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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The German Element in Brazil, by Benjamin
+Franklin Schappelle
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The German Element in Brazil
+       Colonies and Dialect
+
+
+Author: Benjamin Franklin Schappelle
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 20, 2005  [eBook #17361]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL***
+
+
+E-text prepared by David Starner, Ralph Janke, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/)
+
+
+
+Note:
+   Text in the original formatted in italic is maked as _italic_.
+   Text in the original formatted in bold is marked as =bold=.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL
+
+Colonies and Dialect
+
+by
+
+BENJAMIN FRANKLIN SCHAPPELLE, Ph.D.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Americana Germanica
+Number 26
+Americana Germanica Press
+Philadelphia
+1917
+Copyright[TN1] 1917
+by
+Benjamin Franklin Schappelle.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Americana Germanica
+Monographs Devoted to the Comparative Study of the Literary, Linguistic
+and Other Cultural Relations of Germany and America
+
+Editor
+Marion Dexter Learned
+University of Pennsylvania
+
+XXVI. THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL
+COLONIES AND DIALECT
+
+_(See List at the End of the Book)_
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED
+TO
+JOSEPH G. ROSENGARTEN, LL.D.
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+Lied der Deutschbrasilianer
+
+Preface
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE COLONIES. HISTORY AND LOCATION.
+
+The First Settlers
+
+COLONIZATION IN INDIVIDUAL STATES.
+
+Introductory Remarks
+  Bahia
+  Minas Geraes
+  Espirito Santo
+  Rio de Janeiro
+  Sao Paulo
+  Parana
+  Santa Catharina
+  Rio Grande do Sul
+
+The Total Number of Germans in Brazil
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN DIALECT.
+
+Underlying Basis of the Dialect
+
+Brazilian German Word Forms
+  Surnames
+  Baptismal Names
+  Terms of Family Relationship in Titles
+
+EXAMPLES FROM BRAZILIAN GERMAN DOCUMENTS.
+
+The Written Language
+
+The Spoken Language
+
+Introduction to Glossary
+
+Glossary
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+The Brazilian German Press
+  Almanacs
+  Newspapers
+
+Bibliography
+
+
+
+
+LIED DER DEUTSCHBRASILIANER.
+
+      Rein wie hoch am Himmelsbogen
+    Unsrer Heimat Sterne stehn.
+    Maechtig, wie die Meereswogen
+    Gegen unsre Kueste gehn,
+    Soll der Heimat Sang uns dringen
+    Aus der treuen Brust hervor,
+    Soll Brasiliens Preis erklingen
+    Aus dem deutschen Maennerchor.
+
+      Fuelle liegt auf deinen Fluren,
+    Gottgesegnet Vaterland;
+    Leuchtend zeigst du noch die Spuren
+    Von des Schoepfers Meisterhand:
+    In des Mittags blauen Fernen
+    Wo die goldne Sonnenpracht,
+    Mit des Himmels schoensten Sternen
+    Schmuekt sie funkelnd deine Nacht.
+
+      Deine fruchtgetraenkte Erde
+    Gibt uns Mut zu frischem Tun,
+    Gibt uns Muesse, um am Herde
+    Sonder Sorge auszuruhn.
+    Aus des Bodens Scholle ziehen
+    Wir des Lebens bestes Mark,
+    Aus des Bodens Kraft erbluehen
+    Die Geschlechter frei und stark.
+
+      Lasst uns schaffen mit der Staerke
+    Dessen, der die Heimat liebt,
+    Lasst uns beten, dass zum Werke
+    Gott uns das Gedeihen gibt!
+    Ewig heilig, ewig teuer
+    Bleibest du dem deutschen Lied,
+    Heimatland, in dem das Feuer
+    Unsres Herdes gastlich glueht.
+
+O. Meyer in _Uhle's Kalender_ for 1916.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+The primary purpose of this work is to give an idea of the dialect which
+has been developed by the German-speaking element in Brazil.
+
+As comparatively little is known by the English-speaking public
+concerning the history, location and relative importance of the German
+element in Brazil (judging from extant English publications referring to
+the subject), the main part of the work has been preceded by a chapter
+dealing with these particular phases. This first chapter is also
+intended to prepare the reader to form a reasonable estimate of the
+comparative importance and extent of the dialect under discussion in the
+main part of the work.
+
+In connection with this study the author is particularly indebted to the
+well-known authority on German American cultural relations and
+conditions, Professor Marion Dexter Learned, of the University of
+Pennsylvania. It was at his suggestion and under his constant help and
+advice that the plan was carried out.
+
+While on a trip of investigation in Brazil the writer was furnished
+important information and material by Friedrich Sommer, _Direktor_ of
+the "Banco Allemao Transatlantico" of Sao Paulo; Henrique Bamberg of Sao
+Paulo; Otto Specht, _Chefe da Seccao de Publicidade e Bibliotheca_ of
+the "Secretaria da Agricultura" of Sao Paulo; Johann Potucek,
+Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba; J.B. Hafkemeyer, S.J., of the
+"Collegio Anchieta," Porto Alegre; G.A. Buechler of the "Neue Schule,"
+Blumenau; Cleto Espey, O.F.M., of the "Collegio St. Antonio," Blumenau;
+E. Bloch, _Engenheiro Chefe da Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina,_
+Itajahy; Nikolaus Dechent, _Direktor_ of the "Deutsche Schule,"
+Joinville; Petrus Sinzig, O.F.M., of the "Convento dos Franciscanos,"
+Petropolis; Edmondo Hees, Editor of the "Nachrichten," Petropolis;
+Pastor Fr. L. Hoepffner of the "Deutsch-Evangelische Gemeinde," Rio de
+Janeiro; W. Muenzenthaler, _Kaiserlicher General-Konsul,_ Rio de Janeiro;
+and Heinrich Lotz, _Kgl. Bezirksgeologe a.D._, Berlin.
+
+Special thanks are also due to Professor D.B. Shumway, of the
+University of Pennsylvania, for valuable suggestions and assistance in
+the final arrangement of the manuscript.
+
+The above-mentioned persons are in no wise responsible for any errors
+which may appear in the text.
+
+
+
+
+=CHAPTER I.=
+
+
+THE COLONIES. HISTORY AND LOCATION.
+
+
+THE FIRST SETTLERS.
+
+The first reference to German settlers in Brazil we have from the pen of
+Hans Stade of Homberg in Hessen. Stade made two trips to Brazil; one in
+1547 and one in 1549. In the latter instance he was shipwrecked but
+succeeded in landing safely near the present port of Santos in the state
+of Sao Paulo. As he was a skilled artillerist the Portuguese made him
+commander of the fort Bertioga, the ruins of which are an interesting
+landmark to this day. Later Stade spent several most trying years as the
+captive of a cannibalistic tribe.
+
+After his return to Germany, Stade published an account of his
+experiences. The first edition entitled "_Wahrhafftige Historia unnd
+beschreibung einer landschafft der Wilden, Nacketen, Grimmigen,
+Menschfresser Leuthen in der Newen Welt America gelegen, ..._" appeared
+at Marburg in 1557.[1] In this work Stade refers to two of his
+fellow-countrymen located in Brazil; the one Heliodorus Eoban of Hessen,
+who had charge of a sugar-refinery on the island of Sao Vicente (near
+Santos); the other Peter Roesel, who was located in Rio de Janeiro as the
+representative for a business firm of Antdorff.[2]
+
+Next we come to Manuel Beckmann, the son of a German who had located in
+Lisbon. He is known in history as Manoel Bequimao and was the leader in
+the Maranhao revolution of 1684. This uprising, altho it came to grief,
+may be regarded as the first of a long series of protests against the
+home government resulting in the declaration of the independence of
+Brazil on the field at Ypiranga, September 2d, 1822. Beckmann died a
+martyr's death at Rio on November 2, 1685. His younger brother, Thomas
+Beckmann, who had also taken part in the revolution, was acquitted.[3]
+
+In the 18th-century there was another important German figure in
+Brazilian history; that of Lieutenant-General Johann Heinrich von Boehm.
+It was von Boehm who, at the head of Portuguese troops, recaptured the
+city of Rio Grande in Rio Grande do Sul from the Spaniards in 1777.[4]
+Von Boehm was assisted by two other German officers, i.e., the Count of
+Lippe and Marschal Funk. These three characters were in a sense the
+forerunners of the German battalions brought into Brazil by the First
+Empire in the early part of the following century.
+
+The first colonization of importance by Germans in Brazil did not take
+place until the early part of the 19th century. Beginning with that
+century there was a steady stream of non-Portuguese settlers into the
+country, and of these the Germans formed an important part.
+
+
+COLONIZATION IN INDIVIDUAL STATES.
+
+
+_Introductory Remarks._
+
+The following is a resume of the German colonies[5] in Brazil and a
+brief introduction to their history.
+
+For the sake of convenience, the colonies have been divided:
+
+First; according to the states in which they are located.
+
+Second; according to the date of founding.
+
+Third; according to the kind of colony administratively at the time of
+founding. As to this they fall under three categories:
+
+a) Private colonies, i.e., founded by a private individual or
+corporation.
+
+b) Provincial colonies, i.e., founded by a particular state or former
+province.
+
+c) State colonies, i.e., founded by the central government, whether
+during the time of the Empire[6] or since the formation of the Republic.
+
+The word _German_ as applied to colonists refers only to natives of
+Germany who became naturalized citizens of Brazil and to Brazilians of
+German extraction.
+
+Colonies located within the confines of other German colonies (_e.g.,_
+Hansa, Sao Bento _etc._) are not listed.
+
+_Direct immigration_ signifies immigration from Europe.
+
+_Indirect immigration_ signifies immigration from a South American
+country bordering on Brazil; immigration from another Brazilian state;
+or from another colony within the same state.
+
+Numerical statistics concerning individual colonies have been avoided
+except in a few cases where they are of sufficient comparative
+importance to be noted in a work of this scope.
+
+All the colonies coming in consideration (excepting some of those
+founded since 1890) have been "emancipated," _i.e.,_ they no longer
+receive special aid from, the government and their special colonial
+directorates have been abolished.
+
+The states of Brazil which are important so far as German colonization
+is concerned are Bahia, Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
+(Federal District), Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do
+Sul.[7] This is the geographical order from north to south and the one
+according to which they will be taken up.
+
+
+BAHIA.
+
+In this state is located the first German colony founded in Brazil. It
+is =Leopoldina=, started as a private undertaking by Busch, Reycke and
+Freireiss in 1818.[8]
+
+=Frankenthal=, another private colony, was founded in 1822 by Peter
+Weyll and Saueracker.[9]
+
+Of all the states mentioned, Bahia is the least important so far as
+German colonization is concerned. This is largely due to the fact that
+its climate is too tropical to favor such colonization oft an extended
+scale.
+
+
+MINAS GERAES.
+
+The private colony =Theophilo Ottoni=,[10] in the north-eastern part of
+the state was founded by a German stock-company in 1851.
+
+Recent state colonies where Germans form a considerable part of the
+population are =Nova Baden, Francisco Salles, Itajuba, Joao Pinheiro,
+Constanca, Vargem Grande,= and =Rodrigo Sylva=.[11]
+
+Germans form a considerable part of the population of the capital of the
+state (Bello Horizonte) and of the important city of Juiz da Fora.
+
+
+ESPIRITO SANTO.
+
+The state colony =Santa Izabel= was founded in 1847. The first settlers
+were composed chiefly of Rhenish Prussians.
+
+=Santa Leopoldina=, another state colony, was founded in 1857. A
+suggestion as to the origin of the first settlers is offered by the
+names of the different districts into which the colony was first
+divided; _viz._; Schweiz, Sachsen, Pommern, Rheinland, Tirol and
+Holland.
+
+The two above-mentioned are the most northern of the important German
+colonies in Brazil to-day.
+
+
+RIO DE JANEIRO (Federal District).
+
+=Nova Friburgo=, the oldest state colony in Brazil, was founded in 1819.
+The first settlers were Swiss, but since Germans immediately followed
+them and formed the larger part of the subsequent influx, Nova Friburgo
+is properly classed as a German colony.
+
+=Petropolis= was made a state colony in 1845. In reality it had its
+origin as a German colony in 1838. The first settlers were German
+emigrants originally bound not for Brazil but for Sydney, Australia. On
+account of the bad treatment they received on the French sailing vessel
+"Justine" they revolted and compelled the captain to land them at Rio de
+Janeiro on December 2d, 1837. Here the Brazilian Imperial Government
+assisted them and at the suggestion of Major Julius Friedrich
+Koehler[12] gave them employment on the construction of the Serra road
+between Estrella, located a short distance above Rio, and Parahyba do
+Sul, located near the border between the Federal District and Minas
+Geraes. They formed their settlement at what later became Petropolis. On
+account of the satisfaction which the government found in these
+immigrants it turned the settlement into a state colony in 1845, as
+above mentioned.
+
+As in the case of Santa Leopolidina, the origin of individual groups of
+colonists to Petropolis is indicated by the names of some of the
+sections into which the colony was divided, _viz.,_ Bingen, Ingelheim,
+Moselthal, Nassau, Westphalen, Unteres-Rheinthal, Mittleres-Rheinthal,
+Simmern, Castellaunerthal, Untere Pfalz, Obere Pfalz, Oberes Rheinthal,
+Woestaedterthal, Schweizerthal, Wormserthal, Darmstaedterthal, etc.
