for your consideration, in reference to + the plans and specifications for the preservation of the Casa Grande + ruins of Arizona, bids upon the following propositions, to wit: + + First. "Cleaning out the débris." For the removal of 470 cubic yards + of material, more or less, at $2.65 per cubic yard. + + Second. "Underpinning walls." For 800 cubic feet of brick masonry, + more or less, laid and plastered as specified, at $4.25 per cubic + foot. + + Third. "Filling in openings." For filling in cavities in walls and + restoring lintels of openings, as specified, 1,000 cubic feet, more + or less, at $2.25 per cubic foot. + + Fourth. "Bracing walls." For bracing walls, $85.30. + + Fifth. "Wire fencing." Twenty-five dollars and twenty-five cents per + 100 feet of completed fence. + + Sixth. "Roofing." As per specifications, $4,722. + + Respectfully submitted. + + (Signed) M. E. Clauton. + + +VI. INDORSEMENTS + +_Contract for the repair and preservation of the Casa Grande ruin, +Arizona, 1891_ + + Department of the Interior, + U. S. Geological Survey, + _June 6, 1891_. + + Respectfully forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior, recommending + approval. + + (Signed) J. W. Powell, _Director_. + + Department of the Interior, + _June 20, 1891_. + + The within contract is hereby approved. + + (Signed) Geo. C. Chandler, + _Acting Secretary_. + +June 30, 1891. Transmitted by J. W. Powell, Director, to the Secretary +of the Interior for file in returns office. + +July 1, 1891. Returned for oath. + +July 20, 1891. J. W. Powell, Director, transmits amended contract, with +bids, proposals, and all original papers attached. + + +VII. REPORT OF MR H. C. RIZER + + Smithsonian Institution, + Bureau of Ethnology, + Washington, _November 24, 1891_. + + Honorable J. W. Powell, + _Director of the Bureau of Ethnology_. + + Sir: Complying with your order directing me to proceed to Florence, + Arizona, to witness the closing up of the work under contract for + the preservation of Casa Grande ruin near that place, and to report + to you the amount and character of the work accomplished, certifying + the amount due the contractors under each item, I have the honor to + submit the following report: + + I visited the ruin first on October 20, and found the work well + advanced. Steady progress was made from said date until October 31, + the limitation expressed in the contract for prosecuting it. + + In order to ascertain the exact location of Casa Grande ruin and to + aid me in the determination of the amount of work performed by the + contractors, I employed Mr Albert T. Colton, a civil engineer and + the official surveyor of Pinal county, Arizona, within the limits of + which the ruin stands. From actual measurements made by Mr Colton, + based upon official notes in his custody, he informed me the ruin + was located in the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of the + southwest quarter of section 16 of township 5 south, range 8 east. A + congressional township plat on which Mr Colton has marked the exact + location of the ruin is filed herewith, marked Exhibit A, and made a + part of this report [plate CXXV]. + + On October 29 Mr Colton at my instance took measurements of the + brickwork in underpinning and filling in cavities in the walls and + of the excavation done by the contractors. His estimate, based upon + these measurements, was submitted to me in writing. It is filed + herewith, marked Exhibit B, and is made a part of this report. + + I find from these measurements that the contractors excavated and + removed to a point 100 yards from the ruin 570 cubic yards of + débris, 271 cubic yards of which were removed from the interior and + 299 cubic yards from the exterior walls of the building, within an + area of 10 feet of said walls. + + I also find the amount of underpinning done by the contractors to be + 919 cubic feet, and the amount of filling in openings to be 1,161 + cubic feet. The underpinning is done with hard-burned brick laid in + good cement mortar extending to a depth of 12 inches below the + original ground level. The face of the brickwork is set back from 1 + to 2 inches from the face of the wall and plastered with a coat of + good cement mortar, making it flush with the outer wall. + + In filling in cavities more than 500 lineal feet of 2 by 4 inch + squared lumber was used to replace broken-out lintels and laid side + by side across nearly the whole thickness of the walls, with not + more than 1 inch space between the boards. They occupy the same + horizontal planes as the original lintels, and the walls are trimmed + to afford solid resting places for them. The openings above the + lintels have been filled in the same manner as the underpinning, + with hard-burned brick set back 1 inch from the wall surfaces and + plastered with a coating of cement mortar, bringing it out flush + with the original wall. + + I further find that the contractors have placed one wooden brace and + two iron braces as designated