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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The German Element in Brazil, by Benjamin
+Franklin Schappelle
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The German Element in Brazil
+ Colonies and Dialect
+
+
+Author: Benjamin Franklin Schappelle
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 20, 2005 [eBook #17361]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL***
+
+
+E-text prepared by David Starner, Ralph Janke, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/)
+
+
+
+Note:
+ Text in the original formatted in italic is maked as _italic_.
+ Text in the original formatted in bold is marked as =bold=.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL
+
+Colonies and Dialect
+
+by
+
+BENJAMIN FRANKLIN SCHAPPELLE, Ph.D.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Americana Germanica
+Number 26
+Americana Germanica Press
+Philadelphia
+1917
+Copyright[TN1] 1917
+by
+Benjamin Franklin Schappelle.
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+Americana Germanica
+Monographs Devoted to the Comparative Study of the Literary, Linguistic
+and Other Cultural Relations of Germany and America
+
+Editor
+Marion Dexter Learned
+University of Pennsylvania
+
+XXVI. THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL
+COLONIES AND DIALECT
+
+_(See List at the End of the Book)_
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED
+TO
+JOSEPH G. ROSENGARTEN, LL.D.
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+Lied der Deutschbrasilianer
+
+Preface
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE COLONIES. HISTORY AND LOCATION.
+
+The First Settlers
+
+COLONIZATION IN INDIVIDUAL STATES.
+
+Introductory Remarks
+ Bahia
+ Minas Geraes
+ Espirito Santo
+ Rio de Janeiro
+ São Paulo
+ Paraná
+ Santa Catharina
+ Rio Grande do Sul
+
+The Total Number of Germans in Brazil
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN DIALECT.
+
+Underlying Basis of the Dialect
+
+Brazilian German Word Forms
+ Surnames
+ Baptismal Names
+ Terms of Family Relationship in Titles
+
+EXAMPLES FROM BRAZILIAN GERMAN DOCUMENTS.
+
+The Written Language
+
+The Spoken Language
+
+Introduction to Glossary
+
+Glossary
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+The Brazilian German Press
+ Almanacs
+ Newspapers
+
+Bibliography
+
+
+
+
+LIED DER DEUTSCHBRASILIANER.
+
+ Rein wie hoch am Himmelsbogen
+ Unsrer Heimat Sterne stehn.
+ Mächtig, wie die Meereswogen
+ Gegen unsre Küste gehn,
+ Soll der Heimat Sang uns dringen
+ Aus der treuen Brust hervor,
+ Soll Brasiliens Preis erklingen
+ Aus dem deutschen Männerchor.
+
+ Fülle liegt auf deinen Fluren,
+ Gottgesegnet Vaterland;
+ Leuchtend zeigst du noch die Spuren
+ Von des Schöpfers Meisterhand:
+ In des Mittags blauen Fernen
+ Wo die goldne Sonnenpracht,
+ Mit des Himmels schönsten Sternen
+ Schmükt sie funkelnd deine Nacht.
+
+ Deine fruchtgetränkte Erde
+ Gibt uns Mut zu frischem Tun,
+ Gibt uns Müsse, um am Herde
+ Sonder Sorge auszuruhn.
+ Aus des Bodens Scholle ziehen
+ Wir des Lebens bestes Mark,
+ Aus des Bodens Kraft erblühen
+ Die Geschlechter frei und stark.
+
+ Lasst uns schaffen mit der Stärke
+ Dessen, der die Heimat liebt,
+ Lasst uns beten, dass zum Werke
+ Gott uns das Gedeihen gibt!
+ Ewig heilig, ewig teuer
+ Bleibest du dem deutschen Lied,
+ Heimatland, in dem das Feuer
+ Unsres Herdes gastlich glüht.
+
+O. Meyer in _Uhle's Kalender_ for 1916.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+The primary purpose of this work is to give an idea of the dialect which
+has been developed by the German-speaking element in Brazil.
+
+As comparatively little is known by the English-speaking public
+concerning the history, location and relative importance of the German
+element in Brazil (judging from extant English publications referring to
+the subject), the main part of the work has been preceded by a chapter
+dealing with these particular phases. This first chapter is also
+intended to prepare the reader to form a reasonable estimate of the
+comparative importance and extent of the dialect under discussion in the
+main part of the work.
+
+In connection with this study the author is particularly indebted to the
+well-known authority on German American cultural relations and
+conditions, Professor Marion Dexter Learned, of the University of
+Pennsylvania. It was at his suggestion and under his constant help and
+advice that the plan was carried out.
+
+While on a trip of investigation in Brazil the writer was furnished
+important information and material by Friedrich Sommer, _Direktor_ of
+the "Banco Allemão Transatlantico" of São Paulo; Henrique Bamberg of São
+Paulo; Otto Specht, _Chefe da Secção de Publicidade e Bibliotheca_ of
+the "Secretaria da Agricultura" of São Paulo; Johann Potucek,
+Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba; J.B. Hafkemeyer, S.J., of the
+"Collegio Anchieta," Porto Alegre; G.A. Büchler of the "Neue Schule,"
+Blumenau; Cleto Espey, O.F.M., of the "Collegio St. Antonio," Blumenau;
+E. Bloch, _Engenheiro Chefe da Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina,_
+Itajahy; Nikolaus Dechent, _Direktor_ of the "Deutsche Schule,"
+Joinville; Petrus Sinzig, O.F.M., of the "Convento dos Franciscanos,"
+Petropolis; Edmondo Hees, Editor of the "Nachrichten," Petropolis;
+Pastor Fr. L. Hoepffner of the "Deutsch-Evangelische Gemeinde," Rio de
+Janeiro; W. Münzenthaler, _Kaiserlicher General-Konsul,_ Rio de Janeiro;
+and Heinrich Lotz, _Kgl. Bezirksgeologe a.D._, Berlin.
+
+Special thanks are also due to Professor D.B. Shumway, of the
+University of Pennsylvania, for valuable suggestions and assistance in
+the final arrangement of the manuscript.
+
+The above-mentioned persons are in no wise responsible for any errors
+which may appear in the text.
+
+
+
+
+=CHAPTER I.=
+
+
+THE COLONIES. HISTORY AND LOCATION.
+
+
+THE FIRST SETTLERS.
+
+The first reference to German settlers in Brazil we have from the pen of
+Hans Stade of Homberg in Hessen. Stade made two trips to Brazil; one in
+1547 and one in 1549. In the latter instance he was shipwrecked but
+succeeded in landing safely near the present port of Santos in the state
+of São Paulo. As he was a skilled artillerist the Portuguese made him
+commander of the fort Bertioga, the ruins of which are an interesting
+landmark to this day. Later Stade spent several most trying years as the
+captive of a cannibalistic tribe.
+
+After his return to Germany, Stade published an account of his
+experiences. The first edition entitled "_Wahrhafftige Historia unnd
+beschreibung einer landschafft der Wilden, Nacketen, Grimmigen,
+Menschfresser Leuthen in der Newen Welt America gelegen, ..._" appeared
+at Marburg in 1557.[1] In this work Stade refers to two of his
+fellow-countrymen located in Brazil; the one Heliodorus Eoban of Hessen,
+who had charge of a sugar-refinery on the island of São Vicente (near
+Santos); the other Peter Rösel, who was located in Rio de Janeiro as the
+representative for a business firm of Antdorff.[2]
+
+Next we come to Manuel Beckmann, the son of a German who had located in
+Lisbon. He is known in history as Manoel Bequimão and was the leader in
+the Maranhão revolution of 1684. This uprising, altho it came to grief,
+may be regarded as the first of a long series of protests against the
+home government resulting in the declaration of the independence of
+Brazil on the field at Ypiranga, September 2d, 1822. Beckmann died a
+martyr's death at Rio on November 2, 1685. His younger brother, Thomas
+Beckmann, who had also taken part in the revolution, was acquitted.[3]
+
+In the 18th-century there was another important German figure in
+Brazilian history; that of Lieutenant-General Johann Heinrich von Böhm.
+It was von Böhm who, at the head of Portuguese troops, recaptured the
+city of Rio Grande in Rio Grande do Sul from the Spaniards in 1777.[4]
+Von Böhm was assisted by two other German officers, i.e., the Count of
+Lippe and Marschal Funk. These three characters were in a sense the
+forerunners of the German battalions brought into Brazil by the First
+Empire in the early part of the following century.
+
+The first colonization of importance by Germans in Brazil did not take
+place until the early part of the 19th century. Beginning with that
+century there was a steady stream of non-Portuguese settlers into the
+country, and of these the Germans formed an important part.
+
+
+COLONIZATION IN INDIVIDUAL STATES.
+
+
+_Introductory Remarks._
+
+The following is a résumé of the German colonies[5] in Brazil and a
+brief introduction to their history.
+
+For the sake of convenience, the colonies have been divided:
+
+First; according to the states in which they are located.
+
+Second; according to the date of founding.
+
+Third; according to the kind of colony administratively at the time of
+founding. As to this they fall under three categories:
+
+a) Private colonies, i.e., founded by a private individual or
+corporation.
+
+b) Provincial colonies, i.e., founded by a particular state or former
+province.
+
+c) State colonies, i.e., founded by the central government, whether
+during the time of the Empire[6] or since the formation of the Republic.
+
+The word _German_ as applied to colonists refers only to natives of
+Germany who became naturalized citizens of Brazil and to Brazilians of
+German extraction.
+
+Colonies located within the confines of other German colonies (_e.g.,_
+Hansa, São Bento _etc._) are not listed.
+
+_Direct immigration_ signifies immigration from Europe.
+
+_Indirect immigration_ signifies immigration from a South American
+country bordering on Brazil; immigration from another Brazilian state;
+or from another colony within the same state.
+
+Numerical statistics concerning individual colonies have been avoided
+except in a few cases where they are of sufficient comparative
+importance to be noted in a work of this scope.
+
+All the colonies coming in consideration (excepting some of those
+founded since 1890) have been "emancipated," _i.e.,_ they no longer
+receive special aid from, the government and their special colonial
+directorates have been abolished.
+
+The states of Brazil which are important so far as German colonization
+is concerned are Bahia, Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
+(Federal District), São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do
+Sul.[7] This is the geographical order from north to south and the one
+according to which they will be taken up.
+
+
+BAHIA.
+
+In this state is located the first German colony founded in Brazil. It
+is =Leopoldina=, started as a private undertaking by Busch, Reycke and
+Freireiss in 1818.[8]
+
+=Frankenthal=, another private colony, was founded in 1822 by Peter
+Weyll and Saueracker.[9]
+
+Of all the states mentioned, Bahia is the least important so far as
+German colonization is concerned. This is largely due to the fact that
+its climate is too tropical to favor such colonization oft an extended
+scale.
+
+
+MINAS GERAES.
+
+The private colony =Theophilo Ottoni=,[10] in the north-eastern part of
+the state was founded by a German stock-company in 1851.
+
+Recent state colonies where Germans form a considerable part of the
+population are =Nova Baden, Francisco Salles, Itajubá, João Pinheiro,
+Constança, Vargem Grande,= and =Rodrigo Sylva=.[11]
+
+Germans form a considerable part of the population of the capital of the
+state (Bello Horizonte) and of the important city of Juiz da Fora.
+
+
+ESPIRITO SANTO.
+
+The state colony =Santa Izabel= was founded in 1847. The first settlers
+were composed chiefly of Rhenish Prussians.
+
+=Santa Leopoldina=, another state colony, was founded in 1857. A
+suggestion as to the origin of the first settlers is offered by the
+names of the different districts into which the colony was first
+divided; _viz._; Schweiz, Sachsen, Pommern, Rheinland, Tirol and
+Holland.
+
+The two above-mentioned are the most northern of the important German
+colonies in Brazil to-day.
+
+
+RIO DE JANEIRO (Federal District).
+
+=Nova Friburgo=, the oldest state colony in Brazil, was founded in 1819.
+The first settlers were Swiss, but since Germans immediately followed
+them and formed the larger part of the subsequent influx, Nova Friburgo
+is properly classed as a German colony.
+
+=Petropolis= was made a state colony in 1845. In reality it had its
+origin as a German colony in 1838. The first settlers were German
+emigrants originally bound not for Brazil but for Sydney, Australia. On
+account of the bad treatment they received on the French sailing vessel
+"Justine" they revolted and compelled the captain to land them at Rio de
+Janeiro on December 2d, 1837. Here the Brazilian Imperial Government
+assisted them and at the suggestion of Major Julius Friedrich
+Koehler[12] gave them employment on the construction of the Serra road
+between Estrella, located a short distance above Rio, and Parahyba do
+Sul, located near the border between the Federal District and Minas
+Geraes. They formed their settlement at what later became Petropolis. On
+account of the satisfaction which the government found in these
+immigrants it turned the settlement into a state colony in 1845, as
+above mentioned.
+
+As in the case of Santa Leopolidina, the origin of individual groups of
+colonists to Petropolis is indicated by the names of some of the
+sections into which the colony was divided, _viz.,_ Bingen, Ingelheim,
+Moselthal, Nassau, Westphalen, Unteres-Rheinthal, Mittleres-Rheinthal,
+Simmern, Castellaunerthal, Untere Pfalz, Obere Pfalz, Oberes Rheinthal,
+Wöstädterthal, Schweizerthal, Wormserthal, Darmstädterthal, etc.
+
+Since 1850 there has been but little German immigration into the
+Petropolis colony. On the other hand, this particular colony has been a
+rich source for indirect German immigration into the more southern
+states.
+
+Among the recent state colonies of Rio de Janeiro that of =Visconde de
+Mauá= is largely populated by Germans.[13]
+
+
+SÃO PAULO.
+
+The oldest German settlements in the state are the provincial colonies
+founded in 1827. On November 13th of that year the first levy of
+settlers, all South Germans, landed at Santos. These were apportioned
+into two colonies; one located at _Santo Amaro_ and the other between
+Penha and Nossa Senhora dos Garulhos.
+
+The provincial colony of =Quilombo=, located between Itapecerica and
+Contia, was founded in 1828.[14]
+
+In 1847 the private colonies of =Ybicaba= and =Angelica= were founded by
+the Senador Vergueiro. They were put on the basis of _meiação_,[15] the
+later abuse of which, by others than Vergueiro, paved the way for the
+famous Heydt rescript[16] of November 3d, 1859.
+
+In the following more recently established provincial colonies the
+population is largely made up of German settlers: =Campos Salles=,
+founded in 1897; =Jorge Tibiriça=, founded in 1905; =Nova Europa=,
+founded in 1907; and =Bandeirantes=, founded in 1908. In addition to
+these, the provincial colonies of =Monção= and =Pariquera Assú= also
+contain important quotas of Germans.
+
+In the state of São Paulo the Germans form to-day an urban rather than a
+rural population. They are very strongly represented in São Paulo (the
+capital), Campinas and Santos. The following towns and their vicinities
+are also important centers of German population: Riberão Pires, São
+Bernardo, Rocinha, Vallinhos, Helvetia, Nova Friburgo, Salto de Ytú,
+Sorocaba, Botucatú, Riberão Preto, São João da Bôa Vista, Villa
+Americana, Pires, Araras, Leme, Rio Claro, São Carlos do Pinhal, Santa
+Rita do Passo Quatro, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, Brotas, Dous Corregos,
+Jahú, Villa Raffard, Piracicaba, and Jacarehy.[17]
+
+Excepting the older colonies first mentioned, the German element in São
+Paulo is largely made up as the result of indirect immigration; in the
+early years from the Petropolis district, and later from the more
+southern states and from Argentine.
+
+
+PARANÁ.
+
+The state colony of =Rio Negro= was founded in 1829[18] while this
+section of Brazil was still within the limits of São Paulo.[19] Shortly
+after its founding the colony was increased by the location of members
+of the mustered-out German legion of the Imperial army.[20] Subsequently
+many settlers from the São Bento district in Santa Catharina moved over
+to this colony.
+
+The following provincial colonies are settled largely by Germans or
+German-speaking Austrians: =Jesuino Marcondes, Ivahy, Iraty,= all
+founded in 1907; =Itapará= and =Tayó=, both founded in 1908; and =Vera
+Guarany=, founded in 1909.[21]
+
+By far the most important center for Germans in the state is the
+capital, Curityba. There are some 12,000 German-speaking residents in
+this city. In addition, a large number are located in the important
+cities of Lapa, Ponta Grossa, Porto da União and Castro.[22]
+
+A large part of the German element in Paraná is due to indirect
+immigration from Santa Catharina.
+
+
+SANTA CATHARINA.
+
+=São Pedro de Alcantara=, a state colony, was founded in 1828.[23] Its
+first settlers came mainly from the Rhine district.
+
+=Itajahy=[24] and =Santa Izabel=, two other state colonies were founded
+in 1835 and 1846 respectively.
+
+=Blumenau=, a private colony (originally), was founded in 1850 by Dr.
+Hermann Blumenau.[25] The first settlers were mainly natives of
+Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Blumenau is the most widely known (largely
+because of its German name) and one of the most important German
+colonies in Brazil to-day. According to Carvalho "Blumenau constitue
+dans l'Amérique du Sud le type le plus parfait de la colonisation
+européenne."[26] The area of the "municipio"[27] covers 10,725 square
+kilometers and is populated by about 60,000 inhabitants, the great
+majority of whom are of German descent.[28] The "Stadtplatz"[29] is
+composed mainly of one street 5-1/2 kilometers in length (including
+Altona) and is most beautifully situated on the right bank of the river
+Itajahy-Assú. It contains about 3,000 inhabitants, nearly all of whom
+are Germans.
+
+=Dona Francisca= was founded in 1851 as a private colony by the
+"Hamburger Kolonisationsverein von 1849." It comprises the territory
+given as a marriage dot by Dom Pedro II. to his sister, Dona Francisca,
+at the time of her marriage to the Prince of Joinville of the French
+House of Orleans. The "Stadtplatz" of the colony was named Joinville in
+honor of the prince.
+
+Dona Francisca was founded under favorable circumstances at a time when
+many Germans, including members of the "upper classes" were leaving the
+Fatherland on account of the general political discontent during the
+latter part of the forties of the past century. This fact is reflected
+in the German language as spoken in Joinville to-day. It is perhaps more
+free from dialect than in any other German colony in Brazil. The
+general cultural status of the inhabitants of Germanic origin is
+relatively high.
+
+The entire colony (municipio) of Dona Francisca contains more than
+30,000 inhabitants; the "Stadtplatz" about 6,000. In both, the
+inhabitants of Germanic origin form the great majority.
+
+The colony of =Brusque=[30] was founded in 1860. Its early colonists
+were composed largely of former inhabitants of the Rheinland,
+Westphalia, Oldenburg and Baden. Next to Blumenau and Dona Francisca,
+Brusque is to-day the most important German colony in Santa Catharina.
+
+In the territory not included in the "municipios" mentioned above, the
+larger part of the inhabitants of the following centers are of German
+descent: Angelina and Santa Thereza, both founded in 1853; Therezopolis,
+founded in 1860; Palhoça, Braço do Norte and Pedras Grandes.
+
+Important numbers of Germans are located along the following rivers of
+Santa Catharina: Rio Itajahy do Sul; Rio das Tijucas; Rio Braço do
+Norte; and Rio Capivary.[31]
+
+In point of numbers, Santa Catharina is next to the most important state
+in Brazil so far as German colonization is concerned.
+
+
+RIO GRANDE DO SUL.
+
+=São Leopoldo=, a state colony, was founded in 1824. The first settlers
+came from the Hunsrück section. To-day its population is estimated at
+more than 50,000, mostly of German descent.[32] We may designate São
+Leopoldo as the center of the "Deutschbrasilianerthum" of Rio Grande do
+Sul.
+
+The state colonies of =Tres Forquilhas= and =São Pedro de Alcantara das
+Torres= were founded in 1826. The former was settled by German
+Protestants, the latter by German Catholics.
+
+=Santa Cruz=, a state colony, was founded in 1849. Its first settlers
+were mainly from Pomerania and the Rheinland.
+
+Next in order there followed an important period of private
+colonization. As a result of this we have =Rincão d'El Rei=, founded in
+1850 by Dr. Israel R. Barcellos; =Mundo Novo=, founded in 1850 by
+Tristão José Monteiro; =Conventos=, founded in 1853 by Baptista F.
+Pereira e Cie.; =Estrella=, founded in 1856 by Santos Pinto; =Mariante=,
+founded in 1856; and =Maratá= founded in 1856 by Andreas Kochenborger
+and Pedro Schreiner.
+
+In the year 1857 two provincial colonies were founded, i.e., =Santo
+Angelo= and =Nova Petropolis=.
+
+The year 1858 marked the second period of private colonization. In that
+year =São Lourenço= was founded by Jakob Rheingantz. The first settlers
+of this colony were Pomeranians and natives of the Rheinland. In the
+same year =Teutonia= was founded by a group of capitalists of Porto
+Alegre.[33]
+
+The last period of strictly provincial colonization is marked by the
+founding of =Monte Alverne= in 1859 and of =São Feliciano= in 1867.
+
+In the most recent period a number of colonies supported by both the
+state and central governments have been founded. Of these the following
+have been settled largely by Germans; =Guarany=, founded in 1891;
+=Ijuhy=,[34] founded in 1891; and =Erechim=, founded in 1909.[35] In
+addition, Dr. Hermann Meyer's private colonies of =Xingú= and =Neu
+Württemberg= were founded in this period; the former in 1897 and the
+latter in 1899.
+
+The German element is very strongly represented in the important cities
+of Porto Alegre and Pelotas as well as in the "municipios" of São João
+de Montenegro, São Sebastião do Cahy (now includes Nova Petropolis),
+Venancio Ayres, Lageado, Taquara, Cruz Alta and Palmeiro.
+
+Rio Grande do Sul has a much larger population of German descent than
+any other state in Brazil. The main reason why so many Germans settled
+in this state we may attribute to the climatic conditions which are here
+more favorable to Germanic peoples than in any other section of the
+country.
+
+
+AN ESTIMATE AS TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF GERMANS IN BRAZIL.
+
+It is impossible to make an exact statement as to the total number of
+Germans in the country. The reasons for this are not far to seek. The
+fact that an accurate census for Brazil does not exist is not surprising
+when we consider the enormous expanse of territory.[36] The greater part
+of this is but sparsely settled and largely covered with primeval
+forests. Official statistics, where they do exist are apt to have been
+carelessly compiled and often are entirely untrustworthy, "Paciencia,"
+has been the watchword here as well as throughout all other walks of
+life in Brazil.
+
+If we restrict ourselves to estimate, among the total of Brazilian
+citizens, those of any particular European origin, the difficulty
+increases. Here the census reports offer practically no help because all
+persons are listed simply as Brazilians, no reference being made as to
+their origin.
+
+The primary sources in making up the estimates are furnished by the
+immigration reports as they are found in the "Ministerio da Agricultura"
+in Rio and the "Secretaria da Agricultura" of several individual states.
+Even here the statistics are inadequate for our purpose. As a rule only
+such colonists as came in third class on ships from Europe are
+listed.[37] In addition, it is impossible to determine how many
+colonists came by land (indirect immigration) from adjoining South
+American countries such, as Uruguay, Paraguay or Argentine.
+
+The secondary sources, and the ones which in this instance are most
+valuable, are embodied in the estimates of former colonial directors and
+other officials, as well as private persons having first hand knowledge
+concerning the different European elements in Brazil.
+
+The official data offered by the Bureau of Statistics of the "Ministerio
+da Agricultura" in Rio concerning immigration directly from Europe
+begins with the year 1820. That concerning immigration from Germany in
+particular begins with 1827. Official figures are available as to the
+number of immigrants from Germany from that date to the present
+excepting the years 1830-1836 inclusive, 1838, 1839, 1843, 1844, 1846,
+1848 and 1849. The total is 128,233 up to the end of the year 1915.[38]
+
+In order to determine the approximate numerical value of the German
+element in the population of Brazil, many estimates worthy of
+consideration have been compared. The estimates which in the opinion of
+the writer have the strongest claim to accuracy, are listed below. As
+will be seen, those determined upon by Friedrich Sommer, _Direktor_ of
+the "Banco Allemão Transatlantico" of São Paulo are largely followed.
+This authority has for years been making a careful study of the subject
+and consequently his conclusions bear particular weight.
+
+Taking up the states in the order as previously, we have:
+
+ Bahia. No reliable estimates except as contained below
+ in "Northern and Central States."
+
+ Minas Geraes............... 5,000. Sommer.
+ Espirito Santo............. 25,000. Ludwig[39]
+ Rio (Fed. Dist.)........... 18,000. Sommer.
+ São Paulo.................. 32,000. Ibid.
+ Paraná .................... 35,000. Ibid.
+ Santa Catharina............ 100,000. Müller von Königswinter
+ Rio Grande do Sul.......... 250,000. Ibid.
+ Northern and Central States
+ (including Bahia)........ 10,000. Sommer.
+ ________
+ Total...................... 475,000.
+
+Making a fairly liberal allowance for underestimates, we may regard the
+number 500,000 as representing the total number of citizens of German
+descent in Brazil to-day.[40]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: _V._ Tootal, p. XCV.]
+
+[Footnote 2: _V._ Klüpfel, pp. 121 and 162.]
+
+[Footnote 3: _Cf._ Sommer: "Manoel Beckmann." _German American Annals._
+New Series. Vol. 14, Nos. 5 and 6, 1916, pp. 189-196. Also Pereira da
+Silva: _Quadros_.... p. 111.]
+
+[Footnote 4: _V._ Ludwig, p. 27.]
+
+[Footnote 5: It is emphasized that only colonies (state, provincial, or
+private) in which the German element forms an important part of the
+population are noted.]
+
+[Footnote 6: These are commonly designated as "Imperial Colonies."]
+
+[Footnote 7: A comparatively very small number of Germans are located in
+the northern and western states of Brazil. They primarily follow
+business or professional careers and can hardly be classed as settlers.
+Consequently they do not come in consideration in this work.]
+
+[Footnote 8: _Cf._ Sellin, _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien_, Vol. II, p. 80.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Formerly called "Philadelphia."]
+
+[Footnote 11: _Cf._ Report of Pedro Rache, _Inspector do Serviço de
+Povoamento_, in _Relatorio._]
+
+[Footnote 12: Koehler was born in Mainz in 1810. At the age of 23 he
+went to Brazil and soon became a naturalized citizen of the country. He
+entered the government service and was promoted to the rank of major in
+the engineering corps in 1842. Died in Petropolis in 1847.]
+
+[Footnote 13: _Cf._ report of the inspector Antonio Ribeiro de Castro
+Sobrinho in _Relatorio._]
+
+[Footnote 14: _V._ Marcondes de Souza: _O Estado de São Paulo_, p. 195.
+_Cf._ statement by Ernst Heinke in _Jahrbuch, Erstes_ ..., p. 250.]
+
+[Footnote 15: I.e., lease of a section of land for the return of
+one-half of the yearly products.]
+
+[Footnote 16: A Prussian ministerial decree (also adopted by other
+German states) forbidding the emigration of German citizens to Brazil.
+In 1896 it was revoked for the three most southern states of Brazil,
+i.e., Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina and Paraná.]
+
+[Footnote 17: _Cf._ statements by C.F. Scheler in _Jahrbuch, Erstes_
+..., p. 175 ff.]
+
+
+[Footnote 18: In 1828 according to Grossi, p. 168.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Paraná was separated from São Paulo in 1853.]
+
+[Footnote 20: _V._ Sellin, _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien_, Vol. II, p.
+111.]
+
+[Footnote 21: _Cf._ report of the inspector Manoel F. Ferreira Correia
+in _Relatorio._]
+
+[Footnote 22: Information furnished by Johann Potucek,
+Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba.]
+
+[Footnote 23: This is commonly referred to as the first colony in Santa
+Catharina. However, Grossi (p. 168) refers to a _Colonia Alemão o
+Conselheiro Pedreira_ (state colony) founded in 1827.]
