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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in
+1891, by Cosmos Mindeleff
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in 1891
+       Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the
+       Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-94,
+       Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 315-348
+
+Author: Cosmos Mindeleff
+
+Release Date: January 10, 2006 [EBook #17488]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Carlo Traverso, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at
+http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+All brackets except those used with footnotes are in the original text,
+as are asterisks indicating long ellipsis.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA, IN 1891
+
+                       BY
+
+                COSMOS MINDELEFF
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+Introduction                                                         321
+Description of the ruins                                             321
+Condition of Casa Grande in 1891                                     323
+Plans for the repairs                                                325
+Execution of the work                                                326
+Reservation of the land                                              330
+Specimens found in the excavations                                   330
+
+Exhibits                                                             333
+    I. Contract for repairing and preserving
+         Casa Grande ruin, Arizona                                   333
+   II. Plans and specifications for the preservation
+         of the Casa Grande ruin, Arizona, 1891                      335
+           General requirements                                      335
+           Clearing out the debris                                   335
+           Underpinning walls                                        336
+           Filling in openings                                       336
+           Bracing                                                   336
+           Wire fencing                                              337
+           Roof                                                      337
+  III. Plans and sections                                            337
+   IV. Oath of disinterestedness                                     338
+    V. Bids                                                          338
+   VI. Indorsements                                                  339
+  VII. Report of Mr H. C. Rizer                                      340
+
+Supplement                                                           344
+  Correspondence and report relating to the condition
+    of Casa Grande in 1895, with recommendations concerning
+    its further protection                                           344
+        I. Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian
+             of Casa Grande, to the Secretary of the Interior,
+             recommending an appropriation for further
+             protecting the ruin                                     344
+       II. Indorsement of Mr Whittemore's letter by the Acting
+             Secretary of the Interior                               344
+      III. Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of
+             American Ethnology to the Secretary of the
+             Interior suggesting an examination of Casa Grande
+             with a view of its further protection                   344
+       IV. Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior
+             to the Director of the Bureau of American
+             Ethnology approving the suggestion that Casa
+             Grande be visited with a view of determining the
+             desirability of its further protection                  347
+        V. Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American
+             Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior
+             regarding the examination of Casa Grande by
+             Mr W J McGee                                            347
+       VI. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American
+             Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior on the
+             examination of the condition of Casa Grande by
+             Mr W J McGee, with a recommendation concerning
+             its further protection                                  348
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+Plate CXII. Map of the Casa Grande group                             321
+     CXIII. Ground plan of Casa Grande ruin                          322
+      CXIV. General view of Casa Grande                              325
+       CXV. Interior wall surface                                    326
+      CXVI. West front of Casa Grande showing blocks of masonry      329
+     CXVII. Plan showing ground-level erosion, tie-rods,
+              limits of work, and lines of ground sections           330
+    CXVIII. East-and-west ground sections                            333
+      CXIX. North-and-south ground sections                          335
+       CXX. South front of the ruin, showing underpinning
+              and ends of tie-rods                                   337
+      CXXI. View from the southeast before the completion
+              of the work                                            339
+     CXXII. Suggested plan of roof and support                       340
+    CXXIII. Section through _A-B_ of roof plan,
+              showing suggested roof support                         343
+     CXXIV. Section through _C-D_ of roof plan,
+              showing suggested roof support                         345
+      CXXV. Map showing location of Casa Grande reservation          346
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+In the original, all illustrations are full-page plates distributed
+evenly through the text. Their exact position has not been shown in
+this e-text.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+         THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN
+
+              By Cosmos Mindeleff
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+In March, 1889, an appropriation of $2,000 was made by Congress for the
+repair of Casa Grande ruin in southern Arizona. This amount was
+insufficient for complete restoration, but under the authority of the
+act of Congress making the appropriation some work was done. Partly as
+an aid to further possible work, and partly that there may be an
+available record of what has been done for the benefit of future
+students of American archeology, this report is presented.
+
+A full description of Casa Grande has been given by the writer in a
+published memoir[1] on that ruin, hence only a brief account will now be
+necessary to aid in making the present report intelligible. Following
+this description is a statement of the condition of the ruin in 1891 and
+of the plans formed for its repair, the latter being necessarily
+controlled by the amount appropriated. After this there is an account of
+the work done, from the passage of the bill until the delivery of the
+work to the agent of the United States who received it, and of the
+reservation, of an area of land about the ruin by order of the
+President. This is followed by a catalogue of the articles found during
+the excavations in and about the ruin, which were subsequently deposited
+in the National Museum; a transcript of the contract under which the
+work was done, including specifications, plans, and sections, and the
+report of Mr H. C. Rizer, who inspected and received the work. Finally,
+there are appended the correspondence and report relating to the
+condition of Casa Grande in 1895, with recommendations concerning its
+further protection.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
+    p. 289 et seq.]
+
+Casa Grande has occupied a very important place in the literature of
+American archeology, a place which it doubtless will continue to occupy;
+and as dates are frequently of importance an effort has been made to
+make the present report as full as possible in that respect.
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE RUINS
+
+Casa Grande appears to be the sole surviving remnant of an extensive and
+important class of remains in the southwest. These remains occur usually
+in large groups or clusters, and Casa Grande is no exception. The name
+has been ordinarily applied to a single house structure standing near
+the southwestern corner of a large area covered by mounds and other
+debris; but some writers have applied the term to the southwestern
+portion of the area, others to the whole area.
+
+Probably no two investigators would assign exactly the same limits to
+this area, as its margins merge imperceptibly into the surrounding
+country. The accompanying map (plate CXII) shows the limits of the ruins
+as interpreted by the writer. The surface covered by well-defined
+remains, as there shown, extends about 1,800 feet north and south and
+1,500 feet east and west, or a total area of about 65 acres.
+
+Casa Grande ruin occupies a position near the southwestern corner of the
+group, and its size is insignificant as compared with the entire cluster
+of ruins, or even with the remains of the large structure which occupied
+the north-central part of the area. The contour interval on the map is 1
+foot, sufficiently small to show much surface detail. The depressions
+are indicated by dotted contours.
+
+Within the area shown on the map there are a large number of mounds,
+more or less leveled by long-continued exposure to the elements. Some
+appear to be quite old, others represent buildings which were standing
+within the historic period, and many interesting features are presented
+which can not even be alluded to here.
+
+Casa Grande proper was one of the smallest of the house clusters, but it
+is unique in that the walls are still standing to a height of more than
+25 feet. While fragments of standing wall are not uncommon, either in
+the area mentioned or in the valleys of Gala and Salt rivers generally,
+no other example exists, so far as known, so well preserved as the one
+under consideration.
+
+For miles around Casa Grande the ground surface is so flat that from the
+summit of the walls an immense stretch of country is brought under view
+in every direction. In the whole southwest, where there are thousands of
+ruins, many of which represent villages located with especial reference
+to outlook, there are few, if any, so well situated as this.
+
+A ground plan of the ruin is shown in plate CXII and a general view in
+plate CXIV. The area covered and inclosed by standing walls is about 43
+by 59 feet, but the building is not exactly rectangular, nor do its
+sides exactly face the cardinal points, notwithstanding many published
+statements to that effect. The building comprised three central rooms,
+each approximately 10 by 24 feet, arranged side by side with the longer
+axes north and south, and two other rooms, each about 9 by 35 feet,
+occupying, respectively, the northern and southern ends of the building,
+and arranged transversely across the ends of the central rooms, the
+longer axes running east and west. Excepting the central tier of rooms,
+which was three stories high, all the walls rose to a height of two
+stories above the ground. The northeastern and southeastern corners of
+the structure have fallen, and large blocks of the material of which
+they were composed are strewn upon the ground in the vicinity.
+
+The exterior walls rise to a height of from 20 to 25 feet above the
+ground. This height accommodated two stories, but the top of the wall is
+from 1 to 2 feet higher than the roof level of the second story. The
+middle room or space was built up three stories high, and the walls are
+still standing to a height of 28 to 30 feet above the ground level. The
+tops of the walls, while rough and greatly eroded, are approximately
+level. The exterior surface of the walls is rough, as shown in the
+illustrations, but the interior walls of the rooms are finished with a
+remarkable degree of smoothness, so much so that it has attracted the
+attention of everyone who has visited the ruin. Plate CXV shows this
+feature. At the ground level the exterior wall is from 3½ to 4½ feet
+thick, and in one place over 5 feet thick. The interior walls are from 3
+to 4 feet thick. At the tops the walls are about 2 feet thick. The
+building was constructed by crude methods, thoroughly aboriginal in
+character, and there is no uniformity in its measurements. The walls,
+even in the same room, are not of even thickness; the floor joists were
+seldom in a straight line, and measurements made at similar places (for
+example, at the two ends of a room) seldom agree.
+
+Casa Grande is often referred to as an adobe structure, but this use of
+the term is misleading. Adobe construction consists of the use of molded
+brick, dried in the sun, but not baked. The walls here are composed of
+huge blocks of rammed earth, 3 to 5 feet long, 2 feet high and 3 to 4
+feet thick. These blocks were not molded and then laid in the wall, but
+were manufactured in place.
+
+Plate CXVI shows the character of these blocks. The material employed
+was admirably suited for the purpose, being when dry almost as hard as
+sandstone and nearly as durable. A building with walls of this material
+would last indefinitely, provided a few slight repairs were made at the
+conclusion of each rainy season. When abandoned, however, sapping at the
+ground level would commence and would in time bring down all the walls;
+yet in the two centuries which have elapsed since Padre Kino's visit to
+this place--and Casa Grande was then a ruin--there has been but little
+destruction from the elements, the damage done by relic hunters during
+the last twenty years being, in fact, much greater than that due to all
+causes in the preceding two centuries.
+
+The building was well provided with doorways and other openings,
+arranged in pairs, one above the other. There were doorways from each
+room into every adjoining room, except that the rooms of the middle tier
+were entered only from the east. Some of the openings were not used, and
+were closed with blocks of solid masonry, built into them long prior to
+the final abandonment of the structure.
+
+
+CONDITION OF CASA GRANDE IN 1891
+
+The south and east fronts of Casa Grande seem to have suffered,
+particularly from the weather, and here rainstorms have probably caused
+some of the damage. The outer faces of the walls are of the same
+material as the wall mass, all the masonry being composed of earth from
+the immediate site. In the construction of the walls this soil was laid
+up in successive courses of varying thickness, whose limits form clearly
+defined and approximately horizontal joints. The northeast and southeast
+corners of the building have entirely fallen away, and low mounds of
+their debris still show many knobs and lumps, parts of the original wall
+mass.
+
+The destruction of the walls was due mainly to undermining at the ground
+level. The character of this undermining is shown in many of the
+illustrations to this report, especially in plate CXVI, and its extent
+is indicated on the accompanying ground plan (plate CXVII) by dotted
+lines within the wall mass. Although the material of which the walls are
+composed is very hard when dry, and capable of resisting the destructive
+influences to which it has been subjected for a long time, yet under
+certain conditions it becomes more yielding. The excessively dry climate
+of this region, which in one respect has made the preservation of the
+ruin possible, has also furnished, in its periodic sandstorms, a most
+efficient agent of destruction. The amount of moisture in the soil is so
+small as scarcely to be detected, but what there is in the soil next to
+the walls is absorbed by the latter, rising doubtless by capillary
+attraction to a height of a foot or more from the ground. This portion
+of the wall being then more moist than the remainder, although possibly
+only in an infinitesimal degree, is more subject to erosion by flying
+sand in the windstorms so frequent in this region, and gradually the
+base of the wall is eaten away until the support becomes insufficient
+and the wall falls en masse. The plan shows that in some places the
+walls have been eaten away at the ground level to a depth of more than a
+foot. Portions of the south wall were in a dangerous condition and
+likely to fall at any time.
+
+Visiting tourists have done much damage by their vandalism. They have
+torn out and carried away every lintel and every particle of visible
+wood in the building. After the removal of the lintels a comparatively
+short time elapses before the falling in of the wall above. Apparently
+but a small amount of this damage can be attributed to rainstorms,
+which, although rare in this region, are sometimes violent. There is
+evidence that the present height of the walls is nearly the original
+height, in other words, that the loss from surface erosion in several
+centuries has been trifling, although numerous opinions to the contrary
+have been expressed by causal observers. The eastern wall has suffered
+more from this cause than the others; a belt on the northern half,
+apparently softer than the remainder of the wall, has been eaten away to
+a depth of nearly a foot. The interior wall faces are in good condition
+generally, except about openings and in places near the top.
+
+Evidences of the original flooring are preserved in several of the
+rooms, especially in the north room. The flooring conformed to the
+pueblo type in the use of a series of principal beams, about 3 inches in
+diameter, above which was a secondary series smaller in size and placed
+quite close together, and above this again a layer of rushes with a
+coating of clay. All the walls show evidences of the principal series of
+beams in the line of holes formed by their ends where they were embedded
+in the walls. In the south wall, in parts of the east wall high up on
+the level of the upper roof, and in parts of other walls a few stumps of
+floor beams remained. These specimens of aboriginal woodwork have
+survived only because they are not in sight from the ground, and their
+existence therefore was not suspected by the tourists. Evidence of the
+other features of the floor construction can be seen on the walls in
+places where they have left an imprint, as described in the memoir
+previously cited.
+
+No single opening remains intact, as the lintels have been removed from
+every one of them. This is particularly unfortunate, for openings at
+their best are an element of weakness in a wall, and here each opening,
+after the lintel was removed, became, as it were, a center of weakness
+from which the destruction of the wall mass gradually proceeded further
+and further.
+
+
+PLANS FOR THE REPAIRS
+
+The plans for the repair of the ruin and its preservation included the
+reservation of the area covered by remains and, if possible, its
+inclosure, for within that area are exhibited all the various degrees of
+decay and disintegration which clearly link the comparatively well
+preserved Casa Grande with the numerous almost obliterated ruins along
+the Gila and the Salt, whose vestiges will become even less distinct as
+time passes and cultivation increases.
+
+It was deemed necessary to remove all the rubbish and debris within the
+building and from an area measuring 10 feet from the outer walls in
+every direction. Plate CXVII shows the extent of this area, and six
+sections are shown in plates CXVIII and CXIX, three on east-and-west
+lines and three on north-and-south lines. The lines along which these
+sections were made are indicated on the plan, plate CXVII. The ground
+level was determined by excavation, and is of course only approximate.
+The sections show the estimated amount of debris which was to be
+removed. Aside from other considerations, it was necessary to uncover
+the walls to the ground level in order to do the necessary underpinning.
+
+It was planned to underpin the walls, where erosion at the ground level
+had weakened them, with hard-burned brick laid in cement mortar. Plate
+CXVII shows in a measure the extent of this erosion. The brick surface
+was to be set back an inch or two and faced with that thickness of
+cement mortar. Plate CXX shows the south front and plate CXXI the south
+and east fronts when the brickwork was completed, but before it was
+plastered, and will illustrate what was planned better than can a
+description.
+
+This treatment, it was believed, would give a surface capable of
+effectually resisting atmospheric influences and the destructive action
+of flying sand, and at the same time would not disfigure the ruin by
+making the repairs obtrusive.
+
+The broken-out lintels of openings were to be replaced, and the cavities
+above them filled in with brick faced with mortar similar to the
+underpinning.
+
+The south wall, which was in a dangerous condition, was to be supported
+by three internal braces, as shown in the plan, plate CXVII. The longest
+brace or beam was necessarily of wood, as the wide range of temperature
+in this region, even between day and night, would produce so much
+expansion and contraction in an iron rod 60 feet long that without some
+compensating device the wall would be rocked on its base and its rapid
+destruction necessarily follow.
+
+
+EXECUTION OF THE WORK
+
+Appended to that portion of the sundry civil appropriation act approved
+March. 2, 1889,[1] in which certain expenses of the United States
+Geological Survey are provided for, is the following item:
+
+  Repair of the ruin of Casa Grande, Arizona: To enable the Secretary
+  of the Interior to repair and protect the ruin of Casa Grande,
+  situate in Pinal County, near Florence, Arizona, two thousand
+  dollars; and the President is authorized to reserve from settlement
+  and sale the land on which said ruin is situated and so much of the
+  public land adjacent thereto as in his judgment may be necessary for
+  the protection of said ruin and of the ancient city of which it is a
+  part.
+
+    [Footnote 1: 25 Statutes, p. 961.]
+
+On the 12th of April, 1889, there was a conference between the Secretary
+of the Interior and the Commissioner of the General Land Office looking
+to the execution of the law, and on the 16th of that month the
+Commissioner submitted a statement on the subject, calling attention to
+the fact that the appropriation would not be available until July 1
+following, and suggesting that a special agent should be sent out to
+examine the ruin. This suggestion was approved, and on April 27, 1889,
+Special Agent Alexander L. Morrison, of the General Land Office, was
+instructed to proceed to the ruins for the purpose of investigating and
+reporting as to what method should be adopted for their repair and
+protection. Mr Morrison was further instructed to report "all the facts
+obtainable as regards said ruins of 'Casa Grande,' in order that
+appropriate action may be taken by the Department for its preservation."
+
+On May 15,1889, Mr Morrison submitted a report to the Commissioner,
+describing his journey, the location of the ruin, the ruin itself, and
+other ruins in the vicinity. He stated that danger to the ruin was of
+three kinds--(1) by vandalism, (2) by elements, (3) by undermining. He
+recommended the construction of a roof and an underpinning of stone for
+the walls. Finally, he gave some historical notes, and closed with a
+peroration.
+
+Mr Morrison's plans were found impracticable, as their execution would
+require an expenditure of many times the sum appropriated, and on
+September 23, 1889, all the papers in the case were transmitted by the
+Secretary to the Director of the Geological Survey, "for appropriate
+action under the clause of the act referred to, as being within the
+province of your Bureau." It was ordered that the work be commenced
+without the least delay, and November 27, 1889, Mr Victor Mindeleff, of
+the Bureau of Ethnology, was detailed by the Director and ordered to
+proceed to the ruin and report on the best means of repairing it and
+protecting it from further destruction. He was also directed to make
+other investigations in the vicinity, which have no relation to the
+present case.
+
+On July 1, 1890, Mr Mindeleff submitted a report. He described the ruins
+of which Casa Grande is the type, and also Casa Grande itself. He also
+made a statement of the condition of the ruin and suggested that the
+main destruction "was due to the undermining of the walls, and stated
+that much damage had been done by tourists. He recommended (1) that an
+area about the ruin be fenced in; (2) that a man be located permanently
+on the ground to watch the ruins; (3) that the ruins be cleaned out; (4)
+that the walls be underpinned with brick instead of stone, as previously
+suggested; (5) that the tops of the walls, after removing several inches
+to afford a good bearing surface, be treated with a coping of cement. It
+was regarded that this plan, if carried into effect, would afford
+sufficient protection against the weather, but a plan for a roof was
+submitted should such a structure be deemed desirable and practicable.
+Mr Mindeleff also recommended a number of tie-rods and beams, the
+replacement of the broken-out lintels, and the filling of the cavities
+above.
+
+This plan was approved in its general features, but the means provided
+for its execution were found insufficient. A further complication arose
+from the fact that a few months later Mr Mindeleff severed his
+connection with the Bureau of Ethnology and his knowledge became no
+longer available.
+
+November 20, 1890, the writer was ordered to proceed to the ruin and
+inaugurate the work of repair, following, so far as practicable, the
+plans already approved. He left Washington soon afterward and reached
+the ruin late in December. It was found necessary to make a detailed
+survey of the ruin and of the group of which it forms a part, and to
+make plans and sections showing the probable amount of excavation for
+the use of those who were invited to bid on the work. Furthermore, the
+amount appropriated was so well known to be inadequate that great
+difficulty was experienced in obtaining bids, and it was only through
+the efficient cooperation of the Reverend I. T. Whittemore at Florence
+and of Mr C. A. Garlick at Phoenix that success was finally achieved.
+Two bids were received from the former place and one from the latter;
+but this was not accomplished until March 17, 1891, the date when the
+last bid was received. In the meantime the writer, having completed his
+work at Casa Grande, so far as he could, had entered, in January, on an
+archeologic investigation of the valley of the Rio Verde, in compliance
+with his orders to that effect.
+
+It was found impossible to execute all the work deemed requisite for the
+preservation of the ruin within the limits of the appropriation. A
+selection of items became necessary, therefore, and those which were of
+most importance were chosen. Even in this, however, it was found that a
+maximum limit on the amount of work to be done on each item must be set,
+and this limit was considerably below the amount of work estimated to be
+necessary.
+
+The first thing to be done was, of course, the clearing out of the
+rubbish and debris. The item next in importance was the underpinning of
+the walls with brick wherever it was needed. The third item was the
+restoration of the lintels and the filling of the cavities above them.
+The fourth item was the tying in of the south wall, or of the several
+parts of it, with braces. This was the only feature of the plan which
+would appreciably disfigure the ruin, but some such device was deemed
+essential for the preservation of the south wall.
+
+These four items consumed practically all of the amount appropriated,
+and the other items of the original plan were therefore omitted. The bid
+of T. L. Stouffer and F. E. White, of Florence, Arizona, covering the
+four items, was accepted, and a contract was made with them, under date
+of May 9, 1891, for the execution of the work for the sum of $1,985.
+This contract, together with the specifications, plans, and other
+drawings which formed part of it, accompany this report. It was
+transmitted to the Director of the Geological Survey, and by him
+approved and forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior June 6, 1891. It
+was approved by the Acting Secretary June 20, 1891. Finally, on July 20,
+1891, it was placed on file, together "with the bids, proposals, and all
+the original papers."
+
+A time limit of two months was made in the contract, expiring August 20,
+1891, but it was changed to four months from July 1, 1891, expiring
+October 31, 1891. Before the time expired, however, Mr H. G. Rizer, then
+chief clerk of the Bureau of Ethnology, was ordered to proceed to Casa
+Grande ruin to examine the work done and, if in accord with the terms of
+the contract and the specifications, to certify the amount due the
+contractors. He submitted a report, under date of November 24, 1891,
+which is appended hereto. He also obtained six photographic negatives of
+the work as it stood a short time before its completion, and two of
+these (reproduced in plates CXX and CXXI) have been utilized in the
+preparation of this report.
+
+Mr Rizer found that a considerable amount of work had been done by the
+contractors in excess of that authorized, and also that not sufficient
+work had been done to render the repairs permanently effective. Under
+the terms of the contract, no amount in excess of that stated ($1,985)
+could be paid, and payment of this amount was made late in 1891. On
+January 7, 1892, the contractors filed a claim for extra work on the
+ruin amounting to $600.40. The work was actually performed, but the
+terms of the contract were clear, and the claim was therefore
+disapproved January 28, 1892.
+
+It would have been desirable to have had a supervisor of the work, but
+as the contract consumed practically all of the amount appropriated no
+provision could be made for one. It is fortunate, therefore, that the
+Reverend I. T. Whittemore, who had in the meantime been appointed
+honorary custodian of the ruin, generously undertook to look after the
+work without compensation, and on its conclusion the small sum remaining
+($15) was turned over to him, thus exhausting the appropriation. In the
+sundry civil appropriation act for the year ending June 30, 1893,
+provision was made for a salaried custodian of the ruin, and Mr
+Whittemore was appointed to this position. Similar provision has been
+continued from year to year to the present time.
+
+It is to be regretted that the necessities of the case, imposed by the
+limited amount appropriated, compelled the fixing of a maximum amount of
+work so far below the amount necessary that the repair of the ruin is
+incomplete. Had it been possible to carry out the plans, it is believed
+that the ruin would have stood unchanged for many decades, if not for a
+century. Should further provision be made for the continuation of the
+work, it should include an item for the fencing of the area covered by
+the ruins or of the reservation, and possibly an item for the
+construction of a roof.
+
+It is not clear that a roof is absolutely necessary, but it is certain
+that it would be very undesirable. The region where this rain occurs has
+probably less rainfall than any other part of the United States, but it
+must not be forgotten that while rainstorms are infrequent they are
+sometimes violent, and what damage they do may be done in a few hours.
+All the items for the repair of the ruin, except that pertaining to a
+roof, were so devised that the ruin was not materially disfigured or
+changed, and were they fully carried out the ruin would present much the
+same general appearance as before. It is important that this appearance
+should be preserved as far as possible, but it can not be maintained if
+a roof is erected over the walls. As four years have elapsed since the
+completion of the work, it should be possible now to determine whether
+atmospheric erosion has played a material part in the work of
+destruction.[1]
+
+    [Footnote 1: See the letter of the Director of the Bureau of
+    American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior regarding the
+    examination of Casa Grande by Mr W J McGee in the supplement to
+    the present paper.]
+
+In the original plans and in the specifications which formed part of the
+contract (although this section was not operative) a plan for a roof was
+included. Such a structure, if erected at all, should be made as
+inconspicuous as possible and should be supported entirely from within
+the building. The system of framing employed might safely be left to the
+contractor if he were made responsible for the strength of the completed
+structure.
+
+
+RESERVATION OF THE LAND
+
+The final step in the execution of the law quoted was taken June 22,
+1892. On that date the recommendation of the writer to the Director of
+the Geological Survey, referred by him to the Secretary of the Interior
+and by the latter to the President, was finally approved, and it was
+ordered that an area of land sufficient for the preservation of the
+ruin, and comprising in all 480 acres, be reserved under authority of
+act of Congress approved March 2, 1889. This area is shown on the map
+reproduced in plate CXXV, the base of which is a map accompanying the
+report of Mr H. C. Rizer.
+
+The letter of the Secretary of the Interior recommending the reservation
+of the Casa Grande tract, with its indorsement by the President, is as
+follows:
+
+  Department of the Interior,
+      _Washington, June 20, 1893_.
+
+  Sir: I have the honor to recommend that the SW. ¼ SW. ¼, SE. ¼ SW.
+  ¼, SW. ¼ SE. ¼ section 9, NW. ¼, NW. ¼ NE. ¼, SW. ¼ NE. ¼, NW. ¼ SW.
+  ¼, NE. ¼ SW. ¼, and NW. ¼ SE. ¼ section 16, all in township 5 south,
+  range 8 east, Gila and Salt river meridian, Arizona, containing 480
+  acres more or less, and including the Casa Grande ruin, be reserved
+  in accordance with the authority vested in you by the act of March
+  2, 1889 (25 Stat., 961), for the protection of the ruin.
+
+  The Director of the Bureau of Ethnology requests that the
+  reservation be made, and the Acting Commissioner of the General Land
+  Office knows of no objection to such action.
+
+  Very respectfully,
+      John W. Noble,
+          _Secretary_.
+
+  The President.
+      [_Indorsement by the President_]
+          Executive Mansion, _June 23, 1892_.
+
+  Let the lands described within be reserved for the protection of the
+  Casa Grande ruin as recommended by the Secretary of the Interior.
+
+                Benj. Harrison.
+
+The limits of this reservation are laid down on the plat of the survey
+of said township in the General Land Office, and the reservation is now
+under the control of the Secretary of the Interior.
+
+
+SPECIMENS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS
+
+In the course of the excavations a number of specimens of archeologic
+interest were unearthed. These were all preserved and on the conclusion
+of the work were forwarded to the National Museum in Washington, in
+compliance with the terms of the contract. Following is a list showing
+the collection number and also the Museum number.
+
+
+National Museum number
+        |
+        |Bureau of Ethnology number
+        |     |
+        |     | Article             | Number of specimens
+        |     |                     |
+        |     |                     |      | Remarks
+--------+-----+---------------------+------+-----------------------------
+        |     |                     |      |
+ 155088 | 595 | Fragments of large  | Lot. | Plain red on both sides.
+        |     | earthenware vessel. |      |
+ 155089 | 596 | Large bowl.         |   1  | Red outside; black, polished
+        |     |                     |      |   inside; restored.
+ 155090 | 597 | Large vase.         |   1  | Decorated outside; restored.
+ 155091 | 598 | Pottery fragments.  |  14  | Decorated.
+ 155092 | 599 | Pottery vase (toy). |   1  | Small, dark brown.
+ 155093 | 600 | Pottery bowl (toy). |   1  | Small, black.
+ 155094 | 601 | Pottery disk or     |   4  |
+        |     |  spindle.           |      |
+ 155095 | 602 | Pottery toy         |   1  | Dark brown.
+        |     |  (mountain goat).   |      |
+        | 603 | Adobe.              |   2  | Lumps; 1 showing impression
+        |     |                     |      |   of cloth, the other of a
+        |     |                     |      |   human foot.
+        | 604 | Small shells.       | Lot. |
+        | 605 |  -- do --           | Lot. |
+        | 606 | Small shells(lonus?)| Lot. |
+        | 607 | Small shells (cut   | Lot. | For use as pendants.
+        |     |  and perforated).   |      |
+        | 608 | Small shells, beads,| Lot. | 1 string and 2 fragments.
+        |     |   and pendants.     |      |
+        | 609 | Bone awls.          |   3  |
+        | 610 | Bone fragments.     |   6  | Partly charred.
