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diff --git a/17450-h/17450-h.htm b/17450-h/17450-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d73261 --- /dev/null +++ b/17450-h/17450-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8860 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia</title> +<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> +<style type="text/css"> + +body { margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + text-align: justify; } + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {color:green; text-align:center} + +blockquote {font-size: .9em} + +p.noindent {text-indent: 0% } + +p.center {text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +div.fig { display:block; + margin:0 auto; + text-align:center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em;} + +p.caption {font-weight: bold; + text-align: center; } + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + +</style> +</head> +<body> + +<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606-1765, by J. E. Heeres</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606-1765</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: J. E. Heeres</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 3, 2006 [eBook #17450]<br /> +[Most recently updated: October 15, 2021]</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Colin Choat</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERY OF AUSTRALIA ***</div> + +<h4>* Refer to the <a href="#reynders">note</a> at the end of +this ebook for an explanation, by Peter Reynders, of usage regarding 17th Century +Dutch Surnames.</h4> + +<hr /> + +<div class="fig" style="width:55%;"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" style="width:100%;" alt="[Illustration]" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<h1>THE PART BORNE BY THE DUTCH IN THE DISCOVERY OF AUSTRALIA 1606-1765.</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>J. E. HEERES, LL. D.</h2> + +<h4>PROFESSOR AT THE DUTCH COLONIAL INSTITUTE DELFT</h4> + +<hr /> +<h3>PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL DUTCH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY IN +COMMEMORATION OF THE XXVth ANNIVERSARY OF ITS FOUNDATION</h3> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-19"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-19.jpg" width="600" height="341" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">(No. 19. Little map of the world from the Journal of the Nassau fleet, 1626)</p> +</div> + +<h4>LONDON<br /> +LUZAC & CO, 46 GREAT RUSSELL STREET W. C.<br /> +1899</h4> + +<hr /> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<p><a href="#books">List of books, discussed or referred to in +the work</a></p> + +<p><a href="#maps">List of Maps and Figures</a></p> + +<p><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></p> + +<p><a href="#documents">DOCUMENTS:</a><br /> +<a href="#doc-01">I.</a> Dutch notions respecting the Southland +in 1595<br /> +<a href="#doc-02">II.</a> Notices of the south-coast of New +Guinea in 1602<br /> +<a href="#doc-03">III.</a> Voyage of the ship Duifken under +command of Willem Jansz(oon) and Jan Lodewijkszoon Rosingeyn to +New Guinea.--Discovery of the east-coast of the present Gulf of +Carpentaria (1605-1606)<br /> +<a href="#doc-04">IV.</a> Fresh expedition to New Guinea by the +ship Duifken (1607)<br /> +<a href="#doc-05">V.</a> Voyage of the ships Eendracht and Hoorn, +commanded by Jacques Le Maire and Willem Corneliszoon Schouten +through the Pacific Ocean and along the north-coast of New Guinea +(1616)<br /> +<a href="#doc-06">VI.</a> Project for the further discovery of +the Southland--Nova Guinea (1616)<br /> +<a href="#doc-07">VII.</a> Voyage of de Eendracht under command +of Dirk Hartogs(zoon). Discovery of the West-coast of Australia +in 1616: Dirk Hartogs-island and -road, Land of the Eendracht or +Eendrachtsland (1616)<br /> +<a href="#doc-08">VIII.</a> Voyage of the ship Zeewolf, from the +Netherlands to India, under the command of supercargo Pieter +Dirkszoon and skipper Haevik Claeszoon van Hillegom.--Further +discovery of the West-coast of Australia (1618)<br /> +<a href="#doc-09">IX.</a> Voyage of the ship Mauritius from the +Netherlands to India under the command of supercargo Willem +Jansz. or Janszoon and skipper Lenaert Jacobsz(oon). Further +discovery of the West-coast of Australia.--Willems-rivier +(1618)<br /> +<a href="#doc-10">X.</a> Further discovery of the South-coast of +New-Guinea by the ship Het Wapen van Amsterdam? (1619?)<br /> +<a href="#doc-11">XI.</a> Voyage of the ships Dordrecht and +Amsterdam under commander Frederik De Houtman, supercargo Jacob +Dedel, and skipper Reyer Janszoon van Buiksloot and Maarten +Corneliszoon(?) from the Netherlands to the East-Indies.--Further +discovery of the West-coast of Australia: Dedelsland and +Houtman's Abrolhos (1619)<br /> +<a href="#doc-12">XII.</a> Voyage of the ship Leeuwin from the +Netherlands to Java.--Discovery of the South-West coast of +Australia.--Leeuwin's land (1622)<br /> +<a href="#doc-13">XIII.</a> The Triall. (English discovery)--The +ship Wapen van Hoorn touches at the West-coast of Australia.--New +projects for discovery made by the supreme government at Batavia +(1622)<br /> +<a href="#doc-14">XIV.</a> Voyage of the ships Pera and Arnhem, +under command of Jan Carstenszoon or Carstensz., Dirk Meliszoon +and Willem Joosten van Colster or Van Coolsteerdt.--Further +discovery of the South-West coast of New Guinea. Discovery of the +Gulf of Carpentaria (1623)<br /> +<a href="#doc-15">XV.</a> Voyage of the ship Leiden, commanded by +skipper Klaas Hermansz(oon) from the Netherlands to +Java.--Further discovery of the West-coast of Australia +(1623)<br /> +<a href="#doc-16">XVI.</a> Discovery of the Tortelduif island +(rock) (1624?)<br /> +<a href="#doc-17">XVII.</a> Voyage of the ship Leijden, commanded +by skipper Daniel Janssen Cock, from the Netherlands to Java. +Further discovery of the West-coast of Australia (1626)<br /> +<a href="#doc-18">XVIII.</a> Discovery of the South-West coast of +Australia by the ship Het Gulden Zeepaard, commanded by Pieter +Nuijts, member of the Council of India, and by skipper Francois +Thijssen or Thijszoon (1627)<br /> +<a href="#doc-19">XIX.</a> Voyage of the ships Galias, Utrecht +and Texel, commanded by Governor-General Jan Pieterszoon +Coen.--Further discovery of the West-coast of Australia +(1627)<br /> +<a href="#doc-20">XX.</a> Voyage of the ship Het Wapen van Hoorn, +commanded by supercargo J. Van Roosenbergh.--Further discovery of +the West-coast of Australia (1627)<br /> +<a href="#doc-21">XXI.</a> Discovery of the North-West coast of +Australia by the ship Vianen (Viane, Viana), commanded by Gerrit +Frederikszoon De Witt.--De Witt's land (1628)<br /> +<a href="#doc-22">XXII.</a> Discovery of Jacob Remessens-, +Remens-, or Rommer-river, south of Willems-river (before +1629)<br /> +<a href="#doc-23">XXIII.</a> Shipwreck of the ship Batavia under +commander Francois Pelsaert on Houtmans Abrolhos. Further +discovery of the West-coast of Australia (1629)<br /> +<a href="#doc-24">XXIV.</a> Further surveyings of the West-coast +of Australia by the ship Amsterdam under commander Wollebrand +Geleynszoon De Jongh and skipper Pieter Dircksz, on her voyage +from the Netherlands to the East Indies (1635)<br /> +<a href="#doc-25">XXV.</a> New discoveries on the North-coast of +Australia, by the ships Klein-Amsterdam and Wesel, commanded by +(Gerrit Thomaszoon Pool and) Pieter Pieterszoon (1636)<br /> +<a href="#doc-26">XXVI.</a> Discovery of Tasmania (Van +Diemensland), New Zealand (Statenland), islands of the Tonga- and +Fiji-groups, etc. by the ships Heemskerk and de Zeehaen, under +the command of Abel Janszoon Tasman, Frans Jacobszoon Visscher, +Yde Tjerkszoon Holman or Holleman and Gerrit Jansz(oon) +(1642-1643)<br /> +<a href="#doc-27">XXVII.</a> Further discovery of the Gulf of +Carpentaria, the North and North-West coasts of Australia by the +Ships Limmen, Zeemeeuw and de Bracq, under the command of Tasman, +Visscher, Dirk Corneliszoon Haen and Jasper Janszoon Koos +(1644)<br /> +<a href="#doc-28">XXVIII.</a> Exploratory voyage to the +West-coast of Australia round by the south of Java, by the ship +Leeuwerik, commanded by Jan Janszoon Zeeuw (1648)<br /> +<a href="#doc-29">XXIX.</a> Shipwreck of the Gulden or Vergulden +Draak on the West-coast of Australia, 1656.--Attempts to rescue +the survivors, 1656-1658.--Further surveyings of the West-coast +by the ship de Wakende Boei, commanded by Samuel Volckerts(zoon), +and by the ship Emeloord, commanded by Aucke Pieterszoon Jonck, +(1658)<br /> +<a href="#doc-30">XXX.</a> The ship Elburg, commanded by Jacob +Pieterszoon Peereboom, touches at the South-West coast of +Australia and at cape Leeuwin, on her voyage from the Netherlands +to Batavia (1658)<br /> +<a href="#doc-31">XXXI.</a> Further discovery of the +North-West-coast of Australia by the ship de Vliegende Zwaan, +commanded by Jan Van der Wall, on her voyage from Ternate to +Batavia in February 1678<br /> +<a href="#doc-32">XXXII.</a> Further discovery of the West-coast +of Australia by the ship Geelvink, under the skipper-commander of +the expedition, Willem De Vlamingh, the ship Nijptang, under +Gerrit Collaert, and the ship het Wezeltje, commanded by Cornelis +De Vlamingh (1696-1697)<br /> +<a href="#doc-33">XXXIII.</a> Further discovery of the +North-coast of Australia by the ships Vossenbosch, commanded by +Maarten Van Delft, de Waijer under Andries Rooseboom, of Hamburg, +and Nieuw-Holland or Nova-Hollandia, commanded by Pieter +Hendrikszoon, of Hamburg (1705)<br /> +<a href="#doc-34">XXXIV.</a> Exploratory voyage by order of the +West-India Company "to the unknown part of the world, situated in +the South Sea to westward of America", by the ships Arend and the +African Galley, commanded by Mr. Jacob Roggeveen, Jan Koster, +Cornelis Bouman and Roelof Roosendaal (1721-1722)<br /> +<a href="#doc-35">XXXV.</a> The ship Zeewijk, commanded by Jan +Steijns, lost on the Tortelduif rock (1727)<br /> +<a href="#doc-36">XXXVI.</a> Exploratory voyage of the ships +Rijder and Buis, commanded by lieutenant Jan Etienne Gonzal and +first mate Lavienne Lodewijk Van Asschens, to the Gulf of +Carpentaria (1756)</p> + +<p><a href="#index">INDICES.</a> (Persons, Ships, Localities)</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="maps"></a>LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES.</h3> + +<p><a href="#maps-01">No. 1</a> Gedeelte der (Part of the) +<i>Orbis terrae compendiosa describtio</i><br /> +<a href="#maps-02">No. 2</a> Gedeelte der (Part of the) <i>Exacta +& accurata delineatio cum orarum maritimarum tum etjam +locorum terrestrium, quae in regjonibus China...una cum +omnium vicinarum insularum descriptjone ut sunt Sumatra, Java +utraque</i><br /> +<a href="#maps-03">No. 3</a> Zuidoostelijk gedeelte der Kaart +(South-eastern part of the Map) <i>Indiae Orientalis Nova +descriptio</i><br /> +<a href="#maps-04">No. 4</a> Caert van (Chart of) 't Land van +d'Eendracht Ao 1627 door HESSEL GERRITSZ<br /> +<a href="#maps-05">No. 5</a> Uitslaande Kaart van het Zuidland +door HESSEL GERRITSZ (Folding chart of the Southland).<br /> +<a href="#maps-06">No. 6</a> Kaart van het Zuidland van (Alap of +the Southland by) JOANNES KEPPLER en PHILIPPUS ECKEBRECHT, +1630<br /> +<a href="#maps-07">No. 7</a> Kaart van den opperstuurman AREND +MARTENSZ. DE LEEUW, der Zuidwestkust van Nieuw Guinea en der +Oostkust van de Golf van Carpentaria (Chart, made by the upper +steersman Arend Martensz. De Leeuw, of the Southwest coast of +New-Guinea and the East-coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria)<br /> +<a href="#maps-08">No. 8</a> Kaart van (Chart of) Eendrachtsland, +1658<br /> +<a href="#maps-09">No. 9</a> Kaart van (Chart of) Eendrachtsland, +1658<br /> +<a href="#maps-10">No. 10</a> Kaart van (Chart of) +Eendrachtsland, 1658<br /> +<a href="#maps-11">No. 11</a> Kaart van de Noordzijde van 't +Zuidland (Chart of the North side of the Southland), 1678<br /> +<a href="#maps-12">No. 12</a> Opschrift op den schotel, door +Willem De Vlamingh op het Zuidland achtergelaten (Inscription on +the dish, left by Willem De Vlamingh at the Southland), 1697.<br /> +<a href="#maps-13">No. 13</a> Kaart van het Zuidland, bezeild +door Willem De Vlamingh, in 1696-1697 door ISAAC DE GRAAFF (Chart +of the South-land, made and surveyed by Willem De Vlamingh in +1696-1697)<br /> +<a href="#maps-14">No. 14</a> Uitslaande kaart van den Maleischen +Archipel, de Noord- en West-kusten van Australië door ISAAC +DE GRAAFF (Folding chart of the Malay Archipelago, the North- and +West-coast of Australia) 1690-1714<br /> +<a href="#maps-15">No. 15</a> Kaart van (Chart of) Hollandia +Nova, nader ontdekt anno 1705 door (more exactly discovered by) +de Vossenbosch, de Waijer en de Nova Hollandia<br /> +<a href="#maps-16">No. 16-17</a> Kaarten betreffende de +schipbreuk der Zeewijk (Charts, concerning the shipwreck of the +Zeewijk) 1727.<br /> +<a href="#maps-18">No. 18</a> Typus orbis terrarum uit GERARDI +MERCATORIS Atlas...De Novo...emendatus...studio JUDOCI HONDIJ, +1632.<br /> +<a href="#maps-19">No. 19</a> Wereldkaartje uit het Journaal van +de Nassausche Vloot (Little map of the world from the Journal of +the Nassau fleet), 1626</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="books"></a>LIST OF BOOKS DISCUSSED OR REFERRED TO IN +THE WORK.</h3> + +<ul> +<li>Aa (PIETER VAN DER), Nauwkeurige Versameling der +gedenkwaardigste Zee- en Landreysen na Oost- en West-Indiën, +Mitsgaders andere Gewesten (Leiden, 1707).</li> + +<li>S. d. B. Historie der Sevarambes...Twede druk. t'Amsterdam, +By Willem de Coup (enz.). 1701. Het begin ende voortgangh der +Vereenighde Nederlantsche Geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische Compagnie +(II). Gedruckt in 1646.</li> + +<li>BURNEY, Chronological history of the voyages and discoveries +in the South Sea, Deel III (London, Luke Hansard, 1813).</li> + +<li>Bandragen tot de taal- land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch +Indië, nieuwe volgreeks, I (1856).</li> + +<li>A F. CALVERT, The Discovery of Australia. (London, Liverpool, +1893).</li> + +<li>G. COLLINGRIDGE, The discovery of Australia. (Sydney, Hayes, +1895).</li> + +<li>Remarkable Maps of the XVth, XVIth & XVIIth centuries. +II. III. The geography of Australia. Edited by C. H. COOTE +(Amsterdam, Frederik Muller, 1895).</li> + +<li>L. C. D. VAN DIJK. Mededeelingen uit het Oost-Indisch +Archief. No. 1. Twee togten naar de Golf van Carpentaria. +(Amsterdam, Scheltema, 1859).</li> + +<li>LOUIS DE FREYCINET, Voyage autour du monde, entrepris par +ordre du roi, executé sur les corvettes de S. M. l'Uranie +et la Physicienne, pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819, +1820.--Historique. (Paris, Pillet ainé, 1825).</li> + +<li>J. F. GERHARD. Het leven van Mr. N. Cz. Witsen. I (Utrecht, +Leeflang, 1881).</li> + +<li>J. E. HEERES, Bouwstoffen voor de geschiedenis der +Nederlanders in den Maleischen Archipel, III. ('s Gravenhage, +Nijhoff, 1895).</li> + +<li>J. E. HEERES. Dagh-Register gehouden int Casteel Batavia Anno +1624-1629. Uitgegeven onder toezicht van...('s Gravenhage, +Nijhoff, 1896).</li> + +<li>Abel Janszoon Tasman's journal of his discovery of Van +Diemens land and New Zealand in 1642...to which are added Life +and Labours of Abel Janszoon Tasman by J. E. HEFRES...(Amsterdam, +Frederik Muller, 1898).</li> + +<li>Iovrnael vande Nassausche Uloot...Onder 't beleyd vanden +Admirael JAQUES L'HEREMITE, ende Vice-Admirael Geen Huygen +Schapenham, 1623-1626. T'Amstelredam, By Hessel Gerritsz ende +Jacob Pietersz Wachter. 't Jaer 1626.</li> + +<li>J. K. J. DE JONGE De opkomst van het Nederlandsch gezag in +Oost-Indië, 1. ('s-Gravenhage, Amsterdam, MDCCCLXIV); IV. +(MDCCCLXIX.)</li> + +<li>P. A. LEUPE. De Reizen der Nederlanders naar het Zuidland of +Nieuw-Holland, in de 17e en 18e eeuw. (Amsterdam, Hulst van +Keulen, 1868).</li> + +<li>LINSCHOTEN (JAN, HUYGEN VAN). Itinerario, Voyage ofte +Schipvaert naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indiën...'t Amstelredam +by Cornelis Claesz. op 't VVater, in 't Schriff-boeck, by de Oude +Brugghe. Anno CICICXCVI.</li> + +<li>R. H. MAJOR. Early voyages to Terra Australis, now called +Australia (London, Hackluyt Society, MDCCCLIX).</li> + +<li>GERARDI MERCATORIS atlas sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de +Fabrica mundi et fabricati figura. De novo multis in locis +emendatus novisque tabulis auctus Studio IUDOCI HONDIJ. +Amsterodami. Sumptibus Johannis Cloppenburgij. Anno 1632.</li> + +<li>A. E. NORDENSKIÖLD. Facsimile-Atlas to the early history +of cartography. (Stockholm, MDCCCLXXXIX).</li> + +<li>A. E. NORDENSKIÖLD. Periplus.--Translated from the +Swedish original by F. A. Bather. (Stockholm, +MDCCCLXXXXVII).</li> + +<li>PURCHAS his Pilgrimes Contayning a History of the World in +Sea voyages, and lande-Travells by Englishmen and others +(HACKLUYTUS POSTHUMUS).</li> + +<li>A. RAINAUD. Le Continent Austral. (Paris, Colin, 1893).</li> + +<li>Dagverhaal der ontdekkings-reis van Mr. JACOB ROGGEVEEN...in +de jaren 1721 en 1722. Uitgegeven door het Zeeuwsch Genootschap +der Wetenschappen.--Te Middelburg, bij de gebroeders Abrahams. +1838.</li> + +<li>TIELE (P. A.) Mémoire bibliographique sur les journaux +des navigateurs Néerlandais. (Amsterdam, Frederik Muller, +1867).</li> + +<li>TIELE (P. A.), Nederlandsche bibliographic van land- en +volkenkunde. (Amsterdam, Frederik Muller, 1884).</li> + +<li>N. CZ. WITSEN. Noord- en Oost Tartarije. (1692, enz.)</li> + +<li>C. WYTFLIET. Descriptionis Ptolemaicae augmentum. +(1597).</li> +</ul> + +<hr /> +<hr /> +<h2><a name="intro"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + +<p>{Page i}</p> + +<h3>I.</h3> + +<h4>OCCASION AND OBJECT OF THE PRESENT WORK.</h4> + +<p>In writing my biography of Tasman, forming part of Messrs. +Frederik Muller and Co.'s edition of the Journal of Tasman's +celebrated voyage of discovery of 1642-1643, I was time and +again struck by the fact that the part borne by the Netherlanders +in the discovery of the continent of Australia is very +insufficiently known to the Dutch themselves, and altogether +misunderstood or even ignored abroad. Not only those who with +hypercritical eyes scrutinise, and with more or less scepticism +as to its value, analyse whatever evidence on this point is +submitted to them, but those others also who feel a profound and +sympathetic interest in the historical study of the remarkable +voyages which the Netherlanders undertook to the South-land, are +almost invariably quite insufficiently informed concerning them. +This fact is constantly brought home to the student who consults +the more recent works published on the subject, and who fondly +hopes to get light from such authors as CALVERT, COLLINGRIDGE, +NORDENSKIOLD, RAINAUD and others. Such at least has time after +time been my own case. Is it wonderful, therefore, that, while I +was engaged in writing Tasman's life, the idea occurred to me of +republishing the documents relating to this subject, preserved in +the State Archives at the Hague--the repository of the archives +of the famous General Dutch Chartered East-India Company +extending over two centuries (1602-1800)--and in various other +places? I was naturally led to lay before Messrs. Frederik Muller +and Co. the question, whether they would eventually undertake +such a publication, and I need hardly add that these gentlemen, +to whom the historical study of Dutch discovery has repeatedly +been so largely indebted, evinced great interest in the plan I +submitted to them.[*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See my Life of Tasman, p. 103, note +10.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Meanwhile the Managing Board of the Royal Geographical Society +of the Nether lands had resolved to publish a memorial volume on +the occasion of the Society's twenty-fifth anniversary. Among the +plans discussed by the Board was the idea of having the documents +just referred to published at the expense of the Society. The +name of jubilee publication could with complete justice be +bestowed on a work having for its object once more to throw the +most decided and fullest possible light on achievements of our +forefathers in the 17th and 18th century, in a form that would +appeal to foreigners no less than to native readers. An act of +homage to our ancestors, therefore, a modest one certainly, but +one inspired by the same feeling which in 1892 led Italy and the +Iberian Peninsula to celebrate the memory of the discoverer of +America, and in 1898 prompted the Portuguese to do homage to the +navigator who first showed the world the sea-route to India.</p> + +<p>{Page ii}</p> + +<p>How imperfect and fragmentary even in our days is the +information generally available concerning the part borne by the +Netherlanders in the discovery of the fifth part of the world, +may especially be seen from the works of foreigners. This, I +think, must in the first place, though not, indeed, exclusively, +be accounted for by the rarity of a working acquaintance with the +Dutch tongue among foreign students. On this account the +publication of the documents referred to would very imperfectly +attain the object in view, unless accompanied by a careful +translation of these pieces of evidence into one of the leading +languages of Europe; and it stands to reason that in the case of +the discovery of Australia the English language would naturally +suggest itself as the most fitting medium of information[*]. So +much to account for the bilingual character of the jubilee +publication now offered to the reader.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The English translation is the work of Mr. C. +Stoffel, of Nijmegen.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Closely connected with this consideration is another +circumstance which has influenced the mode of treatment followed +in the preparation of this work. The defective acquaintance with +the Dutch language of those who have made the history of the +discovery of Australia the object of serious study, or even, in +the case of some of them, their total ignorance of it, certainly +appears to me one, nay even the most momentous of the causes of +the incomplete knowledge of the subject we are discussing; but it +cannot possibly be considered the only cause, if we remember that +part of the documentary evidence proving the share of the +Netherlanders in the discovery of Australia has already been +given to the world through the medium of a leading European +tongue.</p> + +<p>In 1859 R. H. MAJOR brought out his well-known book <i>Early +Voyages to Terra Australis, now called Australia</i>, containing +translations of some of the archival pieces and of other +documents pertaining to the subject. And though, from P. A. +LEUPE'S work, entitled <i>De Reizen der Nederlanders naar het +Juidland of Nzeuw-Holland in de 17th en 18th eeuw</i>, published +in 1868, and from a book by L. C. D. Van Dijk, brought out in the +same year in which MAJOR'S work appeared, and entitled <i>Twee +togten naar de golf van Carpentaria</i>; though, I say, from +these two books it became evident that MAJOR'S work was far from +complete, still it cannot be denied that he had given a great +deal, and what he had given, had in the English translation been +made accessible also to those to whom Dutch was an unknown +tongue. This circumstance could not but make itself felt in my +treatment of the subject, since it was quite needless to print +once more in their entirety various documents discussed by MAJOR. +There was the less need for such republication in cases which +would admit of the results of Dutch exploratory voyages being +exhibited in the simplest and most effective way by the +reproduction of charts made in the course of such voyages +themselves: these charts sometimes speak more clearly to the +reader than the circumstantial journals which usually, though not +always, are of interest for our purpose only by specifying the +route followed, the longitudes and latitudes taken, and the +points touched at by the voyagers. These considerations have in +some cases led me only to mention certain documents, without +printing them in full, and the circumstance that my Tasman +publication has been brought out in English, will sufficiently +account for the absence from this work of the journal of Tasman's +famous expedition of 1642/3.[*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* I would have the present work considered as +forming one whole with my Tasman publication and with the +fascicule of <i>Remarkable Maps</i>, prepared by me, containing +the Nolpe-Dozy chart of 1652-3 (Cf. my Life of Tasman, pp. 75 f). +Together they furnish all the most important pieces of evidence +discovered up to now, for the share which the Netherlanders have +had in the discovery of Australia.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page iii}</p> + +<p>The documents, here either republished or printed for the +first time, are all of them preserved in the State Archives at +the Hague[*], unless otherwise indicated. They have been arranged +under the heads of the consecutive expeditions, which in their +turn figure in chronological order. This seemed to me the best +way to enable readers to obtain a clear view of the results of +the exploratory voyages made along the coasts of Australia by the +Netherlanders of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* My best thanks are due to Jhr. Th. Van Riemsdijk, +LL. D., Principal Keeper, and to Dr. T. H. Colenbrander, +Assistant-Keeper, of the State Archives of the +Hague.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>For this and this only, was the object I had in view in +selecting the materials for the present work: once more, as +completely and convincingly as I could, to set forth the part +borne by the Netherlanders in the discovery of the fifth part of +the world. I have not been actuated by any desire to belittle the +achievements of other nations in this field of human activity. +The memorial volume here presented to the reader aims at nothing +beyond once more laying before fellow-countrymen and foreigners +the <i>documentary evidence</i> of Dutch achievement in this +field; perhaps I may add the wish that it may induce other +nations to follow the example here given as regards hitherto +unpublished documents of similar nature. Still, it would be idle +to deny that it was with a feeling of national pride that in the +course of this investigation I was once more strengthened in the +conviction that even at this day no one can justly gainsay +MAJOR'S assertion on p. LXXX of his book, that <b>"the first +authenticated discovery of any part of the great Southland" was +made in 1606 by a Dutch schip</b> the Duifken. All that is +asserted regarding a so-called previous discovery of Australia +has no foundation beyond mere surmise and conjecture. Before the +voyage of the ship Duifken all is an absolute blank.</p> + +<h3>II.</h3> + +<h4>CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE DUTCH DISCOVERIES ON THE MAINLAND +COAST OF AUSTRALIA.</h4> + +<p>If one would distribute over chronological periods the voyages +of discovery, both accidental and of set purpose, made by the +Netherlanders on the mainland coast of Australia, it might be +desirable so to adjust these periods, that each of them was +closed by the appearance in this field of discovery and +exploration, of ships belonging to other European nations.</p> + +<p>The first period, extending from 1595 to 1606, would in that +case open with the years 1595-6, when JAN HUYGEN VAN LINSCHOTEN, +in his highly remarkable book entitled <i>Itinerario</i>, +imparted to his countrymen what he knew about the Far East; and +it would conclude with the discovery of Torres Strait by the +Spaniards in 1606, a few months after Willem Jansz. in the ship +Duifken had discovered the east-coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria, +the latter discovery forming the main interest of this +period.</p> + +<p>The second period may be made to extend from 1606 to 1622, +i.e. from the appearance of the Spaniards on the extreme +north-coast of the fifth part of the world, to the year in which +the English ship Trial was dashed to pieces on a rock to westward +of the west-coast of Australia; the discovery of this west-coast +by the Dutch in and after 1616, and of the south-western +extremity of the continent in 1622, constituting the main facts +of the period.</p> + +<p>{Page iv}</p> + +<p>We next come to the palmiest period of Dutch activity in the +discovery of Australia (1622-1688), terminating with the first +exploratory voyage of importance undertaken by the English, when +in 1688 William Dampier touched at the north-west coast of +Australia. This period embraces the very famous, at all events +remarkable, voyages of Jan Carstensz (1623), of Pool and +Pieterszoon (1636), of Tasman (1642-1644), of Van der Wall +(1678), etc.</p> + +<p>The last period with which we wish to deal, lies between +Dampier's arrival and Cook's first visit to these regions +(1688-1769), and is of secondary importance so far as Dutch +discoveries are concerned. We may just mention Willem de +Vlamingh's voyage of 1696-1697, and Maerten van Delft's of 1705; +Gonzal's expedition (1756) is not quite without significance, but +the results obtained in these voyages will not bear comparison +with those achieved by the expeditions of the preceding period. +Besides this, the English navigator Dampier and afterwards +Captain Cook now began to inscribe their names on the rolls of +history, and those names quite legitimately outshine those of the +Dutch navigators of <i>the eighteenth century</i>. The palmy days +of Dutch discovery fell in <i>the seventeenth century</i>.</p> + +<p>In some such fashion the history of the Dutch wanderings and +explorations on the coasts of Australia might be divided into +chronological periods. The desire of being clear has, however, +led me to adopt another mode of treatment in this Introduction: I +shall one after another discuss the different coast-regions +discovered and touched at by the Netherlanders.</p> + +<h3>III.</h3> + +<h4>THE NETHERLANDERS IN THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA[*]</h4> + +<blockquote><p>[* As regards the period extending from 1595-1644, +see also my Life of Tasman, Ch. XII, pp. 88ff.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>We may safely say that the information concerning the Far East +at the disposal of those Dutchmen who set sail for India in 1595, +was exclusively based on what their countryman JAN HUYGEN VAN +LINSCHOTEN, had told them in his famous <i>Itinerario</i>. And as +regards the present Australia this information amounted to little +or nothing.</p> + +<p> +Unacquainted as he was with the fact that the south-coast of Java +had already been circumnavigated by European navigators, VAN +LINSCHOTEN did not venture decidedly to assert the insular nature +of this island. It might be connected with the mysterious +<b>South-land</b>, the <b>Terra Australis</b>, the <b>Terra +Incognita</b>, whose fantastically shaped coast-line was reported +to extend south of America, Africa and Asia, in fact to the +southward of the whole then known world. This South-land was a +mysterious region, no doubt, but this did not prevent its +coast-lines from being studded with names equally mysterious: the +charts of it showed the names of <b>Beach</b> [*], the +gold-bearing land (provincia aurifera), of <b>Lucach</b>, of +<b>Maletur</b>, a region overflowing with spices (scatens +aromatibus). Forming one whole with it, figured <b>Nova +Guinea</b>, encircled by a belt of islands. +</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* That the Dutch identified Beach with the +South-land discovered by them in 1616, is proved by No. XI A of +the Documents <a href="#page14">(p. 14)</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page v}</p> + +<p>So far the information furnished by VAN LINSCHOTEN [*]. At the +same time, however, there were in the Netherlands persons who had +other data to go by. In 1597 CORNELIS WIJTFLIET of Louvain +brought out his <i>Descriptionis Plolomaicae augmentum</i>, which +among the rest contained a chart on which not only Java figured +as an island, but which also represented New Guinea as an island +by itself, separated from Terra Australis. The question naturally +suggests itself, whether this chart [**] will justify the +assumption that the existence of <i>Torres Strait</i> was known +to WIJTFLIET. I, for one, would not venture to infer as much, +seeing that in other respects this chart so closely reproduces +the vague conjectures touching a supposed Southland found on +other charts of the period, that WIJTFLIET'S open passage between +New Guinea and Terra Australis cannot, I think, be admitted as +evidence that he actually knew of the existence of Torres Strait, +in the absence of any indications of the basis on which this +notion of his reposed. Such indications, however, are altogether +wanting: none are found in WIJTFLIET'S work itself, and other +contemporary authorities are equally silent on the point in +question [***].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See No. <a href="#doc-01">I</a> of the Documents, +with charts Nos. <a href="#maps-01">1</a> and <a href= +"#maps-02">2</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** COLLINGRIDGE, Discovery, p. 219, has a rough +sketch of it.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** Cf. also my Life of Tasman, p. 89, and Note 8.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>After this digression let us return to the stand-point taken +up by the North-Netherlanders who first set sail for the Indies +in 1595. They "knew in part" only: they were aware that they knew +nothing with certitude. But their mercantile interests very soon +induced them to try to increase and strengthen their information +concerning the regions of the East. What sort of country after +all was this much-discussed New-Guinea, they began to ask. As +early as 1602 information was sought from the natives of adjacent +islands, but these proved to have "no certain knowledge of this +island of Nova Guinea" [*]. The next step taken was the sending +out of a ship for the purpose of obtaining this "certain +knowledge": there were rumours afloat of gold being found in New +Guinea!</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See <a href="#doc-02">No. II</a> of the +Documents.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 28th of November 1605 the ship <b>Duifken</b>, +commanded by Willem Jansz., put to sea from Bantam with +destination for New Guinea. The ship returned to Banda from its +voyage before June of the same year. What were the results +obtained? What things had been seen by <b>Willem Jansz.</b> and +his men? The journal of the Duifken's voyage has not come down to +us, so that we are fain to infer its results from other data, and +fortunately such data are not wanting. An English ship's captain +was staying at Bantam when the Duifken put to sea, and was still +there when the first reports of her adventures reached the said +town. Authentic documents of 1618, 1623, and 1644 are found to +refer to her voyage. Above all, the journal of a subsequent +expedition, the one commanded by Carstensz. in 1623, contains +important particulars respecting the voyage of his predecessors +in 1605-6. [*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See pp. <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href= +"#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href= +"#page45">45</a> <i>infra</i>. I trust that these data will go +far to remove COLLINGRIDGE'S doubt (Discovery p. 245) as to +whether the ship Duifken sailed farther southward than 8° +15'.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the basis of these data we may safely take for granted the +following points. The ship Duifken struck the south-west coast of +New Guinea in about 5° S. Lat., ran along this coast on a +south-east course [*], and sailed past the narrows now known as +<b>Torres Strait</b>. Did Willem Jansz. look upon these narrows +as an open strait, or did he take them to be a bay only? My +answer is, that most probably he was content to leave this point +altogether undecided; seeing that Carstensz. and his men in 1623 +thought to find an "open passage" on the strength of information +given by a chart with which they had been furnished. [**] This +"open passage" can hardly refer to anything else than Torres +Strait. But in that case it is clear that Jansz. cannot have +solved the problem, but must have left it a moot point. At all +events he sailed past the strait, through which a few months +after him <b>Luiz Vaez de Torres</b> sailed from east to +west.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* As regards the names given on this expedition to +various parts of this coast, see my Life of Tasman, pp. 90-91, +and chart No. 3 on p. 5 <i>infra</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** See pp. <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href= +"#page66">66</a> <i>infra</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page vi}</p> + +<p>Jansz. next surveyed the east-coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria +as far as about 13° 45'. To this point, the farthest reached +by him, he gave the name of <b>Kaap-Keerweer</b> [Cape +Turn-again]. That skipper Jansz. did not solve the problem of the +existence or non-existence of an open passage between New Guinea +and the land afterwards visited by him, is also proved by the +circumstance that even after his time the east-coast of the Gulf +of Carpentaria was also called New Guinea by the Netherlanders. +Indeed, throughout the 17th and 18th centuries the Dutch +discoverers continued in error regarding this point. They felt +occasional doubts on this head [*] it is true, but these doubts +were not removed.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See <i>inter alia</i> a report of a well-known +functionary of the E.I.C., G. E. RUMPHUS, dated after 1685 in +LEUPE Nieuw-Guinea, p. 86: "The Drooge bocht [shallow bay], where +Nova-Guinea is surmised to be cut off from the rest of the +Southland by a passage opening into the great South-Sea, though +our men have been unable to pass through it owing to the +shallows, so that it remains uncertain whether this strait is +open on the other side."]</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Managers of the E.I.C. did not remain content with this +first attempt to obtain more light [*] as regards these regions +situated to eastward, <b>the Southland-Nova Guinea</b> as they +styled it, using an appellation characteristic of their degree of +knowledge concerning it. But it was not before 1623 that another +voyage was undertaken that added to the knowledge about the Gulf +of Carpentaria: I mean the voyage of the ships Pera and Arnhem, +commanded by <b>Jan Carstensz.</b> and <b>Willem Joosten van +Colstjor</b> or <b>Van Coolsteerdt</b>. [**]</p> + +<blockquote> +<p> +[* See pp. <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page7">7-8</a>, +<a href="#page13">13</a> and <a href="#note2p8">note 2</a> <i>infra</i>.] +</p> +</blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** See the Documents under No. XIV (pp. <a href= +"#page21">21</a> ff.), and especially chart No. 7 on p. <a href= +"#page46">46</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On this occasion, too, the south-west coast of New Guinea was +first touched at, after which the ships ran on on an eastern +course. Torres Strait was again left alongside, and mistaken for +a <b>Drooge bocht</b>,[*] "into which they had sailed as into a +trap," and the error of New Guinea and the present Australia +constituting one unbroken whole, was in this way perpetuated. The +line of the east-coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria, "the land of +Nova Guinea", was then followed up to about 17° 8' (<b>Staten +river</b>), whence the return-voyage was undertaken [**]. Along +this coast various names were conferred. [***]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* As regards the attempts to survey and explore this +shallow water, see <i>infra</i> pp. <a href= +"#page33">33-34</a>]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** See p. <a href="#page37">37</a> +below.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** As regards this, see especially the chart on p. +<a href="#page46">46</a>.--Cf. my Life of Tasman, pp. +99-100.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the course of the same expedition discovery was also made +of <b>Arnhemsland</b> on the west-coast of the Gulf of +Carpentaria, and almost certainly also of the so-called <b>Groote +Eyland</b> or <b>Van der Lijns island</b> (<b>Van +Speultsland</b>) [*] The whole of the southern part of the gulf +remained, however, unvisited.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See my Life of Tasman, pp. 101-102; and pp. <a +href="#page47">47-48</a> below.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page vii}</p> + +<p>The honour of having first explored this part of the gulf in +his second famous voyage of 1644 is due to our countryman <b>Abel +Janszoon Tasman</b> together with <b>Frans Jacobszoon +Visscher</b> and his other courageous coadjutors in the ships +<b>Limmen Zeemeeuw</b> and <b>Brak</b>. [*] <b>Abel Tasman's +passagie</b> [course] of 1644 lay again along the south-west +coast of New Guinea; again also Tasman left unsolved the problem +of the passage through between New Guinea and Australia: Torres +Strait was again mistaken for a bay. The east-coast of the Gulf +of Carpentaria was next further explored, and various new names +were conferred especially on rivers on this coast, which most +probably got the name of <b>Carpentaria</b> about this time; of +the names then given a great many continue to figure in modern +maps. After exploring the east-coast, Tasman turned to the +south-coast of the gulf. In this latter case the results of the +exploration proved to be less trustworthy afterwards. Thus Tasman +mistook for a portion of the mainland the island now known as +<b>Mornington Island</b>; the same mistake he made as regards +<b>Maria Eiland</b> in <b>Limmensbocht</b>. For the rest however, +the coast-line also of the south-coast was delineated with what +we must call great accuracy if we keep in mind the defective +instruments with which the navigators of the middle of the +seventeenth century had to make shift. The west-coast of the +gulf, too, was skirted and surveyed in this voyage; Tasman passed +between this coast and the <b>Groote (Van der Lijn's) +eiland</b>.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See my Life of Tasman, pp. 115-118, and especially +chart No. I of the Tasman Folio. Much information may also be +gathered from <a href="#maps-14">chart No. 14</a> of the present +work, since it registers almost the whole amount of Dutch +knowledge about Australia circa 1700.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>The entire coastline enclosing the Gulf of Carpentaria had +accordingly now been skirted and mapped out. The value of +Tasman's discoveries in this part of Australia directly appears, +if we lay side by side, for instance, the chart of the +upper-steersman De Leeuw [*], who formed part of the voyage of +1623, or Keppler's map of 1630 [**]; and Tasman's chart of 1644 +[***], or Isaac De Graaff's made about 1700 [****], which last +gives a pretty satisfactory survey of the results of Tasman's +voyage of 1644 so far as the Gulf of Carpentaria is concerned. +Although Tasman's expedition of 1644 did not yield complete +information respecting the coast-line of the Gulf, and although +it is easy to point out inaccuracies, the additions made by this +voyage to our knowledge on this point are so considerable that we +may say with complete justice that while the discovery of the +east-coast of the Gulf is due to Jansz. (1606) and Carstensz. +(1623), it was Tasman who made known the south-coast and the +greater part of the west-coast.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* No. 7 on p. <a href= +"#page46">46</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** No. 6 on p. <a href= +"#page10">10</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** Chart No. I in the Tasman Folio.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[**** No. <a href="#maps-14">14</a> +below.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>More than a century was to elapse before Dutch explorers again +were to visit the Gulf of Carpentaria. In 1756 the east- and +west-coast of it were visited first by <b>Jean Etienne Gonzal</b> +and next by <b>Lavienne Lodewijk van Assehens</b> [*]. The +expedition is of little interest as regards the surveying of the +coast-line, but these explorers got into more frequent contact +with the natives than any of their predecessors--what especially +Gonzal reports on this subject, is certainly worth noting. Gonzal +also first touched at the south-west coast of New Guinea, and +next, again without becoming aware of the real character of +Torres Strait, sailed to the east-coast of the Gulf, skirting the +same up to about 13° S. Lat., after which he crossed to the +west-coast. What he did there is of little interest. Van +Asschen's experiences are of even less importance for our present +purpose. One remark of his, however, is worth noting: he states +namely that he found the east-coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria +[**] to be "fully 12 miles more to eastward" than the charts at +his disposal had led him to believe; and it would really seem to +be a fact that Tasman had placed this coast too far to +westward.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See No. <a href="#doc-36">XXXVI</a> +<i>infra</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** The names there conferred by him on various parts +of the coast, may be sufficiently gathered from Document No <a +href="#doc-36">XXXVI</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page viii}</p> + +<h3>IV.</h3> + +<h4>THE NETHERLANDERS ON THE NORTH-WEST COAST OF AUSTRALIA.</h4> + +<p>In a previous work [*] I have attempted to show that the +discovery of <b>Arnhemsland</b> must beyond any doubt be credited +to the voyage of the yacht <b>Arnhem</b>, commanded by <b>Van +Colster</b> or <b>Van Coolsteerdt</b>, which took place in 1623. +Since the Journal and the charts of this voyage are no longer +available, we are without the most important data for determining +with certainty between what degrees of longitude the Arnhemsland +then discovered was situated. To westward of it must be sought +<b>Van Diemens-</b> and <b>Maria's-land</b>, touched at in 1636 +by <b>Pieter Pieterszoon</b> with the ships <b>Cleen +Amsterdam</b> and <b>Wesell</b>) [**]. There can be no doubt that +Pieterszoon must have sailed far enough to westward to have +passed Dundas Strait, and to have reached the western extremity +of <b>Melville Island</b> (<b>Roode hoek</b> = red point). He +took Dundas Strait to be not a strait, but a bay, and accordingly +looked upon Melville Island not as an island, but as a portion of +the mainland (<b>Van Diemensland</b>) [***].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See my Life of Tasman, pp. 100-102, and the +Documents under No. XIV, 2 <i>infra</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** See the Documents under No. <a href= +"#doc-25">XXV</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** Maria-land lies immediately to eastward of Van +Diemens-land, and to westward of Arnhems-land.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the course of these two voyages of 1623 and 1636, +therefore, the whole of the north-west coast from <b>Melville +Bay</b> to <b>Melville Island</b> was surveyed by Dutch ships. +But in the absence of charts made on these voyages it is +impossible for us to say with certainty, whether the coastline +can have been traced with correctness. On this point also more +light is thrown by the well-known chart of 1644, in which the +results of Tasman's voyages are recorded. Tasman sailed along the +whole of the coast, but in this case too, his observations were +not on all points accurate. Thus the situation of +<b>Wessel-eiland</b> and the islets south of it, with respect to +the mainland, is not given correctly by him; nor has he +apprehended the real character of Dundas Strait and of <b>Van +Diemen's Gulf</b>, so that also according to him Melville island +forms part of the mainland. But for the rest Tasman's chart also +in this case approximately reproduces the coast-line with so much +correctness, that we find it quite easy [*] to point out on the +maps of our time the results of the Dutch voyages of discovery in +this part of the Australian coast.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Chart No. <a href="#maps-14">14</a> below may also +be of excellent service here.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Far more accurate, however, than Tasman's chart is the chart +which in 1705 was made of the voyage of the ships <b>Vossenbosch, +de Waijer</b> and <b>Nova-Hollandia</b>, commanded by <b>Maarten +van Delft</b> [*]. This chart may at the same time be of service +to elucidate Tasman's discoveries and those of his predecessors. +It is to be regretted, therefore, that it only embraces a +comparatively small portion of the north-west coast, namely the +part extending from the west-coast of <b>Bathurst island</b> and +the western extremity of <b>Melville island</b> to the eastern +part of <b>Coburg peninsula</b> and <b>Croker-island</b>. This +time again the real character of Dundas Strait and Van Diemens +Gulf were not ascertained [**].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[5) See the Documents under No. <a href= +"#doc-33">XXXIII</a> and Chart No. <a href= +"#maps-15">15</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** I subjoin the names of localities that are found +in this chart, since the reproduction had to be made on too small +a scale to allow of the names being distinctly visible to the +naked eye. Going from west to east they are the following: +Kliphoek, Duivelsklip, Droge Hoek, Boompjeshoek, Wille Hoek, +Noordhoek van Van Diemens Land, Waterplacts, Vuyle Bocht, Vuijl +Eijland, Hoek van Goede Hoop, Hoefyzer Hoek, Fortuyns Hoek, +Schrale Hoek, Valsche Westhoek, Valsche Bocht, Bedriegers Hoek, +Westhoek van 3 Bergen's bocht of Vossenbos Ruyge Hoek, Orangie +Hoek, Witte Hoek, Waterplacts, Alkier liggen drie bergen, +Toppershoedje, Oosthoek van Drie Bergens bocht, Scherpen Hoek, +Vlacke Hoek, Westhoek en Costhoek (van) Mariaes Land, Maria's +Hoek, de Konijnenberg, Marten Van Delft's baai, Pantjallings +Hoek, Rustenburg, Wajershoek, Hoek van Onier, Hoek van Canthier, +P. Frederiksrivier, Jan Melchers Hoek. Pieter Frederiks Hoek, +Roseboomshoek, W. Sweershoek, Hoek van Calmocrie.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page ix}</p> + +<h3>V.