+
+[Footnote 24: Lacmann (p. 8) states that _Gross Itajahy_ was founded in
+1829.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Born 1819 at Hasselfelde in Braunschweig. Specialized in
+pharmacy. In 1849 came to Brazil and laid out plans for a colony. From
+1850 to 1880 he was primarily occupied in directing the colony which
+bears his name. This colony was emancipated in 1880, but Dr. Blumenau
+remained on the scene of his former activities until 1884, when he
+returned to Germany. Died 1898.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _V. Le Brésil Meridional,_ p. 309.]
+
+[Footnote 27: The term "municipio" denotes a city or town together with
+the surrounding districts coming under the same jurisdiction; frequently
+(as used in this work) an emancipated colony.]
+
+[Footnote 28: According to census of 1907 and calculations to date
+(September, 1916) in the archives at Blumenau.]
+
+[Footnote 29: The term "Stadtplatz" as used by the colonists designates
+the seat or governmental center of a particular colony. Portuguese
+"sede."]
+
+[Footnote 30: So named in honor of the president of the state at the
+time, Dr. Araujo Brusque.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Information furnished by E. Bloch, _Engenheiro Chefe da
+Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina._]
+
+[Footnote 32: Grossi, p. 162.]
+
+[Footnote 33: _Cf._ Ludwig, p. 84.]
+
+[Footnote 34: A particularly strong current of German settlers has in
+recent years been moving into Ijuhy, mostly by indirect immigration.]
+
+[Footnote 35: _Cf._ report of the inspector C. Lila da Silveira in
+_Relatorio_.]
+
+[Footnote 36: About equal to that of the United States without the
+colonies and Alaska, but with the state of Texas doubled.]
+
+[Footnote 37: The study of emigration reports in European archives does
+not help us much because by no means did all persons listed as emigrants
+for Brazil finally arrive in the latter country.]
+
+[Footnote 38: In order to enable the reader to put a correct valuation
+on the popular bugaboo, the "perigo allemão" (German peril), the
+following facts are noted by way of comparison:
+
+According to the statistics above referred to, the German immigrants
+occupy fourth place in point of numbers for the period 1820-1915,
+inclusive. They are superseded by:
+
+ a) Italians. First mentioned in the records 1836.
+ Total to 1862.................................... 209
+ Total to and including 1915...................... 1,348,777
+
+ b) Portuguese. First noted in 1837.
+ Total to and including 1915...................... 977,524
+
+ c) Spaniards. First noted 1841.
+ Total to 1868.................................... 274
+ Total to and including 1915...................... 470,107]
+
+[Footnote 39: Dr. Ernst Wagemann, of the Kolonialinstitut, Hamburg,
+recently estimated the German population of Espirito Santo at
+20,000-30,000, according to statements by W. Münzenthaler, German
+Consular-General in Rio.]
+
+[Footnote 40: The above estimates refer to conditions at the end of
+1915. The estimate for the total population of the country for that year
+was 23,000,000.]
+
+
+
+
+=CHAPTER II.=
+
+
+THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN DIALECT.
+
+
+THE UNDERLYING BASIS AND REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE DIALECT.
+
+As may be inferred from chapter I, the German immigration into Brazil
+antedating the nineteenth century was quite insignificant. Beginning
+with the early years of that century, however, there was a steady
+current of new settlers from the German-speaking sections of Europe into
+the southern part of the country. The people who made up this current
+settled, particularly during the early years, in small, widely separated
+colonial nuclei where they found themselves more or less thoroughly cut
+off from the outside world and its influences. It is not surprising,
+therefore, to find that these people have developed a new dialect which
+we may call "Brazilian German."
+
+The Germanic settlers from Europe who had come to Brazil found
+themselves located in surroundings radically different from the ones to
+which they had been accustomed in the land of their nativity. Physically
+they had to adapt themselves to a new climate. From the moment of their
+arrival on the parcel of land allotted to them they were in contact with
+many objects for which their mother tongue offered no designation. The
+animals, plants, insects and even the agricultural implements in the new
+home land had, to a large extent, names for which the German language
+offered no equivalent. As a result, many non-germanic words had to be
+immediately adopted.
+
+In reference to the older colonies, the German-speaking immigrants from
+any particular section of Germany, Switzerland or Austria would more or
+less settle in a particular section of Brazil. Thus we have Petropolis
+in Rio de Janeiro settled by former inhabitants of the Coblenz district
+and Blumenau in Santa Catharina settled largely by Pomeranians. In a
+general way it may be stated that the older colonies were in this
+respect relatively homogenious, while those founded since the middle of
+the past century drew their settlers to a larger extent from different
+German-speaking sections of Europe.
+
+The settlers, largely drawn from the agricultural class, naturally
+brought with them from Europe a variety of German dialects. These were
+more or less preserved depending on the relative isolation of the
+colonies. In cases where a considerable and constant influx of settlers
+either by direct or indirect immigration was kept up after the first
+years of the history of any particular colony the original dialect
+largely gave way to a modified form of High German, due primarily to the
+normalizing influence of the German school and church. Such is the case
+in the "Stadtplätze"[41] of Dona Francisca, Blumenau, Santa Cruz and São
+Lourenço.
+
+The preceding statements are intended to present, as it were, the
+background or basis on which the new dialect was developed. We now come
+to the most potent influence in the formation of that dialect. It is the
+Brazilian Portuguese, a language which has no connection with the
+Germanic group. In this point, therefore, our case differs radically
+from that of the student of the German dialects which have been
+developed in North America.
+
+The degree of linguistic influence exerted by the Brazilian Portuguese
+on the High German or its various dialects as spoken by the immigrants
+varies again according to the relative isolation of the settlements. We
+have degrees ranging from that of the old settlements in the Santo Amaro
+district of São Paulo,[42] where the German language has practically in
+its entirety given way to the Brazilian Portuguese, to that of some of
+the sections of the "municipios"[43] of Blumenau in Santa Catharina and
+São Leopoldo in Rio Grande do Sul where a modified German has not only
+held its own among the inhabitants of German extraction, but has also
+become the language of parts of the Luso-Brazilian[44] and negro
+elements as well.[45] About half way between these two extremes we might
+range the case of Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro.
+
+
+BRAZILIAN GERMAN WORD FORMS.
+
+The following general principles are observed in connection with the
+dialect which has been developed by the German element in Brazil.
+
+Nouns form by far the greatest number of words taken over, followed next
+in order by verbs, exclamatory words and phrases, adjectives and
+adverbs. The last two appear relatively rarely.
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON WORDS FROM THE BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE.
+
+
+I. Nouns.
+
+A. Masculines.
+
+1) In the case of masculines the vowel ending is as a rule dropped,
+e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ abatimento... abatiment... discount.
+ campo........ camp........ field, plain.
+ facão-....... fac......... hunting-knife.
+ intendente... intendent... administrator.
+ pasto........ past........ pasture.
+
+2) The same holds for words of the following type where there have been
+further orthographical changes with preserve, however, the same phonetic
+values.
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ macaco....... makak....... monkey.
+ trapiche..... trapisch.... warehouse (on the wharf).
+
+3) Internal phonetic changes have taken place in such words as:
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ kaschero..... kaschör..... shop-man, clerk (in a store).
+ municipio.... munizip..... district.
+
+
+B. Feminines.
+
+In feminines the final vowel '_-a_' is as a rule weakened to _'e'_,
+e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ capoeira..... capoeire.... copse.
+ carreta...... carrete..... cart.
+ garaffa...... garaffe..... bottle.
+ lancha....... lanche...... barge.
+ larancha..... laranche.... orange.
+ mula......... mule........ mule.
+ persianna.... persianne... Venetian-blind.
+ picada....... picade...... lane (through a forest).
+ pimenta...... pimente..... pepper.
+ pipa......... pipe........ barrel, tun.
+ roça......... rosse....... clearing (of a forest).
+ sanga........ sange....... ditch.
+ tolda........ tolde....... cover, hood (of a wagon).
+ traça........ trace....... track, design.
+ venda........ vende....... inn, store.
+
+
+C. Change of gender in nouns.
+
+1) Masculine to feminine, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ barranco _m._ barranke _f._ slope.
+ cabresto _m._ cabreste _f._ halter.
+ cachimbo _m._ kaschimbe _f._ tobacco-pipe.
+ camarote _m._ camarote _f._ box (in a theater).
+ cangalho _m._ cangalhe _f._ packsaddle.
+ charuto _m._. charute _f._. cigar.
+ farelo _m._.. farelle _f._. bran.
+ hiate _m._... jatte _f._... yacht.
+ portreiro _m._ portreere _f._ pasture-ground.
+ rio _m._..... rio _f._.....
+ (rarely _m._) stream, river.
+
+2) Feminine to masculine, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ cachaça _f._. cachass _m._ gin, brandy (of sugar-cane).
+ troca _f._... troc _m._... change (of money).
+
+3) Masculine to neuter, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ doce _m._.... doss _n._... candy, confectionery.
+ fosforo _m._. fosforo _n._ match.
+ tatú _m._.... tatú _n._... armadillo.
+ xarque _m._.. xarque _n._. jerked beef.
+
+4) Feminine to neuter, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ canoa _f._... kanoe _n._.. monoxylon, dugout.
+ farinha _f._. farin _n._.. flour.
+
+From the above examples it will be observed that the gender of the
+Brazilian German noun is, where there has been a change from that of
+the original Brazilian Portuguese, as a rule, the same as that of the
+High German word replaced, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ barranke _f._........ Böschung_f._
+ cachass _m._......... Schnaps _m._
+ camarote _f._........ Theaterloge _f._
+ charute _f._......... Zigarre _f._
+ doss _n._............ Konfekt _n._
+ farelle _f._......... Kleie _f._
+ farin _n._........... Mehl _n._
+ fosforon _n._........ Streichholz_n._
+ kaschimbe _f._....... Tabakspfeife _f._
+ portreere _f._....... Weide _m._
+ troc _m._............ Wechsel _m._
+
+
+D. Nouns of mixed origin are quite frequent, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _English._
+
+ aboboramus........... stewed (and mashed) pumpkin.
+ korbgarrafão......... demijohn.
+ miljekolben.......... cob (of corn).
+ mesclahosen.......... trousers (striped).
+ ochsencarrete........ ox-cart
+ palhazigarrette...... cigarette (with cornhusk wrapper).
+ polizeidelegado...... inspector of police.
+ puschochse........... draught-ox.
+ rocewirtschaft....... agriculture, farming.
+ sellofiskal.......... revenue agent.
+ vendaschuld.......... drinking-score, debt for drink.
+
+
+II. Verbs.
+
+Brazilian German verbs are commonly formed by adding a weak ending,
+_'-en'_ or _'-ieren'_ to the Portuguese stem, e.g.,
+
+ _Portuguese._ _Brazilian German._ _English._
+
+ amolar......... amolieren.......... to grind, sharpen.
+ capinar........ capinen............ to weed.
+ cobrar......... cobrieren.......... to cash, take in (money),
+ laçar ......... lassen............. to throw the lasso.
+ puxar.......... puschen, pussen.... to pull.
+ repousar....... posen.............. to rest.
+ requerer....... rekerieren......... to request.
+ roçar.......... rossieren.......... to clear of weeds.
+ sellar......... sellieren.......... to stamp.
+ tocar.......... tocken............. to beat, strike.
+ trocar......... trocken............ to change (money etc.).
+
+In pronunciation the Brazilian German differs still more from the
+Portuguese than the printed forms would indicate. The main additional
+differences in this case are the following:
+
+1) The noun ending '_-ão'_ has the value of _'-ong'_ instead of the
+Portuguese sound represented by _'-ão.'_ Thus, by phonetic spelling we
+would have, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._
+
+ algodong for algodão.
+ capong " capão,
+ garrafong " garrafão,
+ patakong " patacão.
+ questong " questão,
+ sertong " sertão,
+ violong " violão.
+
+2) The _'j'_ instead of remaining sonant as in Portuguese,
+becomes surd.[46] Thus
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._
+
+ feschong for feijão,
+ schakaré " jacaré.
+ Schwong " João.
+
+3) In the case of infinitives the final _'-n'_ is not sounded,
+particularly in sections influenced by the Hunsrück dialect. These forms
+are therefore pronounced, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._
+
+ amoliere for amolieren.
+ kapine " kapinen.
+ pusche " puschen.
+ tocke " tocken.
+
+
+SURNAMES.
+
+As a general rule German family names are retained in their original
+form in all sections where the German language held its own among the
+colonists. This is especially true where such names offer no difficulty
+in their pronunciation to people having Portuguese as their mother
+tongue. On the other hand, where such names could not be readily
+pronounced by Luso-Brazilians,[47] they underwent changes to greater or
+less extent even in communities where the German element is most
+strongly represented. Where the German language disappeared the German
+family name as a rule disappeared with it, or was retained in such a
+form as to be hardly recognizable.
+
+By way of example a number of modifications in surnames are noted below;
+first, from a section where the German language has almost entirely
+given way to Portuguese[48], and second, from one of the strongest
+German-speaking sections of Brazil.[49]
+
+1)
+
+Emmich became _M'_. The Portuguese could not pronounce the "-ich" and
+consequently it dropped off, resulting in the formation of what is
+probably one of the shortest family names in existence.[50]
+
+Felippoffsky became _Felippe, Franz,_ or _Franço_. In this instance one
+branch of the family adopted the first part of the original family name
+and other branches made surnames out of the Christian name of the first
+immigrant, i.e., Franz Felippoffsky.
+
+Glaser became _Frittenmaku_. The first immigrant was Fritz Glaser. One
+of his characteristics was lameness. The new family name is equivalent
+in meaning to "der lahme Fritz."
+
+Gottfried became _Gottesfried, Gottesfrid_ or _Gottesfritz_.
+
+Helfenstein became _Helfestein_.
+
+Hessel became _Essel_.
+
+Klein became _Cleene_. In this instance a German dialect variant of the
+original became the new family name.
+
+Reinberg became _Remberg_.
+
+Rochenbach became _Rocumbak_ or _Rocumbaque_.
+
+Roschel became _Rocha_.
+
+Toll became _Doll_ or _Doro_.
+
+Weisshaupt became _Sapateiro_. In this instance the first Weisshaupt was
+a shoemaker. The trade name translated into Portuguese became the family
+name.
+
+Züllich became _Sills_.
+
+2)
+
+Wächter became _Walter_.
+
+Werner became _Vierne_.
+
+From the above examples it will be noticed that the new family names
+show, as a general rule, an adaptation of the original to Portuguese
+pronunciation.
+
+
+BAPTISMAL NAMES.
+
+So far as baptismal names are concerned, the case is quite different
+from that applying to surnames. While the latter have been modified to a
+great extent only where the German language gave way to the Portuguese
+almost entirely, as stated, the former have been replaced by their
+Portuguese counterparts, as a rule, in all parts of Brazil.[51] Probably
+the chief reason for this is sentiment, or, to use what is in this case
+perhaps a more accurate term, patriotism. The Portuguese Christian name
+in the country in question distinguishes the individual as a Brazilian,
+not as a German. The people under discussion regard themselves first of
+all as Brazilians.[52] While, according to their idea the retention and
+cultivation of their "Deutschthum" makes them better and more valuable
+Brazilian citizens, they carefully differentiate between "Deutschthum"
+and (to use their own expression) "Deutschländerthum."
+
+The following are examples of Portuguese baptismal names which are
+commonly substituted for their German counterparts by Brazilian Germans.
+
+ _Portuguese form._ _German form._
+
+ Adolfo for Adolf.
+ Alberto " Albert.
+ Augusto " August.
+ Bernardo " Bernard.
+ Carlos " Karl.
+ Edmundo " Edmund.
+ Eduardo " Eduard.
+ Emilio " Emil.
+ Ernesto " Ernst.
+ Estevão " Stephan.
+ Ewaldo " Ewald.
+ Francisco " Franz.
+ Frederico " Friedrich.
+ Germano " Hermann.
+ Guilhermo " Wilhelm.
+ Gustavo " Gustav.
+ Henrique " Heinrich.
+ Ignacio " Ignaz.
+ João " Johann.
+ Jorge " Georg.
+ José " Joseph.
+ Julio " Julius.
+ Leopoldo " Leopold.
+ Luiz " Ludwig.
+ Maximiliano " Maximilian
+ Paulo " Paul.
+ Pedro " Peter.
+ Ricardo " Richard.
+ Roberto " Robert.
+ Rodolfo (Rudolfo) " Rudolf.
+ Theodoro " Theodor.
+
+
+TERMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIP IN TITLES.
+
+For the terms of family relationship in titles (business, etc.) the
+Portuguese forms are commonly used where the German forms would
+naturally be expected (i.e., in exclusively Brazilian German
+publications, etc.). Among the forms most frequently used in this manner
+(in full or abbreviated form, singular or plural) are the following:[53]
+
+ _Portuguese form._ _German form._
+
+ Filho for Sohn.
+ Irmão " Bruder.
+ Sobrinho " Neffe.
+ Viuva " Witwe.
+
+
+EXAMPLES OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN FROM DOCUMENTS.
+
+The Written Language.
+
+The following is an excerpt made from a short story entitled "Unrecht
+schlägt seinen eigenen Herrn."[54]
+
+Der reiche Estancieiro[55] João Rodrigues sass eines Tages unter der
+grossen schattigen Figueira,[56] welche das Wahrzeichen der Estancia[57]
+São Manoel bildete. Er berechnete eben, wie viel Schlachtvieh er dieses
+Jahr verkaufen könnte, und fand, dass es mindestens 700 Stück seien. Das
+gab ein schönes Häufchen Geld; denn die Viehpreise waren dieses Jahr
+hoch. Unter 60$000[58] sollte ihm kein Stück aus der Invernada[59] fort;
+das machte rund 42 Contos[60] aus.
+
+... "Compadre,[61] ich habe einen Auftrag, für eine benachbarte
+Charqueada[62] rund 1000 Stück Schlachtvieh aufzukaufen...."
+
+... Damit war der Handel abgeschlossen, und die beiden Compadres
+verabschiedeten sich, jeder zufrieden: Der Estancieiro, weil er ein
+gutes Geschäft gemacht hatte, und der Tropeiro,[63] weil er morgen ein
+noch besseres zu machen hoffte!
+
+Des anderen Tages stellte sich unser Estancieiro bei guter Zeit im
+Geschäftshause ein und fand daselbst seinen Compadre Bento schon in
+angeheiteter Stimmung in der Venda[64] sitzen.
+
+... "Noch für einen Augenblick," stotterte da wieder der betrunkene
+Tropeiro. "Unter uns beiden braucht's zwar keine Quittung, ich habe
+dein Vieh und du hast mein Geld; damit ist unsere Sache erledigt. Aber
+bei den Herren von der Charqueada muss ich etwas Schwarz auf Weiss
+vorweisen; ..."
+
+... So wollte er gleich heute die ein paar hundert Milréis betragene
+Vendaschuld begleichen.
+
+... "Einen Moment Gedult, Compadre João, gleich ists prompt."[65] Und
+wirklich, es dauerte nur einige Minuten, so hatte der Estancieiro seine
+Rechnung zu Händen, sie betrug 765$000. Er zug 4 von den
+funkelnagelneuen Zweihunderten heraus und reichte dieselben dem
+Geschäftsmanne hin. Der beschaute sich die Dinger genau, holte aus
+seinem Geldschrank einen Schein derselben Estampa[66] heraus, befühlte
+das Papier, schüttelte nachdenklich den Kopf und sagte nur das eine
+Wörtchen "falsch"!
+
+
+EXAMPLES FROM ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+Advertisements in almanacs, newspapers, etc., appearing in German and
+intended only for the German reading-public offer a rich source to the
+student of Brazilian German words and phrases. The following examples
+are by no means unusual. They set forth the principle which obtains in
+practically all German publications in Brazil.
+
+1.) FROM ALMANACS. (For meanings of terms _V._ Glossary.)
+
+Luchsinger E. Co.... Import von Fazendas und Molhados....[67]
+
+Selbach e Cia.... Internationale Verlags- u. Sortiments-Buchhandlung,
+Buchdruckerei, Buchbinderei und Kartonnagen-Fabrik....[68]
+
+Fraeb e Co.... Export von ... Haar, Wolle, Xarque, Gorduras, etc.,
+etc.[69]
+
+Otto Niemeyer. Seccos e Molhados.... Eigenes Armazem und
+Trapiche....[70]
+
+... José A. Picoral ... Papier-und Palhazigaretten. ... Leichte und
+starke Charuten....[71]
+
+Fraeb e Co.... Import: Fazendas, Miudezas, Molhados, Ferragens, Salz
+u.s.w....[72]
+
+Vva. José Müller e Cia. Geschäftshaus in Fazendas, Louça, Miudezas,
+Seccos und Molhados, Kolonie-Produkten.[73]
+
+... Sattlerei von Jorge Pedro Grub ... Zuggeschirre für Aranhas, Zäume,
+Caronas, Peitschen u.s.w. ...[74]
+
+Paulo Grötzner, Biscoutosfabrik "Lucinda." ... Leistungsfähigste Fabrik
+in Biscontos, Bolachas, Bonbons, Konfitüren und allen besseren
+Backwaaren. Escriptorio und Verkauf en gros: Alto Cabral.[75]
+
+2.) FROM NEWSPAPERS. (For meanings of terms _V._ Glossary.)
+
+Comp. Nac. de Navegação Costeira. Der neue Doppelschraubendampfer
+_Itajuba_ am Trapiche der Costeira ... Befördert Passageire, Frachten,
+Encommendas, etc.[76]
+
+Antigo Hotel Koch.... Bevorzugtes Haus der Musterreiter. Eigenes
+Portreiro. Sorgsame Verpflegung der Reittiere. João Spitteler,
+Eigentümer.[77]
+
+Hotel do Sul von Felippe Werb Filho. Wird dem reisenden Publikum ...
+empfohlen.... Gute Stallungen.[78]
+
+Kolonisten pflanzt Aipim, Mandioca, Araruta!...[79]
+
+Aranha in bestem Zustande mit vorzüglichem Pferd zu verkaufen.[80]
+
+Lageado. Carlos Genehr, Zahnarzt, empfiehlt sich den Bewohnern dieser
+Villa und der umliegenden Pikaden....[81]
+
+... zwischen der Eisenbahnstation und der Villa gelegen, für
+Kolonisation vermessen und in Lotes von 4 bis 25 Alqueires
+einteilen lassen ... der darauf befindliche Matebestand ein ganz
+hervorragender.... Der Eigentümer Bernardo Olsen....[82]
+
+2 Pferde zugelaufen (1 Baio und 1 Zaino) Gegen erstattung der Unkosten
+abzuholen bein Inspektor Jakob Neuhaus, ...[83]
+
+
+POETRY.
+
+A great deal of excellent poetry has been written by representatives of
+the German element in Brazil. These writers have, however, primarily
+used High German as their medium of expression and consequently their
+works do not come in consideration in this study of a dialect. On the
+other hand, we frequently come across poems where Brazilian German forms
+are more or less in evidence. The following, in which the Hunsrück
+dialect forms the Germanic basis is presented by way of example.[84]
+(Apologies to Goethe!)
+
+
+_Gutes Geschäft oder eine Pechincha._[85]
+
+ Wer reit' lo dorch Storm un Wettergeriesel?
+ Das is der Schrauber auf seime Isel.
+ Der Hut is gebunne fest unner dem Kinne,
+ Der Musterranze bammelt ihm hinne.
+
+ "Freund Michel, was machst für ein banges Gesicht?"
+ "'Sein Sie's wahrhaftig? Ich glaabten es nich!
+ "'Der Schrauber wirklich mit Mala[86] un Ranze?
+ "'Das is lo die reine Pikadewanze!'"[87]
+
+ "Mein lieber Freund mach' Platz mal hier!
+ "Die schönsten Muster zeige ich dir:
+ "Algodão,[88] Riscado[89] und Druckkattun--"
+ "'Laassen Se zu! Was soll 'ch mit dem Krempel lo tun?'"
+
+ Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss 's Hannele sein!
+ Der Schrauber seift dich e sunst jämmerlich ein.
+ "'Halt dei Mund un scher' dich rein in dei Kich,'
+ "'De Schrauber kenn' un seine Schlich!'"
+
+ "Willst, lieber Freund, du das Neueste sehn?
+ "Hier hochfeine Ponchos[90] und Kasemir schön,
+ "Korsetts und bunte Strümpf zum Präsent--
+ "Bei Bahrzahlung zehn Prozent Abatiment"[91]
+
+ Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss ja dich nit schnappe,
+ Du hast noch genug an de Meier ze berappe!
+ "Still!" murmelte Herr Michel, "un schwätze mer nit!
+ "So'n Mann als wie eich, der hat je Kredit."
+
+ Der Michel kauft und Herr Schrauber notiert,
+ Drei Monate drauf hat der Michel falliert.
+ Der Schrauber hört es: "Sie fassen ihn an!
+ Sie gehen ihm an seine Venda[92] heran!"
+
+ Herrn Schrauber grausset's, er steigt auf die Mule,[93]
+ Ihm ist's um zehn Contos[94] am Herzen so schwule,
+ Er tät im Galoppe "zer Venda reite,"
+ Er kam, sagt _bom dia!_[95]--Der Michel war pleite!"
+
+
+THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE.
+
+The dialect under discussion, as spoken in the "pikaden" is practically
+incomprehensible to the German-speaking person traveling in Brazil for
+the first time. To the uninitiated it is even harder to understand than
+the German dialects of North America. The latter developed under the
+influence of a related language, as has been stated, while the former
+came into being because of linguistic influences entirely foreign.
+
+In order to give an idea of the spoken Brazilian German the following
+"Sprachprobe" by Breitenbach[96] is reproduced. While of somewhat
+peculiar composition, the example below quoted is a good representation
+of spoken Brazilian German.
+
+ Ein Kolonist fährt in seinem mit einer Tolde[97] versehenen Wagen
+ aus, der mit einem Tupiano[98] und einem Zebruno[99] bespannt ist,
+ welche er von einem Tropeiro[100] von der Serra[101] gekauft hat.
+ Er will seinen Compadre[102] besuchen, findet die Porteira[103] zur
+ Pikade[104] verschlossen, öffnet sie und erfährt von der ihm
+ entgegenkommenden Frau seines Compadre, der Mann sei in die
+ Rosse[105] gegangen, um einige Miljekolben[106] für die Mule[107]
+ und einige Bobres[108] für die Schweine zu holen, welche im
+ Poteiro[109] seien. Wenn er den Compadre aufsuchen wolle, so würde
+ er ihn leicht finden, jenseits der Sange,[110] die aber steile
+ Barankas[111] habe, so dass man beim Ueberschreiten derselben
+ vorsichtig sein müsse. Da unser Freund seinen Compadre in der Rosse
+ nicht findet, so geht er in den nahen Wald, aus dem Hundgebell ihm
+ entgegen schallt. Mit seinem Fakong[112] schlägt er einige
+ Taquaras[113] und Zipos[114] nieder, um sich den Weg zu bahnen.
+ Bald trifft er denn auch seinen Compadre, der soeben ein Tatu[115]
+ ausgegraben und mit seinem Fuchs[116] erschlagen hat. Nach den
+ üblichen Begrüssungen begeben sich beide ins Haus und beschliessen,
+ sich am Nachmittag die Carreira[117] anzusehen. Gleichzeitig will
+ der Compadre einige Säcke Farin[118] mitnehmen, um sie dem
+ Vendisten[119] zu verkaufen. Zu diesem Behuf muss eine Mule
+ eingefangen werden was aber nicht ganz leicht ist. Die Mule ist
+ nämlich sehr störrisch und muss gepusst[120] und getockt[121]
+ wereden. Beim Hause angelangt, wird dem Tiere die Cangalje[122]
+ aufgelegt und die Ladung befestigt. Dann geht's fort.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION TO THE GLOSSARY OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN TERMS.
+
+For reasons previously stated, the language or dialect of the German
+settlers in Brazil underwent an almost immediate change, not in its
+syntax, but in its vocabulary. Had the immigrants and their descendants
+only adopted such words as had no equivalent in their mother-tongue, our
+case would be much simpler. They went, however, much further, and, as a
+result even many of the commonest words dealing with the household or
+farm were replaced at an early date by Brazilian Portuguese terms, or by
+new formations based on them.