+        | 611 | Chalk, obsidian     | Lot. |
+        |     |  chips, and brown   |      |
+        |     |  adobe.             |      |
+        | 612 | Charred wood, 2     |   4  |
+        |     |  nuts, and a        |      |
+        |     |  corncob.           |      |
+        | 613 | Charred textiles,   |   2  |
+        |     |  cloth.             |      |
+        | 614 | Wooden joist        |   3  | 3, 6, and 9 inches long;
+        |     |  fragments.         |      |   4 inches diameter.
+        | 615 | Reed.               |   1  | 12 inches long.
+        | 616 | Stone axes.         |   7  | And 3 broken, grooved.
+        | 617 | Pounding stone and  |   2  | Of sandstone, with
+        |     |  fragment.          |      |   ring-shaped handle.
+        | 618 | Stone pestles       |   2  | One 12½ inches long, 1¾
+        |     |                     |      |   inches diameter; one 9½
+        |     |                     |      |   inches long, 1¾ inches
+        |     |                     |      |   diameter; also a fragment
+        | 619 | Stone mullers.      |   4  |
+        | 620 | Stone hammers.      |   6  | 1 pitted.
+        | 621 | Stone mullers, flat.|   6  | 5 broken.
+        | 622 | Stone mortar, flat. |   1  | 6½ by 12 inches; 2 inches
+        |     |                     |      |   thick.
+        | 623 |  -- do --           |   1  | 13 by 22 inches; 6 inches
+        |     |                     |      |   thick.
+        | 624 | Stone, polished.    |   1  | 22 inches long, 6½ inches
+        |     |                     |      |   diameter; restored.
+        | 625 | Stone hoes or       |   2  |
+        |     |  chopping knives.   |      |
+        | 626 | Limestone ornament. |   1  | Carved; fragmentary.
+        | 627 | Small stone vessel. |   1  | Serpent carved on the
+        |     |                     |      |   outside.
+        | 628 | Stone arrowhead.    |   2  | 1 of obsidian, very small,
+        |     |                     |      |   and 1 of flint; also a
+        |     |                     |      |   broken specimen.
+
+  Specimen number 627 B.E. was not obtained from the ruin itself, but
+  was found in that vicinity by Mr Whittemore and presented by him.
+
+
+
+
+EXHIBITS
+
+
+I. CONTRACT FOR REPAIRING AND PRESERVING CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA
+
+_This contract_, made and entered into this ninth day of May, eighteen
+hundred and ninety-one, between Theodore Louis Stouffer and Frederick
+Emerson White, both of Florence, Arizona, as principals, and Augustine
+Gray Williams, of Florence, Arizona, Andrew James Doran, of Florence,
+Arizona, as sureties, of the first part, and the United States of
+America, by Cosmos Mindeleff, acting for the Secretary of the Interior,
+of the second part:
+
+_Witnesseth_, That the said parties of the first part do hereby contract
+and agree with the United States of America, as follows: That for the
+consideration hereinafter mentioned they will at their own expense and
+risk perform and execute the work upon the Casa Grande ruin, described
+and specified in the specification hereto annexed and forming a part
+hereof, in the manner and with the conditions specified, items of said
+work to be as follows:
+
+Item No. 1. Clearing out the débris: To excavate and remove 350 cubic
+yards of earth and débris, or less, as specified, amount of excavation
+not to exceed 350 cubic yards.
+
+Item No. 2. Underpinning walls: To underpin the walls as specified,
+requiring 750 cubic feet of brick masonry, or less, amount of masonry
+not to exceed 750 cubic feet.
+
+Item No. 3. Filling in cavities: To fill in cavities and openings as
+specified, 500 lineal feet of 2 by 4 inches squared lumber and 800 cubic
+feet of masonry, or less, whole amount of filling not to exceed 825
+cubic feet.
+
+Item No. 4. To brace the walls as specified in the annexed plan and
+specifications.
+
+Items numbered five and six of the specifications hereto annexed,
+together with the plans, specifications, and conditions pertaining
+especially and only to them and not to the other items, are omitted.
+
+The said parties of the first part further contract and agree to deliver
+over the work, completed and finished, to such person as the Secretary
+of the Interior may designate, within two months after receipt of notice
+that this contract has been approved by the Secretary of the Interior.
+
+_It is further stipulated and agreed_, That should the parties of the
+first part fail to complete the work within the time specified, or
+should they deliver work which is not in accordance with the plans and
+specifications hereto annexed, only such sum shall be paid for the work
+as may be agreed upon by the said parties of the first part and the
+Secretary of the Interior; and it is further stipulated and agreed on
+the part of the parties of the first part that if the work is not
+completed in the time specified and according to the specifications
+hereto annexed they will pay to the United States a sum not exceeding
+fifty dollars for each and every week after the time specified, such
+payments to be deducted from the amount due for work done: _Provided_,
+That the Secretary of the Interior, or such person as he may authorize
+to do so, may extend the time for the completion of the work.
+
+_And the United States of America_, by the said Cosmos Mindeleff, acting
+for the Secretary of the Interior, do hereby contract and agree with the
+said parties of the first part that for the aforesaid work, performed
+and executed in the manner and under the conditions aforesaid, there
+shall be paid to the said parties of the first part the following sums:
+
+For item No. 1. For clearing out the débris, as specified and as above
+limited, sixty cents ($0.60) for each cubic yard.
+
+For item No. 2. For underpinning walls, as specified and as above
+limited, one dollar ($1) for each cubic foot.
+
+For item No. 3. For filling in cavities, as specified and as above
+limited, one dollar ($1) for each cubic foot, including lumber.
+
+For item No. 4. For bracing walls, as specified, two hundred dollars
+($200). _Provided_, That payments for the work here contracted for shall
+be made only after the inspection and approval of the work by such
+person as the Secretary of the Interior shall designate.
+
+It is an express condition of this contract that it shall have no force
+or effect until it is submitted to and approved by the Secretary of the
+Interior.
+
+It is a further condition of this contract that no Member or Delegate
+to Congress, or any other officer or agent of the United States, either
+directly or indirectly, himself or by any other person in trust for him,
+or for his use and benefit, or on his account, is a party to or in any
+manner interested, in whole or in part, in this contract, or in the
+enjoyments, benefits, profits, or emoluments arising therefrom.
+
+    (Signed)    Theodore Louis Stouffer. [SEAL]
+                Frederick Emerson White. [SEAL]
+                Augustine Gray Williams. [SEAL]
+                Andrew James Doran.      [SEAL]
+
+Witnesses as to Stouffer, White, Doran, and Williams:
+
+    (Signed)    Frank C. Kebbey,
+                  _Clerk District Court, Second Judicial District,
+                  Territory of Arizona_.
+                Cosmos Mindeleff,    [SEAL]
+                  _Acting for the Secretary of the Interior_.
+
+Witnesses as to Cosmos Mindeleff:
+
+    (Signed)    Jeff Hunt.
+                Chas. B. Eaman.
+
+
+AFFIDAVIT OF CONTRACTORS
+
+Territory of Arizona, _County of Pinal, ss:_
+
+Augustine Gray Williams and Andrew James Doran, subscribers to and
+sureties in the contract hereto annexed, being duly sworn, depose
+and say, each for himself, that he is worth the sum of two thousand
+dollars over and above all debts and liabilities which he owes or
+has incurred, and exclusive of property exempt by law from levy and
+sale under execution.
+
+    (Signed)    Augustine Gray Williams. [SEAL]
+                Andrew James Doran.      [SEAL]
+
+Sworn to and subscribed before me this ninth day of May, A. D. 1891.
+
+    [SEAL]    (Signed)    Frank C. Kebbey,
+                _Clerk District Court, Second Judicial District,
+                Territory of Arizona_.
+
+
+Territory of Arizona, _S Ct:_
+
+I, Joseph H. Kebbey, associate justice of the supreme court of the
+Territory of Arizona, certify that I am personally acquainted with
+Augustine Gray Williams and Andrew James Doran, sureties, and that
+in my opinion they are good and sufficient to the amounts in which
+they have bound themselves in the foregoing contract.
+
+Florence, Arizona Territory, 9th May, 1891.
+
+    (Signed)    Joseph H. Kebbey,
+                  _Associate Justice Supreme Court, Arizona Territory_.
+
+
+II. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE CASA GRANDE
+RUIN, ARIZONA, 1891
+
+(_Attached to and forming part of contract_)
+
+GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
+
+All the work upon this ruin is to be carried out in such a manner as to
+interfere as little as possible with the present condition and
+appearance of the building, and the contractors will be held responsible
+for any injury to it.
+
+The work is to be carried on under a supervisor, acting for the United
+States, who shall have power to reject any materials it is proposed to
+use in the work which are not in his judgment equal to those specified,
+and he shall have power to have torn down any work done which he has
+reason to suspect is not such as required by the specifications, but if
+such work shall prove upon inspection to have been well done the
+contractor may make a charge of the amount which would have been allowed
+for that part of the work had it passed inspection.
+
+When the work is completed it must pass the final inspection of the
+supervisor, or such person as the Secretary of the Interior may
+designate for the purpose.
+
+1. CLEARING OUT THE DÉBRIS
+
+The débris now filling up the interior is to be removed down to the
+floor level, or the original ground level. The débris covering an area
+measuring 10 feet from the exterior walls of the building in every
+direction is also to be removed. This work is to be carried on in
+conjunction with the underpinning of the walls, and is to be dependent
+upon the progress of the latter, the work being done as required by the
+person holding the contract for the underpinning. All proper precautions
+must be observed during the progress of the work to prevent any injury
+to the building, the walls being properly braced and supported before
+excavation is commenced. The contractor will be held responsible for any
+injury to the building. Any objects found of archeologic or other value
+properly belong to the United States and must be deposited in the
+National Museum. The material removed from the building and from the
+area about it is to be removed to a proper distance, not less than 100
+yards from the building. Proper drainage channels must be provided to
+keep the excavated area permanently clear of water.
+
+2. UNDERPINNING WALLS
+
+The walls where eroded at the ground level are to be underpinned with
+hard-burned brick, laid in good cement mortar and extending to a depth
+of at least 12 inches below the original ground level. This work must be
+carried on gradually and very carefully in conjunction with the clearing
+out of the débris. The under surfaces of the overhanging walls must be
+carefully trimmed to afford solid horizontal bearings against the
+brickwork. The face of the brickwork is to be set back at least 1 inch
+and not more than 2 inches from the face of the wall, and the brickwork
+is to be plastered with a coating of cement mortar, 1 to 2 inches thick,
+bringing it out flush with the outer wall.
+
+3. FILLING IN OPENINGS
+
+The broken-out lintels of openings are to be replaced by wooden lintels
+composed of squared lumber, 2 by 4 inches in size, laid side by side
+across nearly the whole thickness of the walls, with not more than 1
+inch space between the boards, and of the same length as the original
+lintels. The broken-out walls are to be trimmed to afford solid resting
+places for the new lintels, which are to occupy the same horizontal
+planes that the old ones did. The openings above the lintels are to be
+filled in in the same manner as the underpinning previously described,
+the tinder wall surfaces being carefully dressed to afford solid
+horizontal bearings, the brick work being set back 1 inch from the wall
+surfaces and plastered with a coating of cement mortar to bring it out
+flush with the wall.
+
+4. BRACING
+
+One wooden brace and two iron braces are to be put in, as shown upon the
+plan hereto annexed. The wooden brace is to be of one piece, or of two
+pieces well bolted together, of selected lumber, free from knots and
+other imperfections, squared, and measuring 6 by 8 inches in cross
+section. The iron braces are to be of 1 inch diameter, best quality
+wrought-iron rods. The bearing plates, four to each rod, are to be not
+less than 10 inches in diameter, of sufficient strength, and securely
+and permanently fastened to the braces.
+
+5. WIRE FENCING
+
+Such area as may be determined is to be fenced with the best quality of
+galvanized iron barbed wire, strung upon posts placed 20 feet apart. The
+posts are to be of mesquite, not less than 3 inches in diameter and of a
+reasonable degree of straightness (not varying more than 5 inches from a
+straight line). The posts are to be at least 6 feet 6 inches long and
+are to be planted perpendicularly with 4 feet 6 inches clear and at
+least 2 feet below the ground surface. Three lines of double wire are to
+be stretched upon and securely fastened to the posts, the first at a
+distance of 2 feet from the ground, the second at 3 feet, and the third
+at 4 feet from the ground. Two gateways are to be provided, at such
+points as may be directed, the side posts to be of squared timber, 6 by
+6 inches in cross section, and the gates to be made of sawed lumber 1
+inch by 5 inches, hung upon good iron hinges, and leaving a clear space
+of not less than 12 feet when open, the whole to be executed in the best
+and most workmanlike manner.
+
+6. ROOF
+
+The building is to be crowned by a roof of corrugated iron, supported in
+the manner shown in the accompanying plan and sections. The uprights are
+to be of selected squared lumber 1 foot square, each in a single piece,
+the lower ends planted at least 3 feet below the original ground level,
+and to be braced and tied to each other, as shown in the plan. The tie
+pieces are to be of selected squared lumber, 4 inches by 6 inches in
+cross section. The roof is to be framed and braced in the ordinary
+manner, and this framing is to extend beyond the outer wall 6 feet. The
+covering is to be a good quality of corrugated iron roofing, securely
+fastened to the framework, and painted with three good coats of the best
+quality of roof paint. The whole to be constructed and executed, in the
+best and most workmanlike manner, of good materials throughout, and to
+be of a strength sufficient to withstand the windstorms to which it may
+be subjected.
+
+
+III. PLANS AND SECTIONS--PRESERVATION OF THE CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA.
+SCALE OF ALL THE PLANS AND SECTIONS. 0.1 INCH = 1 FOOT
+
+Plans and sections accompanying specifications are as follows:
+
+  Plan showing tie-rods, limits of work, and lines of ground sections.
+    [Plate CXVII of this report.]
+
+  Three east-and-west sections to show estimated amount of excavation
+    necessary. [Plate CXVIII of this report.]
+
+  Three north-and-south sections to show estimated amount of excavation
+    necessary. [Plate CXIX of this report.]
+
+  Plan showing roof support. [Plate CXXII of this report.]
+
+  Two sections showing roof support. [Plate CXXIII and plate CXXIV of
+    this report.]
+
+
+IV. OATH OF DISINTERESTEDNESS
+
+  I do solemnly swear that the copy of contract hereunto annexed is
+  an exact copy of contract made by me personally with Theodore Louis
+  Stouffer and Frederick Emerson White; that I made the same fairly,
+  without any benefit or advantage to myself, or allowing any such
+  benefit or advantage corruptly to the said Theodore Louis Stouffer
+  and Frederick Emerson White, or to any other person or persons; and
+  that the papers accompanying include all those relating to the said
+  contract, as required by the statute, in such case made and provided.
+
+      (Signed)    Cosmos Mindeleff.
+
+  Sworn to and subscribed before me at Washington, D.C., this 18th day
+  of July, 1891.
+
+      [SEAL]    (Signed)    Jno. D. McChesney,
+                              _Notary Public_.
+
+
+V. BIDS
+
+I
+
+  Bid for repairs on the Casa Grande ruins, in Pinal County,
+  Arizona, bidders to furnish all labor and materials according to
+  specifications:
+
+  Item No. 1. Cleaning out débris, 60 cents per cubic yard.
+  Item No. 2. Underpinning walls, $1 per cubic foot.
+  Item No. 3. Filling in openings, $1 per cubic foot.
+  Item No. 4. Bracing walls, $200.
+  Item No. 5. Wire fence, 3 cents per foot complete.
+  Item No. 6. Roof, $2,000.
+
+      (Signed)    T. L. Stouffer.
+                  F. E. White.
+
+      Florence, Arizona, _January 28, 1891_.
+
+II
+
+  Bid for putting a roof on the Casa Grande ruins as per plans and
+  specifications furnished, $3,000.
+
+      (Signed)    C. D. Henry.
+
+III
+
+  Bid for fencing in the Casa Grande ruins: Furnishing the posts and
+  barbed wire, for 100 feet of fence, $7 per 100 feet.
+
+      (Signed)    C. D. Henry.
+
+IV
+
+  Bids for restoring the Casa Grande ruins:
+
+  First. Removing débris from interior of the ruins, 320 cubic yards,
+  more or less, $1 per yard; 140 cubic yards from exterior of the
+  ruins, at 60 cents per yard.
+
+  Second. Eight hundred cubic feet of brick masonry underpinning, more
+  or less, at $1.30 per cubic foot.
+
+  Third. One thousand cubic feet, more or less, of brick masonry to
+  fill in cavities, at $1.40 per cubic foot.
+
+  Fourth. Bracing walls, as per plans, $120.
+
+  Fifth. Five hundred lineal feet of 2 by 4 square timber at 8 cents
+  per foot, lumber measure.
+
+      (Signed)    C. D. Henry.
+
+V
+
+  Phoenix, Arizona, _February 11, 1891_.
+      Cosmos Mindeleff, Esq.,
+          _Tempe, Arizona_.
+
+  Dear Sir: I hereby submit for your consideration, in reference to
+  the plans and specifications for the preservation of the Casa Grande
+  ruins of Arizona, bids upon the following propositions, to wit:
+
+  First. "Cleaning out the débris." For the removal of 470 cubic yards
+  of material, more or less, at $2.65 per cubic yard.
+
+  Second. "Underpinning walls." For 800 cubic feet of brick masonry,
+  more or less, laid and plastered as specified, at $4.25 per cubic
+  foot.
+
+  Third. "Filling in openings." For filling in cavities in walls and
+  restoring lintels of openings, as specified, 1,000 cubic feet, more
+  or less, at $2.25 per cubic foot.
+
+  Fourth. "Bracing walls." For bracing walls, $85.30.
+
+  Fifth. "Wire fencing." Twenty-five dollars and twenty-five cents per
+  100 feet of completed fence.
+
+  Sixth. "Roofing." As per specifications, $4,722.
+
+  Respectfully submitted.
+
+      (Signed)    M. E. Clauton.
+
+
+VI. INDORSEMENTS
+
+_Contract for the repair and preservation of the Casa Grande ruin,
+Arizona, 1891_
+
+  Department of the Interior,
+      U. S. Geological Survey,
+          _June 6, 1891_.
+
+  Respectfully forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior, recommending
+  approval.
+
+      (Signed)    J. W. Powell, _Director_.
+
+      Department of the Interior,
+          _June 20, 1891_.
+
+  The within contract is hereby approved.
+
+      (Signed)    Geo. C. Chandler,
+                    _Acting Secretary_.
+
+June 30, 1891. Transmitted by J. W. Powell, Director, to the Secretary
+of the Interior for file in returns office.
+
+July 1, 1891. Returned for oath.
+
+July 20, 1891. J. W. Powell, Director, transmits amended contract, with
+bids, proposals, and all original papers attached.
+
+
+VII. REPORT OF MR H. C. RIZER
+
+  Smithsonian Institution,
+      Bureau of Ethnology,
+          Washington, _November 24, 1891_.
+
+  Honorable J. W. Powell,
+      _Director of the Bureau of Ethnology_.
+
+  Sir: Complying with your order directing me to proceed to Florence,
+  Arizona, to witness the closing up of the work under contract for
+  the preservation of Casa Grande ruin near that place, and to report
+  to you the amount and character of the work accomplished, certifying
+  the amount due the contractors under each item, I have the honor to
+  submit the following report:
+
+  I visited the ruin first on October 20, and found the work well
+  advanced. Steady progress was made from said date until October 31,
+  the limitation expressed in the contract for prosecuting it.
+
+  In order to ascertain the exact location of Casa Grande ruin and to
+  aid me in the determination of the amount of work performed by the
+  contractors, I employed Mr Albert T. Colton, a civil engineer and
+  the official surveyor of Pinal county, Arizona, within the limits of
+  which the ruin stands. From actual measurements made by Mr Colton,
+  based upon official notes in his custody, he informed me the ruin
+  was located in the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of the
+  southwest quarter of section 16 of township 5 south, range 8 east. A
+  congressional township plat on which Mr Colton has marked the exact
+  location of the ruin is filed herewith, marked Exhibit A, and made a
+  part of this report [plate CXXV].
+
+  On October 29 Mr Colton at my instance took measurements of the
+  brickwork in underpinning and filling in cavities in the walls and
+  of the excavation done by the contractors. His estimate, based upon
+  these measurements, was submitted to me in writing. It is filed
+  herewith, marked Exhibit B, and is made a part of this report.
+
+  I find from these measurements that the contractors excavated and
+  removed to a point 100 yards from the ruin 570 cubic yards of
+  débris, 271 cubic yards of which were removed from the interior and
+  299 cubic yards from the exterior walls of the building, within an
+  area of 10 feet of said walls.
+
+  I also find the amount of underpinning done by the contractors to be
+  919 cubic feet, and the amount of filling in openings to be 1,161
+  cubic feet. The underpinning is done with hard-burned brick laid in
+  good cement mortar extending to a depth of 12 inches below the
+  original ground level. The face of the brickwork is set back from 1
+  to 2 inches from the face of the wall and plastered with a coat of
+  good cement mortar, making it flush with the outer wall.
+
+  In filling in cavities more than 500 lineal feet of 2 by 4 inch
+  squared lumber was used to replace broken-out lintels and laid side
+  by side across nearly the whole thickness of the walls, with not
+  more than 1 inch space between the boards. They occupy the same
+  horizontal planes as the original lintels, and the walls are trimmed
+  to afford solid resting places for them. The openings above the
+  lintels have been filled in the same manner as the underpinning,
+  with hard-burned brick set back 1 inch from the wall surfaces and
+  plastered with a coating of cement mortar, bringing it out flush
+  with the original wall.
+
+  I further find that the contractors have placed one wooden brace and
+  two iron braces as designated in the specifications. The wooden
+  brace is constructed of two pieces of good, clear, squared lumber 6
+  by 8 inches in cross section, well bolted together, secured by
+  plates of boiler iron three-eighths of an inch thick and 14 by 18
+  inches square. The specifications provide for this brace to run from
+  the south side of the south wall through the center room with a
+  plate on each side of the south wall and one on each side of the
+  wall on the north side of the center room. The contractors have
+  deviated from these requirements in having extended the said brace
+  through the entire length of the building and placed the plates that
+  were specified for the north wall of the center room on the
+  respective sides of the extreme north wall of the building. While
+  this deviation adds nothing to the security of the south wall, it is
+  doubtless as effective as it would have been had it been placed as
+  contemplated in the plan. It may in some degree strengthen the north
+  wall, and I recommend that it be accepted as in compliance with the
+  terms of the contract. The two iron rods called for in the
+  specifications are of wrought iron 1½ inches in diameter, secured by
+  boiler-iron plates three-eighths of an inch thick and 12 inches in
+  diameter, securely fastened as required in the specifications. There
+  was a necessary deviation from the plan as to the place the rod
+  nearest the east side of the building should be placed. Early in the
+  prosecution of the work a portion of the debris in contact with the
+  eastern wall was removed. During the night following this a section
+  of the south end of the east wall fell, carrying with it that
+  portion of the wall between the south and east rooms to which the
+  plan required said rod to be attached. In consequence the
+  contractors placed the rod so as to connect it with the portion of
+  the wall still intact. As a brace to the south wall it is placed
+  advantageously. In excavation, underpinning, and filling in the
+  contractors have exceeded the limitations prescribed in the
+  contract, and have therefore performed an amount of work for the
+  remuneration of which there is no provision. The following table
+  shows the amount of work authorized in each of the four items with
+  reference to which the contract was drawn and the amount actually
+  performed by contractors:
+
+ Item                 |1. Excavating and clearing out débris.
+                      |           |2. Underpinning walls.
+                      |           |           |3. Filling in cavities.
+                      |           |           |            |4. Braces.
+----------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
+Maximum authorized    | 350 cubic | 750 cubic | 825        | 1 wood    |
+                      | yards     | feet      | cubic feet | and 1 iron|
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Performed by          | 570 cubic | 919 cubic | 1,161      | 1 wood and|
+ contractors          | yards     | feet      | cubic feet | 2 iron    |
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Excess                | 220 cubic | 169 cubic | 336        |           |
+                      | yards     | feet      | cubic feet |           |
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Contract Price        | 60 cents  | $1 per    | $1 per     |   $200    |
+                      | per cubic | cubic foot| cubic foot |           |
+                      | yard      |           |            |           |
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Maximum allowances    |    $210   |    $750   |      825   |    200    |
+  under contract      |           |           |            |           |
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Amount contractors    |     342   |     919   |    1,161   |    200    |
+  claim to have       |           |           |            |           |
+   earned             |           |           |            |           |
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Excess of contractors'|     132   |     169   |      336   |           |
+  claim over amount   |           |           |            |           |
+  authorized          |           |           |            |           |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
+
+  From this it will be observed that, taking the rate of compensation
+  provided for in the contract as a basis, the contractors have
+  performed work in excess of that authorized to the amount of $638
+  [$637]. They are fully advised that there is no provision for the
+  payment of this excess. The requirements of the contract are, in my
+  opinion, fully met in the quality of material used and the work
+  performed.
+
+  The preservation of the ruin is incomplete. There are six places
+  where lintels have disappeared and not been replaced and a
+  corresponding number of cavities that should be filled. Deep seams
+  have been cut in the walls by the action of the elements, and unless
+  far greater provision is made for its protection the work already
+  done will be of small avail.
+
+  At many places where the débris came in contact with the wall
+  disintegration seems to have resulted. At a slight touch it
+  frequently crumbles. Owing to this fact two sections of the wall
+  fell during the progress of the work when the debris was
+  removed--one from the east wall, described above, and one from the
+  south wall near the west extremity. These breaches maybe observed as
+  shown in two of the six accompanying photographs [plates CXX, CXXI].
+  These photographs were taken ten days before the work was completed.
+  There being no professional photographer in that vicinity I was
+  compelled to take advantage of the kind offer of Mr H. H. Burrell,
+  an amateur photographer, who happened to be there at that time. Thus
+  the views I secured failed to show all the brickwork done. The
+  coating of mortar was not applied until after the date on which the
+  views were taken, in consequence of which the bare bricks are shown
+  in the views.
+
+  During the progress of work in removing the debris a number of
+  articles of interest to the ethnologist were found at various depths
+  and localities. They have been packed by the contractors and will be
+  sent to the National Museum.
+
+  The floors in the center, north, and east rooms were found to be
+  about 8 feet above the ground surface. The material was similar to
+  that of which the walls are composed. The west and south rooms
+  appeared to have had floors at one time on the same level, but the
+  surfaces had disintegrated, and there was a mass of loose earth,
+  which was removed to a depth of 6.9 feet below the floors of the
+  other three rooms, where another floor was found slightly less firm
+  than those.
+
+  Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, who has been designated by the
+  honorable the Secretary of the Interior as the custodian of the
+  ruin, rendered me valuable assistance in the performance of my
+  mission. He has manifested a zealous concern for the preservation of
+  the ruin and has given time and labor to that end. There is no
+  provision for his just compensation. I therefore recommend that if
+  any funds be found available after the payment of the amount due the
+  contractors the same be ordered paid to Mr Whittemore for his
+  services.
+
+      Very respectfully,
+          H. C. Rizer, _Chief Clerk_.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT
+
+
+CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORT RELATING TO THE CONDITION OF CASA GRANDE
+IN 1895, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING ITS FURTHER PROTECTION
+
+I. _Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian of Casa Grande, to
+the Secretary of the Interior, recommending an appropriation for further
+protecting the ruin_
+
+  Florence, Arizona,
+      _July 25, 1895_.
+  Honorable Hoke Smith,
+      _Secretary of the Interior_.
+
+  Dear Sir: It is with great hesitancy that I write to add to the
+  burdens of one so busy and burdened as I presume you to be. But it
+  is not for myself but for others that I write, and will try to be
+  laconic.
+
+  Can you embody in your next report to Congress an appeal for an
+  appropriation of $7,000 or $8,00[0] to roof the Casa Grande ruin, to
+  fence 40 acres, and make excavations of all the mounds in the
+  vicinity for the purpose of learning the history of the wonderful
+  people who once lived here and erected the buildings and built
+  canals?
+      *   *   *   *   *
+  Very sincerely, yours,
+      Isaac T. Whittemore,
+          _Custodian Casa Grande_.
+
+
+II. _Indorsement of the Mr Whittemore's by the Acting Secretary of the
+Interior_
+
+  Department of the Interior,
+      _August 7, 1895_.
+
+  Respectfully referred to the Director of Bureau of Ethnology for
+  consideration of so much of within letter as relates to the Casa
+  Grande ruin, and such recommendation as the facts may warrant, and
+  report.
+
+  Wm. H. Sims,
+      _Acting Secretary_.
+
+
+III. _Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology
+to the Secretary of the Interior suggesting an examination of Casa
+Grande with a view of its further protection_
+
+  Smithsonian Institution,
+      Bureau of American Ethnology,
+          _Washington, August 28, 1895_.