in the specifications. The wooden + brace is constructed of two pieces of good, clear, squared lumber 6 + by 8 inches in cross section, well bolted together, secured by + plates of boiler iron three-eighths of an inch thick and 14 by 18 + inches square. The specifications provide for this brace to run from + the south side of the south wall through the center room with a + plate on each side of the south wall and one on each side of the + wall on the north side of the center room. The contractors have + deviated from these requirements in having extended the said brace + through the entire length of the building and placed the plates that + were specified for the north wall of the center room on the + respective sides of the extreme north wall of the building. While + this deviation adds nothing to the security of the south wall, it is + doubtless as effective as it would have been had it been placed as + contemplated in the plan. It may in some degree strengthen the north + wall, and I recommend that it be accepted as in compliance with the + terms of the contract. The two iron rods called for in the + specifications are of wrought iron 1½ inches in diameter, secured by + boiler-iron plates three-eighths of an inch thick and 12 inches in + diameter, securely fastened as required in the specifications. There + was a necessary deviation from the plan as to the place the rod + nearest the east side of the building should be placed. Early in the + prosecution of the work a portion of the debris in contact with the + eastern wall was removed. During the night following this a section + of the south end of the east wall fell, carrying with it that + portion of the wall between the south and east rooms to which the + plan required said rod to be attached. In consequence the + contractors placed the rod so as to connect it with the portion of + the wall still intact. As a brace to the south wall it is placed + advantageously. In excavation, underpinning, and filling in the + contractors have exceeded the limitations prescribed in the + contract, and have therefore performed an amount of work for the + remuneration of which there is no provision. The following table + shows the amount of work authorized in each of the four items with + reference to which the contract was drawn and the amount actually + performed by contractors: + + Item |1. Excavating and clearing out débris. + | |2. Underpinning walls. + | | |3. Filling in cavities. + | | | |4. Braces. +----------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+ +Maximum authorized | 350 cubic | 750 cubic | 825 | 1 wood | + | yards | feet | cubic feet | and 1 iron| + | | | | | +Performed by | 570 cubic | 919 cubic | 1,161 | 1 wood and| + contractors | yards | feet | cubic feet | 2 iron | + | | | | | +Excess | 220 cubic | 169 cubic | 336 | | + | yards | feet | cubic feet | | + | | | | | +Contract Price | 60 cents | $1 per | $1 per | $200 | + | per cubic | cubic foot| cubic foot | | + | yard | | | | + | | | | | +Maximum allowances | $210 | $750 | 825 | 200 | + under contract | | | | | + | | | | | +Amount contractors | 342 | 919 | 1,161 | 200 | + claim to have | | | | | + earned | | | | | + | | | | | +Excess of contractors'| 132 | 169 | 336 | | + claim over amount | | | | | + authorized | | | | | +----------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+ + + From this it will be observed that, taking the rate of compensation + provided for in the contract as a basis, the contractors have + performed work in excess of that authorized to the amount of $638 + [$637]. They are fully advised that there is no provision for the + payment of this excess. The requirements of the contract are, in my + opinion, fully met in the quality of material used and the work + performed. + + The preservation of the ruin is incomplete. There are six places + where lintels have disappeared and not been replaced and a + corresponding number of cavities that should be filled. Deep seams + have been cut in the walls by the action of the elements, and unless + far greater provision is made for its protection the work already + done will be of small avail. + + At many places where the débris came in contact with the wall + disintegration seems to have resulted. At a slight touch it + frequently crumbles. Owing to this fact two sections of the wall + fell during the progress of the work when the debris was + removed--one from the east wall, described above, and one from the + south wall near the west extremity. These breaches maybe observed as + shown in two of the six accompanying photographs [plates CXX, CXXI]. + These photographs were taken ten days before the work was completed. + There being no professional photographer in that vicinity I was + compelled to take advantage of the kind offer of Mr H. H. Burrell, + an amateur photographer, who happened to be there at that time. Thus + the views I secured failed to show all the brickwork done. The + coating of mortar was not applied until after the date on which