+
+In the following representation of Brazilian German words and phrases an
+attempt has been made to select only such as have been adopted by
+German-speaking citizens in all parts of the country in question. In the
+few cases where words or phrases noted seem characteristic of any
+particular section of Brazil that fact is indicated. The glossary,
+moreover, makes no claim to completeness.
+
+The sources[123] of the expressions listed are Brazilian German
+newspapers, books, almanacs, pamphlets, advertisements, "Festschriften,"
+etc.,[124] as well as conversation with colonists. In the latter
+instance only such terms as were repeatedly used to the exclusion of the
+corresponding German terms were noted.[125]
+
+In the glossary is given first the Brazilian German term (in certain
+cases with variations), followed, by way of comparison as well as
+definition, by the corresponding High German form. If the Brazilian
+Portuguese[126] equivalent differs in form or gender it is given in
+parentheses. If no such parenthetical form appears it signifies that
+both languages are in the particular instance identical.[127] The German
+element in mixed compounds being self-evident, such words are treated as
+the simple Brazilian German forms.
+
+Gender is indicated except in the case of masculine nouns ending in
+_'-o'_ and feminines ending in _'-a.'_
+
+Terms dealing with weights, measures and coinage have not been noted
+except in cases where the Brazilian German form shows a modification of
+the original and in instances where the terms refer to units no longer
+current.[128]
+
+Special abbreviations:
+
+ R. = Rio de Janeiro.
+ R.G. = Rio Grande do Sul.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY.
+
+
+=A.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ abacaxi _m._ ................. Ananas.
+ abatiment _m._ (abatimento) .. Preisermässigung,
+ abobora _or_ abobra .......... Kürbis.
+ abobora-mus _n._ ............. Kürbis-mus.
+ agrião ....................... Brunnenkresse. R.
+ aipim _m._ (aipim, aipii
+ _m._) ...................... Maniok (süsser).
+ aldeamento _m._ .............. Indianersiedlung. R.G.
+ aldeia (aldeia _or_ aldea) ... Dorf, Weiler.
+ alfandega .................... Zollamt, Steueramt.
+ algodão ...................... Baumwolle.
+ amolieren (amolar) ........... schleifen, schärfen.
+ aranha ....................... Gig (_vehicle_).
+ araruta ...................... Pfeilwurz.
+ armazem _m._ ................. Kaufladen.
+ arroba, arrobe _f._(arroba) .. 14.689 Kg. (_Weight._)
+ arroio ....................... Bach.
+ até a volta .................. bis zur Rückkehr!
+ ateloge _n._ ................. Aufwiedersehen.
+ (_From_ até logo. _Not used as
+ noun in Portuguese._)
+ até logo ..................... auf Wiedersehen!
+
+
+=B.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ baio ......................... Pferd (castanienbraunes).
+ bakeljau _m._ (bacalhão) ..... Stockfisch, Kabeljau.
+ balse _f._ ................... Fäbre, Floss.
+ banhado ...................... Sumpf.
+ baradi _m.V._ cachaça ........
+ baranca ...................... Böschung, Uferböschung.
+ baranke _f.V._ baranca .......
+ barracão ..................... Baracke, Einwandererhaus.
+ barranke _f.V._ baranca ......
+ barre _f._ (barra) ........... Hafeneinfahrt.
+ barricaria ................... Böttcherei.
+ batata, batate, _f._ (batata) Kartoffel (brasilianische).
+ _(The term "batate" is at
+ times applied to the "Irish"
+ potato, altho the latter is
+ generally called "Kartoffel"
+ or "europäische Kartoffel.")_
+ batate doce _f._ (batata doce) Süsskartoffel.
+ becco ........................ Gässchen, kleine Gasse.
+ benzedor _m._ ................ Wunderdoktor.
+ benzedura .................... Besprechung der Krankheiten,
+ Beschwörung.
+ bicho ........................ Insekt, Tier.
+ biscouto ..................... Zwieback.
+ boa noite .................... gute Nacht! guten Abend!
+ boas tardes .................. guten Tag! guten Abend!
+ bohre _f. V._ abobora ........
+ bolacha ...................... Schiffszwieback.
+ bom .......................... gut!
+ bombilha ..................... Materörchen (i.e., Rörchen zum Mate-
+ trinken).
+ bombacha (bombachas _f.plu._) Pluderhose. R.G.
+ bom dia ...................... guten Tag!
+ bond _m._ (bonde _m._) ....... Tram, Strassenbahnwagen.
+ botina ....................... Halbstiefel.
+ brasse _f._ (braça) .......... 2.20 M. _(Measure of length.)_
+ buger _m._ (bugre _m._) ...... Indianer (Botokude).
+
+
+C.
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ cabo ......................... Unteroffizier.
+ caboclo ...................... Indianermischling.
+ _(Portuguese and Indian.)_
+ cabreste _f.V._ kabreste .....
+ cachaça _m._, cachass _m._
+ (cachaça) .................. Zuckerrohrschnapps.
+ cacique _m._ ................. Indianerhäuptling.
+ cadea, cade _f._ (cadea,
+ cadeia) .................... Gefängniss.
+ camarão, camarong _m._
+ (camarão) .................... Krabbe.
+ camarote _f._ (camarote _m._) Theaterloge.
+ campamento (acampamento) ..... Feldlager.
+ campanha ..................... Ebne.
+ campo, camp _m._ (campo) ..... Grassland, Flur.
+ caneca ....................... Wasserbecher.
+ cangalje _f._ (cangalho) ..... Kreuzbocksattel, Packsattel.
+ canna _m.V._ cachaça .........
+ canne _f._ (canna, cana) ..... Zuckerrohr.
+ canoa, _n._, canu _n._
+ (canoa _f._) ............... Einbaum.
+ capa ......................... Mantel.
+ capão, capões _m.plu._ ....... Wald (kleiner, ausgerotteter)
+ capataz _m._ ................. Vorarbeiter.[TN2]
+ capinen _V._. kapinen ........
+ capitão ...................... Hauptmann.
+ capivara ..................... Wasserschein.
+ capoeire _f._ (capoeira) ..... Gebüsch. _(Land which had been
+ cleared, but which is again
+ covered with underbrush.)_
+ caramba ...................... potztausend! Donnerwetter!
+ carapato (carrapato) ......... Zecke, Holzbock.
+ carcereiro ................... Kerkermeister.
+ careje _f._ .................. Materösterei.
+ cargueiro .................... Lastträger, Lasttier, Lasttierführer.
+ carona ....................... Sattelkissen.
+ carreira ..................... Pferderennen, Wettrennen.
+ carrete _f._ (carreta) ....... Karren.
+ carreteiro ................... Fuhrmann, Kärrner.
+ carroça ...................... Karosse, Kutsche.
+ carroceiro ................... Fuhrmann.
+ carteira ..................... Brieftasche.
+ catuno ....................... Dieb.
+ caspite ...................... potztausend! Donnerwetter!
+ cautela (cautela, cautella) .. Einschreibezettel.
+ cavalheiro ................... Herr, Edelmann. (_Gentleman._)
+ caxeiro ...................... Ladendiener.
+ caxoeira (cachoeira) ......... Wasserfall, Stromschnelle.
+ chacara (chacara, chacra) .... Grundstück, Landhaus.
+ chapeo republicano ........... Hut (der Gauchos). R.G.
+ charque _n.V._ xarque ........
+ charqueada _f.V._ xarqueada ..
+ charute _f._, cherrute _f._
+ (charuto, cherruto) ...... Zigarre.
+ chilena ...................... Spore. (_As worn by gauchos._) R.G.
+ chimarrão (chimarra) ......... Ervatee. (_Without sugar._) R.G.
+ churasco (churrasco) ......... Spiessbraten. R.G.
+ cigarro ...................... Zigarette. (_Usually wrapped in
+ palha._")
+ cinema _m._ .................. Lichtbilderhalle.
+ cipó _m._ .................... Liane, Schlingpflanze.
+ cobrança ..................... Einkassierung.
+ cobrieren _V._ kobrieren .....
+ cochilha ..................... Hügelkette, Hügelland.
+ cochinilhos _m. plu._ ........ Kochenillewaren.
+ compadre _m._ ................ Gevatter, Freund.
+ companheiro .................. Gefährte, Kamerad.
+ coronel ...................... Oberst.
+ corral _m._ .................. Viehhof.
+ couveflor _n._ (couveflor _f._) Blumenkohl. (R.)
+ coxemalade _f._ (coxo = lame
+ _and_ melado = _sap of sugar
+ cane_) ..................... Lecksyrup.
+ coxinilhos _V._ cochinilhos ..
+ cuia, cuja, cuya (cuia, cuya) Matebecher. (_Made of a hollowed
+ gourd._)
+
+
+=D.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ delegado ..................... Inspektor, Abgeordneter.
+ despaschieren (despachar) .... abfertigen[TN3], aus dem Zollamt
+ holen.
+ devolut (devoluto) ........... vakant, brachliegend. (Devolutes
+ Land == Regierungsland.)
+ diligencia ................... Postwagen, Diligence.
+ dispaschieren _V._
+ despachieren. ..............
+ doca (doca) .................. Hafendamm, Landeplatz.
+ doce _n._, doss n. (doce _m._) Süssigkeit, Konfekt.
+ dona ......................... Frau, Fräulein.
+
+
+=E.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ egua (egua, egoa) ............ Stute.
+ encommenda, ericommende _f._
+ (encommenda) ............. Sendung (per Post, Bahn oder Schiff).
+ enfin (enfin, emfim) ......... mit einem Worte, endlich.
+ engenho _m._ ................. Zuckermühle.
+ erva ......................... Paraguaythee (ilex paraguayensis).
+ erva mate _m._ ............... _Ibid._
+ escriptorio .................. Büreau.
+ eskadron _m._ (esquadão) ..... Schwadron.
+ está bom ..................... es ist gut!
+ estampa ...................... Gepräge, Abdruck.
+ estancia ..................... Landgut, Viehzüchterei.
+ estancieiro .................. Viehzüchter.
+ e tanto ...................... und so und so viel.
+
+
+=F.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ fac _m._ (facão) ............. Waldmesser.
+ fakong _m. V._ fac ...........
+ farello, farelle _f._ (farelo) Kleie.
+ farinha, farin _n._ (farinha) Mehl, Mandiocamehl.
+ farrapo, farrape _m._ (farrapo) Revolutionär. (_Of 1835._) R.G.
+ fazenda ...................... Landgut
+ fazendas ..................... Schnittwaren, Stoffe, Waren.
+ Landgüter.
+ fazendenloge _f._ (fazendas
+ _and_ loja) ................ Warenladen.
+ feijão ....................... Schminkbohne, schwarze Bohne.
+ feitor _m._ .................. Verwalter, Aufseher.
+ ferragens _f. plu._ .......... Eisenwaren.
+ figueira ..................... Feigenbaum.
+ foice _f._ (foiça, foice,
+ fouce, fouxe) .............. Buschsichel.
+ força ........................ Streitkraft, Revolutionärbande.
+ fosforo _n._ (fosforo) ....... Streichholz.
+ freguéz _m._ ................. Kunde.
+ freguezia .................... Kirchspiel.
+ fuchs _m.V._ foice ...........
+ fumo, fum _m._ (fumo) ........ Tabac.
+
+
+=G.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ gaita ........................ Dudelsack, Zieharmonica.
+ gallinha ..................... Huhn.
+ galpão ....................... Schuppen, Hütte.
+ garaffe _f._ (garaffa) ....... Flasche.
+ garça ........................ Reiher.
+ garonne _f._ (garonna) ....... Reitdecke, Satteldecke (aus Leder).
+ garrafão, garafão (garrafão) . grosse Flasche.
+ garupa ....................... Kruppe.
+ gateado ...................... schwarzgefleckt (von Tieren).
+ gazose _f._ (gazosa) ......... Brauselimonade.
+ gordura ...................... Fettware (i.e., Schmalz, etc.).
+ governador _m._ .............. Statthalter.
+ gramme _f._ (grama) .......... Weidegras, Hundgras, Quecken.
+ guisada (guisado) ............ Ragout, Würzspeise.
+
+
+=I.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ intendent _m._
+ (intendente _m._) .......... Verwalter, Landrat, Intendant.
+ invernada .................... Winterquartier. (_For cattle._)
+
+
+=J.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ jacaré _m._ .................. Krokodil, Kaiman.
+ jaguatirica .................. Tigerkatze.
+ jatte _f._ (hiate _m._) ...... Segelschiff, Jacht, Zweimaster.
+
+
+=K=.
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ kabokler _V._ caboclo ........
+ kabreste f. (cabresto) ....... Halfter.
+ kadee _f.V._ cadea ...........
+ kamp _V._ campo ..............
+ kangalje _f.V._ cangalje .....
+ kanoe _n._, kanoh _n.V._ canoa
+ kapinen (capinar) ............ gäten, jäten.
+ karrete _V._ carrete .........
+ kartonnage _f._ (cartonnagens
+ _f. plu._) ................. Pappware, Pappschachtel.
+ kaschass _m.V._ cachaça ......
+ kaschero, kaschör _m.V._
+ caxeiro ....................
+ kaschimbe, _f._ (cachimbo) ... Tabakspfeife.
+ kobrieren (cobrar) ........... einkassieren, einnehmen.
+ korbgarrafão (garaffão) ...... Korbflasche.
+
+
+=L=.
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ laço ......................... Schlinge.
+ ladeira ...................... Abhang (eines Berges), steiler Weg.
+ lagarto ...................... Eidechse (grosse).
+ lancha, lanche _f._ (lancha) . Lastkahn, Boot.
+ larancha, laranche _f._
+ laranje _f._ (laranja) ..... Orange.
+ lassen (laçar) ............... Schlinge werfen, mit der Schlinge
+ fangen.
+ late _f._, latte _f._ (lata) . Blechbüchse, Dose, Kasten.
+ lelong _f._ (leilão) ......... Versteigerung, Auktion.
+ löge _f._ (loja) ............. Kaufmannsladen.
+ lote _f._ .................... Grundstück, Landparzelle, Lose.
+ louça ........................ Tafelgeschirr.
+
+
+=M=.
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ macaco ....................... Affe.
+ macho ........................ Maulesel.
+ mais ou menos ................ mehr oder weniger, ungefär.
+ makak _m.V._ macaco ..........
+ mala ......................... Reisetasche, Mantelsack.
+ mamong _m._ (mamão) .......... Rizinus, Wunderbaumfrucht.
+ mandioca ..................... Maniok.
+ mandubi _f., m._ (mandubi _m._,
+ amendoim _m._) ............. Erdnuss.
+ manga ........................ Hofplatz (für Tiere).
+ mangeira (manjeira) .......... Futterstätte, Viehhof.
+ marchador .................... in langsamem Trapp.
+ mascato (mascate _m._) ....... Hausierer, Trödler.
+ mata-bicho _(Slang)_ ......... Schnapps.
+ matungo ...................... Klepper.
+ mellado ...................... Syrup.
+ mercado ...................... Markt.
+ mesclahosen _f. plu._ (mescla
+ = Mischung) ................ gestreifte Hosen.
+ mestizo (mestiço) ............ Mestize, Mischling.
+ mico ......................... Pfeifaffe.
+ milho ........................ Mais.
+ miljekolben _m._ (miljo) ..... Maiskolben.
+ miudezas _f. plu._ ........... Kleinigkeiten, kleine Gegenstände.
+ mula, mule _f._ (mula) ....... Maulesel, Maultier.
+ multe _f._ (multa) ........... Geldstrafe.
+ multieren (multar) ........... zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilen.
+ munizip _n._ (município) ..... Kreis, Teil eines Staates.
+
+
+=N.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ no é? (não é?) ............... nicht wahr?
+ no senhor! (não senhor!) ..... nein, mein Herr!
+
+
+=O.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ o de fora .................... heida, du draussen!
+ orsament _m._ (orçamento) .... Anschlag, Bauanschlag, Kostenanschlag.
+
+
+=P.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ paciencia .................... Geduld!
+ paiol _m._ ................... Proviantkammer, Vorratskammer.
+ palha, palje _f._ (palha) .... Maisstroh.
+ palhazigarrette _f._ ......... Zigarette (mit Maisstroh gewickelt).
+ palla ........................ leichter Reitermantel.
+ palpite _m._ ................. Ahnung, Herzklopfen.
+ pancaré _m._ ................. hellbraunes Pferd.
+ past _m._ (pasto) ............ Weide.
+ pataca, patak _f._, patake
+ _f._ (pataca) .............. 320 Reis. (_Old coin._)
+ patacão ...................... Zweimilreistück. (_Old Spanish
+ silver dollar._)
+ patrão ....................... Prinzipal, Vorgesetzter.
+ patte _f._ (pata) ............ Ente.
+ peão ......................... Fussgänger, Reitknecht.
+ pechincha .................... gutes Geschäft, unverhoffter Gewinn.
+ periquito .................... Sittig, kleiner Papagei.
+ persienne _f._ (persianna) ... Sommerladen, Jalousie.
+ perú _m._ .................... Truthahn.
+ picaço ....................... dunkelgefarbtes aber weissfüssiges
+ Pferd.
+ picada, picade _f._, pikade
+ _f._(picada) ............... Waldpfad, Urwaldweg, Koloniestrasse.
+ picapau _m._ ................. Vorderlader, mit Vorderlader
+ bewaffneter Soldat.
+ pikarette _f._ (picareta) .... Picke, Spitzhacke.
+ pimente _f._ (pimenta) ....... Pfeffer, Nelkenpfeffer.
+ pinga ........................ Tropfen (Schnapps).
+ pipa, pipe _f._ (pipa) ....... Tonne, Fass.
+ polizeidelegado .............. Polizei-inspektor.
+ poncho ....................... Reitermantel.
+ portão, portong _m._ (portão) Hauseingang, Torweg.
+ porteira ..................... Eingangator (zur "Pikade").
+ portreere _f._ (portreiro) ... Koppel, Weideplatz, Viehraum
+ (eingefriedigter).
+ posen (repousar) ............. rasten, ruhen lassen.
+ potro ........................ Füllen, junges Pferd.
+ praça ........................ Platz, Marktplatz.
+ prima ........................ Base, Kousine.
+ primo ........................ Vetter.
+ prompt (prompto, pronto) ..... fertig, bereit
+ puschen (puxar) .............. ziehen.
+ puschochse _m._ .............. Zugochse.
+ pussen _V._ puschen ..........
+
+
+=Q.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ quero-quero .................. Kiebitz.
+ questão _f._ (questão) ....... Frage.
+
+
+=R.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ rancho ....................... Kolonistenhaus, Lehmhütte, Hütte.
+ rapadura ..................... Zuckerkuchen, brauner Zucker.
+ rebankieren (arrebanhar) ..... in Herden versammeln, zusammenscharen.
+ rekerieren (requerer) ........ auffordern, bitten, ersuchen.
+ riberong _m._ (riberão) ...... Bach.
+ rio _f. (sometimes m.),_ (rio) Fluss.
+ riscado ...................... Gingan, gestreiftes Baumwollenzeug.
+ roça, roce _f._ (roça) ....... Pflanzung, Lichtung.
+ rocemachen ................... Land urbarmachen.
+ rocewirtschaft _f._ .......... Landwirtschaft.
+ rodeiro ...................... Umweg, Ausflucht.
+ rosse _f.V._ roça ............
+ rossieren (roçar) ............ ausjäten, urbarmachen.
+
+
+=S.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ sabiá _m._ ................... Amsel (brasilianische).
+ salto _m._ ................... Wasserfall.
+ sange _f._ (sanga) ........... Graben (wasserhaltiger).
+ scharute _f.V._ charute.......
+ scheegen (chegar) ............ genügen.
+ schikott _m._ (chicote _m._) . Peitsche.
+ seccos und molhados .......... Kolonialwaren (i.e. trockene und
+ nasse Waren).
+ sellieren (sellar) ........... stempeln, besiegeln.
+ sello ........................ Freimarke.
+ serra ........................ Gebirge, Hochland.
+ sertanejo .................... Einwohner der Wildnis.
+ sertão ....................... Wildnis, Einöde, Küstenwälder.
+ si, senhor! (sim, senhor) .... ja, mein Herr!
+ sitio ........................ Grundstück, kleines Landgut,
+ sobrado ...................... Stockwerk, Geschoss.
+ stanz _f.V._ estancia ........
+ strupiat (estropiado) ........ lahm, verkrüppelt.
+ suspensorios _m. plu._ ....... Hosenträger.
+
+
+=T.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ tamanduá _m._ ................ Ameisenbär, Ameisenfresser.
+ taquara ...................... Bambus.
+ tarraffe _f._ (tarrafa) ...... Wurfnetz.
+ tatú _n._ (tatú _m._) ........ Gürteltier.
+ 'te logo! _V._ até logo ......
+ tenente _m._ ................. Leutnant.
+ terral _m._ .................. Landwind.
+ thesouraria .................. Schatzkammer, Zahlamt.
+ tocken (tocar) ............... schlagen, antreiben.
+ tokaio (tocaio) .............. Namensvetter.
+ tolde _f._ (tolda) ........... Verdeck (auf einem Wagen).
+ tostão ....................... 100 Reis.
+ trace _f._ (traça) ........... Spur, Entwurf.
+ trapiche _m._, trapisch _m._
+ (trapiche _m._) ............ Lagerhaus (am Hafen), Kai.
+ troc _m._ (troca) ............ Wechsel, Tausch, Kleingeld.
+ trocken (trocar) ............. wechseln, tauschen.
+ tropa ........................ Trupp, Maultiertrupp.
+ tropeiro ..................... Viehhändler.
+ tupiano ...................... Scheck. (_Dappled horse._)
+
+
+=U.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ urubú _m._ ................... Geier.
+
+
+=V.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ vamos ........................ vorwärts!
+ vaqueano ..................... Führer.
+ vendaschuld _f._ (venda) ..... Zechschuld.
+ venda, vende _f._ (venda) .... Kaufladen, Kram und Schankladen,
+ Schenke.
+ vendeiro, vedist _m._
+ (vendeiro) ................. Gastwirt, Kleinhändler.
+ ventin _m._ (vintem _m._) .... 20 Reis. (_Coin._)
+ villa ........................ Städtchen.
+ vintem _m._, vinten _m. V._
+ ventin .....................
+ violáo ....................... Bratache, Bassgeige.
+ viva ......................... Vivat, Lebehoch.
+
+
+=W.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ wentin _m. V._ ventin ........
+ wolte _f._ (volta)............ Spaziergang, Windung (eines Weges
+ oder Flusses).
+
+
+=X.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ xarque _n._ (xarque _m._) .... Dörrfleisch.
+ xarqueada .................... Schlächterei.
+
+
+=Z.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ zaino ........................ ungeflecktes Pferd (e.g. ganz
+ schwarz).
+ zebruno ...................... Falbe.
+ zigarro _V._ cigarro .........
+ zipo _V._ cipó ...............
+ zise _f._ (sisa, siza) ....... Accise, Verbrauchssteuer.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN PRESS.
+
+Among the many things the German agricultural colonist in Brazil had to
+dispense with so far as a supply from abroad was concerned, was reading
+matter. Even to this day books are a relative rarity in the home along
+the "picada." Only in the more important centers is there a general
+access to publications of this type.
+
+
+ALMANACS.
+
+As has been the case for centuries in German-speaking communities both
+in Europe and North America, where there has been a general lack of
+books, the want of reading-matter has largely been filled by that most
+important medium, the almanac. The same condition applies to Brazil. We
+might call the almanac the colonist's encyclopedia. It is his
+agricultural guide, medical adviser, compendium of short stories and
+poetry, moral guide, diary, and a thousand and one other things in
+addition to being the source of the information which an almanac is
+ordinarily supposed to furnish, i.e., list the change of seasons, days
+and months of the year, feast-days, eclipses, etc. To persons acquainted
+only with the folk-almanacs in Europe and North America, the entire lack
+of weather-forecasts in the Brazilian German editions is striking.
+
+Among the best known and most important German folk-almanacs in Brazil
+are:
+
+ _Rothermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien_, published
+ in São Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R.G. do Sul;
+
+ _Uhle's illustrierter deutsch-brasilianischer Familien-Kalender_,
+ published in Rio and Curityba;
+
+ _Der Familienfreund_, published in Porte Alegre;
+
+ _Riograndenser Marienkalender_, published in Porto Alegre;
+
+and
+
+ _Musterreiters Neu-Historischer Kalender_, published in Porto
+ Alegre.
+
+Rothermund's and Uhle's almanacs are perhaps the most important as well
+as the most voluminous. To them one might well apply the statement found
+in the preface to one of the well-known reading-texts published for use
+in the "Pikadenschulen": "Darin ist alles enthalten, was für gebildeten
+Kolonisten zu wissen interessant und lehrreich ist."[129]
+
+The almanacs mentioned above have for years been appearing regularly. In
+addition there have been many others, appearing, as a rule, only for a
+year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance.
+
+In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the
+colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to
+persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of
+those colonists.
+
+
+NEWSPAPERS.
+
+The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its beginning in the
+early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852, _Der Kolonist_
+appeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort
+was short-lived. From December, 1853, to July 10th, 1861, _Der Deutsche
+Einwanderer_, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April 16th,
+1853, _Der Deutsche Beobachter_, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G.F. Busch
+appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from
+an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicitation of
+colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 the _Brasilia_,
+a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning
+with January 17th, 1864, the _Germania_, a weekly edited by Peter
+Müller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in
+its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few
+years.
+
+From 1860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral
+existence published in Brazil is legion. Excepting those above
+mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a
+continual existence from the time of their founding and appearing to
+this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is
+indicated in each case the title of the paper, the place of publication,
+the number of times it appears weekly and the year in which it was
+founded.
+
+ _Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861.
+ _Kolonie Zeitung_, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862.
+ _Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870.
+ _Germania_, São Paulo. Daily. 1877.
+ _Deutsche Post_, São Leopoldo. Daily. 1880.
+ _Blumenauer Zeitung_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881.
+ _Neue Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881.
+ _Der Beobachter_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889.
+ _Kolonie_, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890.
+ _Der Urwaldsbote_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892.
+ _Nachrichten_, Petropolis. Semi-weekly. 1892.
+ _Deutsche Zeitung für São Paulo._ Daily. 1897.
+ _Vaterland_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1901.
+ _Der Kompass_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1901.
+ _Volks-Zeitung_, São Bento. Weekly. 1908.
+ _Die Serra Post_, Ijuhy. Semi-weekly. 1910.
+ _Brusquer Zeitung_, Brusque. Weekly. 1911.
+ _Deutsche Wacht_, Pelotas. Semi-weekly. 1914.
+ _Deutsches Tageblatt_, Rio de Janeiro. Daily. 1914.
+
+From what has been said above, in reference both to almanacs and
+newspapers, it will be noted that Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul has
+from the beginning been the most important center for Brazilian German
+journalistic efforts.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+
+The works listed below are important sources for the study of the
+history and cultural status of the German element in Brazil. Books,
+important pamphlets and several manuscripts are noted. A great many
+articles dealing with the general subject of the German element in
+Brazil have in the past appeared in newspapers and periodicals such as
+the _Alldeutsche Blätter, Ausland, Der Deutsche Ansiedeler, Deutsche
+Erde, Deutsche Koloniezeitung, Echo, Globus, Petermann's Mitteilungen,
+etc._, and particularly in the Brazilian German almanacs and newspapers
+listed in the appendix. Due to the fact that a complete list of these
+articles would require a volume in itself, they are not further
+indicated.
+
+Ackerbaukolonien. _Dr. Hermann Meyer's Ackerbaukolonien Neu-Würtemberg
+und Xingu in Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)
+
+Agassiz, Prof. Louis and Mrs.: _A Journey to Brazil._ Boston, 1868.
+
+Angerami, Domingos. _V._ Fonseca, Antonio.