+
+  Sir: Your request of August 7 for a report concerning a
+  recommendation by Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, under date of July
+  25, that provision be made for further protecting Casa Grande ruin,
+  near Florence, Arizona, by the erection of a suitable roof, has been
+  under consideration.
+
+  In many respects Casa Grande ruin is one of the most noteworthy
+  relics of a prehistoric age and people remaining within the limits
+  of the United States. It was discovered, already in a ruinous
+  condition, by Padre Kino in 1694, and since that time it has been a
+  subject of record by explorers and historians. Thus its history is
+  exceptionally extended and complete. By reason of its early
+  discovery and its condition when first seen by white men, it is
+  known that Casa Grande is a strictly aboriginal structure; and
+  archeologic researches in this country and Mexico afford grounds for
+  considering it a typical structure for its times and for the natives
+  of the southwestern region. Many other structures were mentioned or
+  described by the Spanish explorers, but the impressions of these
+  explorers were tinctured by previous experience in an inhospitable
+  region, and their descriptions were tinged by the romantic ideas of
+  the age; very few of these structures were within the limits of the
+  United States, and nearly all of these situated in the neighboring
+  republic of Mexico disappeared long ago; there is hardly a structure
+  left, except Casa Grande ruin, by which the early accounts of
+  Spanish explorers in North America can be checked and
+  interpreted--none other of its class exists in the United States.
+  Casa Grande ruin is, therefore, a relic of exceptional importance
+  and of essentially unique character.
+
+  Unfortunately this structure, like others erected by the most
+  advanced among the native races in the southwest, is of perishable
+  material; it is built of adobe, or rather of cajon, i.e., of a
+  puddled clay, molded into walls, dried in the sun. Such walls would
+  stand a short time only in humid regions; but in the arid region the
+  material is desiccated and baked under cloudless sky and sun for
+  many months at a time, and becomes so hard as to resist, fairly, the
+  rare storms of the region. It is by reason of climatal conditions
+  that cajon and adobe have come into general use for building in
+  southwestern United States, as in contiguous parts of Mexico; and it
+  is by reason of the same conditions that a few of the ancient
+  structures remain, and the best preserved of all is found in the
+  Gila valley, one of the most desert regions on the western
+  hemisphere. Yet the best of the cajon structures is perishable; so
+  long as the roof remains and the summits of the walls are protected,
+  disintegration proceeds slowly; but when the projecting roof is
+  removed, the rare but violent storms attack the walls, and they are
+  gradually channeled and gullied by the storm waters, while the
+  exterior surface gradually disintegrates and falls away under the
+  alternate wetting and drying. Even in the most arid regions, the
+  earth-built structures typical of the southwest are surely, albeit
+  slowly, ravaged and destroyed.
+
+  Several years ago Casa Grande ruin was brought into general notice
+  throughout the United States in consequence of southwestern
+  explorations; and in 1889, in response to a petition from several
+  illustrious Americans, the Congress of the United States, at the
+  instance of Senator Hoar, of Massachusetts, made an appropriation of
+  $2,000 for the purpose of undertaking the preservation of this ruin.
+  This appropriation was expended in works urgently required to
+  prevent the falling of the walls and final destruction of the ruin;
+  they included metal stays for the walls, with brickwork for the
+  support and protection of the walls at their bases. Subsequently an
+  area of about 480 acres, including the ruin, was reserved from
+  settlement by Executive order. A custodian was also appointed, and,
+  as this office has been informed, has been continued down to the
+  present. This action on the part of the legislative and executive
+  branches of the Government can only be regarded as indicating a
+  desire and continued intention to preserve the ruin for the benefit
+  of the people of the United States.
+
+  The expenditures thus far authorized for the preservation of Casa
+  Grande ruin have been made in such manner as to meet the most urgent
+  needs only, and without them the structure would probably have been,
+  before this time, beyond the reach of preservation. The preservative
+  works were undertaken as emergency measures, rather than as steps in
+  carrying out a well-considered plan. From the outset it has been
+  understood by architects and archeologists and others familiar with
+  the structure that preservation can be insured only by throwing a
+  roof over the entire ruin in such manner as to protect the walls
+  from the fierce rainstorms which occasionally occur in the Gila
+  valley. No lesser work will preserve the ruin more than a generation
+  or two; and unless this work of roofing is contemplated and is
+  undertaken within a few years, the emergency work will be of little
+  avail and the money expended therein will be lost. Accordingly,
+  assuming a desire and continued intention on the part of the
+  Government to preserve this noteworthy relic, no hesitation is felt
+  in recommending that a suitable roof be placed over Casa Grande
+  ruin, at such time as may be expedient; and, in view of the rapidity
+  with which destruction is now in progress, there is no hesitation in
+  saying that the work should be undertaken at the earliest
+  practicable date.
+
+  It should be added that neither the Director nor any of the
+  collaborators in the Bureau of American Ethnology have visited Casa
+  Grande ruin for some three years, and accordingly that there are no
+  data in this office to indicate whether there is especially urgent
+  necessity for undertaking preservative work at this time; but much
+  confidence is placed in the judgment of the custodian, Reverend
+  Isaac T. Whittemore, who is known to several collaborators in the
+  Bureau.
+
+  The subject of the preservation of Casa Grande, in many respects the
+  most noteworthy ruin in the United States, is deemed important; and
+  if the Secretary of the Interior desires more specific information
+  concerning the present condition of the ruin, as a basis for further
+  action or judgment, it will be a pleasure to have an officer of this
+  Bureau make a special examination of, and report on, the ruin during
+  the autumn.
+
+  I have the honor to be, yours, with great respect,
+
+  W J McGee, _Acting Director_.
+      The Secretary of the Interior.
+
+
+IV. _Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior to the Director of
+the Bureau of American Ethnology, approving the suggestion that Casa
+Grande be visited with a view of determining the desirability of its
+further protection_
+
+  Department of the Interior,
+      _Washington, September 12, 1895_.
+          The Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology,
+              _Smithsonian Institution_.
+
+  Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of the 28th ultimo
+  submitting a report upon the recommendation made by the Reverend
+  Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian, that provision be made for further
+  protection of the Casa Grande ruin near Florence, Arizona, by the
+  erection of a suitable roof.
+
+  In response thereto I have to state that more specific information
+  concerning the present condition of the ruin and the probable cost
+  of providing proper protection for it is desirable in the
+  preparation of an estimate to be submitted to Congress with a view
+  of securing appropriation for the work. To this end the Department
+  gladly avails itself of your offer to send an officer of your
+  Bureau, at its expense, to make a special examination and report on
+  the ruin during the autumn of this year.
+
+  Very respectfully,
+      John M. Reynolds,
+          _Acting Secretary_.
+
+
+V. _Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the
+Secretary of the Interior regarding the examination of Casa Grande by
+Mr W J McGee_
+
+  Smithsonian Institution,
+      Bureau of American Ethnology,
+          _Washington, October 18, 1895_.
+
+  Sir: Pursuant to your request of September 12, 1895, Mr W J McGee,
+  ethnologist in charge in the Bureau of American Ethnology, will in a
+  few days repair to Florence, Arizona, for the purpose of examining
+  Casa Grande ruin and determining the desirability of further works
+  for its preservation. * * *
+
+  In accordance with terms of preceding correspondence, it is of
+  course understood that the cost of the work will be borne wholly by
+  this Bureau.
+
+  I have the honor to be, yours, with great respect,
+
+  J. W. Powell, _Director_.
+  The Secretary of the Interior,
+      _Washington, D.C_.
+
+
+VI. _Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the
+Secretary of the Interior on the examination of the condition of Casa
+Grande by Mr W J McGee, with a recommendation concerning its further
+protection_
+
+  Smithsonian Institution,
+      Bureau of American Ethnology,
+          _Washington, November 15, 1895_.
+
+  Sir: Pursuant to a proposal made in connection with a report from
+  this office relating to the ruins known as Casa Grande, near
+  Florence, Arizona, under date of August 28, 1895, and to the
+  acceptance of this proposal in a communication from the Department
+  of the Interior under date of September 12, 1895, Mr W J McGee,
+  ethnologist in charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, has
+  within a few days made an examination of Casa Grande ruin with the
+  view of determining the need for further protection of the ruin by a
+  roof or otherwise.
+
+  There are in this office two series of photographs representing the
+  ruin. The first series was taken in 1892 before the protective works
+  authorized by the Congress were commenced; the second series
+  represents the work in progress. In the recent examination the
+  present condition of the ruin was carefully compared with the
+  condition represented in the photographs.
+
+  On comparing the profiles of the walls, it was found that in many
+  cases the irregular upper surfaces retain the exact configuration of
+  1892, even to the slightest knobs and rain-formed crevices; the
+  correspondence being so close as to show that the injury and loss by
+  weathering during the interim has been imperceptible. In some other
+  cases, notably along the southern and eastern walls, the profiles
+  are more extensively modified; some of the points and knobs shown in
+  the photographs are gone, some of the old crevices are widened and
+  deepened, and some new crevices appear; and in some parts it can be
+  seen that walls are lowered several inches. On the whole the
+  modification of the profiles of the walls is limited, yet such as to
+  indicate that destruction is proceeding at a not inconsiderable
+  rate.
+
+  On comparing the scars and crevices on the sides of the walls, it
+  was found that, while many remain essentially unchanged, most are
+  enlarged and deepened. This is particularly noteworthy on the
+  eastern and southern walls, which are most beaten by wind-driven
+  rains, and which are also most modified in profile. It would appear
+  that destruction is proceeding more rapidly along the sides of the
+  walls than along the crests.
+
+  On examining the walls with respect to apparent solidity and
+  stability, it was found that nearly all are in fair or good
+  condition. The only portion that would seem in special danger is the
+  central section of the southern exterior wall. This section seems
+  insecure, and might at any time be overthrown by a heavy wind
+  following a rain storm. This section was not, unfortunately, braced
+  or tied to the stronger interior wall when the protective works were
+  carried out in 1892.
+
+  On examining the structure to ascertain the effect of the protective
+  works of 1892 in staying the destructive processes, particularly the
+  undermining of the walls by spattering rain and drifting sand, it
+  was found that in most cases the results have been excellent. On the
+  inner side of the middle section of the southern exterior wall
+  sapping is in progress at the ground level, and also along the rows
+  of joist openings for the first and second stories, and in a few
+  other places the protection seems inadequate; but in general the
+  anticipations of the projectors of the protective works seem to have
+  been realized.
+
+  The most serious of the destructive processes was sapping, and this
+  process has been nearly checked by the protective works. The second
+  was the desurfacing and subsequent eating away of the walls by
+  beating rains and frost, and this is still in progress at a moderate
+  rate. The least serious process was the wearing away of the crests
+  of the walls by rain and winds, and this is still going on at a
+  perceptible rate. It is impossible to determine, and difficult even
+  to approximate, the rate of destruction quantitatively, especially
+  so since it goes on cumulatively, with constantly increasing
+  rapidity, as the cemented surfaces are destroyed and the crevices
+  widen and deepen; but judging from the history of the ruin, and from
+  the rate of destruction indicated by comparing the photographs of
+  1892 with the present aspect, it would seem safe to conclude that,
+  if protected completely from vandalism, the ruin will be
+  comparatively little injured during the next five years, and will
+  stand perhaps half a century, without further protective works,
+  before moldering into dust.
+
+  In view of the slow yet ever increasing rate of destruction of the
+  ruin, and of its great interest as a tangible record of the
+  prehistoric inhabitants of this country, no hesitation is felt in
+  recommending that the structure be further protected, and
+  practically perpetuated, by a suitable roof, so designed as to
+  shield the walls from rain and sun and at the same time permit an
+  unobstructed view of the ruin from any direction.
+      *   *   *   *   *
+  I have the honor to be, sir, yours, with great respect,
+
+  J. W. Powell, _Director_.
+  Secretary of the Interior.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Adobe construction, what constitutes                                 323
+
+Burrell, H. H., Casa Grande photographed by                          343
+
+Clauton, M. E., bid of, for repair of Casa Grande                    339
+Colton, A. T., on Casa Grande reserve                                340
+Contract for repairing Casa Grande                               333-335
+
+Doran, A. J., affidavit of                                           335
+  contract with, for Casa Grande repair                              334
+
+Eaman, C. B., witness to Casa Grande contract                        334
+
+Garlick, C. A., cooperation of, in repair of Casa Grande             327
+
+Henry, C. D., bids of, for repair of Casa Grande                 338-339
+Hoar, G.F., interest of, in Casa Grande                              346
+Hunt, Jeff, witness to Casa Grande contract                          334
+
+Kebbey, F. C., witness to Casa Grande contract                  334, 335
+Kebbey, J. H., affidavit of                                          335
+Kino, Eusebius, Casa Grande visited by                          323, 345
+
+McGee, W. J.
+  directed to examine Casa Grande                                    347
+  examination of Casa Grande by                                      329
+  examination of Casa Grande recommended by                      344-347
+  report on Casa Grande by                                       348-349
+Mindeleff, V., report by, on Casa Grande                             327
+Morrison, A. L., report by, on Casa Grande                       326-327
+
+Specimens found at Casa Grande                                   330-332
+Stouffer, T. L., bid of, for Casa Grande repair                 328, 338
+  contract with, for Casa Grande repair                              334
+
+White, F. E., bid of, on Casa Grande repair                     328, 338
+  contract with, for Casa Grande repair                              334
+Whittemore, I. T., appointed custodian of Casa Grande,               329
+  compensation of, recommended,                                      318
+  cooperation of, in repair of Casa Grande,                          327
+  judgment of, regarding Casa Grande,                                316
+  on further protection of Casa Grande,                              341
+Williams, A. G., affidavit of,                                       335
+  contract with, for Casa Grande repair,                             334
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Errors and Anomalies:
+
+W J McGee
+  _except in the Index, this name is consistently printed without
+  periods (W. J.)_
+
+Plate CXVII shows the extent of this area, and six sections are shown in
+plates CXVIII and CXIX
+  _text reads_ Plate VI ... VII and VIII (_as if numbering from I within
+  article_)
+
+Very sincerely, yours,
+  _comma in original_
+
+Indorsement of the Mr Whittemore's by the Acting Secretary
+  _wording as in original_ ]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin,
+Arizona, in 1891, by Cosmos Mindeleff
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE ***
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,3314 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>The Repair of Casa Grande Ruin</title>
+<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html;
+charset=ISO-8859-1">
+
+<!--BAE annual report 15 / pp. 315-350-->
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+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in
+1891, by Cosmos Mindeleff
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in 1891
+       Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the
+              Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-94,
+              Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 315-348
+
+Author: Cosmos Mindeleff
+
+Release Date: January 10, 2006 [EBook #17488]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Carlo Traverso, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at
+http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<hr>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">315</span>
+<a name = "page315"> </a>
+<a name = "page316"> </a>
+<!--blank pages included for completeness-->
+
+<h2>THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA, IN 1891</h2>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>COSMOS MINDELEFF</h2>
+
+<hr>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">317</span>
+<a name = "page317"> </a>
+<a name = "page318"> </a>
+
+<h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+Index items in <i>italics</i> were added by the transcriber.
+</div>
+
+<table class = "index">
+<tr>
+<td></td><td></td><td class = "number">Page</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Introduction</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page321">321</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Description of the ruins</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page321">321</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Condition of Casa Grande in 1891</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page323">323</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Plans for the repairs</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page325">325</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Execution of the work</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page326">326</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Reservation of the land</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page330">330</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Specimens found in the excavations</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page330">330</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2"><i>Table of specimens</i></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page331"><i>331</i></a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Exhibits</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page333">333</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">I.</td>
+<td>Contract for repairing and preserving Casa Grande ruin, Arizona</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page333">333</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">II.</td>
+<td>Plans and specifications for the preservation of the Casa Grande
+ruin, Arizona, 1891</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page335">335</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "leftpad">General requirements</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page335">335</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "leftpad">Clearing out the debris</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page335">335</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "leftpad">Underpinning walls</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page336">336</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "leftpad">Filling in openings</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page336">336</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "leftpad">Bracing</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page336">336</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "leftpad">Wire fencing</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page337">337</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "leftpad">Roof</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page337">337</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">III.</td>
+<td>Plans and sections</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page337">337</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">IV.</td>
+<td>Oath of disinterestedness</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page338">338</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">V.</td>
+<td>Bids</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page338">338</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">VI.</td>
+<td>Indorsements</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page339">339</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">VII.</td>
+<td>Report of Mr H.&nbsp;C. Rizer</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page340">340</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><i>Table of contractor's overages</i></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page342"><i>342</i></a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td colspan = "2">Supplement</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page344">344</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad" colspan = "2">Correspondence and report relating
+to the condition of Casa Grande in 1895, with recommendations concerning
+its further protection</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page344">344</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">I.</td>
+<td>Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian of Casa Grande, to
+the Secretary of the Interior, recommending an appropriation for further
+protecting the ruin</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page344">344</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">II.</td>
+<td>Indorsement of Mr Whittemore's letter by the Acting Secretary of the
+Interior</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page344">344</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">III.</td>
+<td>Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to
+the Secretary of the Interior suggesting an examination of Casa Grande
+with a view of its further protection</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page344">344</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">IV.</td>
+<td>Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior to the Director of
+the Bureau of American Ethnology approving the suggestion that Casa
+Grande be visited with a view of determining the desirability of its
+further protection</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page347">347</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">V.</td>
+<td>Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the
+Secretary of the Interior regarding the examination of Casa Grande by
+Mr <ins class = "correction" title =
+"name always printed without periods">W&nbsp;J McGee</ins></td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page347">347</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad leftpad">VI.</td>
+<td>Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the
+Secretary of the Interior on the examination of the condition of Casa
+Grande by Mr W&nbsp;J McGee, with a recommendation concerning its further
+protection</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page348">348</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href = "#notes"><i>Footnotes</i></a></td><td></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href = "#index"><i>Index</i></a></td><td></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">319</span>
+<a name = "page319"> </a>
+<a name = "page320"> </a>
+
+<div class = "mynote">
+In the printed text, the full-page Plates (unpaginated) were interleaved
+with the body text. The List of Illustrations gives the number of the
+facing page. In this e-text, Plates have been moved to section breaks to
+minimize disruption.
+</div>
+
+<h3>ILLUSTRATIONS</h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<table class = "index">
+<tr>
+<td></td><td></td><td class = "number">Page</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><span class =
+"smallcaps">Plate</span>&nbsp;<a href = "#plate112">CXII</a>.</td>
+<td>Map of the Casa Grande group</td>
+<td class = "number">321</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate113">CXIII</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+Ground plan of Casa Grande ruin</div></td>
+<td class = "number">322</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate114">CXIV</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+General view of Casa Grande</div></td>
+<td class = "number">325</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate115">CXV</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+Interior wall surface</div></td>
+<td class = "number">326</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate116">CXVI</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+West front of Casa Grande showing blocks of masonry</div></td>
+<td class = "number">329</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate117">CXVII</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+Plan showing ground-level erosion, tie-rods, limits of work, and lines
+of ground sections</div></td>
+<td class = "number">330</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate118">CXVIII</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+East-and-west ground sections</div></td>
+<td class = "number">333</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate119">CXIX</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+North-and-south ground sections</div></td>
+<td class = "number">335</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate120">CXX</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+South front of the ruin, showing underpinning and ends of
+tie-rods</div></td>
+<td class = "number">337</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate121">CXXI</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+View from the southeast before the completion of the work</div></td>
+<td class = "number">339</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate122">CXXII</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+Suggested plan of roof and support</div></td>
+<td class = "number">340</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate123">CXXIII</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+Section through <i>A-B</i> of roof plan, showing suggested roof
+support</div></td>
+<td class = "number">343</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate124">CXXIV</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+Section through <i>C-D</i> of roof plan, showing suggested roof
+support</div></td>
+<td class = "number">345</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate125">CXXV</a>.</td>
+<td><div class = "hanging">
+Map showing location of Casa Grande reservation</div></td>
+<td class = "number">346</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate112" id = "plate112">PLATE CXII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate112.jpg" alt = "Plate CXII"><br>
+<br>
+MAP OF THE CASA GRANDE GROUP</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">321</span>
+<a name = "page321"> </a>
+<h2>THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN</h2>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h3 class = "smallcaps">By Cosmos Mindeleff</h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<h3>INTRODUCTION</h3>
+
+
+<p>In March, 1889, an appropriation of $2,000 was made by Congress for
+the repair of Casa Grande ruin in southern Arizona. This amount was
+insufficient for complete restoration, but under the authority of the
+act of Congress making the appropriation some work was done. Partly as
+an aid to further possible work, and partly that there may be an
+available record of what has been done for the benefit of future
+students of American archeology, this report is presented.</p>
+
+<p>A full description of Casa Grande has been given by the writer in a
+published memoir<a class = "tag" name = "tag1" href = "#note1">1</a> on
+that ruin, hence only a brief account will now be necessary to aid in
+making the present report intelligible. Following this description is a
+statement of the condition of the ruin in 1891 and of the plans formed
+for its repair, the latter being necessarily controlled by the amount
+appropriated. After this there is an account of the work done, from the
+passage of the bill until the delivery of the work to the agent of the
+United States who received it, and of the reservation, of an area of
+land about the ruin by order of the President. This is followed by a
+catalogue of the articles found during the excavations in and about the
+ruin, which were subsequently deposited in the National Museum; a
+transcript of the contract under which the work was done, including
+specifications, plans, and sections, and the report of Mr H.&nbsp;C.
+Rizer, who inspected and received the work. Finally, there are appended
+the correspondence and report relating to the condition of Casa Grande
+in 1895, with recommendations concerning its further protection.</p>
+
+<p>Casa Grande has occupied a very important place in the literature of
+American archeology, a place which it doubtless will continue to occupy;
+and as dates are frequently of importance an effort has been made to
+make the present report as full as possible in that respect.</p>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate113" id = "plate113">PLATE CXIII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate113.jpg" alt = "Plate CXIII"><br>
+<br>
+GROUND PLAN OF CASA GRANDE RUIN</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>DESCRIPTION OF THE RUINS</h3>
+
+<p>Casa Grande appears to be the sole surviving remnant of an extensive
+and important class of remains in the southwest. These remains occur
+usually in large groups or clusters, and Casa Grande is no exception.
+<span class = "pagenum">322</span>
+<a name = "page322"> </a>
+The name has been ordinarily applied to a single house structure
+standing near the southwestern corner of a large area covered by mounds
+and other debris; but some writers have applied the term to the
+southwestern portion of the area, others to the whole area.</p>
+
+<p>Probably no two investigators would assign exactly the same limits to
+this area, as its margins merge imperceptibly into the surrounding
+country. The accompanying map (plate <a href = "#plate112"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXII</span></a>) shows the limits of the ruins as
+interpreted by the writer. The surface covered by well-defined remains,
+as there shown, extends about 1,800 feet north and south and 1,500 feet
+east and west, or a total area of about 65 acres.</p>
+
+<p>Casa Grande ruin occupies a position near the southwestern corner of
+the group, and its size is insignificant as compared with the entire
+cluster of ruins, or even with the remains of the large structure which
+occupied the north-central part of the area. The contour interval on the
+map is 1 foot, sufficiently small to show much surface detail. The
+depressions are indicated by dotted contours.</p>
+
+<p>Within the area shown on the map there are a large number of mounds,
+more or less leveled by long-continued exposure to the elements. Some
+appear to be quite old, others represent buildings which were standing
+within the historic period, and many interesting features are presented
+which can not even be alluded to here.</p>
+
+<p>Casa Grande proper was one of the smallest of the house clusters, but
+it is unique in that the walls are still standing to a height of more
+than 25 feet. While fragments of standing wall are not uncommon, either
+in the area mentioned or in the valleys of Gala and Salt rivers
+generally, no other example exists, so far as known, so well preserved
+as the one under consideration.</p>
+
+<p>For miles around Casa Grande the ground surface is so flat that from
+the summit of the walls an immense stretch of country is brought under
+view in every direction. In the whole southwest, where there are
+thousands of ruins, many of which represent villages located with
+especial reference to outlook, there are few, if any, so well situated
+as this.</p>
+
+<p>A ground plan of the ruin is shown in plate <a href =
+"#plate112"><span class = "smallroman">CXII</span></a> and a general
+view in plate <a href = "#plate114"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXIV</span></a>. The area covered and inclosed by standing
+walls is about 43 by 59 feet, but the building is not exactly
+rectangular, nor do its sides exactly face the cardinal points,
+notwithstanding many published statements to that effect. The building
+comprised three central rooms, each approximately 10 by 24 feet,
+arranged side by side with the longer axes north and south, and two
+other rooms, each about 9 by 35 feet, occupying, respectively, the
+northern and southern ends of the building, and arranged transversely
+across the ends of the central rooms, the longer axes running east and
+west. Excepting the central tier of rooms, which was three stories high,
+all the walls rose to a height of two stories above the ground. The
+northeastern and southeastern corners of the structure have fallen, and
+large blocks of the material of which they were composed are strewn upon
+the ground in the vicinity.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">323</span>
+<a name = "page323"> </a>
+The exterior walls rise to a height of from 20 to 25 feet above the
+ground. This height accommodated two stories, but the top of the wall is
+from 1 to 2 feet higher than the roof level of the second story. The
+middle room or space was built up three stories high, and the walls are
+still standing to a height of 28 to 30 feet above the ground level. The
+tops of the walls, while rough and greatly eroded, are approximately
+level. The exterior surface of the walls is rough, as shown in the
+illustrations, but the interior walls of the rooms are finished with a
+remarkable degree of smoothness, so much so that it has attracted the
+attention of everyone who has visited the ruin. Plate <a href =
+"#plate115"><span class = "smallroman">CXV</span></a> shows this
+feature. At the ground level the exterior wall is from 3½ to 4½ feet
+thick, and in one place over 5 feet thick. The interior walls are from 3
+to 4 feet thick. At the tops the walls are about 2 feet thick. The
+building was constructed by crude methods, thoroughly aboriginal in
+character, and there is no uniformity in its measurements. The walls,
+even in the same room, are not of even thickness; the floor joists were
+seldom in a straight line, and measurements made at similar places (for
+example, at the two ends of a room) seldom agree.</p>
+
+<p>Casa Grande is often referred to as an adobe structure, but this use
+of the term is misleading. Adobe construction consists of the use of
+molded brick, dried in the sun, but not baked. The walls here are
+composed of huge blocks of rammed earth, 3 to 5 feet long, 2 feet high
+and 3 to 4 feet thick. These blocks were not molded and then laid in the
+wall, but were manufactured in place.</p>
+
+<p>Plate <a href = "#plate116"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXVI</span></a> shows the character of these blocks. The
+material employed was admirably suited for the purpose, being when dry
+almost as hard as sandstone and nearly as durable. A building with walls
+of this material would last indefinitely, provided a few slight repairs
+were made at the conclusion of each rainy season. When abandoned,
+however, sapping at the ground level would commence and would in time
+bring down all the walls; yet in the two centuries which have elapsed
+since Padre Kino's visit to this place&mdash;and Casa Grande was then a
+ruin&mdash;there has been but little destruction from the elements, the
+damage done by relic hunters during the last twenty years being, in
+fact, much greater than that due to all causes in the preceding two
+centuries.</p>
+
+<p>The building was well provided with doorways and other openings,
+arranged in pairs, one above the other. There were doorways from each
+room into every adjoining room, except that the rooms of the middle tier
+were entered only from the east. Some of the openings were not used, and
+were closed with blocks of solid masonry, built into them long prior to
+the final abandonment of the structure.</p>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate114" id = "plate114">PLATE CXIV</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate114.jpg" alt = "Plate CXIV"><br>
+<br>
+GENERAL VIEW OF CASA GRANDE RUIN</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CONDITION OF CASA GRANDE IN 1891</h3>
+
+<p>The south and east fronts of Casa Grande seem to have suffered,
+particularly from the weather, and here rainstorms have probably caused
+some of the damage. The outer faces of the walls are of the same
+material as the wall mass, all the masonry being composed of
+<span class = "pagenum">324</span>
+<a name = "page324"> </a>
+earth from the immediate site. In the construction of the walls this
+soil was laid up in successive courses of varying thickness, whose
+limits form clearly defined and approximately horizontal joints. The
+northeast and southeast corners of the building have entirely fallen
+away, and low mounds of their debris still show many knobs and lumps,
+parts of the original wall mass.</p>
+
+<p>The destruction of the walls was due mainly to undermining at the
+ground level. The character of this undermining is shown in many of the
+illustrations to this report, especially in plate <a href =
+"#plate116"><span class = "smallroman">CXVI</span></a>, and its extent
+is indicated on the accompanying ground plan (plate <a href =
+"#plate117"><span class = "smallroman">CXVII</span></a>) by dotted lines
+within the wall mass. Although the material of which the walls are
+composed is very hard when dry, and capable of resisting the destructive
+influences to which it has been subjected for a long time, yet under
+certain conditions it becomes more yielding. The excessively dry climate
+of this region, which in one respect has made the preservation of the
+ruin possible, has also furnished, in its periodic sandstorms, a most
+efficient agent of destruction. The amount of moisture in the soil is so
+small as scarcely to be detected, but what there is in the soil next to
+the walls is absorbed by the latter, rising doubtless by capillary
+attraction to a height of a foot or more from the ground. This portion
+of the wall being then more moist than the remainder, although possibly
+only in an infinitesimal degree, is more subject to erosion by flying
+sand in the windstorms so frequent in this region, and gradually the
+base of the wall is eaten away until the support becomes insufficient
+and the wall falls en masse. The plan shows that in some places the
+walls have been eaten away at the ground level to a depth of more than a
+foot. Portions of the south wall were in a dangerous condition and
+likely to fall at any time.</p>
+
+<p>Visiting tourists have done much damage by their vandalism. They have
+torn out and carried away every lintel and every particle of visible
+wood in the building. After the removal of the lintels a comparatively
+short time elapses before the falling in of the wall above. Apparently
+but a small amount of this damage can be attributed to rainstorms,
+which, although rare in this region, are sometimes violent. There is
+evidence that the present height of the walls is nearly the original
+height, in other words, that the loss from surface erosion in several
+centuries has been trifling, although numerous opinions to the contrary
+have been expressed by causal observers. The eastern wall has suffered
+more from this cause than the others; a belt on the northern half,
+apparently softer than the remainder of the wall, has been eaten away to
+a depth of nearly a foot. The interior wall faces are in good condition
+generally, except about openings and in places near the&nbsp;top.</p>
+
+<p>Evidences of the original flooring are preserved in several of the
+rooms, especially in the north room. The flooring conformed to the
+pueblo type in the use of a series of principal beams, about 3 inches in
+diameter, above which was a secondary series smaller in size and placed
+<span class = "pagenum">325</span>
+<a name = "page325"> </a>
+quite close together, and above this again a layer of rushes with a
+coating of clay. All the walls show evidences of the principal series of
+beams in the line of holes formed by their ends where they were embedded
+in the walls. In the south wall, in parts of the east wall high up on
+the level of the upper roof, and in parts of other walls a few stumps of
+floor beams remained. These specimens of aboriginal woodwork have
+survived only because they are not in sight from the ground, and their
+existence therefore was not suspected by the tourists. Evidence of the
+other features of the floor construction can be seen on the walls in
+places where they have left an imprint, as described in the memoir
+previously cited.</p>
+
+<p>No single opening remains intact, as the lintels have been removed
+from every one of them. This is particularly unfortunate, for openings
+at their best are an element of weakness in a wall, and here each
+opening, after the lintel was removed, became, as it were, a center of
+weakness from which the destruction of the wall mass gradually proceeded
+further and further.</p>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate115" id = "plate115">PLATE CXV</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate115.jpg" alt = "Plate CXV"><br>
+<br>
+INTERIOR WALL OF CASA GRANDE RUIN</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>PLANS FOR THE REPAIRS</h3>
+
+<p>The plans for the repair of the ruin and its preservation included
+the reservation of the area covered by remains and, if possible, its
+inclosure, for within that area are exhibited all the various degrees of
+decay and disintegration which clearly link the comparatively well
+preserved Casa Grande with the numerous almost obliterated ruins along
+the Gila and the Salt, whose vestiges will become even less distinct as
+time passes and cultivation increases.</p>
+
+<p>It was deemed necessary to remove all the rubbish and debris within
+the building and from an area measuring 10 feet from the outer walls in
+every direction. Plate <a href = "#plate117"><ins class = "correction"
+title = "text reads 'VI'"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXVII</span></ins></a> shows the extent of this area, and
+six sections are shown in plates <a href = "#plate118"><ins class =
+"correction" title = "text reads 'VII'"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXVIII</span></ins></a> and <a href = "#plate119"><ins
+class = "correction" title = "text reads 'VIII'"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXIX</span></ins></a>, three on east-and-west lines and
+three on north-and-south lines. The lines along which these sections
+were made are indicated on the plan, plate <a href = "#plate117"><span
+class = "smallroman">CXVII</span></a>. The ground level was determined
+by excavation, and is of course only approximate. The sections show the
+estimated amount of debris which was to be removed. Aside from other
+considerations, it was necessary to uncover the walls to the ground
+level in order to do the necessary underpinning.</p>
+
+<p>It was planned to underpin the walls, where erosion at the ground
+level had weakened them, with hard-burned brick laid in cement mortar.