+
+Since 1850 there has been but little German immigration into the
+Petropolis colony. On the other hand, this particular colony has been a
+rich source for indirect German immigration into the more southern
+states.
+
+Among the recent state colonies of Rio de Janeiro that of =Visconde de
+Maua= is largely populated by Germans.[13]
+
+
+SAO PAULO.
+
+The oldest German settlements in the state are the provincial colonies
+founded in 1827. On November 13th of that year the first levy of
+settlers, all South Germans, landed at Santos. These were apportioned
+into two colonies; one located at _Santo Amaro_ and the other between
+Penha and Nossa Senhora dos Garulhos.
+
+The provincial colony of =Quilombo=, located between Itapecerica and
+Contia, was founded in 1828.[14]
+
+In 1847 the private colonies of =Ybicaba= and =Angelica= were founded by
+the Senador Vergueiro. They were put on the basis of _meiacao_,[15] the
+later abuse of which, by others than Vergueiro, paved the way for the
+famous Heydt rescript[16] of November 3d, 1859.
+
+In the following more recently established provincial colonies the
+population is largely made up of German settlers: =Campos Salles=,
+founded in 1897; =Jorge Tibirica=, founded in 1905; =Nova Europa=,
+founded in 1907; and =Bandeirantes=, founded in 1908. In addition to
+these, the provincial colonies of =Moncao= and =Pariquera Assu= also
+contain important quotas of Germans.
+
+In the state of Sao Paulo the Germans form to-day an urban rather than a
+rural population. They are very strongly represented in Sao Paulo (the
+capital), Campinas and Santos. The following towns and their vicinities
+are also important centers of German population: Riberao Pires, Sao
+Bernardo, Rocinha, Vallinhos, Helvetia, Nova Friburgo, Salto de Ytu,
+Sorocaba, Botucatu, Riberao Preto, Sao Joao da Boa Vista, Villa
+Americana, Pires, Araras, Leme, Rio Claro, Sao Carlos do Pinhal, Santa
+Rita do Passo Quatro, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, Brotas, Dous Corregos,
+Jahu, Villa Raffard, Piracicaba, and Jacarehy.[17]
+
+Excepting the older colonies first mentioned, the German element in Sao
+Paulo is largely made up as the result of indirect immigration; in the
+early years from the Petropolis district, and later from the more
+southern states and from Argentine.
+
+
+PARANA.
+
+The state colony of =Rio Negro= was founded in 1829[18] while this
+section of Brazil was still within the limits of Sao Paulo.[19] Shortly
+after its founding the colony was increased by the location of members
+of the mustered-out German legion of the Imperial army.[20] Subsequently
+many settlers from the Sao Bento district in Santa Catharina moved over
+to this colony.
+
+The following provincial colonies are settled largely by Germans or
+German-speaking Austrians: =Jesuino Marcondes, Ivahy, Iraty,= all
+founded in 1907; =Itapara= and =Tayo=, both founded in 1908; and =Vera
+Guarany=, founded in 1909.[21]
+
+By far the most important center for Germans in the state is the
+capital, Curityba. There are some 12,000 German-speaking residents in
+this city. In addition, a large number are located in the important
+cities of Lapa, Ponta Grossa, Porto da Uniao and Castro.[22]
+
+A large part of the German element in Parana is due to indirect
+immigration from Santa Catharina.
+
+
+SANTA CATHARINA.
+
+=Sao Pedro de Alcantara=, a state colony, was founded in 1828.[23] Its
+first settlers came mainly from the Rhine district.
+
+=Itajahy=[24] and =Santa Izabel=, two other state colonies were founded
+in 1835 and 1846 respectively.
+
+=Blumenau=, a private colony (originally), was founded in 1850 by Dr.
+Hermann Blumenau.[25] The first settlers were mainly natives of
+Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Blumenau is the most widely known (largely
+because of its German name) and one of the most important German
+colonies in Brazil to-day. According to Carvalho "Blumenau constitue
+dans l'Amerique du Sud le type le plus parfait de la colonisation
+europeenne."[26] The area of the "municipio"[27] covers 10,725 square
+kilometers and is populated by about 60,000 inhabitants, the great
+majority of whom are of German descent.[28] The "Stadtplatz"[29] is
+composed mainly of one street 5-1/2 kilometers in length (including
+Altona) and is most beautifully situated on the right bank of the river
+Itajahy-Assu. It contains about 3,000 inhabitants, nearly all of whom
+are Germans.
+
+=Dona Francisca= was founded in 1851 as a private colony by the
+"Hamburger Kolonisationsverein von 1849." It comprises the territory
+given as a marriage dot by Dom Pedro II. to his sister, Dona Francisca,
+at the time of her marriage to the Prince of Joinville of the French
+House of Orleans. The "Stadtplatz" of the colony was named Joinville in
+honor of the prince.
+
+Dona Francisca was founded under favorable circumstances at a time when
+many Germans, including members of the "upper classes" were leaving the
+Fatherland on account of the general political discontent during the
+latter part of the forties of the past century. This fact is reflected
+in the German language as spoken in Joinville to-day. It is perhaps more
+free from dialect than in any other German colony in Brazil. The
+general cultural status of the inhabitants of Germanic origin is
+relatively high.
+
+The entire colony (municipio) of Dona Francisca contains more than
+30,000 inhabitants; the "Stadtplatz" about 6,000. In both, the
+inhabitants of Germanic origin form the great majority.
+
+The colony of =Brusque=[30] was founded in 1860. Its early colonists
+were composed largely of former inhabitants of the Rheinland,
+Westphalia, Oldenburg and Baden. Next to Blumenau and Dona Francisca,
+Brusque is to-day the most important German colony in Santa Catharina.
+
+In the territory not included in the "municipios" mentioned above, the
+larger part of the inhabitants of the following centers are of German
+descent: Angelina and Santa Thereza, both founded in 1853; Therezopolis,
+founded in 1860; Palhoca, Braco do Norte and Pedras Grandes.
+
+Important numbers of Germans are located along the following rivers of
+Santa Catharina: Rio Itajahy do Sul; Rio das Tijucas; Rio Braco do
+Norte; and Rio Capivary.[31]
+
+In point of numbers, Santa Catharina is next to the most important state
+in Brazil so far as German colonization is concerned.
+
+
+RIO GRANDE DO SUL.
+
+=Sao Leopoldo=, a state colony, was founded in 1824. The first settlers
+came from the Hunsrueck section. To-day its population is estimated at
+more than 50,000, mostly of German descent.[32] We may designate Sao
+Leopoldo as the center of the "Deutschbrasilianerthum" of Rio Grande do
+Sul.
+
+The state colonies of =Tres Forquilhas= and =Sao Pedro de Alcantara das
+Torres= were founded in 1826. The former was settled by German
+Protestants, the latter by German Catholics.
+
+=Santa Cruz=, a state colony, was founded in 1849. Its first settlers
+were mainly from Pomerania and the Rheinland.
+
+Next in order there followed an important period of private
+colonization. As a result of this we have =Rincao d'El Rei=, founded in
+1850 by Dr. Israel R. Barcellos; =Mundo Novo=, founded in 1850 by
+Tristao Jose Monteiro; =Conventos=, founded in 1853 by Baptista F.
+Pereira e Cie.; =Estrella=, founded in 1856 by Santos Pinto; =Mariante=,
+founded in 1856; and =Marata= founded in 1856 by Andreas Kochenborger
+and Pedro Schreiner.
+
+In the year 1857 two provincial colonies were founded, i.e., =Santo
+Angelo= and =Nova Petropolis=.
+
+The year 1858 marked the second period of private colonization. In that
+year =Sao Lourenco= was founded by Jakob Rheingantz. The first settlers
+of this colony were Pomeranians and natives of the Rheinland. In the
+same year =Teutonia= was founded by a group of capitalists of Porto
+Alegre.[33]
+
+The last period of strictly provincial colonization is marked by the
+founding of =Monte Alverne= in 1859 and of =Sao Feliciano= in 1867.
+
+In the most recent period a number of colonies supported by both the
+state and central governments have been founded. Of these the following
+have been settled largely by Germans; =Guarany=, founded in 1891;
+=Ijuhy=,[34] founded in 1891; and =Erechim=, founded in 1909.[35] In
+addition, Dr. Hermann Meyer's private colonies of =Xingu= and =Neu
+Wuerttemberg= were founded in this period; the former in 1897 and the
+latter in 1899.
+
+The German element is very strongly represented in the important cities
+of Porto Alegre and Pelotas as well as in the "municipios" of Sao Joao
+de Montenegro, Sao Sebastiao do Cahy (now includes Nova Petropolis),
+Venancio Ayres, Lageado, Taquara, Cruz Alta and Palmeiro.
+
+Rio Grande do Sul has a much larger population of German descent than
+any other state in Brazil. The main reason why so many Germans settled
+in this state we may attribute to the climatic conditions which are here
+more favorable to Germanic peoples than in any other section of the
+country.
+
+
+AN ESTIMATE AS TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF GERMANS IN BRAZIL.
+
+It is impossible to make an exact statement as to the total number of
+Germans in the country. The reasons for this are not far to seek. The
+fact that an accurate census for Brazil does not exist is not surprising
+when we consider the enormous expanse of territory.[36] The greater part
+of this is but sparsely settled and largely covered with primeval
+forests. Official statistics, where they do exist are apt to have been
+carelessly compiled and often are entirely untrustworthy, "Paciencia,"
+has been the watchword here as well as throughout all other walks of
+life in Brazil.
+
+If we restrict ourselves to estimate, among the total of Brazilian
+citizens, those of any particular European origin, the difficulty
+increases. Here the census reports offer practically no help because all
+persons are listed simply as Brazilians, no reference being made as to
+their origin.
+
+The primary sources in making up the estimates are furnished by the
+immigration reports as they are found in the "Ministerio da Agricultura"
+in Rio and the "Secretaria da Agricultura" of several individual states.
+Even here the statistics are inadequate for our purpose. As a rule only
+such colonists as came in third class on ships from Europe are
+listed.[37] In addition, it is impossible to determine how many
+colonists came by land (indirect immigration) from adjoining South
+American countries such, as Uruguay, Paraguay or Argentine.
+
+The secondary sources, and the ones which in this instance are most
+valuable, are embodied in the estimates of former colonial directors and
+other officials, as well as private persons having first hand knowledge
+concerning the different European elements in Brazil.
+
+The official data offered by the Bureau of Statistics of the "Ministerio
+da Agricultura" in Rio concerning immigration directly from Europe
+begins with the year 1820. That concerning immigration from Germany in
+particular begins with 1827. Official figures are available as to the
+number of immigrants from Germany from that date to the present
+excepting the years 1830-1836 inclusive, 1838, 1839, 1843, 1844, 1846,
+1848 and 1849. The total is 128,233 up to the end of the year 1915.[38]
+
+In order to determine the approximate numerical value of the German
+element in the population of Brazil, many estimates worthy of
+consideration have been compared. The estimates which in the opinion of
+the writer have the strongest claim to accuracy, are listed below. As
+will be seen, those determined upon by Friedrich Sommer, _Direktor_ of
+the "Banco Allemao Transatlantico" of Sao Paulo are largely followed.
+This authority has for years been making a careful study of the subject
+and consequently his conclusions bear particular weight.
+
+Taking up the states in the order as previously, we have:
+
+    Bahia. No reliable estimates except as contained below
+    in "Northern and Central States."
+
+    Minas Geraes...............   5,000.  Sommer.
+    Espirito Santo.............  25,000.  Ludwig[39]
+    Rio (Fed. Dist.)...........  18,000.  Sommer.
+    Sao Paulo..................  32,000.  Ibid.
+    Parana ....................  35,000.  Ibid.
+    Santa Catharina............ 100,000.  Mueller von Koenigswinter
+    Rio Grande do Sul.......... 250,000.  Ibid.
+    Northern and Central States
+      (including Bahia)........  10,000.  Sommer.
+                                ________
+    Total...................... 475,000.
+
+Making a fairly liberal allowance for underestimates, we may regard the
+number 500,000 as representing the total number of citizens of German
+descent in Brazil to-day.[40]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: _V._ Tootal, p. XCV.]
+
+[Footnote 2: _V._ Kluepfel, pp. 121 and 162.]
+
+[Footnote 3: _Cf._ Sommer: "Manoel Beckmann." _German American Annals._
+New Series. Vol. 14, Nos. 5 and 6, 1916, pp. 189-196. Also Pereira da
+Silva: _Quadros_.... p. 111.]
+
+[Footnote 4: _V._ Ludwig, p. 27.]
+
+[Footnote 5: It is emphasized that only colonies (state, provincial, or
+private) in which the German element forms an important part of the
+population are noted.]
+
+[Footnote 6: These are commonly designated as "Imperial Colonies."]
+
+[Footnote 7: A comparatively very small number of Germans are located in
+the northern and western states of Brazil. They primarily follow
+business or professional careers and can hardly be classed as settlers.
+Consequently they do not come in consideration in this work.]
+
+[Footnote 8: _Cf._ Sellin, _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien_, Vol. II, p. 80.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Formerly called "Philadelphia."]
+
+[Footnote 11: _Cf._ Report of Pedro Rache, _Inspector do Servico de
+Povoamento_, in _Relatorio._]
+
+[Footnote 12: Koehler was born in Mainz in 1810. At the age of 23 he
+went to Brazil and soon became a naturalized citizen of the country. He
+entered the government service and was promoted to the rank of major in
+the engineering corps in 1842. Died in Petropolis in 1847.]