the + views were taken, in consequence of which the bare bricks are shown + in the views. + + During the progress of work in removing the debris a number of + articles of interest to the ethnologist were found at various depths + and localities. They have been packed by the contractors and will be + sent to the National Museum. + + The floors in the center, north, and east rooms were found to be + about 8 feet above the ground surface. The material was similar to + that of which the walls are composed. The west and south rooms + appeared to have had floors at one time on the same level, but the + surfaces had disintegrated, and there was a mass of loose earth, + which was removed to a depth of 6.9 feet below the floors of the + other three rooms, where another floor was found slightly less firm + than those. + + Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, who has been designated by the + honorable the Secretary of the Interior as the custodian of the + ruin, rendered me valuable assistance in the performance of my + mission. He has manifested a zealous concern for the preservation of + the ruin and has given time and labor to that end. There is no + provision for his just compensation. I therefore recommend that if + any funds be found available after the payment of the amount due the + contractors the same be ordered paid to Mr Whittemore for his + services. + + Very respectfully, + H. C. Rizer, _Chief Clerk_. + + + + +SUPPLEMENT + + +CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORT RELATING TO THE CONDITION OF CASA GRANDE +IN 1895, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING ITS FURTHER PROTECTION + +I. _Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian of Casa Grande, to +the Secretary of the Interior, recommending an appropriation for further +protecting the ruin_ + + Florence, Arizona, + _July 25, 1895_. + Honorable Hoke Smith, + _Secretary of the Interior_. + + Dear Sir: It is with great hesitancy that I write to add to the + burdens of one so busy and burdened as I presume you to be. But it + is not for myself but for others that I write, and will try to be + laconic. + + Can you embody in your next report to Congress an appeal for an + appropriation of $7,000 or $8,00[0] to roof the Casa Grande ruin, to + fence 40 acres, and make excavations of all the mounds in the + vicinity for the purpose of learning the history of the wonderful + people who once lived here and erected the buildings and built + canals? + * * * * * + Very sincerely, yours, + Isaac T. Whittemore, + _Custodian Casa Grande_. + + +II. _Indorsement of the Mr Whittemore's by the Acting Secretary of the +Interior_ + + Department of the Interior, + _August 7, 1895_. + + Respectfully referred to the Director of Bureau of Ethnology for + consideration of so much of within letter as relates to the Casa + Grande ruin, and such recommendation as the facts may warrant, and + report. + + Wm. H. Sims, + _Acting Secretary_. + + +III. _Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology +to the Secretary of the Interior suggesting an examination of Casa +Grande with a view of its further protection_ + + Smithsonian Institution, + Bureau of American Ethnology, + _Washington, August 28, 1895_. + + Sir: Your request of August 7 for a report concerning a + recommendation by Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, under date of July + 25, that provision be made for further protecting Casa Grande ruin, + near Florence, Arizona, by the erection of a suitable roof, has been + under consideration. + + In many respects Casa Grande ruin is one of the most noteworthy + relics of a prehistoric age and people remaining within the limits + of the United States. It was discovered, already in a ruinous + condition, by Padre Kino in 1694, and since that time it has been a + subject of record by explorers and historians. Thus its history is + exceptionally extended and complete. By reason of its early + discovery and its condition when first seen by white men, it is + known that Casa Grande is a strictly aboriginal structure; and + archeologic researches in this country and Mexico afford grounds for + considering it a typical structure for its times and for the natives + of the southwestern region. Many other structures were mentioned or + described by the Spanish explorers, but the impressions of these + explorers were tinctured by previous experience in an inhospitable + region, and their descriptions were tinged by the romantic ideas of + the age; very few of these structures were within the limits of the + United States, and nearly all of these situated in the neighboring + republic of Mexico disappeared long ago; there is hardly a structure + left, except Casa Grande ruin, by which the early accounts of + Spanish explorers in North America can be checked and + interpreted--none other of its class exists in the United States. + Casa Grande ruin is, therefore, a relic of exceptional importance + and of essentially unique