+Plate <a href = "#plate117"><span class = "smallroman">CXVII</span></a>
+shows in a measure the extent of this erosion. The brick surface was to
+be set back an inch or two and faced with that thickness of cement
+mortar. Plate <a href = "#plate120"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXX</span></a> shows the south front and plate <a href =
+"#plate121"><span class = "smallroman">CXXI</span></a> the south and
+east fronts when the brickwork was completed, but before it was
+plastered, and will illustrate what was planned better than can a
+description.</p>
+
+<p><span class = "pagenum">326</span>
+<a name = "page326"> </a>
+This treatment, it was believed, would give a surface capable of
+effectually resisting atmospheric influences and the destructive action
+of flying sand, and at the same time would not disfigure the ruin by
+making the repairs obtrusive.</p>
+
+<p>The broken-out lintels of openings were to be replaced, and the
+cavities above them filled in with brick faced with mortar similar to
+the underpinning.</p>
+
+<p>The south wall, which was in a dangerous condition, was to be
+supported by three internal braces, as shown in the plan, plate <a href
+= "#plate117"><span class = "smallroman">CXVII</span></a>. The longest
+brace or beam was necessarily of wood, as the wide range of temperature
+in this region, even between day and night, would produce so much
+expansion and contraction in an iron rod 60 feet long that without some
+compensating device the wall would be rocked on its base and its rapid
+destruction necessarily follow.</p>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate116" id = "plate116">PLATE CXVI</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate116.jpg" alt = "Plate CXVI"><br>
+<br>
+WEST FRONT OF CASA GRANDE RUIN, SHOWING BLOCKS OF MASONRY</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>EXECUTION OF THE WORK</h3>
+
+<p>Appended to that portion of the sundry civil appropriation act
+approved March. 2, 1889,<a class = "tag" name = "tag2" href =
+"#note2">2</a> in which certain expenses of the United States Geological
+Survey are provided for, is the following item:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+Repair of the ruin of Casa Grande, Arizona: To enable the Secretary of
+the Interior to repair and protect the ruin of Casa Grande, situate in
+Pinal County, near Florence, Arizona, two thousand dollars; and the
+President is authorized to reserve from settlement and sale the land on
+which said ruin is situated and so much of the public land adjacent
+thereto as in his judgment may be necessary for the protection of said
+ruin and of the ancient city of which it is a part.
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>On the 12th of April, 1889, there was a conference between the
+Secretary of the Interior and the Commissioner of the General Land
+Office looking to the execution of the law, and on the 16th of that
+month the Commissioner submitted a statement on the subject, calling
+attention to the fact that the appropriation would not be available
+until July 1 following, and suggesting that a special agent should be
+sent out to examine the ruin. This suggestion was approved, and on April
+27, 1889, Special Agent Alexander L. Morrison, of the General Land
+Office, was instructed to proceed to the ruins for the purpose of
+investigating and reporting as to what method should be adopted for
+their repair and protection. Mr Morrison was further instructed to
+report "all the facts obtainable as regards said ruins of 'Casa Grande,'
+in order that appropriate action may be taken by the Department for its
+preservation."</p>
+
+<p>On May 15,1889, Mr Morrison submitted a report to the Commissioner,
+describing his journey, the location of the ruin, the ruin itself, and
+other ruins in the vicinity. He stated that danger to the ruin was of
+three kinds&mdash;(1) by vandalism, (2) by elements, (3) by undermining.
+He recommended the construction of a roof and an underpinning of
+<span class = "pagenum">327</span>
+<a name = "page327"> </a>
+stone for the walls. Finally, he gave some historical notes, and closed
+with a peroration.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Morrison's plans were found impracticable, as their execution
+would require an expenditure of many times the sum appropriated, and on
+September 23, 1889, all the papers in the case were transmitted by the
+Secretary to the Director of the Geological Survey, "for appropriate
+action under the clause of the act referred to, as being within the
+province of your Bureau." It was ordered that the work be commenced
+without the least delay, and November 27, 1889, Mr Victor Mindeleff, of
+the Bureau of Ethnology, was detailed by the Director and ordered to
+proceed to the ruin and report on the best means of repairing it and
+protecting it from further destruction. He was also directed to make
+other investigations in the vicinity, which have no relation to the
+present case.</p>
+
+<p>On July 1, 1890, Mr Mindeleff submitted a report. He described the
+ruins of which Casa Grande is the type, and also Casa Grande itself. He
+also made a statement of the condition of the ruin and suggested that
+the main destruction "was due to the undermining of the walls, and
+stated that much damage had been done by tourists. He recommended (1)
+that an area about the ruin be fenced in; (2) that a man be located
+permanently on the ground to watch the ruins; (3) that the ruins be
+cleaned out; (4) that the walls be underpinned with brick instead of
+stone, as previously suggested; (5) that the tops of the walls, after
+removing several inches to afford a good bearing surface, be treated
+with a coping of cement. It was regarded that this plan, if carried into
+effect, would afford sufficient protection against the weather, but a
+plan for a roof was submitted should such a structure be deemed
+desirable and practicable. Mr Mindeleff also recommended a number of
+tie-rods and beams, the replacement of the broken-out lintels, and the
+filling of the cavities above.</p>
+
+<p>This plan was approved in its general features, but the means
+provided for its execution were found insufficient. A further
+complication arose from the fact that a few months later Mr Mindeleff
+severed his connection with the Bureau of Ethnology and his knowledge
+became no longer available.</p>
+
+<p>November 20, 1890, the writer was ordered to proceed to the ruin and
+inaugurate the work of repair, following, so far as practicable, the
+plans already approved. He left Washington soon afterward and reached
+the ruin late in December. It was found necessary to make a detailed
+survey of the ruin and of the group of which it forms a part, and to
+make plans and sections showing the probable amount of excavation for
+the use of those who were invited to bid on the work. Furthermore, the
+amount appropriated was so well known to be inadequate that great
+difficulty was experienced in obtaining bids, and it was only through
+the efficient cooperation of the Reverend I.&nbsp;T. Whittemore at Florence
+and of Mr C.&nbsp;A. Garlick at Phoenix that success was finally
+<span class = "pagenum">328</span>
+<a name = "page328"> </a>
+achieved. Two bids were received from the former place and one from the
+latter; but this was not accomplished until March 17, 1891, the date
+when the last bid was received. In the meantime the writer, having
+completed his work at Casa Grande, so far as he could, had entered, in
+January, on an archeologic investigation of the valley of the Rio Verde,
+in compliance with his orders to that effect.</p>
+
+<p>It was found impossible to execute all the work deemed requisite for
+the preservation of the ruin within the limits of the appropriation. A
+selection of items became necessary, therefore, and those which were of
+most importance were chosen. Even in this, however, it was found that a
+maximum limit on the amount of work to be done on each item must be set,
+and this limit was considerably below the amount of work estimated to be
+necessary.</p>
+
+<p>The first thing to be done was, of course, the clearing out of the
+rubbish and debris. The item next in importance was the underpinning of
+the walls with brick wherever it was needed. The third item was the
+restoration of the lintels and the filling of the cavities above them.
+The fourth item was the tying in of the south wall, or of the several
+parts of it, with braces. This was the only feature of the plan which
+would appreciably disfigure the ruin, but some such device was deemed
+essential for the preservation of the south wall.</p>
+
+<p>These four items consumed practically all of the amount appropriated,
+and the other items of the original plan were therefore omitted. The bid
+of T.&nbsp;L. Stouffer and F.&nbsp;E. White, of Florence, Arizona,
+covering the four items, was accepted, and a contract was made with
+them, under date of May 9, 1891, for the execution of the work for the
+sum of $1,985. This contract, together with the specifications, plans,
+and other drawings which formed part of it, accompany this report. It
+was transmitted to the Director of the Geological Survey, and by him
+approved and forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior June 6, 1891. It
+was approved by the Acting Secretary June 20, 1891. Finally, on July 20,
+1891, it was placed on file, together "with the bids, proposals, and all
+the original papers."</p>
+
+<p>A time limit of two months was made in the contract, expiring August
+20, 1891, but it was changed to four months from July 1, 1891, expiring
+October 31, 1891. Before the time expired, however, Mr H.&nbsp;G. Rizer,
+then chief clerk of the Bureau of Ethnology, was ordered to proceed to
+Casa Grande ruin to examine the work done and, if in accord with the
+terms of the contract and the specifications, to certify the amount due
+the contractors. He submitted a report, under date of November 24, 1891,
+which is appended hereto. He also obtained six photographic negatives of
+the work as it stood a short time before its completion, and two of
+these (reproduced in plates <a href = "#plate120"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXX</span></a> and <a href = "#plate121"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXXI</span></a>) have been utilized in the preparation of
+this report.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Rizer found that a considerable amount of work had been done by
+the contractors in excess of that authorized, and also that not
+sufficient
+<span class = "pagenum">329</span>
+<a name = "page329"> </a>
+work had been done to render the repairs permanently effective. Under
+the terms of the contract, no amount in excess of that stated ($1,985)
+could be paid, and payment of this amount was made late in 1891. On
+January 7, 1892, the contractors filed a claim for extra work on the
+ruin amounting to $600.40. The work was actually performed, but the
+terms of the contract were clear, and the claim was therefore
+disapproved January 28, 1892.</p>
+
+<p>It would have been desirable to have had a supervisor of the work,
+but as the contract consumed practically all of the amount appropriated
+no provision could be made for one. It is fortunate, therefore, that the
+Reverend I.&nbsp;T. Whittemore, who had in the meantime been appointed
+honorary custodian of the ruin, generously undertook to look after the
+work without compensation, and on its conclusion the small sum remaining
+($15) was turned over to him, thus exhausting the appropriation. In the
+sundry civil appropriation act for the year ending June 30, 1893,
+provision was made for a salaried custodian of the ruin, and Mr
+Whittemore was appointed to this position. Similar provision has been
+continued from year to year to the present time.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be regretted that the necessities of the case, imposed by
+the limited amount appropriated, compelled the fixing of a maximum
+amount of work so far below the amount necessary that the repair of the
+ruin is incomplete. Had it been possible to carry out the plans, it is
+believed that the ruin would have stood unchanged for many decades, if
+not for a century. Should further provision be made for the continuation
+of the work, it should include an item for the fencing of the area
+covered by the ruins or of the reservation, and possibly an item for the
+construction of a roof.</p>
+
+<p>It is not clear that a roof is absolutely necessary, but it is
+certain that it would be very undesirable. The region where this rain
+occurs has probably less rainfall than any other part of the United
+States, but it must not be forgotten that while rainstorms are
+infrequent they are sometimes violent, and what damage they do may be
+done in a few hours. All the items for the repair of the ruin, except
+that pertaining to a roof, were so devised that the ruin was not
+materially disfigured or changed, and were they fully carried out the
+ruin would present much the same general appearance as before. It is
+important that this appearance should be preserved as far as possible,
+but it can not be maintained if a roof is erected over the walls. As
+four years have elapsed since the completion of the work, it should be
+possible now to determine whether atmospheric erosion has played a
+material part in the work of destruction.<a class = "tag" name = "tag3"
+href = "#note3">3</a></p>
+
+<p>In the original plans and in the specifications which formed part of
+the contract (although this section was not operative) a plan for a roof
+was included. Such a structure, if erected at all, should be made as
+<span class = "pagenum">330</span>
+<a name = "page330"> </a>
+inconspicuous as possible and should be supported entirely from within
+the building. The system of framing employed might safely be left to the
+contractor if he were made responsible for the strength of the completed
+structure.</p>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate117" id = "plate117">PLATE CXVII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate117.jpg" alt = "Plate CXVII"><br>
+<br>
+PLAN SHOWING GROUND-LEVEL EROSION, TIE-RODS,<br>
+LIMITS OF WORK, AND LINES OF GROUND SECTIONS</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>RESERVATION OF THE LAND</h3>
+
+<p>The final step in the execution of the law quoted was taken June 22,
+1892. On that date the recommendation of the writer to the Director of
+the Geological Survey, referred by him to the Secretary of the Interior
+and by the latter to the President, was finally approved, and it was
+ordered that an area of land sufficient for the preservation of the
+ruin, and comprising in all 480 acres, be reserved under authority of
+act of Congress approved March 2, 1889. This area is shown on the map
+reproduced in plate <a href = "#plate125"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXXV</span></a>, the base of which is a map accompanying
+the report of Mr H.&nbsp;C. Rizer.</p>
+
+<p>The letter of the Secretary of the Interior recommending the
+reservation of the Casa Grande tract, with its indorsement by the
+President, is as follows:</p>
+
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Department of the Interior,</span></div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<i>Washington, June 20, 1893.</i></div>
+<div class = "letter">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Sir</span>: I have the honor to recommend that
+the SW.&nbsp;¼ SW.&nbsp;¼, SE.&nbsp;¼ SW.&nbsp;¼, SW.&nbsp;¼ SE.&nbsp;¼
+section 9, NW.&nbsp;¼, NW.&nbsp;¼ NE.&nbsp;¼, SW.&nbsp;¼ NE.&nbsp;¼,
+NW.&nbsp;¼ SW.&nbsp;¼, NE.&nbsp;¼ SW.&nbsp;¼, and NW.&nbsp;¼ SE.&nbsp;¼
+section 16, all in township 5 south, range 8 east, Gila and Salt river
+meridian, Arizona, containing 480 acres more or less, and including the
+Casa Grande ruin, be reserved in accordance with the authority vested in
+you by the act of March 2, 1889 (25 Stat., 961), for the protection of
+the ruin.</div>
+<div class = "letter">
+The Director of the Bureau of Ethnology requests that the reservation be
+made, and the Acting Commissioner of the General Land Office knows of no
+objection to such action.</div>
+<div class = "letter gap2">
+Very respectfully,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">John W. Noble</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<i>Secretary</i>.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter gap1">
+The <span class = "smallcaps">President</span>.</div>
+<div class = "letter center">
+[<i>Indorsement by the President</i>]</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Executive Mansion</span>, <i>June 23,
+1892</i>.</div>
+<div class = "letter">
+Let the lands described within be reserved for the protection of the
+Casa Grande ruin as recommended by the Secretary of the Interior.</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Benj. Harrison.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The limits of this reservation are laid down on the plat of the
+survey of said township in the General Land Office, and the reservation
+is now under the control of the Secretary of the Interior.</p>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate118" id = "plate118">PLATE CXVIII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate118ab.jpg" alt = "Plate CXVIII a-b"><br>
+<br>
+Section A-B</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate118cd.jpg" alt = "Plate CXVIII c-d"><br>
+<br>
+Section C-D</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate118ef.jpg" alt = "Plate CXVIII e-f"><br>
+<br>
+Section E-F<br>
+<br>
+EAST-AND-WEST GROUND SECTIONS.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>SPECIMENS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS</h3>
+
+<p>In the course of the excavations a number of specimens of archeologic
+interest were unearthed. These were all preserved and on the conclusion
+of the work were forwarded to the National Museum in Washington, in
+compliance with the terms of the contract. Following is a list showing
+the collection number and also the Museum number.</p>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">331</span>
+<a name = "page331"> </a>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Specimen number 627 B.&nbsp;E. was not obtained from the ruin itself, but
+was found in that vicinity by Mr Whittemore and presented by him:
+</div>
+
+<table class = "items">
+<tr>
+<th>National Museum number</th>
+<th>Bureau of Ethnology number</th>
+<th>Article</th>
+<th>Number of specimens</th>
+<th>Remarks</th>
+</tr>
+
+<!--&nbsp; needed to retain table format in some browsers-->
+
+<tr>
+<td class = "item number">155088</td>
+<td class = "item number">595</td>
+<td class = "item">Fragments of large earthenware vessel.</td>
+<td class = "item number">Lot.</td>
+<td class = "item">Plain red on both sides.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item number">155089</td>
+<td class = "item number">596</td>
+<td class = "item">Large bowl.</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">Red outside; black, polished inside; restored.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item number">155090</td>
+<td class = "item number">597</td>
+<td class = "item">Large vase.</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">Decorated outside; restored.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item number">155091</td>
+<td class = "item number">598</td>
+<td class = "item">Pottery fragments.</td>
+<td class = "item number">14</td>
+<td class = "item">Decorated.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item number">155092</td>
+<td class = "item number">599</td>
+<td class = "item">Pottery vase (toy).</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">Small, dark brown.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item number">155093</td>
+<td class = "item number">600</td>
+<td class = "item">Pottery bowl (toy).</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">Small, black.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item number">155094</td>
+<td class = "item number">601</td>
+<td class = "item">Pottery disk or spindle.</td>
+<td class = "item number">4</td>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item number">155095</td>
+<td class = "item number">602</td>
+<td class = "item">Pottery toy (mountain goat).</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">Dark brown.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">603</td>
+<td class = "item">Adobe.</td>
+<td class = "item number">2</td>
+<td class = "item">Lumps; 1 showing impression of cloth, the other of a
+human foot.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">604</td>
+<td class = "item">Small shells.</td>
+<td class = "item number">Lot.</td>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">605</td>
+<td class = "item">do</td>
+<td class = "item number">Lot.</td>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">606</td>
+<td class = "item">Small shells(lonus?)</td>
+<td class = "item number">Lot.</td>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">607</td>
+<td class = "item">Small shells (cut and perforated).</td>
+<td class = "item number">Lot.</td>
+<td class = "item">For use as pendants.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">608</td>
+<td class = "item">Small shells, beads, and pendants.</td>
+<td class = "item number">Lot.</td>
+<td class = "item">1 string and 2 fragments.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">609</td>
+<td class = "item">Bone awls.</td>
+<td class = "item number">3</td>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">610</td>
+<td class = "item">Bone fragments.</td>
+<td class = "item number">6</td>
+<td class = "item">Partly charred.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">611</td>
+<td class = "item">Chalk, obsidian chips, and brown adobe.</td>
+<td class = "item number">Lot.</td>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">612</td>
+<td class = "item">Charred wood, 2 nuts, and a corncob.</td>
+<td class = "item number">4</td>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">613</td>
+<td class = "item">Charred textiles, cloth.</td>
+<td class = "item number">2</td>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">614</td>
+<td class = "item">Wooden joist fragments.</td>
+<td class = "item number">3</td>
+<td class = "item">3, 6, and 9 inches long; 4 inches diameter.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">615</td>
+<td class = "item">Reed.</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">12 inches long.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">616</td>
+<td class = "item">Stone axes.</td>
+<td class = "item number">7</td>
+<td class = "item">And 3 broken, grooved.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">617</td>
+<td class = "item">Pounding stone and fragment.</td>
+<td class = "item number">2</td>
+<td class = "item">Of sandstone, with ring-shaped handle.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">618</td>
+<td class = "item">Stone pestles</td>
+<td class = "item number">2</td>
+<td class = "item">One 12½ inches long, 1¾ inches diamenter; one 9½
+inches long, 1¾ inches diameter;also a fragment.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">619</td>
+<td class = "item">Stone mullers.</td>
+<td class = "item number">4</td>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">620</td>
+<td class = "item">Stone hammers.</td>
+<td class = "item number">6</td>
+<td class = "item">1 pitted.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">621</td>
+<td class = "item">Stone mullers, flat.</td>
+<td class = "item number">6</td>
+<td class = "item">5 broken.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">
+<span class = "pagenum">332</span>
+<a name = "page332"> </a>
+</td>
+<td class = "item number">622</td>
+<td class = "item">Stone mortar, flat.</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">6½ by 12 inches; 2 inches thick.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">623</td>
+<td class = "item">do</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">13 by 22 inches; 6 inches thick.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">624</td>
+<td class = "item">Stone, polished.</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">22 inches long, 6½ in- ches diameter; restored.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">625</td>
+<td class = "item">Stone hoes or chopping knives.</td>
+<td class = "item number">2</td>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">626</td>
+<td class = "item">Limestone ornament.</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">Carved; fragmentary.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">&nbsp;</td>
+<td class = "item number">627</td>
+<td class = "item">Small stone vessel.</td>
+<td class = "item number">1</td>
+<td class = "item">Serpent carved on the outside.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item bottom"></td>
+<td class = "item number bottom">628</td>
+<td class = "item bottom">Stone arrowhead.</td>
+<td class = "item number bottom">2</td>
+<td class = "item bottom">1 of obsidian, very small, and 1 of flint;
+also a broken specimen.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate119" id = "plate119">PLATE CXIX</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate119gh.jpg" alt = "Plate CXIX g-h"><br>
+<br>
+Section G-H</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate119ik.jpg" alt = "Plate CXIX i-k"><br>
+<br>
+Section I-K</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate119lm.jpg" alt = "Plate CXIX l-m"><br>
+<br>
+Section L-M<br>
+<br>
+NORTH-AND-SOUTH GROUND SECTIONS.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<span class = "pagenum">333</span>
+<a name = "page333"> </a>
+<h3>EXHIBITS</h3>
+
+<h4>I. CONTRACT FOR REPAIRING AND PRESERVING CASA GRANDE RUIN,
+ARIZONA</h4>
+
+<p><i>This contract</i>, made and entered into this ninth day of May,
+eighteen hundred and ninety-one, between Theodore Louis Stouffer and
+Frederick Emerson White, both of Florence, Arizona, as principals, and
+Augustine Gray Williams, of Florence, Arizona, Andrew James Doran, of
+Florence, Arizona, as sureties, of the first part, and the United States
+of America, by Cosmos Mindeleff, acting for the Secretary of the
+Interior, of the second part:</p>
+
+<p><i>Witnesseth</i>, That the said parties of the first part do hereby
+contract and agree with the United States of America, as follows: That
+for the consideration hereinafter mentioned they will at their own
+expense and risk perform and execute the work upon the Casa Grande ruin,
+described and specified in the specification hereto annexed and forming
+a part hereof, in the manner and with the conditions specified, items of
+said work to be as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Item No. 1. Clearing out the débris: To excavate and remove 350 cubic
+yards of earth and débris, or less, as specified, amount of excavation
+not to exceed 350 cubic yards.</p>
+
+<p>Item No. 2. Underpinning walls: To underpin the walls as specified,
+requiring 750 cubic feet of brick masonry, or less, amount of masonry
+not to exceed 750 cubic feet.</p>
+
+<p>Item No. 3. Filling in cavities: To fill in cavities and openings as
+specified, 500 lineal feet of 2 by 4 inches squared lumber and 800 cubic
+feet of masonry, or less, whole amount of filling not to exceed 825
+cubic feet.</p>
+
+<p>Item No. 4. To brace the walls as specified in the annexed plan and
+specifications.</p>
+
+<p>Items numbered five and six of the specifications hereto annexed,
+together with the plans, specifications, and conditions pertaining
+especially and only to them and not to the other items, are omitted.</p>
+
+<p>The said parties of the first part further contract and agree to
+deliver over the work, completed and finished, to such person as the
+Secretary of the Interior may designate, within two months after receipt
+of notice that this contract has been approved by the Secretary of the
+Interior.</p>
+
+<p><i>It is further stipulated and agreed</i>, That should the parties
+of the first part fail to complete the work within the time specified,
+or should they deliver work which is not in accordance with the plans
+and specifications hereto annexed, only such sum shall be paid for the
+work as may be agreed upon by the said parties of the first part and the
+Secretary
+<span class = "pagenum">334</span>
+<a name = "page334"> </a>
+of the Interior; and it is further stipulated and agreed on the part of
+the parties of the first part that if the work is not completed in the
+time specified and according to the specifications hereto annexed they
+will pay to the United States a sum not exceeding fifty dollars for each
+and every week after the time specified, such payments to be deducted
+from the amount due for work done: <i>Provided</i>, That the Secretary
+of the Interior, or such person as he may authorize to do so, may extend
+the time for the completion of the work.</p>
+
+<p><i>And the United States of America</i>, by the said Cosmos
+Mindeleff, acting for the Secretary of the Interior, do hereby contract
+and agree with the said parties of the first part that for the aforesaid
+work, performed and executed in the manner and under the conditions
+aforesaid, there shall be paid to the said parties of the first part the
+following sums:</p>
+
+<p>For item No. 1. For clearing out the débris, as specified and as
+above limited, sixty cents ($0.60) for each cubic yard.</p>
+
+<p>For item No. 2. For underpinning walls, as specified and as above
+limited, one dollar ($1) for each cubic foot.</p>
+
+<p>For item No. 3. For filling in cavities, as specified and as above
+limited, one dollar ($1) for each cubic foot, including lumber.</p>
+
+<p>For item No. 4. For bracing walls, as specified, two hundred dollars
+($200). <i>Provided</i>, That payments for the work here contracted for
+shall be made only after the inspection and approval of the work by such
+person as the Secretary of the Interior shall designate.</p>
+
+<p>It is an express condition of this contract that it shall have no
+force or effect until it is submitted to and approved by the Secretary
+of the Interior.</p>
+
+<p>It is a further condition of this contract that no Member or Delegate
+to Congress, or any other officer or agent of the United States, either
+directly or indirectly, himself or by any other person in trust for him,
+or for his use and benefit, or on his account, is a party to or in any
+manner interested, in whole or in part, in this contract, or in the
+enjoyments, benefits, profits, or emoluments arising therefrom.</p>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Theodore Louis Stouffer.</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">[seal]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Frederick Emerson White.</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">[seal]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Augustine Gray Williams.</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">[seal]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Andrew James Doran.</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">[seal]</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Witnesses as to Stouffer, White, Doran, and Williams:</p>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td><span class = "smallcaps">Frank C. Kebbey,</span><br>
+<i>Clerk District Court, Second Judicial District, Territory of
+Arizona.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><span class = "smallcaps">Cosmos Mindeleff, [seal]</span><br>
+<i>Acting for the Secretary of the Interior.</i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Witnesses as to Cosmos Mindeleff:</p>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Jeff Hunt.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Chas. B. Eaman.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">335</span>
+<a name = "page335"> </a>
+
+<h5>AFFIDAVIT OF CONTRACTORS</h5>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Territory of Arizona</span>, <i>County of
+Pinal, ss:</i></div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Augustine Gray Williams and Andrew James Doran, subscribers to and
+sureties in the contract hereto annexed, being duly sworn, depose and
+say, each for himself, that he is worth the sum of two thousand dollars
+over and above all debts and liabilities which he owes or has incurred,
+and exclusive of property exempt by law from levy and sale under
+execution.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Augustine Gray Williams.</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">[seal]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">Andrew James Doran.</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">[seal]</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+Sworn to and subscribed before me this ninth day of May, A.D.