+
+[Footnote 13: _Cf._ report of the inspector Antonio Ribeiro de Castro
+Sobrinho in _Relatorio._]
+
+[Footnote 14: _V._ Marcondes de Souza: _O Estado de Sao Paulo_, p. 195.
+_Cf._ statement by Ernst Heinke in _Jahrbuch, Erstes_ ..., p. 250.]
+
+[Footnote 15: I.e., lease of a section of land for the return of
+one-half of the yearly products.]
+
+[Footnote 16: A Prussian ministerial decree (also adopted by other
+German states) forbidding the emigration of German citizens to Brazil.
+In 1896 it was revoked for the three most southern states of Brazil,
+i.e., Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina and Parana.]
+
+[Footnote 17: _Cf._ statements by C.F. Scheler in _Jahrbuch, Erstes_
+..., p. 175 ff.]
+
+
+[Footnote 18: In 1828 according to Grossi, p. 168.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Parana was separated from Sao Paulo in 1853.]
+
+[Footnote 20: _V._ Sellin, _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien_, Vol. II, p.
+111.]
+
+[Footnote 21: _Cf._ report of the inspector Manoel F. Ferreira Correia
+in _Relatorio._]
+
+[Footnote 22: Information furnished by Johann Potucek,
+Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba.]
+
+[Footnote 23: This is commonly referred to as the first colony in Santa
+Catharina. However, Grossi (p. 168) refers to a _Colonia Alemao o
+Conselheiro Pedreira_ (state colony) founded in 1827.]
+
+[Footnote 24: Lacmann (p. 8) states that _Gross Itajahy_ was founded in
+1829.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Born 1819 at Hasselfelde in Braunschweig. Specialized in
+pharmacy. In 1849 came to Brazil and laid out plans for a colony. From
+1850 to 1880 he was primarily occupied in directing the colony which
+bears his name. This colony was emancipated in 1880, but Dr. Blumenau
+remained on the scene of his former activities until 1884, when he
+returned to Germany. Died 1898.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _V. Le Bresil Meridional,_ p. 309.]
+
+[Footnote 27: The term "municipio" denotes a city or town together with
+the surrounding districts coming under the same jurisdiction; frequently
+(as used in this work) an emancipated colony.]
+
+[Footnote 28: According to census of 1907 and calculations to date
+(September, 1916) in the archives at Blumenau.]
+
+[Footnote 29: The term "Stadtplatz" as used by the colonists designates
+the seat or governmental center of a particular colony. Portuguese
+"sede."]
+
+[Footnote 30: So named in honor of the president of the state at the
+time, Dr. Araujo Brusque.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Information furnished by E. Bloch, _Engenheiro Chefe da
+Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina._]
+
+[Footnote 32: Grossi, p. 162.]
+
+[Footnote 33: _Cf._ Ludwig, p. 84.]
+
+[Footnote 34: A particularly strong current of German settlers has in
+recent years been moving into Ijuhy, mostly by indirect immigration.]
+
+[Footnote 35: _Cf._ report of the inspector C. Lila da Silveira in
+_Relatorio_.]
+
+[Footnote 36: About equal to that of the United States without the
+colonies and Alaska, but with the state of Texas doubled.]
+
+[Footnote 37: The study of emigration reports in European archives does
+not help us much because by no means did all persons listed as emigrants
+for Brazil finally arrive in the latter country.]
+
+[Footnote 38: In order to enable the reader to put a correct valuation
+on the popular bugaboo, the "perigo allemao" (German peril), the
+following facts are noted by way of comparison:
+
+According to the statistics above referred to, the German immigrants
+occupy fourth place in point of numbers for the period 1820-1915,
+inclusive. They are superseded by:
+
+     a) Italians. First mentioned in the records 1836.
+        Total to 1862....................................       209
+        Total to and including 1915...................... 1,348,777
+
+     b) Portuguese. First noted in 1837.
+        Total to and including 1915......................   977,524
+
+     c) Spaniards. First noted 1841.
+        Total to 1868....................................       274
+        Total to and including 1915......................   470,107]
+
+[Footnote 39: Dr. Ernst Wagemann, of the Kolonialinstitut, Hamburg,
+recently estimated the German population of Espirito Santo at
+20,000-30,000, according to statements by W. Muenzenthaler, German
+Consular-General in Rio.]
+
+[Footnote 40: The above estimates refer to conditions at the end of
+1915. The estimate for the total population of the country for that year
+was 23,000,000.]
+
+
+
+
+=CHAPTER II.=
+
+
+THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN DIALECT.
+
+
+THE UNDERLYING BASIS AND REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE DIALECT.
+
+As may be inferred from chapter I, the German immigration into Brazil
+antedating the nineteenth century was quite insignificant. Beginning
+with the early years of that century, however, there was a steady
+current of new settlers from the German-speaking sections of Europe into
+the southern part of the country. The people who made up this current
+settled, particularly during the early years, in small, widely separated
+colonial nuclei where they found themselves more or less thoroughly cut
+off from the outside world and its influences. It is not surprising,
+therefore, to find that these people have developed a new dialect which
+we may call "Brazilian German."
+
+The Germanic settlers from Europe who had come to Brazil found
+themselves located in surroundings radically different from the ones to
+which they had been accustomed in the land of their nativity. Physically
+they had to adapt themselves to a new climate. From the moment of their
+arrival on the parcel of land allotted to them they were in contact with
+many objects for which their mother tongue offered no designation. The
+animals, plants, insects and even the agricultural implements in the new
+home land had, to a large extent, names for which the German language
+offered no equivalent. As a result, many non-germanic words had to be
+immediately adopted.
+
+In reference to the older colonies, the German-speaking immigrants from
+any particular section of Germany, Switzerland or Austria would more or
+less settle in a particular section of Brazil. Thus we have Petropolis
+in Rio de Janeiro settled by former inhabitants of the Coblenz district
+and Blumenau in Santa Catharina settled largely by Pomeranians. In a
+general way it may be stated that the older colonies were in this
+respect relatively homogenious, while those founded since the middle of
+the past century drew their settlers to a larger extent from different
+German-speaking sections of Europe.
+
+The settlers, largely drawn from the agricultural class, naturally
+brought with them from Europe a variety of German dialects. These were
+more or less preserved depending on the relative isolation of the
+colonies. In cases where a considerable and constant influx of settlers
+either by direct or indirect immigration was kept up after the first
+years of the history of any particular colony the original dialect
+largely gave way to a modified form of High German, due primarily to the
+normalizing influence of the German school and church. Such is the case
+in the "Stadtplaetze"[41] of Dona Francisca, Blumenau, Santa Cruz and Sao
+Lourenco.
+
+The preceding statements are intended to present, as it were, the
+background or basis on which the new dialect was developed. We now come
+to the most potent influence in the formation of that dialect. It is the
+Brazilian Portuguese, a language which has no connection with the
+Germanic group. In this point, therefore, our case differs radically
+from that of the student of the German dialects which have been
+developed in North America.
+
+The degree of linguistic influence exerted by the Brazilian Portuguese
+on the High German or its various dialects as spoken by the immigrants
+varies again according to the relative isolation of the settlements. We
+have degrees ranging from that of the old settlements in the Santo Amaro
+district of Sao Paulo,[42] where the German language has practically in
+its entirety given way to the Brazilian Portuguese, to that of some of
+the sections of the "municipios"[43] of Blumenau in Santa Catharina and
+Sao Leopoldo in Rio Grande do Sul where a modified German has not only
+held its own among the inhabitants of German extraction, but has also
+become the language of parts of the Luso-Brazilian[44] and negro
+elements as well.[45] About half way between these two extremes we might
+range the case of Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro.
+
+
+BRAZILIAN GERMAN WORD FORMS.
+
+The following general principles are observed in connection with the
+dialect which has been developed by the German element in Brazil.
+
+Nouns form by far the greatest number of words taken over, followed next
+in order by verbs, exclamatory words and phrases, adjectives and
+adverbs. The last two appear relatively rarely.
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON WORDS FROM THE BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE.
+
+
+I. Nouns.
+
+A. Masculines.
+
+1) In the case of masculines the vowel ending is as a rule dropped,
+e.g.,
+
+     _Brazilian_    _Brazilian_
+     _Portuguese._  _German._     _English._
+
+     abatimento...  abatiment...  discount.
+     campo........  camp........  field, plain.
+     facao-.......  fac.........  hunting-knife.
+     intendente...  intendent...  administrator.
+     pasto........  past........  pasture.
+
+2) The same holds for words of the following type where there have been
+further orthographical changes with preserve, however, the same phonetic
+values.
+
+     _Brazilian_    _Brazilian_
+     _Portuguese._  _German._     _English._
+
+     macaco.......  makak.......  monkey.
+     trapiche.....  trapisch....  warehouse (on the wharf).
+
+3) Internal phonetic changes have taken place in such words as:
+
+     _Brazilian_    _Brazilian_
+     _Portuguese._  _German._     _English._
+
+     kaschero.....  kaschoer.....  shop-man, clerk (in a store).
+     municipio....  munizip.....  district.
+
+
+B. Feminines.
+
+In feminines the final vowel '_-a_' is as a rule weakened to _'e'_,
+e.g.,
+
+     _Brazilian_    _Brazilian_
+     _Portuguese._  _German._     _English._
+
+     capoeira.....  capoeire....  copse.
+     carreta......  carrete.....  cart.
+     garaffa......  garaffe.....  bottle.
+     lancha.......  lanche......  barge.
+     larancha.....  laranche....  orange.
+     mula.........  mule........  mule.
+     persianna....  persianne...  Venetian-blind.
+     picada.......  picade......  lane (through a forest).
+     pimenta......  pimente.....  pepper.
+     pipa.........  pipe........  barrel, tun.
+     roca.........  rosse.......  clearing (of a forest).
+     sanga........  sange.......  ditch.
+     tolda........  tolde.......  cover, hood (of a wagon).
+     traca........  trace.......  track, design.
+     venda........  vende.......  inn, store.
+
+
+C. Change of gender in nouns.
+
+1) Masculine to feminine, e.g.,
+
+     _Brazilian_    _Brazilian_
+     _Portuguese._  _German._      _English._
+
+     barranco _m._  barranke _f._  slope.
+     cabresto _m._  cabreste _f._  halter.
+     cachimbo _m._  kaschimbe _f._ tobacco-pipe.
+     camarote _m._  camarote _f._  box (in a theater).
+     cangalho _m._  cangalhe _f._  packsaddle.
+     charuto _m._.  charute _f._.  cigar.
+     farelo _m._..  farelle _f._.  bran.
+     hiate _m._...  jatte _f._...  yacht.
+     portreiro _m._ portreere _f._ pasture-ground.
+     rio _m._.....  rio _f._.....
+                    (rarely _m._)  stream, river.
+
+2) Feminine to masculine, e.g.,
+
+     _Brazilian_    _Brazilian_
+     _Portuguese._  _German._     _English._
+
+     cachaca _f._.  cachass _m._  gin, brandy (of sugar-cane).
+     troca _f._...  troc _m._...  change (of money).
+
+3) Masculine to neuter, e.g.,
+
+     _Brazilian_    _Brazilian_
+     _Portuguese._  _German._     _English._
+
+     doce _m._....  doss _n._...  candy, confectionery.
+     fosforo _m._.  fosforo _n._  match.
+     tatu _m._....  tatu _n._...  armadillo.
+     xarque _m._..  xarque _n._.  jerked beef.
+
+4) Feminine to neuter, e.g.,
+
+     _Brazilian_    _Brazilian_
+     _Portuguese._  _German._     _English._
+
+     canoa _f._...  kanoe _n._..  monoxylon, dugout.
+     farinha _f._.  farin _n._..  flour.
+
+From the above examples it will be observed that the gender of the
+Brazilian German noun is, where there has been a change from that of
+the original Brazilian Portuguese, as a rule, the same as that of the
+High German word replaced, e.g.,
+
+     _Brazilian German._    _High German._
+
+     barranke _f._........  Boeschung_f._
+     cachass _m._.........  Schnaps _m._
+     camarote _f._........  Theaterloge _f._
+     charute _f._.........  Zigarre _f._
+     doss _n._............  Konfekt _n._
+     farelle _f._.........  Kleie _f._
+     farin _n._...........  Mehl _n._
+     fosforon _n._........  Streichholz_n._
+     kaschimbe _f._.......  Tabakspfeife _f._
+     portreere _f._.......  Weide _m._
+     troc _m._............  Wechsel _m._
+
+
+D. Nouns of mixed origin are quite frequent, e.g.,
+
+     _Brazilian German._    _English._
+
+     aboboramus...........  stewed (and mashed) pumpkin.
+     korbgarrafao.........  demijohn.
+     miljekolben..........  cob (of corn).
+     mesclahosen..........  trousers (striped).
+     ochsencarrete........  ox-cart
+     palhazigarrette......  cigarette (with cornhusk wrapper).
+     polizeidelegado......  inspector of police.
+     puschochse...........  draught-ox.
+     rocewirtschaft.......  agriculture, farming.
+     sellofiskal..........  revenue agent.
+     vendaschuld..........  drinking-score, debt for drink.
+
+
+II. Verbs.
+
+Brazilian German verbs are commonly formed by adding a weak ending,
+_'-en'_ or _'-ieren'_ to the Portuguese stem, e.g.,
+
+     _Portuguese._    _Brazilian German._  _English._
+
+     amolar.........  amolieren..........  to grind, sharpen.