character. + + Unfortunately this structure, like others erected by the most + advanced among the native races in the southwest, is of perishable + material; it is built of adobe, or rather of cajon, i.e., of a + puddled clay, molded into walls, dried in the sun. Such walls would + stand a short time only in humid regions; but in the arid region the + material is desiccated and baked under cloudless sky and sun for + many months at a time, and becomes so hard as to resist, fairly, the + rare storms of the region. It is by reason of climatal conditions + that cajon and adobe have come into general use for building in + southwestern United States, as in contiguous parts of Mexico; and it + is by reason of the same conditions that a few of the ancient + structures remain, and the best preserved of all is found in the + Gila valley, one of the most desert regions on the western + hemisphere. Yet the best of the cajon structures is perishable; so + long as the roof remains and the summits of the walls are protected, + disintegration proceeds slowly; but when the projecting roof is + removed, the rare but violent storms attack the walls, and they are + gradually channeled and gullied by the storm waters, while the + exterior surface gradually disintegrates and falls away under the + alternate wetting and drying. Even in the most arid regions, the + earth-built structures typical of the southwest are surely, albeit + slowly, ravaged and destroyed. + + Several years ago Casa Grande ruin was brought into general notice + throughout the United States in consequence of southwestern + explorations; and in 1889, in response to a petition from several + illustrious Americans, the Congress of the United States, at the + instance of Senator Hoar, of Massachusetts, made an appropriation of + $2,000 for the purpose of undertaking the preservation of this ruin. + This appropriation was expended in works urgently required to + prevent the falling of the walls and final destruction of the ruin; + they included metal stays for the walls, with brickwork for the + support and protection of the walls at their bases. Subsequently an + area of about 480 acres, including the ruin, was reserved from + settlement by Executive order. A custodian was also appointed, and, + as this office has been informed, has been continued down to the + present. This action on the part of the legislative and executive + branches of the Government can only be regarded as indicating a + desire and continued intention to preserve the ruin for the benefit + of the people of the United States. + + The expenditures thus far authorized for the preservation of Casa + Grande ruin have been made in such manner as to meet the most urgent + needs only, and without them the structure would probably have been, + before this time, beyond the reach of preservation. The preservative + works were undertaken as emergency measures, rather than as steps in + carrying out a well-considered plan. From the outset it has been + understood by architects and archeologists and others familiar with + the structure that preservation can be insured only by throwing a + roof over the entire ruin in such manner as to protect the walls + from the fierce rainstorms which occasionally occur in the Gila + valley. No lesser work will preserve the ruin more than a generation + or two; and unless this work of roofing is contemplated and is + undertaken within a few years, the emergency work will be of little + avail and the money expended therein will be lost. Accordingly, + assuming a desire and continued intention on the part of the + Government to preserve this noteworthy relic, no hesitation is felt + in recommending that a suitable roof be placed over Casa Grande + ruin, at such time as may be expedient; and, in view of the rapidity + with which destruction is now in progress, there is no hesitation in + saying that the work should be undertaken at the earliest + practicable date. + + It should be added that neither the Director nor any of the + collaborators in the Bureau of American Ethnology have visited Casa + Grande ruin for some three years, and accordingly that there are no + data in this office to indicate whether there is especially urgent + necessity for undertaking preservative work at this time; but much + confidence is placed in the judgment of the custodian, Reverend + Isaac T. Whittemore, who is known to several collaborators in the + Bureau. + + The subject of the preservation of Casa Grande, in many respects the + most noteworthy ruin in the United States, is deemed important; and + if the Secretary of the Interior desires more specific information + concerning the present condition of the ruin, as a basis for further + action or judgment, it will be a pleasure to have an officer of this + Bureau make a special examination of, and report on, the ruin during + the autumn. + + I have the honor to be, yours, with great respect, + + W J McGee, _Acting Director_. + The Secretary of the