+
+Auswanderer. _Central Auskunftstelle für Auswanderer. Deutsche
+Kolonialgesellschaft. Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)
+
+Avé-Lallement, Dr. Robert: _Reise durch Südbrasilien im Jahre 1858._
+Leipzig, 1859. (_2 vols._)
+
+Bastos, Travares: _Questões de Immïgração. (Manuscript in National
+Library. Rio.)_
+
+Blumenau, Dr. Hermann: _Südbrasilien in seinen Beziehungen zu deutscher
+Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Rudolstadt, 1850.
+
+Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Aus Süd-Brasilien. Erinnerungen und
+Aufzeichnungen_, Brackwede i/W., 1913.
+
+Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Die Provinz Rio Grande do Sul Brasiliens und die
+deutsche Auswanderung._ Heidelberg, 1885.
+
+Burton, Richard F., _V._ Tootal, Albert.
+
+Canstatt, Oscar: _Kritisches Repertorium der Deutsch-Brasilianischen
+Literatur._ Berlin, 1902.
+
+Carvalho, C.M. Delgado de: _Le Brésil Méridional._ Paris, 1910.
+
+Cunha, Dr. José Bonifacio da: _Commemoração do 50° Anniversario da
+Fundação de Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.
+
+Dechent, N.: _Festschrift zur Jubelfeier des Schulvereins zu Joinville
+am 14. August 1916._ Joinville, 1916.
+
+Dettmann, Eduard: _Brasiliens Aufschwung in deutscher Beleuchtung._
+Berlin, 1908.
+
+Dilthey, R.: _Die deutschen Ansiedelungen in Südbrasilien, Uruguay und
+Argentinien._ Berlin, 1882.
+
+Dörffel, Dr. O.: _Die Colonie Dona Francisca in der Südbrasilianischen
+Provinz Santa Catharina._ Joinville, 1882.
+
+Elliott, L.E.: _Brazil Today and Tomorrow._ New York, 1917.
+
+_L'État de São Paulo. Renseignements utiles._ Antwerp, 1914. (_São Paulo
+State publication. 3d ed._)
+
+_Festschrift zur Erinnerung an den Ostmarkenabend._ São Paulo, 1916.
+(Apr. 13th.)
+
+_Festschrift zum 50 jährigem Jubiläum der Pfarrei São José do
+Hortencio._ Porto Alegre, 1899.
+
+Fonseca, Antonio,--et Angerami, Domingos: _Guide de l'Etat de St. Paul._
+São Paulo, 1912.
+
+Funke, Alfred: _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien. Bilder aus dem Leben der
+Deutschen im Staate Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1902.
+
+Funke, Alfred: _Deutsche Siedelung über See. Ein Abriss ihrer Geschichte
+und ihr Gedeihen in Rio Grande do Sul._ Halle a/Saale, 1902.
+
+Gernhard, Robert: _Dona Francisca, Hansa und Blumenau._ Breslau, 1901.
+
+Gerstäcker, Friedrich: _Achtzehn Monate in Südamerika._ Jena, 1862, and
+Leipzig, 1863.
+
+Giesebrecht, Franz: _Die deutsche Kolonie Hansa in Südbrasilien._
+Berlin, 1899.
+
+Grimm, M., und Rücker, A.A.: _Heimatkunde von Brasilien._ Porto Alegre,
+1914.
+
+Grimm, M., und Rücker, A.: _Lehr- und Lesebuch für Schule und Haus._
+Porto Alegre, 1914.
+
+Grossi, Prof. Dott. Vincenzo: _Storia detta Colonizzazione al Brasil e
+della Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato di S. Paulo._ Milano-Roma-Napoli,
+1914.
+
+_Handbuch des Deutschthums im Auslande._ Herausgegeben vom Allgemeinen
+Deutschen Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschthums im Auslande.
+Berlin. (Dietrich Reimer.)
+
+Historia da Immigração. _Dados para a Historia da Immigração e da
+Colonização em São Paulo enviados pela Seccão de Informações do
+Departamento Estadual do Trabalho á Directoria do Serviço de
+Povoamento._ São Paulo, 1916. (_Govt. publication._)
+
+Imperio do Brazil. _O Imperio do Brazil na Exposição Universal de 1876
+em Philadelphia._ Rio de Janeiro, 1875. (_State publication._)
+
+_Impressões do Brazil no Secolo Vinte._ London, 1913. (Lloyds Greater
+Britain Publishing Company.)
+
+Jahn, Adalbert: _Die Kolonien von São Leopoldo in der kaiserlich
+brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul sowie allgemeine Betrachtungen
+über freie Einwanderung in Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1871.
+
+Jahrbuch. _Erstes Jahrbuch für die deutschsprechende Kolonie im Staate
+São Paulo._ São Paulo, 1905.
+
+Jannasch, R.: _Land und Leute von Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1905.
+
+Klüpfel, Dr. Karl: _N. Federmanns und H. Stades Reisen in Südamerica
+1529 bis 1555._ Stuttgart, 1859. (Bibl. des litt. Vereins in Stuttgart.
+No. 47.)
+
+Koseritz, Carl von: _Bilder aus Brasilien._ Leipzig and Berlin, 1885.
+
+Krauel, Dr. R.: _Deutsche Interessen in Brasilien._ Hamburg, 1900.
+
+Kultur-Pionier. _Der Kultur-Pionier im Staate São Paulo._
+(Sonder-Ausgabe der Deutschen Zeitung.) São Paulo, 1913.
+
+Lacmann, Dr. Wilhelm: _Ritte und Rasttage in Süd-Brasilien. Reisebilder
+und Studien aus dem Leben der deutschen Siedelungen._ Berlin, 1906.
+
+Lange, Henry: _Südbrasilien, mit Rücksicht auf die deutsche
+Kolonisation._ Leipzig, 1885. (_2d ed._)
+
+Langendonck, Madame van: _Une Colonie au Brésil. Récits Historiques._
+Antwerp, 1862.
+
+Learned, M.D.: _Guide to the Manuscript Materials Relating to American
+History in the German State Archives._ Washington, 1912.
+
+Lehmann, Emil: _Die deutsche Auswanderung._ Berlin, 1861.
+
+Leyfer, H.: _Deutsches Kolonistenleben im Staate Santa Catharina in
+Südbrasilien._ Leipzig, 1900.
+
+Lima, Oliveira: _Dom João VI no Brasil, 1808-1821._ Rio de Janeiro,
+1908.
+
+Ludwig, A.: _A colonização nos paizes da America do Sul._ Porto Alegre,
+1916.
+
+Lufft, Dr. Hermann: _Das portugiesische Südamerika._ Berlin and Leipzig,
+1913. (Sammlung Göschen. No. 672.)
+
+Marcondes de Souza, T. Oscar: _O Estado de São Paulo._ São Paulo, 1915.
+
+d'Oliveira, Luiz Rodriguez: _Algumas Ideias sobre a Colonisação do
+Brazil._ Paris, 1871. (_Pamphlet._)
+
+Orlando, Arthur: _Brazil. A Terra e o Homem._ Recife, 1913.
+
+Pereira da Silva, J.M.: _Quadros da Historia Colonial do Brazil._ Rio de
+Janeiro, 1895.
+
+Perrin, Paul: _Les Colonies Agricoles au Brésil d'après les documents
+officiels les plus récents._ Paris, 1912.
+
+Piccarolo, Dott. Antonio: _L'Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato de S.
+Paulo._ São Paulo, 1911.
+
+Pompeu, Julio: _Vier Staaten Brasiliens. Four Brazilian States._ Rio de
+Janeiro, 1910.
+
+_Prospekt der Hanseatischen Kolonisation-Gesellschaft. Ansiedelungen im
+Staate Santa Catharina, Südbrasilien, Kolonie "Hansa." (Pamphlet.)_
+Hamburg, 1898.
+
+_Ratschläge für Auswanderer nach Südbrasilien._ (Jannasch, Koseritz,
+Dörffel, Sellin.) Berlin, 1897, (_3d ed._)
+
+_Relatorio. Ministerio da Agricultura. Serviço de Povamento em 1910._
+Rio de Janeiro, 1911.
+
+Rücker, A.A. _V._ Grimm, M.
+
+Schanz, Moritz: _Das Heutige Brasilien. Land, Leute und wirtschaftliche
+Verhältnisse._ Hamburg, 1893.
+
+Schüler, Heinrich: _Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft._ Stuttgart and
+Leipzig, 1912.
+
+Sellin, A.W.: _Brasilien und die La Plata-Staaten._ Munich. (J.F.
+Lehmann's Verlag.)
+
+Sellin, A.W.: _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1885. (_2 vols._)
+
+Sellin, A.W.: _Landeskunde der Vereinigten Staaten von Brasilien._
+Hamburg, 1909.
+
+Sieves Wilhelm: _Südamerika und die deutschen Interessen._ Stuttgart,
+1903.
+
+Simon, Alex.: _Auswanderung und deutsch-nationale Kolonisation v.
+Südamerika._ Bayreuth, 1850.
+
+Sommer, Friedrich: _Das Deutschthum in São Paulo unter besonderer
+Berücksichtigung seiner Entwickdung und seiner heutigen
+wirthschaftlichen und kulturellen Bedeutung._ São Paulo. (_Still in
+manuscript at the time the present work went to press._)
+
+Stade, Hans: _Wahrhafftig Historia und Beschreibung einer Landschafft
+der wilden, nacketen, grimmigen Menschfresser Leuthen, in der newen Welt
+America gelegen._ Franckfurt am Main, 1556. (_V._ Klüpfel, Dr. Karl.)
+
+Telles, Moreira: _O Brazil e a Emigração._ Lisbon, 1913.
+
+Tootal, Albert, and Burton, Richard F.: _The Captivity of Hans Stade of
+Hesse, in A.D. 1547-1555, among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil._
+London, 1874.
+
+Tschudi, Johann Jakob von: _Reisen durch Südamerika._ Leipzig,
+1866-1869. (_5 vols._)
+
+Urwaldsbote. _Der Urwaldsbote. Kalender für die Deutschen in
+Südbrasilien. Herausgegeben zum 50 jährigen Bestehen der Kolonie
+Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.
+
+Vallentin, Dr. W.: _Das Deutschthum in Südamerika._ Berlin, 1908.
+
+Wagemann, E.: _Die deutschen Kolonisten im brasilianischen Staate
+Espirito Santo._ Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik (Beitrag zur
+Enquête üher die Ansiedelung von Europäern in den Tropen). 1916
+[?].[130]
+
+Wappäus, Dr. J.E.: _Deutsche Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Leipzig,
+1846 and 1848. (_2 parts._)
+
+Wernicke, Hugo: _Deutsch-evangelisches Volkstum in Espirito Santo. Eine
+Reise zu deutschen Kaffeebauern in einem tropischen Staate Brasiliens._
+Potsdam, 1910. (_2d ed._)
+
+Wright, Marie Robinson: _The New Brazil._ Philadelphia, 1907.
+
+Zöller, Hugo: _Die Deutschen im Brasilischen Urwald._ Berlin and
+Stuttgart, 1883.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 41: _V._ note 29, p. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 42: I.e., Pedreiras, Parelheiros, M'Boy, Colonia Velha and
+Itapecerica.]
+
+[Footnote 43: _V._ note 27, p. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 44: I.e., Brazilian of Portuguese extraction.]
+
+[Footnote 45: In den Schneizen [of Santa Cruz and São Lourenço] sprechen
+sogar die dort aufgewachsenen Neger Hunsrücker Dialekt.... Ein
+Musterreiter bereiste einst ... die Rio Grandenser Kolonieen. Als er an
+einen Kreuzweg kam, sah er zwei Schwarze am Wege im Felde hocken. Er
+fragte sie auf Portugiesisch um den richtigen Weg. "Wat seggt de Kirl?"
+fragt ein Schwarzer den andern. "Ah, ihr sprecht deutsch?" ... "Ja," war
+die Antwort, "mir sein deitsche Neger."
+
+E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald." _Uhle's
+Kalender_ for 1912, p. 76.]
+
+[Footnote 46: This rule holds for the Portuguese, but not for the German
+_'j'_ as e.g., where the latter replaces the _'h'_ in _jatte_ (from
+_hiate_), the _'i'_ or _'y'_ in _cuja_ (from _cuia, cuya_) or the
+_'lh'_ in _cangalje_ (from _cangalho_). In such cases the _'j'_ has the
+phonetic value of the English _'y'_.]
+
+[Footnote 47: See note 4, p. 19.]
+
+[Footnote 48: The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in São Paulo. _V._
+note 2, p. 19.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina.]
+
+[Footnote 50: For a further example of a short proper name compare the
+one commonly applied to the small town "O'" (contraction of "Nossa
+Senhora do O'"), located a short distance to the northwest of São
+Paulo.]
+
+[Footnote 51: This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to
+native-born German Brazilians.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Political propaganda literature intended to lead the
+unwary to draw different conclusions has been copiously spread before
+the public during the last decade. Whatever the ideas on the subject may
+be in foreign countries, the German Brazilians themselves are the only
+ones who can speak on it with authority. Strange to say, they never seem
+to be consulted or studied at first hand by those who speak most loudly
+about the "German peril" in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Blumenau, Joinville
+and Curityba can furnish more accurate information on this particular
+subject than Berlin, Paris, London and New York.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Several specific examples will be noted in the specimens
+from advertisements in almanacs and newspapers, pp. 36-39.]
+
+[Footnote 54: By P. Th. Amstadt, S.J. The story appears in the
+_Familienfreund_ for 1917, P. 39 ff.]
+
+[Footnote 55: _Viezüchter._]
+
+[Footnote 56: _Feigenbaum._]
+
+[Footnote 57: _Landgut._]
+
+[Footnote 58: Read _60 Milreis_.]
+
+[Footnote 59: _Winterquatier._]
+
+[Footnote 60: _Conto_= 1000 Milreis.]
+
+[Footnote 61: _Freund._]
+
+[Footnote 62: _Schlächterei._]
+
+[Footnote 63: _Viehhändler._]
+
+[Footnote 64: _Schenke._]
+
+[Footnote 65: _Fertig._]
+
+[Footnote 66: _Gepräge._]
+
+[Footnote 67: _Uhles Familienkalender_, 1916, p. 318.]
+
+[Footnote 68: Ibid., p. 300.]
+
+[Footnote 69: Ibid., p. 315.]
+
+[Footnote 70: Ibid., p~ 297.]
+
+[Footnote 71: _Familienfreund_, 1917, p. xxv.]
+
+[Footnote 72: Ibid., p. xxvii.]
+
+[Footnote 73: _Riograndenser Marienkalender_, 1917, p. 128.]
+
+[Footnote 74: _Rotermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien_,
+1915, p. 410.]
+
+[Footnote 75: _Uhle's Familienkalender_, 1917, p. 170.]
+
+[Footnote 76: _Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre, July 20, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 77: _Vaterland_, Porto Alegre, September 18, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 79: _Blumenauer Zeitung_, August 22, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 80: _Brusker Zeitung_, August 12, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 81: _Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre, July 5, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 82: _Kolonie-Zeitung_, Joinville, August 17, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 83: _Die Serra-Post_, Ijuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, September 15,
+1916.]
+
+[Footnote 84: From Funke's _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien,_ p. 167.]
+
+[Footnote 85: _Unverhofftes Gewinn._]
+
+[Footnote 86: _Reisetasche._]
+
+[Footnote 87: _Waldpfadswanze._]
+
+[Footnote 88: _Baumwolle._]
+
+[Footnote 89: _Gingan._]
+
+[Footnote 90: _Reitermäntel._]
+
+[Footnote 91: _Preisermässigung._]
+
+[Footnote 92: _Kaufladen._]
+
+[Footnote 93: _Maulesel._]
+
+[Footnote 94: _10,000 milreis._]
+
+[Footnote 95: _Guten Tag!_]
+
+[Footnote 96: _V._ Breitenbach: _Aus Süd-Brasilien_, p. 247.]
+
+[Footnote 97: _Verdeck._]
+
+[Footnote 98: _Scheck._]
+
+[Footnote 99: _Falbe._]
+
+[Footnote 100: _Tierhändler._]
+
+[Footnote 101: _Hochland._]
+
+[Footnote 102: _Gevatter._]
+
+[Footnote 103: _Tor._]
+
+[Footnote 104: _Waldstrasse._]
+
+[Footnote 105: _Lichtung._]
+
+[Footnote 106: _Maiskolben._]
+
+[Footnote 107: _Maultier._]
+
+[Footnote 108: _Kürbisse._]
+
+[Footnote 109: ="portreiro" (_Weideplats, Koppel_).]
+
+[Footnote 110: _Graben._]
+
+[Footnote 111: _Böschungen._]
+
+[Footnote 112: _Waldmesser._]
+
+[Footnote 113: _Bambus._]
+
+[Footnote 114: _Lianen._]
+
+[Footnote 115: _Gürteltier._]
+
+[Footnote 116: _Buschsichel._]
+
+[Footnote 117: _Wettrennen._]
+
+[Footnote 118: _Mehl._]
+
+[Footnote 119: _Kleinhändler._]
+
+[Footnote 120: _Gezogen._]
+
+[Footnote 121: _Geschlagen._]
+
+[Footnote 122: _Packsattel._]
+
+[Footnote 123: Of the words appearing in the GLOSSARY the writer
+acknowledges as his source for the following the _Verdeutschungsheft_ by
+G.A. Büchler, Blumenau, 1915: _Backeljau, balse, kaschimbo, lelong,
+multe, multieren, orsament, pikarette, rekerieren, rossieren, sellieren,
+strupiat, wolte, zise._]
+
+[Footnote 124: It is to be remembered, however, that High German is the
+norm in ordinary news articles in almanacs, newspapers, etc., as well as
+for literary purposes in general. In such instances Brazilian German
+forms appear relatively rarely.]
+
+[Footnote 125: All words or phrases thus noted have since been observed
+in print in Brazilian German publications, with the exception of
+_agrião_ and _bond_.]
+
+[Footnote 126: The simple word "Portuguese" is particularly avoided here
+(as well as throughout this work generally) because the language as
+spoken by the general public in Brazil frequently differs from the
+language of Portugal. While the same in form, the words often have a
+different meaning. Also many Indian words, especially from the Guarany
+and Tupi languages, are embodied in the Brazilian national idiom.]
+
+[Footnote 127: This applies to the written, but not always to the spoken
+language.]
+
+[Footnote 128: I.e., like the use of the word "sou" in France,
+"Groschen" in Germany, or "penny" in the United States.]
+
+[Footnote 129: _V._ Grimm-Rücker: _Lehr-und Lesebuch_, p. iii.]
+
+[Footnote 130: Because of existing conditions it has been impossible to
+determine whether this work has as yet appeared in print.]
+
+
+
+
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+
+ * * * * *
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+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+ The following corrections regarding the original were made:
+
+ [Footnote TN1: The original has here a wrong spelling: COPYWRIGHT
+ instead of COPYRIGHT]
+
+ [Footnote TN2: The original has here a wrong spelling: Vorabeiter
+ instead of Vorarbeiter]
+
+ [Footnote TN3: The original has here a wrong spelling: abfertitgen
+ instead of abfertigen]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL***
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The German Element in Brazil, by Benjamin Franklin Schappelle</title>
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The German Element in Brazil, by Benjamin
+Franklin Schappelle</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The German Element in Brazil</p>
+<p> Colonies and Dialect</p>
+<p>Author: Benjamin Franklin Schappelle</p>
+<p>Release Date: December 20, 2005 [eBook #17361]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by David Starner, Ralph Janke,<br />
+ and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+ (https://www.pgdp.net/)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<!-- </p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_0" id="Page_0">[Pg 0]</a></span></p> -->
+
+<h1>AMERICANA GERMANICA</h1>
+
+<p class="center">MONOGRAPHS DEVOTED TO THE COMPARATIVE
+STUDY OF THE</p>
+<h2>Literary, Linguistic and Other Cultural Relations</h2>
+<p class="center">OF</p>
+<h2>Germany and America</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><br /><br />EDITOR</p>
+<h4>MARION DEXTER LEARNED</h4>
+<p class="center">University of Pennsylvania<br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+<h3>XXVI. THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL</h3>
+<h4>COLONIES AND DIALECT</h4>
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center"><a href="#AMERICANA_GERMANICA">(<i>See List at the End of the Book</i>)</a></p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h1>THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL</h1>
+<h4>COLONIES AND DIALECT</h4>
+<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+<p class="center">BY</p>
+<h2>BENJAMIN FRANKLIN SCHAPPELLE, Ph.D.</h2>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h3>Americana Germanica</h3>
+<p class="center">NUMBER 26</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h4>Americana Germanica Press</h4>
+<p class="center">Philadelphia</p>
+<p class="center">1917</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>COPYRIGHT<a name="FNanchor_TN1_131" id="FNanchor_TN1_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_TN1_131" class="fnanchor">[TN1]</a> 1917</h3>
+<p class="center">BY</p>
+<h3>BENJAMIN FRANKLIN SCHAPPELLE.</h3>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED</h3>
+<p class="center">TO</p>
+<h3>JOSEPH G. ROSENGARTEN, LL.D.</h3>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<p><br /></p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required.
+<p>
+<a href="#LIED_DER_DEUTSCHBRASILIANER"><b>LIED DER DEUTSCHBRASILIANER.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#PREFACE"><b>PREFACE.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#CHAPTER_I"><b>CHAPTER I.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#CHAPTER_II"><b>CHAPTER II.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#GLOSSARY"><b>GLOSSARY.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#APPENDIX"><b>APPENDIX.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY"><b>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#AMERICANA_GERMANICA"><b>AMERICANA GERMANICA</b></a><br />
+<a href="#AMERICANA_GERMANICA"><b>AMERICANA GERMANICA</b></a><br />
+</p>
+End Autogenerated TOC. -->
+
+
+<p><br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#LIED_DER_DEUTSCHBRASILIANER">Lied der Deutschbrasilianer</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<h3><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a href="#THE_COLONIES_HISTORY_AND_LOCATION">THE COLONIES. HISTORY AND LOCATION.</a></h4>
+<p><br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#The_first_Settlers">The First Settlers</a></span><br /></p>
+
+<h4><a href="#COLONIZATION_IN_INDIVIDUAL_STATES">COLONIZATION IN INDIVIDUAL STATES.</a></h4>
+
+<p><br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#Introductory_Remarks">Introductory Remarks</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#Bahia">Bahia</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#Minas_Geraes">Minas Geraes</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#Espirito_Santo">Espirito Santo</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#Rio_de_Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#Sao_Paulo">S&atilde;o Paulo</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#Parana">Paran&aacute;</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#Santa_Catharina">Santa Catharina</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#Rio_Grande_do_Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#The_Total_Number_of_Germans_in_Brazil">The Total Number of Germans in Brazil</a></span><br />
+<br /></p>
+
+<h3><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h3>
+
+<h4><a href="#THE_BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_DIALECT">THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN DIALECT.</a></h4>
+
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#Underlying_Basis_of_the_Dialect">Underlying Basis of the Dialect</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_WORD_FORMS">Brazilian German Word Forms</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#SURNAMES">Surnames</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#BAPTISMAL_NAMES">Baptismal Names</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#TERMS_OF_FAMILY_RELATIONSHIP_IN_TITLES">Terms of Family Relationship in Titles</a></span><br />
+<br /></p>
+<h4><a href="#EXAMPLES_OF_BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_FROM_DOCUMENTS">EXAMPLES FROM BRAZILIAN GERMAN DOCUMENTS.</a></h4>
+
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#THE_WRITTEN_LANGUAGE">The Written Language</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#THE_SPOKEN_LANGUAGE">The Spoken Language</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#INTRODUCTION_TO_GLOSSARY">Introduction to Glossary</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#GLOSSARY">Glossary</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">
+<a href="#A">A</a>,
+<a href="#B">B</a>,
+<a href="#C">C</a>,
+<a href="#D">D</a>,
+<a href="#E">E</a>,
+<a href="#F">F</a>,
+<a href="#G">G</a>,
+<a href="#I">I</a>,
+<a href="#J">J</a>,
+<a href="#K">K</a>,
+<a href="#L">L</a>,
+<a href="#M">M</a>,
+<a href="#N">N</a>,
+<a href="#O">O</a>,
+<a href="#P">P</a>,
+<a href="#Q">Q</a>,
+<a href="#R">R</a>,
+<a href="#S">S</a>,
+<a href="#T">T</a>,
+<a href="#U">U</a>,
+<a href="#V">V</a>,
+<a href="#W">W</a>,
+<a href="#X">X</a>,
+<a href="#Z">Z</a>
+</span><br />
+<br /></p>
+
+<h3><a href="#APPENDIX">APPENDIX.</a></h3>
+
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#THE_BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_PRESS">The Brazilian German Press</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#ALMANACS">Almanacs</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><a href="#NEWSPAPERS">Newspapers</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">Bibliography</a></span><br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<hr style='width: 65%;' />
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<h2><a name="LIED_DER_DEUTSCHBRASILIANER" id="LIED_DER_DEUTSCHBRASILIANER"></a>LIED DER DEUTSCHBRASILIANER.</h2>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">Rein wie hoch am Himmelsbogen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unsrer Heimat Sterne stehn.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">M&auml;chtig, wie die Meereswogen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gegen unsre K&uuml;ste gehn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Soll der Heimat Sang uns dringen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Aus der treuen Brust hervor,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Soll Brasiliens Preis erklingen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Aus dem deutschen M&auml;nnerchor.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">F&uuml;lle liegt auf deinen Fluren,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gottgesegnet Vaterland;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Leuchtend zeigst du noch die Spuren<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Von des Sch&ouml;pfers Meisterhand:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In des Mittags blauen Fernen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wo die goldne Sonnenpracht,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Mit des Himmels sch&ouml;nsten Sternen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Schm&uuml;kt sie funkelnd deine Nacht.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">Deine fruchtgetr&auml;nkte Erde<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gibt uns Mut zu frischem Tun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gibt uns M&uuml;sse, um am Herde<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sonder Sorge auszuruhn.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Aus des Bodens Scholle ziehen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Wir des Lebens bestes Mark,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Aus des Bodens Kraft erbl&uuml;hen<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Die Geschlechter frei und stark.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">Lasst uns schaffen mit der St&auml;rke<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dessen, der die Heimat liebt,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lasst uns beten, dass zum Werke<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gott uns das Gedeihen gibt!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ewig heilig, ewig teuer<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bleibest du dem deutschen Lied,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Heimatland, in dem das Feuer<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unsres Herdes gastlich gl&uuml;ht.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>O. Meyer in <i>Uhle's Kalender</i> for 1916.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+<p><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>The primary purpose of this work is to give an idea of the dialect which
+has been developed by the German-speaking element in Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>As comparatively little is known by the English-speaking public
+concerning the history, location and relative importance of the German
+element in Brazil (judging from extant English publications referring to
+the subject), the main part of the work has been preceded by a chapter
+dealing with these particular phases. This first chapter is also
+intended to prepare the reader to form a reasonable estimate of the
+comparative importance and extent of the dialect under discussion in the
+main part of the work.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with this study the author is particularly indebted to the
+well-known authority on German American cultural relations and
+conditions, Professor Marion Dexter Learned, of the University of
+Pennsylvania. It was at his suggestion and under his constant help and
+advice that the plan was carried out.</p>
+
+<p>While on a trip of investigation in Brazil the writer was furnished
+important information and material by Friedrich Sommer, <i>Direktor</i> of
+the "Banco Allem&atilde;o Transatlantico" of S&atilde;o Paulo; Henrique Bamberg of S&atilde;o
+Paulo; Otto Specht, <i>Chefe da Sec&ccedil;&atilde;o de Publicidade e Bibliotheca</i> of
+the "Secretaria da Agricultura" of S&atilde;o Paulo; Johann Potu&#269;ek,
+Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba; J.B. Hafkemeyer, S.J., of the
+"Collegio Anchieta," Porto Alegre; G.A. B&uuml;chler of the "Neue Schule,"
+Blumenau; Cleto Espey, O.F.M., of the "Collegio St. Antonio," Blumenau;
+E. Bloch, <i>Engenheiro Chefe da Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina,</i>
+Itajahy; Nikolaus Dechent, <i>Direktor</i> of the "Deutsche Schule,"
+Joinville; Petrus Sinzig, O.F.M., of the "Convento dos Franciscanos,"
+Petropolis; Edmondo Hees, Editor of the "Nachrichten," Petropolis;
+Pastor Fr. L. Hoepffner of the "Deutsch-Evangelische Gemeinde," Rio de
+Janeiro; W. M&uuml;nzenthaler, <i>Kaiserlicher General-Konsul,</i> Rio de Janeiro;
+and Heinrich Lotz, <i>Kgl. Bezirksgeologe a.D.</i>, Berlin.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>Special thanks are also due to Professor D.B. Shumway, of the
+University of Pennsylvania, for valuable suggestions and assistance in
+the final arrangement of the manuscript.</p>
+
+<p>The above-mentioned persons are in no wise responsible for any errors
+which may appear in the text.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a><b>CHAPTER I.</b></h2>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<h3><a name="THE_COLONIES_HISTORY_AND_LOCATION" id="THE_COLONIES_HISTORY_AND_LOCATION"></a>THE COLONIES. HISTORY AND LOCATION.</h3>
+
+
+<h4><a name="The_first_Settlers" id="The_first_Settlers"></a>THE FIRST SETTLERS.</h4>
+
+<p>The first reference to German settlers in Brazil we have from the pen of
+Hans Stade of Homberg in Hessen. Stade made two trips to Brazil; one in
+1547 and one in 1549. In the latter instance he was shipwrecked but
+succeeded in landing safely near the present port of Santos in the state
+of S&atilde;o Paulo. As he was a skilled artillerist the Portuguese made him
+commander of the fort Bertioga, the ruins of which are an interesting
+landmark to this day. Later Stade spent several most trying years as the
+captive of a cannibalistic tribe.</p>
+
+<p>After his return to Germany, Stade published an account of his
+experiences. The first edition entitled "<i>Wahrhafftige Historia unnd
+beschreibung einer landschafft der Wilden, Nacketen, Grimmigen,
+Menschfresser Leuthen in der Newen Welt America gelegen, ...</i>" appeared
+at Marburg in 1557.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> In this work Stade refers to two of his
+fellow-countrymen located in Brazil; the one Heliodorus Eoban of Hessen,
+who had charge of a sugar-refinery on the island of S&atilde;o Vicente (near
+Santos); the other Peter R&ouml;sel, who was located in Rio de Janeiro as the
+representative for a business firm of Antdorff.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>Next we come to Manuel Beckmann, the son of a German who had located in
+Lisbon. He is known in history as Manoel Bequim&atilde;o and was the leader in
+the Maranh&atilde;o revolution of 1684. This uprising, altho it came to grief,
+may be regarded as the first of a long series of protests against the
+home government resulting in the declaration of the independence of
+Brazil on the field at Ypiranga, September 2d, 1822. Beckmann died a
+mar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>tyr's death at Rio on November 2, 1685. His younger brother, Thomas
+Beckmann, who had also taken part in the revolution, was acquitted.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the 18th-century there was another important German figure in
+Brazilian history; that of Lieutenant-General Johann Heinrich von B&ouml;hm.