+     capinar........  capinen............  to weed.
+     cobrar.........  cobrieren..........  to cash, take in (money),
+     lacar .........  lassen.............  to throw the lasso.
+     puxar..........  puschen, pussen....  to pull.
+     repousar.......  posen..............  to rest.
+     requerer.......  rekerieren.........  to request.
+     rocar..........  rossieren..........  to clear of weeds.
+     sellar.........  sellieren..........  to stamp.
+     tocar..........  tocken.............  to beat, strike.
+     trocar.........  trocken............  to change (money etc.).
+
+In pronunciation the Brazilian German differs still more from the
+Portuguese than the printed forms would indicate. The main additional
+differences in this case are the following:
+
+1) The noun ending '_-ao'_ has the value of _'-ong'_ instead of the
+Portuguese sound represented by _'-ao.'_ Thus, by phonetic spelling we
+would have, e.g.,
+
+     _Brazilian German._       _Portuguese._
+
+     algodong             for  algodao.
+     capong                "   capao,
+     garrafong             "   garrafao,
+     patakong              "   patacao.
+     questong              "   questao,
+     sertong               "   sertao,
+     violong               "   violao.
+
+2) The _'j'_ instead of remaining sonant as in Portuguese,
+becomes surd.[46] Thus
+
+     _Brazilian German._       _Portuguese._
+
+     feschong             for  feijao,
+     schakare              "   jacare.
+     Schwong               "   Joao.
+
+3) In the case of infinitives the final _'-n'_ is not sounded,
+particularly in sections influenced by the Hunsrueck dialect. These forms
+are therefore pronounced, e.g.,
+
+     _Brazilian German._       _Portuguese._
+
+     amoliere             for  amolieren.
+     kapine                "   kapinen.
+     pusche                "   puschen.
+     tocke                 "   tocken.
+
+
+SURNAMES.
+
+As a general rule German family names are retained in their original
+form in all sections where the German language held its own among the
+colonists. This is especially true where such names offer no difficulty
+in their pronunciation to people having Portuguese as their mother
+tongue. On the other hand, where such names could not be readily
+pronounced by Luso-Brazilians,[47] they underwent changes to greater or
+less extent even in communities where the German element is most
+strongly represented. Where the German language disappeared the German
+family name as a rule disappeared with it, or was retained in such a
+form as to be hardly recognizable.
+
+By way of example a number of modifications in surnames are noted below;
+first, from a section where the German language has almost entirely
+given way to Portuguese[48], and second, from one of the strongest
+German-speaking sections of Brazil.[49]
+
+1)
+
+Emmich became _M'_. The Portuguese could not pronounce the "-ich" and
+consequently it dropped off, resulting in the formation of what is
+probably one of the shortest family names in existence.[50]
+
+Felippoffsky became _Felippe, Franz,_ or _Franco_. In this instance one
+branch of the family adopted the first part of the original family name
+and other branches made surnames out of the Christian name of the first
+immigrant, i.e., Franz Felippoffsky.
+
+Glaser became _Frittenmaku_. The first immigrant was Fritz Glaser. One
+of his characteristics was lameness. The new family name is equivalent
+in meaning to "der lahme Fritz."
+
+Gottfried became _Gottesfried, Gottesfrid_ or _Gottesfritz_.
+
+Helfenstein became _Helfestein_.
+
+Hessel became _Essel_.
+
+Klein became _Cleene_. In this instance a German dialect variant of the
+original became the new family name.
+
+Reinberg became _Remberg_.
+
+Rochenbach became _Rocumbak_ or _Rocumbaque_.
+
+Roschel became _Rocha_.
+
+Toll became _Doll_ or _Doro_.
+
+Weisshaupt became _Sapateiro_. In this instance the first Weisshaupt was
+a shoemaker. The trade name translated into Portuguese became the family
+name.
+
+Zuellich became _Sills_.
+
+2)
+
+Waechter became _Walter_.
+
+Werner became _Vierne_.
+
+From the above examples it will be noticed that the new family names
+show, as a general rule, an adaptation of the original to Portuguese
+pronunciation.
+
+
+BAPTISMAL NAMES.
+
+So far as baptismal names are concerned, the case is quite different
+from that applying to surnames. While the latter have been modified to a
+great extent only where the German language gave way to the Portuguese
+almost entirely, as stated, the former have been replaced by their
+Portuguese counterparts, as a rule, in all parts of Brazil.[51] Probably
+the chief reason for this is sentiment, or, to use what is in this case
+perhaps a more accurate term, patriotism. The Portuguese Christian name
+in the country in question distinguishes the individual as a Brazilian,
+not as a German. The people under discussion regard themselves first of
+all as Brazilians.[52] While, according to their idea the retention and
+cultivation of their "Deutschthum" makes them better and more valuable
+Brazilian citizens, they carefully differentiate between "Deutschthum"
+and (to use their own expression) "Deutschlaenderthum."
+
+The following are examples of Portuguese baptismal names which are
+commonly substituted for their German counterparts by Brazilian Germans.
+
+     _Portuguese form._        _German form._
+
+     Adolfo              for   Adolf.
+     Alberto              "    Albert.
+     Augusto              "    August.
+     Bernardo             "    Bernard.
+     Carlos               "    Karl.
+     Edmundo              "    Edmund.
+     Eduardo              "    Eduard.
+     Emilio               "    Emil.
+     Ernesto              "    Ernst.
+     Estevao              "    Stephan.
+     Ewaldo               "    Ewald.
+     Francisco            "    Franz.
+     Frederico            "    Friedrich.
+     Germano              "    Hermann.
+     Guilhermo            "    Wilhelm.
+     Gustavo              "    Gustav.
+     Henrique             "    Heinrich.
+     Ignacio              "    Ignaz.
+     Joao                 "    Johann.
+     Jorge                "    Georg.
+     Jose                 "    Joseph.
+     Julio                "    Julius.
+     Leopoldo             "    Leopold.
+     Luiz                 "    Ludwig.
+     Maximiliano          "    Maximilian
+     Paulo                "    Paul.
+     Pedro                "    Peter.
+     Ricardo              "    Richard.
+     Roberto              "    Robert.
+     Rodolfo (Rudolfo)    "    Rudolf.
+     Theodoro             "    Theodor.
+
+
+TERMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIP IN TITLES.
+
+For the terms of family relationship in titles (business, etc.) the
+Portuguese forms are commonly used where the German forms would
+naturally be expected (i.e., in exclusively Brazilian German
+publications, etc.). Among the forms most frequently used in this manner
+(in full or abbreviated form, singular or plural) are the following:[53]
+
+     _Portuguese form._        _German form._
+
+     Filho               for   Sohn.
+     Irmao                "    Bruder.
+     Sobrinho             "    Neffe.
+     Viuva                "    Witwe.
+
+
+EXAMPLES OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN FROM DOCUMENTS.
+
+The Written Language.
+
+The following is an excerpt made from a short story entitled "Unrecht
+schlaegt seinen eigenen Herrn."[54]
+
+Der reiche Estancieiro[55] Joao Rodrigues sass eines Tages unter der
+grossen schattigen Figueira,[56] welche das Wahrzeichen der Estancia[57]
+Sao Manoel bildete. Er berechnete eben, wie viel Schlachtvieh er dieses
+Jahr verkaufen koennte, und fand, dass es mindestens 700 Stueck seien. Das
+gab ein schoenes Haeufchen Geld; denn die Viehpreise waren dieses Jahr
+hoch. Unter 60$000[58] sollte ihm kein Stueck aus der Invernada[59] fort;
+das machte rund 42 Contos[60] aus.
+
+... "Compadre,[61] ich habe einen Auftrag, fuer eine benachbarte
+Charqueada[62] rund 1000 Stueck Schlachtvieh aufzukaufen...."
+
+... Damit war der Handel abgeschlossen, und die beiden Compadres
+verabschiedeten sich, jeder zufrieden: Der Estancieiro, weil er ein
+gutes Geschaeft gemacht hatte, und der Tropeiro,[63] weil er morgen ein
+noch besseres zu machen hoffte!
+
+Des anderen Tages stellte sich unser Estancieiro bei guter Zeit im
+Geschaeftshause ein und fand daselbst seinen Compadre Bento schon in
+angeheiteter Stimmung in der Venda[64] sitzen.
+
+... "Noch fuer einen Augenblick," stotterte da wieder der betrunkene
+Tropeiro. "Unter uns beiden braucht's zwar keine Quittung, ich habe
+dein Vieh und du hast mein Geld; damit ist unsere Sache erledigt. Aber
+bei den Herren von der Charqueada muss ich etwas Schwarz auf Weiss
+vorweisen; ..."
+
+... So wollte er gleich heute die ein paar hundert Milreis betragene
+Vendaschuld begleichen.
+
+... "Einen Moment Gedult, Compadre Joao, gleich ists prompt."[65] Und
+wirklich, es dauerte nur einige Minuten, so hatte der Estancieiro seine
+Rechnung zu Haenden, sie betrug 765$000. Er zug 4 von den
+funkelnagelneuen Zweihunderten heraus und reichte dieselben dem
+Geschaeftsmanne hin. Der beschaute sich die Dinger genau, holte aus
+seinem Geldschrank einen Schein derselben Estampa[66] heraus, befuehlte
+das Papier, schuettelte nachdenklich den Kopf und sagte nur das eine
+Woertchen "falsch"!
+
+
+EXAMPLES FROM ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+Advertisements in almanacs, newspapers, etc., appearing in German and
+intended only for the German reading-public offer a rich source to the
+student of Brazilian German words and phrases. The following examples
+are by no means unusual. They set forth the principle which obtains in
+practically all German publications in Brazil.
+
+1.) FROM ALMANACS. (For meanings of terms _V._ Glossary.)
+
+Luchsinger E. Co.... Import von Fazendas und Molhados....[67]
+
+Selbach e Cia.... Internationale Verlags- u. Sortiments-Buchhandlung,
+Buchdruckerei, Buchbinderei und Kartonnagen-Fabrik....[68]
+
+Fraeb e Co.... Export von ... Haar, Wolle, Xarque, Gorduras, etc.,
+etc.[69]
+
+Otto Niemeyer. Seccos e Molhados.... Eigenes Armazem und
+Trapiche....[70]
+
+... Jose A. Picoral ... Papier-und Palhazigaretten. ... Leichte und
+starke Charuten....[71]
+
+Fraeb e Co.... Import: Fazendas, Miudezas, Molhados, Ferragens, Salz
+u.s.w....[72]
+
+Vva. Jose Mueller e Cia. Geschaeftshaus in Fazendas, Louca, Miudezas,
+Seccos und Molhados, Kolonie-Produkten.[73]
+
+... Sattlerei von Jorge Pedro Grub ... Zuggeschirre fuer Aranhas, Zaeume,
+Caronas, Peitschen u.s.w. ...[74]
+
+Paulo Groetzner, Biscoutosfabrik "Lucinda." ... Leistungsfaehigste Fabrik
+in Biscontos, Bolachas, Bonbons, Konfitueren und allen besseren
+Backwaaren. Escriptorio und Verkauf en gros: Alto Cabral.[75]
+
+2.) FROM NEWSPAPERS. (For meanings of terms _V._ Glossary.)
+
+Comp. Nac. de Navegacao Costeira. Der neue Doppelschraubendampfer
+_Itajuba_ am Trapiche der Costeira ... Befoerdert Passageire, Frachten,
+Encommendas, etc.[76]
+
+Antigo Hotel Koch.... Bevorzugtes Haus der Musterreiter. Eigenes
+Portreiro. Sorgsame Verpflegung der Reittiere. Joao Spitteler,
+Eigentuemer.[77]
+
+Hotel do Sul von Felippe Werb Filho. Wird dem reisenden Publikum ...
+empfohlen.... Gute Stallungen.[78]
+
+Kolonisten pflanzt Aipim, Mandioca, Araruta!...[79]
+
+Aranha in bestem Zustande mit vorzueglichem Pferd zu verkaufen.[80]
+
+Lageado. Carlos Genehr, Zahnarzt, empfiehlt sich den Bewohnern dieser
+Villa und der umliegenden Pikaden....[81]
+
+... zwischen der Eisenbahnstation und der Villa gelegen, fuer
+Kolonisation vermessen und in Lotes von 4 bis 25 Alqueires
+einteilen lassen ... der darauf befindliche Matebestand ein ganz
+hervorragender.... Der Eigentuemer Bernardo Olsen....[82]
+
+2 Pferde zugelaufen (1 Baio und 1 Zaino) Gegen erstattung der Unkosten
+abzuholen bein Inspektor Jakob Neuhaus, ...[83]
+
+
+POETRY.
+
+A great deal of excellent poetry has been written by representatives of
+the German element in Brazil. These writers have, however, primarily
+used High German as their medium of expression and consequently their
+works do not come in consideration in this study of a dialect. On the
+other hand, we frequently come across poems where Brazilian German forms
+are more or less in evidence. The following, in which the Hunsrueck
+dialect forms the Germanic basis is presented by way of example.[84]
+(Apologies to Goethe!)
+
+
+_Gutes Geschaeft oder eine Pechincha._[85]
+
+    Wer reit' lo dorch Storm un Wettergeriesel?
+    Das is der Schrauber auf seime Isel.
+    Der Hut is gebunne fest unner dem Kinne,
+    Der Musterranze bammelt ihm hinne.