+1891.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "smallcaps">[seal.]</td>
+<td class = "rightpad2 leftpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td><span class = "smallcaps">Frank C. Kebbey</span>,<br>
+<i>Clerk District Court, Second Judicial District, Territory of
+Arizona.</i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Territory of Arizona</span>, <i>S
+Ct:</i></div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+I, Joseph H. Kebbey, associate justice of the supreme court of the
+Territory of Arizona, certify that I am personally acquainted with
+Augustine Gray Williams and Andrew James Doran, sureties, and that in my
+opinion they are good and sufficient to the amounts in which they have
+bound themselves in the foregoing contract.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Florence, Arizona Territory, 9th May, 1891.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td><span class = "smallcaps">Joseph H. Kebbey,</span><br>
+<i>Associate Justice Supreme Court, Arizona Territory.</i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate120" id = "plate120">PLATE CXX</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate120.jpg" alt = "Plate CXX"><br>
+<br>
+SOUTH FRONT OF THE RUIN, SHOWING UNDERPINNING AND ENDS OF TIE-RODS</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4>II. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE CASA GRANDE
+RUIN, ARIZONA, 1891</h4>
+
+<h4>(<i>Attached to and forming part of contract</i>)</h4>
+
+<h5>GENERAL REQUIREMENTS</h5>
+
+<p>All the work upon this ruin is to be carried out in such a manner as
+to interfere as little as possible with the present condition and
+appearance of the building, and the contractors will be held responsible
+for any injury to&nbsp;it.</p>
+
+<p>The work is to be carried on under a supervisor, acting for the
+United States, who shall have power to reject any materials it is
+proposed to use in the work which are not in his judgment equal to those
+specified, and he shall have power to have torn down any work done which
+he has reason to suspect is not such as required by the specifications,
+but if such work shall prove upon inspection to have been well done the
+contractor may make a charge of the amount which would have been allowed
+for that part of the work had it passed inspection.</p>
+
+<p>When the work is completed it must pass the final inspection of the
+supervisor, or such person as the Secretary of the Interior may
+designate for the purpose.</p>
+
+<h5>1. CLEARING OUT THE DÉBRIS</h5>
+
+<p>The débris now filling up the interior is to be removed down to the
+floor level, or the original ground level. The débris covering an area
+<span class = "pagenum">336</span>
+<a name = "page336"> </a>
+measuring 10 feet from the exterior walls of the building in every
+direction is also to be removed. This work is to be carried on in
+conjunction with the underpinning of the walls, and is to be dependent
+upon the progress of the latter, the work being done as required by the
+person holding the contract for the underpinning. All proper precautions
+must be observed during the progress of the work to prevent any injury
+to the building, the walls being properly braced and supported before
+excavation is commenced. The contractor will be held responsible for any
+injury to the building. Any objects found of archeologic or other value
+properly belong to the United States and must be deposited in the
+National Museum. The material removed from the building and from the
+area about it is to be removed to a proper distance, not less than 100
+yards from the building. Proper drainage channels must be provided to
+keep the excavated area permanently clear of water.</p>
+
+<h5>2. UNDERPINNING WALLS</h5>
+
+<p>The walls where eroded at the ground level are to be underpinned with
+hard-burned brick, laid in good cement mortar and extending to a depth
+of at least 12 inches below the original ground level. This work must be
+carried on gradually and very carefully in conjunction with the clearing
+out of the débris. The under surfaces of the overhanging walls must be
+carefully trimmed to afford solid horizontal bearings against the
+brickwork. The face of the brickwork is to be set back at least 1 inch
+and not more than 2 inches from the face of the wall, and the brickwork
+is to be plastered with a coating of cement mortar, 1 to 2 inches thick,
+bringing it out flush with the outer wall.</p>
+
+<h5>3. FILLING IN OPENINGS</h5>
+
+<p>The broken-out lintels of openings are to be replaced by wooden
+lintels composed of squared lumber, 2 by 4 inches in size, laid side by
+side across nearly the whole thickness of the walls, with not more than
+1 inch space between the boards, and of the same length as the original
+lintels. The broken-out walls are to be trimmed to afford solid resting
+places for the new lintels, which are to occupy the same horizontal
+planes that the old ones did. The openings above the lintels are to be
+filled in in the same manner as the underpinning previously described,
+the tinder wall surfaces being carefully dressed to afford solid
+horizontal bearings, the brick work being set back 1 inch from the wall
+surfaces and plastered with a coating of cement mortar to bring it out
+flush with the wall.</p>
+
+<h5>4. BRACING</h5>
+
+<p>One wooden brace and two iron braces are to be put in, as shown upon
+the plan hereto annexed. The wooden brace is to be of one piece, or of
+two pieces well bolted together, of selected lumber, free from knots and
+other imperfections, squared, and measuring 6 by 8 inches in
+<span class = "pagenum">337</span>
+<a name = "page337"> </a>
+cross section. The iron braces are to be of 1 inch diameter, best
+quality wrought-iron rods. The bearing plates, four to each rod, are to
+be not less than 10 inches in diameter, of sufficient strength, and
+securely and permanently fastened to the braces.</p>
+
+<h5>5. WIRE FENCING</h5>
+
+<p>Such area as may be determined is to be fenced with the best quality
+of galvanized iron barbed wire, strung upon posts placed 20 feet apart.
+The posts are to be of mesquite, not less than 3 inches in diameter and
+of a reasonable degree of straightness (not varying more than 5 inches
+from a straight line). The posts are to be at least 6 feet 6 inches long
+and are to be planted perpendicularly with 4 feet 6 inches clear and at
+least 2 feet below the ground surface. Three lines of double wire are to
+be stretched upon and securely fastened to the posts, the first at a
+distance of 2 feet from the ground, the second at 3 feet, and the third
+at 4 feet from the ground. Two gateways are to be provided, at such
+points as may be directed, the side posts to be of squared timber, 6 by
+6 inches in cross section, and the gates to be made of sawed lumber 1
+inch by 5 inches, hung upon good iron hinges, and leaving a clear space
+of not less than 12 feet when open, the whole to be executed in the best
+and most workmanlike manner.</p>
+
+<h5>6. ROOF</h5>
+
+<p>The building is to be crowned by a roof of corrugated iron, supported
+in the manner shown in the accompanying plan and sections. The uprights
+are to be of selected squared lumber 1 foot square, each in a single
+piece, the lower ends planted at least 3 feet below the original ground
+level, and to be braced and tied to each other, as shown in the plan.
+The tie pieces are to be of selected squared lumber, 4 inches by 6
+inches in cross section. The roof is to be framed and braced in the
+ordinary manner, and this framing is to extend beyond the outer wall 6
+feet. The covering is to be a good quality of corrugated iron roofing,
+securely fastened to the framework, and painted with three good coats of
+the best quality of roof paint. The whole to be constructed and
+executed, in the best and most workmanlike manner, of good materials
+throughout, and to be of a strength sufficient to withstand the
+windstorms to which it may be subjected.</p>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate121" id = "plate121">PLATE CXXI</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate121.jpg" alt = "Plate CXXI"><br>
+<br>
+VIEW FROM THE SOUTHEAST BEFORE THE COMPLETION OF THE WORK</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4>III. PLANS AND SECTIONS&mdash;PRESERVATION OF THE CASA GRANDE RUIN,
+ARIZONA. SCALE OF ALL THE PLANS AND SECTIONS. 0.1 INCH = 1 FOOT</h4>
+
+<p>Plans and sections accompanying specifications are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class = "hanging">
+Plan showing tie-rods, limits of work, and lines of ground sections.
+[Plate <a href = "#plate117"><span class = "smallroman">CXVII</span></a>
+of this report.]</div>
+
+<div class = "hanging">
+Three east-and-west sections to show estimated amount of excavation
+necessary. [Plate <a href = "#plate118"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXVIII</span></a> of this report.]</div>
+
+<div class = "hanging">
+<span class = "pagenum">338</span>
+<a name = "page338"> </a>
+Three north-and-south sections to show estimated amount of excavation
+necessary. [Plate <a href = "#plate119"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXIX</span></a> of this report.]</div>
+
+<div class = "hanging">
+Plan showing roof support. [Plate <a href = "#plate122"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXXII</span></a> of this report.]</div>
+
+<div class = "hanging">
+Two sections showing roof support. [Plate <a href = "#plate123"><span
+class = "smallroman">CXXIII</span></a> and plate <a href =
+"#plate124"><span class = "smallroman">CXXIV</span></a> of this
+report.]</div>
+
+<h4>IV. OATH OF DISINTERESTEDNESS</h4>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+I do solemnly swear that the copy of contract hereunto annexed is an
+exact copy of contract made by me personally with Theodore Louis
+Stouffer and Frederick Emerson White; that I made the same fairly,
+without any benefit or advantage to myself, or allowing any such benefit
+or advantage corruptly to the said Theodore Louis Stouffer and Frederick
+Emerson White, or to any other person or persons; and that the papers
+accompanying include all those relating to the said contract, as
+required by the statute, in such case made and provided.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad2" colspan = "2">(Signed)</td>
+<td><span class = "smallcaps">Cosmos Mindeleff.</span><br>
+Sworn to and subscribed before me at Washington, D.C., this 18th day of
+July, 1891.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "smallcaps">[seal]</td>
+<td class = "rightpad2 leftpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td><span class = "smallcaps">Jno. D. McChesney,</span><br>
+<i>Notary Public.</i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4>V. BIDS</h4>
+
+<h5>I</h5>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Bid for repairs on the Casa Grande ruins, in Pinal County, Arizona,
+bidders to furnish all labor and materials according to
+specifications:</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Item No. 1. Cleaning out débris, 60 cents per cubic yard.<br>
+Item No. 2. Underpinning walls, $1 per cubic foot.<br>
+Item No. 3. Filling in openings, $1 per cubic foot.<br>
+Item No. 4. Bracing walls, $200.<br>
+Item No. 5. Wire fence, 3 cents per foot complete.<br>
+Item No. 6. Roof, $2,000.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">T.&nbsp;L. Stouffer.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">F.&nbsp;E. White.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Florence, Arizona</span>, <i>January 28,
+1891.</i></div>
+
+<h5>II</h5>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Bid for putting a roof on the Casa Grande ruins as per plans and
+specifications furnished, $3,000.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">C.&nbsp;D. Henry.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5>III</h5>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Bid for fencing in the Casa Grande ruins: Furnishing the posts and
+barbed wire, for 100 feet of fence, $7 per 100 feet.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">C.&nbsp;D. Henry.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">339</span>
+<a name = "page339"> </a>
+<h5>IV</h5>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Bids for restoring the Casa Grande ruins:</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+First. Removing débris from interior of the ruins, 320 cubic yards, more
+or less, $1 per yard; 140 cubic yards from exterior of the ruins, at 60
+cents per yard.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Second. Eight hundred cubic feet of brick masonry underpinning, more or
+less, at $1.30 per cubic foot.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Third. One thousand cubic feet, more or less, of brick masonry to fill
+in cavities, at $1.40 per cubic foot.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Fourth. Bracing walls, as per plans, $120.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Fifth. Five hundred lineal feet of 2 by 4 square timber at 8 cents per
+foot, lumber measure.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">C.&nbsp;D. Henry.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5>V</h5>
+
+<div class = "exhibit rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Phoenix, Arizona</span>, <i>February 11,
+1891</i>.</div>
+<div class = "exhibit">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Cosmos Mindeleff</span>, Esq.,</div>
+<div class = "exhibit gap2">
+<i>Tempe, Arizona</i>.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Dear Sir</span>: I hereby submit for your
+consideration, in reference to the plans and specifications for the
+preservation of the Casa Grande ruins of Arizona, bids upon the
+following propositions, to wit:</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+First. "Cleaning out the débris." For the removal of 470 cubic yards of
+material, more or less, at $2.65 per cubic yard.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Second. "Underpinning walls." For 800 cubic feet of brick masonry, more
+or less, laid and plastered as specified, at $4.25 per cubic foot.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Third. "Filling in openings." For filling in cavities in walls and
+restoring lintels of openings, as specified, 1,000 cubic feet, more or
+less, at $2.25 per cubic foot.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Fourth. "Bracing walls." For bracing walls, $85.30.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Fifth. "Wire fencing." Twenty-five dollars and twenty-five cents per 100
+feet of completed fence.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Sixth. "Roofing." As per specifications, $4,722.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+Respectfully submitted.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td class = "smallcaps">M.&nbsp;E. Clauton.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate122" id = "plate122">PLATE CXXII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate122.jpg" alt = "Plate CXXII"><br>
+<br>
+SUGGESTED PLAN OF ROOF AND SUPPORT</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4>VI. INDORSEMENTS</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Contract for the repair and preservation of the Casa Grande ruin,
+Arizona, 1891</i></h4>
+
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Department of the Interior</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">U.S. Geological Survey</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<i>June 6, 1891</i>.</div>
+<div class = "letter">
+Respectfully forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior, recommending
+approval.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td><span class = "smallcaps">J.&nbsp;W. Powell</span>,<br>
+<i>Director</i></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">340</span>
+<a name = "page340"> </a>
+
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Department of the Interior</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<i>June 20, 1891.</i></div>
+<div class = "letter">
+The within contract is hereby approved.</div>
+
+<table class = "witness">
+<tr>
+<td class = "rightpad2">(Signed)</td>
+<td><span class = "smallcaps">Geo. C. Chandler</span>,<br>
+<i>Acting Secretary</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+June 30, 1891. Transmitted by J.&nbsp;W. Powell, Director, to the Secretary
+of the Interior for file in returns office.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+July 1, 1891. Returned for oath.</div>
+
+<div class = "exhibit">
+July 20, 1891. J.&nbsp;W. Powell, Director, transmits amended contract,
+with bids, proposals, and all original papers attached.</div>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate123" id = "plate123">PLATE CXXIII</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate123.jpg" alt = "Plate CXXIII"><br>
+<br>
+SECTION THROUGH A-B OF ROOF PLAN. SHOWING SUGGESTED ROOF SUPPORT</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h4>VII. REPORT OF MR H.&nbsp;C. RIZER</h4>
+
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Smithsonian Institution,</span></div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Bureau of Ethnology,</span></div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Washington</span>, <i>November 24,
+1891</i>.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+Honorable <span class = "smallcaps">J.&nbsp;W. Powell</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter gap1">
+<i>Director of the Bureau of Ethnology</i>.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Sir</span>: Complying with your order
+directing me to proceed to Florence, Arizona, to witness the closing up
+of the work under contract for the preservation of Casa Grande ruin near
+that place, and to report to you the amount and character of the work
+accomplished, certifying the amount due the contractors under each item,
+I have the honor to submit the following report:</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+I visited the ruin first on October 20, and found the work well
+advanced. Steady progress was made from said date until October 31, the
+limitation expressed in the contract for prosecuting&nbsp;it.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+In order to ascertain the exact location of Casa Grande ruin and to aid
+me in the determination of the amount of work performed by the
+contractors, I employed Mr Albert T. Colton, a civil engineer and the
+official surveyor of Pinal county, Arizona, within the limits of which
+the ruin stands. From actual measurements made by Mr Colton, based upon
+official notes in his custody, he informed me the ruin was located in
+the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter
+of section 16 of township 5 south, range 8 east. A congressional
+township plat on which Mr Colton has marked the exact location of the
+ruin is filed herewith, marked Exhibit A, and made a part of this report
+[plate <a href = "#plate125"><span class =
+"smallroman">CXXV</span></a>].</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+On October 29 Mr Colton at my instance took measurements of the
+brickwork in underpinning and filling in cavities in the walls and of
+the excavation done by the contractors. His estimate, based upon these
+measurements, was submitted to me in writing. It is filed herewith,
+marked Exhibit B, and is made a part of this report.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+I find from these measurements that the contractors excavated and
+removed to a point 100 yards from the ruin 570 cubic yards of débris,
+271 cubic yards of which were removed from the interior and 299 cubic
+<span class = "pagenum">341</span>
+<a name = "page341"> </a>
+yards from the exterior walls of the building, within an area of 10 feet
+of said walls.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+I also find the amount of underpinning done by the contractors to be 919
+cubic feet, and the amount of filling in openings to be 1,161 cubic
+feet. The underpinning is done with hard-burned brick laid in good
+cement mortar extending to a depth of 12 inches below the original
+ground level. The face of the brickwork is set back from 1 to 2 inches
+from the face of the wall and plastered with a coat of good cement
+mortar, making it flush with the outer wall.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+In filling in cavities more than 500 lineal feet of 2 by 4 inch squared
+lumber was used to replace broken-out lintels and laid side by side
+across nearly the whole thickness of the walls, with not more than 1
+inch space between the boards. They occupy the same horizontal planes as
+the original lintels, and the walls are trimmed to afford solid resting
+places for them. The openings above the lintels have been filled in the
+same manner as the underpinning, with hard-burned brick set back 1 inch
+from the wall surfaces and plastered with a coating of cement mortar,
+bringing it out flush with the original wall.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+I further find that the contractors have placed one wooden brace and two
+iron braces as designated in the specifications. The wooden brace is
+constructed of two pieces of good, clear, squared lumber 6 by 8 inches
+in cross section, well bolted together, secured by plates of boiler iron
+three-eighths of an inch thick and 14 by 18 inches square. The
+specifications provide for this brace to run from the south side of the
+south wall through the center room with a plate on each side of the
+south wall and one on each side of the wall on the north side of the
+center room. The contractors have deviated from these requirements in
+having extended the said brace through the entire length of the building
+and placed the plates that were specified for the north wall of the
+center room on the respective sides of the extreme north wall of the
+building. While this deviation adds nothing to the security of the south
+wall, it is doubtless as effective as it would have been had it been
+placed as contemplated in the plan. It may in some degree strengthen the
+north wall, and I recommend that it be accepted as in compliance with
+the terms of the contract. The two iron rods called for in the
+specifications are of wrought iron 1½ inches in diameter, secured by
+boiler-iron plates three-eighths of an inch thick and 12 inches in
+diameter, securely fastened as required in the specifications. There was
+a necessary deviation from the plan as to the place the rod nearest the
+east side of the building should be placed. Early in the prosecution of
+the work a portion of the debris in contact with the eastern wall was
+removed. During the night following this a section of the south end of
+the east wall fell, carrying with it that portion of the wall between
+the south and east rooms to which the plan required said rod to be
+attached. In consequence the contractors placed the rod so as to connect
+it with the portion of the wall
+<span class = "pagenum">342</span>
+<a name = "page342"> </a>
+still intact. As a brace to the south wall it is placed advantageously.
+In excavation, underpinning, and filling in the contractors have
+exceeded the limitations prescribed in the contract, and have therefore
+performed an amount of work for the remuneration of which there is no
+provision. The following table shows the amount of work authorized in
+each of the four items with reference to which the contract was drawn
+and the amount actually performed by contractors:</div>
+
+<table class = "items">
+
+<tr>
+<th>Item</th>
+<th>1.&nbsp;Excavating and clearing out débris.</th>
+<th>2.&nbsp;Underpinning walls.</th>
+<th>3.&nbsp;Filling in cavities.</th>
+<th>4.&nbsp;Braces.</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">Maximum authorized.</td>
+<td class = "item">350 cubic yards.</td>
+<td class = "item">750 cubic feet.</td>
+<td class = "item">825 cubic feet.</td>
+<td class = "item">1 wood and 1 iron.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">Performed by contractors.</td>
+<td class = "item">570 cubic yards.</td>
+<td class = "item">919 cubic feet.</td>
+<td class = "item">1,161 cubic feet.</td>
+<td class = "item">1 wood and 2 iron.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">Excess</td>
+<td class = "item">220 cubic yards.</td>
+<td class = "item">169 cubic feet.</td>
+<td class = "item">336 cubic feet.</td>
+<td class = "item" align = "center">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">Contract Price</td>
+<td class = "item">60 cents per cubic yard.</td>
+<td class = "item">$1 per cubic foot.</td>
+<td class = "item">$1 per cubic foot.</td>
+<td class = "cost">$200</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">Maximum allowances under contract.</td>
+<td class = "cost">$210</td>
+<td class = "cost">750</td>
+<td class = "cost">825</td>
+<td class = "cost">200</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item">Amount contractors claim to have earned.</td>
+<td class = "cost">$342</td>
+<td class = "cost">919</td>
+<td class = "cost">1,161</td>
+<td class = "cost">200</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "item bottom">Excess of contractors' claim over amount
+authorized.</td>
+<td class = "cost bottom">$132</td>
+<td class = "cost bottom">169</td>
+<td class = "cost bottom">336</td>
+<td class = "item bottom" align = "center">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+From this it will be observed that, taking the rate of compensation
+provided for in the contract as a basis, the contractors have performed
+work in excess of that authorized to the amount of $638 [$637]. They are
+fully advised that there is no provision for the payment of this excess.
+The requirements of the contract are, in my opinion, fully met in the
+quality of material used and the work performed.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+The preservation of the ruin is incomplete. There are six places where
+lintels have disappeared and not been replaced and a corresponding
+number of cavities that should be filled. Deep seams have been cut in
+the walls by the action of the elements, and unless far greater
+provision is made for its protection the work already done will be of
+small avail.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+At many places where the débris came in contact with the wall
+disintegration seems to have resulted. At a slight touch it frequently
+crumbles. Owing to this fact two sections of the wall fell during the
+progress of the work when the debris was removed&mdash;one from the east
+wall, described above, and one from the south wall near the west
+extremity. These breaches maybe observed as shown in two of the six
+accompanying photographs [plates <span class = "smallroman"><a href =
+"#plate120">CXX</a>, <a href = "#plate121">CXXI</a></span>]. These
+photographs
+<span class = "pagenum">343</span>
+<a name = "page343"> </a>
+were taken ten days before the work was completed. There being no
+professional photographer in that vicinity I was compelled to take
+advantage of the kind offer of Mr H.&nbsp;H. Burrell, an amateur
+photographer, who happened to be there at that time. Thus the views I
+secured failed to show all the brickwork done. The coating of mortar was
+not applied until after the date on which the views were taken, in
+consequence of which the bare bricks are shown in the views.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+During the progress of work in removing the debris a number of articles
+of interest to the ethnologist were found at various depths and
+localities. They have been packed by the contractors and will be sent to
+the National Museum.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+The floors in the center, north, and east rooms were found to be about 8
+feet above the ground surface. The material was similar to that of which
+the walls are composed. The west and south rooms appeared to have had
+floors at one time on the same level, but the surfaces had
+disintegrated, and there was a mass of loose earth, which was removed to
+a depth of 6.9 feet below the floors of the other three rooms, where
+another floor was found slightly less firm than those.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, who has been designated by the honorable
+the Secretary of the Interior as the custodian of the ruin, rendered me
+valuable assistance in the performance of my mission. He has manifested
+a zealous concern for the preservation of the ruin and has given time
+and labor to that end. There is no provision for his just compensation.
+I therefore recommend that if any funds be found available after the
+payment of the amount due the contractors the same be ordered paid to Mr
+Whittemore for his services.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter gap1">
+Very respectfully,</div>
+<div class = "letter gap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">H.&nbsp;C. Rizer</span>,
+<i>Chief Clerk</i>.</div>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate124" id = "plate124">PLATE CXXIV</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate124.jpg" alt = "Plate CXXIV"><br>
+<br>
+SECTION THROUGH C-D OF ROOF PLAN, SHOWING SUGGESTED ROOF SUPPORT</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">344</span>
+<a name = "page344"> </a>
+<h3>SUPPLEMENT</h3>
+
+
+<h4>CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORT RELATING TO THE CONDITION OF CASA GRANDE
+IN 1895, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING ITS FURTHER PROTECTION</h4>
+
+<h6>I. <i>Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian of Casa
+Grande, to the Secretary of the Interior, recommending an appropriation
+for further protecting the ruin</i></h6>
+
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Florence, Arizona</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<i>July 25, 1895</i>.</div>
+<div class = "letter">
+Honorable <span class = "smallcaps">Hoke Smith</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter gap2">
+<i>Secretary of the Interior</i>.</div>
+<div class = "letter">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Dear Sir</span>: It is with great hesitancy
+that I write to add to the burdens of one so busy and burdened as I
+presume you to be. But it is not for myself but for others that I write,
+and will try to be laconic.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+Can you embody in your next report to Congress an appeal for an
+appropriation of $7,000 or $8,00[0] to roof the Casa Grande ruin, to
+fence 40 acres, and make excavations of all the mounds in the vicinity
+for the purpose of learning the history of the wonderful people who once
+lived here and erected the buildings and built canals?</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1">*</span></div>
+
+<div class = "letter gap2">
+Very sincerely, yours,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Isaac T. Whittemore</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<i>Custodian Casa Grande.</i></div>
+
+
+<h6>II. <i>Indorsement of the Mr Whittemore's by the Acting Secretary of
+the Interior</i></h6>
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Department of the Interior</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<i>August 7, 1895.</i></div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+Respectfully referred to the Director of Bureau of Ethnology for
+consideration of so much of within letter as relates to the Casa Grande
+ruin, and such recommendation as the facts may warrant, and
+report.</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Wm. H. Sims</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<i>Acting Secretary.</i></div>
+
+<h6>III. <i>Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of American
+Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior suggesting an examination of
+Casa Grande with a view of its further protection</i></h6>
+
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Smithsonian Institution,</span></div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Bureau of American Ethnology,</span></div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<i>Washington, August 28, 1895.</i></div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Sir</span>: Your request of August 7 for a
+report concerning a recommendation by Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore,
+under date of July 25, that
+<span class = "pagenum">345</span>
+<a name = "page345"> </a>
+provision be made for further protecting Casa Grande ruin, near
+Florence, Arizona, by the erection of a suitable roof, has been under
+consideration.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+In many respects Casa Grande ruin is one of the most noteworthy relics
+of a prehistoric age and people remaining within the limits of the
+United States. It was discovered, already in a ruinous condition, by
+Padre Kino in 1694, and since that time it has been a subject of record
+by explorers and historians. Thus its history is exceptionally extended
+and complete. By reason of its early discovery and its condition when
+first seen by white men, it is known that Casa Grande is a strictly
+aboriginal structure; and archeologic researches in this country and
+Mexico afford grounds for considering it a typical structure for its
+times and for the natives of the southwestern region. Many other
+structures were mentioned or described by the Spanish explorers, but the
+impressions of these explorers were tinctured by previous experience in
+an inhospitable region, and their descriptions were tinged by the
+romantic ideas of the age; very few of these structures were within the
+limits of the United States, and nearly all of these situated in the
+neighboring republic of Mexico disappeared long ago; there is hardly a
+structure left, except Casa Grande ruin, by which the early accounts of
+Spanish explorers in North America can be checked and
+interpreted&mdash;none other of its class exists in the United States.