+It was von B&ouml;hm who, at the head of Portuguese troops, recaptured the
+city of Rio Grande in Rio Grande do Sul from the Spaniards in 1777.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+Von B&ouml;hm was assisted by two other German officers, i.e., the Count of
+Lippe and Marschal Funk. These three characters were in a sense the
+forerunners of the German battalions brought into Brazil by the First
+Empire in the early part of the following century.</p>
+
+<p>The first colonization of importance by Germans in Brazil did not take
+place until the early part of the 19th century. Beginning with that
+century there was a steady stream of non-Portuguese settlers into the
+country, and of these the Germans formed an important part.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="COLONIZATION_IN_INDIVIDUAL_STATES" id="COLONIZATION_IN_INDIVIDUAL_STATES"></a>COLONIZATION IN INDIVIDUAL STATES.</h3>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Introductory_Remarks" id="Introductory_Remarks"></a><i>Introductory Remarks.</i></h4>
+
+<p>The following is a r&eacute;sum&eacute; of the German colonies<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> in Brazil and a
+brief introduction to their history.</p>
+
+<p>For the sake of convenience, the colonies have been divided:</p>
+
+<p>First; according to the states in which they are located.</p>
+
+<p>Second; according to the date of founding.</p>
+
+<p>Third; according to the kind of colony administratively at the time of
+founding. As to this they fall under three categories:</p>
+
+<p>a) Private colonies, i.e., founded by a private individual or
+corporation.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>b) Provincial colonies, i.e., founded by a particular state or former
+province.</p>
+
+<p>c) State colonies, i.e., founded by the central government, whether
+during the time of the Empire<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> or since the formation of the Republic.</p>
+
+<p>The word <i>German</i> as applied to colonists refers only to natives of
+Germany who became naturalized citizens of Brazil and to Brazilians of
+German extraction.</p>
+
+<p>Colonies located within the confines of other German colonies (<i>e.g.,</i>
+Hansa, S&atilde;o Bento <i>etc.</i>) are not listed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Direct immigration</i> signifies immigration from Europe.</p>
+
+<p><i>Indirect immigration</i> signifies immigration from a South American
+country bordering on Brazil; immigration from another Brazilian state;
+or from another colony within the same state.</p>
+
+<p>Numerical statistics concerning individual colonies have been avoided
+except in a few cases where they are of sufficient comparative
+importance to be noted in a work of this scope.</p>
+
+<p>All the colonies coming in consideration (excepting some of those
+founded since 1890) have been "emancipated," <i>i.e.,</i> they no longer
+receive special aid from, the government and their special colonial
+directorates have been abolished.</p>
+
+<p>The states of Brazil which are important so far as German colonization
+is concerned are Bahia, Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
+(Federal District), S&atilde;o Paulo, Paran&aacute;, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do
+Sul.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> This is the geographical order from north to south and the one
+according to which they will be taken up.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="Bahia" id="Bahia"></a>BAHIA.</h5>
+
+<p>In this state is located the first German colony founded in Brazil. It
+is <b>Leopoldina</b>, started as a private undertaking by Busch, Reycke and
+Freireiss in 1818.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Frankenthal</b>, another private colony, was founded in 1822 by Peter
+Weyll and Saueracker.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>Of all the states mentioned, Bahia is the least important so far as
+German colonization is concerned. This is largely due to the fact that
+its climate is too tropical to favor such colonization oft an extended
+scale.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="Minas_Geraes" id="Minas_Geraes"></a>MINAS GERAES.</h5>
+
+<p>The private colony <b>Theophilo Ottoni</b>,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> in the north-eastern part of
+the state was founded by a German stock-company in 1851.</p>
+
+<p>Recent state colonies where Germans form a considerable part of the
+population are <b>Nova Baden, Francisco Salles, Itajub&aacute;, Jo&atilde;o Pinheiro,
+Constan&ccedil;a, Vargem Grande,</b> and <b>Rodrigo Sylva</b>.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>Germans form a considerable part of the population of the capital of the
+state (Bello Horizonte) and of the important city of Juiz da Fora.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="Espirito_Santo" id="Espirito_Santo"></a>ESPIRITO SANTO.</h5>
+
+<p>The state colony <b>Santa Izabel</b> was founded in 1847. The first settlers
+were composed chiefly of Rhenish Prussians.</p>
+
+<p><b>Santa Leopoldina</b>, another state colony, was founded in 1857. A
+suggestion as to the origin of the first settlers is offered by the
+names of the different districts into which the colony was first
+divided; <i>viz.</i>; Schweiz, Sachsen, Pommern, Rheinland, Tirol and
+Holland.</p>
+
+<p>The two above-mentioned are the most northern of the important German
+colonies in Brazil to-day.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="Rio_de_Janeiro" id="Rio_de_Janeiro"></a>RIO DE JANEIRO (Federal District).</h5>
+
+<p><b>Nova Friburgo</b>, the oldest state colony in Brazil, was founded in 1819.
+The first settlers were Swiss, but since Ger<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>mans immediately followed
+them and formed the larger part of the subsequent influx, Nova Friburgo
+is properly classed as a German colony.</p>
+
+<p><b>Petropolis</b> was made a state colony in 1845. In reality it had its
+origin as a German colony in 1838. The first settlers were German
+emigrants originally bound not for Brazil but for Sydney, Australia. On
+account of the bad treatment they received on the French sailing vessel
+"Justine" they revolted and compelled the captain to land them at Rio de
+Janeiro on December 2d, 1837. Here the Brazilian Imperial Government
+assisted them and at the suggestion of Major Julius Friedrich
+Koehler<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> gave them employment on the construction of the Serra road
+between Estrella, located a short distance above Rio, and Parahyba do
+Sul, located near the border between the Federal District and Minas
+Geraes. They formed their settlement at what later became Petropolis. On
+account of the satisfaction which the government found in these
+immigrants it turned the settlement into a state colony in 1845, as
+above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>As in the case of Santa Leopolidina, the origin of individual groups of
+colonists to Petropolis is indicated by the names of some of the
+sections into which the colony was divided, <i>viz.,</i> Bingen, Ingelheim,
+Moselthal, Nassau, Westphalen, Unteres-Rheinthal, Mittleres-Rheinthal,
+Simmern, Castellaunerthal, Untere Pfalz, Obere Pfalz, Oberes Rheinthal,
+W&ouml;st&auml;dterthal, Schweizerthal, Wormserthal, Darmst&auml;dterthal, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1850 there has been but little German immigration into the
+Petropolis colony. On the other hand, this particular colony has been a
+rich source for indirect German immigration into the more southern
+states.</p>
+
+<p>Among the recent state colonies of Rio de Janeiro that of <b>Visconde de
+Mau&aacute;</b> is largely populated by Germans.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="Sao_Paulo" id="Sao_Paulo"></a>S&Atilde;O PAULO.</h5>
+
+<p>The oldest German settlements in the state are the provincial colonies
+founded in 1827. On November 13th of that year the first levy of
+settlers, all South Germans, landed at Santos. These were apportioned
+into two colonies; one located at <i>Santo Amaro</i> and the other between
+Penha and Nossa Senhora dos Garulhos.</p>
+
+<p>The provincial colony of <b>Quilombo</b>, located between Itapecerica and
+Contia, was founded in 1828.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1847 the private colonies of <b>Ybicaba</b> and <b>Angelica</b> were founded by
+the Senador Vergueiro. They were put on the basis of <i>meia&ccedil;&atilde;o</i>,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> the
+later abuse of which, by others than Vergueiro, paved the way for the
+famous Heydt rescript<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> of November 3d, 1859.</p>
+
+<p>In the following more recently established provincial colonies the
+population is largely made up of German settlers: <b>Campos Salles</b>,
+founded in 1897; <b>Jorge Tibiri&ccedil;a</b>, founded in 1905; <b>Nova Europa</b>,
+founded in 1907; and <b>Bandeirantes</b>, founded in 1908. In addition to
+these, the provincial colonies of <b>Mon&ccedil;&atilde;o</b> and <b>Pariquera Ass&uacute;</b> also
+contain important quotas of Germans.</p>
+
+<p>In the state of S&atilde;o Paulo the Germans form to-day an urban rather than a
+rural population. They are very strongly represented in S&atilde;o Paulo (the
+capital), Campinas and Santos. The following towns and their vicinities
+are also important centers of German population: Riber&atilde;o Pires, S&atilde;o
+Bernardo, Rocinha, Vallinhos, Helvetia, Nova Friburgo, Salto de Yt&uacute;,
+Sorocaba, Botucat&uacute;, Riber&atilde;o Preto, S&atilde;o Jo&atilde;o da B&ocirc;a Vista, Villa
+Americana, Pires, Araras, Leme, Rio Claro, S&atilde;o Carlos do Pinhal, Santa
+Rita do Passo Quatro, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, Brotas, Dous Corregos,
+Jah&uacute;, Villa Raffard, Piracicaba, and Jacarehy.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Excepting the older colonies first mentioned, the German element in S&atilde;o
+Paulo is largely made up as the result of indirect immigration; in the
+early years from the Petropolis district, and later from the more
+southern states and from Argentine.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="Parana" id="Parana"></a>PARAN&Aacute;.</h5>
+
+<p>The state colony of <b>Rio Negro</b> was founded in 1829<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> while this
+section of Brazil was still within the limits of S&atilde;o Paulo.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> Shortly
+after its founding the colony was increased by the location of members
+of the mustered-out German legion of the Imperial army.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Subsequently
+many settlers from the S&atilde;o Bento district in Santa Catharina moved over
+to this colony.</p>
+
+<p>The following provincial colonies are settled largely by Germans or
+German-speaking Austrians: <b>Jesuino Marcondes, Ivahy, Iraty,</b> all
+founded in 1907; <b>Itapar&aacute;</b> and <b>Tay&oacute;</b>, both founded in 1908; and <b>Vera
+Guarany</b>, founded in 1909.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>By far the most important center for Germans in the state is the
+capital, Curityba. There are some 12,000 German-speaking residents in
+this city. In addition, a large number are located in the important
+cities of Lapa, Ponta Grossa, Porto da Uni&atilde;o and Castro.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>A large part of the German element in Paran&aacute; is due to indirect
+immigration from Santa Catharina.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="Santa_Catharina" id="Santa_Catharina"></a>SANTA CATHARINA.</h5>
+
+<p><b>S&atilde;o Pedro de Alcantara</b>, a state colony, was founded in 1828.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Its
+first settlers came mainly from the Rhine district.</p>
+
+<p><b>Itajahy</b><a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> and <b>Santa Izabel</b>, two other state colonies were founded
+in 1835 and 1846 respectively.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Blumenau</b>, a private colony (originally), was founded in 1850 by Dr.
+Hermann Blumenau.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> The first settlers were mainly natives of
+Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Blumenau is the most widely known (largely
+because of its German name) and one of the most important German
+colonies in Brazil to-day. According to Carvalho "Blumenau constitue
+dans l'Am&eacute;rique du Sud le type le plus parfait de la colonisation
+europ&eacute;enne."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> The area of the "municipio"<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> covers 10,725 square
+kilometers and is populated by about 60,000 inhabitants, the great
+majority of whom are of German descent.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> The "Stadtplatz"<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> is
+composed mainly of one street 5-1/2 kilometers in length (including
+Altona) and is most beautifully situated on the right bank of the river
+Itajahy-Ass&uacute;. It contains about 3,000 inhabitants, nearly all of whom
+are Germans.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dona Francisca</b> was founded in 1851 as a private colony by the
+"Hamburger Kolonisationsverein von 1849." It comprises the territory
+given as a marriage dot by Dom Pedro II. to his sister, Dona Francisca,
+at the time of her marriage to the Prince of Joinville of the French
+House of Orleans. The "Stadtplatz" of the colony was named Joinville in
+honor of the prince.</p>
+
+<p>Dona Francisca was founded under favorable circumstances at a time when
+many Germans, including members of the "upper classes" were leaving the
+Fatherland on account of the general political discontent during the
+latter part of the forties of the past century. This fact is reflected
+in the German language as spoken in Joinville to-day. It is perhaps more
+free from dialect than in any other German colony in Brazil. The
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>general cultural status of the inhabitants of Germanic origin is
+relatively high.</p>
+
+<p>The entire colony (municipio) of Dona Francisca contains more than
+30,000 inhabitants; the "Stadtplatz" about 6,000. In both, the
+inhabitants of Germanic origin form the great majority.</p>
+
+<p>The colony of <b>Brusque</b><a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> was founded in 1860. Its early colonists
+were composed largely of former inhabitants of the Rheinland,
+Westphalia, Oldenburg and Baden. Next to Blumenau and Dona Francisca,
+Brusque is to-day the most important German colony in Santa Catharina.</p>
+
+<p>In the territory not included in the "municipios" mentioned above, the
+larger part of the inhabitants of the following centers are of German
+descent: Angelina and Santa Thereza, both founded in 1853; Therezopolis,
+founded in 1860; Palho&ccedil;a, Bra&ccedil;o do Norte and Pedras Grandes.</p>
+
+<p>Important numbers of Germans are located along the following rivers of
+Santa Catharina: Rio Itajahy do Sul; Rio das Tijucas; Rio Bra&ccedil;o do
+Norte; and Rio Capivary.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>In point of numbers, Santa Catharina is next to the most important state
+in Brazil so far as German colonization is concerned.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="Rio_Grande_do_Sul" id="Rio_Grande_do_Sul"></a>RIO GRANDE DO SUL.</h5>
+
+<p><b>S&atilde;o Leopoldo</b>, a state colony, was founded in 1824. The first settlers
+came from the Hunsr&uuml;ck section. To-day its population is estimated at
+more than 50,000, mostly of German descent.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> We may designate S&atilde;o
+Leopoldo as the center of the "Deutschbrasilianerthum" of Rio Grande do
+Sul.</p>
+
+<p>The state colonies of <b>Tres Forquilhas</b> and <b>S&atilde;o Pedro de Alcantara das
+Torres</b> were founded in 1826. The former was settled by German
+Protestants, the latter by German Catholics.</p>
+
+<p><b>Santa Cruz</b>, a state colony, was founded in 1849. Its first settlers
+were mainly from Pomerania and the Rheinland.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Next in order there followed an important period of private
+colonization. As a result of this we have <b>Rinc&atilde;o d'El Rei</b>, founded in
+1850 by Dr. Israel R. Barcellos; <b>Mundo Novo</b>, founded in 1850 by
+Trist&atilde;o Jos&eacute; Monteiro; <b>Conventos</b>, founded in 1853 by Baptista F.
+Pereira e Cie.; <b>Estrella</b>, founded in 1856 by Santos Pinto; <b>Mariante</b>,
+founded in 1856; and <b>Marat&aacute;</b> founded in 1856 by Andreas Kochenborger
+and Pedro Schreiner.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1857 two provincial colonies were founded, i.e., <b>Santo
+Angelo</b> and <b>Nova Petropolis</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1858 marked the second period of private colonization. In that
+year <b>S&atilde;o Louren&ccedil;o</b> was founded by Jakob Rheingantz. The first settlers
+of this colony were Pomeranians and natives of the Rheinland. In the
+same year <b>Teutonia</b> was founded by a group of capitalists of Porto
+Alegre.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+
+<p>The last period of strictly provincial colonization is marked by the
+founding of <b>Monte Alverne</b> in 1859 and of <b>S&atilde;o Feliciano</b> in 1867.</p>
+
+<p>In the most recent period a number of colonies supported by both the
+state and central governments have been founded. Of these the following
+have been settled largely by Germans; <b>Guarany</b>, founded in 1891;
+<b>Ijuhy</b>,<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> founded in 1891; and <b>Erechim</b>, founded in 1909.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> In
+addition, Dr. Hermann Meyer's private colonies of <b>Xing&uacute;</b> and <b>Neu
+W&uuml;rttemberg</b> were founded in this period; the former in 1897 and the
+latter in 1899.</p>
+
+<p>The German element is very strongly represented in the important cities
+of Porto Alegre and Pelotas as well as in the "municipios" of S&atilde;o Jo&atilde;o
+de Montenegro, S&atilde;o Sebasti&atilde;o do Cahy (now includes Nova Petropolis),
+Venancio Ayres, Lageado, Taquara, Cruz Alta and Palmeiro.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Rio Grande do Sul has a much larger population of German descent than
+any other state in Brazil. The main reason why so many Germans settled
+in this state we may attribute to the climatic conditions which are here
+more favorable to Germanic peoples than in any other section of the
+country.</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="The_Total_Number_of_Germans_in_Brazil" id="The_Total_Number_of_Germans_in_Brazil"></a>AN ESTIMATE AS TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF GERMANS IN BRAZIL.</h4>
+
+<p>It is impossible to make an exact statement as to the total number of
+Germans in the country. The reasons for this are not far to seek. The
+fact that an accurate census for Brazil does not exist is not surprising
+when we consider the enormous expanse of territory.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> The greater part
+of this is but sparsely settled and largely covered with primeval
+forests. Official statistics, where they do exist are apt to have been
+carelessly compiled and often are entirely untrustworthy, "Paciencia,"
+has been the watchword here as well as throughout all other walks of
+life in Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>If we restrict ourselves to estimate, among the total of Brazilian
+citizens, those of any particular European origin, the difficulty
+increases. Here the census reports offer practically no help because all
+persons are listed simply as Brazilians, no reference being made as to
+their origin.</p>
+
+<p>The primary sources in making up the estimates are furnished by the
+immigration reports as they are found in the "Ministerio da Agricultura"
+in Rio and the "Secretaria da Agricultura" of several individual states.
+Even here the statistics are inadequate for our purpose. As a rule only
+such colonists as came in third class on ships from Europe are
+listed.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> In addition, it is impossible to determine how many
+colonists came<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> by land (indirect immigration) from adjoining South
+American countries such, as Uruguay, Paraguay or Argentine.</p>
+
+<p>The secondary sources, and the ones which in this instance are most
+valuable, are embodied in the estimates of former colonial directors and
+other officials, as well as private persons having first hand knowledge
+concerning the different European elements in Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>The official data offered by the Bureau of Statistics of the "Ministerio
+da Agricultura" in Rio concerning immigration directly from Europe
+begins with the year 1820. That concerning immigration from Germany in
+particular begins with 1827. Official figures are available as to the
+number of immigrants from Germany from that date to the present
+excepting the years 1830-1836 inclusive, 1838, 1839, 1843, 1844, 1846,
+1848 and 1849. The total is 128,233 up to the end of the year 1915.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p>
+
+<p>In order to determine the approximate numerical value of the German
+element in the population of Brazil, many estimates worthy of
+consideration have been compared. The estimates which in the opinion of
+the writer have the strongest claim to accuracy, are listed below. As
+will be seen, those determined upon by Friedrich Sommer, <i>Direktor</i> of
+the "Banco Allem&atilde;o Transatlantico" of S&atilde;o Paulo are largely followed.
+This authority has for years been making a careful study of the subject
+and consequently his conclusions bear particular weight.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Taking up the states in the order as previously, we have:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Bahia. No reliable estimates except as contained below</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in "Northern and Central States."</span><br />
+<br /></p>
+<div style="margin-left: 2em;">
+<table border="0">
+<tr><td style="width: 40%; ">Minas Geraes</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">5,000.</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>Sommer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 40%; ">Espirito Santo</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">25,000.</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>Ludwig<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 40%; ">Rio (Fed. Dist.)</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">18,000.</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>Sommer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 40%; ">S&atilde;o Paulo</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">32,000.</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>Ibid.</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 40%; ">Paran&aacute;</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">35,000.</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>Ibid.</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 40%; ">Santa Catharina</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">100,000.</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>M&uuml;ller von K&ouml;nigswinter</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 40%; ">Rio Grande do Sul</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">250,000.</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>Ibid.</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 40%; ">Northern and Central States (including Bahia)</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">10,000.</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>Sommer.</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 40%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 40%; ">Total</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">475,000.</td><td style="width: 2%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Making a fairly liberal allowance for underestimates, we may regard the
+number 500,000 as representing the total number of citizens of German
+descent in Brazil to-day.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>V.</i> Tootal, p. XCV.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>V.</i> Kl&uuml;pfel, pp. 121 and 162.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Sommer: "Manoel Beckmann." <i>German American Annals.</i>
+New Series. Vol. 14, Nos. 5 and 6, 1916, pp. 189-196. Also Pereira da
+Silva: <i>Quadros</i>.... p. 111.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>V.</i> Ludwig, p. 27.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> It is emphasized that only colonies (state, provincial, or
+private) in which the German element forms an important part of the
+population are noted.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> These are commonly designated as "Imperial Colonies."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> A comparatively very small number of Germans are located in
+the northern and western states of Brazil. They primarily follow
+business or professional careers and can hardly be classed as settlers.
+Consequently they do not come in consideration in this work.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Sellin, <i>Das Kaiserreich Brasilien</i>, Vol. II, p. 80.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Formerly called "Philadelphia."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Report of Pedro Rache, <i>Inspector do Servi&ccedil;o de
+Povoamento</i>, in <i>Relatorio.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Koehler was born in Mainz in 1810. At the age of 23 he
+went to Brazil and soon became a naturalized citizen of the country. He
+entered the government service and was promoted to the rank of major in
+the engineering corps in 1842. Died in Petropolis in 1847.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> report of the inspector Antonio Ribeiro de Castro
+Sobrinho in <i>Relatorio.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>V.</i> Marcondes de Souza: <i>O Estado de S&atilde;o Paulo</i>, p. 195.
+<i>Cf.</i> statement by Ernst Heinke in <i>Jahrbuch, Erstes</i> ..., p. 250.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> I.e., lease of a section of land for the return of
+one-half of the yearly products.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> A Prussian ministerial decree (also adopted by other
+German states) forbidding the emigration of German citizens to Brazil.
+In 1896 it was revoked for the three most southern states of Brazil,
+i.e., Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina and Paran&aacute;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> statements by C.F. Scheler in <i>Jahrbuch, Erstes</i>
+..., p. 175 ff.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> In 1828 according to Grossi, p. 168.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Paran&aacute; was separated from S&atilde;o Paulo in 1853.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>V.</i> Sellin, <i>Das Kaiserreich Brasilien</i>, Vol. II, p.