+
+    "Freund Michel, was machst fuer ein banges Gesicht?"
+    "'Sein Sie's wahrhaftig? Ich glaabten es nich!
+    "'Der Schrauber wirklich mit Mala[86] un Ranze?
+    "'Das is lo die reine Pikadewanze!'"[87]
+
+    "Mein lieber Freund mach' Platz mal hier!
+    "Die schoensten Muster zeige ich dir:
+    "Algodao,[88] Riscado[89] und Druckkattun--"
+    "'Laassen Se zu! Was soll 'ch mit dem Krempel lo tun?'"
+
+    Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss 's Hannele sein!
+    Der Schrauber seift dich e sunst jaemmerlich ein.
+    "'Halt dei Mund un scher' dich rein in dei Kich,'
+    "'De Schrauber kenn' un seine Schlich!'"
+
+    "Willst, lieber Freund, du das Neueste sehn?
+    "Hier hochfeine Ponchos[90] und Kasemir schoen,
+    "Korsetts und bunte Struempf zum Praesent--
+    "Bei Bahrzahlung zehn Prozent Abatiment"[91]
+
+    Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss ja dich nit schnappe,
+    Du hast noch genug an de Meier ze berappe!
+    "Still!" murmelte Herr Michel, "un schwaetze mer nit!
+    "So'n Mann als wie eich, der hat je Kredit."
+
+    Der Michel kauft und Herr Schrauber notiert,
+    Drei Monate drauf hat der Michel falliert.
+    Der Schrauber hoert es: "Sie fassen ihn an!
+    Sie gehen ihm an seine Venda[92] heran!"
+
+    Herrn Schrauber grausset's, er steigt auf die Mule,[93]
+    Ihm ist's um zehn Contos[94] am Herzen so schwule,
+    Er taet im Galoppe "zer Venda reite,"
+    Er kam, sagt _bom dia!_[95]--Der Michel war pleite!"
+
+
+THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE.
+
+The dialect under discussion, as spoken in the "pikaden" is practically
+incomprehensible to the German-speaking person traveling in Brazil for
+the first time. To the uninitiated it is even harder to understand than
+the German dialects of North America. The latter developed under the
+influence of a related language, as has been stated, while the former
+came into being because of linguistic influences entirely foreign.
+
+In order to give an idea of the spoken Brazilian German the following
+"Sprachprobe" by Breitenbach[96] is reproduced. While of somewhat
+peculiar composition, the example below quoted is a good representation
+of spoken Brazilian German.
+
+     Ein Kolonist faehrt in seinem mit einer Tolde[97] versehenen Wagen
+     aus, der mit einem Tupiano[98] und einem Zebruno[99] bespannt ist,
+     welche er von einem Tropeiro[100] von der Serra[101] gekauft hat.
+     Er will seinen Compadre[102] besuchen, findet die Porteira[103] zur
+     Pikade[104] verschlossen, oeffnet sie und erfaehrt von der ihm
+     entgegenkommenden Frau seines Compadre, der Mann sei in die
+     Rosse[105] gegangen, um einige Miljekolben[106] fuer die Mule[107]
+     und einige Bobres[108] fuer die Schweine zu holen, welche im
+     Poteiro[109] seien. Wenn er den Compadre aufsuchen wolle, so wuerde
+     er ihn leicht finden, jenseits der Sange,[110] die aber steile
+     Barankas[111] habe, so dass man beim Ueberschreiten derselben
+     vorsichtig sein muesse. Da unser Freund seinen Compadre in der Rosse
+     nicht findet, so geht er in den nahen Wald, aus dem Hundgebell ihm
+     entgegen schallt. Mit seinem Fakong[112] schlaegt er einige
+     Taquaras[113] und Zipos[114] nieder, um sich den Weg zu bahnen.
+     Bald trifft er denn auch seinen Compadre, der soeben ein Tatu[115]
+     ausgegraben und mit seinem Fuchs[116] erschlagen hat. Nach den
+     ueblichen Begruessungen begeben sich beide ins Haus und beschliessen,
+     sich am Nachmittag die Carreira[117] anzusehen. Gleichzeitig will
+     der Compadre einige Saecke Farin[118] mitnehmen, um sie dem
+     Vendisten[119] zu verkaufen. Zu diesem Behuf muss eine Mule
+     eingefangen werden was aber nicht ganz leicht ist. Die Mule ist
+     naemlich sehr stoerrisch und muss gepusst[120] und getockt[121]
+     wereden. Beim Hause angelangt, wird dem Tiere die Cangalje[122]
+     aufgelegt und die Ladung befestigt. Dann geht's fort.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION TO THE GLOSSARY OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN TERMS.
+
+For reasons previously stated, the language or dialect of the German
+settlers in Brazil underwent an almost immediate change, not in its
+syntax, but in its vocabulary. Had the immigrants and their descendants
+only adopted such words as had no equivalent in their mother-tongue, our
+case would be much simpler. They went, however, much further, and, as a
+result even many of the commonest words dealing with the household or
+farm were replaced at an early date by Brazilian Portuguese terms, or by
+new formations based on them.
+
+In the following representation of Brazilian German words and phrases an
+attempt has been made to select only such as have been adopted by
+German-speaking citizens in all parts of the country in question. In the
+few cases where words or phrases noted seem characteristic of any
+particular section of Brazil that fact is indicated. The glossary,
+moreover, makes no claim to completeness.
+
+The sources[123] of the expressions listed are Brazilian German
+newspapers, books, almanacs, pamphlets, advertisements, "Festschriften,"
+etc.,[124] as well as conversation with colonists. In the latter
+instance only such terms as were repeatedly used to the exclusion of the
+corresponding German terms were noted.[125]
+
+In the glossary is given first the Brazilian German term (in certain
+cases with variations), followed, by way of comparison as well as
+definition, by the corresponding High German form. If the Brazilian
+Portuguese[126] equivalent differs in form or gender it is given in
+parentheses. If no such parenthetical form appears it signifies that
+both languages are in the particular instance identical.[127] The German
+element in mixed compounds being self-evident, such words are treated as
+the simple Brazilian German forms.
+
+Gender is indicated except in the case of masculine nouns ending in
+_'-o'_ and feminines ending in _'-a.'_
+
+Terms dealing with weights, measures and coinage have not been noted
+except in cases where the Brazilian German form shows a modification of
+the original and in instances where the terms refer to units no longer
+current.[128]
+
+Special abbreviations:
+
+     R. = Rio de Janeiro.
+     R.G. = Rio Grande do Sul.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY.
+
+
+=A.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     abacaxi _m._ .................  Ananas.
+     abatiment _m._ (abatimento) ..  Preisermaessigung,
+     abobora _or_ abobra ..........  Kuerbis.
+     abobora-mus _n._ .............  Kuerbis-mus.
+     agriao .......................  Brunnenkresse. R.
+     aipim _m._ (aipim, aipii
+       _m._) ......................  Maniok (suesser).
+     aldeamento _m._ ..............  Indianersiedlung. R.G.
+     aldeia (aldeia _or_ aldea) ...  Dorf, Weiler.
+     alfandega ....................  Zollamt, Steueramt.
+     algodao ......................  Baumwolle.
+     amolieren (amolar) ...........  schleifen, schaerfen.
+     aranha .......................  Gig (_vehicle_).
+     araruta ......................  Pfeilwurz.
+     armazem _m._ .................  Kaufladen.
+     arroba, arrobe _f._(arroba) ..  14.689 Kg. (_Weight._)
+     arroio .......................  Bach.
+     ate a volta ..................  bis zur Rueckkehr!
+     ateloge _n._ .................  Aufwiedersehen.
+     (_From_ ate logo. _Not used as
+       noun in Portuguese._)
+     ate logo .....................  auf Wiedersehen!
+
+
+=B.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     baio .........................  Pferd (castanienbraunes).
+     bakeljau _m._ (bacalhao) .....  Stockfisch, Kabeljau.
+     balse _f._ ...................  Faebre, Floss.
+     banhado ......................  Sumpf.
+     baradi _m.V._ cachaca ........
+     baranca ......................  Boeschung, Uferboeschung.
+     baranke _f.V._ baranca .......
+     barracao .....................  Baracke, Einwandererhaus.
+     barranke _f.V._ baranca ......
+     barre _f._ (barra) ...........  Hafeneinfahrt.
+     barricaria ...................  Boettcherei.
+     batata, batate, _f._ (batata)   Kartoffel (brasilianische).
+       _(The term "batate" is at
+       times applied to the "Irish"
+       potato, altho the latter is
+       generally called "Kartoffel"
+       or "europaeische Kartoffel.")_
+     batate doce _f._ (batata doce)  Suesskartoffel.
+     becco ........................  Gaesschen, kleine Gasse.
+     benzedor _m._ ................  Wunderdoktor.
+     benzedura ....................  Besprechung der Krankheiten,
+                                       Beschwoerung.
+     bicho ........................  Insekt, Tier.
+     biscouto .....................  Zwieback.
+     boa noite ....................  gute Nacht! guten Abend!
+     boas tardes ..................  guten Tag! guten Abend!
+     bohre _f. V._ abobora ........
+     bolacha ......................  Schiffszwieback.
+     bom ..........................  gut!
+     bombilha .....................  Materoerchen (i.e., Roerchen zum Mate-
+                                       trinken).
+     bombacha (bombachas _f.plu._)   Pluderhose. R.G.
+     bom dia ......................  guten Tag!
+     bond _m._ (bonde _m._) .......  Tram, Strassenbahnwagen.
+     botina .......................  Halbstiefel.
+     brasse _f._ (braca) ..........  2.20 M. _(Measure of length.)_
+     buger _m._ (bugre _m._) ......  Indianer (Botokude).
+
+
+C.
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     cabo .........................  Unteroffizier.
+     caboclo ......................  Indianermischling.
+                                     _(Portuguese and Indian.)_
+     cabreste _f.V._ kabreste .....
+     cachaca _m._, cachass _m._
+       (cachaca) ..................  Zuckerrohrschnapps.
+     cacique _m._ .................  Indianerhaeuptling.
+     cadea, cade _f._ (cadea,
+       cadeia) ....................  Gefaengniss.
+     camarao, camarong _m._
+     (camarao) ....................  Krabbe.
+     camarote _f._ (camarote _m._)   Theaterloge.
+     campamento (acampamento) .....  Feldlager.
+     campanha .....................  Ebne.
+     campo, camp _m._ (campo) .....  Grassland, Flur.
+     caneca .......................  Wasserbecher.
+     cangalje _f._ (cangalho) .....  Kreuzbocksattel, Packsattel.
+     canna _m.V._ cachaca .........
+     canne _f._ (canna, cana) .....  Zuckerrohr.
+     canoa, _n._, canu _n._
+       (canoa _f._) ...............  Einbaum.
+     capa .........................  Mantel.
+     capao, capoes _m.plu._ .......  Wald (kleiner, ausgerotteter)
+     capataz _m._ .................  Vorarbeiter.[TN2]
+     capinen _V._. kapinen ........
+     capitao ......................  Hauptmann.
+     capivara .....................  Wasserschein.
+     capoeire _f._ (capoeira) .....  Gebuesch. _(Land which had been
+                                       cleared, but which is again
+                                       covered with underbrush.)_
+     caramba ......................  potztausend! Donnerwetter!
+     carapato (carrapato) .........  Zecke, Holzbock.
+     carcereiro ...................  Kerkermeister.
+     careje _f._ ..................  Materoesterei.
+     cargueiro ....................  Lasttraeger, Lasttier, Lasttierfuehrer.
+     carona .......................  Sattelkissen.
+     carreira .....................  Pferderennen, Wettrennen.
+     carrete _f._ (carreta) .......  Karren.
+     carreteiro ...................  Fuhrmann, Kaerrner.
+     carroca ......................  Karosse, Kutsche.
+     carroceiro ...................  Fuhrmann.
+     carteira .....................  Brieftasche.
+     catuno .......................  Dieb.
+     caspite ......................  potztausend! Donnerwetter!
+     cautela (cautela, cautella) ..  Einschreibezettel.
+     cavalheiro ...................  Herr, Edelmann. (_Gentleman._)
+     caxeiro ......................  Ladendiener.
+     caxoeira (cachoeira) .........  Wasserfall, Stromschnelle.
+     chacara (chacara, chacra) ....  Grundstueck, Landhaus.
+     chapeo republicano ...........  Hut (der Gauchos). R.G.
+     charque _n.V._ xarque ........
+     charqueada _f.V._ xarqueada ..
+     charute _f._, cherrute _f._
+         (charuto, cherruto) ......  Zigarre.
+     chilena ......................  Spore. (_As worn by gauchos._) R.G.
+     chimarrao (chimarra) .........  Ervatee. (_Without sugar._) R.G.
+     churasco (churrasco) .........  Spiessbraten. R.G.
+     cigarro ......................  Zigarette. (_Usually wrapped in
+                                       palha._")
+     cinema _m._ ..................  Lichtbilderhalle.
+     cipo _m._ ....................  Liane, Schlingpflanze.
+     cobranca .....................  Einkassierung.
+     cobrieren _V._ kobrieren .....
+     cochilha .....................  Huegelkette, Huegelland.
+     cochinilhos _m. plu._ ........  Kochenillewaren.
+     compadre _m._ ................  Gevatter, Freund.
+     companheiro ..................  Gefaehrte, Kamerad.
+     coronel ......................  Oberst.