</h3> + +<h4>THE NETHERLANDERS ON THE WEST- AND SOUTH-WEST COAST OF +AUSTRALIA</h4> + +<p>In the year 1616 the Dutch ship <b>Eendracht</b>, commanded by +<b>Dirk Hartogs</b> on her voyage from the Cape of Good Hope to +Batavia unexpectedly touched at "divers islands, but uninhabited" +and thus for the first time surveyed part of the west-coas of +Australia[*]. As early as 1619 this coast, thus accidentally +discovered, was known by the name of <b>Eendrachtsland</b> or +<b>Land van de Eendracht</b>. The vaguenes of the knowledge +respecting the coast-line then discovered, and its extent, is not +unaptly illustrated in a small map of the world reproduced as +below, and found in {Page x} GERARDI MERCATORIS <i>Atlas +sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica mundi et fabricati +figura. De novo...auctus studio</i> JUDOCI HONDIJ (Amsterodami; +Sumptibus Johannis Cloppenburgij. Anno 1632) [**]. If, however, +we compare this map of the world with KEPPLER'S map of 1630 +[***], we become aware that Hondius has not recorded all that was +then known in Europe respecting the light which since 1616 +European explorers had thrown on the question of the western +coast-line of Australia. In Keppler's map, namely, besides the +English discovery of the <b>Trial rocks</b> (1622) [****], and +the name "'T Landt van Eendracht" in fat characters, passing from +the north to the south, we meet with the following names, which +the smaller letters show to have been intended to indicate +subordinate parts of Eendrachtsland: <b>Jac. Rommer Revier</b> +[*****], Dirck Hartogs ree, F. Houtmans aebrooleus and Dedells +lant. What is more, Keppler's map also exhibits the south-west +coast of Australia.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See on this point the Documents sub No. VII (pp. +<a href="#page8">8f.</a>).--It will hardly be denied that these +pieces of evidence may justly be called "documents immediately +describing" Hartogs's dicsovery.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** For my knowledge of this remarkable atlas I am +indebted to Mr. ANTON MENSING, member of the firm of Messrs. +Frederik Muller and Co., of Amsterdam. These gentlemen kindly +enabled me to reproduce this chart for the present work. I +received it too late to allow of its being placed among the +charts accompanying the various documents.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** See Chart No. 6 on p. <a href="#page10">10</a> +below.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[**** See under No. XIII (p. <a href= +"#page17">17</a>) below.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[***** See on this point p. <a href="#page54">54</a> +<i>infra</i> (No. XXII A and note 3).]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-18"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-18.jpg" width="500" height="394" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 18. Typus orbis terrarum uit GERARDI MERCATORIS +Atlas...De Novo...emendatus...studio JUDOCI HONDIJ, 1632.</p> +</div> + +<p>Whence all those names? The answer to this question, and at +the same time various other new features, are furnished by the +chart of <b>Hessel Gerritsz.</b> of 1627 [*] and by the one dated +1618 [**], in which corrections have been introduced after date. +The 1627 chart is specially interesting. <b>Gerritsz.</b>, at the +time cartographer in ordinary to the E.I.C., has "put together +this chart of the Landt van d'Eendracht from the journals and +drawings of the Steersmen", which means that he availed himself +of authentic data [***]. He acquitted himself of the task to +admiration, and has given a very lucid survey of the +(accidental) discoveries made by the Dutch on the west-coast of +Australia. In this chart of 1627 the Land of d'Eendracht takes up +a good deal of space. To the north it is found bounded by the +"<b>Willemsrivier</b>", discovered in July 1618 by the ship +<b>Mauritius</b>, commanded by <b>Willem Janszoon</b> [****]. +According to the chart this "river" is in about 21° 45' S. +Lat., but there are no reliable data concerning this point. If we +compare Hessel Gerritsz's chart with those on which about 1700 +the results of Willem De Vlamingh's expedition of 1696-7 were +recorded [*****] we readily come to the conclusion that the ship +Mauritius must have been in the vicinity of <b>Vlaming Head (N.W. +Cape)</b> on the <b>Exmouth Gulf</b>. From Willem Janszoon's +statements it also appears that on this occasion in 22° an +"island (was) discovered, and a landing effected." The island +extended N.N.E. and S.S.W. on the west-side. The land-spit west +of Exmouth Gulf may very possibly have been mistaken for an +island. From this point then the Eendrachtsland of the old Dutch +navigators begins to extend southward. To the question, how far +it was held to extend, I answer that in the widest sense of the +term ('t Land van Eendracht or the <b>South-land</b>, it reached +as far as the South-coast, at all events past the <b>Perth</b> of +our day) [******]. In a more restricted sense it extended to +about 25° S.' Lat. In the latter sense it included the +entrance to <b>Shark Bay</b>, afterwards entered by Dampier, and +<b>Dirk Hartogs island</b>, likewise discovered by Dirk +Hartogs.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* No. 4 on p. <a href="#page9">9</a> +<i>infra</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** <a href="#maps-05">No. 5</a> (folding +map).]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** It is evident that he did not use all the data +then available. Thus, for instance, he left unused those +furnished by the <b>Zeewolf</b> (No. VIII, pp. <a href= +"#page10">10</a> ff. below), and those of the ship <b>Leiden</b> +(No. XV, p. 49).]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[**** See the Documents under No IX (pp. <a href= +"#page12">12</a> f.).]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[***** <a href="#maps-13">Nos. 13 and +14</a>]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[****** Chart <a href="#maps-14">No. +14</a>]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page xi}</p> + +<p>More to southward we find in the chart of 1627 <b>I. d'Edels +landt</b>, made in July 1619 by the ships <b>Dordrecht</b> and +<b>Amsterdam</b>, commanded by <b>Frederik De Houtman</b> and +<b>Jacob Dedel</b> [*]. To the north of Dedelsland the coast is +rendered difficult of access by reefs,the so-called (Frederik De) +<b>Houtmans-Abrolhos</b> (now known as the <b>Houtman Rocks</b>), +also discovered on this occasion [**]. To the south, in about +32° S. Lat. [***] Dedelsland is bounded by the <b>Landt van +de Leeuwin</b>, surveyed in 1622 [****]. Looking at the coast +more closely still, we find in about 29° 30, S. Lat. the name +<b>Tortelduyff (Turtle Dove Island)</b>, to the south of Houtmans +Abrolhos, an addition to the chart dating from about 1624 +[*****].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See the documents sub No. XI (pp. 14 ff.). If +NORDENSKIÖLD had known these documents, he would have +withheld the second alinea on p. 199 of his interesting +<i>Periplus</i>.--The doubts, also, concerning Frederik De +Houtman's share in the discoveries on the west-coast of +Australia, expressed by COLLINGRIDGE (<i>Discovery</i> p. 304), +CALVERT (<i>Discovery</i>, p. 25), and others, are now likely to +be set at rest.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** They were then held to lie in 28° 46'. On +this point see also the documents of PELSAERT'S shipwreck (No. +XXIII, pp. <a href="#page55">55</a> ff).]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** About this latitude, between 32° and 33° +S. Lat., also De Houtman and Dedel estimated themselves to be, +when they first came upon land. They afterwards ran on on a +northerly course.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[**** See the documents sub No. XII (p. <a href= +"#page17">17</a>).]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[***** See No. XVI (p. <a href="#page50">50</a>) +below, and the highly curious charts Nos. <a href="#maps-16">Nos. +16 and 17</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>So much for the highly interesting chart of Hessel Gerritsz of +the year 1627. If we compare with it the revised edition of the +1618 chart, we are struck by the increase of our forefathers' +knowledge of the south-west coast. This revised edition gives the +entire coast-line down to the islands of <b>St. +François</b> and <b>St. Pieter</b> (133° 30' E. Long. +Greenwich), still figuring in the maps of our day: the <b>Land of +Pieter Nuyts</b>, discovered by the ship <b>het Gulden +Zeepaard</b> in 1627 [*].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See No. XVIII (p. <a href="#page51">51</a>) +below.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>North of Willemsrivier, this so-called 1618 chart has still +another addition, <i>viz</i>. <b>G. F. De Witsland</b>, +discovered in 1628 by the ship <b>Vianen</b> commanded by G. F. +De Witt [*]. In this case, too, it is difficult to determine +exactly the longitudes between which the coast-line thus +designated is situated. [**] But with great distinctness the +chart exhibits the chain of islands of which the <b>Monte +Bello</b> and tha <b>Barrow</b> islands are the principal, and +besides, certain islands of the <b>Dampier Archipelago</b>, +afterwards so called after the celebrated English navigator. I +would have these observations looked upon as hints towards the +more accurate determination of the site of this <b>De Wit's +land</b>, and they may be of the more value since the small scale +of the chart renders an exact determination of it exceedingly +difficult.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See No. XXI (p. <a href="#page54">54</a>) +below.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** See, however, No. <a href="#page54">XXI., C.</a> +<i>infra</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In Gerritsz's chart of 1627, as well as in the so-called 1618 +one, we are struck by the fact, that on the west-coast the +coast-line shows breaks in various places: De Witt's land is not +connected with the coast of Willems-rivier; the coast-line of +Eendrachtsland does not run on; there is uncertainty as regards +what is now called Shark-bay; the coast facing Houtmans Abrolhos +is a conjectural one only; the coast-line facing Tortelduyf is +even altogether wanting; Dedelsland and 't Land van de Leeuwin +are not marked by unbroken lines. This fragmentary knowledge +sufficiently accounts for the fact, that about the middle of the +seventeenth century navigators were constantly faced by the +problem of the real character of the South-land: was it one vast +continent or a complex of islands? And the question would not +have been so repeatedly asked, if the line of the west-coast had +been more accurately known.</p> + +<p>{Page xii}</p> + +<p><b>Tasman</b> and <b>Visscher</b> [*] did a great deal towards +the solution of this problem, since in their voyage of 1644 they +also skirted and mapped out <b>the entire line of the +West-coast</b> of what since 1644 has borne the name of +<b>Nieuw-Nederland</b>, <b>Nova Hollandia</b>, or <b>New +Holland</b>, from Bathurst Island to a point south of the +<b>Tropic of Capricorn</b>. In this case also certain mistakes +were committed: they failed, for instance, to recognise the real +character of Bathurst Island, which, like Melville Island, they +looked upon as forming part of the mainland; but if we make due +allowance for the imperfection of their means of observation, we +are bound to say that the coast-line has by them been mapped out +with remarkable accuracy [**].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* I pass by certain other exploratory voyages on the +westcoast (see e.g. No. <a href="#doc-24">XXIV.</a> <i>infra</i>, +etc.).]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** Cf. Tasman's chart of 1644 in the Tasman +Folio.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>About fifteen years after the <b>west-coast</b> was more +accurately mapped out also, <b>to the south of the tropic of +Capricorn</b>. In the year 1658 <b>Samuel Volekersen</b> with the +ship <b>de Wakende Boei</b> [Floating Buoy], and <b>Aucke Pieters +Jonck</b> with the ship <b>Emeloord</b> surveyed a portion of the +west-coast, and the charts then made have been preserved [*]. The +coast-line from a point near the <b>Tortelduyf</b> down to past +<b>Rottenest</b> (the large island on which Volkertsen did not +confer a name, preferring to "leave the naming to the pleasure of +the Hon. Lord Governor-General") and the present <b>Perth</b>, +were surveyed with special care. In the same year the ship +<b>Elburg</b>, commanded by <b>Jacob Peereboom</b>, brought in +further reports about the <b>Land van de Leeuwin</b>, where she +had been at anchor "in Lat. 33° 14' South, under a projecting +point" (in <b>Geographe Bay</b>?).</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See <i>infra</i> No. <a href="#doc-29">XXIX.</a>, +pp. 75 ff., and the charts sub No. <a href="#doc-29">XXIX.</a> E, +F and I.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>The surveying of the lines of the west-coast was finally +brought to a close by the exploratory voyage of <b>Willem De +Vlamingh</b> in 1696-7 with the ships <b>Geelvink</b>, +<b>Nijptang</b>, and het <b>Wezeltje</b>. A remarkable chart +referring to this voyage, here reproduced [*], as well as the +ISAAC DE GRAAFF chart [**] of <i>circa</i> 1700, give an +excellent survey of the expedition. The whole coast-line from the +so-called Willemsrivier (N.W. Cape) to a point south of +Rottenest, <b>Garden-island</b> and Perth, was now mapped out. +And that, too, with great accuracy. Thus, for instance, the true +situation of the belt of islands enclosing <b>Shark Bay</b> was +this time observed with unerring exactitude, and Shark Bay itself +actually discovered, though its discovery is usually credited to +Dampier (August, 1699).</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* No. <a href="#maps-13">13</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[* No. <a href="#maps-14">14</a>.]</p></blockquote> + +<h3>VI.</h3> + +<h4>THE NETHERLANDERS TO EASTWARD OF PIETER NUYTS-LAND.</h4> + +<p>The south-east- and east-coasts of Australia have never been +visited by the ships of the East India Company. <b>Tasman</b> and +<b>Visscher</b> [*] discovered <b>Tasmania (Van Diemen's +land)</b> in 1642, but were unaware of the existence of what is +now known as <b>Bass Strait</b>; they discovered the +<b>west-coast of New Zealand (Staten-land)</b> and certain +island-groups east of Australia, but did not touch at or sight +the east-coast of Australia. Of course, after the discovery of +the west-coast of New Zealand and of the island-groups east of +Australia [**], the existence of an east-coast of Australia to +westward of the regions thus discovered, was an indubitable fact, +but this east-coast itself was never visited by the +Netherlanders.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See the journal of this voyage and the discussion +of it in my Tasman Folio.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** In the year 1616 <b>Lemaire</b> and +<b>Schouten</b> (No. V), and in 1722 <b>Roggeveen</b> (No. +XXXIV), also touched at various island-groups east of Australia, +but these voyages fall outside the plan of the present +work.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page xiii}</p> + +<h3>VII.</h3> + +<h4>OBJECT OF THE DUTCH VOYAGES FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE +SOUTH-LAND.--CONCLUSION.</h4> + +<p>Although it is quite true that the south-east- and east-coasts +of the Australian continent were not discovered by Dutch ships, +still it is an undoubted fact that, so far as is known up to now, +the whole of the Australian coast-line from Prince of Wales +Island and York Peninsula and along the Gulf of Carpentaria, the +north- and north-west-coast of Australia then following, the +whole of the west-coast, and the south-coast down to the islands +of St. François and St. Pieter (133° 30' E. L. +Greenwich) were in the 17th century discovered by <b>vessels +belonging to the Netherlands</b> [*].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* It is true that Dampier touched at the north-west +coast in 1688, but at that time this coast had already been +surveyed by Dutch skippers.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>We now come to the question of the object which the Dutch +authorities had in view in arranging for the expeditions that +ultimately led to these discoveries.</p> + +<p>In answering this question we shall have to distinguish +between two different categories of voyages: among the voyages +undertaken by Netherlanders that have led to discoveries on the +coasts of Australia, there are some which were not begun with the +express purpose of going in search of unknown lands; but there +are others also that were undertaken expressly with this end in +view. Of course the second class only can be called exploratory +expeditions in a more restricted sense--the voyages of the first +category became voyages of discovery through accidental +circumstances.</p> + +<p>The <b>discoveries</b> on the west- and south-west coasts of +Australia down to Tasman's time all bore <b>an accidental +character</b>. Eendrachtsland was discovered by accident in the +year 1616, and after that time a number of Dutch ships +unexpectedly touched at those shores, thus continually shedding +additional, though always imperfect light on the question of the +conformation of the coast-line. How was it, we may ask, that it +was especially after 1616 that this coast was so often touched +at, whereas there had never been question of this before that +time? The question thus put admits of avery positive answer.</p> + +<p>When the Netherlanders set sail for India for the first time, +they naturally took the route which they knew to be followed by +the Portuguese. After doubling the Cape of Good Hope, they +directly continued their voyage on a north-eastern course, along +the west-coast, or close by the east-coast, of Madagascar, and +then tried to reach India coming from the west. To this route +there were grave objections both as regards the winds prevailing +in those latitudes, the intense heat soon encountered, the great +number of "shallows or foul islands," etc. Besides, the voyage +was apt to last very long. In 1611, however, certain ships going +from the Netherlands to India followed another route: directly +after leaving the Cape they ran on an eastern course (in about +36° S. Lat.) for a considerable time, after which they tried +to navigate to Java on a northerly course. The commander of these +ships, the subsequent Governor-General {Page xiv} +<b>Hendrik Brouwer</b>, wrote to the Managers of the E.I.C. about +"this fairway" in highly laudatory terms. They adopted the idea +suggested by Brouwer, of henceforth prescribing this route in the +instructions for the commanders and skippers sailing for the +Indies, leaving them a certain scope certainly as regards the +latitude in which the said easterly course was to be followed, +and the degree of longitude up to which it was to be kept. As +early as the beginning of 1613 such a route was enjoined on the +ships' captains by the Managers of the E.I.C. The ship Eendracht +also was directed to follow this course: she ran so far to +eastward as to come upon the west-coast of Australia, and the +same thing happened to subsequent vessels.</p> + +<p>Although in the sense thus indicated we must here speak of +<i>acczdental</i> discoveries on the west-coast, yet the Dutch +authorities were fully aware of the importance of such +discoveries. As early as 1618, the Managers of the E.I.C. were +considering the possibility of "discovering the Southern Lands in +passing," and in a letter of September 9, 1620, with reference to +"the discovery of a vast land, situated south of Java...by the +ship Eendracht", etc., they expressly enjoined the G.-G. and +Counc. to dispatch a ship for the purpose of "resuming this work +with some hope of success." The lands discovered were to be +mapped out, and efforts made to ascertain "the situation and +condition of the country, its productions, what commodities it +yields, the character of the natives, their mode of life, +etc."</p> + +<p>The Managers had not preached to deaf ears: the direction of +the Company's affairs in India was at that time in the hands of +<b>Jan Pieternoon Coen</b>, who, being himself strongly disposed +in favour of extending the Dutch connections with the East [*], +eagerly embraced the idea thus suggested, as is proved by the +instructions, dated September 29, 1622, for the ships Haring and +Hazewind, "destined for the discovery of the South-land". [**] +Thus we see that one of the projects contemplated by the Dutch +authorities certainly was the dispatching of ships also to the +west-coast of Australia for the purpose of further discovery and +of definitely ascertaining the real state of affairs there.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See below.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** See below, No. <a href="#doc-13">XIII</a>, B (pp. +18 ff.)]</p></blockquote> + +<p>But not for the purpose of further discovery exclusively, +although this continued to be "the principal end in view." The +instructions of September 29, 1622, also point to other motives +that led the Netherlanders to reckon also with regions to be +first discovered, in carrying out their colonial policy. The +commanders of this expedition were "specially to inquire what +minerals, such as gold, silver, tin, iron, lead and copper, what +precious stones, pearls, vegetables, animals and fruits, these +lands yield and produce";--the commercial interests of the +E.I.C.--and what was more natural in the case of a trading +corporation?--were to take a foremost place. Wherever possible, +also political connections were to be formed, and the counries +discovered "to be taken possession of". The authorities were even +considering the idea of at some future date "planting colonies" +in some of the regions eventually to be discovered.</p> + +<p>Here we have the colonial policy of the E.I.C. of the period +to its full extent: commerce, increase of territory, colonies. +And these ideas were at the bottom of most of the voyages of +discovery to the north-coast of Australia before Tasman, and of +Tasman's voyages themselves. The celebrated voyage of the ship +Duifken (1605-6) {Page xv} bears a character of +intentionality, and if we bear in mind that the same ship's +voyage of 1602 had for its professed object the extension of the +Company's mercantile connections, we need not be in doubt as to +this being equally the motive or one of the motives of the +expedition on which she was dispatched in 1605-6. We know, +moreover, that New Guinea was then reported "to yield abundance +of gold." The three principles of colonial policy just mentioned +also underlay the voyage undertaken by Jan Carstensz in 1623; for +we know that this commander got the instructions drawn up for the +ships Haring and Hazewind, but not then carried into effect, +since these ships did not sail on their ordained expedition [*]. +These principles are found set forth with more amplitude than +anywhere else in the instructions drawn up for Tasman and his +coadjutors in 1642 and 1644 [**]. The voyages, then planned, were +to be undertaken "for the enlargement, increase and improvement +of the Dutch East India Company's standing and commerce in the +East."</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See below, p. <a href="#page21">21</a>, Note +1.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** See these instructions in my Life of Tasman, pp. +131 ff. and 147 ff.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the instructions for Tasman's voyage of 1644 the G.-G. and +Counc., who drew them up, could still refer to "the express +commands of the 'Heeren Maijoores" [*] to "attempt the discovery +of Nova Guinea and other unknown Eastern and Southern lands." And +it is a fact certainly, that in the first half of the seventeenth +century the Governors-General who planned these exploratory +voyages were in their endeavours supported by the Managers of the +E.I.C. in the mother country [**]: it was especially <b>Jan +Pieterszoon Coen</b> (1619-1623 and 1627-1629), <b>Hendrik +Broulwer</b> (1632-1636) and <b>Antonio van Diemen +(1636-1645)</b>, who were most efficiently backed in their +efforts for this purpose by their principals at home. Among these +Governors-General Van Diemen holds the foremost place as regards +the furtherance of discoveries by Netherlanders in the Far East: +in the Pacific and on, "the mainland coasts of Australia." It is, +with complete justice, therefore, that a foreign author mentions +the name of Van Diemen as "a name which will ever rank among the +greatest promotors of maritime discovery".[***]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Meaning the Managers of the E.I.C.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** See also the instructions for the voyage of 1636, +p. <a href="#page64">64</a> <i>infra</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** BURNEY, Chronological History, III, p. 55. +Speaking of Van Diemen, we must not omit to call the reader's +attention to sentiments such as the following: "Whoever +endeavours to discover unknown lands and tribes, had need to be +patient and long-suffering, noways quick to fly out, but always +bent on ingratiating himself" (p. 65 <i>infra</i>), a piece of +advice elsewhere taking the form of a command, e.g. p. 66: "You +will not carry off with you any natives against their will". And, +sad to say, such injunctions were often imperiously +necessary!]</p></blockquote> + +<p>And this same eminent manager of the Company's interests in +India lived to see at the end of his official career far narrower +views about colonial policy not only take root in the +mother-country (where isolated opinions that way had found +utterance long before), but even get the upper hand in the +Company's councils. Van Diemen's policy came ultimately to be +condemned in the Netherlands, whatever homage might there be paid +to his eminent talents, whatever acknowledgment vouchsafed to his +great merits! It may almost be called a matter of course that +great differences of opinions were bound surely, if slowly, to +crop up between the Managers on one hand, and able +Governors-General on the other, touching the line of conduct to +be followed by the Netherlanders in the East. The Managers were +in the first place the directors of a trading company: they +hardly looked beyond the requirements of a purely mercantile +policy. Eminent Governors-General on the contrary were conscious +{Page xvi} of being more than this: they were not only the +representatives of a body of merchants, they were also the rulers +of a colonial empire which in the East was looked up to with +dread, with hatred also sometimes, to be sure, but at the same +time with respect and awe! There lay the ultimate cause of the +fundamental difference of opinion respecting the colonial policy +to be followed [*]. Van Diemen dreamt a bold dream of Dutch +supremacy in the East and of the East India Company's mastery "of +the opulent Indian trade." To this end he deemed necessary: +"harassing of the enemy [**], continuation and extension of +trade, together with the discovering or new lands." But if he had +lived to read the missive [***], his grand projects would have +received an effectual damper as he perused the letter addressed +to him by the Lords Managers, on September 9, 1645, and +containing the passage following: "[We] see that Your Worships +have again taken up the further exploration of the coast of Nova +Guinea in hopes of discovering silver- and gold-mines there. We +do not expect great things of the continuation of such +explorations, which more and more burden the Company's resources, +since they require increase of yachts and of sailors. Enough has +been discovered for the Company to carry on trade, provided the +latter be attended with success. We do not consider it part of +our task to seek out gold- and silver-mines for the Company, and +having found such, to try to derive profit from the same; such +things involve a good deal more, demanding excessive expenditure +and large numbers of hands...These plans of Your Worships +somewhat aim beyond our mark. The gold- and silver-mines that +will best serve the Company's turn, have already been found, +which we deem to be our trade over the whole of India..."</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* I have dealt at some length with this subject in +Vol. III ('s-Gravenhage, NIJHOFF, 1895) of my <i>Bouwstoffen voor +de geschiedenis der Nederlanders in den Maleiscken Arckipel</i>, +pp. LVI ff.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** The eighty years' war was still going +on]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** Van Diemen died April 19, 1645.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Is it wonderful that, where the supreme authorities of the +E.I.C. regarded matters in this light, there was no longer +question of exploratory voyages of any importance? The period of +the great voyages of discovery undertaken by Netherlanders, +accordingly terminates with Van Diemen's death. It is true that +occasionally voyages of this nature were planned [*]; that +Australia--not to go further afield--was also visited now and +then in later times, but such visits either bore an incidental +character, or formed part of expeditions undertaken for other +purposes [**], the occasion being then used to "obtain once for +all some full and reliable information touching the situation and +coast-lines" of lands previously discovered.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See p. <a href="#page72">72</a> and Note below: +1645 and 1646.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** Now, for instance (No. <a href= +"#doc-28">XXVIII</a>, 1648), for the purpose of seeking another +route than the customary one from Batavia to Banda, at another +time (No. <a href="#doc-29">XXIX</a>, 1656-1658) to inquire into +the fate of a shipwrecked crew; or to prevent the voyages of +William Dampier from entailing unpleasant consequences for the +Dutch E.I.C. (1705, No. <a href="#doc-33">XXXIII</a>).--Thus, in +1718, a Swiss of the name of <b>J. P. Purry</b> submitted to the +Managers of the E.I.C. proposals for the further discovery of +Nuytsland. The proposal was duly reported on, but ultimately laid +aside <i>(Resolutions of the "Heeren XVII", Oclober 3, 1718, and +March 11 1719; Resolution of the Amsterdam Chamber, April 17, +1719)</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Still, we must not omit to mention that at the close of the +seventeenth century a desire to contribute to the enlargement of +geographical knowledge for a moment got a voice in the question +of equipping vessels for expeditions sent out for this purpose. +And this scientific impulse originated in the mother-country [*]. +The impulse was undoubtedly given by the well-known burgomaster +of Amsterdam and Manager of the E. I. C., <i>Nicolaas +Corneliszoon Witsen, LL D</i>, author of the work entitled +{Page xvii} <i>Noord en Oost Tartarije</i>. He took a +diligent part in the preparations for the voyage of skipper De +Vlamingh: "We are having the vessels manned mainly with unmarried +and resolute sailors; I have directed a draughtsman to join the +expedition that whatever strange or rare things they meet with, +may be accurately depicted". And Witsen anxiously awaited the +outcome of De Vlamingh's expedition. He was disappointed by the +results: the commander had indeed "surveyed and made soundings on +the coasts, but had made few landings." At the same time Manager +Witsen mentions not without some satisfaction the results of this +voyage, meagre though they may be in his eyes, in letters to +friends both at home and abroad, imparting to them what he has +learned on the subject [**]. A few years later, however, he +bitterly complains of the indifference of many of his countrymen +in those days: "What does Your Worship care about curious +learning from India," he grumbles in a letter to one of his +friends [***] "no, sir, it is money only, not learned knowledge +that our people go out to seek over there, the which is sorely to +be regretted."</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* <i>Resolution of the "Heeren XVII", August 25, +1692; see also p. <a href="#page60">60</a> +infra.</i>]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** As regards this see J F GEBHARD <i>Het leven van +Witsen</i> I., pp. 480 f.: II. pp. 260 f. (Letter of Witsen to "Dr. +Martin Lister, fellow of the Colledge of Physicians and R. S., +concerning some late observations in Nova Hollandia." October 3, +1698), pp. 299 f. (Letter to Gijsbert Cuper at Deventer, 1698?) +pp. 407, 414, 416]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** Witsen to Cuper, August 1, 1712 (GEBHARD p. +480).]</p></blockquote> + +<p>"The which is sorely to be regretted!"...The times of Van +Diemen had failed to return; the spirit by which he was imbued no +longer presided over the debates on colonial matters. But his +name is indissolubly bound up with the palmy days of Dutch +discovery in the Far East, initiated by the East India +Company.</p> + +<p>Fortunately, in our time Holland again bears a part in what is +done by cultured Europe for the scientific exploration of the +unknown regions of the world. In this field of inquiry the +nineteenth century has again beheld her sons take a place which +the achievements of their forefathers have as it were by right of +inheritance assigned to them.</p> + +<hr /> +<hr /> +<p>{Page 1}</p> + +<h2><a name="documents"></a>DOCUMENTS.</h2> + +<h3><a name="doc-01"></a>I. (1595)<br /> +DUTCH NOTIONS RESPECTING THE SOUTH-LAND IN 1595.</h3> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Itinerario, Voyage ofte Schipvaert, van JAN +HUYGEN VAN LINSCHOTEN naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien +[Itinerary, Voyage or Navigation of J. H. v. L. to Eastern or +Portuguese India]</i>...t' Amstelredam. By Cornelis Claesz opt +Water, in 't Schrijf-boeck by de Oude Brugghe. Anno CIC.IC.XCVI +(1596?--Ed.)[*].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* There may have been an earlier edition of this +book. At all events, the Netherlanders who in 1595 undertook the +first voyage from Holland to India, were acquainted with the work +either in manuscript or in print. See the journal of this voyage, +kept by Frank Van der Does, one of the sharers of the expedition, +and printed in the second volume of J. K. J. De JONGE'S +well-known book: De Opkomst van het Nederlandsch gezag in +Oost-Indië [The Rise of the Dutch power in the East Indies] +('s Gravenhage, Amsterdam MDCCCLXIV), pp. 287-372. +</p> + +<p>It may safely be assumed that Van Linschoten's book contains +everything that the Dutch knew of the East, when in 1595 Dutch +vessels were first sent out to those remote regions. Charts Nos 1 +(a part of the <i>Orbis terrarum combmdiosa descriptio</i>. +Antverpiae apud joafiem Baptistam Vrient), and 2 (a part of the +<i>Exacta & accurata delineatio cum orarum maritimarum tum +eijam locorum terrestrium quae in regionibus Chiua...una cum +omnium vicinarum instilarum descriptjone ut sunt Sumatra, Java +utraque</i>...) give a survey of this knowledge so far as our +present purpose is concerned. I have made use of a copy of Van +Linschoten's work in the library of the Leyden University.] +</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="center"> +Pag. 25. Chapter the Twentieth.</p> + +<p>Concerning the island of Java Mayor, together with its +commodities, merchandise and dealings, weights, coins and value +of the same, and other particulars.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-01"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-01.jpg" width="400" height="435" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 1. Gedeelte der (Part of the) <i>Orbis terrae +compendiosa describtio</i></p> +</div> + +<p>{Page 2}</p> + +<p>South-south-east, facing the farthest extremity of the island +of Samatra, south of the line <i>equinoctial</i>, lies the island +called <i>Java Mayor</i>, or great <i>Java</i>...This island +begins in 7 degrees Latitude South, and extends east by south a +length of 150 miles but of its breadth nothing is known up to +now, since it has not yet been explored, nor is this known to the +inhabitants themselves. Some suppose it to be a mainland, +[forming part] of the land called <b>Terra incognita</b>, which +would then extend hitherward from beyond the <i>C de boa +Esperança</i> but of this there is no certitude hitherto, +so that it is usually accounted an island...</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-02"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-02.jpg" width="400" height="561" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 2. Gedeelte der (Part of the) <i>Exacta & accurata +delineatio cum orarum maritimarum tum etjam locorum terrestrium, +quae in regjonibus China...una cum omnium vicinarum +insularum descriptjone ut sunt Sumatra, Java utraque</i></p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 3}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-02"></a>II. (1602).<br /> +NOTICES OF THE SOUTH-COAST OF NEW GUINEA IN 1602.</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>Journal or Daily Register</i>, begun on the +22nd day of April, A.D. 1601, kept on board the sho +Gelderlant...</p> + +<p class="center">This 10th day of April 1602.</p> + +<p>The meeting of the Plenary Council [*] having been convened by +order of the Lord Admiral [**] to resolve to dispatch the yacht +called <b>Duyffken</b> to the island of Ceram, the Council have +drawn up the Instructions following, which Supercargo Master +Claes Gaeff [and] skipper Willem Cornelisz Schouten will have to +act up to.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The joint council of all the ships forming the +flotilla to which the Gelderland belonged.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** Wolphert Hermanszoon.]</p></blockquote> + +<p><i>Imprimis</i> he will have to navigate to the island of +Ceran, and there call at the ports or roads following, to wit: +Queuin, Quelibara, Quelilonhen or Goulegoubj [*], and failing +these, at certain others where profitable dealings may be +expected...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Keffing, Kilwaroc,...Goeli-goeli. These +place-names go to show, that by Ceram are meant the south-eastern +extremity of Ceram and the Ceram-Laut islands.]</p></blockquote> + +<p><i>Secondly</i>, [he will have to inquire] whether there is +anything to be had there besides sago; their way of doing +business and in what places; what commodities had best be sent +thither; and to what limits their farthest navigation extends; +also, whether they have any knowledge of <b>Nova Guinea</b>; +whether they have ever sent ships thither, or whether ships from +Nova Guinea have ever come to Ceran. In the island of Banda, +actum April the 10th, A.D. 1602, on board the ship Gelderlandt. +God send his blessing unto salvation. Amen.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>Laus deo A.D. 1602 This 15th day of May in the island of +Banda.</p> + +<p>A brief account of certain islands with which they of the +islands of Ceran and, Banda carry on trade...</p> + +<p>They can say nothing certain respecting the island of <b>Nova +Guinea</b>, but say that there are white people living on the +<b>south side</b>, inhabited by Portuguese [*], but [the people +of the parts of Ceram visited by the Dutch] had never seen any +Portuguese ships. They can give no information about their +dealings and commodities.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* If any reliance can be placed on this report, it +proves that in 1602 the Portuguese were acquainted with the +South(-west) coast of New Guinea. But considering the fact that +the Dutch were utterly unacquainted with New Guinea, it is +<i>quite possible</i> that on this point they misunderstood the +inhabitants of the parts of Ceram visited by them.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 4}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-03"></a>III. (1605-1606).<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIP DUIFKEN UNDER COMMAND OF WILLEM JANSZ(OON) AND +JAN LODEWIJKSZOON ROSINGEYN TO NEW GUINEA.--DISCOVERY OF THE +EAST-COAST OF THE PRESENT GULF OF CARPENTARIA.</h3> + +<p><b>A.</b></p> + +<p><i>HACKLUYTUS Posthumus or PURCHAS his Pilgrimes Contayning a +History of the World in Sea voyages, & lande-Travells by +Englishmen & others.</i></p> + +<p>English Voyages beyond the East-Indies, to the islands of +Japan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philipinae with others; and the +Indian navigations further prosecuted...</p> + +<p>THE FOURTH BOOKE.</p> + +<p>Chap. II.</p> + +<p>Observations of Captaine Iohn Saris, of occurrents which +happened in the East-Indies during his abode at Bantam, from +October 1605, till October 1609...</p> + +<p>The eighteenth [November 1605] [*] heere [**] departed a small +Pinnasse of the <i>Flemmings</i>, for the discovery of the Land +called <b>Nova Guinea</b> which, as it is said, affordeth great +store of Gold...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Old style: therefore November 28, +1605.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** Bantam.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>The fifteenth [*] of June [1606] heere [**] arrived +<i>Nockhoda</i> [***] <i>Tingall</i>, a Cling-man from +<i>Banda</i>, in a <i>Java</i> juncke...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Old style: therefore Junr 25, 1606.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** Bantam.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[*** Nachoda or Anachoda: a skipper.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>He told me that the <i>Flemmings</i> Pinasse which went upon +discovery for <i>Nova Ginny</i>, was returned to Banda, having +found the Iland: but in sending their men on shoare to intreate +of Trade, there were nine of them killed by the Heathens, which +are man-eaters; So they were constrained to returne, finding no +good to be done there.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions drawn up to serve as a basis for Answers on +the part of the General United E.I.C. to the advice given by the +Lords States of Holland and Westfriesland, touching the Charter +of the Australia Company. Laid before the Council, Aug. 2, +1618.</i></p> + +<p>...So that the E.I.C. opines that in every case the Australia +Company aforesaid ought to be excluded from the Southern parts, +situated between the Meridian passing through the Eastern +extremity of Ceylon and the Meridian lying a hundred miles +eastward of the Salomon islands; seeing that the United East +India Company has repeatedly given orders for discovering and +exploring <i>the land of Nova Guinea and the islands situated +east of the same</i>, since, equally by her orders, such +discovery was once tried about the year 1606 with the yacht <b>de +Duyve</b> by skipper <b>Willem Jansz</b> and subcargo <b>Jan +Lodewijs van Rosingijn</b>, who made sundry discoveries on the +said coast of Nova Guinea, as is amply set forth in their +journals. [*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* In 1618, therefore, there must have been extant +journals of the expedition of 1605-6.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page 5}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center">See <i>infra</i> the <i>Journal of the voyage +Of JAN CARSTENSZOON 1623, at the dates:</i> March 7, May 11, 12, +15.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>D.</b></p> + +<p class="center">South-eastern part of the Map <i>Indiae +Orientalis Nova descriptio</i> in the atlas JOANNES +JANSSONIUS-MERCATOR-HONDIUS 1633 [*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The whole map is reproduced in <i>Remarkable +Maps</i> (II, 7.) See also C. H. COOTE'S Introduction; P. A. +TIELE: Nederlandsche Bibliographic van Land- en Volkenkunde, s. +vv. Janssonius and Mercator, and my Life of Tasman, p. 91, note +I.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-03"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-03.jpg" width="400" height="419" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 3. Zuidoostelijk gedeelte der Kaart (South-eastern part +of the Map) <i>Indiae Orientalis Nova descriptio</i></p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>E.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions for Skipper Commander Abel +Jansen Tasman, Skipper Pilot-Majjr Frans Jacobsen Visscher, and +the Council of the Yachts Limmen, Zeemeeuw, and the Quel de +Brack, destined for the further discovery of Nova Guinea, and of +the unknown coasts of the discovered East- and South-lands, +together with the channels and islands presumably situated +between and near the same.</i></p> + +<hr /> +<p>Both by word of mouth and through the perusal of Journals, +Charts and other writings, it is in the main well-known to you, +how the successive Governors of India, at <a name="page6"></a>{Page 6} the express command of our Lords and +Masters the "Heeren XVII", have, in order to the aggrandisement, +enlargement and improvement of the Dutch East India Company's +standing and trade in the East, divers times diligently +endeavoured to make timely discovery of the vast country of Nova +Guinea and of other unknown Eastern and Southern regions; to wit, +that four several voyages have up to now with scant success been +made for this desired discovery; of the which voyages the first +was undertaken in the year 16066 with the Yacht <b>'t +Duyffken</b>, by order, of President Jan Willemsz Verschoor (who +then managed the Company's affairs in Bantham), on which voyage +the islands of Key and Arouw were visited in passing, and the +<b>unknown south and west coasts of Nova Guinea</b> were +discovered over a length of 220 miles from 5 to 13¾ +degrees Southern Latitude, it being only ascertained that vast +regions were for the greater part uncultivated, and certain parts +inhabited by savage, cruel, black barbarians who slew some of our +sailors, so that no information was obtained touching the exact +situation of the country and regarding the commodities obtainable +and in demand there.\; our men having by want of provisions and +other necessaries, been compelled to return and give up the +discovery they had begun, only registering in their chart with +the name of <b>Cape Keer-weer</b> the extreme point of the +discovered land in 13¾ degrees Southern Latitude.</p> + +<p>In the castle of Batavia, this 29th of January Ao 1644. Signed +ANTONIO VAN DIEMEN, CORNELIS VAN DER LIJN, JOAN MAETSUIJCKER, +JUSTUS SCHOUTEN and SALOMON SWEERS.</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-04"></a>IV. (1607).<br /> +FRESH EXPEDITION TO NEW GUINEA BY THE SHIP DUIFKE.</h3> + +<p class="center">Second volume of "<i>Het begin ende voortgangh +der Vereenighde Nederlantsche Geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische +Compagnie.</i> Gedruckt in den jaere des Heeren 1646" [Rise and +Progress of the United Netherlands Chartered East India Company. +Printed Anno Domini 1646].</p> + +<p>A Narrative and Journal of the voyage made from Bantam to the +coast of Choromandel and other parts of India, by Supercargo +PAULUS VAN SOLT in the years 1605 1606, 1607, 1608.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>"On the 4th of March 1607, through God's mercy [we] arrived +before the Castle [of Victoria in Amboyna]...here we found...the +yacht <b>Duyfken</b>, which had come from <b>Nova +Guinea</b>"...</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-05"></a>V. (1616).<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIPS EENDRACHT AND HOORN, COMMANDED BY JACQUES LE +MAIRE AND WILLEM CORNELISZOON SCHOUTEN THROUGH THE PACIFIC OCEAN +AND ALONG THE NORTH-COAST OF NEW GUINEA.</h3> + +<p> +One of the journals of this voyage has been repeatedly printed in various +languages. (See TIELE, Mémoire Bibliographique, pp. 42-62, and the same +writer's Bibliographic Land- en Volkenkunde, s. vv. Begin ende Voortgangh, +Herrera, W. Cz. Schouten, and Spilbergen). I need not, therefore, go into +detail on this point here. The voyage was begun on the 14th of June 1615, and +in January 1616 the strait of <a name="page7"></a>{Page 7} Le Maire was +discovered. In the Pacific Ocean various islands unknown to the voyagers were +touched at: <i>inter alia</i> Kokos-island (Boscawen or Tafahi), +Verraders-eiland [Traitors' island] (Keppel or Niutabutabu), (Goede) Hoop +island (Nino-fa), the Hoornsche islands (Fotuna and Alofi). Besides, various +islands east of New Guinea were surveyed, and New Ireland, New Hanover and the +north-coast of New Guinea with the islands north of it (among others Schoutens +island), sailed round or touched at. +</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-06"></a>VI. (1616).<br /> +PROJECT FOR THE FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE SOUTH-LAND NOVA +GUINEA.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Resolution of the Governor-General and +Councillors, October 8, 1616.</i></p> + +<p>...Inasmuch as heretofore the Company has taken in hand to +dispatch a ship for the discovery of the South-land-Nova-Guinea +and the dependencies thereof, which project has not been executed +owing to other intervening business, it has been resolved to take +the said project once more in hand at the present time; and that +to this end the Lord Admiral...[*] shall dispatch from Amboyna or +Banda the ship de Jager with any other small yacht that should +lie at anchor there, or happen to put into port, in order to the +discovery of the lands aforesaid; seeing that it is much more +convenient to visit those parts starting from here than from the +Netherlands, and that the same can now be done without any +inconvenience or detriment to the Company. And if in Amboyna or +Banda no other yacht besides the ship de Jager should be found +available, then the Lord Admiral shall be free to assign the ship +Morgenster for the said purpose...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Steven Van der Haghen.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Resolution of the Governor-General and +Councillors, October 21, 1616.</i></p> + +<p>...Considering the confident inclination to the said voyage +evinced by the Lord Advocate Dedel [*], and the importance of +this enterprise being conducted with great skill and judgment, it +has been determined and resolved to employ the Advocate aforesaid +in the said voyage, to the end that all things may be conducted +in good order, with the requisite courage and resolution, for +which purpose the Hon. Advocate will now depart for Amboyna with +the Lord Admiral...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Cornelis Dedel, LL. D.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter from the Governor-General LAURENS +REAEL to the Managers of the E.I.C., May 10, 1617.</i></p> + +<p>...Mr. Cornelis Dedel, LL. D., had by us been dispatched to +this place [*] from the Moluccas, that with two or three yachts +and pinnaces he might proceed to the discovery of the <b>Southern +lands</b>, which undertaking had heretofore once more by order +of...Admiraal Verhagen been engaged in by <b>Jan Rossangin</b> +[**]. But when lying at anchor in Amboyna...Dedel's ships were +employed on other services. [***]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Reael was then staying in Banda.