+111.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> report of the inspector Manoel F. Ferreira Correia
+in <i>Relatorio</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Information furnished by Johann Potu&#269;ek,
+Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> This is commonly referred to as the first colony in Santa
+Catharina. However, Grossi (p. 168) refers to a <i>Colonia Alem&atilde;o o
+Conselheiro Pedreira</i> (state colony) founded in 1827.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Lacmann (p. 8) states that <i>Gross Itajahy</i> was founded in
+1829.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Born 1819 at Hasselfelde in Braunschweig. Specialized in
+pharmacy. In 1849 came to Brazil and laid out plans for a colony. From
+1850 to 1880 he was primarily occupied in directing the colony which
+bears his name. This colony was emancipated in 1880, but Dr. Blumenau
+remained on the scene of his former activities until 1884, when he
+returned to Germany. Died 1898.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>V. Le Br&eacute;sil Meridional,</i> p. 309.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> The term "municipio" denotes a city or town together with
+the surrounding districts coming under the same jurisdiction; frequently
+(as used in this work) an emancipated colony.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> According to census of 1907 and calculations to date
+(September, 1916) in the archives at Blumenau.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> The term "Stadtplatz" as used by the colonists designates
+the seat or governmental center of a particular colony. Portuguese
+"sede."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> So named in honor of the president of the state at the
+time, Dr. Araujo Brusque.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Information furnished by E. Bloch, <i>Engenheiro Chefe da
+Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Grossi, p. 162.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Ludwig, p. 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> A particularly strong current of German settlers has in
+recent years been moving into Ijuhy, mostly by indirect immigration.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> report of the inspector C. Lila da Silveira in
+<i>Relatorio</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> About equal to that of the United States without the
+colonies and Alaska, but with the state of Texas doubled.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The study of emigration reports in European archives does
+not help us much because by no means did all persons listed as emigrants
+for Brazil finally arrive in the latter country.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> In order to enable the reader to put a correct valuation
+on the popular bugaboo, the "perigo allem&atilde;o" (German peril), the
+following facts are noted by way of comparison:
+</p><p>
+According to the statistics above referred to, the German immigrants
+occupy fourth place in point of numbers for the period 1820-1915,
+inclusive. They are superseded by:
+</p>
+
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">a) Italians. First mentioned in the records 1836.</span><br />
+</p>
+<table border="0">
+<tr><td>Total to 1862</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">209</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total to and including 1915</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">1,348,777</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">b) Portuguese. First noted in 1837.</span><br />
+</p>
+<table border="0">
+<tr><td>Total to and including 1915</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">977,524</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">c) Spaniards. First noted 1841.</span><br />
+</p>
+<table border="0">
+<tr><td>Total to 1868</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">274</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total to and including 1915</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td style="text-align: right; ">470,107</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Dr. Ernst Wagemann, of the Kolonialinstitut, Hamburg,
+recently estimated the German population of Espirito Santo at
+20,000-30,000, according to statements by W. M&uuml;nzenthaler, German
+Consular-General in Rio.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> The above estimates refer to conditions at the end of
+1915. The estimate for the total population of the country for that year
+was 23,000,000.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+</p></div>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a><b>CHAPTER II.</b></h2>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<h3><a name="THE_BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_DIALECT" id="THE_BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_DIALECT"></a>THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN DIALECT.</h3>
+
+
+<h4><a name="Underlying_Basis_of_the_Dialect" id="Underlying_Basis_of_the_Dialect"></a>THE UNDERLYING BASIS AND REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE DIALECT.</h4>
+
+<p>As may be inferred from chapter I, the German immigration into Brazil
+antedating the nineteenth century was quite insignificant. Beginning
+with the early years of that century, however, there was a steady
+current of new settlers from the German-speaking sections of Europe into
+the southern part of the country. The people who made up this current
+settled, particularly during the early years, in small, widely separated
+colonial nuclei where they found themselves more or less thoroughly cut
+off from the outside world and its influences. It is not surprising,
+therefore, to find that these people have developed a new dialect which
+we may call "Brazilian German."</p>
+
+<p>The Germanic settlers from Europe who had come to Brazil found
+themselves located in surroundings radically different from the ones to
+which they had been accustomed in the land of their nativity. Physically
+they had to adapt themselves to a new climate. From the moment of their
+arrival on the parcel of land allotted to them they were in contact with
+many objects for which their mother tongue offered no designation. The
+animals, plants, insects and even the agricultural implements in the new
+home land had, to a large extent, names for which the German language
+offered no equivalent. As a result, many non-germanic words had to be
+immediately adopted.</p>
+
+<p>In reference to the older colonies, the German-speaking immigrants from
+any particular section of Germany, Switzerland or Austria would more or
+less settle in a particular section of Brazil. Thus we have Petropolis
+in Rio de Janeiro settled by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> former inhabitants of the Coblenz district
+and Blumenau in Santa Catharina settled largely by Pomeranians. In a
+general way it may be stated that the older colonies were in this
+respect relatively homogenious, while those founded since the middle of
+the past century drew their settlers to a larger extent from different
+German-speaking sections of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The settlers, largely drawn from the agricultural class, naturally
+brought with them from Europe a variety of German dialects. These were
+more or less preserved depending on the relative isolation of the
+colonies. In cases where a considerable and constant influx of settlers
+either by direct or indirect immigration was kept up after the first
+years of the history of any particular colony the original dialect
+largely gave way to a modified form of High German, due primarily to the
+normalizing influence of the German school and church. Such is the case
+in the "Stadtpl&auml;tze"<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> of Dona Francisca, Blumenau, Santa Cruz and S&atilde;o
+Louren&ccedil;o.</p>
+
+<p>The preceding statements are intended to present, as it were, the
+background or basis on which the new dialect was developed. We now come
+to the most potent influence in the formation of that dialect. It is the
+Brazilian Portuguese, a language which has no connection with the
+Germanic group. In this point, therefore, our case differs radically
+from that of the student of the German dialects which have been
+developed in North America.</p>
+
+<p>The degree of linguistic influence exerted by the Brazilian Portuguese
+on the High German or its various dialects as spoken by the immigrants
+varies again according to the relative isolation of the settlements. We
+have degrees ranging from that of the old settlements in the Santo Amaro
+district of S&atilde;o Paulo,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> where the German language has practically in
+its entirety given way to the Brazilian Portuguese, to that of some of
+the sections of the "municipios"<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> of Blumenau in Santa Catharina and
+S&atilde;o Leopoldo in Rio Grande do Sul where a modified German has not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> only
+held its own among the inhabitants of German extraction, but has also
+become the language of parts of the Luso-Brazilian<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> and negro
+elements as well.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> About half way between these two extremes we might
+range the case of Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro.</p>
+
+
+<h4><a name="BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_WORD_FORMS" id="BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_WORD_FORMS"></a>BRAZILIAN GERMAN WORD FORMS.</h4>
+
+<p>The following general principles are observed in connection with the
+dialect which has been developed by the German element in Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>Nouns form by far the greatest number of words taken over, followed next
+in order by verbs, exclamatory words and phrases, adjectives and
+adverbs. The last two appear relatively rarely.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OBSERVATIONS ON WORDS FROM THE BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE.</h4>
+
+
+<h5>I. Nouns.</h5>
+
+<p>A. Masculines.</p>
+
+<p>1) In the case of masculines the vowel ending is as a rule dropped,
+e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian Portuguese.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>English.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em; height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">abatimento</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">abatiment</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">discount.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">campo</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">camp</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">field, plain.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">fac&atilde;</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">fac</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">hunting-knife.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">intendente</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">intendent</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">administrator.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">pasto</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">past</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">pasture.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>2) The same holds for words of the following type where there have been
+further orthographical changes with preserve, however, the same phonetic
+values.</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian Portuguese.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>English.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em; height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">macaco</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">makak</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">monkey</p>.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">trapiche</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">trapisch</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">warehouse (on the wharf).</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>3) Internal phonetic changes have taken place in such words as:</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian Portuguese.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>English.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em; height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">kaschero</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">kasch&ouml;r</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">shop.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">municipio</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">munizip</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">district.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>B. Feminines.</p>
+
+<p>In feminines the final vowel '<i>-a</i>' is as a rule weakened to <i>'e'</i>,
+e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian Portuguese.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>English.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em; height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">capoeira</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">capoeire</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">copse.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">carreta</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">carrete</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">cart.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">garaffa</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">garaffe</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">bottle.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">lancha</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">lanche</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">barge.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">larancha</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">laranche</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">orange.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">mula</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">mule</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">mule.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">persianna</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">persianne</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">Venetian.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">picada</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">picade</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">lane (through a forest).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">pimenta</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">pimente</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">pepper.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">pipa</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">pipe</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">barrel, tun.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">ro&ccedil;a</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">rosse</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">clearing (of a forest).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">sanga</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">sange</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">ditch.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">tolda</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">tolde</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">cover, hood (of a wagon).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">tra&ccedil;a</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">trace</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">track, design.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">venda</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">vende</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">inn, store.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+</p>
+
+
+<p>C. Change of gender in nouns.</p>
+
+<p>1) Masculine to feminine, e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian Portuguese.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>English.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em; height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">barranco <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">barranke <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">slope.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">cabresto <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">cabreste <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">halter.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">cachimbo <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">kaschimbe <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">tobacco-pipe.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">camarote <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">camarote <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">box (in a theater).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">cangalho <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">cangalhe <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">packsaddle.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">charuto <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">charute <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">cigar.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">farelo <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">farelle <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">bran.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">hiate <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">jatte <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">yacht.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">portreiro <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">portreere <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">pasture-ground.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">rio <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">rio <i>f.</i> (rarely <i>m.</i>)</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">stream, river.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>2) Feminine to masculine, e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian Portuguese.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>English.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em; height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">cacha&ccedil;a <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">cachass <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">gin, brandy (of sugar-cane).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">troca <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">troc <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">change (of money).</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>3) Masculine to neuter, e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian Portuguese.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>English.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em; height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">doce <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">doss <i>n.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">candy, confectionery.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">fosforo <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">fosforo <i>n.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">match.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">tat&uacute; <i>m.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">tat&uacute; <i>n.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">armadillo.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">xarque <i>m.</i>..</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">xarque <i>n.</i>.</p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">jerked beef.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>4) Feminine to neuter, e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian Portuguese.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em"><i>English.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="width: 8em; height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="width: 8em">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">canoa <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">kanoe <i>n.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">monoxylon, dugout.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">farinha <i>f.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">farin <i>n.</i></p></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging" style="width: 8em"><p class="tphanging">flour.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>From the above examples it will be observed that the gender of the
+Brazilian German noun is, where there has been a change<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> from that of
+the original Brazilian Portuguese, as a rule, the same as that of the
+High German word replaced, e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td ><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >High German.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >barranke <i>f.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >B&ouml;schung<i>f.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >cachass <i>m.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Schnaps <i>m.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >camarote <i>f.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Theaterloge <i>f.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >charute <i>f.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Zigarre <i>f.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >doss <i>n.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Konfekt <i>n.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >farelle <i>f.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Kleie <i>f.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >farin <i>n.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Mehl <i>n.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >fosforon.<i>n.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Streichholz<i>n.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >kaschimbe <i>f.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Tabakspfeife <i>f.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >portreere <i>f.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Weide <i>m.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >troc <i>m.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Wechsel <i>m.</i></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>D. Nouns of mixed origin are quite frequent, e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td ><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td ><i>English.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >aboboramus</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >stewed (and mashed) pumpkin.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >korbgarraf&atilde;o</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >demijohn.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >miljekolben</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >cob (of corn).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >mesclahosen</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >trousers (striped).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >ochsencarrete</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >ox-cart</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >palhazigarrette</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >cigarette (with cornhusk wrapper).</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >polizeidelegado</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >inspector of police.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >puschochse</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >draught-ox.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >rocewirtschaft</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >agriculture, farming.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >sellofiskal</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >revenue agent.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >vendaschuld</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >drinking-score, debt for drink.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+
+<h5>II. Verbs.</h5>
+
+<p>Brazilian German verbs are commonly formed by adding a weak ending,
+<i>'-en'</i> or <i>'-ieren'</i> to the Portuguese stem, e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td ><i>Portuguese.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td ><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td ><i>English.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >amolar</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >amolieren</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to grind, sharpen.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >capinar</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >capinen</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to weed.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >cobrar</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >cobrieren</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to cash, take in (money),</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td ><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>la&ccedil;ar</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >lassen</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to throw the lasso.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >puxar</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >puschen, pussen</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to pull.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >repousar</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >posen</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to rest.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >requerer</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >rekerieren</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to request.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >ro&ccedil;ar</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >rossieren</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to clear of weeds.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >sellar</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >sellieren</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to stamp.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >tocar</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >tocken</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to beat, strike.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >trocar</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >trocken</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >to change (money etc.).</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>In pronunciation the Brazilian German differs still more from the
+Portuguese than the printed forms would indicate. The main additional
+differences in this case are the following:</p>
+
+<p>1) The noun ending '<i>-&atilde;o'</i> has the value of <i>'-ong'</i> instead of the
+Portuguese sound represented by <i>'-&atilde;o.'</i> Thus, by phonetic spelling we
+would have, e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td ><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td ><i>Portuguese.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >algodong</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >for</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >algod&atilde;o.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >capong</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >cap&atilde;o.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >garrafong</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >garraf&atilde;o.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >patakong</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >patac&atilde;o.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >questong</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >quest&atilde;o.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >sertong</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >sert&atilde;o.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >violong</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >viol&atilde;o.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>2) The <i>'j'</i> instead of remaining sonant as in Portuguese,
+becomes surd.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Thus</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td ><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td ><i>Portuguese.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td >feschong</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">for</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td>feij&atilde;o.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >schakar&eacute;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >jacar&eacute;.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Schwong</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >jo&atilde;o</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>3) In the case of infinitives the final <i>'-n'</i> is not sounded,
+particularly in sections influenced by the Hunsr&uuml;ck dialect. These forms
+are therefore pronounced, e.g.,</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td ><i>Brazilian German.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td ><i>Portuguese.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >amoliere</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">for</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >amolieren.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >kapine</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >kapinen.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >pusche</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >puschen.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >tocke</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; " >"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >tocken.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="SURNAMES" id="SURNAMES"></a>SURNAMES.</h5>
+
+<p>As a general rule German family names are retained in their original
+form in all sections where the German language held its own among the
+colonists. This is especially true where such names offer no difficulty
+in their pronunciation to people having Portuguese as their mother
+tongue. On the other hand, where such names could not be readily
+pronounced by Luso-Brazilians,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> they underwent changes to greater or
+less extent even in communities where the German element is most
+strongly represented. Where the German language disappeared the German
+family name as a rule disappeared with it, or was retained in such a
+form as to be hardly recognizable.</p>
+
+<p>By way of example a number of modifications in surnames are noted below;
+first, from a section where the German language has almost entirely
+given way to Portuguese<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>, and second, from one of the strongest
+German-speaking sections of Brazil.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>1)</p>
+
+<p>Emmich became <i>M'</i>. The Portuguese could not pronounce the "-ich" and
+consequently it dropped off, resulting in the formation of what is
+probably one of the shortest family names in existence.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Felippoffsky became <i>Felippe, Franz,</i> or <i>Fran&ccedil;o</i>. In this instance one
+branch of the family adopted the first part of the original family name
+and other branches made surnames out of the Christian name of the first
+immigrant, i.e., Franz Felippoffsky.</p>
+
+<p>Glaser became <i>Frittenmaku</i>. The first immigrant was Fritz Glaser. One
+of his characteristics was lameness. The new family name is equivalent
+in meaning to "der lahme Fritz."</p>
+
+<p>Gottfried became <i>Gottesfried, Gottesfrid</i> or <i>Gottesfritz</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Helfenstein became <i>Helfestein</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hessel became <i>Essel</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Klein became <i>Cleene</i>. In this instance a German dialect variant of the
+original became the new family name.</p>
+
+<p>Reinberg became <i>Remberg</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rochenbach became <i>Rocumbak</i> or <i>Rocumbaque</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Roschel became <i>Rocha</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Toll became <i>Doll</i> or <i>Doro</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Weisshaupt became <i>Sapateiro</i>. In this instance the first Weisshaupt was
+a shoemaker. The trade name translated into Portuguese became the family
+name.</p>
+
+<p>Z&uuml;llich became <i>Sills</i>.</p>
+
+<p>2)</p>
+
+<p>W&auml;chter became <i>Walter</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Werner became <i>Vierne</i>.</p>
+
+<p>From the above examples it will be noticed that the new family names
+show, as a general rule, an adaptation of the original to Portuguese
+pronunciation.</p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="BAPTISMAL_NAMES" id="BAPTISMAL_NAMES"></a>BAPTISMAL NAMES.</h5>
+
+<p>So far as baptismal names are concerned, the case is quite different
+from that applying to surnames. While the latter have been modified to a
+great extent only where the German language<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> gave way to the Portuguese
+almost entirely, as stated, the former have been replaced by their
+Portuguese counterparts, as a rule, in all parts of Brazil.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> Probably
+the chief reason for this is sentiment, or, to use what is in this case
+perhaps a more accurate term, patriotism. The Portuguese Christian name
+in the country in question distinguishes the individual as a Brazilian,
+not as a German. The people under discussion regard themselves first of
+all as Brazilians.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> While, according to their idea the retention and
+cultivation of their "Deutschthum" makes them better and more valuable
+Brazilian citizens, they carefully differentiate between "Deutschthum"
+and (to use their own expression) "Deutschl&auml;nderthum."</p>
+
+<p>The following are examples of Portuguese baptismal names which are
+commonly substituted for their German counterparts by Brazilian Germans.</p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td ><i>Portuguese form.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td ><i>German form.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Adolfo</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">for</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Adolf.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Alberto</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Albert.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Augusto</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >August.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Bernardo</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Bernard.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Carlos</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Karl.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Edmundo</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Edmund.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Eduardo</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Eduard.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Emilio</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Emil.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Ernesto</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Ernst.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Estev&atilde;o</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Stephan.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Ewaldo</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Ewald.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Francisco</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Franz.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Frederico</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Friedrich.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td ><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>Germano</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Hermann.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Guilhermo</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Wilhelm.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Gustavo</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Gustav.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Henrique</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Heinrich.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Ignacio</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Ignaz.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Jo&atilde;o</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Johann.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Jorge</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Georg.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Jos&eacute;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Joseph.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Julio</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Julius.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Leopoldo</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Leopold.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Luiz</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Ludwig.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Maximiliano</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Maximilian.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Paulo</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Paul.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Pedro</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Peter.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Ricardo</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Richard.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Roberto</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Robert.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Rodolfo (Rudolfo)</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Rudolf.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Theodoro</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Theodor.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+
+<h5><a name="TERMS_OF_FAMILY_RELATIONSHIP_IN_TITLES" id="TERMS_OF_FAMILY_RELATIONSHIP_IN_TITLES"></a>TERMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIP IN TITLES.</h5>
+
+<p>For the terms of family relationship in titles (business, etc.) the
+Portuguese forms are commonly used where the German forms would
+naturally be expected (i.e., in exclusively Brazilian German
+publications, etc.). Among the forms most frequently used in this manner
+(in full or abbreviated form, singular or plural) are the following:<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+<div>
+<table>
+<tr><td ><i>Portuguese form.</i></td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td ><i>German form.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td style="height: 1em;">&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Filho</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">for</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Sohn.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Irm&atilde;o</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Bruder.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Sobrinho</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Neffe.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td >Viuva</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td style="text-align: center; ">"</td><td style="width: 2em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td >Witwe.</td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span><br /></p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="EXAMPLES_OF_BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_FROM_DOCUMENTS" id="EXAMPLES_OF_BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_FROM_DOCUMENTS"></a>EXAMPLES OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN FROM DOCUMENTS.</h3>
+
+<h4><a name="THE_WRITTEN_LANGUAGE" id="THE_WRITTEN_LANGUAGE"></a>The Written Language.</h4>
+
+<p>The following is an excerpt made from a short story entitled "Unrecht
+schl&auml;gt seinen eigenen Herrn."<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<p>Der reiche Estancieiro<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> Jo&atilde;o Rodrigues sass eines Tages unter der
+grossen schattigen Figueira,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> welche das Wahrzeichen der Estancia<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>
+S&atilde;o Manoel bildete. Er berechnete eben, wie viel Schlachtvieh er dieses
+Jahr verkaufen k&ouml;nnte, und fand, dass es mindestens 700 St&uuml;ck seien. Das
+gab ein sch&ouml;nes H&auml;ufchen Geld; denn die Viehpreise waren dieses Jahr
+hoch. Unter 60$000<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> sollte ihm kein St&uuml;ck aus der Invernada<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> fort;
+das machte rund 42 Contos<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> aus.</p>
+
+<p>... "Compadre,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> ich habe einen Auftrag, f&uuml;r eine benachbarte
+Charqueada<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> rund 1000 St&uuml;ck Schlachtvieh aufzukaufen...."</p>
+
+<p>... Damit war der Handel abgeschlossen, und die beiden Compadres
+verabschiedeten sich, jeder zufrieden: Der Estancieiro, weil er ein
+gutes Gesch&auml;ft gemacht hatte, und der Tropeiro,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> weil er morgen ein
+noch besseres zu machen hoffte!</p>
+
+<p>Des anderen Tages stellte sich unser Estancieiro bei guter Zeit im
+Gesch&auml;ftshause ein und fand daselbst seinen Compadre Bento schon in
+angeheiteter Stimmung in der Venda<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> sitzen.</p>
+
+<p>... "Noch f&uuml;r einen Augenblick," stotterte da wieder der betrunkene
+Tropeiro. "Unter uns beiden braucht's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> zwar keine Quittung, ich habe
+dein Vieh und du hast mein Geld; damit ist unsere Sache erledigt. Aber
+bei den Herren von der Charqueada muss ich etwas Schwarz auf Weiss
+vorweisen; ..."</p>
+
+<p>... So wollte er gleich heute die ein paar hundert Milr&eacute;is betragene
+Vendaschuld begleichen.</p>
+
+<p>... "Einen Moment Gedult, Compadre Jo&atilde;o, gleich ists prompt."<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> Und
+wirklich, es dauerte nur einige Minuten, so hatte der Estancieiro seine
+Rechnung zu H&auml;nden, sie betrug 765$000. Er zug 4 von den
+funkelnagelneuen Zweihunderten heraus und reichte dieselben dem
+Gesch&auml;ftsmanne hin. Der beschaute sich die Dinger genau, holte aus
+seinem Geldschrank einen Schein derselben Estampa<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> heraus, bef&uuml;hlte
+das Papier, sch&uuml;ttelte nachdenklich den Kopf und sagte nur das eine
+W&ouml;rtchen "falsch"!</p>
+
+
+<h5>EXAMPLES FROM ADVERTISEMENTS.</h5>
+
+<p>Advertisements in almanacs, newspapers, etc., appearing in German and
+intended only for the German reading-public offer a rich source to the
+student of Brazilian German words and phrases. The following examples
+are by no means unusual. They set forth the principle which obtains in
+practically all German publications in Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>1.) FROM ALMANACS. (For meanings of terms <i>V.</i> Glossary.)</p>
+
+<p>Luchsinger E. Co.... Import von Fazendas und Molhados....<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p>
+
+<p>Selbach e Cia.... Internationale Verlags- u. Sortiments-Buchhandlung,
+Buchdruckerei, Buchbinderei und <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>Kartonnagen-Fabrik....<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<p>Fraeb e Co.... Export von ... Haar, Wolle, Xarque, Gorduras, etc.,
+etc.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p>
+
+<p>Otto Niemeyer. Seccos e Molhados.... Eigenes Armazem und
+Trapiche....<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<p>... Jos&eacute; A. Picoral ... Papier-und Palhazigaretten. ... Leichte und
+starke Charuten....<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
+
+<p>Fraeb e Co.... Import: Fazendas, Miudezas, Molhados, Ferragens, Salz
+u.s.w....<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p>
+
+<p>Vva. Jos&eacute; M&uuml;ller e Cia. Gesch&auml;ftshaus in Fazendas, Lou&ccedil;a, Miudezas,
+Seccos und Molhados, Kolonie-Produkten.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>... Sattlerei von Jorge Pedro Grub ... Zuggeschirre f&uuml;r Aranhas, Z&auml;ume,
+Caronas, Peitschen u.s.w. ...<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+<p>Paulo Gr&ouml;tzner, Biscoutosfabrik "Lucinda." ... Leistungsf&auml;higste Fabrik
+in Biscontos, Bolachas, Bonbons, Konfit&uuml;ren und allen besseren
+Backwaaren. Escriptorio und Verkauf en gros: Alto Cabral.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>2.) FROM NEWSPAPERS. (For meanings of terms <i>V.</i> Glossary.)</p>
+
+<p>Comp. Nac. de Navega&ccedil;&atilde;o Costeira. Der neue Doppelschraubendampfer
+<i>Itajuba</i> am Trapiche der Costeira ... Bef&ouml;rdert Passageire, Frachten,
+Encommendas, etc.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p>
+
+<p>Antigo Hotel Koch.... Bevorzugtes Haus der Musterreiter. Eigenes
+Portreiro. Sorgsame Verpflegung der Reittiere. Jo&atilde;o Spitteler,
+Eigent&uuml;mer.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p>
+
+<p>Hotel do Sul von Felippe Werb Filho. Wird dem reisenden Publikum ...
+empfohlen.... Gute Stallungen.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p>
+
+<p>Kolonisten pflanzt Aipim, Mandioca, Araruta!...<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p>
+
+<p>Aranha in bestem Zustande mit vorz&uuml;glichem Pferd zu verkaufen.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lageado. Carlos Genehr, Zahnarzt, empfiehlt sich den Bewohnern dieser
+Villa und der umliegenden Pikaden....<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p>
+
+<p>... zwischen der Eisenbahnstation und der Villa gelegen, f&uuml;r
+Kolonisation vermessen und in Lotes von 4 bis 25 Alqueires einteilen
+lassen ... der darauf befindliche Matebestand ein ganz
+hervorragender.... Der Eigent&uuml;mer Bernardo Olsen....<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>2 Pferde zugelaufen (1 Baio und 1 Zaino) Gegen erstattung der Unkosten
+abzuholen bein Inspektor Jakob Neuhaus, ...<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p>
+
+<h5>POETRY.</h5>
+
+<p>A great deal of excellent poetry has been written by representatives of
+the German element in Brazil. These writers have, however, primarily
+used High German as their medium of expression and consequently their
+works do not come in consideration in this study of a dialect. On the
+other hand, we frequently come across poems where Brazilian German forms
+are more or less in evidence. The following, in which the Hunsr&uuml;ck
+dialect forms the Germanic basis is presented by way of example.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>
+(Apologies to Goethe!)</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Gutes Gesch&auml;ft oder eine Pechincha.</i><a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Wer reit' lo dorch Storm un Wettergeriesel?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Das is der Schrauber auf seime Isel.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Der Hut is gebunne fest unner dem Kinne,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Der Musterranze bammelt ihm hinne.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Freund Michel, was machst f&uuml;r ein banges Gesicht?"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"'Sein Sie's wahrhaftig? Ich glaabten es nich!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"'Der Schrauber wirklich mit Mala<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> un Ranze?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"'Das is lo die reine Pikadewanze!'"<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Mein lieber Freund mach' Platz mal hier!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Die sch&ouml;nsten Muster zeige ich dir:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Algod&atilde;o,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> Riscado<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> und Druckkattun&mdash;"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"'Laassen Se zu! Was soll 'ch mit dem Krempel lo tun?'"<br /></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss 's Hannele sein!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Der Schrauber seift dich e sunst j&auml;mmerlich ein.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"'Halt dei Mund un scher' dich rein in dei Kich,'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"'De Schrauber kenn' un seine Schlich!'"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Willst, lieber Freund, du das Neueste sehn?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Hier hochfeine Ponchos<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> und Kasemir sch&ouml;n,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Korsetts und bunte Str&uuml;mpf zum Pr&auml;sent&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Bei Bahrzahlung zehn Prozent Abatiment"<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a><br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss ja dich nit schnappe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Du hast noch genug an de Meier ze berappe!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"Still!" murmelte Herr Michel, "un schw&auml;tze mer nit!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">"So'n Mann als wie eich, der hat je Kredit."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Der Michel kauft und Herr Schrauber notiert,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Drei Monate drauf hat der Michel falliert.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Der Schrauber h&ouml;rt es: "Sie fassen ihn an!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sie gehen ihm an seine Venda<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> heran!"<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Herrn Schrauber grausset's, er steigt auf die Mule,<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ihm ist's um zehn Contos<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> am Herzen so schwule,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Er t&auml;t im Galoppe "zer Venda reite,"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Er kam, sagt <i>bom dia!</i><a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>&mdash;Der Michel war pleite!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h4><a name="THE_SPOKEN_LANGUAGE" id="THE_SPOKEN_LANGUAGE"></a>THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE.</h4>
+
+<p>The dialect under discussion, as spoken in the "pikaden" is practically
+incomprehensible to the German-speaking person traveling in Brazil for
+the first time. To the uninitiated it is even harder to understand than
+the German dialects of North Amer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>ica. The latter developed under the
+influence of a related language, as has been stated, while the former
+came into being because of linguistic influences entirely foreign.</p>
+
+<p>In order to give an idea of the spoken Brazilian German the following
+"Sprachprobe" by Breitenbach<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> is reproduced. While of somewhat
+peculiar composition, the example below quoted is a good representation
+of spoken Brazilian German.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ein Kolonist f&auml;hrt in seinem mit einer Tolde<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> versehenen Wagen
+aus, der mit einem Tupiano<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> und einem Zebruno<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> bespannt ist,
+welche er von einem Tropeiro<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> von der Serra<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> gekauft hat.
+Er will seinen Compadre<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> besuchen, findet die Porteira<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> zur
+Pikade<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> verschlossen, &ouml;ffnet sie und erf&auml;hrt von der ihm
+entgegenkommenden Frau seines Compadre, der Mann sei in die
+Rosse<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> gegangen, um einige Miljekolben<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> f&uuml;r die Mule<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a>
+und einige Bobres<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> f&uuml;r die Schweine zu holen, welche im
+Poteiro<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> seien. Wenn er den Compadre aufsuchen wolle, so w&uuml;rde
+er ihn leicht finden, jenseits der Sange,<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> die aber steile
+Barankas<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> habe, so dass man beim Ueberschreiten derselben
+vorsichtig sein m&uuml;sse. Da unser Freund seinen Compadre in der Rosse
+nicht findet, so geht er in den nahen Wald, aus dem Hundge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>bell ihm
+entgegen schallt. Mit seinem Fakong<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> schl&auml;gt er einige
+Taquaras<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> und Zipos<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> nieder, um sich den Weg zu bahnen.