Interior. + + +IV. _Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior to the Director of +the Bureau of American Ethnology, approving the suggestion that Casa +Grande be visited with a view of determining the desirability of its +further protection_ + + Department of the Interior, + _Washington, September 12, 1895_. + The Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology, + _Smithsonian Institution_. + + Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of the 28th ultimo + submitting a report upon the recommendation made by the Reverend + Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian, that provision be made for further + protection of the Casa Grande ruin near Florence, Arizona, by the + erection of a suitable roof. + + In response thereto I have to state that more specific information + concerning the present condition of the ruin and the probable cost + of providing proper protection for it is desirable in the + preparation of an estimate to be submitted to Congress with a view + of securing appropriation for the work. To this end the Department + gladly avails itself of your offer to send an officer of your + Bureau, at its expense, to make a special examination and report on + the ruin during the autumn of this year. + + Very respectfully, + John M. Reynolds, + _Acting Secretary_. + + +V. _Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the +Secretary of the Interior regarding the examination of Casa Grande by +Mr W J McGee_ + + Smithsonian Institution, + Bureau of American Ethnology, + _Washington, October 18, 1895_. + + Sir: Pursuant to your request of September 12, 1895, Mr W J McGee, + ethnologist in charge in the Bureau of American Ethnology, will in a + few days repair to Florence, Arizona, for the purpose of examining + Casa Grande ruin and determining the desirability of further works + for its preservation. * * * + + In accordance with terms of preceding correspondence, it is of + course understood that the cost of the work will be borne wholly by + this Bureau. + + I have the honor to be, yours, with great respect, + + J. W. Powell, _Director_. + The Secretary of the Interior, + _Washington, D.C_. + + +VI. _Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the +Secretary of the Interior on the examination of the condition of Casa +Grande by Mr W J McGee, with a recommendation concerning its further +protection_ + + Smithsonian Institution, + Bureau of American Ethnology, + _Washington, November 15, 1895_. + + Sir: Pursuant to a proposal made in connection with a report from + this office relating to the ruins known as Casa Grande, near + Florence, Arizona, under date of August 28, 1895, and to the + acceptance of this proposal in a communication from the Department + of the Interior under date of September 12, 1895, Mr W J McGee, + ethnologist in charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, has + within a few days made an examination of Casa Grande ruin with the + view of determining the need for further protection of the ruin by a + roof or otherwise. + + There are in this office two series of photographs representing the + ruin. The first series was taken in 1892 before the protective works + authorized by the Congress were commenced; the second series + represents the work in progress. In the recent examination the + present condition of the ruin was carefully compared with the + condition represented in the photographs. + + On comparing the profiles of the walls, it was found that in many + cases the irregular upper surfaces retain the exact configuration of + 1892, even to the slightest knobs and rain-formed crevices; the + correspondence being so close as to show that the injury and loss by + weathering during the interim has been imperceptible. In some other + cases, notably along the southern and eastern walls, the profiles + are more extensively modified; some of the points and knobs shown in + the photographs are gone, some of the old crevices are widened and + deepened, and some new crevices appear; and in some parts it can be + seen that walls are lowered several inches. On the whole the + modification of the profiles of the walls is limited, yet such as to + indicate that destruction is proceeding at a not inconsiderable + rate. + + On comparing the scars and crevices on the sides of the walls, it + was found that, while many remain essentially unchanged, most are + enlarged and deepened. This is particularly noteworthy on the + eastern and southern walls, which are most beaten by wind-driven + rains, and which are also most modified in profile. It would appear + that destruction is proceeding more rapidly along the sides of the + walls than along the crests. + + On examining the walls with respect to apparent solidity and + stability, it was found that nearly all are in fair or good + condition. The only portion that would seem in special danger is the + central section of the southern exterior wall. This section seems + insecure, and might at any time be overthrown by a heavy wind + following