+     corral _m._ ..................  Viehhof.
+     couveflor _n._ (couveflor _f._) Blumenkohl. (R.)
+     coxemalade _f._ (coxo = lame
+       _and_ melado = _sap of sugar
+       cane_) .....................  Lecksyrup.
+     coxinilhos _V._ cochinilhos ..
+     cuia, cuja, cuya (cuia, cuya)   Matebecher. (_Made of a hollowed
+                                       gourd._)
+
+
+=D.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     delegado .....................  Inspektor, Abgeordneter.
+     despaschieren (despachar) ....  abfertigen[TN3], aus dem Zollamt
+                                       holen.
+     devolut (devoluto) ...........  vakant, brachliegend. (Devolutes
+                                       Land == Regierungsland.)
+     diligencia ...................  Postwagen, Diligence.
+     dispaschieren _V._
+       despachieren. ..............
+     doca (doca) ..................  Hafendamm, Landeplatz.
+     doce _n._, doss n. (doce _m._)  Suessigkeit, Konfekt.
+     dona .........................  Frau, Fraeulein.
+
+
+=E.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     egua (egua, egoa) ............  Stute.
+     encommenda, ericommende _f._
+         (encommenda) .............  Sendung (per Post, Bahn oder Schiff).
+     enfin (enfin, emfim) .........  mit einem Worte, endlich.
+     engenho _m._ .................  Zuckermuehle.
+     erva .........................  Paraguaythee (ilex paraguayensis).
+     erva mate _m._ ...............  _Ibid._
+     escriptorio ..................  Buereau.
+     eskadron _m._ (esquadao) .....  Schwadron.
+     esta bom .....................  es ist gut!
+     estampa ......................  Gepraege, Abdruck.
+     estancia .....................  Landgut, Viehzuechterei.
+     estancieiro ..................  Viehzuechter.
+     e tanto ......................  und so und so viel.
+
+
+=F.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     fac _m._ (facao) .............  Waldmesser.
+     fakong _m. V._ fac ...........
+     farello, farelle _f._ (farelo)  Kleie.
+     farinha, farin _n._ (farinha)   Mehl, Mandiocamehl.
+     farrapo, farrape _m._ (farrapo) Revolutionaer. (_Of 1835._) R.G.
+     fazenda ......................  Landgut
+     fazendas .....................  Schnittwaren, Stoffe, Waren.
+                                     Landgueter.
+     fazendenloge _f._ (fazendas
+       _and_ loja) ................  Warenladen.
+     feijao .......................  Schminkbohne, schwarze Bohne.
+     feitor _m._ ..................  Verwalter, Aufseher.
+     ferragens _f. plu._ ..........  Eisenwaren.
+     figueira .....................  Feigenbaum.
+     foice _f._ (foica, foice,
+       fouce, fouxe) ..............  Buschsichel.
+     forca ........................  Streitkraft, Revolutionaerbande.
+     fosforo _n._ (fosforo) .......  Streichholz.
+     freguez _m._ .................  Kunde.
+     freguezia ....................  Kirchspiel.
+     fuchs _m.V._ foice ...........
+     fumo, fum _m._ (fumo) ........  Tabac.
+
+
+=G.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     gaita ........................  Dudelsack, Zieharmonica.
+     gallinha .....................  Huhn.
+     galpao .......................  Schuppen, Huette.
+     garaffe _f._ (garaffa) .......  Flasche.
+     garca ........................  Reiher.
+     garonne _f._ (garonna) .......  Reitdecke, Satteldecke (aus Leder).
+     garrafao, garafao (garrafao) .  grosse Flasche.
+     garupa .......................  Kruppe.
+     gateado ......................  schwarzgefleckt (von Tieren).
+     gazose _f._ (gazosa) .........  Brauselimonade.
+     gordura ......................  Fettware (i.e., Schmalz, etc.).
+     governador _m._ ..............  Statthalter.
+     gramme _f._ (grama) ..........  Weidegras, Hundgras, Quecken.
+     guisada (guisado) ............  Ragout, Wuerzspeise.
+
+
+=I.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     intendent _m._
+       (intendente _m._) ..........  Verwalter, Landrat, Intendant.
+     invernada ....................  Winterquartier. (_For cattle._)
+
+
+=J.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     jacare _m._ ..................  Krokodil, Kaiman.
+     jaguatirica ..................  Tigerkatze.
+     jatte _f._ (hiate _m._) ......  Segelschiff, Jacht, Zweimaster.
+
+
+=K=.
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     kabokler _V._ caboclo ........
+     kabreste f. (cabresto) .......  Halfter.
+     kadee _f.V._ cadea ...........
+     kamp _V._ campo ..............
+     kangalje _f.V._ cangalje .....
+     kanoe _n._, kanoh _n.V._ canoa
+     kapinen (capinar) ............  gaeten, jaeten.
+     karrete _V._ carrete .........
+     kartonnage _f._ (cartonnagens
+       _f. plu._) .................  Pappware, Pappschachtel.
+     kaschass _m.V._ cachaca ......
+     kaschero, kaschoer _m.V._
+       caxeiro ....................
+     kaschimbe, _f._ (cachimbo) ...  Tabakspfeife.
+     kobrieren (cobrar) ...........  einkassieren, einnehmen.
+     korbgarrafao (garaffao) ......  Korbflasche.
+
+
+=L=.
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     laco .........................  Schlinge.
+     ladeira ......................  Abhang (eines Berges), steiler Weg.
+     lagarto ......................  Eidechse (grosse).
+     lancha, lanche _f._ (lancha) .  Lastkahn, Boot.
+     larancha, laranche _f._
+       laranje _f._ (laranja) .....  Orange.
+     lassen (lacar) ...............  Schlinge werfen, mit der Schlinge
+                                       fangen.
+     late _f._, latte _f._ (lata) .  Blechbuechse, Dose, Kasten.
+     lelong _f._ (leilao) .........  Versteigerung, Auktion.
+     loege _f._ (loja) .............  Kaufmannsladen.
+     lote _f._ ....................  Grundstueck, Landparzelle, Lose.
+     louca ........................  Tafelgeschirr.
+
+
+=M=.
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     macaco .......................  Affe.
+     macho ........................  Maulesel.
+     mais ou menos ................  mehr oder weniger, ungefaer.
+     makak _m.V._ macaco ..........
+     mala .........................  Reisetasche, Mantelsack.
+     mamong _m._ (mamao) ..........  Rizinus, Wunderbaumfrucht.
+     mandioca .....................  Maniok.
+     mandubi _f., m._ (mandubi _m._,
+       amendoim _m._) .............  Erdnuss.
+     manga ........................  Hofplatz (fuer Tiere).
+     mangeira (manjeira) ..........  Futterstaette, Viehhof.
+     marchador ....................  in langsamem Trapp.
+     mascato (mascate _m._) .......  Hausierer, Troedler.
+     mata-bicho _(Slang)_ .........  Schnapps.
+     matungo ......................  Klepper.
+     mellado ......................  Syrup.
+     mercado ......................  Markt.
+     mesclahosen _f. plu._ (mescla
+       = Mischung) ................  gestreifte Hosen.
+     mestizo (mestico) ............  Mestize, Mischling.
+     mico .........................  Pfeifaffe.
+     milho ........................  Mais.
+     miljekolben _m._ (miljo) .....  Maiskolben.
+     miudezas _f. plu._ ...........  Kleinigkeiten, kleine Gegenstaende.
+     mula, mule _f._ (mula) .......  Maulesel, Maultier.
+     multe _f._ (multa) ...........  Geldstrafe.
+     multieren (multar) ...........  zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilen.
+     munizip _n._ (municipio) .....  Kreis, Teil eines Staates.
+
+
+=N.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     no e? (nao e?) ...............  nicht wahr?
+     no senhor! (nao senhor!) .....  nein, mein Herr!
+
+
+=O.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     o de fora ....................  heida, du draussen!
+     orsament _m._ (orcamento) ....  Anschlag, Bauanschlag, Kostenanschlag.
+
+
+=P.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     paciencia ....................  Geduld!
+     paiol _m._ ...................  Proviantkammer, Vorratskammer.
+     palha, palje _f._ (palha) ....  Maisstroh.
+     palhazigarrette _f._ .........  Zigarette (mit Maisstroh gewickelt).
+     palla ........................  leichter Reitermantel.
+     palpite _m._ .................  Ahnung, Herzklopfen.
+     pancare _m._ .................  hellbraunes Pferd.
+     past _m._ (pasto) ............  Weide.
+     pataca, patak _f._, patake
+       _f._ (pataca) ..............  320 Reis. (_Old coin._)
+     patacao ......................  Zweimilreistueck. (_Old Spanish
+                                       silver dollar._)
+     patrao .......................  Prinzipal, Vorgesetzter.
+     patte _f._ (pata) ............  Ente.
+     peao .........................  Fussgaenger, Reitknecht.
+     pechincha ....................  gutes Geschaeft, unverhoffter Gewinn.
+     periquito ....................  Sittig, kleiner Papagei.
+     persienne _f._ (persianna) ...  Sommerladen, Jalousie.
+     peru _m._ ....................  Truthahn.
+     picaco .......................  dunkelgefarbtes aber weissfuessiges
+                                       Pferd.
+     picada, picade _f._, pikade
+       _f._(picada) ...............  Waldpfad, Urwaldweg, Koloniestrasse.
+     picapau _m._ .................  Vorderlader, mit Vorderlader
+                                       bewaffneter Soldat.
+     pikarette _f._ (picareta) ....  Picke, Spitzhacke.
+     pimente _f._ (pimenta) .......  Pfeffer, Nelkenpfeffer.
+     pinga ........................  Tropfen (Schnapps).
+     pipa, pipe _f._ (pipa) .......  Tonne, Fass.
+     polizeidelegado ..............  Polizei-inspektor.
+     poncho .......................  Reitermantel.
+     portao, portong _m._ (portao)   Hauseingang, Torweg.
+     porteira .....................  Eingangator (zur "Pikade").
+     portreere _f._ (portreiro) ...  Koppel, Weideplatz, Viehraum
+                                       (eingefriedigter).
+     posen (repousar) .............  rasten, ruhen lassen.
+     potro ........................  Fuellen, junges Pferd.
+     praca ........................  Platz, Marktplatz.
+     prima ........................  Base, Kousine.
+     primo ........................  Vetter.
+     prompt (prompto, pronto) .....  fertig, bereit
+     puschen (puxar) ..............  ziehen.
+     puschochse _m._ ..............  Zugochse.
+     pussen _V._ puschen ..........
+
+
+=Q.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     quero-quero ..................  Kiebitz.
+     questao _f._ (questao) .......  Frage.
+
+
+=R.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     rancho .......................  Kolonistenhaus, Lehmhuette, Huette.
+     rapadura .....................  Zuckerkuchen, brauner Zucker.
+     rebankieren (arrebanhar) .....  in Herden versammeln, zusammenscharen.
+     rekerieren (requerer) ........  auffordern, bitten, ersuchen.
+     riberong _m._ (riberao) ......  Bach.
+     rio _f. (sometimes m.),_ (rio)  Fluss.
+     riscado ......................  Gingan, gestreiftes Baumwollenzeug.
+     roca, roce _f._ (roca) .......  Pflanzung, Lichtung.
+     rocemachen ...................  Land urbarmachen.
+     rocewirtschaft _f._ ..........  Landwirtschaft.
+     rodeiro ......................  Umweg, Ausflucht.
+     rosse _f.V._ roca ............
+     rossieren (rocar) ............  ausjaeten, urbarmachen.
+
+
+=S.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     sabia _m._ ...................  Amsel (brasilianische).
+     salto _m._ ...................  Wasserfall.
+     sange _f._ (sanga) ...........  Graben (wasserhaltiger).
+     scharute _f.V._ charute.......
+     scheegen (chegar) ............  genuegen.
+     schikott _m._ (chicote _m._) .  Peitsche.
+     seccos und molhados ..........  Kolonialwaren (i.e. trockene und
+                                       nasse Waren).
+     sellieren (sellar) ...........  stempeln, besiegeln.
+     sello ........................  Freimarke.
+     serra ........................  Gebirge, Hochland.
+     sertanejo ....................  Einwohner der Wildnis.
+     sertao .......................  Wildnis, Einoede, Kuestenwaelder.
+     si, senhor! (sim, senhor) ....  ja, mein Herr!
+     sitio ........................  Grundstueck, kleines Landgut,
+     sobrado ......................  Stockwerk, Geschoss.
+     stanz _f.V._ estancia ........
+     strupiat (estropiado) ........  lahm, verkrueppelt.
+     suspensorios _m. plu._ .......  Hosentraeger.
+
+
+=T.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     tamandua _m._ ................  Ameisenbaer, Ameisenfresser.
+     taquara ......................  Bambus.
+     tarraffe _f._ (tarrafa) ......  Wurfnetz.
+     tatu _n._ (tatu _m._) ........  Guerteltier.
+     'te logo! _V._ ate logo ......
+     tenente _m._ .................  Leutnant.
+     terral _m._ ..................  Landwind.
+     thesouraria ..................  Schatzkammer, Zahlamt.
+     tocken (tocar) ...............  schlagen, antreiben.
+     tokaio (tocaio) ..............  Namensvetter.
+     tolde _f._ (tolda) ...........  Verdeck (auf einem Wagen).
+     tostao .......................  100 Reis.
+     trace _f._ (traca) ...........  Spur, Entwurf.