+Casa Grande ruin is, therefore, a relic of exceptional importance and of
+essentially unique character.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+Unfortunately this structure, like others erected by the most advanced
+among the native races in the southwest, is of perishable material; it
+is built of adobe, or rather of cajon, i.e., of a puddled clay, molded
+into walls, dried in the sun. Such walls would stand a short time only
+in humid regions; but in the arid region the material is desiccated and
+baked under cloudless sky and sun for many months at a time, and becomes
+so hard as to resist, fairly, the rare storms of the region. It is by
+reason of climatal conditions that cajon and adobe have come into
+general use for building in southwestern United States, as in contiguous
+parts of Mexico; and it is by reason of the same conditions that a few
+of the ancient structures remain, and the best preserved of all is found
+in the Gila valley, one of the most desert regions on the western
+hemisphere. Yet the best of the cajon structures is perishable; so long
+as the roof remains and the summits of the walls are protected,
+disintegration proceeds slowly; but when the projecting roof is removed,
+the rare but violent storms attack the walls, and they are gradually
+channeled and gullied by the storm waters, while the exterior surface
+gradually disintegrates and falls away under the alternate wetting and
+drying. Even in the most arid regions, the earth-built structures
+typical of the southwest are surely, albeit slowly, ravaged and
+destroyed.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+Several years ago Casa Grande ruin was brought into general notice
+throughout the United States in consequence of southwestern
+explorations;
+<span class = "pagenum">346</span>
+<a name = "page346"> </a>
+and in 1889, in response to a petition from several illustrious
+Americans, the Congress of the United States, at the instance of Senator
+Hoar, of Massachusetts, made an appropriation of $2,000 for the purpose
+of undertaking the preservation of this ruin. This appropriation was
+expended in works urgently required to prevent the falling of the walls
+and final destruction of the ruin; they included metal stays for the
+walls, with brickwork for the support and protection of the walls at
+their bases. Subsequently an area of about 480 acres, including the
+ruin, was reserved from settlement by Executive order. A custodian was
+also appointed, and, as this office has been informed, has been
+continued down to the present. This action on the part of the
+legislative and executive branches of the Government can only be
+regarded as indicating a desire and continued intention to preserve the
+ruin for the benefit of the people of the United States.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+The expenditures thus far authorized for the preservation of Casa Grande
+ruin have been made in such manner as to meet the most urgent needs
+only, and without them the structure would probably have been, before
+this time, beyond the reach of preservation. The preservative works were
+undertaken as emergency measures, rather than as steps in carrying out a
+well-considered plan. From the outset it has been understood by
+architects and archeologists and others familiar with the structure that
+preservation can be insured only by throwing a roof over the entire ruin
+in such manner as to protect the walls from the fierce rainstorms which
+occasionally occur in the Gila valley. No lesser work will preserve the
+ruin more than a generation or two; and unless this work of roofing is
+contemplated and is undertaken within a few years, the emergency work
+will be of little avail and the money expended therein will be lost.
+Accordingly, assuming a desire and continued intention on the part of
+the Government to preserve this noteworthy relic, no hesitation is felt
+in recommending that a suitable roof be placed over Casa Grande ruin, at
+such time as may be expedient; and, in view of the rapidity with which
+destruction is now in progress, there is no hesitation in saying that
+the work should be undertaken at the earliest practicable date.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+It should be added that neither the Director nor any of the
+collaborators in the Bureau of American Ethnology have visited Casa
+Grande ruin for some three years, and accordingly that there are no data
+in this office to indicate whether there is especially urgent necessity
+for undertaking preservative work at this time; but much confidence is
+placed in the judgment of the custodian, Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore,
+who is known to several collaborators in the Bureau.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+The subject of the preservation of Casa Grande, in many respects the
+most noteworthy ruin in the United States, is deemed important; and if
+the Secretary of the Interior desires more specific information
+concerning the present condition of the ruin, as a basis for further
+action or judgment, it will be a pleasure to have an officer of this
+Bureau
+<span class = "pagenum">347</span>
+<a name = "page347"> </a>
+make a special examination of, and report on, the ruin during the
+autumn.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter gap2">
+I have the honor to be, yours, with great respect,</div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<span class = "smallcaps">W&nbsp;J McGee</span>, <i>Acting
+Director</i>.</div>
+<div class = "letter gap1">
+The <span class = "smallcaps">Secretary of the Interior</span>.</div>
+
+<h6>IV. <i>Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior to the
+Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology, approving the suggestion
+that Casa Grande be visited with a view of determining the desirability
+of its further protection</i></h6>
+
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Department of the Interior</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<i>Washington, September 12, 1895.</i></div>
+<div class = "letter">
+The <span class = "smallcaps">Director of the Bureau of American
+Ethnology</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<i>Smithsonian Institution.</i></div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Dear Sir</span>: I am in receipt of your
+letter of the 28th ultimo submitting a report upon the recommendation
+made by the Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian, that provision be
+made for further protection of the Casa Grande ruin near Florence,
+Arizona, by the erection of a suitable roof.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+In response thereto I have to state that more specific information
+concerning the present condition of the ruin and the probable cost of
+providing proper protection for it is desirable in the preparation of an
+estimate to be submitted to Congress with a view of securing
+appropriation for the work. To this end the Department gladly avails
+itself of your offer to send an officer of your Bureau, at its expense,
+to make a special examination and report on the ruin during the autumn
+of this year.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter gap2">
+Very respectfully,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">John M. Reynolds</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<i>Acting Secretary.</i></div>
+
+<h6>V. <i>Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to
+the Secretary of the Interior regarding the examination of Casa Grande
+by Mr W&nbsp;J McGee</i></h6>
+
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Smithsonian Institution,</span></div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Bureau of American Ethnology,</span></div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<i>Washington, October 18, 1895.</i></div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Sir</span>:
+Pursuant to your request of September 12, 1895, Mr W&nbsp;J McGee,
+ethnologist in charge in the Bureau of American Ethnology, will in a few
+days repair to Florence, Arizona, for the purpose of examining Casa
+Grande ruin and determining the desirability of further works for its
+preservation.
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1">*</span></div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+In accordance with terms of preceding correspondence, it is of course
+understood that the cost of the work will be borne wholly by this
+Bureau.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+I have the honor to be, yours, with great respect,</div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<span class = "smallcaps">J.&nbsp;W. Powell</span>, <i>Director</i>.</div>
+<div class = "letter gap1">
+The <span class = "smallcaps">Secretary of the Interior</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter center">
+<i>Washington, D.C.</i></div>
+
+<span class = "pagenum">348</span>
+<a name = "page348"> </a>
+<h6>VI. <i>Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to
+the Secretary of the Interior on the examination of the condition of
+Casa Grande by Mr W&nbsp;J McGee, with a recommendation concerning its
+further protection</i></h6>
+
+<div class = "letter rightgap2">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Smithsonian Institution</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter rightgap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Bureau of American Ethnology</span>,</div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<i>Washington, November 15, 1895.</i></div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Sir</span>: Pursuant to a proposal made in
+connection with a report from this office relating to the ruins known as
+Casa Grande, near Florence, Arizona, under date of August 28, 1895, and
+to the acceptance of this proposal in a communication from the
+Department of the Interior under date of September 12, 1895, Mr W&nbsp;J
+McGee, ethnologist in charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, has
+within a few days made an examination of Casa Grande ruin with the view
+of determining the need for further protection of the ruin by a roof or
+otherwise.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+There are in this office two series of photographs representing the
+ruin. The first series was taken in 1892 before the protective works
+authorized by the Congress were commenced; the second series represents
+the work in progress. In the recent examination the present condition of
+the ruin was carefully compared with the condition represented in the
+photographs.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+On comparing the profiles of the walls, it was found that in many cases
+the irregular upper surfaces retain the exact configuration of 1892,
+even to the slightest knobs and rain-formed crevices; the correspondence
+being so close as to show that the injury and loss by weathering during
+the interim has been imperceptible. In some other cases, notably along
+the southern and eastern walls, the profiles are more extensively
+modified; some of the points and knobs shown in the photographs are
+gone, some of the old crevices are widened and deepened, and some new
+crevices appear; and in some parts it can be seen that walls are lowered
+several inches. On the whole the modification of the profiles of the
+walls is limited, yet such as to indicate that destruction is proceeding
+at a not inconsiderable rate.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+On comparing the scars and crevices on the sides of the walls, it was
+found that, while many remain essentially unchanged, most are enlarged
+and deepened. This is particularly noteworthy on the eastern and
+southern walls, which are most beaten by wind-driven rains, and which
+are also most modified in profile. It would appear that destruction is
+proceeding more rapidly along the sides of the walls than along the
+crests.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+On examining the walls with respect to apparent solidity and stability,
+it was found that nearly all are in fair or good condition. The only
+portion that would seem in special danger is the central section of the
+southern exterior wall. This section seems insecure, and might at any
+time be overthrown by a heavy wind following a rain storm. This section
+was not, unfortunately, braced or tied to the stronger interior wall
+when the protective works were carried out in 1892.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+<span class = "pagenum">349</span>
+<a name = "page349"> </a>
+On examining the structure to ascertain the effect of the protective
+works of 1892 in staying the destructive processes, particularly the
+undermining of the walls by spattering rain and drifting sand, it was
+found that in most cases the results have been excellent. On the inner
+side of the middle section of the southern exterior wall sapping is in
+progress at the ground level, and also along the rows of joist openings
+for the first and second stories, and in a few other places the
+protection seems inadequate; but in general the anticipations of the
+projectors of the protective works seem to have been realized.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+The most serious of the destructive processes was sapping, and this
+process has been nearly checked by the protective works. The second was
+the desurfacing and subsequent eating away of the walls by beating rains
+and frost, and this is still in progress at a moderate rate. The least
+serious process was the wearing away of the crests of the walls by rain
+and winds, and this is still going on at a perceptible rate. It is
+impossible to determine, and difficult even to approximate, the rate of
+destruction quantitatively, especially so since it goes on cumulatively,
+with constantly increasing rapidity, as the cemented surfaces are
+destroyed and the crevices widen and deepen; but judging from the
+history of the ruin, and from the rate of destruction indicated by
+comparing the photographs of 1892 with the present aspect, it would seem
+safe to conclude that, if protected completely from vandalism, the ruin
+will be comparatively little injured during the next five years, and
+will stand perhaps half a century, without further protective works,
+before moldering into dust.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+In view of the slow yet ever increasing rate of destruction of the ruin,
+and of its great interest as a tangible record of the prehistoric
+inhabitants of this country, no hesitation is felt in recommending that
+the structure be further protected, and practically perpetuated, by a
+suitable roof, so designed as to shield the walls from rain and sun and
+at the same time permit an unobstructed view of the ruin from any
+direction.</div>
+
+<div class = "letter">
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1 rightgap1">*</span>
+<span class = "gap1">*</span></div>
+
+<div class = "letter gap2">
+I have the honor to be, sir, yours, with great respect,</div>
+<div class = "letter right">
+<span class = "smallcaps">J.&nbsp;W. Powell</span>,
+<i>Director</i>.</div>
+<div class = "letter gap1">
+<span class = "smallcaps">Secretary of the Interior</span>.</div>
+
+<hr>
+
+<a name = "page350"> </a>
+<!--final blank page-->
+
+<h3><a name = "notes" id = "notes">FOOTNOTES</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<div class = "footnote"><a name = "note1" href = "#tag1">1</a>.
+Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p.&nbsp;289
+et&nbsp;seq.</div>
+
+<div class = "footnote"><a name = "note2" href = "#tag2">2</a>.
+25 Statutes, p.&nbsp;961.</div>
+
+<div class = "footnote"><a name = "note3" href = "#tag3">3</a>.
+See the letter of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to
+the Secretary of the Interior regarding the examination of Casa Grande
+by Mr <ins class = "correction" title =
+"name always printed without periods">W&nbsp;J McGee</ins> in the
+supplement to the present paper.</div>
+
+<table class = "illustration">
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption right">
+<a name = "plate125" id = "plate125">PLATE CXXV</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "caption">
+<img src = "images/plate125.jpg" alt = "Plate CXXV"><br>
+<br>
+MAP OF TOWNSHIP 5 SOUTH, RANGE 8 EAST, GILA AND SALT RIVER BASE AND
+MERIDIAN (6&nbsp;MILES SQUARE), SHOWING LOCATION OF CASA GRANDE
+RESERVATION AND RUIN</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3><a name = "index" id = "index">INDEX</a></h3>
+
+<hr class = "tiny">
+
+<table class = "index">
+<tr>
+<td>Adobe construction, what constitutes</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page323">323</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Burrell, H.&nbsp;H., Casa Grande photographed by</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page343">343</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Clauton, M.&nbsp;E., bid of, for repair of Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page339">339</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Colton, A.&nbsp;T., on Casa Grande reserve</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page340">340</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Contract for repairing Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page333">333</a>-335</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Doran, A.&nbsp;J., affidavit of</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page335">335</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">contract with, for Casa Grande repair</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page334">334</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Eaman, C.&nbsp;B., witness to Casa Grande contract</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page334">334</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Garlick, C.&nbsp;A., cooperation of, in repair of Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page327">327</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Henry, C.&nbsp;D., bids of, for repair of Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page338">338</a>-339</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hoar, G.F., interest of, in Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page346">346</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hunt, Jeff, witness to Casa Grande contract</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page334">334</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Kebbey, F.&nbsp;C., witness to Casa Grande contract</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page334">334</a>, <a href =
+"#page335">335</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Kebbey, J.&nbsp;H., affidavit of</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page335">335</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Kino, Eusebius, Casa Grande visited by</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page323">323</a>, <a href =
+"#page345">345</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>McGee, W.&nbsp;J., directed to examine Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page347">347</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">examination of Casa Grande by</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page329">329</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">examination of Casa Grande recommended by</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page344">344</a>-<a href =
+"#page347">347</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">report on Casa Grande by</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page348">348</a>-<a href =
+"#page349">349</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mindeleff, V., report by, on Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page327">327</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Morrison, A.&nbsp;L., report by, on Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page326">326</a>-<a href =
+"#page327">327</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Specimens found at Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page330">330</a>-<a href =
+"#page332">332</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Stouffer, T.&nbsp;L., bid of, for Casa Grande repair</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page328">328</a>, <a href =
+"#page338">338</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">contract with, for Casa Grande repair</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page334">334</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>White, F.&nbsp;E., bid of, on Casa Grande repair</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page328">328</a>, <a href =
+"#page338">338</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">contract with, for Casa Grande repair</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page334">334</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Whittemore, I.&nbsp;T., appointed custodian of Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page329">329</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">compensation of, recommended</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page318">318</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">cooperation of, in repair of Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page327">327</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">judgment of, regarding Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page316">316</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">on further protection of Casa Grande</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page341">341</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Williams, A.&nbsp;G., affidavit of</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page335">335</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class = "leftpad">contract with, for Casa Grande repair</td>
+<td class = "number"><a href = "#page334">334</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin,
+Arizona, in 1891, by Cosmos Mindeleff
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in
+1891, by Cosmos Mindeleff
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in 1891
+       Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the
+       Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-94,
+       Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 315-348
+
+Author: Cosmos Mindeleff
+
+Release Date: January 10, 2006 [EBook #17488]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Louise Hope, Carlo Traverso, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by the Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at
+http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+All brackets except those used with footnotes are in the original text,
+as are asterisks indicating long ellipsis.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA, IN 1891
+
+                       BY
+
+                COSMOS MINDELEFF
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+Introduction                                                         321
+Description of the ruins                                             321
+Condition of Casa Grande in 1891                                     323
+Plans for the repairs                                                325
+Execution of the work                                                326
+Reservation of the land                                              330
+Specimens found in the excavations                                   330
+
+Exhibits                                                             333
+    I. Contract for repairing and preserving
+         Casa Grande ruin, Arizona                                   333
+   II. Plans and specifications for the preservation
+         of the Casa Grande ruin, Arizona, 1891                      335
+           General requirements                                      335
+           Clearing out the debris                                   335
+           Underpinning walls                                        336
+           Filling in openings                                       336
+           Bracing                                                   336
+           Wire fencing                                              337
+           Roof                                                      337
+  III. Plans and sections                                            337
+   IV. Oath of disinterestedness                                     338
+    V. Bids                                                          338
+   VI. Indorsements                                                  339
+  VII. Report of Mr H. C. Rizer                                      340
+
+Supplement                                                           344
+  Correspondence and report relating to the condition
+    of Casa Grande in 1895, with recommendations concerning
+    its further protection                                           344
+        I. Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian
+             of Casa Grande, to the Secretary of the Interior,
+             recommending an appropriation for further
+             protecting the ruin                                     344
+       II. Indorsement of Mr Whittemore's letter by the Acting
+             Secretary of the Interior                               344
+      III. Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of
+             American Ethnology to the Secretary of the
+             Interior suggesting an examination of Casa Grande
+             with a view of its further protection                   344
+       IV. Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior
+             to the Director of the Bureau of American
+             Ethnology approving the suggestion that Casa
+             Grande be visited with a view of determining the
+             desirability of its further protection                  347
+        V. Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American
+             Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior
+             regarding the examination of Casa Grande by
+             Mr W J McGee                                            347
+       VI. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American
+             Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior on the
+             examination of the condition of Casa Grande by
+             Mr W J McGee, with a recommendation concerning
+             its further protection                                  348
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+Plate CXII. Map of the Casa Grande group                             321
+     CXIII. Ground plan of Casa Grande ruin                          322
+      CXIV. General view of Casa Grande                              325
+       CXV. Interior wall surface                                    326
+      CXVI. West front of Casa Grande showing blocks of masonry      329
+     CXVII. Plan showing ground-level erosion, tie-rods,
+              limits of work, and lines of ground sections           330
+    CXVIII. East-and-west ground sections                            333
+      CXIX. North-and-south ground sections                          335
+       CXX. South front of the ruin, showing underpinning
+              and ends of tie-rods                                   337
+      CXXI. View from the southeast before the completion
+              of the work                                            339
+     CXXII. Suggested plan of roof and support                       340
+    CXXIII. Section through _A-B_ of roof plan,
+              showing suggested roof support                         343
+     CXXIV. Section through _C-D_ of roof plan,
+              showing suggested roof support                         345
+      CXXV. Map showing location of Casa Grande reservation          346
+
+[Transcriber's Note:
+In the original, all illustrations are full-page plates distributed
+evenly through the text. Their exact position has not been shown in
+this e-text.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+         THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN
+
+              By Cosmos Mindeleff
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+In March, 1889, an appropriation of $2,000 was made by Congress for the
+repair of Casa Grande ruin in southern Arizona. This amount was
+insufficient for complete restoration, but under the authority of the
+act of Congress making the appropriation some work was done. Partly as
+an aid to further possible work, and partly that there may be an
+available record of what has been done for the benefit of future
+students of American archeology, this report is presented.
+
+A full description of Casa Grande has been given by the writer in a
+published memoir[1] on that ruin, hence only a brief account will now be
+necessary to aid in making the present report intelligible. Following
+this description is a statement of the condition of the ruin in 1891 and
+of the plans formed for its repair, the latter being necessarily
+controlled by the amount appropriated. After this there is an account of
+the work done, from the passage of the bill until the delivery of the
+work to the agent of the United States who received it, and of the
+reservation, of an area of land about the ruin by order of the
+President. This is followed by a catalogue of the articles found during
+the excavations in and about the ruin, which were subsequently deposited
+in the National Museum; a transcript of the contract under which the
+work was done, including specifications, plans, and sections, and the
+report of Mr H. C. Rizer, who inspected and received the work. Finally,
+there are appended the correspondence and report relating to the
+condition of Casa Grande in 1895, with recommendations concerning its
+further protection.
+
+    [Footnote 1: Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
+    p. 289 et seq.]
+
+Casa Grande has occupied a very important place in the literature of
+American archeology, a place which it doubtless will continue to occupy;
+and as dates are frequently of importance an effort has been made to
+make the present report as full as possible in that respect.
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE RUINS
+
+Casa Grande appears to be the sole surviving remnant of an extensive and
+important class of remains in the southwest. These remains occur usually
+in large groups or clusters, and Casa Grande is no exception. The name
+has been ordinarily applied to a single house structure standing near
+the southwestern corner of a large area covered by mounds and other
+debris; but some writers have applied the term to the southwestern
+portion of the area, others to the whole area.
+
+Probably no two investigators would assign exactly the same limits to
+this area, as its margins merge imperceptibly into the surrounding
+country. The accompanying map (plate CXII) shows the limits of the ruins
+as interpreted by the writer. The surface covered by well-defined
+remains, as there shown, extends about 1,800 feet north and south and
+1,500 feet east and west, or a total area of about 65 acres.
+
+Casa Grande ruin occupies a position near the southwestern corner of the
+group, and its size is insignificant as compared with the entire cluster
+of ruins, or even with the remains of the large structure which occupied
+the north-central part of the area. The contour interval on the map is 1
+foot, sufficiently small to show much surface detail. The depressions
+are indicated by dotted contours.
+
+Within the area shown on the map there are a large number of mounds,
+more or less leveled by long-continued exposure to the elements. Some
+appear to be quite old, others represent buildings which were standing
+within the historic period, and many interesting features are presented
+which can not even be alluded to here.
+
+Casa Grande proper was one of the smallest of the house clusters, but it
+is unique in that the walls are still standing to a height of more than
+25 feet. While fragments of standing wall are not uncommon, either in
+the area mentioned or in the valleys of Gala and Salt rivers generally,
+no other example exists, so far as known, so well preserved as the one
+under consideration.
+
+For miles around Casa Grande the ground surface is so flat that from the
+summit of the walls an immense stretch of country is brought under view
+in every direction. In the whole southwest, where there are thousands of
+ruins, many of which represent villages located with especial reference
+to outlook, there are few, if any, so well situated as this.
+
+A ground plan of the ruin is shown in plate CXII and a general view in
+plate CXIV. The area covered and inclosed by standing walls is about 43
+by 59 feet, but the building is not exactly rectangular, nor do its
+sides exactly face the cardinal points, notwithstanding many published
+statements to that effect. The building comprised three central rooms,
+each approximately 10 by 24 feet, arranged side by side with the longer
+axes north and south, and two other rooms, each about 9 by 35 feet,
+occupying, respectively, the northern and southern ends of the building,
+and arranged transversely across the ends of the central rooms, the
+longer axes running east and west. Excepting the central tier of rooms,
+which was three stories high, all the walls rose to a height of two
+stories above the ground. The northeastern and southeastern corners of
+the structure have fallen, and large blocks of the material of which
+they were composed are strewn upon the ground in the vicinity.
+
+The exterior walls rise to a height of from 20 to 25 feet above the
+ground. This height accommodated two stories, but the top of the wall is
+from 1 to 2 feet higher than the roof level of the second story. The
+middle room or space was built up three stories high, and the walls are
+still standing to a height of 28 to 30 feet above the ground level. The
+tops of the walls, while rough and greatly eroded, are approximately
+level. The exterior surface of the walls is rough, as shown in the
+illustrations, but the interior walls of the rooms are finished with a
+remarkable degree of smoothness, so much so that it has attracted the
+attention of everyone who has visited the ruin. Plate CXV shows this
+feature. At the ground level the exterior wall is from 31/2 to 41/2 feet
+thick, and in one place over 5 feet thick. The interior walls are from 3
+to 4 feet thick. At the tops the walls are about 2 feet thick. The
+building was constructed by crude methods, thoroughly aboriginal in
+character, and there is no uniformity in its measurements. The walls,
+even in the same room, are not of even thickness; the floor joists were
+seldom in a straight line, and measurements made at similar places (for
+example, at the two ends of a room) seldom agree.
+
+Casa Grande is often referred to as an adobe structure, but this use of
+the term is misleading. Adobe construction consists of the use of molded
+brick, dried in the sun, but not baked. The walls here are composed of
+huge blocks of rammed earth, 3 to 5 feet long, 2 feet high and 3 to 4
+feet thick. These blocks were not molded and then laid in the wall, but
+were manufactured in place.
+
+Plate CXVI shows the character of these blocks. The material employed
+was admirably suited for the purpose, being when dry almost as hard as
+sandstone and nearly as durable. A building with walls of this material
+would last indefinitely, provided a few slight repairs were made at the
+conclusion of each rainy season. When abandoned, however, sapping at the
+ground level would commence and would in time bring down all the walls;
+yet in the two centuries which have elapsed since Padre Kino's visit to
+this place--and Casa Grande was then a ruin--there has been but little
+destruction from the elements, the damage done by relic hunters during
+the last twenty years being, in fact, much greater than that due to all
+causes in the preceding two centuries.
+
+The building was well provided with doorways and other openings,
+arranged in pairs, one above the other. There were doorways from each
+room into every adjoining room, except that the rooms of the middle tier
+were entered only from the east. Some of the openings were not used, and
+were closed with blocks of solid masonry, built into them long prior to
+the final abandonment of the structure.
+
+
+CONDITION OF CASA GRANDE IN 1891
+
+The south and east fronts of Casa Grande seem to have suffered,
+particularly from the weather, and here rainstorms have probably caused
+some of the damage. The outer faces of the walls are of the same
+material as the wall mass, all the masonry being composed of earth from
+the immediate site. In the construction of the walls this soil was laid
+up in successive courses of varying thickness, whose limits form clearly
+defined and approximately horizontal joints. The northeast and southeast
+corners of the building have entirely fallen away, and low mounds of
+their debris still show many knobs and lumps, parts of the original wall
+mass.
+
+The destruction of the walls was due mainly to undermining at the ground
+level. The character of this undermining is shown in many of the
+illustrations to this report, especially in plate CXVI, and its extent
+is indicated on the accompanying ground plan (plate CXVII) by dotted
+lines within the wall mass. Although the material of which the walls are
+composed is very hard when dry, and capable of resisting the destructive
+influences to which it has been subjected for a long time, yet under
+certain conditions it becomes more yielding. The excessively dry climate
+of this region, which in one respect has made the preservation of the
+ruin possible, has also furnished, in its periodic sandstorms, a most
+efficient agent of destruction. The amount of moisture in the soil is so
+small as scarcely to be detected, but what there is in the soil next to
+the walls is absorbed by the latter, rising doubtless by capillary
+attraction to a height of a foot or more from the ground. This portion
+of the wall being then more moist than the remainder, although possibly
+only in an infinitesimal degree, is more subject to erosion by flying
+sand in the windstorms so frequent in this region, and gradually the
+base of the wall is eaten away until the support becomes insufficient
+and the wall falls en masse. The plan shows that in some places the
+walls have been eaten away at the ground level to a depth of more than a
+foot. Portions of the south wall were in a dangerous condition and
+likely to fall at any time.
+
+Visiting tourists have done much damage by their vandalism. They have
+torn out and carried away every lintel and every particle of visible
+wood in the building. After the removal of the lintels a comparatively
+short time elapses before the falling in of the wall above. Apparently
+but a small amount of this damage can be attributed to rainstorms,
+which, although rare in this region, are sometimes violent. There is
+evidence that the present height of the walls is nearly the original
+height, in other words, that the loss from surface erosion in several
+centuries has been trifling, although numerous opinions to the contrary
+have been expressed by causal observers. The eastern wall has suffered
+more from this cause than the others; a belt on the northern half,
+apparently softer than the remainder of the wall, has been eaten away to
+a depth of nearly a foot. The interior wall faces are in good condition
+generally, except about openings and in places near the top.
+
+Evidences of the original flooring are preserved in several of the
+rooms, especially in the north room. The flooring conformed to the
+pueblo type in the use of a series of principal beams, about 3 inches in
+diameter, above which was a secondary series smaller in size and placed
+quite close together, and above this again a layer of rushes with a
+coating of clay. All the walls show evidences of the principal series of
+beams in the line of holes formed by their ends where they were embedded
+in the walls. In the south wall, in parts of the east wall high up on
+the level of the upper roof, and in parts of other walls a few stumps of
+floor beams remained. These specimens of aboriginal woodwork have
+survived only because they are not in sight from the ground, and their
+existence therefore was not suspected by the tourists. Evidence of the
+other features of the floor construction can be seen on the walls in
+places where they have left an imprint, as described in the memoir
+previously cited.
+
+No single opening remains intact, as the lintels have been removed from
+every one of them. This is particularly unfortunate, for openings at
+their best are an element of weakness in a wall, and here each opening,
+after the lintel was removed, became, as it were, a center of weakness
+from which the destruction of the wall mass gradually proceeded further
+and further.
+
+
+PLANS FOR THE REPAIRS
+
+The plans for the repair of the ruin and its preservation included the
+reservation of the area covered by remains and, if possible, its
+inclosure, for within that area are exhibited all the various degrees of
+decay and disintegration which clearly link the comparatively well
+preserved Casa Grande with the numerous almost obliterated ruins along
+the Gila and the Salt, whose vestiges will become even less distinct as
+time passes and cultivation increases.
+
+It was deemed necessary to remove all the rubbish and debris within the
+building and from an area measuring 10 feet from the outer walls in
+every direction. Plate CXVII shows the extent of this area, and six
+sections are shown in plates CXVIII and CXIX, three on east-and-west
+lines and three on north-and-south lines. The lines along which these
+sections were made are indicated on the plan, plate CXVII. The ground
+level was determined by excavation, and is of course only approximate.