+Bald trifft er denn auch seinen Compadre, der soeben ein Tatu<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>
+ausgegraben und mit seinem Fuchs<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> erschlagen hat. Nach den
+&uuml;blichen Begr&uuml;ssungen begeben sich beide ins Haus und beschliessen,
+sich am Nachmittag die Carreira<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> anzusehen. Gleichzeitig will
+der Compadre einige S&auml;cke Farin<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> mitnehmen, um sie dem
+Vendisten<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> zu verkaufen. Zu diesem Behuf muss eine Mule
+eingefangen werden was aber nicht ganz leicht ist. Die Mule ist
+n&auml;mlich sehr st&ouml;rrisch und muss gepusst<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> und getockt<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>
+wereden. Beim Hause angelangt, wird dem Tiere die Cangalje<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>
+aufgelegt und die Ladung befestigt. Dann geht's fort.</p></div>
+
+
+<h4><a name="INTRODUCTION_TO_GLOSSARY" id="INTRODUCTION_TO_GLOSSARY"></a>INTRODUCTION TO THE GLOSSARY OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN TERMS.</h4>
+
+<p>For reasons previously stated, the language or dialect of the German
+settlers in Brazil underwent an almost immediate change, not in its
+syntax, but in its vocabulary. Had the immigrants and their descendants
+only adopted such words as had no equivalent in their mother-tongue, our
+case would be much simpler. They went, however, much further, and, as a
+result even many of the commonest words dealing with the household or
+farm were replaced at an early date by Brazilian Portuguese terms, or by
+new formations based on them.</p>
+
+<p>In the following representation of Brazilian German words and phrases an
+attempt has been made to select only such as have <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>been adopted by
+German-speaking citizens in all parts of the country in question. In the
+few cases where words or phrases noted seem characteristic of any
+particular section of Brazil that fact is indicated. The glossary,
+moreover, makes no claim to completeness.</p>
+
+<p>The sources<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> of the expressions listed are Brazilian German
+newspapers, books, almanacs, pamphlets, advertisements, "Festschriften,"
+etc.,<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> as well as conversation with colonists. In the latter
+instance only such terms as were repeatedly used to the exclusion of the
+corresponding German terms were noted.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the glossary is given first the Brazilian German term (in certain
+cases with variations), followed, by way of comparison as well as
+definition, by the corresponding High German form. If the Brazilian
+Portuguese<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> equivalent differs in form or gender it is given in
+parentheses. If no such parenthetical form appears it signifies that
+both languages are in the particular instance identical.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> The German
+element in mixed compounds being self-evident, such words are treated as
+the simple Brazilian German forms.</p>
+
+<p>Gender is indicated except in the case of masculine nouns ending in
+<i>'-o'</i> and feminines ending in <i>'-a.'</i></p>
+
+<p>Terms dealing with weights, measures and coinage have not been noted
+except in cases where the Brazilian German form <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>shows a modification of
+the original and in instances where the terms refer to units no longer
+current.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p>
+
+<p>Special abbreviations:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">R. = Rio de Janeiro.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">R.G. = Rio Grande do Sul.</span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+</p>
+
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="GLOSSARY" id="GLOSSARY"></a>GLOSSARY.</h2>
+<p><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">
+<a href="#A">A</a>,
+<a href="#B">B</a>,
+<a href="#C">C</a>,
+<a href="#D">D</a>,
+<a href="#E">E</a>,
+<a href="#F">F</a>,
+<a href="#G">G</a>,
+<a href="#I">I</a>,
+<a href="#J">J</a>,
+<a href="#K">K</a>,
+<a href="#L">L</a>,
+<a href="#M">M</a>,
+<a href="#N">N</a>,
+<a href="#O">O</a>,
+<a href="#P">P</a>,
+<a href="#Q">Q</a>,
+<a href="#R">R</a>,
+<a href="#S">S</a>,
+<a href="#T">T</a>,
+<a href="#U">U</a>,
+<a href="#V">V</a>,
+<a href="#W">W</a>,
+<a href="#X">X</a>,
+<a href="#Z">Z</a>
+</span><br />
+<br /></p>
+
+<div>
+<table border="0" style="margin-left: 5em;" >
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="A" id="A"></a>A.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">abacaxi <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Ananas.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">abatiment <i>m.</i> (abatimento)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Preiserm&auml;ssigung.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">abobora <i>or</i> abobra</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">K&uuml;rbis.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">abobora-mus <i>n.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">K&uuml;rbis-mus.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">agri&atilde;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Brunnenkresse. R.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">aipim <i>m.</i> (aipim, aipii <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Maniok (s&uuml;sser).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">aldeamento <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Indianersiedlung. R.G.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">aldeia (aldeia <i>or</i> aldea)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Dorf, Weiler.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">alfandega</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zollamt, Steueramt.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">algod&atilde;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Baumwolle.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">amolieren (amolar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">schleifen, sch&auml;rfen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">aranha</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Gig (<i>vehicle</i>).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">araruta</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Pfeilwurz.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">armazem <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kaufladen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">arroba, arrobe <i>f.</i>(arroba)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">14.689 Kg. (<i>Weight.</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">arroio</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Bach.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">at&eacute; a volta</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">bis zur R&uuml;ckkehr!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">ateloge <i>n.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Aufwiedersehen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">(<i>From</i> at&eacute; logo. <i>Not used as noun in Portuguese.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">at&eacute; logo</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">auf Wiedersehen!</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="B" id="B"></a>B.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">baio</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Pferd (castanienbraunes).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">bakeljau <i>m.</i> (bacalh&atilde;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Stockfisch, Kabeljau.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">balse <i>f.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">F&auml;bre, Floss.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">banhado</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Sumpf.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">baradi <i>m.V.</i> cacha&ccedil;a</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">baranca</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">B&ouml;schung, Uferb&ouml;schung.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">baranke <i>f.V.</i> baranca</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">barrac&atilde;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Baracke, Einwandererhaus.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">barranke <i>f.V.</i> baranca</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">barre <i>f.</i> (barra)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Hafeneinfahrt.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">barricaria<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">B&ouml;ttcherei.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">batata, batate, <i>f.</i> (batata)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kartoffel (brasilianische).
+( <i>The term "batate" is at times applied to the "Irish" potato, altho the
+ latter is generally called "Kartoffel" or "europ&auml;ische Kartoffel."</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">batate doce <i>f.</i> (batata doce)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">S&uuml;sskartoffel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">becco</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">G&auml;sschen, kleine Gasse.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">benzedor <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Wunderdoktor.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">benzedura</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Besprechung der Krankheiten, Beschw&ouml;rung.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">bicho</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Insekt, Tier.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">biscouto</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zwieback.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">boa noite</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gute Nacht! guten Abend!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">boas tardes</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">guten Tag! guten Abend!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">bohre <i>f. V.</i> abobora</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">bolacha</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Schiffszwieback.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">bom</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gut!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">bombilha</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Mater&ouml;rchen (i.e., R&ouml;rchen zum Mate-trinken).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">bombacha (bombachas <i>f.plu.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Pluderhose. R.G.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">bom dia</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">guten Tag!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">bond <i>m.</i> (bonde <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Tram, Strassenbahnwagen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">botina</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Halbstiefel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">brasse <i>f.</i> (bra&ccedil;a)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">2.20 M. (<i>Measure of length.</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">buger <i>m.</i> (bugre <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Indianer (Botokude).</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="C" id="C"></a>C.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cabo</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Unteroffizier.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">caboclo</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Indianermischling. (<i>Portuguese and Indian.</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cabreste <i>f.V.</i> kabreste</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cacha&ccedil;a <i>m.</i>, cachass <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">(cacha&ccedil;a)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zuckerrohrschnapps.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cacique <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Indianerh&auml;uptling.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cadea, cade <i>f.</i> (cadea, cadeia)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Gef&auml;ngniss.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">camar&atilde;o, camarong <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">(camar&atilde;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Krabbe.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">camarote <i>f.</i> (camarote <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Theaterloge.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">campamento (acampamento)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Feldlager.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">campanha</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Ebne.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">campo, camp <i>m.</i> (campo)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Grassland, Flur.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">caneca</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Wasserbecher.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cangalje <i>f.</i> (cangalho)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kreuzbocksattel, Packsattel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">canna <i>m.V.</i> cacha&ccedil;a</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">canne <i>f.</i> (canna, cana) </p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zuckerrohr.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">canoa, <i>n.</i>, canu <i>n.</i> (canoa <i>f.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Einbaum.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">capa</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Mantel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cap&atilde;o, cap&otilde;es <i>m.plu.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Wald (kleiner, ausgerotteter)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">capataz <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Vorarbeiter.<a name="FNanchor_TN2_132" id="FNanchor_TN2_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_TN2_132" class="fnanchor">[TN2]</a></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">capinen <i>V.</i>. kapinen</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">capit&atilde;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Hauptmann.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">capivara</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Wasserschein.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">capoeire <i>f.</i> (capoeira)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Geb&uuml;sch. (<i>Land which had been cleared, but which is again covered with underbrush.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">caramba</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">potztausend! Donnerwetter!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">carapato (carrapato)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zecke, Holzbock.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">carcereiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kerkermeister.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">careje<i>f.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Mater&ouml;sterei.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cargueiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Lasttr&auml;ger, Lasttier, Lasttierf&uuml;hrer.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">carona</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Sattelkissen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">carreira</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Pferderennen, Wettrennen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">carrete <i>f.</i> (carreta)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Karren.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">carreteiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Fuhrmann, K&auml;rrner.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">carro&ccedil;a</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Karosse, Kutsche.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">carroceiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Fuhrmann.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">carteira</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Brieftasche.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">catuno</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Dieb.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">caspite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">potztausend! Donnerwetter!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cautela (cautela, cautella)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Einschreibezettel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cavalheiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Herr, Edelmann. (<i>Gentleman.</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">caxeiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Ladendiener.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">caxoeira (cachoeira)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Wasserfall, Stromschnelle.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">chacara (chacara, chacra)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Grundst&uuml;ck, Landhaus.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">chapeo republicano</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Hut (der Gauchos). R.G.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">charque <i>n.V.</i> xarque</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">charqueada <i>f.V.</i> xarqueada</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">charute <i>f.</i>, cherrute <i>f.</i> (charuto, cherruto)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zigarre.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">chilena</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Spore. (<i>As worn by gauchos.</i>) R.G.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">chimarr&atilde;o (chimarra)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Ervatee. (<i>Without sugar.</i>) R.G.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">churasco (churrasco)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Spiessbraten. R.G.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cigarro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zigarette. (<i>Usually wrapped in palha.</i>")</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cinema <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Lichtbilderhalle.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cip&oacute; <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Liane, Schlingpflanze.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cobran&ccedil;a</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Einkassierung.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cobrieren <i>V.</i> kobrieren</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cochilha</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">H&uuml;gelkette, H&uuml;gelland.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cochinilhos <i>m. plu.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kochenillewaren.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">compadre <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Gevatter, Freund.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">companheiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Gef&auml;hrte, Kamerad.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">coronel</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Oberst.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">corral <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Viehhof.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">couveflor <i>n.</i> (couveflor <i>f.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Blumenkohl. (R.)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">charute <i>f.</i>, cherrute <i>f.</i> (coxo = <i>lame and</i> melado = <i>sap of sugar cane</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Lecksyrup.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">coxinilhos <i>V.</i> cochinilhos</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">cuia, cuja, cuya (cuia, cuya)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Matebecher. (<i>Made of a hollowed gourd.</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="D" id="D"></a>D.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">delegado</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Inspektor, Abgeordneter.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">despaschieren (despachar)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">abfertigen<a name="FNanchor_TN3_133" id="FNanchor_TN3_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_TN3_133" class="fnanchor">[TN3]</a>, aus dem Zollamt holen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">devolut (devoluto)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">vakant, brachliegend. (Devolutes Land == Regierungsland.)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">diligencia</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Postwagen, Diligence.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">dispaschieren <i>V.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">despachieren.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">doca (doca)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Hafendamm, Landeplatz.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">doce <i>n.</i>, doss n. (doce <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">S&uuml;ssigkeit, Konfekt.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">dona</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Frau, Fr&auml;ulein.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="E" id="E"></a>E.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">egua (egua, egoa)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Stute.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">encommenda, ericommende <i>f.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">(encommenda)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Sendung (per Post, Bahn oder Schiff).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">enfin (enfin, emfim)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mit einem Worte, endlich.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">engenho <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zuckerm&uuml;hle.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">erva</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Paraguaythee (ilex paraguayensis).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">erva mate <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Ibid.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">escriptorio</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">B&uuml;reau.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">eskadron <i>m.</i> (esquad&atilde;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Schwadron.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">est&aacute; bom</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">es ist gut!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">estampa</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Gepr&auml;ge, Abdruck.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">estancia</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Landgut, Viehz&uuml;chterei.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">estancieiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Viehz&uuml;chter.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">e tanto</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">und so und so viel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="F" id="F"></a>F.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">fac <i>m.</i> (fac&atilde;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Waldmesser.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">fakong <i>m. V.</i> fac</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">farello, farelle <i>f.</i> (farelo)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kleie.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">farinha, farin <i>n.</i> (farinha)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Mehl, Mandiocamehl.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">farrapo, farrape <i>m.</i> (farrapo)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Revolution&auml;r. (<i>Of 1835.</i>) R.G.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">fazenda</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Landgut</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">fazendas</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Schnittwaren, Stoffe, Waren. Landg&uuml;ter.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">fazendenloge <i>f.</i> (fazendas <i>and</i> loja)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Warenladen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">feij&atilde;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Schminkbohne, schwarze Bohne.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">feitor <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Verwalter, Aufseher.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">ferragens <i>f. plu.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Eisenwaren.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">figueira</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Feigenbaum.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">foice <i>f.</i> (foi&ccedil;a,</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">foice, fouce, fouxe)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Buschsichel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">for&ccedil;a</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Streitkraft, Revolution&auml;rbande.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">fosforo <i>n.</i> (fosforo)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Streichholz.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">fregu&eacute;z <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kunde.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">freguezia</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kirchspiel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">fuchs <i>m.V.</i> foice</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">fumo, fum <i>m.</i> (fumo)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Tabac.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="G" id="G"></a>G.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gaita</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Dudelsack, Zieharmonica.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gallinha</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Huhn.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">galp&atilde;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Schuppen, H&uuml;tte.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">garaffe <i>f.</i> (garaffa)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Flasche.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gar&ccedil;a</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Reiher.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">garonne <i>f.</i> (garonna)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Reitdecke, Satteldecke (aus Leder).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">garraf&atilde;o, garaf&atilde;o (garraf&atilde;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">grosse Flasche.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">garupa</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kruppe.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gateado</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">schwarzgefleckt (von Tieren).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gazose <i>f.</i> (gazosa)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Brauselimonade.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gordura</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Fettware (i.e., Schmalz, etc.).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">governador <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Statthalter.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gramme <i>f.</i> (grama)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Weidegras, Hundgras, Quecken.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">guisada (guisado)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Ragout, W&uuml;rzspeise.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="I" id="I"></a>I.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">intendent <i>m.</i> (intendente <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Verwalter, Landrat, Intendant.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">invernada</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Winterquartier. (<i>For cattle.</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="J" id="J"></a>J.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">jacar&eacute; <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Krokodil, Kaiman.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">jaguatirica</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Tigerkatze.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">jatte <i>f.</i> (hiate <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Segelschiff, Jacht, Zweimaster.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; "><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="K" id="K"></a>K.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kabokler <i>V.</i> caboclo</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kabreste f. (cabresto)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Halfter.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kadee <i>f.V.</i> cadea</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kamp <i>V.</i> campo</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kangalje <i>f.V.</i> cangalje</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kanoe <i>n.</i>, kanoh <i>n.V.</i> canoa</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kapinen (capinar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">g&auml;ten, j&auml;ten.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">karrete <i>V.</i> carrete</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kartonnage <i>f.</i> (cartonnagens <i>f. plu.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Pappware, Pappschachtel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kaschass <i>m.V.</i> cacha&ccedil;a</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kaschero, kasch&ouml;r <i>m.V.</i> caxeiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kaschimbe, <i>f.</i> (cachimbo)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Tabakspfeife.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">kobrieren (cobrar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">einkassieren, einnehmen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">korbgarraf&atilde;o (garaff&atilde;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Korbflasche.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="L" id="L"></a>L.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">la&ccedil;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Schlinge.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">ladeira</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Abhang (eines Berges), steiler Weg.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">lagarto</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Eidechse (grosse).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">lancha, lanche <i>f.</i> (lancha)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Lastkahn, Boot.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">larancha, laranche <i>f.</i> laranje <i>f.</i> (laranja)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Orange.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">lassen (la&ccedil;ar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Schlinge werfen, mit der Schlinge fangen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">late <i>f.</i>, latte <i>f.</i> (lata)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Blechb&uuml;chse, Dose, Kasten.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">lelong <i>f.</i> (leil&atilde;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Versteigerung, Auktion.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">l&ouml;ge <i>f.</i> (loja)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kaufmannsladen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">lote <i>f.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Grundst&uuml;ck, Landparzelle, Lose.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">lou&ccedil;a</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Tafelgeschirr.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="M" id="M"></a>M.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">macaco</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Affe.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">macho</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Maulesel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mais ou menos</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mehr oder weniger, ungef&auml;r.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">makak <i>m.V.</i> macaco<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mala</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Reisetasche, Mantelsack.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mamong <i>m.</i> (mam&atilde;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Rizinus, Wunderbaumfrucht.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mandioca</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Maniok.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mandubi <i>f., m.</i> (mandubi <i>m.</i>, amendoim <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Erdnuss.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">manga</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Hofplatz (f&uuml;r Tiere).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mangeira (manjeira)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Futterst&auml;tte, Viehhof.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">marchador</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">in langsamem Trapp.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mascato (mascate <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Hausierer, Tr&ouml;dler.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mata-bicho (<i>Slang</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Schnapps.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">matungo</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Klepper.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mellado</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Syrup.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mercado</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Markt.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mesclahosen <i>f. plu.</i> (mescla = Mischung)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gestreifte Hosen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mestizo (mesti&ccedil;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Mestize, Mischling.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mico</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Pfeifaffe.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">milho</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Mais.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">miljekolben <i>m.</i> (miljo)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Maiskolben.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">miudezas <i>f. plu.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kleinigkeiten, kleine Gegenst&auml;nde.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">mula, mule <i>f.</i> (mula)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Maulesel, Maultier.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">multe <i>f.</i> (multa)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Geldstrafe.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">multieren (multar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">munizip <i>n.</i> (munic&iacute;pio)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kreis, Teil eines Staates.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="N" id="N"></a>N.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">no &eacute;? (n&atilde;o &eacute;?)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">nicht wahr?</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">no senhor! (n&atilde;o senhor!)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">nein, mein Herr!</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="O" id="O"></a>O.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">o de fora</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">heida, du draussen!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">orsament <i>m.</i> (or&ccedil;amento)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Anschlag, Bauanschlag, Kostenanschlag.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; "><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="P" id="P"></a>P.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">paciencia</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Geduld!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">paiol <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Proviantkammer, Vorratskammer.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">palha, palje <i>f.</i> (palha)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Maisstroh.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">palhazigarrette <i>f.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zigarette (mit Maisstroh gewickelt).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">palla</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">leichter Reitermantel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">palpite <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Ahnung, Herzklopfen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pancar&eacute; <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">hellbraunes Pferd.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">past <i>m.</i> (pasto)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Weide.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pataca, patak <i>f.</i>, patake <i>f.</i> (pataca)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">320 Reis. (<i>Old coin.</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">patac&atilde;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zweimilreist&uuml;ck. (<i>Old Spanish silver dollar.</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">patr&atilde;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Prinzipal, Vorgesetzter.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">patte <i>f.</i> (pata)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Ente.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pe&atilde;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Fussg&auml;nger, Reitknecht.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pechincha</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gutes Gesch&auml;ft, unverhoffter Gewinn.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">periquito</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Sittig, kleiner Papagei.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">persienne <i>f.</i> (persianna)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Sommerladen, Jalousie.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">per&uacute; <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Truthahn.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pica&ccedil;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">dunkelgefarbtes aber weissf&uuml;ssiges Pferd.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">picada, picade <i>f.</i>, pikade <i>f.</i>(picada)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Waldpfad, Urwaldweg, Koloniestrasse.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">picapau <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Vorderlader, mit Vorderlader bewaffneter Soldat.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pikarette <i>f.</i> (picareta)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Picke, Spitzhacke.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pimente <i>f.</i> (pimenta)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Pfeffer, Nelkenpfeffer.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pinga</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Tropfen (Schnapps).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pipa, pipe <i>f.</i> (pipa)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Tonne, Fass.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">polizeidelegado</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Polizei-inspektor.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">poncho</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Reitermantel.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">port&atilde;o, portong <i>m.</i> (port&atilde;o)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Hauseingang, Torweg.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">porteira</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Eingangator (zur "Pikade").</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">portreere <i>f.</i> (portreiro)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Koppel, Weideplatz, Viehraum (eingefriedigter).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">posen (repousar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rasten, ruhen lassen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">potro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">F&uuml;llen, junges Pferd.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pra&ccedil;a</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Platz, Marktplatz.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">prima</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Base, Kousine.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">primo</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Vetter.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">prompt (prompto, pronto)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">fertig, bereit</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">puschen (puxar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">ziehen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">puschochse <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zugochse.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">pussen <i>V.</i> puschen</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="Q" id="Q"></a>Q.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">quero-quero</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kiebitz.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">quest&atilde;o <i>f.</i> (quest&atilde;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Frage.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="R" id="R"></a>R.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rancho</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kolonistenhaus, Lehmh&uuml;tte, H&uuml;tte.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rapadura</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zuckerkuchen, brauner Zucker.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rebankieren (arrebanhar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">in Herden versammeln, zusammenscharen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rekerieren (requerer)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">auffordern, bitten, ersuchen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">riberong <i>m.</i> (riber&atilde;o)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Bach.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rio <i>f. (sometimes m.),</i> (rio)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Fluss.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">riscado</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Gingan, gestreiftes Baumwollenzeug.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">ro&ccedil;a, roce <i>f.</i> (ro&ccedil;a)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Pflanzung, Lichtung.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rocemachen</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Land urbarmachen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rocewirtschaft <i>f.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Landwirtschaft.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rodeiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Umweg, Ausflucht.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rosse <i>f. V.</i> ro&ccedil;a</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">rossieren (ro&ccedil;ar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">ausj&auml;ten, urbarmachen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; "><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="S" id="S"></a>S.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">sabi&aacute; <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Amsel (brasilianische).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">salto <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Wasserfall.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">sange <i>f.</i> (sanga)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Graben (wasserhaltiger).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">scharute <i>f.V.</i> charute</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">scheegen (chegar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">gen&uuml;gen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">schikott <i>m.</i> (chicote <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Peitsche.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">seccos und molhados</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kolonialwaren (i.e. trockene und nasse Waren).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">sellieren (sellar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">stempeln, besiegeln.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">sello</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Freimarke.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">serra</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Gebirge, Hochland.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">sertanejo</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Einwohner der Wildnis.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">sert&atilde;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Wildnis, Ein&ouml;de, K&uuml;stenw&auml;lder.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">si, senhor! (sim, senhor)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">ja, mein Herr!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">sitio</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Grundst&uuml;ck, kleines Landgut,</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">sobrado</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Stockwerk, Geschoss.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">stanz <i>f. V.</i> estancia</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">strupiat (estropiado)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">lahm, verkr&uuml;ppelt.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">suspensorios <i>m. plu.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Hosentr&auml;ger.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="T" id="T"></a>T.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tamandu&aacute; <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Ameisenb&auml;r, Ameisenfresser.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">taquara</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Bambus.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tarraffe <i>f.</i> (tarrafa)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Wurfnetz.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tat&uacute; <i>n.</i> (tat&uacute; <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">G&uuml;rteltier.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">'te logo! <i>V.</i> at&eacute; logo</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tenente <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Leutnant.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">terral <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Landwind.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">thesouraria</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Schatzkammer, Zahlamt.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tocken (tocar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">schlagen, antreiben.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tokaio (tocaio)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Namensvetter.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tolde <i>f.</i> (tolda)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Verdeck (auf einem Wagen).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tost&atilde;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">100 Reis.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">trace <i>f.</i> (tra&ccedil;a)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Spur, Entwurf.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">trapiche <i>m.</i>, trapisch <i>m.</i> (trapiche <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Lagerhaus (am Hafen), Kai.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">troc <i>m.</i> (troca)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Wechsel, Tausch, Kleingeld.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">trocken (trocar)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">wechseln, tauschen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tropa</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Trupp, Maultiertrupp.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tropeiro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Viehh&auml;ndler.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">tupiano</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Scheck. (<i>Dappled horse.</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="U" id="U"></a>U.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">urub&uacute; <i>m.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Geier.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="V" id="V"></a>V.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">vamos</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">vorw&auml;rts!</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">vaqueano</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">F&uuml;hrer.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">vendaschuld <i>f.</i> (venda)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Zechschuld.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">venda, vende <i>f.</i> (venda)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Kaufladen, Kram und Schankladen, Schenke.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">vendeiro, vedist <i>m.</i> (vendeiro)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Gastwirt, Kleinh&auml;ndler.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">ventin <i>m.</i> (vintem <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">20 Reis. (<i>Coin.</i>)</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">villa</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">St&auml;dtchen.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">vintem <i>m.</i>, vinten <i>m. V.</i> ventin.</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">viol&aacute;o</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Bratache, Bassgeige.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">viva</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Vivat, Lebehoch.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="W" id="W"></a>W.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">wentin <i>m. V.</i> ventin</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">wolte <i>f.</i> (volta)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Spaziergang, Windung (eines Weges oder Flusses).</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="X" id="X"></a>X.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">xarque <i>n.</i> (xarque <i>m.</i>)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">D&ouml;rrfleisch.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">xarqueada<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Schl&auml;chterei.</p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 4em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><h3><b><a name="Z" id="Z"></a>Z.</b></h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>Brazilian German.</i></p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging"><i>High German.</i></p></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" style="height: 2em; ">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">zaino</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">ungeflecktes Pferd (e.g. ganz schwarz).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">zebruno</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Falbe.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">zigarro <i>V.</i> cigarro</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">zipo <i>V.</i> cip&oacute;</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">&nbsp;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">zise <i>f.</i> (sisa, siza)</p></td>
+ <td style="width: 3em">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="thanging"><p class="tphanging">Accise, Verbrauchssteuer.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h2>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<h3><a name="THE_BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_PRESS" id="THE_BRAZILIAN_GERMAN_PRESS"></a>THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN PRESS.</h3>
+
+<p>Among the many things the German agricultural colonist in Brazil had to
+dispense with so far as a supply from abroad was concerned, was reading
+matter. Even to this day books are a relative rarity in the home along
+the "picada." Only in the more important centers is there a general
+access to publications of this type.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="ALMANACS" id="ALMANACS"></a>ALMANACS.</h3>
+
+<p>As has been the case for centuries in German-speaking communities both
+in Europe and North America, where there has been a general lack of
+books, the want of reading-matter has largely been filled by that most
+important medium, the almanac. The same condition applies to Brazil. We
+might call the almanac the colonist's encyclopedia. It is his
+agricultural guide, medical adviser, compendium of short stories and
+poetry, moral guide, diary, and a thousand and one other things in
+addition to being the source of the information which an almanac is
+ordinarily supposed to furnish, i.e., list the change of seasons, days
+and months of the year, feast-days, eclipses, etc. To persons acquainted
+only with the folk-almanacs in Europe and North America, the entire lack
+of weather-forecasts in the Brazilian German editions is striking.</p>
+
+<p>Among the best known and most important German folk-almanacs in Brazil
+are:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rothermund's Kalender f&uuml;r die Deutschen in Brasilien</i>, published
+in S&atilde;o Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R.G. do Sul;</p>
+
+<p><i>Uhle's illustrierter deutsch-brasilianischer Familien-Kalender</i>,
+published in Rio and Curityba;</p>
+
+<p><i>Der Familienfreund</i>, published in Porte Alegre;</p>
+
+<p><i>Riograndenser Marienkalender</i>, published in Porto Alegre;</p></div>
+
+<p>and</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Musterreiters Neu-Historischer Kalender</i>, published in Porto
+Alegre.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Rothermund's and Uhle's almanacs are perhaps the most important as well
+as the most voluminous. To them one might well apply the statement found
+in the preface to one of the well-known reading-texts published for use
+in the "Pikadenschulen": "Darin ist alles enthalten, was f&uuml;r gebildeten
+Kolonisten zu wissen interessant und lehrreich ist."<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a></p>
+
+<p>The almanacs mentioned above have for years been appearing regularly. In
+addition there have been many others, appearing, as a rule, only for a
+year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the
+colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to
+persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of
+those colonists.</p>
+
+
+<h3><a name="NEWSPAPERS" id="NEWSPAPERS"></a>NEWSPAPERS.</h3>
+
+<p>The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its beginning in the
+early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852, <i>Der Kolonist</i>
+appeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort
+was short-lived. From December, 1853, to July 10th, 1861, <i>Der Deutsche
+Einwanderer</i>, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April 16th,
+1853, <i>Der Deutsche Beobachter</i>, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G.F. Busch
+appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from
+an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicitation of
+colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 the <i>Brasilia</i>,
+a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning
+with January 17th, 1864, the <i>Germania</i>, a weekly edited by Peter
+M&uuml;ller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in
+its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few
+years.</p>
+
+<p>From 1860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral
+existence published in Brazil is legion. Excepting those above
+mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a
+continual existence from the time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> of their founding and appearing to
+this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is
+indicated in each case the title of the paper, the place of publication,
+the number of times it appears weekly and the year in which it was
+founded.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Deutsche Zeitung</i>, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Kolonie Zeitung</i>, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Deutsches Volksblatt</i>, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Germania</i>, S&atilde;o Paulo. Daily. 1877.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Deutsche Post</i>, S&atilde;o Leopoldo. Daily. 1880.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Blumenauer Zeitung</i>, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Neue Deutsche Zeitung</i>, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Der Beobachter</i>, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Kolonie</i>, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Der Urwaldsbote</i>, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Nachrichten</i>, Petropolis. Semi-weekly. 1892.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Deutsche Zeitung f&uuml;r S&atilde;o Paulo.</i> Daily. 1897.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Vaterland</i>, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1901.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Der Kompass</i>, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1901.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Volks-Zeitung</i>, S&atilde;o Bento. Weekly. 1908.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Die Serra Post</i>, Ijuhy. Semi-weekly. 1910.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Brusquer Zeitung</i>, Brusque. Weekly. 1911.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Deutsche Wacht</i>, Pelotas. Semi-weekly. 1914.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><i>Deutsches Tageblatt</i>, Rio de Janeiro. Daily. 1914.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>From what has been said above, in reference both to almanacs and
+newspapers, it will be noted that Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul has
+from the beginning been the most important center for Brazilian German
+journalistic efforts.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h2>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>The works listed below are important sources for the study of the
+history and cultural status of the German element in Brazil. Books,
+important pamphlets and several manuscripts are noted. A great many
+articles dealing with the general subject of the German element in
+Brazil have in the past appeared in newspapers and periodicals such as
+the <i>Alldeutsche Bl&auml;tter, Ausland, Der Deutsche Ansiedeler, Deutsche
+Erde, Deutsche Koloniezeitung, Echo, Globus, Petermann's Mitteilungen,
+etc.</i>, and particularly in the Brazilian German almanacs and newspapers
+listed in the appendix. Due to the fact that a complete list of these
+articles would require a volume in itself, they are not further
+indicated.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Ackerbaukolonien. <i>Dr. Hermann Meyer's Ackerbaukolonien Neu-W&uuml;rtemberg
+und Xingu in Rio Grande do Sul.</i> Leipzig, 1904. (<i>Pamphlet.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Agassiz, Prof. Louis and Mrs.: <i>A Journey to Brazil.</i> Boston, 1868.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Angerami, Domingos. <i>V.</i> Fonseca, Antonio.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Auswanderer. <i>Central Auskunftstelle f&uuml;r Auswanderer. Deutsche
+Kolonialgesellschaft. Rio Grande do Sul.</i> Berlin, 1904. (<i>Pamphlet.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Av&eacute;-Lallement, Dr. Robert: <i>Reise durch S&uuml;dbrasilien im Jahre 1858.</i>
+Leipzig, 1859. (<i>2 vols.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Bastos, Travares: <i>Quest&otilde;es de Imm&iuml;gra&ccedil;&atilde;o. (Manuscript in National
+Library. Rio.)</i></p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Blumenau, Dr. Hermann: <i>S&uuml;dbrasilien in seinen Beziehungen zu deutscher
+Auswanderung und Kolonisation.</i> Rudolstadt, 1850.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Breitenbach, Dr. W.: <i>Aus S&uuml;d-Brasilien. Erinnerungen und
+Aufzeichnungen</i>, Brackwede i/W., 1913.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Breitenbach, Dr. W.: <i>Die Provinz Rio Grande do Sul Brasiliens und die
+deutsche Auswanderung.</i> Heidelberg, 1885.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Burton, Richard F., <i>V.</i> Tootal, Albert.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Canstatt, Oscar: <i>Kritisches Repertorium der Deutsch-Brasilianischen
+Literatur.</i> Berlin, 1902.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Carvalho, C.M. Delgado de: <i>Le Br&eacute;sil M&eacute;ridional.</i> Paris, 1910.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Cunha, Dr. Jos&eacute; Bonifacio da: <i>Commemora&ccedil;&atilde;o do 50&deg; Anniversario da
+Funda&ccedil;&atilde;o de Blumenau.</i> Blumenau, 1900.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Dechent, N.: <i>Festschrift zur Jubelfeier des Schulvereins zu Joinville
+am 14. August 1916.</i> Joinville, 1916.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Dettmann, Eduard: <i>Brasiliens Aufschwung in deutscher Beleuchtung.</i>
+Berlin, 1908.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Dilthey, R.: <i>Die deutschen Ansiedelungen in S&uuml;dbrasilien, Uruguay und
+Argentinien.</i> Berlin, 1882.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">D&ouml;rffel, Dr. O.: <i>Die Colonie Dona Francisca in der S&uuml;dbrasilianischen
+Provinz Santa Catharina.</i> Joinville, 1882.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Elliott, L.E.: <i>Brazil Today and Tomorrow.</i> New York, 1917.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><i>L'&Eacute;tat de S&atilde;o Paulo. Renseignements utiles.</i> Antwerp, 1914. (<i>S&atilde;o Paulo
+State publication. 3d ed.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><i>Festschrift zur Erinnerung an den Ostmarkenabend.</i> S&atilde;o Paulo, 1916.