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[* This almost certainly refers to the voyage of +1605-6 under Willem Jansz. and Rosengein.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p><a name="note2p8"></a>[* Although, as we see, the +project was not carried into execution, I have thought it good to +print the above documents, because they bear testimony to the +earnest intention of the Dutch authorities in India once more to +undertake the discovery of the "South-land" (at the same time the +matter was by no means lost sight of in the Netherlands, as is +proved by a resolution of the Managers of the E.I.C., of October +1616); [and] because document C in the text is <i>presumably</i> +fresh evidence for the voyage of 1605-6.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<p><a name="page8"></a>{Page 8}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-07"></a>VII. (1616).<br /> +VOYAGE OF DE EENDRACHT UNDER COMMAND OF DIRK HARTOGS(ZOON). +DISCOVERY OF THE WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA IN 1616: DIRK HARTOGS +ISLAND AND -ROAD, LAND OF THE EENDRACHT OR EENDRACHTSLAND.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of Supercargo Cornelis Buysero at +Bantam to the Managers of the East India Company at +Amsterdam.</i></p> + +<p>Worshipful, Wise, Provident, very Discreet Gentlemen,...</p> + +<p>...The ship <b>Eendracht</b> [*], with which they had sailed +from the Netherlands, after communicating at the Cabo sailed +away from them so far southward as to come upon 6 various islands +which were, however, found uninhabited [**]...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Commanded by Dirk Hartogs, or +Hartogszoon.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[* What "uninhabited islands" the ship Eendracht +"came upon", Buysero's letter does not say. Various authentic +archival documents of 1618 and subsequent years, however, go to +show that the land afterwards named <b>Eendrachtsland</b> or +<b>Land van de Eendracht</b>, and the <b>Dirk Hartogsreede</b> +(island) must have been discovered on this voyage.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Bantam, this last day of August, A.D. 1617.<br /> +Your Worships' servant to command<br /> +CORNELIS BUYSERO [*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Buysero was supercargo at Bantam (DE JONGE, +Opkcornst, IV, p. 68,) and was therefore likely to be well +informed as to the adventures of the ship, which had sailed from +the Netherlands in January 1616, departed from the Cape of Good +Hope in the last days of August, and had arrived in India in +December of the same year, as appears from what Steven Van der +Haghen, Governor of Amboyna, writes May 26, 1617: "That in the +month of December 1616, the ship Eendracht entered the narrows +between Bima and the land of Endea near Guno Api (Goenoeng Api) +in the south of Java" (Sapi Straits).]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>See infra Document No. IX, of 1618.</i></p> + +<p>It proves that as early as 1618 the name of +<b>Eendrachtsland</b> was known in the Netherlands.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p> +The subjoined chart (reproduced on the original scale in <i>Remarkable +Maps</i>, II, 4) was drawn by HESSEL GFRRITSZ, Cartographer in ordinary to the +East India Company <a name="page9"></a>{Page 9} (Ress. of the "Heeren XVII", +March 21, 1619 and October 21, 1629). He had accordingly at his disposal the +official documents referring to this discovery. +</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-04"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-04.jpg" width="600" height="316" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 4. Caert van (Chart of) 't Land van d'Eendracht Ao 1627 +door HESSEL GERRITSZ</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>D.</b></p> + +<p>The interesting little folding chart, marked No. 5, is now in +the possession of Jhr. J. E. Huydecoper van Maarsseveen en +Nigtevegt, LL. D., at Utrecht. It is bound up with the said +gentleman's copy of Abel Janszoon Tasman's journal of his voyage +of 1642-3 [*]. The chart clearly shows that at times in +subsequent issues of certain charts the dates given in the first +issue were retained, while numerous corrections were made in the +chart itself.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See my Life and Labours of TASMAN, p. +69.]</p></blockquote> + +<p><a name="page10"></a>{Page 10}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>E.</b></p> + +<p>Of the chart of which this is a small portion, a complete +reproduction will be found in <i>Remarkable Maps</i>, II, 8. In +1630, accordingly, the discovery of Eendrachtsland was known at +Nuremberg.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-06"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-06.jpg" width="400" height="395" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 6. Kaart van het Zuidland van (Alap of the Southland +by) JOANNES KEPPLER en PHILIPPUS ECKEBRECHT, 1630</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-08"></a>VIII. (1618).<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIP ZEEWOLF, FROM THE NETHERLANDS TO INDIA, UNDER +THE COMMAND OF SUPERCARGO PIETER DIRKSZOON AND SKIPPER HAEVIK +CLAESZOON VAN HILLEGOM.--FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE WEST-COAST OF +AUSTRALIA.</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of Supercargo Pieter Dirkszoon to the +Managers of the E.I.C. at Amsterdam, dated June 24, 1618.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p>Worshipful Wise Provident Very Discreet Gentlemen.</p> + +<p>By the ships T'Wapen van Zeelandt, den Eenhoorn and Enckhuyzen +(which with full cargoes arrived at the Cape de bone Esperance +from these parts of India) I have on the 22nd of March last +[1618] briefly advised Your Worships of our safe arrival +there...[*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The ship had sailed from the Netherlands in +December 1617.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 11}</p> + +<p>Now with this ship den Witten Beer Your Worships may be +pleased to receive news of the subsequent successful progress of +our voyage to this part of India, viz. that on the 24th of the +said month we sailed from the Taeffelbaey [Table Bay]...in the +ship Seewolf for Bantam (pursuant to Your Worships' orders); in +such fashion that by God's grace we soon got south as far as 37, +38 and 39 degrees, after which we held our course due east for a +thousand miles before turning it northward; so that on the 21st +of May following we made the land in Cleyn Java about 6 or 8 +miles east of the island of Bali; after which, passing between +Bali and Cleyn Java, we came to anchor before our factory of +Japara on the second day of June...</p> + +<p>Having on the 11th of May reached 21° 15' S. Latitude, we +saw and discovered...land about 5 or 6 miles to windward east of +us, which in consequence we were unable to touch at. We observed +it to be a level, low-lying shore of great length, and looking +out from the top-mast we saw on both ends of it, to north as well +as to southward, still other land which showed high and +mountainous. But as the land bore eastward from us, and we could +not have got higher without considerable inconvenience, we do not +know whether it forms an unbroken coast-line, or is made up of +separate islands. In the former case it might well be a mainland +coast, for it extended to a very great length. But only the Lord +knows the real state of affairs. At all events it would seem +never to have been made or discovered by any one before us, as we +have never heard of such discovery [*], and the chart shows +nothing but open ocean at this place. According to our skipper's +estimation in his chart the Strait of Sunda was then N.N.E. of us +at about 250 miles' distance; according to the second mate's +reckoning the direction was North East, and according to the +first mate's estimation North East by North. These statements, +however, proved erroneous, since we arrived east of Bali on a +north-north-east course. So that consequently this land bears +from Sunda Strait south-south-west, and ships must arrive in Java +eastward of Sunda Strait on a north-by-west or northern course; +on which those who come in sight of this land from eastward and +wish to go to Bantam, may safely base their course. This much by +way of advice...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Dirk Hartochs's discovery had not come to their +knowledge then.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On board the ship Seewolff lying at anchor before Jacatra, +this 20 of June, 1618.<br /> +Your Worships' obedient Servant<br /> +PIETER DIRCXSOON 1618.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of Skipper Haevick Claeszoon van +Hillegom to the Managers of the E.I.C. at Amsterdam, dated June +24, 1618.</i></p> + +<p class="center">Laus Deo. On board the ship Seewolf lying at +anchor before Jaeketerae, this 24th of June 1618.</p> + +<p>Right Worshipful Beloved Gentlemen My Lords Directors of the +United Company at Amsterdam, with friendly greeting, the present, +after my best wishes for the <a name="page12"></a>{Page +12} well-being and health of my Worshipful Noble Masters, +serves to express my hope that Your Worships may have duly +received, through Pieter Gertsz, skipper of the ship Enckhuyzen +[*], my letters of the 22nd of March, written in the Taefel Bay, +recounting what had happened on our voyage up to said date. The +present further serves to inform Your Worships of our progress up +to this day, as follows. We set sail from the Cape de bon +Esperanse on the 24th of the same month...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See <i>supra</i> A.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 5th of May we got into Latitude 28° 26' South, when +we saw numbers of birds many of which seemed to be land-birds, +such as a white tropic-bird and a few scissor-tailed ducks, so +that I surmised that we were near land. Two or three days +afterwards we saw sea-weed floating in large quantities and long +strips. On the 10th do. we passed the tropic in fine weather. On +the 11th do. we saw land in 21° 20' S. Lat.: it was a level, +low-lying coast extending to a great length, and bearing mainly +south and north, falling off on both sides with high mountains; +we could not get near it. Whether it was a mainland coast or +islands only, is known to God alone, but from the signs seen at +various times I suspect it to be a mainland. The compass has one +point north-westerly variation here; we saw a good deal of +sea-weed floating about, and observed land-birds up to the 16th +degree, both of these being signs of the proximity of the +mainland. This land is a fit point to be made by ships coming +here with the eastern monsoon, in order to get a fixed course for +Java or Sunda Strait; for if you see this land in 21, 22 or 23 +degrees, and shape your course north-north-west and north-by-west +you will make the western extremity of Jaeva. I write this as +a matter of certainty, seeing that we have made the same on a fixed +course, and ships following this course are sure to find it true. +On the 21st do. we saw land, to wit, Kleyn Jaevae; we kept off and +on during the night, and at daybreak made for the land, passing +through the strait between Kleyn Jaeva and Baely...</p> + +<p>Your Worships' servant to command</p> + +<p>H. CLAESSEN VAN HILLEGOM.</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-09"></a>IX. (1618).<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIP MAURITIUS FROM THE NETHERLANDS TO INDIA UNDER +THE COMMAND OF SUPERCARGO WILLEM JANSZ OR JANSZOON AND SKIPPER +LENAERT JACOBSZ(OON). FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE WEST-COAST OF +AUSTRALIA.--WILLEMS-RIVER.</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter Of supercargo WILLFM JANSZ(OON) to +the Managers of the Amsterdam Chamber, Oclober 6, 1618.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center">Worshipful Wise Provident Discreet +Gentlemen,</p> + +<p>(Sailed 1000 miles to eastward in in 38 degrees with notable +success.)</p> + +<p>The present serves only to inform you that on the 8th of June +last with the ship Mauritius we passed Cape de bon esperence, +with strong westerly winds, so that we deemed it inadvisable to +call at any land, after which we ran a thousand miles to eastward +in 38 degrees Southern Latitude, though we should have wished to +go still further east.</p> + +<p><a name="page13"></a>{Page 13}</p> + +<p>On the 31st of July we discovered an island and landed on the +same, where we found the marks of human footsteps--on the +west-side it extends N.N.E. and S.S.W.; it measures 15 miles in +length, and its northern extremity is in 22° S. Lat. It bears +Eendracht S.S.E. and N.N.W. from the south-point of Sunda at 240 +miles' distance; from there (Eendrachtsland [*]) through God's +grace we safely arrived before Bantam on the 22nd of +August...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This marginal note was made by an official of the +East India Company, when the letter had reached its +destination.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Done on board the ship 't Wapen van Amsterdam, October 6, +1618.</p> + +<p>Your Worships' Obedt. Servant</p> + +<p>WILLEM JANSZ.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center">Worshipful Wise Provident Discreet +Gentlemen,</p> + +<p>See <i>the Maps numbered VII, C and D (1616).</i></p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-10"></a>X. (1619)?<br /> +FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE SOUTH-COAST OF NEW-GUINEA BY THE SHIP +HET WAPEN VAN AMSTERDAM? [*]</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions for Tasman 1644.</i></p> + +<p>...In the interim in the year 1619 the ship 't Wapen van +Amsterdam, passing Banda on her way thither, was east on the +<b>south-coast of Nova Guinea</b> where also some of her crew +were slain by the barbarian inhabitants, so that no certain +information respecting the situation of the country was +obtained...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* I place a note of interrogation here. The matter +is not quite clear. For the sake of completeness I mention it +here, but without drawing any conclusion. On p. 95, note 5 of my +"Life of Tasman" in Fred. Muller's Tasman publication I say: +"Leupe, Zuidland, p. 35, cites a letter sent by the Directors to +the Gov.-Gen. and Councillors, of Sept. 9, 1620. In this letter +there is question of the discoveries made by d'Eendracht, +Zeewolff, <i>'t Wapen van Amsterdam</i>, and quite recently by +Commanders Houtman and D'Edel". When, we may ask, did the ship 't +Wapen van Amsterdam survey the South-land? There certainly was a +ship of that name by the side of another vessel, named Amsterdam +<i>pur et simple</i>. According to the Register of departures of +vessels of the E.I.C., preserved in the State Archives at the +Hague, this ship set sail from the Netherlands on May 11, 1613. I +have found no reliable trace of later date of this vessel, and +the documents know nothing of any exploration of the South-land +by her. I am inclined to think that Leupe is mistaken here. The +letter itself, which is contained in the copying-book of letters, +preserved in the State Archives, has suffered much from +theravages of time. Between the words "Zeewolff" and "Amsterdam" +the paper has suffered so much that nothing is left of the +intervening letters. L. C. D. Van Dijk, in his Mededeelingen uit +het Oost-Indisch archief. Amsterdam, <i>Scheltema</i>, 1859 p. 2, +note 2, has also printed the letter in question. He puts the +words: "'t Wapen van" in parentheses, in order to denote that they +are merely conjectural. Leupe may have inadvertently omitted +these parentheses. Perhaps the original text read: "ende +Amsterdam". In this case there would have been two times +question of Dedel's voyages: once by a reference to the ship +Amsterdam; and afterwards by mentioning Dedel's name itself. I +must not however omit to make mention here of what the +Instructions for Tasman's second voyage, dated January 29, 1644, +say about an unsuccessful expedition undertaken by the ship 't +Wapen van Amsterdam to the south coast of New Guinea in +1619.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<p><a name="page14"></a>{Page 14}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-11"></a>XI. (1619)<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIPS DORDRECHT AND AMSTERDAM UNDER COMMANDER +FREDERIK DE HOUTMAN, SUPERCARGO JACOB DEDEL, AND SKIPPERS REYER +JANSZOON VAN BUIKSLOOT AND MAARTEN CORNELISZOON(?), FROM THE +NETHERLANDS TO THE EAST-INDIES.--FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE +WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA: DEDELSLAND AND HOUTMAN'S ABROLHOS.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of Commander</i> FREDERIK DE HUTMAN +<i>to Prince Alaurice, October 7, 1619.</i></p> + +<p>Most Noble Highborn Prince,</p> + +<p>Most Highborn Prince, my last letter to Your Princely +Excellency was dated May the 20th last from the Taefelbay near +Cabo de bonne esperance with the ship Anna from England...</p> + +<p>Now as regards my subsequent progress I would inform Your +Excellency that on the 8th of June we set sail from the Tafelbay +with a fair wind with the ships Dordrecht and Amsterdam, add that +on the 19th of July following we suddenly came upon the +<b>Southland of Beach</b> [*] in 32 degrees 20 minutes. We spent +a few days there in order to get some knowledge of the same, but +the inconvenience of being unable to make a landing, together +with the heavy gales, prevented us from effecting our purpose, +upon which shaping our course for Java, we got sight of the same +on the 19th of August, and arrived safely before Jacatra on the +3rd of September...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Though De Houtman knew of the discovery of +<b>Eendrachtsland</b> (see <i>infra</i>), he still uses the name +<b>Beach</b>; which clearly proves that in the early part of the +seventeenth century the Netherlanders identified <b>the +discovered South-land</b> with the mysterious land of +Beach.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>From Jacatra, this seventh of October, A.D. 1619.</p> + +<p>(Signed)</p> + +<p>Your Excellency's most devoted Servant</p> + +<p>FREDERICK HOUTMAN.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of</i> FREDERIK DE HOUTMAN <i>to the +Managers of the E.I.C., October 7, 1619.</i></p> + +<p>Most Noble Wise Provident Very Discreet Gentlemn,</p> + +<p>My last letter to Your Worships was dated May 20th from the +Tafelbay...We next sailed from the Tafelbay with the ships +Dordrecht and Amsterdam on June the 8th...</p> + +<p>We ran on with a fair north-west wind as far as 36° 30', +in which latitude we kept this steady breeze with us up to the +17th of July, when we estimated ourselves to have sailed straight +to eastward the space of a thousand miles. We observed 16° +decreasing north-westerly variation of the compass, and resolved +to steer...on a north-east-by-north course, {Page 15} we +then being in 35° 25' Southern Latitude. After keeping the +aforesaid course for about 60 miles, in the evening of the 19th +we suddenly saw land, which we steered away from. On the 20th we +found it to be a mainland coast extending South and North. We +resolved to use our utmost endeavours to obtain some knowledge of +this coast, which seemed to be a very good land, but could find +no spot for conveniently landing owing to the surf and the heavy +seas. On the 23rd both the Amsterdam and our ship lost an anchor +each, since our cables were broken by the strong gale. We kept +near the coast till the 28th of July, but owing to the violent +storm could not effect a landing, so that we were forced to leave +the land aforesaid, not without imminent danger of being thrown +on it by the strong gale.</p> + +<p>On the 28th we sighted a cape of the said coast, off which we +sounded in from 45 to 70 fathom, but shortly after we got no +bottom, and in the evening the land was out of sight.</p> + +<p>On the 29th do. deeming ourselves to be in an open sea, we +shaped our course north-by-east. At noon we were in 29° 32' +S. Lat.; at night about three hours before daybreak, we again +unexpectedly came upon a low-lying coast, a level, broken country +with reefs all round it. We saw no high land or mainland, so that +this shoal is to be carefully avoided as very dangerous to ships +that wish to touch at this coast. It is fully ten miles in +length, lying in 28° 46.</p> + +<p>On the 2nd of August, the wind becoming contrary, we turned +our course eastward at noon we again sighted a long stretch of +land in Lat. 27° 40' South. We are all assured that this is +the land which the ship <b>Eendracht</b> discovered and made in +the year [*], and noways doubt that all the land they saw in 22, +23, 25 degrees, and which we sighted down to 33 degrees, is one +uninterrupted mainland coast.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Left blank.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>When in 26° 20' we were in sight of the land, we had 8 +degrees decreasing northwesterly variation of the compass. We +then shaped our course north and north by west, which leaves it +due north, if the variation is deducted. On the 29th of August we +made the south-coast of Java, 60 miles to eastward of the western +extremity of the said island, so that if you are near this +South-land in 23, 24 or 25 degrees S. Lat., and shape your course +north by west, which deducting the variation is due +north-north-west, you will strike the coast of Java [*] miles to +eastward of its south-western extremity. Therefore, in order to +have a fixed course from the Cape to Java, it is advisable to set +sail from the Cape de bonne Esperance in June or July, and to run +on an eastern course in 36 and 37 degrees Southern Latitude, +until you estimate yourself to have covered a thousand miles to +eastward, after which you had better shape your course north and +north by east, until you get into 26 or 27 degrees, thus shunning +the <b>shoal</b> aforesaid which lies <b>off the South-land</b> +in 28° 46'.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Left blank.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>When you have reached the 26th or 27th degree, run eastward +until you come in sight of the South-land, and then, as before +mentioned, from there hold your course north by west and +north-north-west, and you are sure to make the western extremity +of Java, as shown in the annexed small chart [*], which I have +drawn up for the better assurance. This South-land, as far as we +could judge, seems to be a very fair coast, but we found it +impossible to land on it, nor have we seen any smoke or signs of +inhabitants there; but further investigation is wanted on this +point.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Not forthcoming.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 25th of August we got into Sonda Strait...</p> + +<p>In the fortress of Jacatra, October 7, 1619.<br /> +Your Worships' obedient servant<br /> +FREDERICK HOUTMAN.</p> + +<p>{Page 16}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of Supercargo</i> JACOB DEDEL <i>to +the Managers of the E.I.C., October 7, 1619.</i></p> + +<p class="center">Worshipful Wise Provident Gentlemen,</p> + +<p>My last letter to you was dated May 20 last, in which I +informed you of my arrival at Cabo de bonne Esperance..., where I +found Commander Houtman...</p> + +<p>On the first of June I was ready to set sail for Bantam from +Cabo de bonne Esperance but contrary winds prevented my putting +to sea before June 8th, when I sailed in company with the Hon. +Houtman, pursuant to a resolution of the Plenary Council. The +ships were found to have nearly the same sailing powers, so that +we constantly remained in each other's company. After having had +plenty of westerly, south westerly and southerly winds in 35, 36 +and 37 degrees Southern Latitude, with occasional stiff breezes, +we safely made the required distance to eastward, and on the 19th +of July last came upon <b>the south-lands situated behind +Java</b>. We anchored in 14 fathom in 32½ degrees +latitude, the bottom being level and hard; in full sight of the +land the sea was 100 fathom deep, the coast being steep and +mountainous, the interior uniformly high, of which I append a +map. We used our best endeavours to make a landing, which, +however, could not conveniently be done owing to the steep coast, +whereupon we resolved to run a little more north, where the coast +seemed easier of access; but the wind steadily blowing very +stiffly from the north under the land, and the tide coming in +from the south, we spent a good deal of time in tacking, until a +sudden squall from the west, which made the coast a lee-shore and +made us lose one of our anchors, threatened to throw us on the +coast. We then made all sail, and the wind coming round a little, +we stood out to sea, not deeming it advisable to continue longer +inshore in this bad weather with such large heavy ships and such +costly cargoes as we had entrusted to our care, and with great +peril to lose more precious time, but being contented with having +seen the land which at a more favourable time may be further +explored with more fitting vessels and smaller craft. We have +seen no signs of inhabitants, nor did we always keep near the +coast, since it formed large bays which would have taken up much +time. Still we kept seeing the coast from time to time, until in +27 degrees we came upon <b>the land discovered by the ship +Eendracht</b>, which land in the said latitude showed as a red, +muddy coast, which according to the surmises of some of us might +not unlikely prove to be gold-bearing, a point which may be +cleared up in time.</p> + +<p>Leaving the 27th degree, we shaped our course north and north +by west, until on the 19th of August we struck the island of Java +70 miles to eastward of its western extremity...after which we +arrived in Sunda Caleppe Strait on the 23rd of the same +month...</p> + +<p>This 7th day of October, 1619.</p> + +<p>On board the ship Amsterdam at anchor before our fortress of +Jacatra.<br /> +Your Worships' Servant<br /> +JACOB DEDEL.</p> + +<p><a name="page17"></a>{Page 17}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>D.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Maps of Hessel Gerritsz, numbered VII C and +D. (1616).</i></p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-12"></a>XII. (1622)<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIP LEEUWIN FROM THE NETHERLANDS TO +JAVA.--DISCOVERY OF THE SOUTH-WEST COAST OF AUSTRALIA.--LEEUWIN'S +LAND.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Chart of Hessel Gerritsz, VII C +(1616).</i></p> + +<p>I print such of the legends of this chart as refer to the +results of this expedition:</p> + +<p>"Duynich landt boven met boomen ende boseage.<br /> +Laegh ghelijck verdroncken landt.<br /> +<b>'t Landt van de Leeuwin</b> beseylt Ao 1622 in Maert [*]. +Laegh duynich landt."<br /> +[Dunes with trees and underwood at top.--Low land seemingly +submerged (by the tide).--Land made by the ship Leeuwin in March, +1622.--Low land with dunes].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The ship Lecuwin had set sail from the Netherlands +on April 20, 1621, and arrived at Batavia May 15, 1622, after a +very long voyage, of which the G.-G. and Counc. did not fail to +complain.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions for Tasman 1644.</i></p> + +<p>...likewise, during the same period in the years 1616, 1618, +1619 and 1622, the <b>west coast of the great unknown +South-land</b> from 35 to 22 degrees was unexpectedly and +accidentally discovered by the ships d'Eendracht, Mauritius, +Amsterdam, Dordrecht and <b>Leeuwin</b>, coming from the +Netherlands...</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-13"></a>XIII. (1622)<br /> +THE TRIALL (ENGLISH DISCOVERY).--<br /> +THE SHIP WAPEN VAN HOORN TOUCHES AT THE WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA. +NEW PROJECTS FOR DISCOVERY MADE BY THE SUPREME GOVERNMENT AT +BATAVIA.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter from the G.-G. and Counc. to the +Managers of the E.I.C., September 6, 1622.</i></p> + +<p>...On the 5th of July there arrived here [*] a boat with ten +men forming part of the crew of an English ship, named the +<b>Triall</b>, and on the 8th do. her pinnace with 36 men. They +state that they have lost and abandoned their ship with 97 men +and {Page 18} the cargo she had taken in, on certain +<b>rocks</b> situated in Latitude 20° 10' South, in the +longitude of the western extremity of Java. These rocks are near +a number of broken islands, lying very far apart, South-east and +North-west, at 30 miles' distance northwest of a <b>certain +island</b> which in our charts is laid down in 22° S. Lat. +[**]. The said ship Triall ran on these rocks in the night-time +in fine weather, without having seen land, and since the heavy +swells caused the ship to run aground directly, so that it got +filled with water, the 46 persons aforementioned put off from her +in the greatest disorder with the boat and pinnace each +separately, leaving 97 persons in the ship; whose fate is known +to God alone. The boat and pinnace aforesaid arrived here each +separately, without knowing of each other.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Batavia.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** See, for instance, the chart of Hessel Gerritsz: +VII C (1616).]</p></blockquote> + +<p>The ship <b>'t Wapen van Hoorn</b> [*] has also been in +extreme peril; at night in a hard wind she got so near the land +of <b>d'Eendracht or the South-land of Java</b> that she was in 6 +fathom before they saw land, which they could noways put off +from, so that they ran on it. But shortly after the storm +abating, they got the landwind, and came off safe, for which the +Lord be praised.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* She sailed from the Texel, December 22, 1621, and +arrived at Batavia, July 22, 1622.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>The ships Amsterdam and Dordrecht [*] likewise got into great +peril near the land just mentioned in the year 1619. Whereas it +is necessary that ships, in order to hasten their arrival, should +run on an eastward course for about 1000 miles from the Cape de +Bona Esperance between 40 and 30 degrees Southern Latitude, it is +equally necessary that great caution should be used and the best +measures taken in order to avoid such accidents as befell the +English ship <b>Triall</b>. They say that they met with this +accident through following the course of our ships; that they +intend to dissuade their countrymen from imitating their example, +and that their masters are sure to take other measures +accordingly.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See <i>supra</i>, p. 10.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>For the further discovery of the lands aforesaid we intend, in +conformity with your orders, to send a ship thither as soon as +practicable, for which purpose we have selected the yacht +Hazewint [*]. May God Almighty preserve all your worships' ships +from accidents and bring them safe to port...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See <i>infra</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions for the yachts Haringh and +Hasewint having destination jointly to discover and explore the +South-land, September 29, 1622.</i></p> + +<p>Inasmuch as Our Masters ["Heeren Majores"] earnestly enjoin us +to dispatch hence certain yachts for the purpose of making +discovery of the South-land; and since moreover experience has +taught, by great perils incurred by sundry of our ships--but +specially by the late miscarrying of the English ship +<b>Triali</b> on the said coast--the urgent necessity of +obtaining a full and accurate knowledge of the true bearing and +conformation of the said land, that further accidents may +henceforth be prevented as much as possible; besides this, seeing +that is highly desirable that an investigation should be made to +ascertain whether the regions or any part of the same are +inhabited, and whether any trade might with them be +established.</p> + +<p><i>Therefore</i>, for the purpose before mentioned, we have +resolved to fit out the yachts Haringh and Hasewint for +undertaking the said voyage, and for ascertaining as much of the +situation and nature of these regions as God Almighty shall +vouchsafe to allow them.</p> + +<p>{Page 19}</p> + +<p>You will accordingly set sail from here together, run out of +Sunda Strait, and steer your course for the South-land from the +western extremity of Java, keeping as close to the wind as you +will find at all possible, that by so doing you may avoid being +driven too far westward by the South-easterly winds which +generally blow in those waters. You may therefore run on as far +as the 32nd or 33rd degree, if you do not fall in with land +before that latitude; having got so far without seeing land, you +may conclude that you have fallen off too far to westward, for +sundry ships coming from the Netherlands have accidentally come +upon the South-land in this latitude; you will in this case have +to turn your course to eastward, and run on in this direction +until you sight land.</p> + +<p>In running over to the <i>South-land</i> aforesaid, you will +have to keep a careful lookout, as soon as you get in 14 or 15 +degrees, seeing that the English ship Trial before mentioned got +aground in 20° 10' Southern Latitude on certain sunken rocks, +bearing north-east and south-west for a length Of 7 miles, +according to the observation of the English pilot, but without +having seen any mainland thereabouts. But the men who saved +themselves in the pinnace and the boat, and thus arrived here, +deposed that in the latitude of 13 or 14 degrees they had seen +sundry pieces of wood and cane, and branches of trees floating +about, from which they concluded that there must be land or +islands near there. The <i>sunken rocks</i> aforesaid on which +the <i>Triall</i> was wrecked, were exactly south of the western +extremity of <i>Java</i> according to the statements made by the +English sailors.</p> + +<p>When you shall have come upon the <i>South-land</i> in the +said latitude or near it, you will skirt the coast of the same as +far as Latitude 50°, in case the land should extend so far +southward; but if the land should fall off before you have +reached the said latitude, and should be found to trend eastward, +you will follow its eastern extension for some time, and finding +no further extension to southward, you will not proceed farther +east, but turn back. You will do the same if you should find the +land to turn to westward. In returning you will run along the +coast as far as it extends to northward, next proceeding on an +eastern course or in such wise as you shall find the land to +extend: in which manner you will follow the coast as close +inshore and as long as you shall find practicable, and as you +deem your victuals and provisions to be sufficient for the +return-voyage, even if in so doing you should sail round the +whole land and emerge to southward.</p> + +<p>The main object for which you are dispatched on this occasion, +is, that from 45 or 50 degrees, or from the farthest point to +which the land shall be found to extend southward within these +latitudes, up to the northernmost extremity of the South-land, +you will have to discover and survey all capes, forelands, +bights, lands, islands, rocks, reefs, sandbanks, depths, +shallows, roads, winds, currents and all that appertains to the +same, so as to be able to map out and duly mark everything in its +true latitude, longitude, bearings and conformation. You will +moreover go ashore in various places and diligently examine the +coast in order to ascertain whether or no it is inhabited, the +nature of the land and the people, their towns and inhabited +villages, the divisions of their kingdoms, their religion and +policy, their wars, their rivers, the shape of their vessels, +their fisheries, commodities and manufactures, but specially to +inform yourselves what minerals, such as gold, silver, tin, iron, +lead, and copper, what precious stones, pearls, vegetables, +animals and fruits, these lands yield and produce.</p> + +<p>{Page 20}</p> + +<p>To all which particulars and whatever else may be worth +noting, you will pay diligent attention, keeping a careful record +or daily journal of the same, that we may get full information of +all your doings and experiences, and the Company obtain due and +perfect knowledge of the situation and natural features of these +regions, in return for the heavy expenses to which she is put by +this expedition.</p> + +<p>To all the places which you shall touch at, you will give +appropriate names such as in each instance the case shall seem to +require, choosing for the same either the names of the United +Provinces or of the towns situated therein, or any other +appellations that you may deem fitting and worthy. Of all which +places, lands and islands, the commander and officers of these +yachts, by order and pursuant to the commission of the Worshipful +Governor-General Jan Pieterszoon Coen, sent out to India by their +High Mightinesses the States-General of the United Netherlands, +and by the Lords Managers of the General Chartered United East +India Company established in the same, will, by solemn +declaration signed by the ships' councils, take formal +possession, and in sign thereof, besides, erect a stone column in +such places as shall be taken possession of; the said column +recording in bold, legible characters the year, the month, the +day of the week and the date, the persons by whom and the hour of +the day when such possession has been taken on behalf of the +States-General above mentioned. You will likewise endeavour to +enter into friendly relations and make covenants with all such +kings and nations as you shall happen to fall in with, and try to +prevail upon them to place themselves under the protection of the +States of the United Netherlands, of which covenants and +alliances you will likewise cause proper documents to be drawn up +and signed.</p> + +<p>All such lands, islands, etc. as you shall take possession of +in the fashion aforesaid, you will duly mark in the chart in +their true latitude, longitude and bearings, together with the +names newly conferred on the same.</p> + +<p>In virtue of the oath of allegiance which each of you +generally and personally has sworn to the Lords States-General, +to His Princely Highness and the Lords Managers, none of you +shall be allowed to retain for his private use or to abstract any +written documents, journals, drawings or observations touching +this present expedition, but every one of you shall be bound on +his return hither faithfully to deliver up the same without +exception.</p> + +<p>According to the written statements of Jan Huygen [*], and the +opinion of sundry other persons, certain parts of this South-land +are likely to yield gold, a point into which you will inquire as +carefully as possible.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* <i>Scil</i>. Van Linschoten.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>For the purpose of making a trial we have given orders for +various articles to be put on board your ships, such as +ironmongery, cloths, coast-stuffs [*] and linens; which you will +show and try to dispose of to such natives as you may meet with, +always diligently noting what articles are found to be most in +demand, what quantities might be disposed of, and what might be +obtained in exchange for them; we furthermore hand you samples of +gold, silver, copper, iron, lead and pearls, that you may inquire +whether these articles are known to the natives, and might be +obtained there in any considerable quantity.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* i. e. drawn from the Coast of +Coromandel.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In landing anywhere you will use extreme caution, and never go +ashore or into the interior unless well-armed, trusting no one, +however innocent the natives may be <a name="page21"></a>{Page +21} in appearance, and with whatever kindness they may seem +to receive you, being always ready to stand on the defensive, in +order to prevent sudden traitorous surprises, the like of which, +sad to say, have but too often been met with in similar cases. +And if any natives should come hear your ships, you will likewise +take due care that they suffer no molestation from our men.</p> + +<p>When you get near the northern extremity and the east coast of +the South-land, you will diligently inquire whether it yields +anywhere sandal-wood, nutmegs, cloves or other spices; likewise +whether it has any good harbours and fertile tracts, where it +would be possible to establish settlements, which might be +expected to yield satisfactory returns. In a word, you will +suffer nothing to escape your notice, but carefully scrutinise +whatever you find, and give us a full and proper report on your +return, by doing which you will render good service to the United +Netherlands and reap special honour for yourselves.</p> + +<p>In places where you meet with natives, you will either by +adroit management or by other means endeavour to get hold of a +number of full-grown persons, or better still, of boys and girls, +to the end that the latter may be brought up here and be turned +to useful purpose in the said quarters when occasion shall +serve.</p> + +<p>The command of the two yachts has been entrusted to Jan Vos, +who during the voyage will carry the flag, convene the council +and take the chair in the same, in virtue of our special +commission granted to the said Vos for the purpose.</p> + +<p>Given in the Fortress of jacatra, this 29th of September, A.D. +1622 [*].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Unforeseen circumstances prevented the expedition +from setting out (Letter of the G.-G. and Counc. to the Managers, +1 Febr. 1623).]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-14"></a>XIV. (1623)<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIPS PERA AND ARNHEM, UNDER COMMAND OF JAN +CARSTENSZOON OR CARSTENSZ, DIRK MELISZOON, AND WILLEM JOOSTEN VAN +COLSTER [*] OR VAN COOLSTEERDT.--FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE +SOUTH-WEST COAST OF NEW GUINEA. DISCOVERY OF THE GULF OF +CARPENTARIA.</h3> + +<blockquote><p>[* He replaced Meliszoon after the latter's death in +February.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>I.</b></p> + +<h3>JOINT VOYAGE OF THE TWO SHIPS.--VOYAGE OF THE PERA BY HERSELF +UNDER CARSTENSZ, AFTER THE ARNHEM HAD PARTED COMPANY WITH HER +[*].</h3> + +<blockquote><p>[* This took place on April 27.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of the G.-G. and Counc. to the +Managers of the E.I.C, dated January 3, 1624.</i></p> + +<p>...In the month of January 1623, Governor Van Speult +dispatched from Amboina the yachts Arnhem and Pera, for the +purpose of concluding treaties of friend ship with the natives of +Quey, Aroe and Tenimber, and of further discovering and {Page +22} exploring the land of Nova Guinea; as Your Worships may +gather from the enclosed document, the islanders aforesaid have +of their own free will placed themselves under the obedience and +dominion of their High Mightinesses the States-General of the +United Netherlands, and have promised to come and trade with our +fortresses in Banda and Amboyna. From there the yachts ran over +to <b>Nova Guinea</b> and skirted <b>the said coast as far as +17° 8' Southern Latitude</b> our men landed in sundry places, +but found nothing but wild coasts, barren land and extremely +cruel, savage and barbarous natives, who surprised and murdered +nine of our men, partly owing to their own negligence; according +to the report we have received of the said coast, there would be +nothing in particular to be got there; what winds, currents, +shores, rivers, bights, capes, forelands and other features of +the coast have been further met with, surveyed and explored, Your +Worships may gather from the enclosed journal and minutes, to +which we would beg leave to refer you for further +particulars...</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Journal kept by JAN CARSTENSZ [*] on his +voyage to Nova Guinea...</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* CARSTENSZ got the Instructions originally drawn up +for the ships Haringh and Hazewind. (See VAN DIJK, Carpentaria, +pp. 9-10).]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center">A.D. 1623.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>In the name of God Amen.</i></p> + +<p class="center">JANUARY.</p> + +<p>On Saturday the 21st we weighed anchor before Amboyna and set +sail from there, together with the yacht <b>Aernem</b>...On +Saturday the 28th...about 3 o'clock in the afternoon...we +anchored off the east side of the island of Quey.</p> + +<p>The following night...we made for Aro on an East-by-North and +Eastern course.</p> + +<p>On Saturday the 29th in the evening we dropped anchor near the +northern island of Aro.</p> + +<p class="center">FEBRUARY.</p> + +<p>On the 6th...the wind being south-east by east, we set sail +again for the island which in some charts [*] is called Ceram, +and in others de Papues; course held north-east by north; in the +evening N.N.E.; about midnight it fell a calm; sailed 6 +miles.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Cf. <i>Remarkable Maps</i> II, 2, II, 3. Under +date of March 31 the present journal once more refers to this +mistake in the older charts.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page 23}</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 6th the wind was N.E. with a tolerable +breeze, course held N.N.W., we saw high land ahead both on the +lee and the weather bow--at noon latitude 4° 57', sailed +three miles on the said course; for the rest of the day we had a +calm, towards the evening the wind went round to S.E., course +held N.E. by E., sailed 4 miles.</p> + +<p>On Sunday the 8th the wind was S. by W., with rain; course +held N.E. by E., at noon latitude 4° 27, sailed 4 miles on +the said course. We then went on a N.E. course, with a variable +wind, which at last fell to a calm; towards evening after sunset +the wind turned to S. by E., we sailed with the fore- and +mizen-sails only on an E. course, sailed three miles to E.S.O. +[sic] In the night the two yachts ran foul of each other in +tacking, but got no damage worth mentioning. The latter part of +the night we drifted in a calm without sails until daybreak.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 9th we made sail again and with a weak +N.E. wind held our course for the land: somewhat later in the day +the wind turned to N.W., at noon we were in latitude 4° 17' +and had the south-coast of the land east slightly north of us, +course and wind as before; in the evening we were close inshore +in 25 fathom clayey ground, but since there was no shelter there +from sea-winds, we again turned off the land, and skirted along +it in the night with small sail, seeing we had no knowledge of +the land and the shallows thereabouts; variable wind with +rain.</p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center">NOTE.</p> + +<p>The same day the plenary council having been convened, it was +determined and fixed by formal resolution to continue our present +course along the coast, and if we should come upon any capes, +bights, or roads, to come to anchor there for one or two days at +the utmost for a landing, in which we shall run ashore in good +order with two well-manned and armed pinnaces, to endeavour to +come to parley with the inhabitants and generally inspect the +state of affairs there; in leaving we shall, if at all +practicable, seize one or two blacks to take along with us; the +main reason which has led us to touch at the island aforesaid +being, that certain reports and writings seem to imply that the +land which we are now near to, is the Gouwen-eylandt [*], which +it would be impossible to call at on our return-voyage in the +eastern monsoon, if we are to obey our orders and +instructions.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* An allusion perhaps to the "provincia +aurifera", as the so-called Beach was sometimes styled; VAN +LINSCHOTEN, we know, had also surmised the presence of gold in +the South-land.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<p>In the morning of the 10th, the wind being N.W. by north, +being close inshore, we again held our course for the land; +somewhat later in the day we had West wind with a hard gale, with +which we sailed along the coast; about noon we cast anchor in 12 +fathom clayey bottom without any shelter from the W.N.W. wind; +when we were at anchor there, the pinnace of the <b>Pera</b>, in +conformity with the above resolution was sent ashore well-manned +and armed, under command of the sub-cargo, but the heavy rolling +of the sea made it impossible to effect a landing. We accordingly +made a man swim ashore through the surf, who deposited a few +small pieces of iron on the beach, where he had observed numerous +human footprints; but as nothing more could be done, the pinnace +went back to the yacht, which we could not get round to eastward +owing to the strong current; we were accordingly forced to weigh +the anchor again, and drift with the current, and thus ran on +along the coast till the first watch, when we cast anchor, it +being a dead calm and we having no knowledge of the water.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 11th we took the sun's altitude, which +we found to be 8°, we being in 14° 14', which makes a +difference of 6° 14'. When we had sailed along the land for +about a mile's distance we cast anchor in 9 fathom muddy bottom +and sent the pinnace ashore in the same fashion as last time, but +earnestly charged the subcargo to use great caution, and to treat +with kindness any natives that he should meet {Page 24} +with, trying if possible to lay hands on some of them, that +through them, as soon as they have become somewhat conversant +with the Malay tongue, our Lords and Masters may obtain reliable +knowledge touching the productions of their land. At noon we were +in Latitude 4° 20'; at night when our men returned with the +pinnace, they informed us that the strong surf had prevented them +from landing, and that they had accordingly, for fully two miles' +distance, rowed up a fresh-water river which fell into the sea +near the yacht, without, however, seeing or hearing any human +beings, except that in returning they had seen numerous human +footprints near the mouth of the river, and likewise two or three +small huts made of dry grass, in which they saw banana-leaves and +the sword of a sword-fish, all which they left intact in +conformity with their orders; they also reported that the +interior is very low-lying and submerged in many places, but that +5, 6, or 7 miles from the coast it becomes hilly, much resembling +the island of Ceram near Banda.</p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center">NOTE.