+The sections show the estimated amount of debris which was to be
+removed. Aside from other considerations, it was necessary to uncover
+the walls to the ground level in order to do the necessary underpinning.
+
+It was planned to underpin the walls, where erosion at the ground level
+had weakened them, with hard-burned brick laid in cement mortar. Plate
+CXVII shows in a measure the extent of this erosion. The brick surface
+was to be set back an inch or two and faced with that thickness of
+cement mortar. Plate CXX shows the south front and plate CXXI the south
+and east fronts when the brickwork was completed, but before it was
+plastered, and will illustrate what was planned better than can a
+description.
+
+This treatment, it was believed, would give a surface capable of
+effectually resisting atmospheric influences and the destructive action
+of flying sand, and at the same time would not disfigure the ruin by
+making the repairs obtrusive.
+
+The broken-out lintels of openings were to be replaced, and the cavities
+above them filled in with brick faced with mortar similar to the
+underpinning.
+
+The south wall, which was in a dangerous condition, was to be supported
+by three internal braces, as shown in the plan, plate CXVII. The longest
+brace or beam was necessarily of wood, as the wide range of temperature
+in this region, even between day and night, would produce so much
+expansion and contraction in an iron rod 60 feet long that without some
+compensating device the wall would be rocked on its base and its rapid
+destruction necessarily follow.
+
+
+EXECUTION OF THE WORK
+
+Appended to that portion of the sundry civil appropriation act approved
+March. 2, 1889,[1] in which certain expenses of the United States
+Geological Survey are provided for, is the following item:
+
+  Repair of the ruin of Casa Grande, Arizona: To enable the Secretary
+  of the Interior to repair and protect the ruin of Casa Grande,
+  situate in Pinal County, near Florence, Arizona, two thousand
+  dollars; and the President is authorized to reserve from settlement
+  and sale the land on which said ruin is situated and so much of the
+  public land adjacent thereto as in his judgment may be necessary for
+  the protection of said ruin and of the ancient city of which it is a
+  part.
+
+    [Footnote 1: 25 Statutes, p. 961.]
+
+On the 12th of April, 1889, there was a conference between the Secretary
+of the Interior and the Commissioner of the General Land Office looking
+to the execution of the law, and on the 16th of that month the
+Commissioner submitted a statement on the subject, calling attention to
+the fact that the appropriation would not be available until July 1
+following, and suggesting that a special agent should be sent out to
+examine the ruin. This suggestion was approved, and on April 27, 1889,
+Special Agent Alexander L. Morrison, of the General Land Office, was
+instructed to proceed to the ruins for the purpose of investigating and
+reporting as to what method should be adopted for their repair and
+protection. Mr Morrison was further instructed to report "all the facts
+obtainable as regards said ruins of 'Casa Grande,' in order that
+appropriate action may be taken by the Department for its preservation."
+
+On May 15,1889, Mr Morrison submitted a report to the Commissioner,
+describing his journey, the location of the ruin, the ruin itself, and
+other ruins in the vicinity. He stated that danger to the ruin was of
+three kinds--(1) by vandalism, (2) by elements, (3) by undermining. He
+recommended the construction of a roof and an underpinning of stone for
+the walls. Finally, he gave some historical notes, and closed with a
+peroration.
+
+Mr Morrison's plans were found impracticable, as their execution would
+require an expenditure of many times the sum appropriated, and on
+September 23, 1889, all the papers in the case were transmitted by the
+Secretary to the Director of the Geological Survey, "for appropriate
+action under the clause of the act referred to, as being within the
+province of your Bureau." It was ordered that the work be commenced
+without the least delay, and November 27, 1889, Mr Victor Mindeleff, of
+the Bureau of Ethnology, was detailed by the Director and ordered to
+proceed to the ruin and report on the best means of repairing it and
+protecting it from further destruction. He was also directed to make
+other investigations in the vicinity, which have no relation to the
+present case.
+
+On July 1, 1890, Mr Mindeleff submitted a report. He described the ruins
+of which Casa Grande is the type, and also Casa Grande itself. He also
+made a statement of the condition of the ruin and suggested that the
+main destruction "was due to the undermining of the walls, and stated
+that much damage had been done by tourists. He recommended (1) that an
+area about the ruin be fenced in; (2) that a man be located permanently
+on the ground to watch the ruins; (3) that the ruins be cleaned out; (4)
+that the walls be underpinned with brick instead of stone, as previously
+suggested; (5) that the tops of the walls, after removing several inches
+to afford a good bearing surface, be treated with a coping of cement. It
+was regarded that this plan, if carried into effect, would afford
+sufficient protection against the weather, but a plan for a roof was
+submitted should such a structure be deemed desirable and practicable.
+Mr Mindeleff also recommended a number of tie-rods and beams, the
+replacement of the broken-out lintels, and the filling of the cavities
+above.
+
+This plan was approved in its general features, but the means provided
+for its execution were found insufficient. A further complication arose
+from the fact that a few months later Mr Mindeleff severed his
+connection with the Bureau of Ethnology and his knowledge became no
+longer available.
+
+November 20, 1890, the writer was ordered to proceed to the ruin and
+inaugurate the work of repair, following, so far as practicable, the
+plans already approved. He left Washington soon afterward and reached
+the ruin late in December. It was found necessary to make a detailed
+survey of the ruin and of the group of which it forms a part, and to
+make plans and sections showing the probable amount of excavation for
+the use of those who were invited to bid on the work. Furthermore, the
+amount appropriated was so well known to be inadequate that great
+difficulty was experienced in obtaining bids, and it was only through
+the efficient cooperation of the Reverend I. T. Whittemore at Florence
+and of Mr C. A. Garlick at Phoenix that success was finally achieved.
+Two bids were received from the former place and one from the latter;
+but this was not accomplished until March 17, 1891, the date when the
+last bid was received. In the meantime the writer, having completed his
+work at Casa Grande, so far as he could, had entered, in January, on an
+archeologic investigation of the valley of the Rio Verde, in compliance
+with his orders to that effect.
+
+It was found impossible to execute all the work deemed requisite for the
+preservation of the ruin within the limits of the appropriation. A
+selection of items became necessary, therefore, and those which were of
+most importance were chosen. Even in this, however, it was found that a
+maximum limit on the amount of work to be done on each item must be set,
+and this limit was considerably below the amount of work estimated to be
+necessary.
+
+The first thing to be done was, of course, the clearing out of the
+rubbish and debris. The item next in importance was the underpinning of
+the walls with brick wherever it was needed. The third item was the
+restoration of the lintels and the filling of the cavities above them.
+The fourth item was the tying in of the south wall, or of the several
+parts of it, with braces. This was the only feature of the plan which
+would appreciably disfigure the ruin, but some such device was deemed
+essential for the preservation of the south wall.
+
+These four items consumed practically all of the amount appropriated,
+and the other items of the original plan were therefore omitted. The bid
+of T. L. Stouffer and F. E. White, of Florence, Arizona, covering the
+four items, was accepted, and a contract was made with them, under date
+of May 9, 1891, for the execution of the work for the sum of $1,985.
+This contract, together with the specifications, plans, and other
+drawings which formed part of it, accompany this report. It was
+transmitted to the Director of the Geological Survey, and by him
+approved and forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior June 6, 1891. It
+was approved by the Acting Secretary June 20, 1891. Finally, on July 20,
+1891, it was placed on file, together "with the bids, proposals, and all
+the original papers."
+
+A time limit of two months was made in the contract, expiring August 20,
+1891, but it was changed to four months from July 1, 1891, expiring
+October 31, 1891. Before the time expired, however, Mr H. G. Rizer, then
+chief clerk of the Bureau of Ethnology, was ordered to proceed to Casa
+Grande ruin to examine the work done and, if in accord with the terms of
+the contract and the specifications, to certify the amount due the
+contractors. He submitted a report, under date of November 24, 1891,
+which is appended hereto. He also obtained six photographic negatives of
+the work as it stood a short time before its completion, and two of
+these (reproduced in plates CXX and CXXI) have been utilized in the
+preparation of this report.
+
+Mr Rizer found that a considerable amount of work had been done by the
+contractors in excess of that authorized, and also that not sufficient
+work had been done to render the repairs permanently effective. Under
+the terms of the contract, no amount in excess of that stated ($1,985)
+could be paid, and payment of this amount was made late in 1891. On
+January 7, 1892, the contractors filed a claim for extra work on the
+ruin amounting to $600.40. The work was actually performed, but the
+terms of the contract were clear, and the claim was therefore
+disapproved January 28, 1892.
+
+It would have been desirable to have had a supervisor of the work, but
+as the contract consumed practically all of the amount appropriated no
+provision could be made for one. It is fortunate, therefore, that the
+Reverend I. T. Whittemore, who had in the meantime been appointed
+honorary custodian of the ruin, generously undertook to look after the
+work without compensation, and on its conclusion the small sum remaining
+($15) was turned over to him, thus exhausting the appropriation. In the
+sundry civil appropriation act for the year ending June 30, 1893,
+provision was made for a salaried custodian of the ruin, and Mr
+Whittemore was appointed to this position. Similar provision has been
+continued from year to year to the present time.
+
+It is to be regretted that the necessities of the case, imposed by the
+limited amount appropriated, compelled the fixing of a maximum amount of
+work so far below the amount necessary that the repair of the ruin is
+incomplete. Had it been possible to carry out the plans, it is believed
+that the ruin would have stood unchanged for many decades, if not for a
+century. Should further provision be made for the continuation of the
+work, it should include an item for the fencing of the area covered by
+the ruins or of the reservation, and possibly an item for the
+construction of a roof.
+
+It is not clear that a roof is absolutely necessary, but it is certain
+that it would be very undesirable. The region where this rain occurs has
+probably less rainfall than any other part of the United States, but it
+must not be forgotten that while rainstorms are infrequent they are
+sometimes violent, and what damage they do may be done in a few hours.
+All the items for the repair of the ruin, except that pertaining to a
+roof, were so devised that the ruin was not materially disfigured or
+changed, and were they fully carried out the ruin would present much the
+same general appearance as before. It is important that this appearance
+should be preserved as far as possible, but it can not be maintained if
+a roof is erected over the walls. As four years have elapsed since the
+completion of the work, it should be possible now to determine whether
+atmospheric erosion has played a material part in the work of
+destruction.[1]
+
+    [Footnote 1: See the letter of the Director of the Bureau of
+    American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior regarding the
+    examination of Casa Grande by Mr W J McGee in the supplement to
+    the present paper.]
+
+In the original plans and in the specifications which formed part of the
+contract (although this section was not operative) a plan for a roof was
+included. Such a structure, if erected at all, should be made as
+inconspicuous as possible and should be supported entirely from within
+the building. The system of framing employed might safely be left to the
+contractor if he were made responsible for the strength of the completed
+structure.
+
+
+RESERVATION OF THE LAND
+
+The final step in the execution of the law quoted was taken June 22,
+1892. On that date the recommendation of the writer to the Director of
+the Geological Survey, referred by him to the Secretary of the Interior
+and by the latter to the President, was finally approved, and it was
+ordered that an area of land sufficient for the preservation of the
+ruin, and comprising in all 480 acres, be reserved under authority of
+act of Congress approved March 2, 1889. This area is shown on the map
+reproduced in plate CXXV, the base of which is a map accompanying the
+report of Mr H. C. Rizer.
+
+The letter of the Secretary of the Interior recommending the reservation
+of the Casa Grande tract, with its indorsement by the President, is as
+follows:
+
+  Department of the Interior,
+      _Washington, June 20, 1893_.
+
+  Sir: I have the honor to recommend that the SW. 1/4 SW. 1/4, SE. 1/4 SW.
+  1/4, SW. 1/4 SE. 1/4 section 9, NW. 1/4, NW. 1/4 NE. 1/4, SW. 1/4 NE. 1/4, NW. 1/4 SW.
+  1/4, NE. 1/4 SW. 1/4, and NW. 1/4 SE. 1/4 section 16, all in township 5 south,
+  range 8 east, Gila and Salt river meridian, Arizona, containing 480
+  acres more or less, and including the Casa Grande ruin, be reserved
+  in accordance with the authority vested in you by the act of March
+  2, 1889 (25 Stat., 961), for the protection of the ruin.
+
+  The Director of the Bureau of Ethnology requests that the
+  reservation be made, and the Acting Commissioner of the General Land
+  Office knows of no objection to such action.
+
+  Very respectfully,
+      John W. Noble,
+          _Secretary_.
+
+  The President.
+      [_Indorsement by the President_]
+          Executive Mansion, _June 23, 1892_.
+
+  Let the lands described within be reserved for the protection of the
+  Casa Grande ruin as recommended by the Secretary of the Interior.
+
+                Benj. Harrison.
+
+The limits of this reservation are laid down on the plat of the survey
+of said township in the General Land Office, and the reservation is now
+under the control of the Secretary of the Interior.
+
+
+SPECIMENS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS
+
+In the course of the excavations a number of specimens of archeologic
+interest were unearthed. These were all preserved and on the conclusion
+of the work were forwarded to the National Museum in Washington, in
+compliance with the terms of the contract. Following is a list showing
+the collection number and also the Museum number.
+
+
+National Museum number
+        |
+        |Bureau of Ethnology number
+        |     |
+        |     | Article             | Number of specimens
+        |     |                     |
+        |     |                     |      | Remarks
+--------+-----+---------------------+------+-----------------------------
+        |     |                     |      |
+ 155088 | 595 | Fragments of large  | Lot. | Plain red on both sides.
+        |     | earthenware vessel. |      |
+ 155089 | 596 | Large bowl.         |   1  | Red outside; black, polished
+        |     |                     |      |   inside; restored.
+ 155090 | 597 | Large vase.         |   1  | Decorated outside; restored.
+ 155091 | 598 | Pottery fragments.  |  14  | Decorated.
+ 155092 | 599 | Pottery vase (toy). |   1  | Small, dark brown.
+ 155093 | 600 | Pottery bowl (toy). |   1  | Small, black.
+ 155094 | 601 | Pottery disk or     |   4  |
+        |     |  spindle.           |      |
+ 155095 | 602 | Pottery toy         |   1  | Dark brown.
+        |     |  (mountain goat).   |      |
+        | 603 | Adobe.              |   2  | Lumps; 1 showing impression
+        |     |                     |      |   of cloth, the other of a
+        |     |                     |      |   human foot.
+        | 604 | Small shells.       | Lot. |
+        | 605 |  -- do --           | Lot. |
+        | 606 | Small shells(lonus?)| Lot. |
+        | 607 | Small shells (cut   | Lot. | For use as pendants.
+        |     |  and perforated).   |      |
+        | 608 | Small shells, beads,| Lot. | 1 string and 2 fragments.
+        |     |   and pendants.     |      |
+        | 609 | Bone awls.          |   3  |
+        | 610 | Bone fragments.     |   6  | Partly charred.
+        | 611 | Chalk, obsidian     | Lot. |
+        |     |  chips, and brown   |      |
+        |     |  adobe.             |      |
+        | 612 | Charred wood, 2     |   4  |
+        |     |  nuts, and a        |      |
+        |     |  corncob.           |      |
+        | 613 | Charred textiles,   |   2  |
+        |     |  cloth.             |      |
+        | 614 | Wooden joist        |   3  | 3, 6, and 9 inches long;
+        |     |  fragments.         |      |   4 inches diameter.
+        | 615 | Reed.               |   1  | 12 inches long.
+        | 616 | Stone axes.         |   7  | And 3 broken, grooved.
+        | 617 | Pounding stone and  |   2  | Of sandstone, with
+        |     |  fragment.          |      |   ring-shaped handle.
+        | 618 | Stone pestles       |   2  | One 121/2 inches long, 13/4
+        |     |                     |      |   inches diameter; one 91/2
+        |     |                     |      |   inches long, 13/4 inches
+        |     |                     |      |   diameter; also a fragment
+        | 619 | Stone mullers.      |   4  |
+        | 620 | Stone hammers.      |   6  | 1 pitted.
+        | 621 | Stone mullers, flat.|   6  | 5 broken.
+        | 622 | Stone mortar, flat. |   1  | 61/2 by 12 inches; 2 inches
+        |     |                     |      |   thick.
+        | 623 |  -- do --           |   1  | 13 by 22 inches; 6 inches
+        |     |                     |      |   thick.
+        | 624 | Stone, polished.    |   1  | 22 inches long, 61/2 inches
+        |     |                     |      |   diameter; restored.
+        | 625 | Stone hoes or       |   2  |
+        |     |  chopping knives.   |      |
+        | 626 | Limestone ornament. |   1  | Carved; fragmentary.
+        | 627 | Small stone vessel. |   1  | Serpent carved on the
+        |     |                     |      |   outside.
+        | 628 | Stone arrowhead.    |   2  | 1 of obsidian, very small,
+        |     |                     |      |   and 1 of flint; also a
+        |     |                     |      |   broken specimen.
+
+  Specimen number 627 B.E. was not obtained from the ruin itself, but
+  was found in that vicinity by Mr Whittemore and presented by him.
+
+
+
+
+EXHIBITS
+
+
+I. CONTRACT FOR REPAIRING AND PRESERVING CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA
+
+_This contract_, made and entered into this ninth day of May, eighteen
+hundred and ninety-one, between Theodore Louis Stouffer and Frederick
+Emerson White, both of Florence, Arizona, as principals, and Augustine
+Gray Williams, of Florence, Arizona, Andrew James Doran, of Florence,
+Arizona, as sureties, of the first part, and the United States of
+America, by Cosmos Mindeleff, acting for the Secretary of the Interior,
+of the second part:
+
+_Witnesseth_, That the said parties of the first part do hereby contract
+and agree with the United States of America, as follows: That for the
+consideration hereinafter mentioned they will at their own expense and
+risk perform and execute the work upon the Casa Grande ruin, described
+and specified in the specification hereto annexed and forming a part
+hereof, in the manner and with the conditions specified, items of said
+work to be as follows:
+
+Item No. 1. Clearing out the debris: To excavate and remove 350 cubic
+yards of earth and debris, or less, as specified, amount of excavation
+not to exceed 350 cubic yards.
+
+Item No. 2. Underpinning walls: To underpin the walls as specified,
+requiring 750 cubic feet of brick masonry, or less, amount of masonry
+not to exceed 750 cubic feet.
+
+Item No. 3. Filling in cavities: To fill in cavities and openings as
+specified, 500 lineal feet of 2 by 4 inches squared lumber and 800 cubic
+feet of masonry, or less, whole amount of filling not to exceed 825
+cubic feet.
+
+Item No. 4. To brace the walls as specified in the annexed plan and
+specifications.
+
+Items numbered five and six of the specifications hereto annexed,
+together with the plans, specifications, and conditions pertaining
+especially and only to them and not to the other items, are omitted.
+
+The said parties of the first part further contract and agree to deliver
+over the work, completed and finished, to such person as the Secretary
+of the Interior may designate, within two months after receipt of notice
+that this contract has been approved by the Secretary of the Interior.
+
+_It is further stipulated and agreed_, That should the parties of the
+first part fail to complete the work within the time specified, or
+should they deliver work which is not in accordance with the plans and
+specifications hereto annexed, only such sum shall be paid for the work
+as may be agreed upon by the said parties of the first part and the
+Secretary of the Interior; and it is further stipulated and agreed on
+the part of the parties of the first part that if the work is not
+completed in the time specified and according to the specifications
+hereto annexed they will pay to the United States a sum not exceeding
+fifty dollars for each and every week after the time specified, such
+payments to be deducted from the amount due for work done: _Provided_,
+That the Secretary of the Interior, or such person as he may authorize
+to do so, may extend the time for the completion of the work.
+
+_And the United States of America_, by the said Cosmos Mindeleff, acting
+for the Secretary of the Interior, do hereby contract and agree with the
+said parties of the first part that for the aforesaid work, performed
+and executed in the manner and under the conditions aforesaid, there
+shall be paid to the said parties of the first part the following sums:
+
+For item No. 1. For clearing out the debris, as specified and as above
+limited, sixty cents ($0.60) for each cubic yard.
+
+For item No. 2. For underpinning walls, as specified and as above
+limited, one dollar ($1) for each cubic foot.
+
+For item No. 3. For filling in cavities, as specified and as above
+limited, one dollar ($1) for each cubic foot, including lumber.
+
+For item No. 4. For bracing walls, as specified, two hundred dollars
+($200). _Provided_, That payments for the work here contracted for shall
+be made only after the inspection and approval of the work by such
+person as the Secretary of the Interior shall designate.
+
+It is an express condition of this contract that it shall have no force
+or effect until it is submitted to and approved by the Secretary of the
+Interior.
+
+It is a further condition of this contract that no Member or Delegate
+to Congress, or any other officer or agent of the United States, either
+directly or indirectly, himself or by any other person in trust for him,
+or for his use and benefit, or on his account, is a party to or in any
+manner interested, in whole or in part, in this contract, or in the
+enjoyments, benefits, profits, or emoluments arising therefrom.
+
+    (Signed)    Theodore Louis Stouffer. [SEAL]
+                Frederick Emerson White. [SEAL]
+                Augustine Gray Williams. [SEAL]
+                Andrew James Doran.      [SEAL]
+
+Witnesses as to Stouffer, White, Doran, and Williams:
+
+    (Signed)    Frank C. Kebbey,
+                  _Clerk District Court, Second Judicial District,
+                  Territory of Arizona_.
+                Cosmos Mindeleff,    [SEAL]
+                  _Acting for the Secretary of the Interior_.
+
+Witnesses as to Cosmos Mindeleff:
+
+    (Signed)    Jeff Hunt.
+                Chas. B. Eaman.
+
+
+AFFIDAVIT OF CONTRACTORS
+
+Territory of Arizona, _County of Pinal, ss:_
+
+Augustine Gray Williams and Andrew James Doran, subscribers to and
+sureties in the contract hereto annexed, being duly sworn, depose
+and say, each for himself, that he is worth the sum of two thousand
+dollars over and above all debts and liabilities which he owes or
+has incurred, and exclusive of property exempt by law from levy and
+sale under execution.
+
+    (Signed)    Augustine Gray Williams. [SEAL]
+                Andrew James Doran.      [SEAL]
+
+Sworn to and subscribed before me this ninth day of May, A. D. 1891.
+
+    [SEAL]    (Signed)    Frank C. Kebbey,
+                _Clerk District Court, Second Judicial District,
+                Territory of Arizona_.
+
+
+Territory of Arizona, _S Ct:_
+
+I, Joseph H. Kebbey, associate justice of the supreme court of the
+Territory of Arizona, certify that I am personally acquainted with
+Augustine Gray Williams and Andrew James Doran, sureties, and that
+in my opinion they are good and sufficient to the amounts in which
+they have bound themselves in the foregoing contract.
+
+Florence, Arizona Territory, 9th May, 1891.
+
+    (Signed)    Joseph H. Kebbey,
+                  _Associate Justice Supreme Court, Arizona Territory_.
+
+
+II. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE CASA GRANDE
+RUIN, ARIZONA, 1891
+
+(_Attached to and forming part of contract_)
+
+GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
+
+All the work upon this ruin is to be carried out in such a manner as to
+interfere as little as possible with the present condition and
+appearance of the building, and the contractors will be held responsible
+for any injury to it.
+
+The work is to be carried on under a supervisor, acting for the United
+States, who shall have power to reject any materials it is proposed to
+use in the work which are not in his judgment equal to those specified,
+and he shall have power to have torn down any work done which he has
+reason to suspect is not such as required by the specifications, but if
+such work shall prove upon inspection to have been well done the
+contractor may make a charge of the amount which would have been allowed
+for that part of the work had it passed inspection.
+
+When the work is completed it must pass the final inspection of the
+supervisor, or such person as the Secretary of the Interior may
+designate for the purpose.
+
+1. CLEARING OUT THE DEBRIS
+
+The debris now filling up the interior is to be removed down to the
+floor level, or the original ground level. The debris covering an area
+measuring 10 feet from the exterior walls of the building in every
+direction is also to be removed. This work is to be carried on in
+conjunction with the underpinning of the walls, and is to be dependent
+upon the progress of the latter, the work being done as required by the
+person holding the contract for the underpinning. All proper precautions
+must be observed during the progress of the work to prevent any injury
+to the building, the walls being properly braced and supported before
+excavation is commenced. The contractor will be held responsible for any
+injury to the building. Any objects found of archeologic or other value
+properly belong to the United States and must be deposited in the
+National Museum. The material removed from the building and from the
+area about it is to be removed to a proper distance, not less than 100
+yards from the building. Proper drainage channels must be provided to
+keep the excavated area permanently clear of water.
+
+2. UNDERPINNING WALLS
+
+The walls where eroded at the ground level are to be underpinned with
+hard-burned brick, laid in good cement mortar and extending to a depth
+of at least 12 inches below the original ground level. This work must be
+carried on gradually and very carefully in conjunction with the clearing
+out of the debris. The under surfaces of the overhanging walls must be
+carefully trimmed to afford solid horizontal bearings against the
+brickwork. The face of the brickwork is to be set back at least 1 inch
+and not more than 2 inches from the face of the wall, and the brickwork
+is to be plastered with a coating of cement mortar, 1 to 2 inches thick,
+bringing it out flush with the outer wall.
+
+3. FILLING IN OPENINGS
+
+The broken-out lintels of openings are to be replaced by wooden lintels
+composed of squared lumber, 2 by 4 inches in size, laid side by side
+across nearly the whole thickness of the walls, with not more than 1
+inch space between the boards, and of the same length as the original
+lintels. The broken-out walls are to be trimmed to afford solid resting
+places for the new lintels, which are to occupy the same horizontal
+planes that the old ones did. The openings above the lintels are to be
+filled in in the same manner as the underpinning previously described,
+the tinder wall surfaces being carefully dressed to afford solid
+horizontal bearings, the brick work being set back 1 inch from the wall
+surfaces and plastered with a coating of cement mortar to bring it out
+flush with the wall.
+
+4. BRACING
+
+One wooden brace and two iron braces are to be put in, as shown upon the
+plan hereto annexed. The wooden brace is to be of one piece, or of two
+pieces well bolted together, of selected lumber, free from knots and
+other imperfections, squared, and measuring 6 by 8 inches in cross
+section. The iron braces are to be of 1 inch diameter, best quality
+wrought-iron rods. The bearing plates, four to each rod, are to be not
+less than 10 inches in diameter, of sufficient strength, and securely
+and permanently fastened to the braces.
+
+5. WIRE FENCING
+
+Such area as may be determined is to be fenced with the best quality of
+galvanized iron barbed wire, strung upon posts placed 20 feet apart. The
+posts are to be of mesquite, not less than 3 inches in diameter and of a
+reasonable degree of straightness (not varying more than 5 inches from a
+straight line). The posts are to be at least 6 feet 6 inches long and
+are to be planted perpendicularly with 4 feet 6 inches clear and at
+least 2 feet below the ground surface. Three lines of double wire are to
+be stretched upon and securely fastened to the posts, the first at a
+distance of 2 feet from the ground, the second at 3 feet, and the third
+at 4 feet from the ground. Two gateways are to be provided, at such
+points as may be directed, the side posts to be of squared timber, 6 by
+6 inches in cross section, and the gates to be made of sawed lumber 1
+inch by 5 inches, hung upon good iron hinges, and leaving a clear space
+of not less than 12 feet when open, the whole to be executed in the best
+and most workmanlike manner.
+
+6. ROOF
+
+The building is to be crowned by a roof of corrugated iron, supported in
+the manner shown in the accompanying plan and sections. The uprights are
+to be of selected squared lumber 1 foot square, each in a single piece,
+the lower ends planted at least 3 feet below the original ground level,
+and to be braced and tied to each other, as shown in the plan. The tie
+pieces are to be of selected squared lumber, 4 inches by 6 inches in
+cross section. The roof is to be framed and braced in the ordinary
+manner, and this framing is to extend beyond the outer wall 6 feet. The
+covering is to be a good quality of corrugated iron roofing, securely
+fastened to the framework, and painted with three good coats of the best
+quality of roof paint. The whole to be constructed and executed, in the
+best and most workmanlike manner, of good materials throughout, and to
+be of a strength sufficient to withstand the windstorms to which it may
+be subjected.
+
+
+III. PLANS AND SECTIONS--PRESERVATION OF THE CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA.
+SCALE OF ALL THE PLANS AND SECTIONS. 0.1 INCH = 1 FOOT
+
+Plans and sections accompanying specifications are as follows:
+
+  Plan showing tie-rods, limits of work, and lines of ground sections.
+    [Plate CXVII of this report.]
+
+  Three east-and-west sections to show estimated amount of excavation
+    necessary. [Plate CXVIII of this report.]
+
+  Three north-and-south sections to show estimated amount of excavation
+    necessary. [Plate CXIX of this report.]
+
+  Plan showing roof support. [Plate CXXII of this report.]
+
+  Two sections showing roof support. [Plate CXXIII and plate CXXIV of
+    this report.]