+     trapiche _m._, trapisch _m._
+       (trapiche _m._) ............  Lagerhaus (am Hafen), Kai.
+     troc _m._ (troca) ............  Wechsel, Tausch, Kleingeld.
+     trocken (trocar) .............  wechseln, tauschen.
+     tropa ........................  Trupp, Maultiertrupp.
+     tropeiro .....................  Viehhaendler.
+     tupiano ......................  Scheck. (_Dappled horse._)
+
+
+=U.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     urubu _m._ ...................  Geier.
+
+
+=V.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     vamos ........................  vorwaerts!
+     vaqueano .....................  Fuehrer.
+     vendaschuld _f._ (venda) .....  Zechschuld.
+     venda, vende _f._ (venda) ....  Kaufladen, Kram und Schankladen,
+                                       Schenke.
+     vendeiro, vedist _m._
+       (vendeiro) .................  Gastwirt, Kleinhaendler.
+     ventin _m._ (vintem _m._) ....  20 Reis. (_Coin._)
+     villa ........................  Staedtchen.
+     vintem _m._, vinten _m. V._
+       ventin .....................
+     violao .......................  Bratache, Bassgeige.
+     viva .........................  Vivat, Lebehoch.
+
+
+=W.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     wentin _m. V._ ventin ........
+     wolte _f._ (volta)............  Spaziergang, Windung (eines Weges
+                                       oder Flusses).
+
+
+=X.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     xarque _n._ (xarque _m._) ....  Doerrfleisch.
+     xarqueada ....................  Schlaechterei.
+
+
+=Z.=
+
+     _Brazilian German._             _High German._
+
+     zaino ........................  ungeflecktes Pferd (e.g. ganz
+                                       schwarz).
+     zebruno ......................  Falbe.
+     zigarro _V._ cigarro .........
+     zipo _V._ cipo ...............
+     zise _f._ (sisa, siza) .......  Accise, Verbrauchssteuer.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN PRESS.
+
+Among the many things the German agricultural colonist in Brazil had to
+dispense with so far as a supply from abroad was concerned, was reading
+matter. Even to this day books are a relative rarity in the home along
+the "picada." Only in the more important centers is there a general
+access to publications of this type.
+
+
+ALMANACS.
+
+As has been the case for centuries in German-speaking communities both
+in Europe and North America, where there has been a general lack of
+books, the want of reading-matter has largely been filled by that most
+important medium, the almanac. The same condition applies to Brazil. We
+might call the almanac the colonist's encyclopedia. It is his
+agricultural guide, medical adviser, compendium of short stories and
+poetry, moral guide, diary, and a thousand and one other things in
+addition to being the source of the information which an almanac is
+ordinarily supposed to furnish, i.e., list the change of seasons, days
+and months of the year, feast-days, eclipses, etc. To persons acquainted
+only with the folk-almanacs in Europe and North America, the entire lack
+of weather-forecasts in the Brazilian German editions is striking.
+
+Among the best known and most important German folk-almanacs in Brazil
+are:
+
+     _Rothermund's Kalender fuer die Deutschen in Brasilien_, published
+     in Sao Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R.G. do Sul;
+
+     _Uhle's illustrierter deutsch-brasilianischer Familien-Kalender_,
+     published in Rio and Curityba;
+
+     _Der Familienfreund_, published in Porte Alegre;
+
+     _Riograndenser Marienkalender_, published in Porto Alegre;
+
+and
+
+     _Musterreiters Neu-Historischer Kalender_, published in Porto
+     Alegre.
+
+Rothermund's and Uhle's almanacs are perhaps the most important as well
+as the most voluminous. To them one might well apply the statement found
+in the preface to one of the well-known reading-texts published for use
+in the "Pikadenschulen": "Darin ist alles enthalten, was fuer gebildeten
+Kolonisten zu wissen interessant und lehrreich ist."[129]
+
+The almanacs mentioned above have for years been appearing regularly. In
+addition there have been many others, appearing, as a rule, only for a
+year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance.
+
+In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the
+colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to
+persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of
+those colonists.
+
+
+NEWSPAPERS.
+
+The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its beginning in the
+early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852, _Der Kolonist_
+appeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort
+was short-lived. From December, 1853, to July 10th, 1861, _Der Deutsche
+Einwanderer_, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April 16th,
+1853, _Der Deutsche Beobachter_, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G.F. Busch
+appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from
+an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicitation of
+colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 the _Brasilia_,
+a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning
+with January 17th, 1864, the _Germania_, a weekly edited by Peter
+Mueller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in
+its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few
+years.
+
+From 1860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral
+existence published in Brazil is legion. Excepting those above
+mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a
+continual existence from the time of their founding and appearing to
+this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is
+indicated in each case the title of the paper, the place of publication,
+the number of times it appears weekly and the year in which it was
+founded.
+
+     _Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861.
+     _Kolonie Zeitung_, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862.
+     _Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870.
+     _Germania_, Sao Paulo. Daily. 1877.
+     _Deutsche Post_, Sao Leopoldo. Daily. 1880.
+     _Blumenauer Zeitung_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881.
+     _Neue Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881.
+     _Der Beobachter_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889.
+     _Kolonie_, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890.
+     _Der Urwaldsbote_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892.
+     _Nachrichten_, Petropolis. Semi-weekly. 1892.
+     _Deutsche Zeitung fuer Sao Paulo._ Daily. 1897.
+     _Vaterland_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1901.
+     _Der Kompass_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1901.
+     _Volks-Zeitung_, Sao Bento. Weekly. 1908.
+     _Die Serra Post_, Ijuhy. Semi-weekly. 1910.
+     _Brusquer Zeitung_, Brusque. Weekly. 1911.
+     _Deutsche Wacht_, Pelotas. Semi-weekly. 1914.
+     _Deutsches Tageblatt_, Rio de Janeiro. Daily. 1914.
+
+From what has been said above, in reference both to almanacs and
+newspapers, it will be noted that Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul has
+from the beginning been the most important center for Brazilian German
+journalistic efforts.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+
+The works listed below are important sources for the study of the
+history and cultural status of the German element in Brazil. Books,
+important pamphlets and several manuscripts are noted. A great many
+articles dealing with the general subject of the German element in
+Brazil have in the past appeared in newspapers and periodicals such as
+the _Alldeutsche Blaetter, Ausland, Der Deutsche Ansiedeler, Deutsche
+Erde, Deutsche Koloniezeitung, Echo, Globus, Petermann's Mitteilungen,
+etc._, and particularly in the Brazilian German almanacs and newspapers
+listed in the appendix. Due to the fact that a complete list of these
+articles would require a volume in itself, they are not further
+indicated.
+
+Ackerbaukolonien. _Dr. Hermann Meyer's Ackerbaukolonien Neu-Wuertemberg
+und Xingu in Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)
+
+Agassiz, Prof. Louis and Mrs.: _A Journey to Brazil._ Boston, 1868.
+
+Angerami, Domingos. _V._ Fonseca, Antonio.
+
+Auswanderer. _Central Auskunftstelle fuer Auswanderer. Deutsche
+Kolonialgesellschaft. Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)
+
+Ave-Lallement, Dr. Robert: _Reise durch Suedbrasilien im Jahre 1858._
+Leipzig, 1859. (_2 vols._)
+
+Bastos, Travares: _Questoes de Immigracao. (Manuscript in National
+Library. Rio.)_
+
+Blumenau, Dr. Hermann: _Suedbrasilien in seinen Beziehungen zu deutscher
+Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Rudolstadt, 1850.
+
+Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Aus Sued-Brasilien. Erinnerungen und
+Aufzeichnungen_, Brackwede i/W., 1913.
+
+Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Die Provinz Rio Grande do Sul Brasiliens und die
+deutsche Auswanderung._ Heidelberg, 1885.
+
+Burton, Richard F., _V._ Tootal, Albert.
+
+Canstatt, Oscar: _Kritisches Repertorium der Deutsch-Brasilianischen
+Literatur._ Berlin, 1902.
+
+Carvalho, C.M. Delgado de: _Le Bresil Meridional._ Paris, 1910.
+
+Cunha, Dr. Jose Bonifacio da: _Commemoracao do 50 deg. Anniversario da
+Fundacao de Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.
+
+Dechent, N.: _Festschrift zur Jubelfeier des Schulvereins zu Joinville
+am 14. August 1916._ Joinville, 1916.
+
+Dettmann, Eduard: _Brasiliens Aufschwung in deutscher Beleuchtung._
+Berlin, 1908.
+
+Dilthey, R.: _Die deutschen Ansiedelungen in Suedbrasilien, Uruguay und
+Argentinien._ Berlin, 1882.
+
+Doerffel, Dr. O.: _Die Colonie Dona Francisca in der Suedbrasilianischen
+Provinz Santa Catharina._ Joinville, 1882.
+
+Elliott, L.E.: _Brazil Today and Tomorrow._ New York, 1917.
+
+_L'Etat de Sao Paulo. Renseignements utiles._ Antwerp, 1914. (_Sao Paulo
+State publication. 3d ed._)
+
+_Festschrift zur Erinnerung an den Ostmarkenabend._ Sao Paulo, 1916.
+(Apr. 13th.)
+
+_Festschrift zum 50 jaehrigem Jubilaeum der Pfarrei Sao Jose do
+Hortencio._ Porto Alegre, 1899.
+
+Fonseca, Antonio,--et Angerami, Domingos: _Guide de l'Etat de St. Paul._
+Sao Paulo, 1912.
+
+Funke, Alfred: _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien. Bilder aus dem Leben der
+Deutschen im Staate Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1902.
+
+Funke, Alfred: _Deutsche Siedelung ueber See. Ein Abriss ihrer Geschichte
+und ihr Gedeihen in Rio Grande do Sul._ Halle a/Saale, 1902.
+
+Gernhard, Robert: _Dona Francisca, Hansa und Blumenau._ Breslau, 1901.
+
+Gerstaecker, Friedrich: _Achtzehn Monate in Suedamerika._ Jena, 1862, and
+Leipzig, 1863.
+
+Giesebrecht, Franz: _Die deutsche Kolonie Hansa in Suedbrasilien._
+Berlin, 1899.
+
+Grimm, M., und Ruecker, A.A.: _Heimatkunde von Brasilien._ Porto Alegre,
+1914.
+
+Grimm, M., und Ruecker, A.: _Lehr- und Lesebuch fuer Schule und Haus._
+Porto Alegre, 1914.
+
+Grossi, Prof. Dott. Vincenzo: _Storia detta Colonizzazione al Brasil e
+della Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato di S. Paulo._ Milano-Roma-Napoli,
+1914.
+
+_Handbuch des Deutschthums im Auslande._ Herausgegeben vom Allgemeinen
+Deutschen Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschthums im Auslande.
+Berlin. (Dietrich Reimer.)
+
+Historia da Immigracao. _Dados para a Historia da Immigracao e da
+Colonizacao em Sao Paulo enviados pela Seccao de Informacoes do
+Departamento Estadual do Trabalho a Directoria do Servico de
+Povoamento._ Sao Paulo, 1916. (_Govt. publication._)
+
+Imperio do Brazil. _O Imperio do Brazil na Exposicao Universal de 1876
+em Philadelphia._ Rio de Janeiro, 1875. (_State publication._)
+
+_Impressoes do Brazil no Secolo Vinte._ London, 1913. (Lloyds Greater
+Britain Publishing Company.)
+
+Jahn, Adalbert: _Die Kolonien von Sao Leopoldo in der kaiserlich
+brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul sowie allgemeine Betrachtungen
+ueber freie Einwanderung in Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1871.
+
+Jahrbuch. _Erstes Jahrbuch fuer die deutschsprechende Kolonie im Staate
+Sao Paulo._ Sao Paulo, 1905.
+
+Jannasch, R.: _Land und Leute von Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1905.
+
+Kluepfel, Dr. Karl: _N. Federmanns und H. Stades Reisen in Suedamerica
+1529 bis 1555._ Stuttgart, 1859. (Bibl. des litt. Vereins in Stuttgart.
+No. 47.)
+
+Koseritz, Carl von: _Bilder aus Brasilien._ Leipzig and Berlin, 1885.
+
+Krauel, Dr. R.: _Deutsche Interessen in Brasilien._ Hamburg, 1900.
+
+Kultur-Pionier. _Der Kultur-Pionier im Staate Sao Paulo._
+(Sonder-Ausgabe der Deutschen Zeitung.) Sao Paulo, 1913.
+
+Lacmann, Dr. Wilhelm: _Ritte und Rasttage in Sued-Brasilien. Reisebilder
+und Studien aus dem Leben der deutschen Siedelungen._ Berlin, 1906.
+
+Lange, Henry: _Suedbrasilien, mit Ruecksicht auf die deutsche
+Kolonisation._ Leipzig, 1885. (_2d ed._)
+
+Langendonck, Madame van: _Une Colonie au Bresil. Recits Historiques._
+Antwerp, 1862.
+
+Learned, M.D.: _Guide to the Manuscript Materials Relating to American
+History in the German State Archives._ Washington, 1912.
+
+Lehmann, Emil: _Die deutsche Auswanderung._ Berlin, 1861.
+
+Leyfer, H.: _Deutsches Kolonistenleben im Staate Santa Catharina in
+Suedbrasilien._ Leipzig, 1900.
+
+Lima, Oliveira: _Dom Joao VI no Brasil, 1808-1821._ Rio de Janeiro,
+1908.