</p> + +<p>(The skipper of the <b>Arnem</b> and nine persons along with +him, slain by the savages, in consequence of their want of +caution.)</p> + +<p>This same day the skipper of the yacht <b>Aernem, Direk +Melisz(oon)</b> without knowledge of myself, of the subcargo or +steersman of the said yacht, unadvisedly went ashore to the open +beach in the pinnace, taking with him 15 persons, both officers +and along common sailors, and no more than four muskets, for the +purpose of fishing with a seine-net; there was great disorder in +landing, the men running off in different directions, until at +last a number of black savages came running forth from the wood, +who first seized and tore to pieces an assistant, named <b>Jan +Willemsz Van den Briel</b> who happened to be unarmed, after +which they slew with arrows, callaways (spears) and with the oars +which they had snatched from the pinnace, no less than nine of +our men, who were unable to defend themselves, at the same time +wounding the remaining seven (among them the skipper, who was the +first to take to his heels); these last seven men at last +returned on board in very sorry plight with the pinnace and one +oar, the skipper loudly lamenting his great want of prudence, and +entreating pardon for the fault he had committed.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>In the evening the wind West with a very stiff breeze, so that +we did not sail in the night, considering our ignorance of these +waters and our fear of cliffs and shallows that might lie off the +coast, which in every case we had to keep near to, if we wanted +to get further north.</p> + +<p>On Sunday morning the 12th we set sail again with a stiff +breeze from the west; we held our course E. by S. along the land, +and sailed 14 miles that day; in the evening we altered our +course to E.S.E., with a N.W. wind; in the night we had variable +wind and weather, so that we kept drifting; in the day-watch the +skipper of the <b>Aernem, Direk Melisz.</b>, died of the wounds +received the day before, having suffered grievous pains shortly +before his death.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the thirteenth the wind was N.E. with fair +weather and little wind, so that we ran near the land again; at +noon we were in Lat. 4° 25'; the wind West with a very stiff +breeze, course held East by South, and by computation sailed 10 +miles until the evening; in the night the wind was variable; +towards daybreak it came on to rain; at 2½ miles' distance +from the low-lying land we were in 28 fathom, black sandy bottom, +the land bearing East and West.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 14th the wind was East with a faint +breeze, which continued for the rest of the day; we kept tacking; +in the evening the wind was N.E. by N. with a very strong current +setting westward.</p> + +<p>{Page 25}</p> + +<p>On the 15th before daybreak the wind was N. by W. with a stiff +breeze, course held East by South; in the morning we took the +sun's altitude at sunrise, which we found to be 7 degrees; at +night ditto 21° 30'; the difference being divided by two +comes to 7° 15'; somewhat later in the day, the wind being +N.E. by N., we were five miles or upwards from the land in 33 +fathom, drifting rapidly to westward; at noon we were in Lat. +4° 51', the wind W. by N.; course held N.E. by E. towards the +land; shortly after the wind became due North; from the morning +to the evening we had sailed 6 miles, and in 36 hours had been +driven back, i.e. westward, at least 11 miles.</p> + +<p>This same day the plenary council having been convened, it has +been deemed advisable to appoint another skipper in the Aernem in +the room of the deceased, to which place has been appointed a +young man, named <b>Willem Joosten van Colster</b> [*] second +mate in the Pera, as being very fit for the post, while at the +same time the second mate <b>Jan Jansz</b> has been named first +mate in the said yacht.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Or <b>Van Coolsteerdt</b>, as the Summary (see +<i>infra</i>) has at this date.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>(Mountains covered with snow.) <>In the morning of the +16th we took the sun's altitude at sunrise, which we found to be +5° 6'; the preceding evening ditto 20° 30'; the +difference being divided by two Comes to 7° 42'. increasing +North-easterly variation; the wind N. by E.; we were at about +1½ mile's distance from the low-lying land in 5 or 6 +fathom, clayey bottom; at a distance of about 10 miles by +estimation into the interior, we saw a very high mountain-range +in many places white with snow, which we thought a very singular +sight, being so near the line equinoctial. Towards the evening we +held our course E. by S. along half-submerged land in 5, 4, 3 and +2 fathom, at which last point we dropped anchor; we lay there for +five hours, during which time we found the water to have risen 4 +or 5 feet; in the first watch, the wind being N.E., we ran into +deeper water, and came to anchor in 10 fathom, where we remained +for the night.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 17th the wind was N.E. with a faint +breeze with which we set sail, course held S.E.; at noon we were +in Lat. 5° 24', and by estimation 5 miles more to eastward +than on the 15th last, seeing that a very strong current had +driven us fully 11 miles to westward; in the evening we found +ourselves at 3 miles' distance from the land, and dropped anchor +in 15 fathom, having in the course of the day sailed three miles +E. by S. and E.S.E.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 18th the wind was N.E. with a strong +breeze and a strong current setting to the west; in the afternoon +the wind went round to the S.W., so that we meant to set sail +with it, but as it fell a dead calm we had to remain at +anchor.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 19th the wind was N.E. by N., so that we +made sail, keeping an E.S.E. course along the coast, with a +strong current setting westward; at noon we were in Lat. 5° +27'; it then fell calm and we had continual counter-currents, so +that we cast anchor in 14 fathom, having sailed 2½ miles; +the land bearing from us E.S.E., slightly South; towards the +evening the wind went round to S.S.W., so that we set sail again +and ran on S.E. 1 mile; when it became dark we cast anchor in 6 +fathom.</p> + +<p>At noon on the 20th the wind was S. and shortly after S.W., +with which we set sail, keeping our course E. by S. and S.O. +along the land in 6 fathom; in the evening we cast anchor at +about 3 miles' distance from the land, having sailed 5 miles this +day.</p> + +<p>{Page 26}</p> + +<p>On the 21st the wind was N.E. by N. with a weak breeze and the +current running south straight from the land, which is no doubt +owing to the outflow of the rivers which take their source in the +high mountains of the interior. The eastern part of the high +land, which we could see, bore from us N.E. and N.E. by N; in the +morning we set sail with a N.W. wind and fair weather course held +S.E. by E. and S.E. for three miles, and then S.S.E. for five +miles; in the evening we dropped anchor in 7 fathom about 3 miles +from the land, the wind blowing hard from the west with violent +rains.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 22nd the wind was N., a strong gale with +rain and a strong current setting westward, so that we were +compelled to remain at anchor; towards the evening the wind went +round to W.S.W., with dirty weather, so that we got adrift by our +anchor getting loose, upon which we dropped our large anchor to +avoid stranding; in the afternoon the storm subsided and we had +variable winds.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 23rd we set sail, course held S.E. with +a S.W. wind and violent rains; when we had run a mile, the heavy +swells forced us to drop anchor; in the afternoon we lifted +anchor with great difficulty and peril owing to the violent +rolling of the yacht, and set sail, but shortly after, the yacht +Aernem making a sign with her flag that she could not manage to +heave her anchor, we cast anchor again.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 24th the weather was unruly, with a W. +wind and a very hollow sea; in the afternoon the weather getting +slightly better, both the yachts set sail again with the wind as +before, holding a S. by E. course; in the evening we dropped +anchor in 14 fathom, having sailed 4 miles S.S.E., and found the +land to extend E.S.E. ever since the 20th instant.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 25th we set sail with a N.N.W. wind, +sailing 4 miles on an E.S.E. course, and then 5 miles on a S. by +E. and S.S.E. course, after which the foretop-mast of the Aernem +broke, so that we were both compelled to drop anchor in 10 fathom +about 4 miles from the land.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 26th we set sail to get near the Aernem +and speak to her crew, who were engaged in repairing the rigging +and replacing the foremast; we both drifted with the current in +the teeth of the wind, and thus ran 3 miles, when the Aernem cast +anchor 1½ mile from us on the weather-side; in the evening +there was a strong current from the W.S.W. with rain, which +lasted the whole night.</p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center">NOTE.</p> + +<p>(Here end the mountains of the western extremity of Nova +Guinea.)</p> + +<p>The high-lying interior of Ceram ends here, without showing +any opening or passage (through which we might run north +according to our plan), and passes into low-lying half-submerged +land, bearing E.S.E. and S.E. by E., extending in all likelihood +as far as Nova Guinea, a point which with God's help we mean to +make sure of at any cost; on coming from Aru to the island of +Ceram, the latter is found to have a low-lying foreland dangerous +to touch at, since at 6, 8 and 9 miles' distance from the same, +the lofty mountains of the interior become visible, the low +foreland remaining invisible until one has got within 3 or 4 +miles from the land; the high mountains are seen to extend fully +thirty miles to eastward, when you are north of Aru; as seen from +afar, the land seems to have numerous pleasant valleys and +running fresh-water rivers; here and there it is overgrown with +brushwood and in other places covered with high trees; but we are +unable to give any information as to what fruits, metals and +animals it contains, and as to the manner of its cultivation +since the natives whom {Page 27} we found to be savages +and man-eaters, refused to hold parley with us, and fell upon our +men who suffered grievous damage; after the report, however, of +some of the men of the yacht Aernem, who being wounded on the +11th aforementioned, succeeded in making their escape, the +natives are tall black men with curly heads of hair and two large +holes through their noses, stark naked, not covering even their +privities; their arms are arrows, bows, assagays, callaways and +the like. They have no vessels either large or small, nor has the +coast any capes or bights that might afford shelter from west- +and south-winds, the whole shore being clear and unencumbered, +with a clayey bottom, forming a good anchoring-ground, the sea +being not above 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 fathom in depth at 1,2 +and more miles' distance from the land, the rise and fall of the +water with the tides we found to be between 1½ and 2 +fathom.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>In the morning of the 27th the wind was W.N.W. with dirty +weather and a very high sea, so that the Aernem was unable so +heave her anchor in order to get near us, on which account we +both of us remained at anchor the whole day; towards the evening +the weather became much worse with pouring rains, so that we +dropped another anchor; in the day-watch the cable of our large +anchor broke without our perceiving it, and the other anchor +getting loose, we drifted slowly to eastward; the land here +extended E.S.E. and W.S.W.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 28th the Aernem was no longer in sight, +so that we resolved to set sail in order to seek her; holding our +course S.W., we ran on for three miles, after which we saw on our +lee land bearing S.W. which we would not sail clear of; we +therefore dropped anchor in 9 fathom, the weather still +continuing dirty with rain and wind, and a strong ebb from the +E.S.E. running flat against the wind; the water rising and +falling fully two fathom at every tide.</p> + +<p class="center">MARCH.</p> + +<p>On the first the wind was W. by N. with rain: we find that in +these latitudes the southern and northern moon makes high water; +at noon we weighed anchor and drifted with the current, which set +strongly to westward.</p> + +<p>On the second the wind was west with fair weather, with which +we found it impossible to weather the land; in the evening we +were in Lat. 6° 45'.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the third the wind was W., with a strong +gale and rain; at noon we had fair weather so that myself and the +council determined to set sail on a Northern course in order to +seek the yacht Aernem; when we had run on the said course for the +space of 5 glasses, we saw the said yacht N.W. of us, but since +the current ran very strong in our teeth, we dropped anchor in 10 +fathom.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 4th the wind was north, with which we +set sail in order to get near the Aernem; but when we had sailed +for an hour, the headwind and counter-current forced us to drop +anchor.</p> + +<p>The yacht aforesaid, which was lying above the wind and the +current, now weighed her anchor and dropped the same near the +Pera, after which the skipper of the Aernern came on board of us +in the pinnace, and informed me that they had very nearly lost +the yacht in the storm before mentioned, since all the seas they +had shipped had found their way into the hold, which got so full +of water that the greater part of their rice, powder and matches +had become wet through; this same day I sent the skipper and the +steersman of the Pera on board the yacht Aernem in order to +inquire into her condition, and ascertain whether she was so weak +and disabled as had been reported to me; since the persons +committed reported that the yacht was very weak and disabled +above the waterline, it has been resolved that the main-topmast, +which they had already taken down by way of precaution, should +not be put up again provisionally.</p> + +<p><a name="page28"></a>{Page 28}</p> + +<p>The same day we set sail again with the wind as before, course +held S.W., and after running on for two miles, we cast anchor +again in 11 fathom.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 5th we set sail again, with a W. wind; +course held S.S.W. when we had run on for two miles we got change +of weather with variable winds, in the evening we came to anchor +in 13 fathom...</p> + +<hr /> +<p>On the 6th we set sail again before daybreak, the wind being +West; course held S.S.W., sailed three miles; about noon, the +wind blowing straight for the coast, we cast anchor in 5½ +fathom at a mile's distance from the coast, and, in conformity +with the resolution, fetched a light anchor from the yacht +Aernem.</p> + +<p>(<b>Keerweer</b>, formerly mistaken for island.)</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 7th we set sail again, the wind being +N.E., course held W., in order to get a little farther off the +land; when we had run a mile, we dropped anchor in 5½ +fathom, and I went ashore myself with two well-manned and armed +pinnaces, because on the 6th aforesaid we had seen 4 or 5 canoes +making from the land for the yachts; when we got near the land we +saw a small canoe with three blacks; when we rowed towards them, +they went back to the land and put one of the three ashore, as we +supposed, in order to give warning for the natives there to come +in great numbers and seize and capture our pinnaces; for as soon +as we made towards them, they tried to draw us on, slowly +paddling on towards the land; at last the "jurebass"(?) swam to +them, with some strings of beads, but they refused to admit him; +so we made signs and called out to them, but they paid little or +no attention, upon which we began to pull back to the yacht +without having effected anything; the blacks or savages seeing +this, slowly followed us, and when we showed them beads and iron +objects, they cautiously came near one of our pinnaces; one of +the sailors in the pinnace inadvertently touching the canoe with +one of his oars, the blacks forthwith began to attack our men, +and threw several callaways into the pinnace, without, however, +doing any damage owing to the caution used by the men in her; in +order to frighten them the corporal fired a musket, which hit +them both, so that they died on the spot; we then rowed back to +the yachts. To the place on the coast where the aforesaid +incident took place, we have given the name of <b>Keerweer</b> (= +Turn again) in the new chart, seeing that the land here trends to +S.W. and West; its latitude being 7°.</p> + +<p>On the 8th we had a strong gale from the S.S.W. the whole day, +with rain and unsteady weather, so that we thought it best to +remain at anchor.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 9th the weather was fair, and the wind +west, so that we set sail on a N.N.W. course; when we had run one +mile we saw two groups of canoes putting off from shore and +making for us, one consisting of 7, and the other of 8 small +canoes; as we were lying close to the wind and could not weather +the land with it, we came to anchor in 3 fathom; one of the +canoes aforesaid came so near us, that we could call out to her, +but the second group aforesaid kept quiet, upon which the canoe +which had been near us, paddled towards this second group; from +their various gestures we saw and understood sufficiently that +their intentions had from the first been anything but peaceable, +but God's Providence prevented them from carrying their wicked +plans into effect; in the evening we set sail again with the +current, the wind being west and our course held N.N.W. in the +first watch we turned our course S.W. and S.W. by W., on which we +sailed the whole night, until about daybreak we found the water +shallowing and dropped anchor in 2½ fathom, having sailed +5 miles.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* <i>Scil.</i> by the men of the ship <b>Duifken</b> +(see the extract below).--Princess Marianne Strait and Prince +Frederik Hendrik island. (There is no reference in the text for +this footnote--Ed.)]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page 29}</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 10th we set sail again, the wind being +W.N.W., on a S.W. course; at noon we were in Lat. 7° 35'; in +the evening we came to anchor in 3 fathom muddy bottom, at about +1½ mile's distance from the land.</p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center">NOTE</p> + +<p>That it is impossible to land here with boats or pinnaces, +owing to the clayey and muddy bottom into which a man will sink +up to the waist, the depth of the water being no more than 3 or 4 +fathom at 3 or 4 miles' distance from the land; the land is +low-lying and half-submerged, being quite under water at high +tide; it is covered with wild trees, those on the beach +resembling the fir-trees of our country, and seemingly bearing no +fruit; the natives are coal-black like the Caffres; they go about +stark naked, carrying their privities in a small conch-shell, +tied to the body with a bit of string; they have two holes in the +midst of the nose, with fangs of hogs of swordfishes through +them, protruding at least three fingers' breadths on either side, +so that in appearance they are more like monsters than human +beings; they seem to be evil-natured and malignant; their canoes +are small and will not hold above 3 of 4 of them at most; they +are made out of one piece of wood, and the natives stand up in +them, paddling them on by means of long oars; their arms are +arrows, bows, assagays and callaways, which they use with great +dexterity and skill; broken iron, parangs and knives are in +special demand with them. The lands which we have up to now +skirted and touched at, not only are barren and inhabited by +savages, but also the sea in these parts yields no other fish +than sharks, sword-fishes and the like unnatural monsters, while +the birds too are as as wild and shy as the men.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>In the morning of the 11th, the wind being W.N.W. and the +weather fair, we set sail on a S.S.W. course along the coast in +4, 3½ and 2½ fathom muddy bottom; towards the +evening we saw no more land ahead of us, the farthest extremity +falling off quite to eastward, and extending east by south; we +accordingly ran S.S.E., but it was not long before we got into 2 +fathom water and even less. We therefore went over to the north, +and in the evening dropped anchor in' fathom, having this day +sailed eight miles to S.S.W.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 12th the wind blew from the N.W.; in the +forenoon I rowed to the land myself with the two pinnaces +well-manned and armed, in order to see if there was anything +worth note there; but when we had got within a musket-shot of the +land, the water became so shallow that we could not get any +farther, whereupon we all of us went through the mud up to our +waists, and with extreme difficulty reached the beach, where we +saw a number of fresh human foot-prints; on going a short +distance into the wood, we also saw twenty or more small huts +made of dry grass, the said huts being so small and cramped that +a man could hardly get into them on all fours, from which we +could sufficiently conclude that the natives here must be of +small stature, poor and wretched; we afterwards tried to +penetrate somewhat {Page 30} farther into the wood, in +order to ascertain the nature and situation of the country, when +on our coming upon a piece of brushwood, a number of blacks +sprang out of it, and began to let fly their arrows at us with +great fury and loud shouts, by which a carpenter was wounded in +the belly and an assistant in the leg: we were all of us hard +pressed, upon which we fired three or four muskets at them +killing one of the blacks stone-dead, which utterly took away +their courage; they dragged the dead man into the wood, and we, +being so far from the pinnaces and having a very difficult path +to go in order to get back to them, resolved to return and row +back to the yachts.</p> + +<p>(The <b>Valsch Caep</b> is 8 degrees 15 minutes south of the +equator and 70 miles S.E. of Aru.)</p> + +<p>The The same day at low tide we saw a large sandbank, S.E., +S., and S.W. of us, where we had been with the yacht on the 11th +last, the said sandbank extending fully 4 miles W., S.W. and W. +by S. of the land or foreland; on which account we have in the +new chart given to the same the name of <b>de Valsch Caep</b> +[*]; it is in Lat. 8° 15' South, and about 70 miles east of +Aru.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The South-west point of Prince Frederik Hendrik +island.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<p class="center">NOTE</p> + +<p>That the land which we have touched at as above mentioned, is +low-lying and half-submerged to northward, so that a large part +of it is under water at high tide; to the south it is somewhat +higher and inhabited by certain natives who have built huts +there; so far as we could ascertain the land is barren, covered +with tall wild trees; the natives quite black and naked without +any covering to hide their privy parts; their hair curly in the +manner of the Papues: they wear certain fish-bones through the +nose, and through their ears pieces of tree-bark, a span in +length, so that they look more like monsters than like human +beings: their weapons are arrows and bows which they use with +great skill.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>On the 13th the wind was N., the weather fair, and the current +stronger to west than to northward; we set sail in the forenoon, +holding our course W.N.W. in order to get into deeper water; when +we had run some distance, we got into eight feet of water; upon +which we turned back and towards evening came to anchor in 2 +fathom.</p> + +<p>On the 14th the weather was fair, the wind N. by W., the +current running strongly to S.W., as before; at noon we sent out +the two pinnaces to take soundings; they rowed as far as 2 miles +W.N.W. of the yachts, and nowhere found more than 1½ and 2 +fathom of water; the same day, seeing that the weather is now +getting more constant every day, it was resolved to put up again +the main-topmast in the yacht Aernem, which had been taken down +before on account of bad weather.</p> + +<p>On the 15th the wind was N.N.E. with good weather and the +current as strong as before; we set sail at noon with the tide +running from the N.W., hoping to get into deeper water, but +having been tacking about till the evening, we were by +counter-currents forced to come to anchor in three fathom.</p> + +<p>On the 16th the weather was good, the wind being N.E. by N.; +we set sail in the forenoon; in the course of the day we had a +calm; towards the evening the wind went round to W.S.W., course +held N.N.W. along the shallows in 2½ and 2 fathom; in the +evening we came to anchor in 3 fathom; we find that in these +parts the currents set very strongly to south-west, as before +mentioned, and that the water rises and falls fully 1½ and +2 fathom at each tide.</p> + +<p>{Page 31}</p> + +<p>On the 17th the wind was East; we set sail, holding a W.N.W. +and W. by N. course, and thus got into deeper water upwards of 5 +fathom; at noon we were in Lat. 8° 4'; in the evening we cast +anchor in 6 fathom, having sailed 4 miles W.S.W.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 18th the weather was good with a W. +wind; in the afternoon we set sail with the rising tide running +from the west; course held S.W. by S. in 6 fathom. when we got +into deeper water than 7 and 8 fathom, we altered our course to +S.E. by E. and E.S.E. in 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 26 and 28 fathom; +towards evening we went on an Eastward course, having sailed +5½ miles on the aforesaid course from the morning to the +evening, and 9 miles to eastward from the evening till the +morning.</p> + +<p>On the 19th the wind was W., course held E., with the +<b>Valsch Caep</b> N.N.E. of us at 5 miles' distance, the land +extending N. by W.; the water being 24 fathom here, we went over +to E.N.E. and sailed 4 miles, when we got into 6 fathom, where we +cast anchor about 4 miles from the land.</p> + +<p>On the 20th the wind was N.N.E., with good weather; we set +sail, holding our course as before in 6 fathom. at night we +dropped anchor in 5½ fathom, having sailed 7½ miles +this day.</p> + +<p>On the 21st we set sail again in the morning with a N.N.W. +wind, keeping a N.E. course for 4 miles in 4 fathom; in the +afternoon we went over to eastward sailing 8 miles; in the +evening we came to anchor in 7 fathom, near an island situated a +mile or upwards South and North of the mainland; a quarter of a +mile N. by E. and S. by W. of the island there is a rock with two +dry trees on it.</p> + +<p>On the 22nd, the council having been convened, it has finally +been resolved to land with two pinnaces properly manned and +armed, seeing that the coast is covered with cocoa-inut trees +here, and the land seems to be higher, better and more fertile +than any we have seen before; and since we could not get ashore +on account of the shallowness of the water, the muddy bottom and +other inconveniencies, we rowed to the small island +aforementioned; while we were making inspection of it, the yacht +Aernem got adrift owing to the violent current and the strong +gale, and ran foul of the bows of the Pera, causing grievous +damage to both the ships; this accident detained our yachts for +some days, and without God's special providence they would both +them have run aground.</p> + +<p>On the 23rd, the weather being good, and the council having +once more been convened, I proposed to try every possible means +to get the Aernem into sailing trim again, in the first place by +constructing another rudder. This we found impossible since there +were no new square rudders in either of the yachts; we were +accordingly compelled to try some makeshift, and in order to be +able to continue our voyage and avoid abandoning the yacht, it +was finally resolved that with the available materials there +should be constructed a rudder after the manner of the Chinese +and Javanese; for this purpose the Pera will have to give up her +main-top mast, the rest of the required wood to be cut on the +land, and we shall tarry here until the rudder has been +replaced.</p> + +<p>On the 24th while our men were engaged on the rudder, the +subcargo rowed to the small island aforesaid with the two +pinnaces, in order to get fresh water for the Aernem, which was +very poorly supplied with the same, and in the evening he +returned on board again with four casks of water, which he had +got filled with extreme difficulty.</p> + +<p>{Page 32}</p> + +<p>On the 25th, the yacht Aernem being in sailing trim again, for +which God be thanked, we set sail again with good weather and a +favourable wind, holding our course along the land in 5½, +6, and 6½ fathom; in the evening we cast anchor in +2½ fathom about 2 miles from the land, having sailed 10 +miles this day.</p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center">NOTE</p> + +<p>(The <b>Vleermuys-Eylandt</b> is in 8 degrees 8 minutes Lat., +40 miles east of the <b>Valsch Caep</b>.)</p> + +<p>That the island aforesaid is in 8° 8' Southern Latitude, +about a mile south and north of the mainland as before mentioned; +it is pretty high, having a great number of wild trees on the +east-side, and being quite bare on the west-side. It is about a +quarter of a mile in circumference, and is surrounded by numerous +cliffs and rocks, overgrown with oysters and mussels, the soil is +excellent and fit to be planted and sown with everything; by +estimation it bears a hundred full-grown cocoanut-trees and a +great many younger ones; we also observed some banana- and +oubi-trees; we besides found fresh water here, which comes +trickling through the clay in small rills, and has to be gathered +in pits dug for the purpose; the island also contains large +numbers of bats living in the trees, on which account we have +given to it the name of <b>Vleermuys-Eylant</b> [Bats' Island] in +the new chart. We have seen no huts or human beings in it, but +found unmistakable signs that there had been men here at some +previous time.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p> +(<b>Clappes Cust</b> [Cocoanut Coast].) +</p> + +<p> +On the 26th the weather was good, the wind N.N.W., course held S.E. by E. along +the land in 5 fathom. In the forenoon 4 small canoes put off from the land and +followed us; we waited for them to come alongside, and found they were manned +with 25 blacks, who had nothing with them except their arms; they called out +and made signs for us to come ashore; we then threw out to them some small +pieces of iron and strings of beads, at which they showed great satisfaction; +they paid little or no attention to the gold, silver, copper, nutmegs and +cloves which we showed them, though they were quite ready to accept these +articles as presents. Their canoes are very skilfully made out of one piece of +wood, some of them being so large that they will hold 20 and even more blacks. +Their paddles are long, and they use them standing or sitting; the men are +black, tall and well-built, with coarse and strong limbs, and curly hair, like +the Caffres, some of them wearing it tied to the neck in a knot, and others +letting it fall loose down to the waist. They have hardly any beards; some of +them have two, others three holes through the nose, in which they wear fangs or +teeth of hogs or sword-fishes. They are stark-naked and have their privities +enclosed in a conch shell, fastened to the waist with a bit of string; they +wear no rings of gold, silver, copper, tin, or iron on their persons, but adorn +themselves with rings made of tortoise shell or terturago (<i>Spanish</i> +tortuga?), from which it may be inferred that their land yields no metals or +wood of any value, but is all low-lying and half-submerged, as we have actually +found it to be; there were also among them some not provided with paddles, but +wearing two strings of human teeth round their necks, and excelling all the +others in ugliness; these men carried on the left arm a hammer with a wooden +handle and at one end a black conch-shell, the size of a man's fist, the other +end by which they hold it, being fitted with a three-sided bone, not unlike a +piece of stag's horn; in exchange for one of these hammers they were offered a +rug, some strings of <a name="page33"></a>{Page 33} beads and bits of iron, +which they refused, though they were willing to barter the same for one of the +boys, whom they seemed to have a great mind to. Those who carry the hammers +aforesaid would seem to be noblemen or valiant soldiers among them. The people +are cunning and suspicious, and no stratagems on our part availed to draw them +near enough to us to enable us to catch one or two with nooses which we had +prepared for the purpose; their canoes also contained a number of human +thigh-bones, which they repeatedly held up to us, but we were unable to make +out what they meant by this. Finally they asked for a rope to tow the yacht to +shore, but soon got tired of the work, and paddled back to the land in a great +hurry. +</p> + +<p>In the evening we cast anchor in three fathom about 3 miles +from the land, having sailed 13 miles this day.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 27th the wind was W.N.W. with a stiff +breeze, course held S.E. by S. and S.E., on which we sailed 7 +miles, and afterwards E.S.E. 5 miles, in 5½, 5 and 3 +fathom; in the evening we came to anchor in 6½ fathom, +3½ miles from the land; a quarter of a mile farther to +landward we saw a sandbank, on which the Aernem struck but got +off again, for which God be praised.</p> + +<p>On the 28th we set sail again, with a N.W. wind, on an eastern +course towards the land, in various depths, such as 7, 9, 12, 4 +and 5½ fathom; at noon we were in 9° 6' S. Lat., +having sailed 5 miles; from noon till the evening we ran on an E. +by S. course a distance Of 4 miles in 18, 12, 9, 7, 5 and 2 +fathom, after which we cast anchor, and sent out the pinnace to +take soundings; the water being found to become deeper nearer the +coast, we again weighed anchor and sailed to the land, casting +anchor finally in 4 fathom three miles from the coast.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 29th the wind was N.N.E. with fine +weather; in the forenoon it was deemed advisable to send off the +boat of the Pera with thirteen men and the steersman of the +Aernem and victualled for four days, in order to take soundings +and skirt the land, which extended E.N.E., for a distance of 7 or +8 miles.</p> + +<p>On the 30th the wind was N. with good weather, so that we also +sent out the pinnace of the Aernem in order to take soundings in +various directions 2 or 3 miles from the yachts; at low water we +saw various sandbanks and reefs lying dry, to wit E.S.E., S.S.W. +and W.; in the afternoon the pinnace of the Aernem returned on +board, having found shallows everywhere at 2 miles' distance. +Towards the evening the boat of the Pera also returned, when we +heard from the steersman that they had been E. by S. and E.S.E. +of the yachts, at about 8 miles' distance, where they had found +very shallow water, no more than 7, 8, 9 and 10 feet, which +extended a mile or more, and was succeeded by depths Of 2, +2½, 3, 5 and 7 fathom; they had found the land to extend +E. and E. by N., and to be very low-lying and muddy, and +overgrown with low brushwood and wild trees.</p> + +<p>On the 31st the wind was N.N.E. with rain. In the afternoon I +rowed with the two pinnaces to one of the reefs in order to +examine the state of things between the yachts and the land, +which space had fallen dry at low tide; in the afternoon the +skipper of the Pera also got orders to row to the land with the +boat duly manned and armed, in order to ascertain whether +anything could be done for the service of our Masters, and to +attempt to get a parley with the inhabitants and to get hold of +one or two of them, if practicable; very late in the evening the +boat returned on board, and we were informed by the skipper that, +although it was high water, they could not come nearer than to a +pistol-shot's distance from the land owing to the shallow water +and the soft mud; they also reported the land to be low-lying and +half-submerged, overgrown with brushwood and wild trees.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 34}</p> + +<p class="center">NOTE.</p> + +<p>(The <b>Drooge Bocht</b>, where we were compelled to leave the +western extremity of Nova Guinea is in 9 degrees 20 minutes S. +Lat.)</p> + +<p>After hearing the aforesaid reports touching the little depths +sounded to eastward, we are sufficiently assured that it will +prove impossible any longer to follow the coastline which we have +so long skirted in an eastward direction, and that we shall, to +our great regret, be compelled to return the same way we have +come, seeing that we have been caught in the shallows as in a +trap; for this purpose we shall have to tack about and take +advantage of the ebb, and as soon as we get into deeper water, to +run south to the sixteenth degree or even farther, if it shall be +found advisable; then turn the ships' heads to the north along +the coast of Nova Guinea, according to our previous resolution +taken on the 6th of March last; as mentioned before, we were here +in 9° 6' S. Lat., about 125 miles east of Aru, and according +to the chart we had with us and the estimation of the skippers +and steersmen, no more than 2 miles from Nova Guinea, so that the +space between us and Nova Guinea seems to be a bight to which on +account of its shallows we have given the name of <b>drooge +bocht</b> [*] [shallow bight] in the new chart; to the land which +we had run along up to now, we have by resolution given the name +of <b>'t Westeinde van Nova Guinea</b> (Western extremity of N. +G.), seeing that we have in reality found the land to be an +unbroken coast, which in the chart is marked as islands, such as +Ceram and the Papues, owing to misunderstanding and untrustworthy +information.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Entrance of Torres Strait.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center">APRIL.</p> + +<p>On the first the wind was W. by S. with good weather; we +weighed anchor and drifted with the ebb running from the N.E. +when we had run 1½ mile with the tide to the S.W., we came +to anchor again in 6 fathom.</p> + +<p>On the second, the wind being W. by N., we tried to tack about +to the W. with the ebb-tide in 4, 5 and 6 fathom; we had variable +winds the whole day; towards the evening we cast anchor in 4 +fathom three miles from the land, having this day progressed 4 +miles to the W. and W. by N.</p> + +<p>On the third we set sail again at daybreak, the wind being N., +course kept W.N.W. in 7, 2, and 2½ fathom, the water in +these parts being of greatly varying depths, so that we had to +keep sounding continually; in the afternoon we dropped anchor in +4 fathom, having drifted 2½, miles with the ebb-tide.</p> + +<p>On the 4th, the wind being N.E. by N., we set sail again with +good weather: in the afternoon we ran on with the tide and cast +anchor in 7 fathom, having lost sight of the land, and sailed 8 +miles W. and W. by N.</p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center">NOTE.</p> + +<p>Here we managed with extreme difficulty and great peril to get +again out of the shallows aforesaid, into which we had sailed as +into a trap, between them and the land, for which happy +deliverance God be praised; the shallows extend South and North, +from 4 to 9 miles from the mainland, and are 10 miles in length +from East to West.</p> + +<p>{Page 35}</p> + +<p>On the fifth we set sail again at daybreak, the wind being +E.N.E., on courses varying between S.W. and S., by which we got +into deeper water, between 14 and 26 fathom, and sailed 18 miles +in the last 24 hours.</p> + +<p>On the sixth the wind was S.W. with rain, course held S.E.; at +night we were in Lat. 9° 45', having sailed 11 miles to the +E.S.E. in the last 24 hours.</p> + +<p>On the 7th, the wind being S.S.E., we ran on an Eastern course +in 15 or 16 fathom, and sailed 4 miles till the evening; at +nightfall we went over to S.E., and cast anchor in 4 fathom, but +as the yacht was veering round, we got into 2 fathom, having +sailed three miles E.S.E. during the night.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 8th we clearly saw several stones lying +on the sea-bottom, without perceiving any change in the water in +which we had sounded 26 fathom; so that the land here, which we +did not see, is highly dangerous to touch at, but through God's +providence the yachts did not get aground here; at noon we set +sail, being in 10° 15' S. Lat., the wind being W. by S. and +afterwards variable; we sailed S.S.W. till the next morning, in +10 and 10½ fathom, and covered 6 miles.</p> + +<p>On the 9th the wind was N. with rain, course held S.E.; at +night the wind went round to S.E.; we therefore came to anchor in +11 fathom, having sailed 5 miles this day.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 10th the wind was E.N.E., course held +S.E. in 9, 10, and 11 fathom; at night the wind blew from the +S.E., upon which we cast anchor, having sailed 5 miles this +day.</p> + +<p>On the 11th the wind was E. by N. with a fair breeze, course +kept S.S.E.; at noon we were in 11° 30'; the whole of this +day and night we tried to get south with variable winds and on +different courses, and sailed 22 miles in the last 24 hours; +course kept S.E.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 12th the wind was S.E. with good +weather; at sunrise we saw the land of <b>Nova Guinea</b> [*], +showing itself as a low-lying coast without hills or mountains; +we were then in 13½ fathom, clayey bottom; course held +S.S.W.; at noon we were in Lat. 11° 45' South, having sailed +10 miles on a S.E. course in the last 24 hours.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* York Peninsula.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the morning of the 13th the wind was S.E. by E. and we were +in 24 fathom; we still saw the land aforementioned and found it +to be of the same shape as before; course held S.W.; at noon we +were in 12° 53'; for the rest of day and night we tried to +get south with the winds aforesaid and on varying courses, having +sailed 22 miles in the last 24 hours; course kept S.W.</p> + +<p>On the 14th the wind was E. by S., course held S. by E. along +the land in 11, 12, 13, and 14 fathom; at noon we were in Lat. +13° 47', the land being no longer in sight. The rest of the +day and the whole night we tried to get the land alongside with +divers winds and on varying courses in 7, 6, 6, 4, 3, and +2½ fathom; towards daybreak we were so near the land that +one might have recognised persons on shore.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 15th the wind blew hard from the East; +course held S. by E. in 3 and 2½ fathom along a sandbank, +situated about one mile from the mainland; at noon we were in +14° 36. The land which we have hitherto seen and followed, +extends S. and N.; it is low-lying and without variety, having a +fine sandy beach in various places. In the afternoon we dropped +anchor owing to the calm, having sailed {Page 36} 11 miles +South. Great volumes of smoke becoming visible on the land, the +subcargo [*] got orders to land with the two pinnaces, duly +manned and armed, and was specially enjoined to use his utmost +endeavours for the advantage of Our Masters; when the pinnaces +returned at nightfall, the subcargo reported that the pinnaces +could get no farther than a stone's throw from the land, owing to +the muddy bottom into which the men sunk to their waists, but +that they had in various places seen blacks emerging from the +wood, while others lay hid in the coppice; they therefore sent a +man ashore with some pieces of iron and strings of beads tied to +a stick, in order to attract the blacks; but as nothing could be +effected and the night was coming on, they had been forced to +return to the yachts.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* <b>Pieter Lintiens</b>. (Summary).]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the morning of the 16th, being Easter-day, the wind was +East; we set sail, holding our course S. by E.; at noon we were +in 14° 56'; in the evening we came to anchor in 5 +½fathom, having sailed 10½ miles, course kept +South.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 17th the wind was S. by W., with rain +and the tide setting to the south; at noon the wind went round to +East, so that we made sail, course held S. by W., along the land +in 4½ fathom; towards the evening, it fell a calm, so that +we dropped anchor with the ebb, after which I went ashore myself +with the two pinnaces duly provided with men and arms; we went a +considerable distance into the interior, which we found to be a +flat, fine country with few trees, and a good soil for planting +and sowing, but so far as we could observe utterly destitute of +fresh water. Nor did we see any human beings or even signs of +them; near the strand the coast was sandy with a fine beach and +plenty of excellent fish.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 18th the wind was E.N.E., course held S. +by W. along the land; about noon, as we saw persons on the beach, +we cast anchor in 3½ fathom clayey bottom; the skipper of +the Pera got orders to row to land with the two pinnaces, duly +provided for defence; in the afternoon when the pinnaces +returned, we were informed by the skipper that as soon as he had +landed with his men, a large number of blacks, some of them armed +and others unarmed, had made up to them; these blacks showed no +fear and were so bold, as to touch the muskets of our men and to +try to take the same off their shoulders, while they wanted to +have whatever they could make use of; our men accordingly +diverted their attention by showing them iron and beads, and +espying vantage, seized one of the blacks by a string which he +wore round his neck, and carried him off to the pinnace; the +blacks who remained on the beach, set up dreadful howls and made +violent gestures, but the others who kept concealed in the wood +remained there. These natives are coal-black, with lean bodies +and stark naked, having twisted baskets or nets round their +heads; in hair and figure they are like the blacks of the +Coromandel coast, but they seem to be less cunning, bold and +evil-natured than the blacks at the western extremity of Nova +Guinea; their weapons, of which we bring specimens along with us, +are less deadly than those we have seen used by other blacks; the +weapons in use with them are assagays, shields, clubs and sticks +about half a fathom in length; as regards their customs and +policy and the nature of the country, Your Worships will in time +be able to get information from the black man we have got hold +of, to whom I would beg leave to refer you...</p> + +<p> +On the 19th, the wind being S.E., we remained at anchor, and since the yachts +were very poorly provided with firewood, the skipper of the Pera went ashore +with the two pinnaces duly manned and armed; when the men were engaged in +cutting wood, <a name="page37"></a>{Page 37} a large number of blacks upwards +of 200 came upon them, and tried every means to surprise and overcome them, so +that our men were compelled to fire two shots, upon which the blacks fled, one +of their number having been hit and having fallen; our men then proceeded +somewhat farther up the country, where they found several weapons, of which +they took some along with them by way of curiosities. During their march they +observed in various places great quantities of divers human bones, from which +it may be safely concluded that the blacks along the coast of Nova Guinea are +man-eaters who do not spare each other when driven by hunger. +</p> + +<p>On the 20th, the wind being S.E., we set sail on a S.S.W. +course; at noon we came to anchor with the ebb-tide running from +the South, in 3½ fathom clayey bottom, and ordered the +skipper to go ashore with the two pinnaces, duly provided for +defence, and diligently inquire into the state of things on +shore, so far as time and place should allow; when he returned in +the evening, he informed us that the surf had prevented them from +getting near the strand, so that there could be not question of +landing.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 21st, the wind being S.E., we set sail; +course held S.S.W. along the land; at noon we were in 15° +38'; in the evening we came to anchor with the ebb in 3½ +fathom.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 22nd the wind was E.N.E., course held +South; at noon we were in 16° 4'; the wind being W. by N. we +dropped anchor towards the evening in 2½ fathom, about one +mile from the land.</p> + +<p>On the 23rd the wind was N.N.E., with a stiff breeze, so that +we set sail on a S.S.W. course along the land in 3½, 3, +2½ and 2 fathom, clayey bottom; at noon we were in 16° +32'; for the rest of the day we tried to get south with variable +winds, and towards the evening came to anchor in 3 fathom close +inshore.</p> + +<p>On the 24th the wind was E. by S., course held S.S.W. along +the land in 2½, 3½ and 4½ fathom, clayey +bottom; at noon we were in <b>17° 8'</b>. This same day the +council having been convened, I submitted to them the question +whether it would be advisable to run further south, and after +various opinions had been expressed, it was agreed that this +would involve divers difficulties, and that the idea had better +be given up: we might get into a vast bay, and it is evident that +in these regions in the east-monsoon north-winds prevail, just as +north (?) of the equator south-winds prevail in the said monsoon: +we should thus fall on a lee-shore; for all which reasons, and in +order to act for the best advantage of the Lords Managers, it has +been resolved and determined to turn back, and follow the coast +of Nova Guinea so long to northward as shall be found +practicable; to touch at divers places which shall be examined +with the utmost care, and finally to turn our course from there +to Aru and Quey...it was furthermore proposed by me and +ultimately approved of by the council, to give 10 pieces of eight +to the boatmen for every black they shall get hold of on shore, +and carry off to the yachts, to the end that the men may use +greater care and diligence in this matter, and Our Masters may +reap benefit from the capture of the blacks, which may afterwards +redound to certain advantage.