a rain storm. This section was not, unfortunately, braced + or tied to the stronger interior wall when the protective works were + carried out in 1892. + + On examining the structure to ascertain the effect of the protective + works of 1892 in staying the destructive processes, particularly the + undermining of the walls by spattering rain and drifting sand, it + was found that in most cases the results have been excellent. On the + inner side of the middle section of the southern exterior wall + sapping is in progress at the ground level, and also along the rows + of joist openings for the first and second stories, and in a few + other places the protection seems inadequate; but in general the + anticipations of the projectors of the protective works seem to have + been realized. + + The most serious of the destructive processes was sapping, and this + process has been nearly checked by the protective works. The second + was the desurfacing and subsequent eating away of the walls by + beating rains and frost, and this is still in progress at a moderate + rate. The least serious process was the wearing away of the crests + of the walls by rain and winds, and this is still going on at a + perceptible rate. It is impossible to determine, and difficult even + to approximate, the rate of destruction quantitatively, especially + so since it goes on cumulatively, with constantly increasing + rapidity, as the cemented surfaces are destroyed and the crevices + widen and deepen; but judging from the history of the ruin, and from + the rate of destruction indicated by comparing the photographs of + 1892 with the present aspect, it would seem safe to conclude that, + if protected completely from vandalism, the ruin will be + comparatively little injured during the next five years, and will + stand perhaps half a century, without further protective works, + before moldering into dust. + + In view of the slow yet ever increasing rate of destruction of the + ruin, and of its great interest as a tangible record of the + prehistoric inhabitants of this country, no hesitation is felt in + recommending that the structure be further protected, and + practically perpetuated, by a suitable roof, so designed as to + shield the walls from rain and sun and at the same time permit an + unobstructed view of the ruin from any direction. + * * * * * + I have the honor to be, sir, yours, with great respect, + + J. W. Powell, _Director_. + Secretary of the Interior. + + + + +INDEX + + +Adobe construction, what constitutes 323 + +Burrell, H. H., Casa Grande photographed by 343 + +Clauton, M. E., bid of, for repair of Casa Grande 339 +Colton, A. T., on Casa Grande reserve 340 +Contract for repairing Casa Grande 333-335 + +Doran, A. J., affidavit of 335 + contract with, for Casa Grande repair 334 + +Eaman, C. B., witness to Casa Grande contract 334 + +Garlick, C. A., cooperation of, in repair of Casa Grande 327 + +Henry, C. D., bids of, for repair of Casa Grande 338-339 +Hoar, G.F., interest of, in Casa Grande 346 +Hunt, Jeff, witness to Casa Grande contract 334 + +Kebbey, F. C., witness to Casa Grande contract 334, 335 +Kebbey, J. H., affidavit of 335 +Kino, Eusebius, Casa Grande visited by 323, 345 + +McGee, W. J. + directed to examine Casa Grande 347 + examination of Casa Grande by 329 + examination of Casa Grande recommended by 344-347 + report on Casa Grande by 348-349 +Mindeleff, V., report by, on Casa Grande 327 +Morrison, A. L., report by, on Casa Grande 326-327 + +Specimens found at Casa Grande 330-332 +Stouffer, T. L., bid of, for Casa Grande repair 328, 338 + contract with, for Casa Grande repair 334 + +White, F. E., bid of, on Casa Grande repair 328, 338 + contract with, for Casa Grande repair 334 +Whittemore, I. T., appointed custodian of Casa Grande, 329 + compensation of, recommended, 318 + cooperation of, in repair of Casa Grande, 327 + judgment of, regarding Casa Grande, 316 + on further protection of Casa Grande, 341 +Williams, A. G., affidavit of, 335 + contract with, for Casa Grande repair, 334 + + * * * * * + +[Errors and Anomalies: + +W J McGee + _except in the Index, this name is consistently printed without + periods (W. J.)_ + +Plate CXVII shows the extent of this area, and six sections are shown in +plates CXVIII and CXIX + _text reads_ Plate VI ... VII and VIII (_as if numbering from I within + article_) + +Very sincerely, yours, + _comma in original_ + +Indorsement of the Mr Whittemore's by the Acting Secretary + _wording as in original_ ] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin, +Arizona, in 1891, by Cosmos Mindeleff + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE *** + +***** This file should be named 17488-8.txt or 17488-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/4/8/17488/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Carlo Traverso, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at +http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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