+
+Ludwig, A.: _A colonizacao nos paizes da America do Sul._ Porto Alegre,
+1916.
+
+Lufft, Dr. Hermann: _Das portugiesische Suedamerika._ Berlin and Leipzig,
+1913. (Sammlung Goeschen. No. 672.)
+
+Marcondes de Souza, T. Oscar: _O Estado de Sao Paulo._ Sao Paulo, 1915.
+
+d'Oliveira, Luiz Rodriguez: _Algumas Ideias sobre a Colonisacao do
+Brazil._ Paris, 1871. (_Pamphlet._)
+
+Orlando, Arthur: _Brazil. A Terra e o Homem._ Recife, 1913.
+
+Pereira da Silva, J.M.: _Quadros da Historia Colonial do Brazil._ Rio de
+Janeiro, 1895.
+
+Perrin, Paul: _Les Colonies Agricoles au Bresil d'apres les documents
+officiels les plus recents._ Paris, 1912.
+
+Piccarolo, Dott. Antonio: _L'Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato de S.
+Paulo._ Sao Paulo, 1911.
+
+Pompeu, Julio: _Vier Staaten Brasiliens. Four Brazilian States._ Rio de
+Janeiro, 1910.
+
+_Prospekt der Hanseatischen Kolonisation-Gesellschaft. Ansiedelungen im
+Staate Santa Catharina, Suedbrasilien, Kolonie "Hansa." (Pamphlet.)_
+Hamburg, 1898.
+
+_Ratschlaege fuer Auswanderer nach Suedbrasilien._ (Jannasch, Koseritz,
+Doerffel, Sellin.) Berlin, 1897, (_3d ed._)
+
+_Relatorio. Ministerio da Agricultura. Servico de Povamento em 1910._
+Rio de Janeiro, 1911.
+
+Ruecker, A.A. _V._ Grimm, M.
+
+Schanz, Moritz: _Das Heutige Brasilien. Land, Leute und wirtschaftliche
+Verhaeltnisse._ Hamburg, 1893.
+
+Schueler, Heinrich: _Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft._ Stuttgart and
+Leipzig, 1912.
+
+Sellin, A.W.: _Brasilien und die La Plata-Staaten._ Munich. (J.F.
+Lehmann's Verlag.)
+
+Sellin, A.W.: _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1885. (_2 vols._)
+
+Sellin, A.W.: _Landeskunde der Vereinigten Staaten von Brasilien._
+Hamburg, 1909.
+
+Sieves Wilhelm: _Suedamerika und die deutschen Interessen._ Stuttgart,
+1903.
+
+Simon, Alex.: _Auswanderung und deutsch-nationale Kolonisation v.
+Suedamerika._ Bayreuth, 1850.
+
+Sommer, Friedrich: _Das Deutschthum in Sao Paulo unter besonderer
+Beruecksichtigung seiner Entwickdung und seiner heutigen
+wirthschaftlichen und kulturellen Bedeutung._ Sao Paulo. (_Still in
+manuscript at the time the present work went to press._)
+
+Stade, Hans: _Wahrhafftig Historia und Beschreibung einer Landschafft
+der wilden, nacketen, grimmigen Menschfresser Leuthen, in der newen Welt
+America gelegen._ Franckfurt am Main, 1556. (_V._ Kluepfel, Dr. Karl.)
+
+Telles, Moreira: _O Brazil e a Emigracao._ Lisbon, 1913.
+
+Tootal, Albert, and Burton, Richard F.: _The Captivity of Hans Stade of
+Hesse, in A.D. 1547-1555, among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil._
+London, 1874.
+
+Tschudi, Johann Jakob von: _Reisen durch Suedamerika._ Leipzig,
+1866-1869. (_5 vols._)
+
+Urwaldsbote. _Der Urwaldsbote. Kalender fuer die Deutschen in
+Suedbrasilien. Herausgegeben zum 50 jaehrigen Bestehen der Kolonie
+Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.
+
+Vallentin, Dr. W.: _Das Deutschthum in Suedamerika._ Berlin, 1908.
+
+Wagemann, E.: _Die deutschen Kolonisten im brasilianischen Staate
+Espirito Santo._ Schriften des Vereins fuer Sozialpolitik (Beitrag zur
+Enquete ueher die Ansiedelung von Europaeern in den Tropen). 1916
+[?].[130]
+
+Wappaeus, Dr. J.E.: _Deutsche Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Leipzig,
+1846 and 1848. (_2 parts._)
+
+Wernicke, Hugo: _Deutsch-evangelisches Volkstum in Espirito Santo. Eine
+Reise zu deutschen Kaffeebauern in einem tropischen Staate Brasiliens._
+Potsdam, 1910. (_2d ed._)
+
+Wright, Marie Robinson: _The New Brazil._ Philadelphia, 1907.
+
+Zoeller, Hugo: _Die Deutschen im Brasilischen Urwald._ Berlin and
+Stuttgart, 1883.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 41: _V._ note 29, p. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 42: I.e., Pedreiras, Parelheiros, M'Boy, Colonia Velha and
+Itapecerica.]
+
+[Footnote 43: _V._ note 27, p. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 44: I.e., Brazilian of Portuguese extraction.]
+
+[Footnote 45: In den Schneizen [of Santa Cruz and Sao Lourenco] sprechen
+sogar die dort aufgewachsenen Neger Hunsruecker Dialekt.... Ein
+Musterreiter bereiste einst ... die Rio Grandenser Kolonieen. Als er an
+einen Kreuzweg kam, sah er zwei Schwarze am Wege im Felde hocken. Er
+fragte sie auf Portugiesisch um den richtigen Weg. "Wat seggt de Kirl?"
+fragt ein Schwarzer den andern. "Ah, ihr sprecht deutsch?" ... "Ja," war
+die Antwort, "mir sein deitsche Neger."
+
+E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald." _Uhle's
+Kalender_ for 1912, p. 76.]
+
+[Footnote 46: This rule holds for the Portuguese, but not for the German
+_'j'_ as e.g., where the latter replaces the _'h'_ in _jatte_ (from
+_hiate_), the _'i'_ or _'y'_ in _cuja_ (from _cuia, cuya_) or the
+_'lh'_ in _cangalje_ (from _cangalho_). In such cases the _'j'_ has the
+phonetic value of the English _'y'_.]
+
+[Footnote 47: See note 4, p. 19.]
+
+[Footnote 48: The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in Sao Paulo. _V._
+note 2, p. 19.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina.]
+
+[Footnote 50: For a further example of a short proper name compare the
+one commonly applied to the small town "O'" (contraction of "Nossa
+Senhora do O'"), located a short distance to the northwest of Sao
+Paulo.]
+
+[Footnote 51: This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to
+native-born German Brazilians.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Political propaganda literature intended to lead the
+unwary to draw different conclusions has been copiously spread before
+the public during the last decade. Whatever the ideas on the subject may
+be in foreign countries, the German Brazilians themselves are the only
+ones who can speak on it with authority. Strange to say, they never seem
+to be consulted or studied at first hand by those who speak most loudly
+about the "German peril" in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Blumenau, Joinville
+and Curityba can furnish more accurate information on this particular
+subject than Berlin, Paris, London and New York.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Several specific examples will be noted in the specimens
+from advertisements in almanacs and newspapers, pp. 36-39.]
+
+[Footnote 54: By P. Th. Amstadt, S.J. The story appears in the
+_Familienfreund_ for 1917, P. 39 ff.]
+
+[Footnote 55: _Viezuechter._]
+
+[Footnote 56: _Feigenbaum._]
+
+[Footnote 57: _Landgut._]
+
+[Footnote 58: Read _60 Milreis_.]
+
+[Footnote 59: _Winterquatier._]
+
+[Footnote 60: _Conto_= 1000 Milreis.]
+
+[Footnote 61: _Freund._]
+
+[Footnote 62: _Schlaechterei._]
+
+[Footnote 63: _Viehhaendler._]
+
+[Footnote 64: _Schenke._]
+
+[Footnote 65: _Fertig._]
+
+[Footnote 66: _Gepraege._]
+
+[Footnote 67: _Uhles Familienkalender_, 1916, p. 318.]
+
+[Footnote 68: Ibid., p. 300.]
+
+[Footnote 69: Ibid., p. 315.]
+
+[Footnote 70: Ibid., p~ 297.]
+
+[Footnote 71: _Familienfreund_, 1917, p. xxv.]
+
+[Footnote 72: Ibid., p. xxvii.]
+
+[Footnote 73: _Riograndenser Marienkalender_, 1917, p. 128.]
+
+[Footnote 74: _Rotermund's Kalender fuer die Deutschen in Brasilien_,
+1915, p. 410.]
+
+[Footnote 75: _Uhle's Familienkalender_, 1917, p. 170.]
+
+[Footnote 76: _Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre, July 20, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 77: _Vaterland_, Porto Alegre, September 18, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 79: _Blumenauer Zeitung_, August 22, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 80: _Brusker Zeitung_, August 12, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 81: _Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre, July 5, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 82: _Kolonie-Zeitung_, Joinville, August 17, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 83: _Die Serra-Post_, Ijuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, September 15,
+1916.]
+
+[Footnote 84: From Funke's _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien,_ p. 167.]
+
+[Footnote 85: _Unverhofftes Gewinn._]
+
+[Footnote 86: _Reisetasche._]
+
+[Footnote 87: _Waldpfadswanze._]
+
+[Footnote 88: _Baumwolle._]
+
+[Footnote 89: _Gingan._]
+
+[Footnote 90: _Reitermaentel._]
+
+[Footnote 91: _Preisermaessigung._]
+
+[Footnote 92: _Kaufladen._]
+
+[Footnote 93: _Maulesel._]
+
+[Footnote 94: _10,000 milreis._]
+
+[Footnote 95: _Guten Tag!_]
+
+[Footnote 96: _V._ Breitenbach: _Aus Sued-Brasilien_, p. 247.]
+
+[Footnote 97: _Verdeck._]
+
+[Footnote 98: _Scheck._]
+
+[Footnote 99: _Falbe._]
+
+[Footnote 100: _Tierhaendler._]
+
+[Footnote 101: _Hochland._]
+
+[Footnote 102: _Gevatter._]
+
+[Footnote 103: _Tor._]
+
+[Footnote 104: _Waldstrasse._]
+
+[Footnote 105: _Lichtung._]
+
+[Footnote 106: _Maiskolben._]
+
+[Footnote 107: _Maultier._]
+
+[Footnote 108: _Kuerbisse._]
+
+[Footnote 109: ="portreiro" (_Weideplats, Koppel_).]
+
+[Footnote 110: _Graben._]
+
+[Footnote 111: _Boeschungen._]
+
+[Footnote 112: _Waldmesser._]
+
+[Footnote 113: _Bambus._]
+
+[Footnote 114: _Lianen._]
+
+[Footnote 115: _Guerteltier._]
+
+[Footnote 116: _Buschsichel._]
+
+[Footnote 117: _Wettrennen._]
+
+[Footnote 118: _Mehl._]
+
+[Footnote 119: _Kleinhaendler._]
+
+[Footnote 120: _Gezogen._]
+
+[Footnote 121: _Geschlagen._]
+
+[Footnote 122: _Packsattel._]
+
+[Footnote 123: Of the words appearing in the GLOSSARY the writer
+acknowledges as his source for the following the _Verdeutschungsheft_ by
+G.A. Buechler, Blumenau, 1915: _Backeljau, balse, kaschimbo, lelong,
+multe, multieren, orsament, pikarette, rekerieren, rossieren, sellieren,
+strupiat, wolte, zise._]
+
+[Footnote 124: It is to be remembered, however, that High German is the
+norm in ordinary news articles in almanacs, newspapers, etc., as well as
+for literary purposes in general. In such instances Brazilian German
+forms appear relatively rarely.]
+
+[Footnote 125: All words or phrases thus noted have since been observed
+in print in Brazilian German publications, with the exception of
+_agriao_ and _bond_.]
+
+[Footnote 126: The simple word "Portuguese" is particularly avoided here
+(as well as throughout this work generally) because the language as
+spoken by the general public in Brazil frequently differs from the
+language of Portugal. While the same in form, the words often have a
+different meaning. Also many Indian words, especially from the Guarany
+and Tupi languages, are embodied in the Brazilian national idiom.]
+
+[Footnote 127: This applies to the written, but not always to the spoken
+language.]
+
+[Footnote 128: I.e., like the use of the word "sou" in France,
+"Groschen" in Germany, or "penny" in the United States.]
+
+[Footnote 129: _V._ Grimm-Ruecker: _Lehr-und Lesebuch_, p. iii.]
+
+[Footnote 130: Because of existing conditions it has been impossible to
+determine whether this work has as yet appeared in print.]
+
+
+
+
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+1. _Translations of German Poetry in American Magazines 1741-1810._ By
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+3. _Friedrich Schiller in America._ A Contribution to the Literature of
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+4. _The Influence of Salomon Gessner upon English Literature._ By Bertha
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+
+8. _The Settlement of the German Coast of Louisiana and the Creoles of
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+   The following corrections regarding the original were made:
+
+   [Footnote TN1: The original has here a wrong spelling: COPYWRIGHT
+   instead of COPYRIGHT]
+
+   [Footnote TN2: The original has here a wrong spelling: Vorabeiter
+   instead of Vorarbeiter]
+
+   [Footnote TN3: The original has here a wrong spelling: abfertitgen
+   instead of abfertigen]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL***
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