</p> + +<p>On the 25th the skipper of the Pera got orders to go ashore +with the two pinnaces well-manned and armed, in order to make +special search for fresh water, with which we are very poorly +provided by this time; about noon the skipper having returned, +informed us that he had caused pits to be dug in various places +on the coast, but had found no fresh water. <i>Item</i> that on +the strand they had seen 7 small huts made of dry hay, and also 7 +or 8 blacks, who refused to hold parley with them. In the +afternoon I went up a salt river for the space of about half a +mile with the two pinnaces; {Page 38} we then marched a +considerable distance into the interior, which we found to be +submerged in many places, thus somewhat resembling Waterland in +Holland, from which it may be concluded that there must be large +lakes farther inland; we also saw divers footprints of men and of +large dogs, running from the south to the north; and since by +resolution it has been determined to begin the return-voyage at +this point, we have, in default of stone caused a wooden tablet +to be nailed to a tree, the said tablet having the following +words carved into it: "Anno 1623 den 24n April sijn hier aen +gecomen twee jachten wegen de Hooge Mogende Heeren Staten +Genl."</p> + +<p>[<b>A.D. 1623, on the 24th of April there arrived here two +yachts dispatched by their High Mightinesses the +States-General</b>]. We have accordingly named the river +aforesaid Staten revier in the new chart. (The <b>Staten +Revier</b> is in 17 degrees 8 minutes.)</p> + +<p>On the 26th, seeing that there was no fresh water here, of +which we stood in great need, that we could hold no parley with +the natives, and that nothing of importance could be effected, we +set sail again, the wind being E.N.E., with a stiff breeze, +course held N. along the land; at noon we were in Lat. 16° +44'; at night we came to anchor in 4 fathom close inshore.</p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center">NOTE</p> + +<p>That the yacht <b>Aernem</b>, owing to bad sailing, and to the +small liking and desire which the skipper and the steersman have +shown towards the voyage, has on various occasions and at +different times been the cause of serious delay, seeing that the +Pera (which had sprung a bad leak and had to be kept above water +by more than 8000 strokes of the pump every 24 hours) was every +day obliged to seek and follow the Aernem for one, two or even +more miles to leeward.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>(The yacht <b>Aernem</b> left the <b>Pera</b>.)</p> + +<p>On the 27th, the wind being E. by S. with good weather, the +skipper of the Pera rowed ashore with the two pinnaces duly +provided for defence, in order to seek fresh water, but when he +had caused several pits to be dug, no water was found; we +therefore set sail forthwith, holding a S.E. by E. course along +the land; at noon we were in Lat. 16° 30', and with a W. by +N. wind made for the land, sailing with our foresail only fully +two hours before sunset, in order to wait for the Aernem which +was a howitzer's shot astern of us; in the evening, having come +to anchor in 3½ fathom 1½ mile from the land, we +hung out a lantern, that the Aernem might keep clear of us in +dropping anchor, but this proved to be useless, for on purpose +and with malice prepense she away from us against her +instructions and our resolution, and seems to have set her course +for Aru (to have a good time of it there), but we shall learn in +time whether she has managed to reach it.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 28th the wind was E. by S. and the +weather very fine; the skipper once more went ashore with the +pinnace in order to seek water, but when several pits had been +dug in the sand, they found none; we therefore set sail again on +a N.E. by N. course along the land in 2, 3, 4 and 5 fathom, but +when we had run a distance Of 2½ Miles, a violent landwind +drove us off the land, so that we had to drop anchor in 3 fathom, +the blacks on shore sending up such huge clouds of smoke from +their fires that the land was hardly visible; at night in the +first watch we set sail again and after running N.N.E. for +3½ miles, we came to anchor in 2 fathom.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 29th the wind was S.E., with good +weather; course held N.E. by E. along the land in 2½ and 3 +fathom; when we had run 1½ mile we came {Page 39} +to anchor in 2 fathom, and landed here as before in order to seek +freshwater; we had some pits dug a long way from the strand, but +found no fresh water; the blacks showed themselves from afar, but +refused to come to parley, nor did we succeed in luring any +towards us by stratagem; at noon we were in 16° 10' near a +river which in the chart is marked <b>Nassauw revier</b>: when we +saw that we could do nothing profitable here, we set sail with an +E. wind on a N.N.E. course along the land, and came to anchor in +the evening in 2½ fathom. (The <b>Nassauw revier</b> is in +16 degrees 10 minutes Lat.)</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 30th the wind was S.E. with steady +weather; course held N.N.E. along the land in 3 fathom; at noon +we were in 15° 39', and came to anchor in 2½ fathom; +we landed also here as before with the pinnace in order to look +for water, and to see if we could meet with any natives; after +digging a number of pits we found no water, so that we set sail +again and came to anchor in the evening in 2½ fathom.</p> + +<p class="center">MAY.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 1st the wind was E.; the skipper once +more rowed ashore with the pinnace, and having caused three pits +to be dug he at last found fresh water forcing its way through +the sand; we used our best endeavours to take in a stock of the +same; about 400 paces north of the farthest of the pits that had +been dug, they also found a small fresh-water lake, but the water +that collected in the pits was found to be a good deal +better.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 2nd the wind was E.N.E., and went round +to S.W. later in the day; we continued taking in water.</p> + +<p>On the 3rd we went on taking in water as before; the wind was +N.E., and about noon turned to S.W.. I went ashore myself with 10 +musketeers, and we advanced a long way into the wood without +seeing any human beings; the land here is low-lying and without +hills as before, in Lat. 15° 20' it is very dry and barren, +for during all the time we have searched and examined this part +of the coast to our best ability, we have not seen one +fruit-bearing tree, nor anything that man could make use of; +there are no mountains or even hills, so that it may be safely +concluded that the land contains no metals, nor yields any +precious woods, such as sandal-wood, aloes or columba; in our +judgment this is the most arid and barren region that could be +found anywhere on the earth; the inhabitants, too, are the most +wretched and poorest creatures that I have ever seen in my age or +time; as there are no large trees anywhere on this coast, they +have no boats or canoes whether large or small; this is near the +place which we touched at on the voyage out on Easter-day, April +the 16th; in the new chart we gave given to this spot the name of +<b>Waterplaets</b> [*]; at his place the beach is very fine, with +excellent gravelly sand and plenty of delicious +fish.(<b>Waterplaats</b> is in 15 degrees 13 minutes Lat.)</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Mitchell River.]</p></blockquote> + +<p> +(<b>Vereenichde revier.</b>) +</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 4th the wind was E.N.E. with good +weather, course held N. in 7½ fathom. we could just see +the land; at noon we were in 15° 12' Lat.; slightly to +northward we saw a river to which we have given the name of +<b>Vereenichde revier</b>: all through the night the wind was W., +course held N.N.E. towards the land.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 5th the wind was E., course held N.; at +noon we were in 14° 5' Lat.; shortly after the wind went over +to W., upon which we made for the land {Page 40} and cast +anchor in 2 fathom; I went ashore myself in the pinnace which was +duly armed; the blacks here attacked us with their weapons, but +afterwards took to flight; upon which we went landinward for some +distance, and found divers of their weapons, such as assagays and +callaways, leaning against the trees; we took care not to damage +these weapons, but tied pieces of iron and strings of beads to +some of them, in order to attract the blacks, who, however, +seemed quite indifferent to these things, and repeatedly held up +their shields with great boldness and threw them at the muskets; +these men are, like all the others we have lately seen, of tall +stature and very lean to look at, but malignant and +evil-natured.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 6th, the wind being East, we set sail on +a N. course along the land in 3 and 4 fathom; at noon when we +were in 13° 29' Lat., the wind was W.; in the evening it went +round to East, upon which we dropped anchor in 3 fathom.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 7th the wind was S.E. with fine weather; +the skipper went ashore with the pinnace, with strict orders to +treat the blacks kindly, and try to attract them with pieces of +iron and strings of beads; if practicable, also to capture one or +more; when at noon the men returned they reported that on their +landing more than 100 blacks had collected on the beach with +their weapons, and had with the strong arm tried to prevent them +from coming ashore; in order to frighten them, a musket was +accordingly fired, upon which the blacks fled and retreated into +the wood, from where they tried every means in their power to +surprise and attack our men; these natives resemble the others in +shape and figure; they are quite black and stark naked, some of +them having their faces painted red and others white, with +feathers stuck through the lower part of the nose; at noon, the +wind being E., we set sail on a N. course along the land, being +then in 13° 26 Lat.; towards the evening the wind went round +to W. and we dropped anchor in 3½ fathom.</p> + +<p>(The <b>River Coen</b> is 13 degrees 7 minutes Lat.)</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 8th, the wind being E.S.E. with good +weather, I went ashore myself with 10 musketeers; we saw numerous +footprints of men and dogs (running from south to north); we +accordingly spent some time there, following the footprints +aforesaid to a river, where we gathered excellent vegetables or +pot-herbs; when we had got into the pinnace again, the blacks +emerged with their arms from the wood at two different points; by +showing them bits of iron and strings of beads we kept them on +the beach, until we had come near them, upon which one of them +who had lost his weapon, was by the skipper seized round the +waist, while at the same time the quartermaster put a noose round +his neck, by which he was dragged to the pinnace; the other +blacks seeing this, tried to rescue their captured brother by +furiously assailing us with their assagays; in defending +ourselves we shot one of them, after which the others took to +flight, upon which we returned on board without further delay; +these natives resemble all the others in outward appearance; they +are coal-black and stark naked with twisted nets round their +heads; their weapons are assagays, callaways and shields; we +cannot, however, give any account of their customs and +ceremonies, nor did we learn anything about the thickness of the +population, since we had few or no opportunities for inquiring +into these matters; meanwhile I hope that with God's help Your +Worships will in time get information touching these points from +the black we have captured, to whose utterances I would beg leave +to refer you; the river aforesaid is in 13° 7' Lat., and has +in the new chart got name of <b>Coen river</b>, in the afternoon +the wind being W., we set sail on a N. course along the land, and +in the evening came to anchor in 3 fathom.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 41}</p> + +<p class="center">NOTE</p> + +<p>That in all places where we landed, we have treated the blacks +or savages with especial kindness, offering them pieces of iron, +strings of beads and pieces of cloth, hoping by so doing to get +their friendship and be allowed to penetrate to some +considerable distance landinward, that we might be able to give +a full account and description of the same; but in spite of all +our kindness and our fair semblance [*] the blacks received us as +enemies everywhere, so that in most places our landings were +attended with great peril; on this account, and for various other +reasons afterwards to be mentioned, we have not been able to +learn anything about the population of Nova Guinea, and the +nature of its inhabitants and its soil; nor did we get any +information touching its towns and villages, about the division +of the land, the religion of the natives, their policy, wars, +rivers, vessels, or fisheries; what commodities they have, what +manufactures, what minerals whether gold, silver, tin, iron, +lead, copper or quicksilver. In the first place, in making +further landings we should have been troubled by the rainy +season, which might have seriously interfered with the use of our +muskets, whereas it does no harm to the weapons of the savages; +secondly, we should first have been obliged to seek practicable +paths or roads of which we knew nothing; thirdly, we might easily +have been surrounded by the crowds of blacks, and been cut off +from the boats, which would entail serious peril to the sailors +with whom we always effected the landings, and who are +imperfectly versed in the use of muskets; if on the contrary we +had had well-drilled and experienced soldiers (the men best +fitted to undertake such expeditions), we might have done a good +deal of useful work; still, in spite of all these difficulties +and obstacles, we have shunned neither hard work, trouble, nor +peril, to make a thorough examination of everything with the +means at our disposal, and to do whatever our good name and our +honour demanded; the result of our investigation being as +follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* A curiously subjective way of looking at +things!]</p></blockquote> + +<p><b>The land between 13° and 17° 8'</b> is a barren and +arid tract, without any fruit-trees, and producing nothing fit +for the use of man; it is low-lying and flat without hills or +mountains; in many places overgrown with brushwood and stunted +wild trees; it has not much fresh water, and what little there +is, has to be collected in pits dug for the purpose; there is an +utter absence of bays or inlets, with the exception of a few +bights not sheltered from the sea-wind; it extends mainly N. by +E. and S. by W., with shallows all along the coast, with a clayey +and sandy bottom; it has numerous salt rivers extending into the +interior, across which the natives drag their wives and children +by means of dry sticks or boughs of trees. The natives are in +general utter barbarians, all resembling each other in shape and +features, coal-black, and with twisted nets wound round their +heads and necks for keeping their food in; so far as we could +make out, they chiefly live on certain ill-smelling roots which +they dig out of the earth. We infer that during the eastern +monsoon they live mainly on the beach, since we have there seen +numerous small huts made of dry grass; we also saw great numbers +of dogs, herons and curlews, and other wild fowl, together with +plenty of excellent fish, easily caught with a seine-net; they +are utterly unacquainted with gold, silver, tin, iron, lead and +copper, nor do they know anything about nutmegs, cloves and +pepper, all of which spices we repeatedly showed them without +their evincing any signs of <a name="page42"></a>{Page 42} +recognising or valuing the same; from all which together with the +rest of our observations it may safely be concluded that they are +poor and abject wretches, caring mainly for bits of iron and +strings of beads. Their weapons are shields, assagays, and +callaways of the length of 1½ fathom, made of light wood +and cane, some with fish-bones and others with human bones +fastened to their tops; they are very expert in throwing the said +weapons by means of a piece of wood, half a fathom in length, +with a small hook tied to it in front, which they place upon the +top of the callaway or assagay.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>(The <b>Waterplaets</b> is in 12 degrees 33 minutes Lat.)</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 9th, the wind being E.S.E., with good +weather, we set sail on a N.N.E. course along the land, and when +we had run on for 2 miles, came to anchor in 9 fathom close +inshore; I went ashore in person with ten musketeers, and found +many footprints of men and of large dogs, going in a southerly +direction., we also came upon fresh water flowing into the sea, +and named the place <b>de Waeterplaets</b>. The land here is +higher than what we have seen to southward, and there are +numerous reefs close to the sandy beach; the place is in 12° +33'; in the afternoon the wind was S.W., course held as before; +from the <b>Waterplaets</b> aforesaid to a high cape there is a +large bay, extending N.E. by N. and S.W. by S. for 7 miles; in +the evening we dropped anchor in 4½ fathom.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 10th the wind being E.S.E., with steady +weather, we set sail on a W.N.W. course; at noon we were in +12° 5'. I went ashore myself with the skipper, and as before +found many footprints of men and dogs, going to the south. The +land here is high and hilly, with reefs near the sandy beach; as +we were pulling back to the yacht, some armed savages showed +themselves, upon which we landed again and threw out some pieces +of iron to them, which they picked up, refusing, however, to come +to parley with us; after which we took to the pinnace again.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 11th, the wind being E.S.E. with good +weather, we set sail again on a N.N.E. course along the land; in +the afternoon we sailed past a large river (which the men of the +Duifken went up with a boat in 1606, and where one of them was +killed by the arrows of the blacks); to this river, which is in +11° 48' Lat., we have given the name of <b>revier de +Carpentier</b> in the new chart.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* <b>Rivier Batavia</b> in DE LEEUW'S +chart.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the morning of the 12th the wind was E.S.E., with pleasant +weather; I went ashore myself with the skipper, and found upwards +of 200 savages standing on the beach, making a violent noise, +threatening to throw their arrows at us, and evidently full of +suspicion; for, though we threw out to them pieces of iron and +other things, they refused to come to parley, and used every +possible means to wound one of our men and get him into their +power; we were accordingly compelled to frighten them by firing +one or two shots at them, by which one of the blacks was hit in +the breast and carried to the pinnace by our men, upon which all +the others retired to the hills or dunes; in their wretched huts +on the beach we found nothing but a square-cut assagay, two or +three small pebbles, and some human bones, which they use in +constructing their weapons and scraping the same; we also found a +quantity of black resin and a piece of metal, which the wounded +man had in his net, and which he had most probably got from the +men of the Duyfken; since there was nothing further to be done +here, we rowed back to the yacht, the wounded man dying before we +had reached her; at noon we set sail with a S.W. wind on a N.N.E. +course along the land, and as it fell calm, came to anchor after +having run on for 2 miles.</p> + +<p><a name="page43"></a>{Page 43}</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 13th, the wind being S.E. with good +weather, we set sail on a N.E. by N. course in upwards Of 7 +fathom about 2 miles from the land; at noon we were in 11° +16' Lat., the wind being E.; in the evening we came to anchor in +2 fathom near a river, which we have named <b>Revier van +Spult</b> in the chart.</p> + +<p>(The <b>Waterplaets</b> in 10 degrees 50 minutes Lat.)</p> + +<p>On the 14th we made sail again before daybreak, with a S.E. +wind and steady weather; from the 9th of this month up to now we +have found the land of Nova Guinea to extend N.N.E. and S.S.W., +and from this point continuing N. and S. I went ashore here +myself with the skipper and 10 musketeers and found a large +number of footprints of men and dogs going south; we also came +upon a very fine fresh-water river, flowing into the sea, whence +fresh water can easily be obtained by means of boats or pinnaces; +the river is in 10° 50', and is marked <b>Waterplaets</b> in +the chart. The land here is high, hilly, and reefy near the sandy +beach; seeing that nothing profitable could be effected here, we +returned to the yacht, which was lying-by under small sail; +towards the evening we were at about 1 mile's distance from three +islets, of which the southernmost was the largest; five miles by +estimation farther to northward we saw a mountainous country, but +the shallows rendered (or render) it impossible for us to get +near it; in almost every direction in which soundings were taken, +we found very shallow water, so that we sailed for a long time in +5, 4, 3, 2½, 2, 1½ fathom and even less, so that at +last we were forced to drop anchor in 1½ fathom, without +knowing where to look for greater or less depths; after sunset we +therefore sent out the pinnace to take soundings, which found +deeper water a long way S.W. of the pinnace, viz. 2, 3, and +4½ fathom; we were very glad to sail thither with the +yacht, and cast anchor in 8½ fathom, fervently thanking +God Almighty for his inexpressible mercy and clemency, shown us +in this emergency as in all others.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 15th, the wind being S.E. with good +weather, we set sail on a W. course, which took us into shallower +water of 2, 2½ and 3 fathom; we therefore went over to +S.W., when we came into 3½, 4, 5, 6 fathom and upwards; +we had lost sight of the land here, and found it impossible to +touch at it or follow it any longer, owing to the shallows, reefs +and sandbanks and also to the E. winds blowing here; on which +account it was resolved and determined--in order to avoid such +imminent perils as might ultimately arise if we continued to +coast along the land any longer--to turn back and hold our course +first for the <b>Vleermuijs Eijlant</b>; we therefore stood out +to sea on a W. course in 9½ fathom and upwards, having +sailed 17 miles in 24 hours, kept west, and finding no bottom in +27 fathom.</p> + +<hr /> +<p class="center">NOTE That in our landings between 13° and +11° we have but two times seen black men or savages, who +received us much more hostilely than those more to southward; +they are also acquainted with muskets, of which they would seem +to have experienced the fatal effect when in 1606 the men of the +<b>Duyffken</b> made a landing here.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>In the morning of the 16th, the wind was E.S.E. with good +weather, the Eastern monsoon having set in; course held N.N.W., +at noon we were in 10° 27', having sailed 30 miles in 24 +hours.</p> + +<p>{Page 44}</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 17th the weather was good with a strong +wind; course held as before; at noon we were in 8° 43'; +towards the evening, in 18 and 19 fathom, we saw from the +main-topmast land N.E. of us, when we were in 8° 19'; towards +daybreak we passed a shallow Of 4 and 4½ fathom, on which +we changed our course to S.W., having sailed 30 miles in 24 +hours.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 18th, sailing in 5½ fathom, we +saw land, being the western extremity of Nova Guinea; course held +W., with a strong wind; at noon latitude as before; during the +night we sailed with small sail along the land on the course +aforesaid, having run 27 miles in 24 hours.</p> + +<p>On the 19th, the wind as before, course held N.; at noon we +were in 7° 57' Lat.; we ran on the same course for the rest +of the day and night.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 20th there was a strong wind; we were in +18 fathom and by estimation in 7° Lat., we therefore ran on a +W. course towards the islands which are said to lie in this +latitude; sailed 24 miles in 24 hours.</p> + +<p>On the 21st the wind was as before, and since we saw no land +or signs of land, which by the ships' reckoning and by estimation +we ought to have seen, if there had been any here, we changed our +course to northward, in order to run to the latitude of 5°, +in which Aru is situated.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 22nd we were in 5° 38' Lat., with +the wind as before, and since we estimated ourselves to be in the +latitude of Aru, we turned our course westward; about noon we saw +the island of Aru ahead of us...without seeing any signs of the +yacht <b>Aernem</b>, which on the 17th of April last, in 17°, +near the coast of Nova Guinea, had with malice prepense sailed +away from the Pera, while the Aruese, who came forthwith +alongside with their prows, also declared not to have seen the +said yacht...</p> + +<p class="center">JUNE.</p> + +<p>In the evening of the 8th we came to anchor before the castle +of Amboyna, having therewith brought our voyage to a safe +conclusion by the merciful protection of God Almighty, who may +vouchsafe to grant prosperity and success in all their good +undertakings to their High Mightinesses the States-General, to +his Excellency the Prince of Orange etc., to the Lords Managers +of the United East India Company and to the Worshipful Lord +General and his Governors.</p> + +<p>Continuing for ever<br /> +Their High Mightinesses' etc. obedient and affectionate +servant<br /> +(signed)<br /> +JAN CARSTENSZOON.</p> + +<p><a name="page45"></a>{Page 45}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center">A SUMMARY ABSTRACT [*] OF THE JOURNAL OF THE +MAIN INCIDENTS BEFALLEN IN THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY TO EASTWARD +WITH THE YACHTS PERA AND AERNEM. BEGUN THIS 21ST OF JANUARY A.D. +1623.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* In a great number of passages this abstract merely +copies the authentic journal verbatim; I accordingly transcribe +such parts only as would seem to have a certain supplementary +value.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center">A.D. 1623.</p> + +<p><i>In the name of God Amen.</i></p> + +<p class="center">JANUARY.</p> + +<p>In the morning of Saturday the 21st we weighed anchor before +Amboyna and set sail with the western monsoon together with the +yacht Arnem...</p> + +<p class="center">MARCH.</p> + +<p>On the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th we skirted the +land with the wind and course aforesaid, and came to anchor at +about a mile's distance from the land. I went ashore in person +with the pinnaces duly manned and armed...[*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* What follows in the original is an almost verbatim +transcript of the corresponding passages in the authentic +journal.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>(<b>Keerweer</b> formerly mistaken for islands)</p> + +<p>To this place or part of the land where the aforesaid +happened, we have in the new chart given the name of +<b>Keer-Weer</b> [Turn-again], seeing that the land here bends to +S.W. and West, in 7° Latitude; the place, which has formerly +been mistaken for a group of islands by the men of the yacht +<b>Duijfken</b> in the year 1606 [*], lies about 50 miles S.E. by +East of Aro...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The passage in the text furnishes interesting +evidence respecting the voyage of the yacht Duifken in 1606; a +fact that has so often been called in question, or even flatly +denied.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st +[of March] [*] with a W.N.W. wind in 2, 2½, 3 and 4 +fathom, we got clear of the shallows which we had previously run +into as into a trap; we managed to do so by tacking and taking +advantage of the current, so that in the evening of the 21st +aforesaid we came to anchor in 7 fathom near an islet situated +one mile or upwards S. and N. of the mainland...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* A comparison with the authentic journal at the +dates given, will enable the reader to ascertain the points which +the yachts had then reached.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th [of April] +we tried on divers courses, such as S.E. and S.E. by E., to make +the land of Nova Guinea, until on the 8th aforesaid in the +night-time we ran in between certain reefs, where by God's +providence the yachts were preserved from taking harm; after +which on the 12th aforesaid we sighted the land of Nova Guinea in +11° 45', our yachts being in 13½ fathom, clayey +bottom.</p> + +<p>On the 18th [of April], after running southward between 5 and +6 miles, we saw a large number of blacks on the beach; we +therefore dropped anchor and sent the skipper ashore with the two +pinnaces; who, by offering them pieces of iron and strings of +beads, caused some of the blacks to draw near, so that he could +lay hold of one of them, whom with the help of his men (who met +with little resistance) he carried on board...</p> + +<p>On the 5th, 6th and 7th [of May] we skirted the coast as +before on a northward course, and repeatedly endeavoured to +effect a landing, but were in every case treated by the savages +in hostile fashion, and forced to return to the yachts...</p> + +<p>On the 11th [of May] we sailed close inshore past a large +river (which in 1606 the men of the yacht <b>Duijfken</b> went up +with the boat, on which occasion one of them was killed by the +arrows of the natives), situated in 11° 48' Lat., to which +river we have in the new map given the name of...[*]</p> + +<p>Always continuing<br /> +Their High Mightinesses' etc. obedient and affectionate +servant<br /> +J. CARSTENSZOON.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* <b>Carpentier</b>, erased in the original MS. Cf. +my Life of Tasman, p. 100, note 4.]</p></blockquote> + +<p><a name="page46"></a>{Page 46}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>D.</b></p> + +<p class="center">CHART MADE BY THE UPPER STEERSMAN AREND +MARTENSZ. DE LEEUW, WHO TOOK PART IN THE EXPEDITION [*].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The original of this chart, of which a full-sized +reproduction is given in <i>Remarkable Maps</i>, II, 5, is +preserved in the State Archives at the Hague. There would seem to +have been still more charts of this voyage: see VAN DIJK +Carpentaria, p. 37, note 3.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-07"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-07.jpg" width="500" height="406" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 7. Kaart van den opperstuurman AREND MARTENSZ. DE +LEEUW, der Zuidwestkust van Nieuw Guinea en der Oostkust van de +Golf van Carpentaria (Chart, made by the upper steersman Arend +Martensz. De Leeuw, of the Southwest coast of New-Guinea and the +East-coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria)</p> +</div> + +<p><a name="page47"></a>{Page 47}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>2.</b></p> + +<p class="center">VOYAGE OF THE ARNHEM ALONE UNDER THE COMMAND OF +VAN COOLSTEERDT, AFTER THE SHIP PERA AND HERSELF HAD PARTED +COMPANY ON THE 27TH OF APRIL, 1623.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter from the Governor of Banda to the +Governor-General Pieter De Carpentier, May 16, 1623.</i></p> + +<p>Noble, Worshipful, Wise, Valiant and very Discreet Sir,</p> + +<hr /> +<p>The day before yesterday...we sighted...a ship. We forthwith +presumed it to be Mr. <b>Carstens</b>, or perhaps one of the +Yachts <b>Pera</b> or <b>Arnehem</b>...The ship turned out to be +the <b>Arnehem</b>, which during the preceding night had lost her +rudder...</p> + +<p>(They) have not done much worth mentioning, for at the place +where the chart [*] they had with them, led them to expect <b>an +open passage</b>, they did not find any such, so that they could +not get to the island they wished to reach...[**]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* It is highly probable that this is another +allusion to a chart of the voyage of <b>Willem Janszoon</b> with +the <b>Duifken</b> in 1605-1606, because other documents +concerning this expedition of the Arnhem and the Pera put it +beyond a doubt that they had on board a chart of the voyage of +the ship Duifken. In that case the passage in the text proves +that <b>Willem Janszoon</b> already suspected the existence of +<b>Torres Strait</b>, since the "open passage" can hardly refer +to anything else.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** The remaining part of the letter refers to the +time when the two ships were still together, and contains nothing +new.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Done in the Castle of Nassauw at Nera in the island of Banda, +this 16th of May, A.D. 1623.<br /> +(signed) ISACK De BRUNE.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter from the Governor-General Antonio Van +Diemen to "Commander" Gerrit Thomaszoon Pool, February 19, +1636.</i></p> + +<p>Worshipful, Provident, very Discreet Sir,</p> + +<hr /> +<p>With the present we also [*] send you a chart of the <b>coasts +made A.D. 1623 by the Yachts Pera and Arnhem</b>, together with a +small map of the South-land as surveyed by divers ships coming +from the Netherlands, both of which may be of use to Your Worship +[**]...</p> + +<p>Done in the Castle of Batavia, February 19, A.D. 1636.</p> + +<p>(signed) ANTONIO VAN DIEMEN</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* <i>Vis</i>. together with the Instructions of +Febr. 19 for Pool's expedition to the Southland; see +<i>infra</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** To wit, with a view to the voyage just referred +to.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions for Pool, Febr. 19, +1636.</i></p> + +<p>...Failing ulterior instructions, we desire you to sail as +quickly as possible from Banda to <b>Arnhems and Speultsland</b>, +situated <b>between 9 and 13 degrees Southern Latitude, +discovered A.D., 1623,</b> as you may further see from the +annexed chart [*]...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This, then, is the chart of the "coasts made A.D. +1623 by the yachts <i>Pera</i> and <i>Arnhem</i>"; for the "small +map" handed to Pool, in the second place referred to in the above +letter of Febr. 19, 1636, refers to surveyings of the west-coast +of Australia by ships going from the Netherlands to India, and +can therefore have nothing to do with the expedition of 1623. +<b>Arnhems- and Van Speults Land</b> were accordingly discovered +on the voyage of the Pera and the Arnhem. Now the journal of the +Pera shows that she did <i>not</i> discover them, so that we are +led to the conclusion that Arnhems- and Van Speults Land were +discovered by the ship <b>Arnhem</b>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page 48}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>D.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter from the Governor-General and +Councillors to the Managers of the E.I.C., December 28, +1636.</i></p> + +<p>...[The ships of Pool's expedition touched at] the native +village of Taranga, situated at the south-western extremity of +Arouw, and then sailed southward, hoping to be able to run on an +easterly course in order to execute their orders; they, however, +met with strong south-east winds and very high seas besides; in +11 degrees S.L. they discovered vast lands, to which they gave +the names of Van Diemen's and Maria's Land, and which we suspect +to be <b>Arnhems</b> or <b>Speults's</b> islands, though they +extend in another direction than the latter [*].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Cf. as regards the situation of Arnhem's and Van +Speult's Lands my Lite of Tasman, pp. 101 and 102, and the charts +there referred to. Of the Nolpe-Dozy chart, of which there is +question in note 4 on p. 102 of the book just mentioned, a +reproduction will be found in <i>Remarkable Maps</i>, with a note +by myself.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>The council of the said yachts, finding they could not run on +an eastern course, after discovering and surveying Arnhem's Land +twenty miles to westward, resolved to steer their course +northward again past the islands of Timor and Tenember, and thus +return to Banda, where they arrived on July 7...</p> + +<p class="center"><b>E.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions for Tasman, 1644.</i></p> + +<p>...The third voyage was undertaken from Amboyna in the month +of January 1623 with the Yachts Pera and Arnhem, commanded by +Commander JAN CARSTENS, for the purpose of entering into friendly +relations with the inhabitants of the islands of Key, Arou and +Tenimber, and of exploring Nova Guinea and the South-lands, on +which occasion alliances were made with the islands aforesaid and +the south-coast of Nova Guinea was further discovered...but owing +to untimely separation the Yacht <b>Arnhem</b>, after discovering +the <b>large islands of Arnhem and Speult</b>, returned to +Amboyna unsuccessfully enough, while the Yacht Pera, continuing +her voyage, navigated along the south coast of Nova Guinea as far +as a shallow bay in 10 degrees, and afterwards along the west +coast of the same land as far as Cape Keer-Weer, whence she +further explored the coast to southward as far as 17 degrees near +the Staten river, where she saw the land stretching farther to +westward, after which she returned again to Amboyna...</p> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 49}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-15"></a>XV. (1623)<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIP LEYDEN COMMANDED BY SKIPPER KLAAS +HERMANSZ(OON) FROM THE NETHERLANDS TO JAVA.--FURTHER DISCOVERY OF +THE WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA.</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>Journal kept on board the ship Leyden from +the Texel to Batavia, 1623.</i></p> + +<p>Laus Deo. This 9th day of July, A.D. 1623 in the ship +<i>Leyden</i>...</p> + +<p>On the 15th do. Latitude 27° 15'; during the last +twenty-four hours we sailed 16 miles East by North and +East-north-east...At noon we saw a large dead fish floating near +our ship, with a great many birds perched on its carcase.</p> + +<p>On the 16th do. Latitude 26° 27'; sailed 16 miles in 24 +hours North by east...</p> + +<p>On the 17th do. Latitude 27° 23'; from last night sailed +16 miles East-south-east...</p> + +<p>On the 18th do. Latitude 27° 25'; sailed 24 miles +East-south-east, East by South and East-north-east, on the whole +keeping an eastward course...</p> + +<p>On the 19th do. Latitude 27' 20'. sailed due east 20 Miles in +24 hours...</p> + +<p>On the 20th do. Latitude 27° 20' sailed 20 miles these 24 +hours North-east, East-north-east and East, with a light breeze, +fair weather, and a West-south-west wind; course held east.</p> + +<p>On the 21st do. in the morning we sighted +<b>Eendrachtsland</b> in Latitude 27° at about 6 miles' +distance South-west by west; we sounded off it in 61 fathom fine +gravel bottom, the land showing outwardly like Robben Island in +the Taffel Bay; at noon in Latitude 26° 43' we shaped our +course to northward, and afterwards drifted in a calm.</p> + +<p>On the 22nd do. Latitude 26` 36, sailed and drifted about 4 +miles, at about 8 miles' distance North~north-west from the land. +We sighted everywhere a hilly coast with large bays, with +low-lying land in between, the whole covered with dunes; we +drifted in a calm, our course being North-west by West.</p> + +<p>On the 23rd do. Latitude 26° 3'; during the last +twenty-four hours we mostly drifted in a calm at about 3 or 4 +miles' distance from the coast; here we sighted a large inlet, +looking like a river or bay. We sounded in 80 fathom, good sandy +bottom; in the afternoon there was a light breeze from the +South-south-west, our course being North-west by West. In the +evening we saw the farthest extremity of the land north by east +at six miles' distance from us.</p> + +<p>On the 26th do. Latitude 25° 48', we did our best to keep +off the land, which extended North-north-west and +East-south-east. The land looked like the west-coast of England +with many reddish rocks; out at sea there were plenty of cliffs +and sunken rocks; at noon the wind went round to South-west +afterwards to the south; we held our course North-west by North. +In the evening the endmost land lay North by east of us at about +7 miles' distance.</p> + +<p>On the 27th do. WILLEMTGEN JANSZ., wedded wife Of WILLEM +JANSZ. of Amsterdam, midshipman, was delivered of a son, who got +the name of SEEBAER VAN NIEMELANT. At noon Latitude 24° 15', +sailed northward both in a calm and with variable winds, +generally on a North-by-west course...[*] miles, our course being +north, and the wind south with a fine breeze.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Left blank.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 29th do. Latitude 20° 56'.</p> + +<p>On the 30th do. Latitude 18° 56'; the wind being east, we +could not get higher than north. We saw a good deal of rock-weed +floating about, and plenty of fish near the ship...</p> + +<hr /> +<p><a name="page50"></a>{Page 50}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-16"></a>XVI. (1624)<br /> +DISCOVERY OF THE TORTELDUIF ISLAND (ROCK).</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Daily Register [*] of what has happened here +at Batavia from the first of January, A.D. 1627.</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This Daily Register has been edited by me ('s +Gravenhage, Nijhoff, 1896).]</p></blockquote> + +<p>...On the 21st [of June] there arrived here from the +Netherlands the advice-yacht <b>Tortelduiff</b>...which had left +the Texel...on the 16th of November, 1623...</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Hessel Gerritsz Charts, 1627 [*] (Nos. 4 and +5.--VII, C, D).</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The situation of <b>Tortelduif island</b> was +accordingly known as early as 1677. The voyage Of 1623-1624 is +the only one made to India by the ship of that name (see LEUPE, +Zuidland, p. 48). If we take for granted that this ship gave its +name to the island (rock), which is highly probable, then the +name must have been conferred in 1624. The note of interrogation +in the text is only meant to ward off the charge of over-hasty +inference on my part.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-17"></a>XVII. (1626)<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIP LEIJDEN, COMMANDED BY SKIPPER DANIEL JANSSEN +COCK, FROM THE NETHERLANDS TO JAVA.--FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE +WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA.</h3> + +<p class="center">Copy of the Journal kept by me DANIEL JANSSEN +COCK, Captain and Skipper of the ship LEIJDEN, which set sail on +the 17th of May 1625, of all that has occurred during the +voyage.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>Praise God. April 1626.</p> + +<p>26 do. Latitude 29½ degrees, sailed 36 miles...</p> + +<p>27 do. Latitude 27 2/3 degrees, sailed 28 miles; course held +north-east; the wind being south and south-west, I had the +top-gallants set. God grant what is best for us. Amen. Course +kept North-north-east.</p> + +<p>28 do. In the morning we took the sun's azimuth: between 7 and +8 degrees to northward, the rise being 16 degrees. We sighted +land, being the Southland, at 10 miles' distance. We found a +strong current here, with a depth Of 40 fathom. The current set +to eastward or straight against the land. In the evening we +shaped our course to North-west.</p> + +<p>29 do. Latitude slightly under 26°. the weather was calm, +so that we ran along the coast, North and at times +North-north-west. In the evening I saw the endmost (?) land +north-east of me; the wind blowing from the south.</p> + +<p>30 do. In the morning I took the sun's azimuth: between 9 and +10 degrees to northward, the rise being 16½ degrees, +remains 7½ degrees. At noon Latitude 24° 47'. Course +held North by west, with a southerly wind; sailed 18 miles; in +the evening it fell calm...</p> + +<hr /> +<p><a name="page51"></a>{Page 51}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-18"></a>XVIII. (1627)<br /> +DISCOVERY OF THE SOUTH-WEST COAST OF AUSTRALIA BY THE SHIP HET +GULDEN ZEEPAARD, COMMANDED BY PIETER NUIJTS, MEMBER OF THE +COUNCIL OF INDIA, AND BY SKIPPER FRANÇOIS THIJSSEN OR +THIJSZOON.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Dail Register of what has happened here at +Batavia from the first of January, 1627 [*].</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* On p. 307 of my edition of the Daily Register of +1624-1629.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>...On the 10th [of April] there arrived here from the +Netherlands the ship <b>t' Gulden Seepaart</b> fitted out by the +Zealand Chamber [*], having on board the Hon. <b>Pieter +Nuyts</b>, extraordinary Councillor of India, having sailed from +there on the 22nd of May, 1626...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The Register of outgoing vessels of the E.I.C. +shows that the skipper's name was <b>François Thijssen</b> +or <b>Thijszoon</b>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Hessel Gerritsz-Huydecoper Chart (No. +5.--VII D).</i></p> + +<p>This chart has <b>'t land van Pieter Nuijts</b> (discovered +January 26 [*], 1627) and the islands of <b>Sint +François</b> and <b>Sint Pieter</b>.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Some of the charts have February, but most of them +January. This month is also mentioned as the time of the +discovery in the instructions for Pool (1636, see <i>infra</i>) +and for Tasman (1644). Cf. my Life of Tasman, pp. +97f.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-19"></a>XIX. (1627)<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIPS GALIAS, UTRECHT AND TEXEL, COMMANDED BY +GOVERNOR-GENERAL JAN PIETERSZOON COEN.<br /> +FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of Jan Pieterszoon Coen to the +Directors of the E.I.C.</i></p> + +<p>Most Noble Wise Provident Very Discreet Gentlemen,</p> + +<p>The present is a copy of our letter written from Illa de Mayo +on the 15th of April last...On July the 22nd we sailed from the +Tafelbay with the ships Galias, Utrecht and Texel. When coming +out to sea we got the wind from the south, so that we could not +sail higher than the Cape, and lost eight days during which we +made no progress. Then getting a favourable wind we remained +together in 37½ degrees Southern Latitude up to the 10th +of August; the following night, however, the rudder of the Galias +broke in a strong wind, so that the ship became ungovernable, and +the sails were dashed to pieces, in consequence of which she got +separated from the other two ships, who had failed to observe the +accident of the Galias owing to the darkness; {Page 52} +the next day, the rudder having been repaired, we continued our +voyage with the Galias, and in the afternoon of the 5th of +September in 28½ degrees S. Lat. came upon <b>the land of +d'Eendracht</b>. We were at less than half a mile's distance from +the breakers before perceiving the same, without being able to +see land. If we had come upon this place in the night-time, we +should have been in a thousand perils with our ship and crew. In +the plane charts the reckonings of our steersmen were still +between 300 and 350 miles from any land, so that there was not +the slightest suspicion of our being near any, although the +reckoning of the chart with increasing degrees showed only 120 +miles, and the reckoning by the terrestrial globe only 50 miles +distance from the land. But to this little attention had been +paid. It seems certain now that the miscalculation involved in +the plane chart from Cabo de bon' Esperança to the +Southland in 35 degrees latitude gives an overplus of more than +270 miles of sea, a matter to which most steersmen pay little +attention, and which has brought, and is still daily bringing, +many vessels into great perils. It would be highly expedient if +in the plane charts most in use, between Cabo de bon' +Esperança and the South-land south of Java, so much space +were added and passed over in drawing up the reckonings, as is +deducible from the correct longitude according to the globosity +of earth and sea. We would request Your Worships to direct +attention to this point, and have such indications made in the +plane chart as experts shall find to be advisable; a matter of +the highest importance, which if not properly attended to +involves grievous peril to ships and crews (which God in his +mercy avert).</p> + +<p>In this plane chart the South-land also lies fully 40 miles +more to eastward than it should be, which should also be +rectified.</p> + +<p>On the 20th of September we struck the South-coast of Java +about 50 or 60 miles eastward of its western extremity...</p> + +<p>Your Worships' obedt. servant<br /> +J.P. COEN.</p> + +<p>At Batavia, October 30, 1627.</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-20"></a>XX. (1627)<br /> +VOYAGE OF THE SHIP HET WAPEN VAN HOORN, COMMANDED BY SUPER CARGO +J. VAN ROOSENBERGH.<br /> +FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA.</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter Of Supercargo J. Van Roosenbergh to +the Directors of the E.I.C., November 8, 1627.</i></p> + +<p>Worshipful Wise Provident Very Discreet Gentlemen,</p> + +<p>You have no doubt received my letter from Illa de Mayo...