+
+
+IV. OATH OF DISINTERESTEDNESS
+
+  I do solemnly swear that the copy of contract hereunto annexed is
+  an exact copy of contract made by me personally with Theodore Louis
+  Stouffer and Frederick Emerson White; that I made the same fairly,
+  without any benefit or advantage to myself, or allowing any such
+  benefit or advantage corruptly to the said Theodore Louis Stouffer
+  and Frederick Emerson White, or to any other person or persons; and
+  that the papers accompanying include all those relating to the said
+  contract, as required by the statute, in such case made and provided.
+
+      (Signed)    Cosmos Mindeleff.
+
+  Sworn to and subscribed before me at Washington, D.C., this 18th day
+  of July, 1891.
+
+      [SEAL]    (Signed)    Jno. D. McChesney,
+                              _Notary Public_.
+
+
+V. BIDS
+
+I
+
+  Bid for repairs on the Casa Grande ruins, in Pinal County,
+  Arizona, bidders to furnish all labor and materials according to
+  specifications:
+
+  Item No. 1. Cleaning out debris, 60 cents per cubic yard.
+  Item No. 2. Underpinning walls, $1 per cubic foot.
+  Item No. 3. Filling in openings, $1 per cubic foot.
+  Item No. 4. Bracing walls, $200.
+  Item No. 5. Wire fence, 3 cents per foot complete.
+  Item No. 6. Roof, $2,000.
+
+      (Signed)    T. L. Stouffer.
+                  F. E. White.
+
+      Florence, Arizona, _January 28, 1891_.
+
+II
+
+  Bid for putting a roof on the Casa Grande ruins as per plans and
+  specifications furnished, $3,000.
+
+      (Signed)    C. D. Henry.
+
+III
+
+  Bid for fencing in the Casa Grande ruins: Furnishing the posts and
+  barbed wire, for 100 feet of fence, $7 per 100 feet.
+
+      (Signed)    C. D. Henry.
+
+IV
+
+  Bids for restoring the Casa Grande ruins:
+
+  First. Removing debris from interior of the ruins, 320 cubic yards,
+  more or less, $1 per yard; 140 cubic yards from exterior of the
+  ruins, at 60 cents per yard.
+
+  Second. Eight hundred cubic feet of brick masonry underpinning, more
+  or less, at $1.30 per cubic foot.
+
+  Third. One thousand cubic feet, more or less, of brick masonry to
+  fill in cavities, at $1.40 per cubic foot.
+
+  Fourth. Bracing walls, as per plans, $120.
+
+  Fifth. Five hundred lineal feet of 2 by 4 square timber at 8 cents
+  per foot, lumber measure.
+
+      (Signed)    C. D. Henry.
+
+V
+
+  Phoenix, Arizona, _February 11, 1891_.
+      Cosmos Mindeleff, Esq.,
+          _Tempe, Arizona_.
+
+  Dear Sir: I hereby submit for your consideration, in reference to
+  the plans and specifications for the preservation of the Casa Grande
+  ruins of Arizona, bids upon the following propositions, to wit:
+
+  First. "Cleaning out the debris." For the removal of 470 cubic yards
+  of material, more or less, at $2.65 per cubic yard.
+
+  Second. "Underpinning walls." For 800 cubic feet of brick masonry,
+  more or less, laid and plastered as specified, at $4.25 per cubic
+  foot.
+
+  Third. "Filling in openings." For filling in cavities in walls and
+  restoring lintels of openings, as specified, 1,000 cubic feet, more
+  or less, at $2.25 per cubic foot.
+
+  Fourth. "Bracing walls." For bracing walls, $85.30.
+
+  Fifth. "Wire fencing." Twenty-five dollars and twenty-five cents per
+  100 feet of completed fence.
+
+  Sixth. "Roofing." As per specifications, $4,722.
+
+  Respectfully submitted.
+
+      (Signed)    M. E. Clauton.
+
+
+VI. INDORSEMENTS
+
+_Contract for the repair and preservation of the Casa Grande ruin,
+Arizona, 1891_
+
+  Department of the Interior,
+      U. S. Geological Survey,
+          _June 6, 1891_.
+
+  Respectfully forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior, recommending
+  approval.
+
+      (Signed)    J. W. Powell, _Director_.
+
+      Department of the Interior,
+          _June 20, 1891_.
+
+  The within contract is hereby approved.
+
+      (Signed)    Geo. C. Chandler,
+                    _Acting Secretary_.
+
+June 30, 1891. Transmitted by J. W. Powell, Director, to the Secretary
+of the Interior for file in returns office.
+
+July 1, 1891. Returned for oath.
+
+July 20, 1891. J. W. Powell, Director, transmits amended contract, with
+bids, proposals, and all original papers attached.
+
+
+VII. REPORT OF MR H. C. RIZER
+
+  Smithsonian Institution,
+      Bureau of Ethnology,
+          Washington, _November 24, 1891_.
+
+  Honorable J. W. Powell,
+      _Director of the Bureau of Ethnology_.
+
+  Sir: Complying with your order directing me to proceed to Florence,
+  Arizona, to witness the closing up of the work under contract for
+  the preservation of Casa Grande ruin near that place, and to report
+  to you the amount and character of the work accomplished, certifying
+  the amount due the contractors under each item, I have the honor to
+  submit the following report:
+
+  I visited the ruin first on October 20, and found the work well
+  advanced. Steady progress was made from said date until October 31,
+  the limitation expressed in the contract for prosecuting it.
+
+  In order to ascertain the exact location of Casa Grande ruin and to
+  aid me in the determination of the amount of work performed by the
+  contractors, I employed Mr Albert T. Colton, a civil engineer and
+  the official surveyor of Pinal county, Arizona, within the limits of
+  which the ruin stands. From actual measurements made by Mr Colton,
+  based upon official notes in his custody, he informed me the ruin
+  was located in the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of the
+  southwest quarter of section 16 of township 5 south, range 8 east. A
+  congressional township plat on which Mr Colton has marked the exact
+  location of the ruin is filed herewith, marked Exhibit A, and made a
+  part of this report [plate CXXV].
+
+  On October 29 Mr Colton at my instance took measurements of the
+  brickwork in underpinning and filling in cavities in the walls and
+  of the excavation done by the contractors. His estimate, based upon
+  these measurements, was submitted to me in writing. It is filed
+  herewith, marked Exhibit B, and is made a part of this report.
+
+  I find from these measurements that the contractors excavated and
+  removed to a point 100 yards from the ruin 570 cubic yards of
+  debris, 271 cubic yards of which were removed from the interior and
+  299 cubic yards from the exterior walls of the building, within an
+  area of 10 feet of said walls.
+
+  I also find the amount of underpinning done by the contractors to be
+  919 cubic feet, and the amount of filling in openings to be 1,161
+  cubic feet. The underpinning is done with hard-burned brick laid in
+  good cement mortar extending to a depth of 12 inches below the
+  original ground level. The face of the brickwork is set back from 1
+  to 2 inches from the face of the wall and plastered with a coat of
+  good cement mortar, making it flush with the outer wall.
+
+  In filling in cavities more than 500 lineal feet of 2 by 4 inch
+  squared lumber was used to replace broken-out lintels and laid side
+  by side across nearly the whole thickness of the walls, with not
+  more than 1 inch space between the boards. They occupy the same
+  horizontal planes as the original lintels, and the walls are trimmed
+  to afford solid resting places for them. The openings above the
+  lintels have been filled in the same manner as the underpinning,
+  with hard-burned brick set back 1 inch from the wall surfaces and
+  plastered with a coating of cement mortar, bringing it out flush
+  with the original wall.
+
+  I further find that the contractors have placed one wooden brace and
+  two iron braces as designated in the specifications. The wooden
+  brace is constructed of two pieces of good, clear, squared lumber 6
+  by 8 inches in cross section, well bolted together, secured by
+  plates of boiler iron three-eighths of an inch thick and 14 by 18
+  inches square. The specifications provide for this brace to run from
+  the south side of the south wall through the center room with a
+  plate on each side of the south wall and one on each side of the
+  wall on the north side of the center room. The contractors have
+  deviated from these requirements in having extended the said brace
+  through the entire length of the building and placed the plates that
+  were specified for the north wall of the center room on the
+  respective sides of the extreme north wall of the building. While
+  this deviation adds nothing to the security of the south wall, it is
+  doubtless as effective as it would have been had it been placed as
+  contemplated in the plan. It may in some degree strengthen the north
+  wall, and I recommend that it be accepted as in compliance with the
+  terms of the contract. The two iron rods called for in the
+  specifications are of wrought iron 11/2 inches in diameter, secured by
+  boiler-iron plates three-eighths of an inch thick and 12 inches in
+  diameter, securely fastened as required in the specifications. There
+  was a necessary deviation from the plan as to the place the rod
+  nearest the east side of the building should be placed. Early in the
+  prosecution of the work a portion of the debris in contact with the
+  eastern wall was removed. During the night following this a section
+  of the south end of the east wall fell, carrying with it that
+  portion of the wall between the south and east rooms to which the
+  plan required said rod to be attached. In consequence the
+  contractors placed the rod so as to connect it with the portion of
+  the wall still intact. As a brace to the south wall it is placed
+  advantageously. In excavation, underpinning, and filling in the
+  contractors have exceeded the limitations prescribed in the
+  contract, and have therefore performed an amount of work for the
+  remuneration of which there is no provision. The following table
+  shows the amount of work authorized in each of the four items with
+  reference to which the contract was drawn and the amount actually
+  performed by contractors:
+
+ Item                 |1. Excavating and clearing out debris.
+                      |           |2. Underpinning walls.
+                      |           |           |3. Filling in cavities.
+                      |           |           |            |4. Braces.
+----------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
+Maximum authorized    | 350 cubic | 750 cubic | 825        | 1 wood    |
+                      | yards     | feet      | cubic feet | and 1 iron|
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Performed by          | 570 cubic | 919 cubic | 1,161      | 1 wood and|
+ contractors          | yards     | feet      | cubic feet | 2 iron    |
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Excess                | 220 cubic | 169 cubic | 336        |           |
+                      | yards     | feet      | cubic feet |           |
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Contract Price        | 60 cents  | $1 per    | $1 per     |   $200    |
+                      | per cubic | cubic foot| cubic foot |           |
+                      | yard      |           |            |           |
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Maximum allowances    |    $210   |    $750   |      825   |    200    |
+  under contract      |           |           |            |           |
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Amount contractors    |     342   |     919   |    1,161   |    200    |
+  claim to have       |           |           |            |           |
+   earned             |           |           |            |           |
+                      |           |           |            |           |
+Excess of contractors'|     132   |     169   |      336   |           |
+  claim over amount   |           |           |            |           |
+  authorized          |           |           |            |           |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
+
+  From this it will be observed that, taking the rate of compensation
+  provided for in the contract as a basis, the contractors have
+  performed work in excess of that authorized to the amount of $638
+  [$637]. They are fully advised that there is no provision for the
+  payment of this excess. The requirements of the contract are, in my
+  opinion, fully met in the quality of material used and the work
+  performed.
+
+  The preservation of the ruin is incomplete. There are six places
+  where lintels have disappeared and not been replaced and a
+  corresponding number of cavities that should be filled. Deep seams
+  have been cut in the walls by the action of the elements, and unless
+  far greater provision is made for its protection the work already
+  done will be of small avail.
+
+  At many places where the debris came in contact with the wall
+  disintegration seems to have resulted. At a slight touch it
+  frequently crumbles. Owing to this fact two sections of the wall
+  fell during the progress of the work when the debris was
+  removed--one from the east wall, described above, and one from the
+  south wall near the west extremity. These breaches maybe observed as
+  shown in two of the six accompanying photographs [plates CXX, CXXI].
+  These photographs were taken ten days before the work was completed.
+  There being no professional photographer in that vicinity I was
+  compelled to take advantage of the kind offer of Mr H. H. Burrell,
+  an amateur photographer, who happened to be there at that time. Thus
+  the views I secured failed to show all the brickwork done. The
+  coating of mortar was not applied until after the date on which the
+  views were taken, in consequence of which the bare bricks are shown
+  in the views.
+
+  During the progress of work in removing the debris a number of
+  articles of interest to the ethnologist were found at various depths
+  and localities. They have been packed by the contractors and will be
+  sent to the National Museum.
+
+  The floors in the center, north, and east rooms were found to be
+  about 8 feet above the ground surface. The material was similar to
+  that of which the walls are composed. The west and south rooms
+  appeared to have had floors at one time on the same level, but the
+  surfaces had disintegrated, and there was a mass of loose earth,
+  which was removed to a depth of 6.9 feet below the floors of the
+  other three rooms, where another floor was found slightly less firm
+  than those.
+
+  Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, who has been designated by the
+  honorable the Secretary of the Interior as the custodian of the
+  ruin, rendered me valuable assistance in the performance of my
+  mission. He has manifested a zealous concern for the preservation of
+  the ruin and has given time and labor to that end. There is no
+  provision for his just compensation. I therefore recommend that if
+  any funds be found available after the payment of the amount due the
+  contractors the same be ordered paid to Mr Whittemore for his
+  services.
+
+      Very respectfully,
+          H. C. Rizer, _Chief Clerk_.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT
+
+
+CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORT RELATING TO THE CONDITION OF CASA GRANDE
+IN 1895, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING ITS FURTHER PROTECTION
+
+I. _Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian of Casa Grande, to
+the Secretary of the Interior, recommending an appropriation for further
+protecting the ruin_
+
+  Florence, Arizona,
+      _July 25, 1895_.
+  Honorable Hoke Smith,
+      _Secretary of the Interior_.
+
+  Dear Sir: It is with great hesitancy that I write to add to the
+  burdens of one so busy and burdened as I presume you to be. But it
+  is not for myself but for others that I write, and will try to be
+  laconic.
+
+  Can you embody in your next report to Congress an appeal for an
+  appropriation of $7,000 or $8,00[0] to roof the Casa Grande ruin, to
+  fence 40 acres, and make excavations of all the mounds in the
+  vicinity for the purpose of learning the history of the wonderful
+  people who once lived here and erected the buildings and built
+  canals?
+      *   *   *   *   *
+  Very sincerely, yours,
+      Isaac T. Whittemore,
+          _Custodian Casa Grande_.
+
+
+II. _Indorsement of the Mr Whittemore's by the Acting Secretary of the
+Interior_
+
+  Department of the Interior,
+      _August 7, 1895_.
+
+  Respectfully referred to the Director of Bureau of Ethnology for
+  consideration of so much of within letter as relates to the Casa
+  Grande ruin, and such recommendation as the facts may warrant, and
+  report.
+
+  Wm. H. Sims,
+      _Acting Secretary_.
+
+
+III. _Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology
+to the Secretary of the Interior suggesting an examination of Casa
+Grande with a view of its further protection_
+
+  Smithsonian Institution,
+      Bureau of American Ethnology,
+          _Washington, August 28, 1895_.
+
+  Sir: Your request of August 7 for a report concerning a
+  recommendation by Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, under date of July
+  25, that provision be made for further protecting Casa Grande ruin,
+  near Florence, Arizona, by the erection of a suitable roof, has been
+  under consideration.
+
+  In many respects Casa Grande ruin is one of the most noteworthy
+  relics of a prehistoric age and people remaining within the limits
+  of the United States. It was discovered, already in a ruinous
+  condition, by Padre Kino in 1694, and since that time it has been a
+  subject of record by explorers and historians. Thus its history is
+  exceptionally extended and complete. By reason of its early
+  discovery and its condition when first seen by white men, it is
+  known that Casa Grande is a strictly aboriginal structure; and
+  archeologic researches in this country and Mexico afford grounds for
+  considering it a typical structure for its times and for the natives
+  of the southwestern region. Many other structures were mentioned or
+  described by the Spanish explorers, but the impressions of these
+  explorers were tinctured by previous experience in an inhospitable
+  region, and their descriptions were tinged by the romantic ideas of
+  the age; very few of these structures were within the limits of the
+  United States, and nearly all of these situated in the neighboring
+  republic of Mexico disappeared long ago; there is hardly a structure
+  left, except Casa Grande ruin, by which the early accounts of
+  Spanish explorers in North America can be checked and
+  interpreted--none other of its class exists in the United States.
+  Casa Grande ruin is, therefore, a relic of exceptional importance
+  and of essentially unique character.
+
+  Unfortunately this structure, like others erected by the most
+  advanced among the native races in the southwest, is of perishable
+  material; it is built of adobe, or rather of cajon, i.e., of a
+  puddled clay, molded into walls, dried in the sun. Such walls would
+  stand a short time only in humid regions; but in the arid region the
+  material is desiccated and baked under cloudless sky and sun for
+  many months at a time, and becomes so hard as to resist, fairly, the
+  rare storms of the region. It is by reason of climatal conditions
+  that cajon and adobe have come into general use for building in
+  southwestern United States, as in contiguous parts of Mexico; and it
+  is by reason of the same conditions that a few of the ancient
+  structures remain, and the best preserved of all is found in the
+  Gila valley, one of the most desert regions on the western
+  hemisphere. Yet the best of the cajon structures is perishable; so
+  long as the roof remains and the summits of the walls are protected,
+  disintegration proceeds slowly; but when the projecting roof is
+  removed, the rare but violent storms attack the walls, and they are
+  gradually channeled and gullied by the storm waters, while the
+  exterior surface gradually disintegrates and falls away under the
+  alternate wetting and drying. Even in the most arid regions, the
+  earth-built structures typical of the southwest are surely, albeit
+  slowly, ravaged and destroyed.
+
+  Several years ago Casa Grande ruin was brought into general notice
+  throughout the United States in consequence of southwestern
+  explorations; and in 1889, in response to a petition from several
+  illustrious Americans, the Congress of the United States, at the
+  instance of Senator Hoar, of Massachusetts, made an appropriation of
+  $2,000 for the purpose of undertaking the preservation of this ruin.
+  This appropriation was expended in works urgently required to
+  prevent the falling of the walls and final destruction of the ruin;
+  they included metal stays for the walls, with brickwork for the
+  support and protection of the walls at their bases. Subsequently an
+  area of about 480 acres, including the ruin, was reserved from
+  settlement by Executive order. A custodian was also appointed, and,
+  as this office has been informed, has been continued down to the
+  present. This action on the part of the legislative and executive
+  branches of the Government can only be regarded as indicating a
+  desire and continued intention to preserve the ruin for the benefit
+  of the people of the United States.
+
+  The expenditures thus far authorized for the preservation of Casa
+  Grande ruin have been made in such manner as to meet the most urgent
+  needs only, and without them the structure would probably have been,
+  before this time, beyond the reach of preservation. The preservative
+  works were undertaken as emergency measures, rather than as steps in
+  carrying out a well-considered plan. From the outset it has been
+  understood by architects and archeologists and others familiar with
+  the structure that preservation can be insured only by throwing a
+  roof over the entire ruin in such manner as to protect the walls
+  from the fierce rainstorms which occasionally occur in the Gila
+  valley. No lesser work will preserve the ruin more than a generation
+  or two; and unless this work of roofing is contemplated and is
+  undertaken within a few years, the emergency work will be of little
+  avail and the money expended therein will be lost. Accordingly,
+  assuming a desire and continued intention on the part of the
+  Government to preserve this noteworthy relic, no hesitation is felt
+  in recommending that a suitable roof be placed over Casa Grande
+  ruin, at such time as may be expedient; and, in view of the rapidity
+  with which destruction is now in progress, there is no hesitation in
+  saying that the work should be undertaken at the earliest
+  practicable date.
+
+  It should be added that neither the Director nor any of the
+  collaborators in the Bureau of American Ethnology have visited Casa
+  Grande ruin for some three years, and accordingly that there are no
+  data in this office to indicate whether there is especially urgent
+  necessity for undertaking preservative work at this time; but much
+  confidence is placed in the judgment of the custodian, Reverend
+  Isaac T. Whittemore, who is known to several collaborators in the
+  Bureau.
+
+  The subject of the preservation of Casa Grande, in many respects the
+  most noteworthy ruin in the United States, is deemed important; and
+  if the Secretary of the Interior desires more specific information
+  concerning the present condition of the ruin, as a basis for further
+  action or judgment, it will be a pleasure to have an officer of this
+  Bureau make a special examination of, and report on, the ruin during
+  the autumn.
+
+  I have the honor to be, yours, with great respect,
+
+  W J McGee, _Acting Director_.
+      The Secretary of the Interior.
+
+
+IV. _Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior to the Director of
+the Bureau of American Ethnology, approving the suggestion that Casa
+Grande be visited with a view of determining the desirability of its
+further protection_
+
+  Department of the Interior,
+      _Washington, September 12, 1895_.
+          The Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology,
+              _Smithsonian Institution_.
+
+  Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of the 28th ultimo
+  submitting a report upon the recommendation made by the Reverend
+  Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian, that provision be made for further
+  protection of the Casa Grande ruin near Florence, Arizona, by the
+  erection of a suitable roof.
+
+  In response thereto I have to state that more specific information
+  concerning the present condition of the ruin and the probable cost
+  of providing proper protection for it is desirable in the
+  preparation of an estimate to be submitted to Congress with a view
+  of securing appropriation for the work. To this end the Department
+  gladly avails itself of your offer to send an officer of your
+  Bureau, at its expense, to make a special examination and report on
+  the ruin during the autumn of this year.
+
+  Very respectfully,
+      John M. Reynolds,
+          _Acting Secretary_.
+
+
+V. _Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the
+Secretary of the Interior regarding the examination of Casa Grande by
+Mr W J McGee_
+
+  Smithsonian Institution,
+      Bureau of American Ethnology,
+          _Washington, October 18, 1895_.
+
+  Sir: Pursuant to your request of September 12, 1895, Mr W J McGee,
+  ethnologist in charge in the Bureau of American Ethnology, will in a
+  few days repair to Florence, Arizona, for the purpose of examining
+  Casa Grande ruin and determining the desirability of further works
+  for its preservation. * * *
+
+  In accordance with terms of preceding correspondence, it is of
+  course understood that the cost of the work will be borne wholly by
+  this Bureau.
+
+  I have the honor to be, yours, with great respect,
+
+  J. W. Powell, _Director_.
+  The Secretary of the Interior,
+      _Washington, D.C_.
+
+
+VI. _Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the
+Secretary of the Interior on the examination of the condition of Casa
+Grande by Mr W J McGee, with a recommendation concerning its further
+protection_
+
+  Smithsonian Institution,
+      Bureau of American Ethnology,
+          _Washington, November 15, 1895_.
+
+  Sir: Pursuant to a proposal made in connection with a report from
+  this office relating to the ruins known as Casa Grande, near
+  Florence, Arizona, under date of August 28, 1895, and to the
+  acceptance of this proposal in a communication from the Department
+  of the Interior under date of September 12, 1895, Mr W J McGee,
+  ethnologist in charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, has
+  within a few days made an examination of Casa Grande ruin with the
+  view of determining the need for further protection of the ruin by a
+  roof or otherwise.
+
+  There are in this office two series of photographs representing the
+  ruin. The first series was taken in 1892 before the protective works
+  authorized by the Congress were commenced; the second series
+  represents the work in progress. In the recent examination the
+  present condition of the ruin was carefully compared with the
+  condition represented in the photographs.
+
+  On comparing the profiles of the walls, it was found that in many
+  cases the irregular upper surfaces retain the exact configuration of
+  1892, even to the slightest knobs and rain-formed crevices; the
+  correspondence being so close as to show that the injury and loss by
+  weathering during the interim has been imperceptible. In some other
+  cases, notably along the southern and eastern walls, the profiles
+  are more extensively modified; some of the points and knobs shown in
+  the photographs are gone, some of the old crevices are widened and
+  deepened, and some new crevices appear; and in some parts it can be
+  seen that walls are lowered several inches. On the whole the
+  modification of the profiles of the walls is limited, yet such as to
+  indicate that destruction is proceeding at a not inconsiderable
+  rate.
+
+  On comparing the scars and crevices on the sides of the walls, it
+  was found that, while many remain essentially unchanged, most are
+  enlarged and deepened. This is particularly noteworthy on the
+  eastern and southern walls, which are most beaten by wind-driven
+  rains, and which are also most modified in profile. It would appear
+  that destruction is proceeding more rapidly along the sides of the
+  walls than along the crests.
+
+  On examining the walls with respect to apparent solidity and
+  stability, it was found that nearly all are in fair or good
+  condition. The only portion that would seem in special danger is the
+  central section of the southern exterior wall. This section seems
+  insecure, and might at any time be overthrown by a heavy wind
+  following a rain storm. This section was not, unfortunately, braced
+  or tied to the stronger interior wall when the protective works were
+  carried out in 1892.
+
+  On examining the structure to ascertain the effect of the protective
+  works of 1892 in staying the destructive processes, particularly the
+  undermining of the walls by spattering rain and drifting sand, it
+  was found that in most cases the results have been excellent. On the
+  inner side of the middle section of the southern exterior wall
+  sapping is in progress at the ground level, and also along the rows
+  of joist openings for the first and second stories, and in a few
+  other places the protection seems inadequate; but in general the
+  anticipations of the projectors of the protective works seem to have
+  been realized.
+
+  The most serious of the destructive processes was sapping, and this
+  process has been nearly checked by the protective works. The second
+  was the desurfacing and subsequent eating away of the walls by
+  beating rains and frost, and this is still in progress at a moderate
+  rate. The least serious process was the wearing away of the crests
+  of the walls by rain and winds, and this is still going on at a
+  perceptible rate. It is impossible to determine, and difficult even
+  to approximate, the rate of destruction quantitatively, especially
+  so since it goes on cumulatively, with constantly increasing
+  rapidity, as the cemented surfaces are destroyed and the crevices
+  widen and deepen; but judging from the history of the ruin, and from
+  the rate of destruction indicated by comparing the photographs of
+  1892 with the present aspect, it would seem safe to conclude that,
+  if protected completely from vandalism, the ruin will be
+  comparatively little injured during the next five years, and will
+  stand perhaps half a century, without further protective works,
+  before moldering into dust.
+
+  In view of the slow yet ever increasing rate of destruction of the
+  ruin, and of its great interest as a tangible record of the
+  prehistoric inhabitants of this country, no hesitation is felt in
+  recommending that the structure be further protected, and
+  practically perpetuated, by a suitable roof, so designed as to
+  shield the walls from rain and sun and at the same time permit an
+  unobstructed view of the ruin from any direction.
+      *   *   *   *   *
+  I have the honor to be, sir, yours, with great respect,
+
+  J. W. Powell, _Director_.
+  Secretary of the Interior.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Adobe construction, what constitutes                                 323
+
+Burrell, H. H., Casa Grande photographed by                          343
+
+Clauton, M. E., bid of, for repair of Casa Grande                    339
+Colton, A. T., on Casa Grande reserve                                340
+Contract for repairing Casa Grande                               333-335
+
+Doran, A. J., affidavit of                                           335
+  contract with, for Casa Grande repair                              334
+
+Eaman, C. B., witness to Casa Grande contract                        334
+
+Garlick, C. A., cooperation of, in repair of Casa Grande             327
+
+Henry, C. D., bids of, for repair of Casa Grande                 338-339
+Hoar, G.F., interest of, in Casa Grande                              346
+Hunt, Jeff, witness to Casa Grande contract                          334
+
+Kebbey, F. C., witness to Casa Grande contract                  334, 335
+Kebbey, J. H., affidavit of                                          335
+Kino, Eusebius, Casa Grande visited by                          323, 345
+
+McGee, W. J.
+  directed to examine Casa Grande                                    347
+  examination of Casa Grande by                                      329
+  examination of Casa Grande recommended by                      344-347
+  report on Casa Grande by                                       348-349
+Mindeleff, V., report by, on Casa Grande                             327
+Morrison, A. L., report by, on Casa Grande                       326-327
+
+Specimens found at Casa Grande                                   330-332
+Stouffer, T. L., bid of, for Casa Grande repair                 328, 338
+  contract with, for Casa Grande repair                              334
+
+White, F. E., bid of, on Casa Grande repair                     328, 338
+  contract with, for Casa Grande repair                              334
+Whittemore, I. T., appointed custodian of Casa Grande,               329
+  compensation of, recommended,                                      318
+  cooperation of, in repair of Casa Grande,                          327
+  judgment of, regarding Casa Grande,                                316
+  on further protection of Casa Grande,                              341
+Williams, A. G., affidavit of,                                       335
+  contract with, for Casa Grande repair,                             334
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Errors and Anomalies:
+
+W J McGee
+  _except in the Index, this name is consistently printed without
+  periods (W. J.)_
+
+Plate CXVII shows the extent of this area, and six sections are shown in
+plates CXVIII and CXIX
+  _text reads_ Plate VI ... VII and VIII (_as if numbering from I within
+  article_)
+
+Very sincerely, yours,
+  _comma in original_
+
+Indorsement of the Mr Whittemore's by the Acting Secretary
+  _wording as in original_ ]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin,
+Arizona, in 1891, by Cosmos Mindeleff
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