</p> + +<p>On the 7th of September we resolved to run for the +<b>South-land</b>, that we might be near Java before the middle +of October. On the 17th do. we sighted the <b>land of +d'Eendracht</b> near <b>Dirck Hartochs reede</b> [road-stead], at +about 7 miles' distance from us; the land was of middle height, +something like D'overen [Dover] in England; it is less low than +has been asserted by some, and of a whitish hue, so that at night +it cannot be seen before one is quite close to it. When by +estimation we were at two miles' distance from the land, the +coast seemed to have a foreshore consisting of small hills here +and there. According to our observations the land lay quite +differently from what the chart would have us believe, to wit, +North by West and North-north-west, from a point three miles +south of the aforesaid height to a point 8 or 9 miles north of +it; which were the farthest points seen by us; this constituting +a difference Of 3½ {Page 53} points with the chart, +which makes it North-north-east and South-south-west. We cast the +lead five miles off the shore in 75 fathom, muddy bottom mixed +with small red pebbles, and five glasses afterwards, two miles +off shore, in 55 fathom sandy bottom, for hardly anything was +found sticking to the lead when heaved. We had seen no other +signs of land beyond gulf-weed floating about in small quantities +just as in the Sargasso Sea, and some land-birds flying high +overhead. The many-coloured birds which we met near the islands +of Tristan de Aconcha, left us two days before, just as they did +when we got near Cabo de bone Esperança, so that they +would seem to dislike the land. Instead of them, we saw a black +bird with a white tail, having white streaks here and there under +its wings; a bird, it seems, of rare occurrence. Three or four +days before we also saw a number of sanderlings. Close inshore we +also saw a quantity of cuttlebone, but the pieces were very small +and scattered, so that they could hardly be seen in hollow water, +except by paying very close attention to them and only 6 or 8 +miles off shore, seeing that the steady west-wind prevents their +getting out to sea, which they would certainly do, if now and +then the wind blew from the east for a few days in succession. +Careful estimations based on the globosity of the earth will give +the best signs after all. By estimation we have got into...[*] +Longitude, some of our steersmen having got one or two degrees +more, some less, which in the plane charts makes a considerable +difference, about 217 miles by calculation. I repeat that since I +have seen the land a good deal earlier, it will be expedient in +the plane chart to mark out a distance of about 200 miles, to +westward of St. Paulo island and to eastward of Madagascar, the +said distance to be passed over in drawing up reckonings, seeing +that the plane chart involves serious drawbacks; the same might +well be done to eastward of the Cape, in such fashion as Your +Worships' cartographers and other experts, such as Master C. J. +Lastman, shall find to be most expedient for the Company's +service. Seeing that we had nothing to do near the coast, and +there was a fair wind blowing for us to make use of, we deemed it +advisable that night to run north-west, and the next morning, +having got north into 20 degrees S. Lat., from there to hold a +north by-west course for Java, whither God Almighty may in safety +conduct ourselves and those who shall come after us.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Left blank.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 27th do. in the evening, when it had got dark, the +water suddenly turned as white as butter-milk, a thing that none +of those on board of us had ever seen in their lives, and which +greatly surprised us all, so that, concluding it to be caused by +a shallow of the sea, we set the foresail and cast the lead, but +since we got no bottom, and with the rising moon the water again +resumed its usual colour, we made all sail and ran on full speed, +satisfied that the strange colour had been caused by the sky, +which was very pale at the time. On the 28th in the morning very +early, the water became thick, and shortly after we sighted land, +being two islands, each of them about 2 miles in length; at 4 +miles' distance from the land we cast the lead in 65 fathom sandy +bottom. At noon in Latitude 8°, three miles off shore, we +found ourselves to have run too far to eastward, wherefore we +held our course to westward up to the 2nd of October, when by +God's grace we passed the Princen islands, and arrived off +Bantham on the 9th do. By estimation the <b>land of +d'Eendracht</b> is marked in the chart fifty miles too far to +eastward, which should also be rectified...</p> + +<p>Done in the ship 't Wapen van Hoorn, November 8, A.D. 1627, +lying at anchor before Batavia.</p> + +<p>Your Worships' obedt. Servant<br /> +</p> + +<p>J. V. ROOSENBERGH.</p> + +<hr /> +<p><a name="page54"></a>{Page 54}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-21"></a>XXI. (1628)<br /> +DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH-WEST COAST OF AUSTRALIA BY THE SHIP VIANEN +(VIANE, VIANA), COMMANDED BY GERRIT FREDERIKSZOON DE WITT.--DE +WITT'S LAND.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of the Governor-General and +Councillors to the Managers of the E.I.C. November 3, +1628.</i></p> + +<p>...[We] thought fit to give orders for the ship <b>Vyanen</b> +[*] to sail to the strait of Balamboan. [She] sailed [from +Batavia] thither on the 14th of January, and from there stood out +to sea on the 25th do. She was by head-winds driven so far to +south-ward that she came upon the <b>South-land beyond Java</b> +where she ran aground, so that she was forced to throw overboard +8 or 10 lasts of pepper and a quantity of copper, upon which +through God's mercy she got off again without further +damage...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* That commander Gerrit Frederikszoon De Witt, was +on board this ship, is proved by an original letter of his, dated +August 6, 1628 (Hague State Archives).]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>See the Hessel Gerritsz--Huydecoper Chart +(No 5.--VII D), which has <b>G. F. De Witts-land.</b></i></p> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions for Tasman, 1644 [*].</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The well-known chart of TASMAN, 1644 (see my Life +of, Tasman, PP. 71-73) also has the name G. F. De Witt's +Land.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>...Meanwhile in the year 1627 the ship t' Gulde +Zeepaert,...discovered...the south coast <b>of the great +Southland</b>, and in the following year 1628 the ship +<b>Viana</b>, homeward bound from Batavia, equally unexpectedly +discovered the coast of the same land <b>on the north side</b> in +the Southern Latitude of 21 degrees, and sailed along it a +distance of about 50 miles; none of these discoveries, however, +resulting in the obtaining of any considerable information +respecting the situation and condition of this vast land, it only +having been found that it has barren and dangerous coasts, green, +fertile fields and exceedingly savage, black, barbarian +inhabitants...</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-22"></a>XXII. (before 1629)<br /> +DISCOVERY OF JACOB REMESSENS-, REMENS-, OR ROMMER-RIVER, SOUTH OF +WILLEMS RIVER [*].</h3> + +<blockquote><p>[* I do not know the date of this discovery. Since +Pelsaert was acquainted with it, it must have taken place before +1629 or 1628. It cannot have been much earlier, as the name is +not found in Hessel Gerritsz's charts. I must mention, however, +that Leupe has found a steersman of the name of Jacob Remmetsz +referred to in the archives of the E.I.C. about the year +1619.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Daily annotations of Pelsaert, 1629 (See +infra).</i></p> + +<p>...This 16th [of June]...we were in Latitude 22 degrees 17 +minutes. I intended to sail to <b>Jacop Remmessens river</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="page55"></a>{Page 55}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Keppler Map (No. 6.--VII E).</i></p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-23"></a>XXIII. (1629) [*].<br /> +SHIPWRECK OF THE SHIP BATAVIA UNDER COMMANDER FRANÇOIS +PELSAERT ON HOUTMANS ABROLHOS [**].--FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE +WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA.</h3> + +<blockquote><p>[* In the year 1628 certain other Dutch vessels +sighted or touched at the west-coast of Australia on their +outward voyage to India (see LEUPE, <i>Zuidland</i>, p. 58; my +edition of the Daily Register of Batavia, p. 341). What we know +on this point is without interest. I merely mention the fact +here, without entering into particulars.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** The fact and the particulars of this shipwreck +have become sufficiently known, the narrative of it having been +published repeatedly and in different languages (see TIELE, +Mémoires bibliographiques, pp. 262-268; <i>Id</i>. +Bibliographie Land- en Volkenkunde, pp. 172, 190-191, 258f.--Cf. +e.g. also MAJOR, Early Voyages, pp. LXXXIX--XCII; 59-74). I +accordingly print in the text only what is strictly necessary; +but I give almost <i>in extenso</i> Pelsaert's journal of his +exploratory voyage along the west-coast of +Australia.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Woeful diurnal annotations [of Commander +PELSAERT] touching the loss of our ship Batavia, run aground on +the Abrolhos, or rocks of Fredrick Houtman, situated in +28½ degrees S. Lat., at 9 miles' distance from the +Southland.</i></p> + +<p>On the fourth of June [1619], it being Whitmonday, with a +light, clear full moon, about two hours before daybreak...I felt +the ship's rudder strike the rocks with a violent horrible shock. +Upon which the ship's course was forthwith checked by the +rocks...I rushed on deck, and found all the sails atop; the wind +south-west; our course during the night had been north-east by +north, and we were now lying amidst thick foam. Still, at the +moment, the breakers round the ship were not violent, but shortly +after the sea was heard to run upon us with great vehemence on +all sides...</p> + +<p>[When] day broke, we found ourselves surrounded by cliffs and +shoals...</p> + +<p>I saw no land that I thought would remain above water at high +tide, except an island, which by estimation was fully three miles +from the ship. I therefore sent the skipper to two small islets +or cliffs, in order to ascertain whether our men and part of our +cargo could be landed there. About 9 o'clock the skipper +returned, informing me that it was well-nigh impossible to get +through the rocks and cliffs, the pinnace running aground in one +place, and the water being several fathom deep in another. As far +as he could judge, the islands would remain above water at high +tide. Therefore, moved by the loud lamentations raised on board +by women, children, sick people, and faint-hearted men, we +thought it best first to land the greater part of our +people...</p> + +<p>[On June 5] at their earnest instances to move me, it was +determined, as shown by the resolution, that we should try to +find fresh water in the neighbouring islands, or on the mainland +coast in order to save their lives and our own; and that, if no +water should be found, we should in that case at the mercy of God +with the pinnace continue our voyage to Batavia, there to make +known our calamitous and unheard-of disasters...</p> + +<p>{Page 56}</p> + +<p>This day the 6th do...[we] set sail in the pinnace, and on +this day touched at two separate islands, where we found at best +some brackish water, which had collected in the cavities of the +rocks on the beach after the rain, but it was largely mixed with +seawater. On the 7th do. we remained here, in order to repair our +pinnace with a plank, for we found that without this it would +have been impossible to reach the mainland...</p> + +<p>On the 8th do. in the morning we set sail from this island for +the mainland...</p> + +<p>At noon we were in 28° 13' Lat., and shortly after sighted +the mainland, which we estimated to lie 6 miles north by west of +our ship. The wind blew from the west, and we sounded 25 and 30 +fathom about 3 o'clock in the afternoon. During the night we kept +off the land, and after midnight shaped our course for it +again.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 9th we were still about 3 miles from the +land, the wind being mainly north-west with some rain; in the +last 24 hours we covered 4 or 5 miles by estimation, course held +north by west. The land here extends chiefly north by west and +south by east. It is a barren, rocky coast without trees, about +the height of Dover in England.</p> + +<p>We here saw a small inlet, and some low land with dunes, which +we meant to touch at, but on nearer approach we found a heavy sea +and violent breakers on the shore, while at the same time the +swell from the west suddenly began to run towards the land so +strongly and so high, that we could hardly keep off it, the less +so as the storm always rose in violence.</p> + +<p>On the 10th do. we kept holding off and on for twenty-four +hours owing to the strong wind, while the storm from the +north-west, which stood on the boat we had taken with us, forced +us to cut the same adrift and to throw overboard a part of the +bread we had with us, together with other things that were in the +way, since we could not keep the water out of our pinnace.</p> + +<p>During the night we were in great peril of foundering owing to +the violent gale and the hollow seas. We could not keep off the +land, because we did not venture to carry sail, and so were +wholly at the mercy of wind and waves, while it kept raining the +whole night.</p> + +<p>On the 1lth do. in the morning the weather began somewhat to +abate, the wind turning to west-south-west, upon which we held +our course to northward, but the sea was still very rough.</p> + +<p>On the 12th do. at noon we were in Lat. 27°; we ran close +along the land with a south-east wind, but could find no means to +get near the land with the pinnace, owing to the violent surf; we +found the coast falling off very steeply, without any foreland or +inlets, such as other lands are found to have: in short it seemed +to us a barren, accursed earth without leafage or grass.</p> + +<p>On the 13th do. at noon we were in Lat. 25° 40'; we found +ourselves drifting very rapidly northward, having rounded the +point where the land extends mainly N.N.E. and S.S.W. During the +last 24 hours our course was chiefly north. The coast was steep, +consisting of red rock, without foreland, of the same height +almost everywhere, and impossible to touch at owing to the +breakers.</p> + +<p>On the 14th do. in the morning there was a faint breeze, but +during the day it fell a dead calm. At noon we were in Lat. +24°; course held N., with a S.E. wind; during the whole of +the day the current carried us northward against our will, for we +{Page 57} were running along the land with small sail. In +the afternoon we saw smoke rising up from the land; we +accordingly rowed to shore in order to land if possible, with our +spirits somewhat raised, for I concluded that if there were men, +there must be water too. Coming near the shore, I found it to be +a steeply rising coast, full of rocks and stones, with the surf +running violently; nevertheless 6 of our men swam ashore, and we +remained at anchor with the pinnace in 25 fathom outside the +surf. The men now searched for water everywhere until nightfall, +without, however, finding any; they also saw four men coming up +to them, creeping on all fours, but when our men all of a sudden +emerged from a depression of the ground, and approached them, +they sprang to their feet, and ran off in full career, all which +we could distinctly see from the pinnace. They were black men, +stark naked, without the least covering. In the evening our men +swam on board again, all of them grievously wounded by the rocks +on which they been dashed by the breakers. We therefore weighed +anchor again to seek a better place for landing, and ran on +during the night with small sail close along the shore, but out +of the reach of the surf.</p> + +<p>On the 15th do. in the morning we were near a point of the +coast off which a large reef extended about a mile in length, we +ran in between the land and this reef, which we estimated to be +in 23° Lat., and thus sailed along the coast, along which +there was another reef, inside which the water seemed to be very +smooth and still; we did our best to get inside this second reef, +but did not find an opening before noon, when we saw a passage +where there was no surf, we ran into it, but found it to be full +of stones, and sometimes no more than one or two feet deep.</p> + +<p>This coast had a foreshore covered with dunes about a mile in +width, before you come to the higher part. We therefore began to +dig in divers places, but the water proved to be salt; some of us +went to the higher land, where by good luck we found in a rock a +number of cavities, in which a quantity of rain-water had +collected. It also seemed that a short time before there had been +natives there, for we found some crab-shells lying about and here +and there fire-ashes. Here we somewhat quenched our cruel thirst, +which almost prevented us from dragging ourselves along, for +since the loss of our ship we had had no more than one or two +mutchkins daily, without any wine or other drink. Besides +quenching our own thirst, we here gathered about 80 cans of +water, and remained there for the night.</p> + +<p>On the 16th do. in the morning we continued our exploration in +order to find out whether there were more water-pits in the +mountains, but our search was fruitless, for it seemed not to +have rained there for a long time past, and we found no traces of +running water, the higher ground being again very barren and +unpromising, without any trees, shrubs or grass, but with plenty +of high ant-hills in all directions. These ant~hills consisted of +earth thrown up, and from afar somewhat resembled huts for the +abode of men.</p> + +<p>We also found such multitudes of flies here, which perched on +our mouths and crept into our eyes, that we could not keep them +off our persons. We likewise saw 8 blacks here, each of them +carrying a stick in his hand; they came within a musketshot's +distance of us, but when we went up to them, they ran off, and we +could not get them to stop, that we might come near them. Towards +noon, when we found there was no more water to be had, we set +sail again, and passed through another opening of the reef a +little more to northward. We were here in 22° 17' Lat. I +intended to run on to <b>Jacop Remessens river</b>, but the wind +went round to North-east, so that we could not keep near the +land, and seeing that we were now more than {Page 58} 100 +miles from those we had left behind on the island-rocks, and that +up to now we had not found water enough to assist them all, but +only so much as would afford two mutchkins daily to ourselves, we +were compelled to resolve to do our best in order with God's help +to continue our voyage to Batavia as expeditiously as possible, +that the Hon. Lord Governor-general might order measures to be +taken for the succour of those we had left behind...</p> + +<p>On the 7 th do. [of July] we arrived in the road-stead of +Batavia at nightfall.</p> + +<p>God be thanked and praised.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Diurnal anotations on my [PELSAERT'S] second +voyage to the South-land, by order of the Hon. Lord +Governor-general Jan Pietersen Coen, with the Yacht Sardam, for +the purpose of rescuing and bringing hither the men belonging to +our lost ship Batavia, together with the ready money and the +goods that it shall be found possible to salve.</i></p> + +<p>This day the 15th Of July We set sail in the morning with the +land-wind...</p> + +<p>This day the 1st of September at noon we were in 29° 16' +Southern Latitude [*], with a variable wind, so that we found it +impossible to get to eastward.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The ship had already sailed farther south than +Houtman's Abrolhos.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 2nd do. the wind went round to the north with a +top-gallant gale; at noon we were in 30° 16' S.L. and found +we had drifted a long way to southward; in the evening the wind +turned to the north-west; course held N.E. by north.</p> + +<p>On the 3rd do. in the morning the wind was blowing from the +west; we saw a good deal of rock-weed floating about and also a +number of cuttle-bones. We therefore turned our course to +eastward, and at noon we saw the <b>mainland of the +South-land</b>, extending N.N.W. and S.S.E.; we were at about 3 +miles' distance from it and saw the land extending southward for +4 miles by estimation, where it was bounded by the horizon. We +sounded here in 25 fathom, fine sandy bottom. It is a treeless, +barren coast with a few sandy dunes, the same as to northward; we +were in <b>29° 16' Southern Latitude</b>, turned our course +to north-west, the wind being W.S.W., but the hollow seas threw +us close to the land, so that in the evening we had to drop +anchor at one mile's distance from it; at two glasses in the +first watch our anchor was broken in two, so that we had to bring +out another in great haste.</p> + +<p>On the 4th do. in the morning the wind was S.W. by S., still +with a very hollow swell. During the day the wind went round to +S.S.W., upon which we weighed anchor and got under sail before +noon. We stood out to sea on a W.N.W. course in order to get off +the lee-shore. At noon we were in 28° 50' S.L., where the +land began to fall off one point, to wit North by west and South +by east. In the afternoon the wind went round to the south, and +we shaped our course westward. Towards evening we became aware of +a shoal straight ahead or west of us, at only a musket-shot's +distance, we being in 25 fathom fine sandy bottom. We turned the +rudder and ran off it half a mile to E.S.E., where we came to +anchor in 27 fathom fine bottom; from noon till the evening we +had been sailing on a W.N.W. course, and we were now at 5 miles' +distance from the mainland. In the night it fell a dead calm with +fine weather and a south-by-east wind.</p> + +<p>{Page 59}</p> + +<p>On the 5th do. in the morning the wind being S.S.E. with +lovely weather, we weighed anchor and sailed S.S.W. for an hour, +at the end of which we observed more breakers, shallows and +islets ahead of us and alongside our course; the wind then turned +more to eastward, so that we could run to the south and S.S.E. +This reef or shoal extended S.S.W. and N.N.E.; along it we +sounded in 27, 28 and 29 fathom sandy bottom; at 11 o'clock in +the forenoon we had lost sight of the mainland; at noon we were +in 28° 59' S. Lat., the extremity of the reef lying W.S.W. of +us, and we being in 50 or 60 fathom, foul steep bottom. In the +afternoon the wind began to abate, but the current carried us to +the west, while the rocks here fell off far to westward, we being +at about 87 miles' distance from the mainland by estimation. We +had a dead calm the whole night and drifted along the rock, on +which we heard the waves break the whole time.</p> + +<p>On the 6th do. in the morning we had lost sight of the rocks; +about 10 o'clock the wind began to blow from the W.N.W., so that +we ran nearly in the direction of the rocks. At noon we were in +28° 44' S. Lat.; it began to blow hard from the N.W., so that +in the afternoon we kept tacking off and on, and found ourselves +carried northward by the current. In the evening we stood out to +sea away from the rocks again, and sounded in 40 fathom foul +rocky bottom; this shallow here extends seaward S.E. and N.W. In +the evening it began to blow very hard, so that we had to run on +with shortened mainsails, the wind being variable.</p> + +<p>On the 7th do. in the morning the wind abated, so that we made +sail again; at noon we found our latitude to be 29° 30'; we +went over to northward to get sight of the mainland again, but +the wind suddenly turned sharply to W.N.W., so that we had to +stand out to sea again.</p> + +<p>On the 8th do. at noon we were in 29° 7' S. Lat., course +held N.E. In the evening we saw the breakers again. We therefore +stood out to sea on a west-south-west course the whole night with +a north-west-wind; and it began to blow so hard that we had again +to take in the topsails.</p> + +<p>On the 9th do. in the morning we shaped our course to the land +again; at noon we were in Lat. 29° and for the rest of the +day we kept tacking off and on; towards the evening there blew a +storm from the N.W., so that we could hardly keep our main-sails +set.</p> + +<p>On the 10th do. we made sail again in the morning; at noon we +were in 29° 30' S. Lat., with a westerly wind and a +top-gallant gale.</p> + +<p>On the 11th do. it was calm in the morning, but with a very +hollow sea, while the wind blew from the W.N.W., so that we could +not get to the north, if we did not wish to come upon or near the +rocks. At noon we were in 28° 48' S. Lat. The wind continued +variable, so that in the night we had to drift with our foresail +set until daybreak.</p> + +<p>On the 12th do. we made sail again at daybreak, shaping our +course to the east. We ran on till noon, when we found ourselves +to be in in 28° 13' S. Lat. We therefore ran somewhat more to +the south again, in order to reach the latitude Of 28° 20' +exactly; the wind was south-west with a heavy swell of the sea. +In the afternoon, two hours before sunset we again sighted the +rocks, which we estimated to be still two miles from us. We cast +the lead in 100 fathom fine sandy bottom, but when we had come to +half a mile's distance, we sounded 30 fathom foul rocky bottom. +In the night we shaped our course two points more to seaward, and +in the daywatch made for the land again.</p> + +<p><a name="page60"></a>{Page 60}</p> + +<p>On the 13th do., three hours after sunrise we again sighted +breakers ahead, and having made up our reckoning, we found we had +lost a mile north, since the wind had been S.S.E. This proved to +be the northernmost extremity of the <b>Abrolhos</b>. Therefore, +since I found we always came too high or too low, and it was very +dangerous to touch at them from the outside owing to the high +swells and foul bottom, I resolved to keep tacking off the +outermost shoal. After this we went over again nearly to +weatherward with a S.S.E. wind, keeping an eastern course. When +we had got inside a small distance, we directly had a fine sandy +bottom in from 30 to 35 fathom; at noon we were in 28° S. +Lat., shortly after we again saw the mainland of the Southland. +In the evening, as it began to blow hard, we came to anchor at +about 2 miles' distance from the land in 30 fathom, fine +bottom.</p> + +<p>On the 14th do. there was a stiff gale from the S.S.E., so +that we could not get in our anchor, and remained here all +day.</p> + +<p>On the 15th do. the wind was still equally strong, but towards +noon it got somewhat calmer, so that we could get in our anchor. +At noon we were in 27° 54' S. Lat. We kept tacking the whole +day with a S.S.E. wind, in order to gain the south, and at night +found we had gained two miles. When it got dark, we again came to +anchor in 30 fathom fine bottom.</p> + +<p>On the 16th do. at daybreak we again weighed anchor; the wind +being W.S.W., we went over nearly to southward. At noon we were +in Latitude...degrees...minutes [*]. The wind then turned first +to the west and afterwards to the north, so that we could sail on +a south-west course; towards the evening we saw the rocks on +which our good ship Batavia had miscarried, and I was sure I saw +the high Island, but our steersmen contended that it was other +land. Two hours after sunset we again came to anchor in 26 fathom +fine sandy bottom.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Left blank.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 17th do. at daybreak we again weighed anchor with a +northerly wind; we were now still about 2 miles from the high +island and made for it. When at noon we had got near the island +we saw smoke rising up from a long island, two miles to westward +of the wreck, and also from another islet [*], close to the +wreck, at which we were all of us greatly rejoiced, hoping to +find the greater part [**] or almost all the people alive. +Therefore, when we had come to anchor, I went in a boat to the +highest island, which was quite close to us, taking with me a +cask of water, a cask of bread, and a small keg of wine; when I +had got there I did not see any one, at which we were greatly +astonished. I sprang ashore...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This islet was named <b>Batavia's Kerkhof</b> +[Churchyard] by the survivors; another of the rocks got the name +of <b>Robben-eiland</b> [Seals' island].]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[* This proved actually to be the case. I have +thought it needless to print those parts of the journal which +tell the adventures of the castaways, since they have repeatedly +been narrated in other works.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 15th [of November, 1629] the wind was S.S.W., with +seemingly fine weather. Therefore, in the name of God, we weighed +anchor and set sail from these luckless <b>Abrolhos</b> for the +mainland on an East-north-east course, for the purpose of seeking +there the skipper and four other men, who on the 14th last were +with their boat cut off from ship by a storm, after which we had +resolved to continue our return-voyage to Batavia with the utmost +expedition. The spot where the ship or wreck lies, is in 28° +36' or 40', and the place near <b>the high Island</b> where we +have been at anchor with the Yacht, in 30 or 32 minutes, +north-north-west of the wreck. But after the shipwreck the +steersmen had in one of the islands taken the latitude Of 28 +degrees 8 minutes, and 28 degrees 20 minutes, which mistake has +caused no little loss of time and misunderstanding on our part in +seeking out these places...</p> + +<p>{Page 61}</p> + +<p>The sea abounds in fish in these parts; they are mainly of +three kinds, but very different in shape and taste from those +caught on other coasts. All the islands about here are low-lying +atolls or coral-islets and rocks, except two or three large +islands, in one of which, a long time before we came here, they +had found two pits filled with water, but during the time we were +here, the water in these pits became very brackish or salt, so as +to be unfit for human consumption. In the other island, near +which the Yacht lay at anchor, after burning away the brushwood +or thicket, we also came upon two pits filled with water, which +were discovered quite by accident...since they had only a small +hole at top, that would admit a man's arm, but below we found a +large cistern or water-tank under the earth; after which with +mattocks and sledge-hammers we widened the hole so as to be able +to take out the water conveniently. Besides, we found in these +islands large numbers of a species of cats, which are very +strange creatures; they are about the size of a hare, their head +resembling the head of a civet-cat; the forepaws are very short, +about the length of a finger, on which the animal has five small +nails or fingers, resembling those of a monkey's forepaw. Its two +hind-legs, on the contrary, are upwards of half an ell in length, +and it walks on these only, on the flat of the heavy part of the +leg, so that it does not run fast. Its tail is very long, like +that of a long-tailed monkey; if it eats, it sits on its +hind-legs, and clutches its food with its forepaws, just like a +squirrel or monkey. Their manner of generation or procreation is +exceedingly strange and highly worth observing. Below the belly +the female carries a pouch, into which you may put your hand; +inside this pouch are her nipples, and we have found that the +young ones grow up in this pouch with the nipples in their +mouths. We have seen some young ones lying there, which were only +the size of a bean, though at the same time perfectly +proportioned, so that it seems certain that they grow there out +of the nipples of the mammae, from which they draw their food, +until they are grown up and are able to walk. Still, they keep +creeping into the pouch even when they have become very large, +and the dam runs off with them, when they are hunted.</p> + +<p>In these two islands we also found a number of grey +turtle-doves, but no other animals. Nor is there any vegetation +beyond brushwood, and little or no grass. This and what has +hereinbefore been related is all that we have experienced and met +with about these Abrolhos.</p> + +<p>We shall therefore now shape our course for <b>the mainland of +the Southland</b>, to which we are navigating. About noon we were +close inshore, running along the coast with small sail at about +half a mile's distance from it, in order to see if we could not +descry any men or signs of men, until the afternoon, when we saw +a small column of smoke rise up from the higher land, but it soon +vanished. Nevertheless we anchored there in 21 fathom fine sandy +bottom, in order to look for the skipper with his men, but the +smoke did not appear again, and no one showed on the beach, from +which we concluded that the smoke had been made by the natives, +who now did not venture to show themselves. As it blew very hard, +we remained at anchor here for the night.</p> + +<p>On the 16th do. in the morning we weighed anchor again with a +S.S.E. wind and a top-gallant gale. We again ran close along the +land with small sail at about a howitzer's shot's distance from +the surf. Towards noon we sighted the inlet which we had meant to +run into on the 8th of June last, when we were seeking water with +the pinnace, and {Page 62} where we were befallen by a +storm from the north-west, which would certainly have sent us to +destruction, if God had not miraculously saved us. Here we saw +divers smoke-clouds rising up, which gladdened us all with the +hope that our men might be there. I therefore sent the pinnace +ashore directly for the purpose of getting certain information +regarding the place and the clouds of smoke we had seen; the men +in her, after rounding a steep point, where we had suspected the +presence of water, discovered a running streamlet, of which the +water was brackish near the sea, but quite fresh higher up; they +also found a great many human footprints and continuous footpaths +leading to the mountains, and saw numerous clouds of smoke, but +the blacks kept themselves in concealment, and no human being was +seen.</p> + +<p>Formerly, when we were sailing about here with the pinnace, we +had also been close inshore, but did not then see any men or +smoke-clouds at this place. Thinking this a fitting opportunity, +I have here sent on shore the two condemned delinquents [*] +Wouter Loos and Jan Pelgrom de By, of Bemmel, in a sampan +provided with all necessaries. God grant that this punishment may +ultimately redound to the service of the Company, and that the +two delinquents may come off with their lives, so as to be able +to give trustworthy information about these parts. This inlet is +in <b>27° 51'</b>. In the afternoon, seeing there was no hope +or chance of finding the skipper, we made sail and shaped our +course to north-west, two points off the land, because it began +to blow hard, and in the evening we turned to +west-north-west...[**].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* They had been sentenced to being +marooned.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[* The ship returned to Batavia on the 5th of +December.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-24"></a>XXIV. (1635) [*].<br /> +FURTHER SURVEYINGS OF THE WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA BY THE SHIP +AMSTERDAM UNDER COMMANDER WOLLEBRAND GELEYNSZOON DE JONGH AND +SKIPPER PIETER DIRCKSZ, ON HER VOYAGE FROM THE NETHERLANDS TO THE +EAST INDIES.</h3> + +<blockquote><p>[* In 1629 the west-coast of Australia in the +neighbourhood of Dirk Hartogsz Roads was touched at by Dutch +vessels, and in 1632 the Trialls were passed by Dutch ships on +the outward voyage. What we know about these two points is of no +interest as regards our subject.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><i>Journal of Commander WOLLEBRAND GELEYNSZOON +DE JONGH.</i> [*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* I know this journal only from what LEUPE extracts +from it in his "Zuidland", pp. 62 ff. (the passages in question +being given above), and from certain written notes from Leupe's +hand. From the latter I have learned <i>inter alia</i>, the name +of the skipper, the date of departure from the Texel (December +26, 1634), and the date of arrival at Batavia (June 24, +1635).]</p></blockquote> + +<p>...[May 25] Last night when two glasses of the first watch +were out, we got a slight breeze from the N.W., which gradually +stiffened, so that there was a fair breeze at the latter end of +this watch, which kept blowing through the night till the +following forenoon, when the wind turned to W. by N. and W.N.W. +with a squall of rain, it blowing a strong top-gallant gale until +the evening, course kept E. by N. until one hour after daybreak +when we sighted the <b>South-land</b>.</p> + +<p>We went over to port directly, keeping a N.E. and N.E. by E. +course until noon, when we stood out to sea from the land, on a +W. and W. by S. course with a top-gallant gale. We took the +latitude, which we found to be 25° 16' South, but of {Page +63} this we are not quite sure; we were not able to take the +sun's azimuth, either in the morning or in the evening; we sailed +20 miles until we saw the land, from which we were at 4 or +4½ miles' distance by estimation, on an E. by N. course, +and on various courses during the day, course N.N.E. for 6 or 7 +miles.</p> + +<p>We had made this land in 4 months and 20 days. We saw a good +deal of rock-weed floating past our ship, and also a small +Saturn-gull, and not above 6 or 7 other gulls; the swell ran +strongly from the south-west and afterwards more from the south; +along the land the sea was tolerably smooth.</p> + +<p>We adjusted our compasses at 4° north-westerly variation. +In the morning of the same day about two hours after sunrise, +when prayers were over, we saw the south-land straight ahead to +the great joy of all of us; it was east of us, at about 3 or 5 +miles' distance by estimation, when we got sight of it; it was a +low-lying coast extending mainly N.N.E. and S.S.W. as given in +the chart, so far as we could see. We immediately began to sail +close-hauled to port on a N.E. and N.E. by E. course, sometimes a +little higher and at other times a little lower, until three +glasses in the afternoon had run out, when we got a squall of +rain with the wind going over to W.N.W., upon which we ran north +again, since at noon owing to the nearly contrary wind we had +gone over to W. in order to keep off the land. We now shaped our +course to north, at times to N. by W. nearly as high as we could +sail and the wind would allow us.</p> + +<p>The land which we saw, and from which at noon we were at no +more than 1½ or two miles' distance by estimation, we +judged to be the <b>land of d'Eendracht</b>, and the land which +we were near to at noon <b>Dirck Hartochsz-Roads</b>, for we had +before us a large bay or bight between two capes. In the bay we +could see no land from the main-topmast, but so far as we could +discern the surf ran through the whole bay from the one cape to +the other.</p> + +<p>The land shows various white plots near the seaside, and in +many places rises very steeply so far as we could see.</p> + +<p>The breakers on the coast were very strong, but there were no +rocks or shallows near the coast on which we could see the surf +break, except at the cape north of Dirck Hartochs Roads, off +which there seemed to be a small shoal or rock on which the surf +broke, but it may as well have been a landspit running southward +out to sea from the cape.</p> + +<p>As soon as we got sight of the land, we cast the lead, and +took soundings in 90 fathom whitish sandy bottom with small +shells, at about 4½ or 5 miles' distance from the land; in +the middle of the forenoon we cast the lead again and touched the +bottom in 75 fathom coarse and fine sand, mixed with small +shells, at a little under 3 miles' distance from the land; we saw +a good deal of rock-weed float alongside.</p> + +<p>At noon we sounded in 55 fathom, at about two miles' distance +from the shore, straight in front of Dirck Hartochsz Roads, +greyish sand.</p> + +<p><a name="page64"></a>{Page 64}</p> + +<p>About 2 o'clock in the afternoon we sounded in 50 fathom +white, clean sand-bottom, with very small, thin shells, at about +i½ mile's distance by estimation from the northern +extremity of Dirck Hartochsz. Roads, and two miles from the +southern extremity of the road-stead just mentioned.</p> + +<p>Towards the evening after supper, we cast the lead and sounded +in 50 fathom grayish sand-bottom, at about 2½ miles' +distance by estimation from the land, and about 3 miles to +northward of Dirck Hartochsz Roads.</p> + +<p>At night when 4 glasses of the first watch were out, we cast +the lead and sounded in 50 fathom grayish sand with small shells, +estimating ourselves to be about 3 miles off the land, and about +7 miles to northward of Dirck Hartochsz. Roads.</p> + +<p>At the latter end of the first watch when seven glasses were +out, we cast the lead and touched the bottom in 48 fathom, but +could not make out how far we were from the land (since it was +night, and we could not see the coast), except from our course, +by which we estimated the distance to be 4 miles.</p> + +<p>In the second watch when three glasses had run out, we cast +the lead again and sounded in 47 fathom sandy bottom as before; +we kept sounding every two or three glasses during the whole +night until sunrise and found 80 fathom sandy bottom; we saw no +land, but from our course and rate of progress we deemed +ourselves to be at 9½ miles' distance from the nearest +land, estimating our latitude, from the observation we took on +the 26th do. at noon, and from our rate of progress, to be +24° South. But we did not see any land again throughout the +day, and left off sounding, since our skippers and steersmen, +judging from their estimations and from the course we kept (being +north, and two points off the land according to the trend of the +coast), were of opinion that we could get no bottom, so that we +thought it needless to go on sounding...</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-25"></a>XXV. (1636).<br /> +NEW DISCOVERIES ON THE NORTH-COAST OF AUSTRALIA BY THE SHIPS +KLEIN-AMSTERDAM AND WESEL, COMMANDED BY (GERRIT THOMASZOON POOL +AND) PIETER PIETERSZOON.</h3> + +<blockquote><p>[* Pool was killed on the South-west coast of New +Guinea, April 28, 1636, and was succeeded in the command of the +ships by Pieter Pieterszoon. Unlike my treatment of Carstensz's +voyage in 1623, the present account will not embrace the further +discovery of the South-west coast of New Guinea. I had to give +the route followed along this coast in 1632 because it throws +light on the expedition under Willem Jansz. in +1605/6.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions for Commander Gerrit Thomasz +Pool and the Council of the Yachts Cleen Amsterdam and Wesel, +destined for the discovery of the lands situated east of Banda, +and furthermore of the South-land, thence extending to the +South-west.</i></p> + +<p>Inasmuch as for a long time past the "Heeren Majores" have +been very instantly recommending to us the discovery of the +South-land, and still continue to do so, and we have frequently +discussed the matter with...even before his departure, therefore +it has been resolved and determined in the Council of India that +you shall be employed with the Yachts Cleen Amsterdam and Wesel +in the said discovery of the lands east of Banda and of the +South-land extending to westward.</p> + +<p>You will set sail from Amboyna for Banda, in the name of God, +With the said yachts Cleen Amsterdam and Wesel on the first of +April next, and when you shall have arrived there, you will +communicate these Orders and Instructions to the Lord Governor +Acoley.</p> + +<p>Whom by these presents we enjoin to hand you in writing all +such ampler information as during his residence at Banda His +Worship shall have collected touching the {Page 65} lands +and islands situated east of Banda, at the same time letting you +know where and in what islands His Worship thinks some profit to +be obtainable for the Company, or how massoye bark and fitting +men may be got, which order will in that case have to be first +executed.</p> + +<p>And in case you should obtain no additional information, we +would have you set sail from Banda as speedily as possible for +<b>Arnhems-</b> and <b>Speults land</b>, situated <b>between 9 +and 13 degrees Southern Latitude, discovered A.D. 1623</b>, as +you will more fully see from the appended chart; these are the +large lands; you will endeavour to ascertain what may be obtained +from there, whether these lands are peopled, and what the natives +subsist on.</p> + +<p>After touching at the said islands you will cross over in +order to strike <b>the land of Nova Guinea likewise discovered +A.D. 1623, by the Yachts Pera and Arnhem as far as 17° 8' +Southern Latitude</b>, which we surmise to be the South-land +extending to westward from the said latitude as far as <b>26 +degrees or as far as the land of de Eendracht</b>.</p> + +<p>The men of the Yachts Pera and Arnhem have, as before +mentioned, sailed along this coast from about 4 degrees to 17 +degrees 8 minutes, and have landed at various places, where they +found nothing but barren coasts and lands, and utterly barbarian, +cruel, wild natives, who surprised nine of our men fishing, and +assassinated the same. The various strands, rivers, bays, points +and the trend of this coast you will gather from the chart +aforesaid.</p> + +<p>From the farthest point discovered, which as before mentioned, +is in Lat. 17° 8' South, you will skirt the coast as far as +<b>Houtmans Abrolhos in 28 and 29 degrees</b>, and farther still, +if your provisions hold out, if the condition of your crews will +allow of it, and if your Yachts are proof against the rough seas +that prevail in the Southern Ocean in 33 and 34 degrees; after +which you will return to Batavia through Sunda Strait, trying in +passing to touch at the <b>Trials</b>, that further information +about this rock and its situation may in this way be +obtained.</p> + +<p>In sailing along the coast you will have all bays and inlets +you may meet with, diligently examined, and keep a sharp look-out +for the discovery of channels or openings that might afford a +passage into the South Sea, since we surmise that such passage +must be looked for to northward rather than to southward, +considering the breadth of the South-land between 28 and 32 or 33 +degrees.</p> + +<p>In case you should discover channels leading to the South Sea, +or should find the South-land to consist of islands, you will +endeavour to pass through or between the same, diligently +observing the mouths and outlets, and then returning again +through the same passage in order to proceed with your discovery +along the north-side.</p> + +<p>In landing with small craft you will use great circumspection, +and your treatment of the natives that should allow you to come +to parley, must and ought to be marked by great kindness, wary +caution, and skilful judgment; slight misdemeanours on the part +of such natives, such as petty thefts and the like, which they +should commit against you, you will suffer to pass unnoticed, +that by so doing you may draw them unto you, and not inspire them +with aversion to our nation. Whoever endeavours to discover +unknown lands and tribes, had need to be patient and +long-suffering, noways quick to fly out, but always bent on +ingratiating himself.</p> + +<p>We have put on board your ships various kinds of merchandise +and minerals, which you will show to the people whom you should +come to parley with, partly that by so doing you may come to know +whether any of these goods are produced by their country, partly +in order to see what desire and inclination they evince to our +mercantile commodities, and what goods they might be ready to +offer in exchange for the same.</p> + +<p><a name="page66"></a>{Page 66}</p> + +<p>Close attention should be paid to the disposition of the +people, their character, condition and humours; to the religion +they profess and to their manner of government; their wars, their +arms and weapons; the food they eat and the clothes they wear, +and what they mainly subsist on.</p> + +<p>Careful observation should be made, and exact records kept, of +the winds and currents, the rains and tides etc. which you shall +meet with in this your intended voyage.</p> + +<p>You will make due observation also of all lands, islands, +strands, rivers, bays, points, rocks, reefs, cliffs, shallows and +whatever else appertains to the same; of all which you will have +accurate surveyings made, showing the true bearings, longitude +and latitude, in accordance with the circumstances under which +you shall get sight and knowledge of the same.</p> + +<p>For this purpose availing yourselves of the services of +Subcargo <b>Pieter Pietersen</b>...</p> + +<p>You will not carry off with you any natives against their +will, but if a small number of them should be found willing to +come hither of their own accord, you will grant them +passage...</p> + +<p>Commander Francisco Pelsert, having A.D. 1629 put ashore there +two Dutch delinquents, who had in due form of justice been +sentenced to forfeit their lives [*], you will grant passage to +the said persons, if they should be alive to show themselves, and +should request you to be brought hither.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See <i>ante</i>, p. 62.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>It would be a thing highly desirable for ships bound from the +Netherlands to India, if on the coast of the South-land between +26 and 28 degrees a fitting place for obtaining refreshments and +fresh water could be discovered, seeing that mainly about that +latitude scorbut and other disorders begin to show themselves, at +times carrying off numbers of men even before they reach +Batavia.</p> + +<p>Finally, as hereinbefore mentioned, we shall expect you back +here through Sunda Strait, if no obstacles come in your way to +prevent this, and if the land is found to extend in one unbroken +coast~line, as we surmise it to do, of which your experience will +be our teacher.</p> + +<p>It should furthermore be noted that we are convinced that the +west-coast of Nova Guinea, or the land discovered as far as Lat. +17° 8' South by the Yachts Pera and Arnhem, forms one whole +with the South-land, a point which in drawing up these +Instructions we have taken for granted.</p> + +<p>Therefore, if you should find the contrary to be the case, a +matter of which we will by no means deny the possibility, and if +the South-land should by you be found to be an island, you will +sail southward along the coast of Nova Guinea, as far as the 32nd +degree S.L., and thence on a westerly course touch at the eastern +extremity of <b>the South-land, which in January 1627 was +discovered by the ship t'Zeepaart</b>. When you shall have made +the South-land on this course, you will run one degree more to +southward near the islands of <b>St. Pieter and +François</b>, that by so doing you may obtain full +certainty that from that point the coast-line trends to westward. +After which you will run northward again, skirting the Southland, +past <b>de Witsland</b>, as far as Houtman's shoal and +furthermore to 33 or 34 degrees, if wind and weather shall +permit, returning thence to Batavia, as hereinbefore +mentioned.</p> + +<p>{Page 67}</p> + +<p>In conclusion, we wish you all the blessin of the Lord, a +prosperous voyage and safe return, hoping at the same time that +this voyage may redound to the advantage of the Company, to the +glory of our country, and to your especial honour. Amen.</p> + +<p>Done in the Castle of Batavia, this 19th of February, A.D. +1636.<br /> +(Signed)<br /> +ANTHONIO VAN DIEMEN, PHILIP LUCASZ, ARTUS GYSELS and JAN VAN DER +BURCH.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Daily Register of Batavia.</i></p> + +<p>October 1636.</p> + +<p>The 6th do.</p> + +<p>This day in the afternoon there arrived here from Amboyna the +Yacht Cleyn Wesel, having on board the subcargo <b>Pieter +Pietersen</b>, who...after the lamentable assassination of +Commander Gerrit Thomasz Pool on the coast of Nova Guinea, had +succeeded to the latter's office, and with the Yachts <b>Cleen +Amsterdam</b> and <b>Wesel</b> had returned to Amboyna by way of +Banda, reporting in substance as follows, both by word of mouth +and by the journal kept during the voyage and the Resolutions +duly registered, touching what happened in the course of the +expedition, to wit...</p> + +<p>On the 6th of June [they came to anchor] before the native +village of Taranga at the south-western extremity of Arouw, in +order...to provide themselves with certain necessaries...</p> + +<p>On the 9th of June, being duly revictualled, he had set sail +again from the said native village of Taranga, shaping his course +to southward in order to endeavour to get to eastward by some +means or other, so as to accomplish his ordained voyage; but when +he had got to southward as far as the 11th degree of latitude, he +had not only found and met with the east- and south-east-winds +blowing constantly with great vehemence and hollow seas, but had +also come upon a new land; in such fashion that, seeing no chance +of getting to eastward for the accomplishment of his voyage, +since such voyage will have to take place in the beginning of the +western monsoon, he resolved with his council to give up further +investigations to eastward, to explore and survey the situation +of <b>the newly discovered Van Diemensland, also called Arnhems +or Speultsland</b>, and, having gathered the required +information, to run northward again for the purpose of obtaining +perfect knowledge of the islands of Timor and Tenember; and all +this having been duly effected, to return to Banda etc.</p> + +<p>In conformity with this resolution the said Pieter Pietersen +has surveyed the newly discovered land for the space Of 20 miles +from East to West; he has seen many fires and frequent clouds of +smoke, but no natives, houses, prows or fruit-trees, although he +has paddled close along the shore with an orangbay, and gone +ashore in sundry places, finding the land wild and barren; +wherefore, not having been able to come to parley with any of the +inhabitants, on the 20th of June, as previously resolved upon, he +ran to the north from a certain <b>Red point</b> jutting out into +the sea to northward, where the land falls off abruptly to the +west, for the purpose of making the islands of Timor and +Tenember...</p> + +<p>{Page 68}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Journal of the voyage to Nova Guinea, +1636.</i></p> + +<p>...In the early morning of Friday [June 6]...we arrived before +the native village of Taranga...</p> + +<p>On Monday the 9th do. At daybreak the wind was S.E...we set +sail from Taranga...shaping our course to the S.S.W.</p> + +<p>We could take no latitude at noon...</p> + +<p>In the first watch we sailed S.S.W. the space of about 3 +glasses; the wind was S.E. with a fair breeze, and afterwards +E.S.E.; we sailed to southward for the time of 12 glasses; at the +beginning of the day-watch the wind was E.N.E. with a fresh +breeze; we sailed S.E. for about eight glasses...</p> + +<p>On Tuesday the 10th do. In the morning about breakfast-time +the wind blew from the E.N.E. as before...</p> + +<p>We estimated ourselves to have sailed 9½ miles on a +generally Southern course from last night to the present +night.</p> + +<p>On Wednesday the 11th do. Course held S.S.E...We had sailed on +a Southern and S. by E. course about 11 miles by estimation +during the last 24 hours...</p> + +<p>On Thursday the 12th do. The wind E.S.E. as before...At noon +we were in Lat. 10° 2', so that I find we are farther to +southward as would accord with our estimation and our courses +kept, on which account I believe the current must have driven us +a good deal to S.S.E.. In the afternoon the sky was overcast, the +wind E.S.E. and S.E. by E. with a light breeze; we sailed to S. +by W. with our mainsails set. Towards the evening the water +became all of a sudden very smooth and of a pale colour; after +sunset we cast the lead in 40 fathom good anchoring ground, fine +sand, but could see no land: we took in our foresail and sailed +in the night with the mainsail only to avoid press of sail. We +estimated ourselves to have sailed about 12 miles on a general +S.W. by S. course during the last 24 hours. In the night the wind +was E. by S., E.S.E. and S.E. by E. with fine, lovely, clear +weather and a top-gallant gale; throughout the night our average +course was S., we cast the lead now and then in 42, 39, 38, 36 +and 25 fathom good anchoring-ground.</p> + +<p>On Friday the 13th do., the wind was nearly S.E., with a +top-gallant gale and smooth water; course S.S.W. and S. by W.; +the water was very pale in colour, but we could see no land; the +weather was lovely and clear; at noon we found ourselves to be in +10° 50' S.L.</p> + +<p>Shortly after noon we cast the lead in 32 fathom good +anchoring-ground; at four glasses in the afternoon we saw the +<b>land</b> S.E. by S. of us, at about 6 miles' distance from us +it was a low-lying coast with small hills; about 6 miles farther +to westward we also saw land, not connected with the first land, +but upwards of three miles distant from the same.</p> + +<p>Towards the evening it fell a calm; at sunset there was a +faint breeze from the S.S.E.; we made out the extremity of the +land to be at about 3 miles' distance S.E. by S. of us; we were +still in 32 fathom good anchoring-ground; we accordingly went +over to eastward, but when shortly before the setting of the +watch, the wind went down still more and began to turn to the +N.W., we dropped anchor in 29 fathom good anchoring-ground.</p> + +<p>{Page 69}</p> + +<p>On Saturday the 14th do. the current began to set to the S.E. +in the morning, and the wind to blow hard from the E.S.E., so +that we could not carry mainsails then; we weighed anchor and set +sail on a South and South-by-east course. The water gradually +shallowed, and seeing that we could not make the easternmost +land, we ran to the westernmost, where we came to anchor at about +a musket-shot's distance from the land in 10 fathom good +anchoring-ground. Close along the shore the land is somewhat rock +and reefy here; this land extends here about 3 miles S.E. by S. +and N.W. by N., both slightly more to South and North. In the +afternoon we sent out our small boat to take soundings close +inshore; on returning the men reported that until they came to +the reefs they had found no less than 3½ fathom good +anchoring-ground. Off the point near which we lay at anchor, a +river ran landinward; we hoisted the white flag, and caused the +little boat to paddle close along the shore. We saw smoke, +indeed, in many parts of the inland, but no natives, houses or +vessels. This land is not high, chiefly level, thickly covered +with trees, and with a sandy beach at the seaside. We had taken +no latitude at noon; the tide seems to run from the N.W. here; in +the night at the latter end of the first watch we could take the +latitude by the stars and found it to be <b>12° 8' +South</b>.</p> + +<p>On Sunday the 15th do. at daybreak the wind blew hard from the +E.S.E.; it was mainsail weather; we convened the Plenary Council +and resolved with the same further to explore this land to the +north-west and to use all possible diligence to get knowledge +touching the island of Timor, as will be found more amply set +forth in this day's Resolution.</p> + +<p>As we were weighing our anchor, a lanyard and a pulley got +broken; we shaped our course to N.W. by N. and N.N.W. Having +sailed the space of about 2 miles, we came to a point, between +which point and another point, a distance of about 4 miles, the +land extends W.N.W. and E.S.E. with hardly any curve, and with +rocks and reefs along the shore. Off this point the surf and the +breakers ran very strongly, as if there were a shoal there, +seeing that the wind and the current were opposed to each other. +We therefore sailed along the coast at less than a mile's +distance from the same in 12, 11 and 10 fathom good +anchoring-ground. In many places we saw great clouds of smoke +landinward, but no fruit-trees, houses, vessels or natives; the +land seems to be quite wild. Towards the evening we cast anchor +in 9 fathom good anchoring-ground at about half a cannonshot's +distance from the land; the aforesaid point was E. by N. of us at +upwards of half a mile's distance; during the night we had +violent squalls from the E.S.E. with a thick, foggy sky; +landinward we observed a number of fires.</p> + +<p>On Monday the 16th do. in the early morning the wind blew from +the E.S.E. as before with sudden violent squalls. As we were +weighing our anchor, the lanyard-pulley broke, and shortly after +our anchor-cable snapped off at about three fathom's distance +from the anchor, so that we lost the latter. As we were setting +our foresail, a musket-shot was fired from the Yacht Wesel, upon +which we dropped our other anchor again; when towards the evening +the weather had somewhat improved, we sent our orangbay to the +Wesel, to learn the meaning of the musket-shot; when the men +returned, they informed us that the Wesel had also lost an +anchor, but that the buoyrope had remained entire, so that we +remained here till the following day in order to recover the +same.</p> + +<p>On Tuesday the 17th do. towards noon we were informed that the +buoy-rope of the Wesel had broken of its own accord close to the +anchor, so that they had also lost their anchor, upon which +forthwith weighing the anchors of both the Yachts, we found that +the cables had also been damaged through rubbing against hidden +stones and rocks.</p> + +<p>{Page 70}</p> + +<p>As beforementioned, the coast here extends W.S.W. for the +space of about 4 miles, with hardly any curve; at 3/8 of a mile's +distance from the land there is already 8 and 7 fathom, good +clayey bottom; the wind still blew from the S.E. and E.S.E. with +a steady stiff gale; towards the evening we came to anchor in 7 +fathom good anchoring-ground, at about half a mile's distance +from the land, having the point E.S.E. of us at less than a +mile's distance.</p> + +<p>Up to now we have seen no men, vessels or houses; we should +certainly have landed with the boats here and there, but that +they were both of them stove in, and had first to be thoroughly +overhauled before they could be used. During the night the +weather was lovely and calm.</p> + +<p>On Wednesday the 18th do., the wind blowing from the E.S.E., +the weather was calmer, fairer and steadier than before. We gave +a coat of tar to both our yachts, and remained at anchor the +whole of this day, chiefly in order to see if we could not get +sight of natives here or there and come to parley with the same, +but we waited in vain for them. During the night the weather was +bright, fair and clear, the wind blowing from the S.S.E., S.E., +and E.S.E.</p> + +<p>On Thursday the 19th do. at daybreak, the wind being E.S.E. +with fair weather and a weak breeze, we weighed anchor and shaped +our course to W.S.W., slightly more to westward. (The land here +extends with a great curve and river as far as the <b>Witte +Hoeck</b> [White point], known by the white sand-hill near the +strand when you come from the east).</p> + +<p>At 4 glasses after breakfast we came near a stony, rocky reef, +which we kept outside or to seaward of in 8 and 9 fathom. The +eastern extremity of it is less than a mile to the S.W., slightly +more southerly, of the Witte Hoeck, and the western extremity +upwards of mile to the S.W. by S., slightly more southerly, of +the same; the reef extends S.E. by S. and N.W. by N.; it is not +very long or broad, and there were violent breakers upon it.</p> + +<p>When we had weathered the reef, we again ran W.S.W. at less +than a mile's distance from the land, in 8, 9, 7 and 5 fathom +good anchoring-ground. From the Witte Hoeck the land trends +nearly to W.S.W. with a slight curve, as far as one can see; +close to the sea the beach is chiefly sandy, with small, low +sand-hills here and there.</p> + +<p>The whole day we saw a good deal of smoke landinward; at noon +we were in <b>exactly 11° S.L.</b> From this Witte Hoeck the +land trends to W.S.W., slightly westerly, with a slight curve for +the space of upwards of 3 miles; from there to W.N.W. with a +strong curve the space of upwards of two miles, as far as a +point, off which point, at less than half a mile's distance to +N.E. by E., there is a small island on all sides surrounded by +shoals and reefs; beyond this island the land falls off to the +S.W., making a curve of 2 miles at least but afterwards it trends +to the N.W. again. This island bears from the land about N.W. and +S.E.; the beach is sandy with reefs here, and there.</p> + +<p>At sunset it fell a calm, and we came to anchor in 8 fathom +good anchoring-ground at about a mile's distance from the land, +having the island S.S.E. of us at upwards of a mile's distance. +Shortly after we saw two fires on the beach beyond the island. We +estimated ourselves to have sailed about 8 miles this day; during +the night the wind blew from the S. and S.S.W. with lovely +weather. We found little or no current running here.</p> + +<p>{Page 71}</p> + +<p>On Friday the 20th do. we set sail at daybreak with a weak +breeze from the S.; we kept mainly at a mile's distance from the +land in 7 and 7½ fathom good anchoring-ground. In the +course of the day the wind went over to N.E., after which we ran +N.W.; at noon we got near the <b>Roode Hoeck</b> [red point], +situated N.W. of the island aforesaid at about 5 miles' distance; +upwards of half a mile's distance from here the land falls off to +W. by W.; from this point a large reef was seen running out to +sea the length of upwards of 1½ mile, which reef being +unable to weather because we sailed so close to the wind, we came +to anchor in 7½ fathom good anchoring-ground, at half a +mile's distance from the land; the Roode Hoeck was S.W. and S.W. +by S. of us at upwards of half a mile's distance; we saw smoke +rising in various places.</p> + +<p>On Saturday the 21st do. we set sail with a S.S.E. and S.E. by +S. wind, a weak breeze and lovely weather. Here, from the point, +the land extended to S. by W. and S.S.W. as far as one could see, +with a slight curve only. The reef above referred to runs out to +sea in a northward direction from the Roode Hoeck upwards of two +miles, and from there very far to westward, upwards of 1½ +mile from the land. It consists of sandy shoals, having a small +hill or rock above water; alongside it the depth was 7, 6, 5 and +4 fathom, uneven bottom. And since the wind blew from the S.E. by +S. as before, so that we could not make the land again, we +resolved to run N.E. We accordingly shaped our course to the +N.N.E. for the purpose of touching at Timor with the help of +Almighty God, and take surveyings of the same.</p> + +<p>In or near this land, which in our chart [*] we have named +<b>Van Diemensland</b>, we have seen no men, houses, fruit-trees +or prows, although we ventured to inspect it paddling with our +orangbay close along the shore; the boats of both the yachts +being unfit for use, stove in, and under repair. About 2 glasses +after noon, the wind was N.E., N.N.E., and N.E. by N. with calm +and steady weather. At sunset we estimated ourselves to have the +Roode Hoeck S.S.E. of us at 6 miles' distance; during the night +there was a weak breeze from the E.S.E., N.E. by E. and also +N.E.; course held N.N.W., N. by W. and also N., with bright, +lovely and clear weather.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This chart is wanting.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On Sunday the 22nd do. in the morning the wind was E.S.E. with +a lovely breeze and top-gallant weather; course held N.E. At noon +we took the latitude and found it to be 10° 10' +South...[*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The further progress of the voyage has no interest +connected with our present subject.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<p><a name="page72"></a>{Page 72}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-26"></a>XXVI. (1642-1643).<br /> +DISCOVERY OF TASMANIA (VAN DIEMENS LAND), NEW ZEALAND +(STATENLAND), ISLANDS OF THE TONGA AND FIJI GROUPS, ETC. BY THE +SHIPS HEEMSKERK AND DE ZEEHAEN UNDER THE COMMAND OF ABEL JANSZOON +TASMAN, FRANS JACOBSZOON VISSCHER, YDE TJERKSZOON HOLMAN OR +HOLLEMAN, AND GERRIT JANSZ(OON).</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>See</i> <b>Frederik Muller and Co's</b> +<i>Tasman Folio.</i></p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-27"></a>XXVII. (1644).<br /> +FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA, THE NORTH- AND +NORTH-WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA BY THE SHIPS LIMMEN, ZEE MEEUW AND +DE BRACQ UNDER THE COMMAND OF TASMAN, VISSCHER, DIRK CORNELISZOON +HAEN AND JASPER JANSZOON KOOS.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>See</i> <b>Frederik Muller and Co's</b> +<i>Tasman Folio.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of the Governor-General and +Councillors to the Governor of Banda, November 29, 1644.</i></p> + +<p>...We shall not recount here how...Tasman had coasted along +the land of Nova Guinea and the South-land without finding any +channel or opening up to Willems River, from where he has +returned hither through Sunda Strait, but would refer Your +Worship to the annexed extract from their journals, which we +request you to peruse with attention, and to order...Dortsman [*] +or any other person whom you shall charge with the voyage to +Timorlaut, in case their plans touching these islands should +succeed speedily and prosperously, and they should still have +time at their disposal, to make for the great river which our men +have christened <b>Waterplaets, in 12 degrees Southern Latitude +and 160¼ degrees Longitude</b>, to sail up the same river +landinward, in which there is the less difficulty, since the +river, being deep and wide, can be sailed up by the yacht, which +can conveniently turn, veer and tack in it...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Adriaan Dortsman had been ordered on a voyage of +discovery east and south of Banda. This voyage took place in 1645 +and 1646, but Australia was not visited on that +occasion.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 73}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-28"></a>XXVIII. (1648).<br /> +EXPLORATORY VOYAGE TO THE WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA ROUND BY THE +SOUTH OF JAVA, BY THE SHIP LEEUWERIK, COMMANDED BY JAN JANSZOON +ZEEUW.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions for the officers of the Yacht +den Leeuwerik...June 27, 1648.</i></p> + +<p>Having learned by the ships last arrived here from Banda, what +poor rice-crops they had in those quarters last year, so that, +had not they received some timely supplies of this grain from +Amboyna, they would have been put to exceeding inconvenience; and +having besides seen from the letter of Governor Cornelis Willemse +van Outhoorn that also this year they are under serious +apprehensions of the like scarcity, in case supplies from Batavia +should be long in coming.</p> + +<p>Therefore we have lately resolved in our Council to make an +express shipment thither at this time of year...chiefly and +principally that, if this voyage should have the expected +success, which may the Almighty grant in His mercy, we may in +future be sure that such voyage could be made every year after +the arrival of the first ships from there, and the said important +Government be by us duly assisted...as regards rice and other +necessaries.</p> + +<p>This Yacht, which we consider to be of strong build and a good +sailer, having by us been assigned for this purpose...you will +weigh anchor in the name of God early to-morrow, set sail, and +use your utmost endeavours to get clear of Sunda Strait as soon +as possible, and thus gain the open...</p> + +<p>As soon as you shall have got clear of the Prince +islands...you will from there shape your course directly to the +south, straight across the sea, thus sailing by the wind without +looking right or left, until you shall have come to 32 or 33 +degrees S.L., where with the help of God you will meet with the +westerly trade-winds; and when you are quite sure of having got +the same, without the least doubt on your part, you will direct +your course to the South-land, trying to make it and get it +alongside in 25 or 26 degrees Southern Latitude, where the coast +is generally of easy access, the land being of moderate height +and somewhat resembling the coast of England.</p> + +<p>Having reached the South-land in such fashion as we have just +indicated, you will keep the coast alongside, and not leave the +same, but use your best endeavours to skirt it, not parting with +it until you have weathered the <b>Vuylen hoecq</b> (Foul Point); +after which you may leave the coast, and cross over from there, +next using the easterly and south-easterly winds which you will +meet with in those waters, for running in sight of the islands of +Arou, Tenember and Damme or any of these, and then making +straight for Banda with the utmost expedition, which port you +will with God's help conveniently reach in the manner +hereinbefore described.</p> + +<p>As we have already said, the accomplishment of this voyage at +this season of the year (in which only strong headwinds are +blowing along the ordinary route to Banda and other quarters +nearer home) is of very great importance to the Honourable +Company...</p> + +<p>We herewith hand you a new chart of the South-land, which you +may avail yourselves of in due time, and we noways doubt you will +find the same of great use to {Page 74} you, of which we +hope afterwards to receive your report. Seeing that the waters +you are going to navigate are for the greater part little known +as yet, and that accordingly many noteworthy things are not +unlikely to occur in your voyage, we hereby likewise earnestly +enjoin you, not only to keep a complete and elaborate journal of +this voyage, but also to make due observation of the direction of +the winds, the trend of the coasts, the situation of bays, inlets +and capes, and properly to note and make drawings of the same, +that on your return you may be able to hand us a full and perfect +report of the whole undertaking, thus furnishing fresh material +for the correction of the charts now in use, and perhaps also of +the courses to be kept...</p> + +<p>Given in the Castle of Batavia, June 27, A.D. 1648.</p> + +<p>(Signed) CORNELIS VAN DER LIJN, FRANÇOIS CARON, CAREL +RENIERSZ, JOCHUM R. VAN DEUTECOM, and GERARD DEMMER.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of the G.-G. and Councillors to the +Managers of the E.I.C., January 18, 1649.</i></p> + +<p>...[We have dispatched to Banda] the yacht <b>den +Leeuwerck</b> on the 28th of June of last year...through Sunda +Strait, in order, if possible, to make the voyage to Banda along +this route north of the South-land. Which undertaking has +succeeded to our complete satisfaction but especially to the +great joy of our Banda people, for which the Almighty be +praised...since this success is undoubtedly of great advantage +to the General Company, and makes it quite sure that in cases of +shipwreck or other accidents we shall always be able to send +succour and supplies to Banda and the quarters on this side of it +along this newly discovered route...which, on receipt of the +first advices in May next, may be done by the route +abovementioned along the South-land. How this voyage was +undertaken and successfully accomplished as far as Banda in the +space of two months and 23 days, your Worships may be pleased to +gather from the annexed daily journal and Chart [*] of Skipper +<b>Jan Jansz Zeeuw</b>.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Journal and chart are both of them +wanting.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Written in Your Worships' Castle of Batavia, this 18th of +January, A.D. 1649.</p> + +<p>Your Worships' faithful servants the Governor-General and +Councillors of India:</p> + +<p>CORNELIS VAN DER LIJN, F. CARON, CAREL REINIERS, J. P. VAN +DUTECUM, GERARD DEMMER.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 75}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-29"></a>XXIX. (1656-1658).<br /> +SHIPWRECK OF THE GULDEN OR VERGULDEN DRAAK ON THE WEST-COAST OF +AUSTRALIA, 1656.--ATTEMPTS TO RESCUE THE SURVIVORS, +1656-1658.--FURTHER SURVEYINGS OF THE WEST-COAST BY THE SHIP DE +WAKENDE BOEI, COMMANDED BY SAMUEL VOLCKERTS(ZOON), AND BY THE +SHIP EMELOORD, COMMANDED BY AUCKE PIETERSZOON JONCK, 1658.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of the G.-G. and Counc. to the +Managers of the E.I.C, December 4, 1656.</i></p> + +<p>...On the 7th June there arrived here...from the South-land +the cock-boat of the yacht den Vergulden Draeck with 7 men, to +our great regret reporting that the said yacht had run aground on +the said South-land in 30 2/3 degrees, on April the 28th, that +besides the loss of her cargo, of which nothing was saved, 118 +men of her crew had perished, and that 69 men who had succeeded +in getting ashore, were still left there. For the purpose of +rescuing these men, and of attempting to get back by divers or +other means any part of the money or the merchandises that might +still be recoverable, we dispatched thither on the said errand on +the 8th of the said month of June [*], the flute de Witte Valeq, +together with the yacht de Goede Hoop, which after staying away +for some time were by violent storms forced to return without +having effected anything, and without having seen any men or any +signs of the wreck, although the said Goede Hoop has been on the +very spot where the ship was said to have miscarried...[**]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The day following that on which the report +regarding the Vergulde Draak had reached Batavia.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[** Some of the men of the Goede Hoop had gone +ashore, but had not returned.--The Witte Valk had touched at the +Southland, but by "bad weather and the hollow sea" had been +compelled to return without having effected +anything.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the Castle of Batavia, December 4, A.D. 1656.<br /> +Your Worships' Obedt. Servts. the Governor-General and +Councillors of India<br /> +JOAN MAETSUYKER, CAREL HARTZINCK, JOAN CUNAEUS, NICOLAES +VERBURCH, D. STEUR.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Daily Register of Batavia, 1657.</i></p> + +<p>[July] the 8th. Late in the evening there arrived in the +road-stead here, and came to anchor, the small flute de Vinck of +the Zealand Chamber, which had sailed [from the Netherlands] on +December 24, 1656...she came hither via the Cape of Good Hope and +the South-land...</p> + +<p>The skipper further reports that, according to the order and +instructions handed him by Commander [*] Riebeeck, he had touched +at the South-land, but it being the bad monsoon on the said +coast, they had found it impossible to sail along the coast so +far {Page 76} as to look after the wreck and the men of +the lost ship den Draeck; for in the night of June 8 (having the +previous day seen all signs of land, and the weather being very +favourable) they had come to anchor in 29° 7' S.L., and the +estimated Longitude of 130° 43', in 25 fathom coarse sandy +bottom mixed with coral; the following morning at daybreak they +saw the breakers on the reef at the end of which they were lying +at anchor, and on one side ahead of them, the South-land, which +there showed as a low-lying coast with dunes; upon which they +weighed anchor and continued sailing along the coast in order to +keep near the land, which was still in sight the day following; +but the weather began to become so much worse and the breakers on +the coast were so violent, that it was a fearful sight to behold, +upon which they shaped their course a little more to seaward. On +the 10th and 11th they kept sailing along the coast in 40 or 50 +fathom, but seeing their chances of touching at the coast this +time get less and less, and the weather continuing very unruly +with violent storms of thunder and lightning, they resolved to +keep off the coast, and drifted on without sail. On the 12th they +made small sail, the wind continuing to blow from the S. and +S.S.W., and also from the S.S.E., and shaped their course for +Batavia...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Of the Cape of Good Hope.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of the G.-G. and Counc. to the +Managers of the E. I. C., December 14, 1658.</i></p> + +<p>...By our previous letters we informed Your Worships that on +the first of January last we dispatched from here to +the...Southland the galiots <b>De Waeckende Boeij</b> and +<b>Emeloort</b>, for the purpose of making search for the crew of +the lost ship de Vergulden Draecq, and of ascertaining whether +they were still alive. The said ships returned to this place on +the 19th of April following, after exploring the coast about the +place of the disaster each of them for herself, since they had +got separated; having in different places sent manned boats +ashore, and fired many cannon shots time after time both by day +and night, without, however, discovering any Netherlanders or any +traces of the wreck, excepting a few planks [etc.]...which must +undoubtedly be looked upon as remnants of the said ship...We +herewith hand you the journals of the galiots [*] +aforesaid...together with the small charts of the coast drawn up +on board each of them[**]...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See D and H <i>infra</i>]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[* See E, F and I <i>infra</i>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Written in Your Worships' Castle of Batavia, December 14, +1658.</p> + +<hr /> +<p>JOAN MAETSUYKER, CAREL HARTSINCK, A.D. V. v. OULDTSHOORN, N. +VERBURCH, D. STEUR, PIETER STERTHEMIUS.</p> + +<p>{Page 77}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>D.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Daily Journal kept by skipper SAMUEL +VOLKERSENN on board the flute de Waeckende Boeij, sailing in the +same from Battavia to the Southland. A.D. 1658 [*].</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* On December 21, 1657 the G.-G. and Counc. resolved +to dispatch to the South-land the ships de Wakende Boei and +Emeloord, for the purpose of making another attempt at rescuing +what might still be rescued of the men, the cargo, etc. of the +Vergulde Draak; "and also to get perfect knowledge, once for all, +of the situation and trend of the said coast, with its shoals, +reefs and shallows." The journals of the skippers of both vessels +are preserved in the Hague State Archives. After mature +consideration I have deemed it needless to print the said +journals here, seeing that MAJOR, Terra Australis, refers to them +on pp. 77-90, and gives the substance of the information +contained in them (LEUPE, Zuidland, pp. 105 ff. has printed +certain parts of the two journals). But above all, the charts +made on this expedition, which are here carefully reproduced, +give a more convenient survey of the results of it than could be +done by the journals themselves, which for the rest contain +little that is of interest for our present purpose.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>E.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Chart of Eendrachisland</i>, 1658, on a +small scale.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-08"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-08.jpg" width="500" height="304" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 8. Kaart van (Chart of) Eendrachtsland, 1658</p> +</div> + +<p>{Page 78}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>F.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Chart of Eendrachisland</i>, 1658, on a +larger scale.</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-09"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-09.jpg" width="500" height="312" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 9. Kaart van (Chart of) Eendrachtsland, 1658</p> +</div> + +<p>{Page 79}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>G.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>A brief account of the west-coast of the +South-land.</i></p> + +<p>The South-land has sandy dunes forming many points on the +sea-side; the dunes all consist of loose sand overgrown with +grass into which a man will sink up to his ankles, and leave deep +footprints on withdrawing his feet.</p> + +<p>About a mile more or less off shore, there is as a rule a +rocky reef, on which the breakers may be seen to dash violently +in many places, the depth above the reef being in several places, +1, 1½ and even 2 fathom, so that pinnaces and boats may +get over it for the purpose of landing, there being deeper water +close inshore, but all of it with a rocky, sharp coral-bottom, so +that it is difficult to land there, and much harder still to keep +a pinnace at anchor with a drag; except in a place about 9 miles +north of the island, where there are three rocks close to the +shore, which are connected by a rocky reef, behind which you may +conveniently lie at anchor and effect a landing with pinnaces or +boats; but the bottom is foul and rocky everywhere.</p> + +<p>Inward, the land is pretty high, with hills of even height, +but barren and wild to look at, except near the island where a +great many trees are seen.</p> + +<p>In <b>slightly under 32° S. Lat.</b> there is <b>a large +island, at about 3 miles' distance from the mainland of the +South-land</b>; this island has high mountains, with a good deal +of brushwood and many thornbushes, so that it is hard to go over; +here certain animals are found, since we saw many excrements, and +besides two seals and a wild cat, resembling a civet-cat, but +with browner hair. This island is dangerous to touch at, owing to +the rocky reefs which are level with the water and below the +surface, almost along the whole length of the shore; between it +and the mainland there are also numerous rocks and reefs, and +<b>slightly more to southward there is another small +island</b>.</p> + +<p>This large island to which we have been unwilling to give a +name, leaving this matter to the Honourable Lord +Governor-General's pleasure, may be seen at 7 or 8 miles' +distance out at sea in fine weather. I surmise that brackish or +fresh water might be obtainable there, and likewise good +firewood, but not without great trouble.</p> + +<p>Two good and certain landmarks of the West-coast of the +Southland:</p> + +<p>Firstly: If in these regions you observe about 11 degrees +variation of the compass, you may be sure of not being at more +than 18 or 20 miles' distance from the land.</p> + +<p>Secondly: If you see rock-weed floating about, you may be +assured that you will sound the bottom in 70, 60, 50, 40, 30 +fathom or less.</p> + +<p>At foot:</p> + +<p>Your obedient Servant<br /> +(signed)<br /> +SAMUEL VOLCKERSEN.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>H.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Daily Journal kept by Skipper AUCKE PIETERS +JONCK, skipper of the galiot Emeloordt, on her voyage from +Battavia to the South-land, A.D. 1658 [*]</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* See preceding note.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page 80}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>I.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Chart of Eendrachisland, 1658</i></p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-10"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-10.jpg" width="500" height="340" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 10. Kaart van (Chart of) Eendrachtsland, 1658</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 81}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-30"></a>XXX. (1658).<br /> +THE SHIP ELBURG, COMMANDED BY JACOB PIETERSZOON PEEREBOOM, +TOUCHES AT THE SOUTH-WEST COAST OF AUSTRALIA AND AT CAPE LEEUWIN, +ON HER VOYAGE FROM THE NETHERLANDS TO BATAVIA [*].</h3> + +<blockquote><p>[* The ship Elburg arrived at Batavia on July 16, +1658.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of the G.-G. and Counc. to the +Managers of the E.I.C., December 14, 1658.</i></p> + +<p>...The flute <b>Elburgh, Jacob Pietersz. Peereboom</b> master, +in coming hither struck the South-land in 31½ degrees +S.L., and the estimated longitude of 117°, where, at about +2½ miles' distance from the land, she was by the strong +wind and the hollow sea forced to come to anchor in 22 fathom, +not without great peril of being lost; but after 12 days' hard +trying they at length got off again and into the open, for which +God's name be praised. Meanwhile, in 33° 14' S.L., round a +projecting point, they have found a good anchoring-place, where +they have been at anchor in 20 fathom, and where the skipper, +together with one of the steersmen, the sergeant and 6 soldiers +landed round <b>Leeuwinnen cape</b>, finding there three black +men, hung with skins like those at Cape de Bonne Esperance, with +whom, however, they could not come to parley.</p> + +<p>On the spot where the blacks had been sitting, our men found a +burning fire, near which there lay a number of assagays, together +with three small hammers, consisting of a wooden handle to one +end of which a hard pebble was fastened by means of a kind of wax +or gum, the whole strong and heavy enough to knock out a man's +brains.</p> + +<p>A little farther inward they came upon a number of huts, +without any persons in them, and in various spots they found +rills of fresh water, and here and there large quantities of the +wax or gum aforesaid, of which we beg leave to hand you a small +sample herewith, together with one of the said hammers, the wax +or gum being of a red colour, and emitting an agreeable smell +after being rubbed for some time...</p> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-31"></a>XXXI. (1678).<br /> +FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH COAST OF AUSTRALIA BY THE +VLIEGENDE ZWAAN, COMMANDER VAN DER WALL, ON HER VOYAGE TERNATE TO +BATAVIA, IN FEBRUARY 1678.[*]</h3> + +<blockquote><p>[* The ship sailed from Ternate in December, 1677, +and arrived at Batavia "by way of Timor and thus along Nova +Guinea, without passing through Sunda Strait" (<i>Letter of the +G.-G. and Counc. to the Managers of the E.I.C. May 8, +1678</i>).]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><i>Chart of "the north side of the Southland +and surveyed with the flute de Vliegende Zwaan in the month of +February, by Jan Van Der Wall," A.D. 1678</i> [*].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This chart is the only evidence of this voyage +known to me. LEUPE, Zuidland, also, has not found anything else +concerning it.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page 82}</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-11"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-11.jpg" width="500" height="447" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 11. Kaart van de Noordzijde van 't Zuidland (Chart of +the North side of the Southland), 1678</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 83}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-32"></a>XXXII. (1696-1697).<br /> +FURTHER SURVEYINGS OF THE WEST-COAST OF AUSTRALIA BY THE SHIP +GEELVINK, COMMANDED BY THE SKIPPER-COMMANDER OF THE EXPEDITION, +WILLEM DE VLAMINGH, THE SHIP NIJPTANG UNDER GERRIT COLLAERT, AND +THE SHIP HET WESELTJE, COMMANDED BY CORNELIS DE VLAMINGH. +[*]</h3> + +<blockquote><p>[* In November and December 1695 the Managers of the +E.I. Company (<i>Resolutions of the Heeren XVII of November 10, +December 8 and 10, 1695</i>) resolved to dispatch a flotilla to +the South-land or the land of d'Eendracht, this time starting +from the Cape of Good Hope. Willem De Vlamingh was appointed +commander-in-chief of the expedition. He was also instructed to +inquire into the fate of the ship de Ridderschap van Holland, +which had miscarried on her voyage from the Cape to Batavia in +1694.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of the Governor-General and +Councillors to the Managers of the E.I.C. at the Amsterdam +Chamber, November 30, 1697.</i></p> + +<p>...As regards the results of the voyage of the three...vessels +aforesaid [<b>de Geelvink, de Nijptang</b> and <b>het +Wezeltje</b>], which, pursuant to the letters of the "Heeren +XVII" of November 10, 1695, and March 16, 1696, and in accordance +with Your Worships' Instructions of April 23 of the same year, +have successfully accomplished their voyage by way of the Tristan +de Cunha Islands and the Cape of Good Hope, furthermore via the +islands of Amsterdam and St. Paulo, and along the <b>land of +d'Eendragt</b> or the <b>South-land</b>, and have arrived here in +good condition as regards ships and crews, we shall in the main +beg leave to refer you to the journals kept on board the said +ships, and to their annotations, together with the charts and a +number of drawings of the said places, all which will be handed +to Your Worships by the bearer of the same, Almoner <b>Victor +Victorszoon</b>, who is now homeward bound in the ship Slants +Welvaren. The drawings are packed in a case to the number of 11, +to wit:</p> + +<p>7 of divers places in the South-land,<br /> +1 of the island of Tristan de Cunha,<br /> +1 of the island of Amsterdam,<br /> +1 of the island of St. Paulo, and 1 of the island of Mony +[*].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* I have not found these drawings.--In the +seventeenth-century charts Mony is South-west of +Java.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page 84}</p> + +<p>We besides beg to forward to you a number of larger and +smaller disks of wood, brought over from the said South-land by +skipper <b>Willem de Vlamingh</b>, concerning which wood he had +noted in his journal at the dates December 30 and 31, 1696, and +January 2, 1697, that it was odoriferous, a point which we have +not been able to verify here, although we have directly ordered a +small portion of it to be distilled, and beg to hand you with the +rest a small bottle of the oil thus gained for Your Worships' +examination...together with a box containing shells collected on +the beach, fruits, plants, etc., the whole, however, of little +value and decidedly inferior to what elsewhere in India may be +found of the same description; so that in general in this part of +the South-land, which in conformity with their instructions they +have diligently skirted, surveyed and observed, they have found +little beyond an arid, barren and wild land, both near the shore +and so far as they have been inland, without meeting with any +human beings, though now and then they have seen fires from afar, +some of the men fancying that two or three times they have seen a +number of naked blacks, whom however they have never been able to +come near to, or to come to parley with; nor have they found +there any peculiar animals or birds, excepting that especially in +the <b>Swaene-revier</b> [*] they have seen a species of black +swans, three of which they have brought to Batavia alive, which +we should have been glad to send over to Your Worships, but that +shortly after their arrival here they all of them died one after +another. Nor, so far as we know, have they met with any vestiges +of the lost ship de Ridderschap van Hollant or of any other +bottoms, either in those parts or near the islands of Amsterdam +and St. Paulo, so that in sum nothing of any importance has been +discovered in this exploratory voyage. Only, we must not omit to +mention that in <b>an island situated in 25° S.L. near or +before the South-land</b>, they have found fastened to a pole, +which though half-rotten stood still erect, a common pewter dish +of medium size, which had been flattened and nailed to the pole +aforesaid, where they found it still hanging; the said dish +bearing the following words engraved on it, still distinctly +legible:</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Opposite to the <b>Rottenest</b> +island.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>"A.D. 1616, on the 25th of October there arrived here the ship +<b>den Eendragt</b>, of Amsterdam; supercargo <b>Gillis +Miebais</b>, of Liege; skipper <b>Dirck Hartog</b>, of Amsterdam; +she set sail again for Bantam, on the 27th do.; subcargo <b>Jan +Steyn</b>, upper-steersman <b>Pieter Ledocker van Bil</b>."</p> + +<p>This old dish which skipper Willem de Vlaming brought us, has +now likewise been handed to the Commander [*] in order to be +delivered to Your Worships, who with us will no doubt stand +amazed that the same has for so long a series of years been +preserved in spite of its being exposed to the influence of sky, +rain and sun [**].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Viz. of the fleet with which this letter was sent +to the Netherlands.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[* The dish would seem to be no longer +extant.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the same spot they have again erected a new pole with a +flattened pewter dish nailed to it in commemoration of their +visit, having first had the following inscription engraved on the +dish, as is more amply set forth in the Journals:</p> + +<p>"A.D. 1697, on the 4th of Febr. there arrived here the ship +<b>de Geelvinck</b>, skipper <b>Willem de Vlaming</b>, of +Vlieland; assistant <b>Joannes van Bremen</b>, of Copenhaguen; +upper-steersman <b>Michiel Blom</b>, of Bremen; the hooker <b>de +Nijptang</b>, skipper <b>Gerrit Collart</b>, of Amsterdam; +assistant <b>Theodorus Heermans</b>, of do.; upper-steersman +<b>Gerrit Gerrits</b>, of Bremen; the galiot <b>'t Weseltje</b>, +master <b>Cornelis de Vlaming</b>, of Vlieland; steersman +<b>Coert Gerrits</b>, of Bremen; the whole of our flotilla sailed +from here on the 12th do., in order to explore the South-land +with destination for Batavia" [*]</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This dish was afterwards brought to Paris by the +French expedition, with the ships l'Uranie and la Physicienne +(1817-1820), (see L. DE FREYCINET, <i>Voyage autour du monde, sur +les corvettus l'Uranie et la Physicienne</i>, Historique, Paris, +1825. pp. 449, 482-486) and would seem to be no longer extant +there. An evidently inaccurate copy of the inscription engraved +on the dish, is here reproduced on a reduced scale from +<i>Planche 14</i> of the <i>Atlas Historique</i> accompanying De +Freycinet's work.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-12"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-12.jpg" width="400" height="426" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 12. Opschrift op den schotel, door Willem De Vlamingh +op het Zuidland achtergelaten (Inscription on the dish, left by +Willem De Vlamingh at the Southland), 1697.</p> +</div> + +<p>{Page 85}</p> + +<p>And since it is our intention, in order to let Your Worships +have the more information and satisfaction touching this voyage, +to dispatch to the Netherlands again in the last return-ships +sailing from here, the ex-leader of the expedition, Skipper +Willem de Vlaming Senior, together with his upper-steersman +Michiel Blom, they having not yet returned from Bengal with their +ships Geelvinck and Nijptang, but being expected every day, +therefore we shall not trouble Your Worships with further +particulars, but would beg leave to refer you to their verbal +reports for ampler information touching their experiences in the +said expedition...</p> + +<p>In the Castle of Batavia, on the last day of November, +1697.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Journal kept by Skipper WILLEM DE VLAMINGH +on his voyage with the ships de Geelvinck, Nijptang and +T'Weseltje via Trestan da Cunha, the Cape, the islands of Peter +and Paul, and the South-land to Batavia, begun on May 3, 1696, +and ended March 20, 1697. [*]</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This is the only journal of this voyage that I +have found in the Old Colonial Archives at the Hague. I have not +printed it here--so far as the South-land is concerned, it wil be +found printed in LEUPE, Zuidland, pp. 153-184--for two reasons: +1st because it differs only slightly from a journal of the voyage +printed in 1701, of which MAJOR, Terra Australis, pp 120-133 +gives a translation; and 2nd, because the two charts immediately +following in the text (Nos. 13 and 14) give an excellent survey +of the results of this voyage of discovery.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page 86}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Chart of the South-land, made and surveyed +by Willem De Vlamingh in 1696-1697. [*]</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This chart was not made on the voyage, but is the +work of ISAAC DE GRAAFF, cartographer to the E.I.C. from 1690 to +1714.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-13"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-13.jpg" width="500" height="258" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 13. Kaart van het Zuidland, bezeild door Willem De +Vlamingh. in 1696-1697 door ISAAC DE GRAAFF (Chart of the +South-land, made and surveyed by Willem De Vlamingh in +1696-1697)</p> +</div> + +<p>{Page 87}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>D.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Chart of the Malay Archipelago, the north- +and west-coasts of Australia, etc. [*]</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This chart is likewise the work of ISAAC DE GRAAFF +(1690-1714). It gives a survey of the results of De Vlamingh's +voyage, and may also do duty as a general record of the Dutch +discoveries on the north- and west-coast of Australia in the 17th +century. The dotted (uncertain) line on the N.W. coast is +supplemented by the chart of Van der Wall's discovery in 1678 +(No. 11).]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><i>(See folding Chart, marked No. 14.)</i></p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-14"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-14.jpg" width="800" height="568" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 14. Uitslaande kaart van den Maleischen Archipel, de +Noord- en West-kusten van Australië door ISAAC DE GRAAFF +(Folding chart of the Malay Archipelago, the North- and +West-coast of Australia) 1690-1714</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-33"></a>XXXIII. (1705).<br /> +FURTHER DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH-COAST OF AUSTRALIA BY THE SHIPS +VOSSENBOSCH, COMMANDED BY MAARTEN VAN DELFT, DE WAIJER UNDER +ANDRIES ROOSEBOOM, OF HAMBURG, AND NIEUW-HOLLAND OR +NOVA-HOLLANDIA, COMMANDED BY PIETER HENDRIKSZOON, OF +HAMBURG.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Instructions</i> (by the G.-G. and Counc., +dated January 20, 1705) <i>for the officers of the Frigate de +Geelvink, along with the Pinnace de Kraanvogel and the +Patchiallang Nova Guinea, destined to set out for the outside +coast of the said Nova Guinea; as also for the Flute Vossenbos, +together with the Pinnace de Doradus [*] and the Patchiallang +Nieuw Holland, having destination for the bay of Hollandia +Nova.</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Afterwards replaced by the pinnace <b>de +Waijer</b>.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>[Various] considerations have determined us to dispatch you +from here on a cruise, in such fashion that the frigate Geelvinck +together with the pinnace Craanvogel and the patchiallang Nova +Guinea, mentioned in the heading of the present, will first run +from here directly for Banda...and from Banda continue their +voyage to the coast of Nova Guinea.</p> + +<p>In the same manner we annex sailing instructions for the +officers of the ship <b>Vossenbosch</b>, which together with the +pinnace de Doratus and the patchiallang <b>Nieuw Holland</b>, +likewise above mentioned, will first run for our Castle of +Concordia in Timor, and then continue her voyage to Hollandia +Nova, in such fashion as you will for your guidance find further +amplified below...</p> + +<p>You will in the first place have diligently to observe, +whether there is anywhere a passage from the outside to the +inside, and this not only as regards Nova Guinea, but also as +concerns Hollandia Nova, so that these orders...will have to be +acted up to not only by the officers of the Geelvinck, but also +by those of the Vossenbosch; and you should take special care, in +case you should find such real or seeming passage, not to run too +far into it, lest you should be carried away by currents in the +same, and run the risk of accidents; on which account the +examination of such passages should nowise be undertaken by the +frigate or by the flute, but only by a pinnace or patchiallang; +never to any farther distance than the experienced sailors in the +same shall deem advisable to enable a safe return out of the said +passages, and in no case so far as to get out of anchoring +depth...</p> + +<p>{Page 88}</p> + +<p>And furthermore, as sailing instructions for the officers of +the flute [Vossenbosch], over and above that which should be +applicable to them in the instructions given up to now, it has +been resolved to enjoin them that having reached Timor...they +will thence set sail from the north-eastern extremity of the said +island, and shape their course south-eastward as far as 11° +S. Lat. and 148½° Longitude, whence on an eastward +course they will run in sight of <b>Van Diemensland</b> in +<b>Hollandia Nova</b>, which point is said to consist altogether +of islands, a matter that will thus be cleared up. From there +this coast will have to be further followed to eastward as far as +<b>Aarnemsland</b> and the <b>Drooge eyland</b>, which will have +to be skirted and surveyed both on the inside and outside; next, +the coast aforesaid will have to be followed as far as <b>Van der +Lijns eiland</b>, which you will examine in the same way as you +have done the Drooge eyland. You will then continue your voyage +as far as <b>Lemmens bogt</b> and <b>Abel Tasmans baay</b> and +<b>Waterplaats</b>, and from there run for Cape <b>Van +Diemen</b>, which having rounded you will follow the coast of +<b>Carpentaria</b> in a northward direction along <b>Sweeris</b>, +<b>Van der Ljns</b>, <b>Van Diemens</b> and <b>Staten rivers</b>, +until you have passed the <b>Nassauw river</b>, which according +to the chart has its mouth beset with numerous sand-banks and +shallows. Next, running past Cape <b>Keerweer</b>, the +<b>Carpentier</b> river, the <b>Hooge eyland</b> and the +<b>Groote vuyle imbocht</b>, together with the <b>Oranjen +river</b>, and having rounded the great projecting point of the +<b>Meeuen river</b>, you will run along the bay of +<b>Keerweer</b> then following, always along the coast in a +westerly direction, past the <b>Doodslagers revier</b>, de +<b>Waterplaets</b>, until you have got beyond <b>Goening Apy, +Moordenaers revier</b> and the <b>Wesels eyland</b>, and also +beyond Speelmans river and Rijkloffs bays, after which you will +make the point of Ony, whence you will cross over along Keffing +in Banda, as has already been noted in passing...</p> + +<p>The commander of the flute Vossenbosch aforesaid, in case the +whole bight of Nova Hollandia, owing to adverse weather or +defects of the ship, cannot be made according to these our +instructions so as to enable her to be back in Banda at the end +of September, will be empowered with the advice of the ship's +council, from the Drooge eylant aforesaid to cross over to the +Meeuen river, situated nearly N.W. and S.E. of each other, and +thereby to shorten the voyage to that extent, always provided +that no other means can be found...</p> + +<p>If in...Nova Hollandia you should happen to come upon unknown +Indians, of whom you might without violence or risk, and of their +own free will, bring two or three with you hither, such men might +possibly prove of great use in subsequent voyages, but this point +we leave to your own judgment and discretion, as you shall find +circumstances to shape themselves.</p> + +<p>Victuals and provisions for all your ships for the space of 10 +months have been ordered on board here...</p> + +<p>In the Castle of Batavia, January 20, 1705.</p> + +<p>{Page 89}</p> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>A Report and account [dated October 6, 1705] +of what has been discovered and found noteworthy in the voyage of +the flute Fossenbosch, the pinnace d'Waijer and the patsjallang +Nova Hollandia, dispatched from Batavia to Hollandia Nova +aforesaid by way of Timor, by the Supreme Government of India, +A.D. 1705; as collected and digested from the written journals +[*] and verbal narratives of the officers returned, by the +Councillors-Extraordinary HENRICK SWAARDECROOM and CORNELIS +CHASTELIJN, commissioned for this purpose; the whole to serve as +a report to be delivered to His Worship Governor-General JOAN VAN +HOORN and the Lords Councillors of India. [**]</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* I have not found these journals.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[* I have not printed this Report, 1st because it has +been edited by LEUPE in <i>Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en +volkenkunde van Nederlandsck-Indie</i>, Nieuwe Volgreeks, I, pp. +193-201; 2nd because an English translation of it is given in +MAJOR, Terra Australis, pp. 165-173; 3rd because chart No. 15 +excellently represents the results of this voyage. The +reproduction being on a reduced scale, some names of places are +not so clearly legible as could be wished, but they will be found +referred to in my Introduction.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Chart of Hollandia Nova, further discovered +A.D. 1705 by the ships Vossenbosch, de Wajer and Nova Hollandia, +which left Timor on March 2 [*].</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* On July 12 the ships discontinued their voyage of +discovery, and returned to Banda, where they arrived about a +fortnight later.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page 90}</p> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-15"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-15.jpg" width="500" height="359" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 15. Kaart van (Chart of) Hollandia Nova, nader ontdekt +anno 1705 door (more exactly discovered by) de Vossenbosch, de +Waijer en de Nova Hollandia</p> +</div> + +<hr /> +<h3><a name="doc-34"></a>XXXIV. (1721-1722).<br /> +EXPLORATORY VOYAGE BY ORDER OF THE WEST-INDIA COMPANY "TO THE +UNKNOWN PART OF THE WORLD, SITUATED IN THE SOUTH SEA TO WESTWARD +OF AMERICA", BY THE SHIPS AREND AND TIENHOVEN, AND THE AFRICAN +GALLEY, COMMANDED BY MR. JACOB ROGGEVEEN, JAN KOSTER (IN THE SHIP +AREND), CORNELIS BOUMAN (IN THE SHIP TIENHOVEN), AND ROELOF +ROSENDAAL (IN THE AFRICAN GALLEY).</h3> + +<p>Although the history of this voyage, begun from the Texel on +August 1, 1721, does not form part of the subject here treated, I +mention it in passing merely to note that among other places the +ships touched at Paasch-eiland, and at the Paumatos and Samoa +island-groups, and reached Java along the north-coast of New +Guinea. The journal of this voyage is preserved in the Hague +State Archives and has been edited by the Zealand Genootschap der +Wetenschappen. (Middelburg, 1838).</p> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 91}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-35"></a>XXXV. (1727).<br /> +THE SHIP ZEEWIJK, COMMANDED BY JAN STEIJNS, LOST ON THE +TORTELDUIF ROCK.</h3> + +<p class="center"><b>A.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Letter of the G.-G. and Counc. to the +Managers of the E.I.C., October 31, 1728.</i></p> + +<p>...On the 26th of April there arrived here quite unexpectedly +with the patchiallang de Veerman a note from the ex-skipper and +the subcargo of the Zealand ship <b>Zeewijk</b>, <b>Jan +Steijns</b> and <b>Jan Nebbens</b>, written from Sunda +Strait...informing us that the said ship, after sailing from the +Cape of Good Hope [*] on April 21 [1727], had on June 9 following +run aground on the reef situated before the islands called +Fredrik Houtmans Abriolhos near the South-land in 29° S.L., +also known as the <b>Tortelduijf islands</b>; that favoured by +good weather the men had saved from the wreck all kinds of +necessaries, and with the loosened woodwork had constructed a +kind of vessel, with which they had set out from there on the +26th of March, and arrived in the aforesaid strait on the 21st of +April last...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* The ship had sailed from the Netherlands, November +7, 1726.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>[We] have found...not only that the ex-skipper Jan Steijns +has, against his positive instructions and against the protests +of the steersmen, too recklessly sailed near the South-land, and +thereby been the cause of this disaster, but also that he has +attempted to impose upon his superiors by falsified journals, +hoping thereby, if possible, to conceal his grievous +mistake...</p> + +<p>The situation of the islands on whose outermost reef the ship +Zeewijk has run aground, is shown by the annexed small chart [*]. +They lie out of sight of the South-land, and are partly overgrown +with brushwood, edible vegetables, etc...here have been +discovered not only a number of wells dug by human hands, but +also certain vestiges of a Dutch ship, presumably also lost on +the reef aforesaid...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* To the Netherlands were sent "two charts of the +situation of the Reef, and of the islands aforementioned" (charts +16 and 17 <i>below</i>).]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-16"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-16.jpg" width="500" height="438" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 16. Kaarte betreffende de schipbreuk der Zeewijk +(Chart, concerning the shipwreck of the Zeewijk) 1727.</p> +</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-17"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-17.jpg" width="500" height="434" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 17. Kaarte betreffende de schipbreuk der Zeewijk +(Chart, concerning the shipwreck of the Zeewijk) 1727.</p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>B.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Journal or daily register, kept [by the +second steersman Adriaan (Van) de Graeff] on board the sho +Zeewijk;</i> after the miscarriage of the same, <i>on the wreck +stuck fast on a rocky reef near the unknown Southland;</i> and a +few days after, <i>in the island [*].</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* This journal is of no interest for our purpose, +and I mention it <i>pro memoria</i> only. The charts sufficiently +record the results.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><b>C.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Chart drawn by JAN STEIJNS. (No. +16).</i></p> + +<p class="center"><b>D.</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Chart drawn by ADRIAAN (VAN) DE GRAAF [*]. +(No. 17.)</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[* Later in the XVIII century (<i>inter alia</i> in +1755 and 1765) the West-coast of Australia was again visited by +Dutch ships, but what we know about this point is of no +significance.]</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> +<p>{Page 92}</p> + +<h3><a name="doc-36"></a>XXXVI. (1756).<br /> +EXPLORATORY VOYAGE OF THE SHIPS RIJDER. AND BUIS, COMMANDED BY +LIEUTENANT JEAN ETIENNE GONZAL AND FIRST LAVIENNE LODEWIJK VAN +ASSCHENS, TO THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA.</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>Report of the "Master Cartographer" at +Batavia, GERRIT DE HAAN, to the G.-G., and Counc. September 30, +1756.</i></p> + +<p>Pursuant to Your Honourable Worships' highly honoured orders, +the undersigned has the honour to submit to Your Honourable +Worships a report concerning the voyage made by the small +bark-ships <b>de Rijder</b> and <b>de Buijs</b> to the +South-land, so far as the same has been touched at by them, as +Your Honourable Worships may be pleased further to gather from +the annexed charts [*].</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* I have not found either these charts or any +journals of this expedition.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 8th of February, 1756 the two ships set sail together +from this roadstead...</p> + +<p>On March 26 they were overtaken by a violent storm off the +Banda islands, so that they got separated, and the ship +<b>Buijs</b>, finding it impossible to stand out to sea, entered +the port of Banda on March 28; the ship Rijder held out with +fore- and mizen-sails struck until the weather got better, and +not knowing that the ship Buys had returned to port, continued +her voyage. On April 4 those on board the ship <b>Rijder</b> +sighted <b>Cape Falso</b> in Lat. 7° 54' S., in 5 and +4½ fathom; they then shaped their course to the S.E. and +afterwards to the S.S.E., until on April 10 they saw the <b>high +land of Carpentaria</b>, known by the name of <b>hoog +Eijland</b>, near which they found an island not known to the +chart, to which island they gave the name of <b>Rijders +Eijland</b>. From the hooge Eyland a reef runs out to sea a +distance of nearly three miles coming close to the Rijders +Eyland...They then shaped their course along the land in order to +get into the bay, in depths Of 8, 7, 7½, 6½ fathom +sandy bottom, at which last depth they came to anchor on April +the 16th, where they estimated themselves to be about two miles +off shore. On the 17th do. they went ashore with the boat for the +first time in order to ascertain the nature of the coast. On +landing they found a number of cabins constructed of the bark of +trees; they also saw a man who fled into the wood at their +approach, and a small prow or species of vessel also made of +bark, together with some fishing-tackle and a kind of assagays +made of branches of trees, from 4 to 9 feet long, tipped at one +end with a small piece of bone ground to a sharp point. The +fishing-lines seemed to be twisted out of fibrous bark, and, +instead of hooks, had pointed claws of beasts fastened to them. +The land was overgrown with tall grass, and they saw a number of +fine dells or valleys, through which flowed various small rills +of fresh water; the trees were very tall and straight, of regular +growth and of different kinds, some of which would, as they +presumed, furnish excellent timber for ships' masts, yards, etc. +The soil was very rich, and on the whole the country looked very +promising. They remained there, making various landings, and +taking in firewood and water, till the 26th of April, when they +put to sea again...shaping their course E.N.E. close to the wind +in depths Of 5, 6 or 7 fathom, following the trend of the coast +till they had got into 10° 30' S. Lat., where they cast +anchor on April 28, in order to explore the land also in this +latitude. They found nothing worth mentioning, however, {Page +93} except a few more cabins or huts of the kind before +described, the inmates of which took to the wood as soon as our +men appeared. They dragged the boat on the {Page 94} beach +here, and repaired the same, remaining there till the 13th of +May, waiting for the ship de Buys. On that day they resolved to +continue their voyage, shaping their course along the land as +high as they could in order to keep the same alongside; but they +lost sight of the land all the same, and became aware that the +said land lay at least one degree more to southward than the +chart had led them to believe. On the 24th of May they again +sighted the land in 12° 18' S. Lat.; it showed as a very +low-lying coast, whose trend they followed close inshore. In Lat. +12° 26' South they cast anchor in 10 fathom good +anchoring-ground. As they were lying at anchor at about 1 or +1½ mile's distance from the shore, they saw two of the +prows above described paddle up to the ship, each of them +containing two men, who, when they had got near the ship, by +signs and cries began to signify to our men that they wished them +to come ashore. The following day, being the 26th of May, our men +went ashore at daybreak, and on landing found several persons +there, who, however, all took to flight directly. They also saw +two dogs, not unlike so-called Bengal jackals. The persons who +had fled, shortly after returned to them, when they found them +armed with the assagays above described. They were accompanied by +a number of females who had their privities covered with a kind +of small mats. The natives then all of them sat down on the beach +near our men, who made signs to them that they were seeking fresh +water; upon which the natives got up and signified to our men +their willingness to show them the places where water was +obtainable. Nor were our men deceived, for after walking on along +the beach for some time, they were conducted to a pleasant valley +with fine trees such as those above described. This seemed to be +the dwelling-place of the natives, for our men saw here more +women and children and also a number of primitive dwellings, +merely consisting of sheltered places under the trees partly +covered in with bark. The water which they found here, welled up +out of the earth in pits dug by human hands. After having +inspected the whole place, they went back to the beach, where +they found the two prows in which the natives had previously +approached the ship. As our men were seated on the beach, +nineteen natives came up to them, all of them with bodies daubed +over with red; when the said natives were by our men treated to +some arrack with sugar, they began to make merry and even struck +up a kind of chant, at the conclusion of which they retired to +the wood again.</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 27th our men went ashore again for the +purpose of attempting to get hold of one or two natives, but did +not succeed in doing so that day, because they landed too late to +lure the natives to the beach. Early in the morning of the 28th +they again landed in order to execute their plan; on their +arrival the natives came up to them dancing and singing, sat down +close to them, laid aside their so-called assagays or weapons, +and again enjoyed the liquor with which our men plied them. While +they were thus making merry, our men seized hold of two of them +[*], upon which the others jumped to their feet, snatched up +their assagays and began to throw them at our people without, +however, wounding any one; except that the ship's clerk, who in +flying tried to seize one of the natives round the body, was in +the scuffle slightly wounded in the hand; upon this, our men +fired a volley, wounding one of the natives, who thereupon all of +them fled into the bush. Our people then tried to drag to the +boat the two men they had got hold of, but as they were tying +their {Page 95} arms and legs together, one of them by +frantic biting and tearing contrived to get loose and effect his +escape. Shortly after upwards of fifty natives again made their +appearance, throwing assagays, but they also took to their heels, +when our people let off another volley of musketry, after which +our men succeeded in carrying off their one prisoner to the +boat.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* A sorry return for kindness +received!]</p></blockquote> + +<p>{Page 96}</p> + +<p>On the 29th of May, the wind being S.E. and S.E. by E. with a +top-gallant gale, they put to sea again, running S.S.W. close by +the wind in from 10 to 11 fathom good anchoring-ground. At noon +they found their latitude to be 12° 31' South, and dropped +anchor in 10 fathom good anchoring-ground, at about 1 or +1½ mile's distance from the land, their compasses showing +3° 49' north-easterly variation.</p> + +<p>On the 30th of May, as they were lying at anchor, two small +prows came to within half a mile of the ship and then paddled +back to shore.</p> + +<p>On the 31st of May, the wind being East and E.S.E., with a +top-gallant gale, they set sail close to the wind on a southerly +course. At noon they took the latitude of 12° 44' South, +having passed depths of 10 and 10½ fathom. At sunset the +countercurrent forced them to drop anchor before the +<b>Mosselbaaij</b>.</p> + +<p>On the 1st of June, the wind being E.S.E. and S.E. by E. with +a weak top-gallant gale, they set sail over depths of 10½, +11, 12 and latterly 10½ fathom again, good anchoring +ground, upon which they dropped anchor in the forenoon. At noon +it fell a calm, and they took the latitude of 12° 51' South, +the compasses showing 3° 3' north-easterly variation.</p> + +<p>In the morning of June 2 the wind varied between East, E.S.E., +and S.E., and then went round to S.W. by S.; they sent the boat +ashore in search of fresh water, since in the latitude they had +now reached the chart showed a fresh-water river. When the boat +returned alongside, they were informed that there was an +excellent watering-place close by, where the water came rushing +down the rocks, and also a fine inland lake, near which the men +had seen a great number of birds of various kinds, together with +certain foot-prints of large animals. In the drawing or chart +this spot has been named <b>Rijders waterplaats</b> situated in +12° 57' S. Lat.</p> + +<p>On the 3rd of June, the wind blowing from the East to E.S.E. +with a fresh breeze, they set sail for the watering-place +aforesaid in 11, 10, 11½, 9½, 9 and 8 fathom, good +anchoring ground and muddy sand, in which they dropped anchor at +two glasses in the afternoon.</p> + +<p>From the 4th to the 12th of June they overhauled the ship, +took in water and firewood, and repaired the boat. During this +time no natives were seen by them.</p> + +<p>On the 13th of June, the wind being E.S.E. and S.E. by E. with +a weak top-gallant gale, they put to sea again, following the +trend of the coast on a course between W.S.W. and S. by E...over +depths of 8, 8½, 9, and 10 fathom, good anchoring-ground +with pebbles and small shells. At noon they took the latitude of +12° 2' South, and in the afternoon the head-current forced +them to come to anchor.</p> + +<p>On the 14th of June, the wind varying between S.E. by E. and +South, they set sail running close by the wind on a southerly and +S. by E. course in 9, 9½, 10 and 11 fathom sandy bottom. +At noon their estimated course and distance performed since +sunrise were S.S.W. half a point westerly, and 2½ miles, +the latitude taken being 13° 8' South. In the afternoon the +wind was S.S.W. by W. with a weak breeze and occasional calms; +they sounded from 11 to 8 fathom sandy bottom with black spots +and pebbles; at the depth last mentioned they came to anchor at +the first glass of the dog-watch, slightly to southward of <b>de +Rijdershoek</b>, about 1 or 1¼ mile off shore, the +compasses showing 3° 45' north-easterly variation.</p> + +<p>{Page 97}</p> + +<p>On the 15th of June the wind blew from the S.E. to the E.S.E. +in the morning and during the day, with a moderate and fresh +breeze. At sunrise they went ashore with the boat in search of +whatever might be worth noting. At noon they took the latitude of +13° South. Towards sunset the boat returned alongside, +reporting that, as they were pulling ashore, and were at about a +quarter of a mile's distance from the land, a canoe in shape like +those before described came paddling up to them, containing two +men who made signs for them to come ashore; and when with great +difficulty they had got ashore through the surf, the two natives +of the canoe had already fled into the bush; shortly after, +however, eleven men and five females again came running up to +them, armed with the assagays hereinbefore described, who +directly tried to take our men's hats off their heads, and on +being prevented from doing so, forthwith prepared to throw their +weapons; but when our men fired a shot, they all fled except a +youth, whom our people carried on board along with the canoe +aforesaid, this man being the younger of the two natives brought +hither. Our men had also come upon a large pond containing fresh +water, which, however, was difficult to get to the ship. On the +whole the country looked promising enough, and when cultivated +would probably prove very fertile. The natives mainly subsist on +the roots of trees and wild fruits such as batatas or oubis, +together with small quantities of fish which they catch in their +canoes. They also seemed to have some knowledge of gold, when +lumps of the same were shown them. Round by the south the natives +are somewhat more tractable than those farther to northward. +Between the 11th and 12th degrees the trend of the coast is S.W. +by S. and N.E. by N., next S.S.W. and N.N.E. down to the 13th +degree; then running on due south as far as the eye reaches. The +coast is mainly level without any reefs, and may be approached +sounding.</p> + +<p>On the 16th of June...they resolved to depart from there, +since the season was passing, and they could only with great +difficulty make any headway or run higher, while, besides, they +had only two anchors and cables left. They then shaped their +course to westward for <b>Aarnems land</b>. At noon they took the +latitude of 13° 3' South course held as before.</p> + +<p>On the 17th of June in the forenoon the wind was E. by S. and +E.S.E. with a moderate and fresh top-gallant gale, stiffening to +a reefed topsail gale. At noon their estimated course and +distance performed in the last 24 hours were W. by N. 25½ +miles; estimated Latitude 12° 44' South; Latitude taken +12° 36' South; course held as before; no land in sight.</p> + +<p>From the 18th to the 23rd their course was mainly westerly, +with variable winds and good weather.</p> + +<p>On the 24th of June the wind was S.E. by S., E.S.E. and S.E. +by E. in the morning and forenoon, with a stiff reefed +topsail-gale. Shortly after noon they sighted the mainland of +<b>Nova Hollandia</b>, S.S.W. of them, showing as a very +low-lying coast; they passed over depths of 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, +10, 9, and 8½ fathom, good anchoring ground and muddy +sand, keeping a N.W. by W. course, since the shallows prevented +them from running nearer to the land than where they could just +sight it from the ship's deck; they next got into 9, 10 and 11 +fathom again as before, and dropped anchor at sunset.</p> + +<p>On the 25th of June the wind was S.S.E. to S.E. in the morning +and forenoon with a moderate top-gallant gale, a brightening sky +and good weather. At daybreak, as they were weighing anchor, the +cable snapped off, and the buoy having disappeared, they thus +lost their third anchor, so that they had only one left. They +therefore resolved to call at the island of Timor, and shaped +their course to N.W. by W. over {Page 98} depths of 11, +10, 10½ and 8 fathom; they next steered higher in order to +get into deeper water, and thus passed over 12, 7, 8, 15, 9, 10, +12, 14, 13, 7, 5, 3½, 4, 5, 6, afterwards running up to 20 +fathom, muddy bottom. At noon their estimated course and distance +performed were N.W. by W. slightly Northerly, 5½ Miles; +their estimated latitude 11° 30' South; Latitude taken +11° 37' South; estimated distance from the land 9 or +9½ miles.</p> + +<p>They next shaped their course to north-west in these known +waters, and on the 3rd of July following sighted the island of +Rottie to westward of them...</p> + +<p>The ship <b>de Buys</b>, having, as hereinbefore mentioned, +put into the port of Banda on the 28th of March, and having there +again been provided with all necessaries, set sail from there +again on April 1, shaping her course to eastward. On April 23 she +sighted <b>the land of Carpentaria</b>, and the so-called <b>Cape +Keerweer</b>, when she was in the observed latitude Of 12° +58' South, so that the land was found to be at least 12 miles +more to eastward than it was believed to be. They had sounded +depths of 20, 18, 15, 13, 12, and 11½ fathom, sandy +bottom, at which last depth they came to anchor shortly after +sunset.</p> + +<p>On the 24th of April the wind was E.S.E. by S. in the morning +and forenoon with a weak top-gallant gale and fine weather; at +daybreak they got their boat ready and made her sail ahead of +them in order to take soundings; they then weighed anchor and set +sail, keeping an E.N.E. and N.E. course close to the wind in +11½, 12, 13, 12, and 11½ fathom, sharp sandy bottom +with small pebbles. At noon their estimated latitude was 12° +54' South, and their estimated distance from the land 4 or +4½ miles. At sunset they observed <b>Cape Keerweer</b> E. +¼ point N. of them, and the interior point looking to the +river E.N.E. They had sounded depths of 11½, 10½, +11, and 12 fathom sandy bottom, at which last depth they came to +anchor just after sunset. In the course of the day they had seen +a good deal of smoke ascend from the land.</p> + +<p>On April the 25th the wind was E., E.N.E., and N.N.E. in the +morning and forenoon, with a weak breeze and fine weather. They +weighed anchor at daybreak and set sail on a northern course +close by the wind over depths of 12, 14, 15 and 17 fathom sandy +bottom. At noon their estimated latitude was 12° 42' South; +the wind continued variable with occasional calms; the land here +showed level with a red and white beach; the interior seemed to +be covered with straight, tall trees as far as the eye reached. +At sunset they came to anchor and during the night had a moderate +top-gallant gale with good weather.</p> + +<p>On the 26th of April the wind was E. and E. by S. in the +morning and forenoon, with a fresh breeze and fine weather. At +daybreak they weighed anchor and set sail, shaping their course +between N.N.W. and N.N.E.; in the forenoon they observed a pretty +high hill N.E. by N. ¼ point N. and a red point N.N.E. +½ point E. of them. They also came upon a deep bay or +bight named <b>Vliegenbaay</b>, in which the trees on shore were +hardly visible from the top-mast. The N. corner of the said bay +is here known by the name of <b>Aschens hoek</b>. At noon their +estimated latitude was 12° 16' South. They also saw columns +of smoke rising up, and thought they could discern men and +cabins. At sunset they came to anchor in 12½ fathom. +During the night the wind was variable.</p> + +<p>On the 27 th of April the wind was E. by S.E. in the morning +and forenoon with a fresh topsail breeze, a covered sky and dry +weather. At daybreak they weighed anchor and set sail on a N.N.E. +course over depths between 12½ and 14 fathom good +anchoring-ground. The land here begins to fall off to eastward. +They here saw a {Page 99} river with an island lying off +its mouth, the river being known as <b>Batavia River</b>, and the +island as <b>Buys Eijland</b>. At noon they took the approximate +latitude of 11° 38' South. They repeatedly saw columns of +smoke rising up from the land; in the afternoon they came to +anchor in 11 fathom coarse sand, about 4 miles Off the shore.</p> + +<p>On the 28th of April the wind was E. and E.S.E. in the morning +and forenoon; they weighed anchor and set sail on a N.E. course. +At noon they took the latitude of 11° 29' South, being then +3½ miles off shore, and having passed depths of 11 and 10 +fathom, coarse sand and good anchoring-ground. In the afternoon +the wind blew from the E.S.E., S.E., S., S.S.W., with a moderate +top-gallant gale and fine weather; course held N.E. by E. and +N.E.½% point N.; they still kept sailing along low-lying +land only.</p> + +<p>On the 29th of April the wind was S.S.E. and S.E. in the +morning and forenoon, with a fresh topsail breeze; at daybreak +they weighed anchor and set sail on courses between N.N.E. and +N.N.W. over depths of 10, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 7, 8, 9 fathom, +hard foul bottom; they estimated themselves to be at 3 miles' +distance off the land. At noon their estimated latitude was +11° 3' South; in the afternoon the wind blew from the S.E. +with a fresh topsail breeze. At 2 o'clock they came to anchor, +since they estimated themselves to be close to <b>Van Spults +river</b>; at 3 miles' distance from the land they were in 8 +fathom.</p> + +<p>On the 30th of April the wind was S.E. by E. and S.E. in the +morning and forenoon, with a fresh breeze. They got the boat +ready for the purpose of taking soundings ahead. At noon their +estimated latitude was 10° 56'; at 4 o'clock they had nearly +lost sight of the boat, and fired a gun charged with ball in +order to recall the same, but the boat not returning, they kept a +light burning at the top-mast, and during the night fired a gun +now and then. In this way they waited for the boat until the 12th +of May, when they finally resolved to depart from there, since +their stock of water and firewood would not allow of their +waiting longer. On board the missing boat were two steersmen, to +wit, <b>Hendrick Snijders</b> and <b>Pieter van der Meulen</b>, +one quartermaster and five common sailors.</p> + +<p>On the 12th of May the wind was E.S.E. and S.E. in the morning +and forenoon, with a moderate top-gallant gale and good weather. +At daybreak they weighed anchor and set sail on a western course +from the shallows, passing over depths of 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 +fathom fine grey sand. At noon their estimated latitude was +10° 55' South. In the afternoon and during the night they had +good weather with occasional showers of rain; next running +W.N.W., they sighted the island of Timoor Laudt on the 20th of +May.</p> + +<p>...From the above Your Honourable Worships will gather that +Lieutenant <b>Jean Etienne Gonzal</b>, in command of the small +bark <b>de Rijder</b>, has executed Your Honourable Worships' +honoured orders, so far as the shores of the <b>Land of +Carpentaria</b> are concerned; but that no exploration of the +interior has been undertaken as enjoined by Your Honourable +Worships' instructions [*] and no landing has been effected on +the coast of <b>Nova Hollandia</b>, because they had only one +anchor left, so that such landing was judged too hazardous to be +undertaken. Of the part borne in this expedition by the first +mate <b>Lavienne Lodewijk Aschens</b> who was in command of the +small bark <b>de Buys</b>, the undersigned can make Your +Honourable Worships no report worth any serious consideration, +since his statements and annotations are so misleading that it is +evident {Page 100} at first sight that he can never have +had any first-hand knowledge or ocular view of the matters +referred to by him, seeing that he has hardly ever been nearer to +the land than 3 miles off it, at which distance, however, he +pretends to have seen a river with a small island before its +mouth, together with natives, cabins, etc.; all which seems +impossible to the undersigned on a level coast such as this, nor +has he made any landing on the said coast, although, contrary to +Your Honourable Worships' orders, he has sailed along it from the +south to the north a distance Of 40 miles, before the mishap of +the loss of the boat came to pass, as Your Honourable Worships +may further gather from the annexed rough sketch of a chart [**] +of the coast sent in by him...</p> + +<blockquote><p>[* I have not printed these instructions, as they are +not of sufficient interest for our purpose.]</p></blockquote> + +<blockquote><p>[* I have not found this chart.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>[At foot:]<br /> +Your Honourable Worships' Obedient Servant<br /> +[signed]<br /> +W. G. DE HAAN.<br /> +[in margine:] Batavia, September 30, 1756.</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<a name="maps-05"></a> +<img src="images/heeres-05.jpg" width="500" height="738" alt="[Illustration: ]" /> +<p class="caption">No. 5. Uitslaande Kaart van het Zuidland door HESSEL +GERRITSZ (Folding chart of the Southland).</p> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p>{Page 101}</p> + +<h3><a name="index"></a>Index of Persons.</h3> + +<p class="noindent"> +Asschens, (Lavienne Lodewijk Van)<br /> +Bewindhebbers der Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Compagnie, (Heeren Majores)<br /> +Blom, (Michiel)<br /> +Bounian, (Cornelis)<br /> +Bremen, (Joannes Van)<br /> +Brouwer, (Hendrik)<br /> +Buysero, (Cornelis)<br /> +<br /> +Carstensz (oon), Jan<br /> +Chastelijn, (Cornelis)<br /> +Claeszoon van Hillegom, (Haevick)<br /> +Cock, (Daniel Janssen)<br /> +Coen, (Jan Pieterszoon)<br /> +Collaert, (Gerrit)<br /> +Cook, (James)<br /> +Coolsteerdt of Colster, (Willem Joosten Van)<br /> +Corneliszoon, (Maarten)<br /> +<br /> +Dampier, (William)<br /> +Dedel, (Cornelis)<br /> +Dedel, (Jacob)<br /> +Delft, (Maarten Van)<br /> +Diemen, (Antonio Van)<br /> +Dircksz, (Pieter)<br /> +Dirkszoon, (Pieter)<br /> +Dortsman, (Adriaan)<br /> +<br /> +Eckebrecht, (Philippus)<br /> +Engelschen<br /> +<br /> +Gerrits, (Coert)<br /> +Gerrits, (Gerrit)<br /> +Gerritsz, (Hessel)<br /> +Gonzal (Jean Etienne)<br /> +Gouverneur-Generaal en Raden (Hooge Regeering) te Batavia<br /> +Graaff, (Isaac De)<br /> +Graeff, (Adriaan Van de)<br /> +<br /> +Haan, (W. Gerrit De)<br /> +Haen, (Dirk Corneliszoon)<br /> +Haghen, (Steven Van der)<br /> +Hartogs(zoon), (Dirk)<br /> +Heermans, (Theodorus)<br /> +Hendrikszoon, (Pieter)<br /> +Hermansz(oon), Klaes<br /> +Holman, (Yde Tjerkszoon)<br /> +Hoorn, (Joan Van)<br /> +Houtman, (Frederik De)<br /> +<br /> +Jacobsz(oon), Lenaert<br /> +Jansz., (Jan)<br /> +Jansz(oon), Gerrit<br /> +Janszoon van Buiksloot, (Reyer)<br /> +Jansz(oon), Willem, Koopman<br /> +Jansz(oon), Willem, schipper<br /> +Jansz., (Willemtje)<br /> +Jonck, (Aucke Pieterszoon)<br /> +Jongh, (Wollebrand Geleynszoon De)<br /> +<br /> +Keppler, (Joannes)<br /> +Koos, (Jasper Janszoon),<br /> +Koster, (Jan)<br /> +<br /> +Lastman, (C. I.)<br /> +Ledoecker van Bil(?), (Pieter)<br /> +Leeuw (Arend Martensz. De)<br /> +Le Maire, (Jacques)<br /> +Linschoten, (Jan Huygen van)<br /> +Lintiens (Pieter)<br /> +Lijn, (Cornelis Van der)<br /> +<br /> +Maetsuyker, (Joan)<br /> +Melisz(oon), Dirk<br /> +Meulen, (Pieter Van der)<br /> +Miebaise, (Gilles)<br /> +<br /> +Nebbens, (Jan)<br /> +Nuijts, (Pieter)<br /> +<br /> +Peereboom, (Jacob Pieterszoon)<br /> +Pelsaert, (François)<br /> +Pieterszoon, (Pieter)<br /> +Pool, (Gerrit Thomaszoon)<br /> +Portugeezen,<br /> +Purry, (J. P.)<br /> +<br /> +Reael, (Laurens)<br /> +Roggeveen, (Jacob)<br /> +Rooseboom, (Andries)<br /> +Roosenbergh, (J. Van)<br /> +Roosendaal, (Roelof)<br /> +Rosingeyn, (Jan Lodewijkszoon)<br /> +Rumphius, (G. E.)<br /> +<br /> +Schouten, (Willem Corneliszoon)<br /> +Seebaer van Nieuwelant<br /> +Snijders, (Hendrik)<br /> +Spanjaarden<br /> +Speult, (Herman Van)<br /> +Staten-Generaal der Vereenigde Nederlanden<br /> +Steyn, (Jan)<br /> +Steyns, (Jan)<br /> +Swaardecroon, (Hendrik)<br /> +<br /> +Tasman, (Abel Janszoon)<br /> +Thijssen of Thijszoon, (François,)<br /> +Torres, (Luis Vaez de)<br /> +<br /> +Verschoor, (Jan Willemsen)<br /> +Victorszoon, (Victor)<br /> +Visscher, (Frans Jacobszoon)<br /> +Vlamingh, (Cornelis De)<br /> +Vlamingh, (Willem De)<br /> +Volckertsz(oon) (Samuel)<br /> +Voss, (Jan)<br /> +<br /> +Wall, (Jan Van der)<br /> +West-Indische Compagnie<br /> +Willemsz. van den Briel, (Jan)<br /> +Witsen, (Nicolaas Corneliszoon)<br /> +Witt, (Gerrit Frederikszoon De)<br /> +Wytfliet, (Cornelis)<br /> +<br /> +Zeeuw, (Jan Janszoon), 73-74. +</p> + +<p>{Page 103}</p> + +<h3>Index of Ships.</h3> + +<p class="noindent"> +Afrikaansche Galei, (De)<br /> +Amsterdam, (De)<br /> +Arend, (De)<br /> +Arnhem, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Batavia, (De)<br /> +Bracq, (De)<br /> +Buys, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Doradus, (De)<br /> +Dordrecht, (De)<br /> +Duifken (Het)<br /> +<br /> +Eendracht, (De), onder Dirk Hartogs<br /> +Eendracht, (De), onder Le Maire en Schouten<br /> +Elburg, (De)<br /> +Emeloord, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Galias, (De)<br /> +Geelvink, (De)<br /> +Goede Hoop, (De)<br /> +Gulden of Vergulden Draak, (De)<br /> +Gulden Zeepaard (Het)<br /> +<br /> +Haring, (De)<br /> +Hazewind, (De)<br /> +Heemskerk, (De)<br /> +Hoorn, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Klein-Amsterdam, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Leeuwerik, (De)<br /> +Leeuwin, (De)<br /> +Leiden, (De)<br /> +Limmen, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Mauritius, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Nova-Hollandia, (De)<br /> +Nijptang, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Pera, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Ridderschap van Holland<br /> +Rijder, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Texel (De)<br /> +Tienhoven, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Utrecht (De)<br /> +<br /> +Vianen, (Viane, Viana), De<br /> +Vink, (De)<br /> +Vliegende Zwaan, (De)<br /> +Vossenbosch, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Wakende Boei, (De)<br /> +Wapen van Amsterdam, (Het)<br /> +Wapen van Hoorn, (Het)<br /> +Waijer, (De)<br /> +Wezel, (De)<br /> +Wezeltje, (Het)<br /> +Witte Valk, (De)<br /> +<br /> +Zeehaen, (De)<br /> +Zeemeeuw, (De)<br /> +Zeewolf, ( De)<br /> +Zeewijk, (De) +</p> + +<p>{Page 104}</p> + +<h2>Index of localities.</h2> + +<p class="noindent"> +Abel Tasmans baai<br /> +Abel Tasman's passagie<br /> +Alofi<br /> +Alhier liggen, bergen<br /> +Arnhemsland<br /> +Asschenshoek<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Barrom-eilanden<br /> +Bass-Straat<br /> +Batavia's kerkhof<br /> +Batavia (Rivier)<br /> +Bathurst-eiland<br /> +Beach<br /> +Bedriegershoek<br /> +Boompjeshoek<br /> +Boscawen, zie Tafahi<br /> +Buyseiland<br /> +<br /> +Caap Falso, zie Valsche Kaap<br /> +Carpentaria (Golf van)<br /> +Carpentaria ('t Land van)<br /> +Carpentier, (Rivier De)<br /> +Ceram of de Papues (onzeker, uncertain)<br /> +Clappes Cust, zie Klapperkust<br /> +Coburg-schiereiland<br /> +Coen (Rivier)<br /> +<br /> +Dampier-archipel<br /> +Dedelsland<br /> +De Witt's land<br /> +Dirk Hartogseiland<br /> +Dirk Hartogsreede<br /> +Drie Bergen's bocht<br /> +Drooge bocht<br /> +Drooge eiland<br /> +Droge Hoek<br /> +Duivelsklip<br /> +Dundas-straat<br /> +<br /> +Eendrachtsland<br /> +Exmouth Gulf<br /> +<br /> +Fidji-groep<br /> +Fortuynshoek<br /> +Fotuna<br /> +Frederik Houtman (Klippen van), zie Houtmans Abrolhos<br /> +<br /> +Garden-island<br /> +Geographe Bay<br /> +Groote eiland (Het)<br /> +Groote vuile inbocht<br /> +<br /> +Hoefijzer-hoek<br /> +Hoek van Calmoerie<br /> +Hoek van Canthier<br /> +Hoek van Goede Hoop<br /> +Hoek van Onier<br /> +Hooge eiland (Het), aan Australië's Westkust. (High-island)<br /> +Hooge land van Carpentaria of Hoog eiland<br /> +Hoop (de Goede), zie Nino-fa.<br /> +Hoornsche eilanden, zie Fotuna en Alofi.<br /> +Houtmans Abrolhos (Houtman's Rocks)<br /> +<br /> +I. d'Edels landt, zie Dedelsland.<br /> +<br /> +Jacob Remessens (Remens- of Rommerrivier)<br /> +Jan Melcher's Hoek<br /> +Java (Mayor of Groot-)<br /> +Java (Zuidkust van)<br /> +<br /> +Kaap Van Diemen<br /> +Keerweer (Kaap) aan de Golf van Carpentaria<br /> +Keerweer (aan de Zuidwestkust van Nieuw-Guinea,)<br /> +Keppel, zie Niutabutabu.<br /> +Klapperkust<br /> +Kliphoek<br /> +Kokoseiland; zie Tafahi.<br /> +Konijnenberg<br /> +<br /> +Land van de Eendracht, zie Eendrachtsland.<br /> +Land van de Leeuwin<br /> +'t Land van Nova-Guinea<br /> +Land van Pieter Nuijts; zie Nuijtsland.<br /> +Leeuwin (Kaap)<br /> +Leeminnenhoek, zie Kaap Leeuwin.<br /> +Limmensbocht<br /> +Lucach<br /> +<br /> +Maarten Van Delft's baai<br /> +Maletur<br /> +Maria-eiland<br /> +Maria's Hoek<br /> +Maria's Land<br /> +Meeuwenrivier<br /> +Melville-baai<br /> +Melville-eiland<br /> +Mitchell River<br /> +Monte Bello-eilanden<br /> +Mornington-eiland<br /> +Mosselbaai<br /> +<br /> +Nassau (Rivier)<br /> +Nieuw-Guinea (Noordkust van)<br /> +Nieuw-Guinea of Nova Guinea (Zuidwestkust van)<br /> +Nieuw-Holland<br /> +Nieuw-Nederland<br /> +Nieuw-Zeeland<br /> +Nino-fa<br /> +Niutabutabu<br /> +Noordcust van Australië<br /> +Noordwestkust van Australië<br /> +Northwest Cape<br /> +Nova Hollandia<br /> +Nuijtsland<br /> +<br /> +Oostkust van Australië<br /> +Oranjehoek<br /> +Oranjerivier<br /> +<br /> +Paasch-eiland<br /> +Pantjallingshoek<br /> +Paumotoe-groep<br /> +Perth<br /> +Pieter Frederik's Hoek<br /> +Pieter Frederik's rivier<br /> +Prinses Marianne-straat<br /> +Prins Frederik Hendrik-eiland<br /> +Prins Wales-eiland<br /> +<br /> +Robben-eiland<br /> +Roode Hoek<br /> +Rooseboomshoek<br /> +Rottenest (Eiland)<br /> +Rustenburg<br /> +Rijders-eiland<br /> +Rijdershoek<br /> +Rijders Waterplaats<br /> +<br /> +Sarnoa-groep<br /> +Scherpe Hoek<br /> +Schrale Hoek<br /> +Sharks Bay<br /> +Sint François (Eiland)<br /> +Sint Pieter (Eiland)<br /> +Sneeuwbergen, (Mountains covered with snow)<br /> +Southland (see Zuidland).<br /> +Sp(e)ult, (Rivier Van)<br /> +Speultsland or -eiland (Van)<br /> +Statenland, zie Nieuw-Zeeland.<br /> +Staten-rivier<br /> +Steenbokskeerkring<br /> +Sweers-rivier<br /> +<br /> +Tafahi<br /> +Tasmanië<br /> +Terra Australis<br /> +Terra incognita<br /> +Tonga-groep<br /> +Toppershoedje<br /> +Torres-straat<br /> +Tortelduif-eiland (Turtle Dove island)<br /> +Triall (De)<br /> +<br /> +Valsche Bocht<br /> +Valsche Kaap<br /> +Valsche Westhoek<br /> +Van der Lijns-eiland, zie Groote eiland.<br /> +Van der Lijn's rivier<br /> +Van Diemens-golf<br /> +Van Diemensland<br /> +Van Diemens-land, zie Tasmanië<br /> +Van Diemen's rivier<br /> +Vereenigde rivier<br /> +Verraders-eiland, zie Niutabutabu.<br /> +Vlakke hoek<br /> +Vlaming-head<br /> +Vleermuis-eiland, (Het)<br /> +Vossenbos' ruige hoek<br /> +Vuile Bocht<br /> +Vuil eiland, viii.<br /> +Vuile Hoek (Foul point)<br /> +<br /> +Waterplaats<br /> +Waterplaats bij Van Diemensland, (Noordkust van Australië)<br /> +Waterplaats (10° 50')<br /> +Waterplaats (12° Z.B. en 160 1/3° O.L.)<br /> +Waterplaats (12° 33')<br /> +Waterplaats (15° 30')<br /> +Waijershoek<br /> +Wessel-eiland<br /> +Westeinde van Nova Guinea<br /> +Westkust van Australië<br /> +Willems-rivier<br /> +Witte Hoek<br /> +W. Sweers'hoek<br /> +<br /> +York, (Schiereiland, Peninsula)<br /> +<br /> +Zuidland, (Het)<br /> +Zuidwestkust van Australië<br /> +Zuidzee, (De)<br /> +Zwanerivier +</p> + +<h3>THE END</h3> + +<hr /> + +<p><a name="reynders"></a></p> + +<h4>17th Century Dutch Surnames<br /> +by<br /> +Peter Reynders,<br /> +September 2004.</h4> + +<blockquote><p>Surnames, in the meaning of family names, were +relatively uncommon in the United Provinces (Holland) in the +sixteenth and early seventeenth century. Most people identified +themselves using patronymics--a reference to the first name of +their father--as a second name. They were registered as such at +birth. Willem Janszoon would have been the son of Jan (i.e. Jan's +zoon). If Willem J. had a son called Thomas he would have been +registered as Thomas Willemszoon. Because it was unwieldy to +spell the full patronymic, it was common practice to abbreviate +written names by omitting the 'oon' and adding an abbreviation +point, Jansz., or by using the so called internal abbreviation +Janszn without such point. The name was however always pronounced +in full and generally still is in the Netherlands where this bit +of common knowledge is taught at school. +</p> + +<p>Therefore when writing for readers in the English speaking +world where this kind of abbreviation is not recognized as such, +we should always write the name in full, Janszoon, Jacobszoon, +Bastiaenszoon, etc., when referring to people of that period. If +we do not, we cause the person to be known by another name one +syllable shorter in the English speaking world. We inadvertently +mislead.</p> + +<p>Jansz, Jansen, Janssen, Janzen etc are known as petrified (or +frozen) patronymics and were derived from Janszoon when it became +more common (and under Napoleon legally compulsory) to have a +family name. These are the surnames that still exist today; +Janszoon is not in use any more, but for one family. The shorter +unabbreviated name Jansz therefore is typically NOT a name from +the early 17th century.</p> + +<p>Historians in Australia, unaware of this bit of linguistic inside +information, have faithfully copied abbreviated names from 17th century +documents and subsequent publications, often without the abbreviation +point and as a result the family names such as Jansz, Jansen, Jantsen, +etc. were widely used to indicate Australia's first recorded European +mariner. There seems to be an effort being made today by those in the +know, including by people of the State Library of NSW, the Duyfken Replica +Foundation, the VOC Historical Society, Australia on the Map 1606-2006, +etc., to call the gentleman in question (Willem) Janszoon with two +syllables including in writing. And it is catching on as it is not hard +to understand how this 'Jansz error' crept into Australian history.</p> + +<p>Some publishers of English historical literature when +correctly presented by authors with text containing these +patronymics with the abbreviation point added, have simply +removed the points arguing that this 'full stop' in the middle of +sentences is confusing for the English reader, thereby wrongly +embedding the abbreviated name as the real one in the readers' +minds. This happened for example with the text of "Batavia's +Graveyard" according the Cambridge educated historian Mike Dash, +its author. This is the more reason to write the full name in the +first place.</p> + +<p>The message therefore is simple: do not use abbreviated +patronymics when writing, in English, about 16th and 17th century +Dutchmen and nobody will be confused. +</p> +</blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERY OF AUSTRALIA ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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