+(Apr. 13th.)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><i>Festschrift zum 50 j&auml;hrigem Jubil&auml;um der Pfarrei S&atilde;o Jos&eacute; do
+Hortencio.</i> Porto Alegre, 1899.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Fonseca, Antonio,&mdash;et Angerami, Domingos: <i>Guide de l'Etat de St. Paul.</i>
+S&atilde;o Paulo, 1912.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Funke, Alfred: <i>Aus Deutsch-Brasilien. Bilder aus dem Leben der
+Deutschen im Staate Rio Grande do Sul.</i> Leipzig, 1902.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Funke, Alfred: <i>Deutsche Siedelung &uuml;ber See. Ein Abriss ihrer Geschichte
+und ihr Gedeihen in Rio Grande do Sul.</i> Halle a/Saale, 1902.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Gernhard, Robert: <i>Dona Francisca, Hansa und Blumenau.</i> Breslau, 1901.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Gerst&auml;cker, Friedrich: <i>Achtzehn Monate in S&uuml;damerika.</i> Jena, 1862, and
+Leipzig, 1863.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Giesebrecht, Franz: <i>Die deutsche Kolonie Hansa in S&uuml;dbrasilien.</i>
+Berlin, 1899.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Grimm, M., und R&uuml;cker, A.A.: <i>Heimatkunde von Brasilien.</i> Porto Alegre,
+1914.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Grimm, M., und R&uuml;cker, A.: <i>Lehr- und Lesebuch f&uuml;r Schule und Haus.</i>
+Porto Alegre, 1914.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Grossi, Prof. Dott. Vincenzo: <i>Storia detta Colonizzazione al Brasil e
+della Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato di S. Paulo.</i> Milano-Roma-Napoli,
+1914.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><i>Handbuch des Deutschthums im Auslande.</i> Herausgegeben vom Allgemeinen
+Deutschen Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschthums im Auslande.
+Berlin. (Dietrich Reimer.)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Historia da Immigra&ccedil;&atilde;o. <i>Dados para a Historia da Immigra&ccedil;&atilde;o e da
+Coloniza&ccedil;&atilde;o em S&atilde;o Paulo enviados pela Secc&atilde;o de Informa&ccedil;&otilde;es do
+Departamento Estadual do Trabalho &aacute; Directoria do Servi&ccedil;o de
+Povoamento.</i> S&atilde;o Paulo, 1916. (<i>Govt. publication.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Imperio do Brazil. <i>O Imperio do Brazil na Exposi&ccedil;&atilde;o Universal de 1876
+em Philadelphia.</i> Rio de Janeiro, 1875. (<i>State publication.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><i>Impress&otilde;es do Brazil no Secolo Vinte.</i> London, 1913. (Lloyds Greater
+Britain Publishing Company.)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Jahn, Adalbert: <i>Die Kolonien von S&atilde;o Leopoldo in der kaiserlich
+brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul sowie allgemeine Betrachtungen
+&uuml;ber freie Einwanderung in Brasilien.</i> Leipzig, 1871.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Jahrbuch. <i>Erstes Jahrbuch f&uuml;r die deutschsprechende Kolonie im Staate
+S&atilde;o Paulo.</i> S&atilde;o Paulo, 1905.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Jannasch, R.: <i>Land und Leute von Rio Grande do Sul.</i> Berlin, 1905.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Kl&uuml;pfel, Dr. Karl: <i>N. Federmanns und H. Stades Reisen in S&uuml;damerica
+1529 bis 1555.</i> Stuttgart, 1859. (Bibl. des litt. Vereins in Stuttgart.
+No. 47.)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Koseritz, Carl von: <i>Bilder aus Brasilien.</i> Leipzig and Berlin, 1885.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Krauel, Dr. R.: <i>Deutsche Interessen in Brasilien.</i> Hamburg, 1900.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Kultur-Pionier. <i>Der Kultur-Pionier im Staate S&atilde;o Paulo.</i>
+(Sonder-Ausgabe der Deutschen Zeitung.) S&atilde;o Paulo, 1913.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Lacmann, Dr. Wilhelm: <i>Ritte und Rasttage in S&uuml;d-Brasilien. Reisebilder
+und Studien aus dem Leben der deutschen Siedelungen.</i> Berlin, 1906.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Lange, Henry: <i>S&uuml;dbrasilien, mit R&uuml;cksicht auf die deutsche
+Kolonisation.</i> Leipzig, 1885. (<i>2d ed.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Langendonck, Madame van: <i>Une Colonie au Br&eacute;sil. R&eacute;cits Historiques.</i>
+Antwerp, 1862.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Learned, M.D.: <i>Guide to the Manuscript Materials Relating to American
+History in the German State Archives.</i> Washington, 1912.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Lehmann, Emil: <i>Die deutsche Auswanderung.</i> Berlin, 1861.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Leyfer, H.: <i>Deutsches Kolonistenleben im Staate Santa Catharina in
+S&uuml;dbrasilien.</i> Leipzig, 1900.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Lima, Oliveira: <i>Dom Jo&atilde;o VI no Brasil, 1808-1821.</i> Rio de Janeiro,
+1908.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Ludwig, A.: <i>A coloniza&ccedil;&atilde;o nos paizes da America do Sul.</i> Porto Alegre,
+1916.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Lufft, Dr. Hermann: <i>Das portugiesische S&uuml;damerika.</i> Berlin and Leipzig,
+1913. (Sammlung G&ouml;schen. No. 672.)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Marcondes de Souza, T. Oscar: <i>O Estado de S&atilde;o Paulo.</i> S&atilde;o Paulo, 1915.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">d'Oliveira, Luiz Rodriguez: <i>Algumas Ideias sobre a Colonisa&ccedil;&atilde;o do
+Brazil.</i> Paris, 1871. (<i>Pamphlet.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Orlando, Arthur: <i>Brazil. A Terra e o Homem.</i> Recife, 1913.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Pereira da Silva, J.M.: <i>Quadros da Historia Colonial do Brazil.</i> Rio de
+Janeiro, 1895.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Perrin, Paul: <i>Les Colonies Agricoles au Br&eacute;sil d'apr&egrave;s les documents
+officiels les plus r&eacute;cents.</i> Paris, 1912.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Piccarolo, Dott. Antonio: <i>L'Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato de S.
+Paulo.</i> S&atilde;o Paulo, 1911.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Pompeu, Julio: <i>Vier Staaten Brasiliens. Four Brazilian States.</i> Rio de
+Janeiro, 1910.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><i>Prospekt der Hanseatischen Kolonisation-Gesellschaft. Ansiedelungen im
+Staate Santa Catharina, S&uuml;dbrasilien, Kolonie "Hansa." (Pamphlet.)</i>
+Hamburg, 1898.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><i>Ratschl&auml;ge f&uuml;r Auswanderer nach S&uuml;dbrasilien.</i> (Jannasch, Koseritz,
+D&ouml;rffel, Sellin.) Berlin, 1897, (<i>3d ed.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging"><i>Relatorio. Ministerio da Agricultura. Servi&ccedil;o de Povamento em 1910.</i>
+Rio de Janeiro, 1911.</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hanging">R&uuml;cker, A.A. <i>V.</i> Grimm, M.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Schanz, Moritz: <i>Das Heutige Brasilien. Land, Leute und wirtschaftliche
+Verh&auml;ltnisse.</i> Hamburg, 1893.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Sch&uuml;ler, Heinrich: <i>Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft.</i> Stuttgart and
+Leipzig, 1912.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Sellin, A.W.: <i>Brasilien und die La Plata-Staaten.</i> Munich. (J.F.
+Lehmann's Verlag.)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Sellin, A.W.: <i>Das Kaiserreich Brasilien.</i> Leipzig, 1885. (<i>2 vols.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Sellin, A.W.: <i>Landeskunde der Vereinigten Staaten von Brasilien.</i>
+Hamburg, 1909.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Sieves Wilhelm: <i>S&uuml;damerika und die deutschen Interessen.</i> Stuttgart,
+1903.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Simon, Alex.: <i>Auswanderung und deutsch-nationale Kolonisation v.
+S&uuml;damerika.</i> Bayreuth, 1850.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Sommer, Friedrich: <i>Das Deutschthum in S&atilde;o Paulo unter besonderer
+Ber&uuml;cksichtigung seiner Entwickdung und seiner heutigen
+wirthschaftlichen und kulturellen Bedeutung.</i> S&atilde;o Paulo. (<i>Still in
+manuscript at the time the present work went to press.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Stade, Hans: <i>Wahrhafftig Historia und Beschreibung einer Landschafft
+der wilden, nacketen, grimmigen Menschfresser Leuthen, in der newen Welt
+America gelegen.</i> Franckfurt am Main, 1556. (<i>V.</i> Kl&uuml;pfel, Dr. Karl.)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Telles, Moreira: <i>O Brazil e a Emigra&ccedil;&atilde;o.</i> Lisbon, 1913.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Tootal, Albert, and Burton, Richard F.: <i>The Captivity of Hans Stade of
+Hesse, in A.D. 1547-1555, among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil.</i>
+London, 1874.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Tschudi, Johann Jakob von: <i>Reisen durch S&uuml;damerika.</i> Leipzig,
+1866-1869. (<i>5 vols.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Urwaldsbote. <i>Der Urwaldsbote. Kalender f&uuml;r die Deutschen in
+S&uuml;dbrasilien. Herausgegeben zum 50 j&auml;hrigen Bestehen der Kolonie
+Blumenau.</i> Blumenau, 1900.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Vallentin, Dr. W.: <i>Das Deutschthum in S&uuml;damerika.</i> Berlin, 1908.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Wagemann, E.: <i>Die deutschen Kolonisten im brasilianischen Staate
+Espirito Santo.</i> Schriften des Vereins f&uuml;r Sozialpo<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>litik (Beitrag zur
+Enqu&ecirc;te &uuml;her die Ansiedelung von Europ&auml;ern in den Tropen). 1916
+[?].<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Wapp&auml;us, Dr. J.E.: <i>Deutsche Auswanderung und Kolonisation.</i> Leipzig,
+1846 and 1848. (<i>2 parts.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Wernicke, Hugo: <i>Deutsch-evangelisches Volkstum in Espirito Santo. Eine
+Reise zu deutschen Kaffeebauern in einem tropischen Staate Brasiliens.</i>
+Potsdam, 1910. (<i>2d ed.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Wright, Marie Robinson: <i>The New Brazil.</i> Philadelphia, 1907.</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">Z&ouml;ller, Hugo: <i>Die Deutschen im Brasilischen Urwald.</i> Berlin and
+Stuttgart, 1883.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>V.</i> note 29, p. 18.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> I.e., Pedreiras, Parelheiros, M'Boy, Colonia Velha and
+Itapecerica.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <i>V.</i> note 27, p. 18.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> I.e., Brazilian of Portuguese extraction.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> In den Schneizen [of Santa Cruz and S&atilde;o Louren&ccedil;o] sprechen
+sogar die dort aufgewachsenen Neger Hunsr&uuml;cker Dialekt.... Ein
+Musterreiter bereiste einst ... die Rio Grandenser Kolonieen. Als er an
+einen Kreuzweg kam, sah er zwei Schwarze am Wege im Felde hocken. Er
+fragte sie auf Portugiesisch um den richtigen Weg. "Wat seggt de Kirl?"
+fragt ein Schwarzer den andern. "Ah, ihr sprecht deutsch?" ... "Ja," war
+die Antwort, "mir sein deitsche Neger."
+</p><p>
+E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald." <i>Uhle's
+Kalender</i> for 1912, p. 76.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> This rule holds for the Portuguese, but not for the German
+<i>'j'</i> as e.g., where the latter replaces the <i>'h'</i> in <i>jatte</i> (from
+<i>hiate</i>), the <i>'i'</i> or <i>'y'</i> in <i>cuja</i> (from <i>cuia, cuya</i>) or the
+<i>'lh'</i> in <i>cangalje</i> (from <i>cangalho</i>). In such cases the <i>'j'</i> has the
+phonetic value of the English <i>'y'</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> See note 4, p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in S&atilde;o Paulo. <i>V.</i>
+note 2, p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> For a further example of a short proper name compare the
+one commonly applied to the small town "O'" (contraction of "Nossa
+Senhora do O'"), located a short distance to the northwest of S&atilde;o
+Paulo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to
+native-born German Brazilians.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Political propaganda literature intended to lead the
+unwary to draw different conclusions has been copiously spread before
+the public during the last decade. Whatever the ideas on the subject may
+be in foreign countries, the German Brazilians themselves are the only
+ones who can speak on it with authority. Strange to say, they never seem
+to be consulted or studied at first hand by those who speak most loudly
+about the "German peril" in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Blumenau, Joinville
+and Curityba can furnish more accurate information on this particular
+subject than Berlin, Paris, London and New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Several specific examples will be noted in the specimens
+from advertisements in almanacs and newspapers, pp. 36-39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> By P. Th. Amstadt, S.J. The story appears in the
+<i>Familienfreund</i> for 1917, P. 39 ff.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>Viez&uuml;chter.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>Feigenbaum.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>Landgut.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Read <i>60 Milreis</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>Winterquatier.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>Conto</i>= 1000 Milreis.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>Freund.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>Schl&auml;chterei.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Viehh&auml;ndler.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Schenke.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> <i>Fertig.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <i>Gepr&auml;ge.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>Uhles Familienkalender</i>, 1916, p. 318.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Ibid., p. 300.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Ibid., p. 315.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Ibid., p~ 297.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>Familienfreund</i>, 1917, p. xxv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Ibid., p. xxvii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>Riograndenser Marienkalender</i>, 1917, p. 128.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <i>Rotermund's Kalender f&uuml;r die Deutschen in Brasilien</i>,
+1915, p. 410.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <i>Uhle's Familienkalender</i>, 1917, p. 170.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Deutsche Zeitung</i>, Porto Alegre, July 20, 1916.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <i>Vaterland</i>, Porto Alegre, September 18, 1916.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> <i>Blumenauer Zeitung</i>, August 22, 1916.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <i>Brusker Zeitung</i>, August 12, 1916.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>Deutsches Volksblatt</i>, Porto Alegre, July 5, 1916.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <i>Kolonie-Zeitung</i>, Joinville, August 17, 1916.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Die Serra-Post</i>, Ijuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, September 15,
+1916.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> From Funke's <i>Aus Deutsch-Brasilien,</i> p. 167.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>Unverhofftes Gewinn.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> <i>Reisetasche.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> <i>Waldpfadswanze.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> <i>Baumwolle.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> <i>Gingan.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> <i>Reiterm&auml;ntel.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> <i>Preiserm&auml;ssigung.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <i>Kaufladen.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> <i>Maulesel.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <i>10,000 milreis.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> <i>Guten Tag!</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> <i>V.</i> Breitenbach: <i>Aus S&uuml;d-Brasilien</i>, p. 247.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> <i>Verdeck.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> <i>Scheck.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> <i>Falbe.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> <i>Tierh&auml;ndler.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> <i>Hochland.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> <i>Gevatter.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <i>Tor.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>Waldstrasse.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> <i>Lichtung.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> <i>Maiskolben.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> <i>Maultier.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <i>K&uuml;rbisse.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> ="portreiro" (<i>Weideplats, Koppel</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> <i>Graben.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> <i>B&ouml;schungen.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> <i>Waldmesser.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> <i>Bambus.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> <i>Lianen.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <i>G&uuml;rteltier.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <i>Buschsichel.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> <i>Wettrennen.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <i>Mehl.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Kleinh&auml;ndler.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <i>Gezogen.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <i>Geschlagen.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Packsattel.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Of the words appearing in the GLOSSARY the writer
+acknowledges as his source for the following the <i>Verdeutschungsheft</i> by
+G.A. B&uuml;chler, Blumenau, 1915: <i>Backeljau, balse, kaschimbo, lelong,
+multe, multieren, orsament, pikarette, rekerieren, rossieren, sellieren,
+strupiat, wolte, zise.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> It is to be remembered, however, that High German is the
+norm in ordinary news articles in almanacs, newspapers, etc., as well as
+for literary purposes in general. In such instances Brazilian German
+forms appear relatively rarely.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> All words or phrases thus noted have since been observed
+in print in Brazilian German publications, with the exception of
+<i>agri&atilde;o</i> and <i>bond</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> The simple word "Portuguese" is particularly avoided here
+(as well as throughout this work generally) because the language as
+spoken by the general public in Brazil frequently differs from the
+language of Portugal. While the same in form, the words often have a
+different meaning. Also many Indian words, especially from the Guarany
+and Tupi languages, are embodied in the Brazilian national idiom.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> This applies to the written, but not always to the spoken
+language.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> I.e., like the use of the word "sou" in France,
+"Groschen" in Germany, or "penny" in the United States.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> <i>V.</i> Grimm-R&uuml;cker: <i>Lehr-und Lesebuch</i>, p. iii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Because of existing conditions it has been impossible to
+determine whether this work has as yet appeared in print.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /></p>
+<h2><a name="AMERICANA_GERMANICA" id="AMERICANA_GERMANICA"></a>AMERICANA GERMANICA</h2>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<h3>MONOGRAPH SERIES.</h3>
+
+<p class="hanging">1. <i>Translations of German Poetry in American Magazines 1741-1810.</i> By
+Edward Ziegler Davis, Ph.D. 234 pp. Price $1.65</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">2. <i>The Harmony Society.</i> A Chapter in German American Culture History.
+By John Archibald Bole, Ph.D. 179 pp. 30 Illustrations. Price $1.50</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">3. <i>Friedrich Schiller in America.</i> A Contribution to the Literature of
+the Poet's Centenary, 1905. By Ellwood Comly Parry, Ph.D. 117 pp. Price
+$1.25</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">4. <i>The Influence of Salomon Gessner upon English Literature.</i> By Bertha
+Reed. 119 pp. Price $1.25</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">5. <i>The German Settlement Society of Philadelphia and Its Colony,
+Hermann, Missouri.</i> By William G. Bek. 193 pp. Price $1.50</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">6. <i>Philipp Waldeck's Diary of the American Revolution.</i> With
+Introduction and Photographic Reproductions. By M.D. Learned. 168 pp.
+Price $1.50</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">7. <i>Schwenkfelder Hymnology and the Sources of the First Schwenkfelder
+Hymn-Book Printed in America.</i> With Photographic Reproductions. By Allen
+Anders Seipt, Ph.D. 112 pp. Price. $2.00</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">8. <i>The Settlement of the German Coast of Louisiana and the Creoles of
+German Descent.</i> By J. Hanno Deiler. With Illustrations. 136 pp. Price
+$1.25</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">9. <i>Early German Music in Philadelphia.</i> By R.R. Drummond, Ph.D. 112 pp.
+Price $1.25</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">10. <i>"Uncle Tom's Cabin" in Germany.</i> By Grace Edith MacLean, Ph.D. 102
+pp. Price $1.50</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">11. <i>The Germans in Texas.</i> A Study in Immigration. By Gilbert Giddings
+Benjamin, Ph.D. 161 pp. 3 Illustrations. Price $1.50</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">12. <i>The American Ethnographical Survey.</i> Conestoga Expedition. M.D.
+Learned, Director $2.00</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">13. <i>Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1664.</i> With 6 Maps and 150
+Illustrations and Photographic Reproductions. By Amandus Johnson, Ph.D.
+Two volumes. 908 pp. Price $10.00</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">14. <i>National Unity in the German Novel Before 1870.</i> By Roy H. Perring,
+Ph.D. 75 pp. Price $1.25</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">15. <i>Journal of Du Roi the Elder</i>, Lieutenant and Adjutant in the
+Service of the Duke of Brunswick, 1776-1778. Translated by Charlotte
+S.J. Epping. 189 pp. Price $1.50</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">16. <i>The Life and Works of Friedrich Armand Strubberg.</i> By Preston A.
+Barba, Ph.D. 151 pp. 4 Illustrations. Price $2.00</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">17. <i>Baldwin M&ouml;llhausen, the German Cooper.</i> By Preston A. Barba, Ph.D.
+188 pp. 4 Illustrations. Price $2.00</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">18. <i>Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans.</i> By Edwin M.
+Fogel, Ph.D. 386 pp. Price $3.50</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">19. <i>Dickens' Einfluss auf Ungern-Sternberg, Hesslein, Stolle, Raabe und
+Ebner-Eschenbach.</i> By J. Theodor Geissendoerfer, Ph.D. 51 pp. Price
+$1.00</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">20. <i>Whittier's Relation to German Life and Thought.</i> By Iola Kay
+Eastburn, Ph.D. 161 pp. Price $2.00</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">21. <i>Benjamin Franklin and Germany.</i> By Beatrice Marguerite Victory.
+Ph.D. 180 pp. Price $2.00</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">22. <i>Die Deutschamerikanische Patriotische Lyrik der Achtundvierziger
+und Ihre Historische Grundlage.</i> By Gottlieb Betz, Ph.D. 131 pp. Price
+$1.50</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">23. <i>Heine in America.</i> By H.B. Sachs, Ph.D. 193 pp. Price $2.00</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">24. <i>Socialism in German American Literature.</i> By William Frederic
+Kamman, Ph.D. 1&mdash;pp. Price $1.50</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">25. <i>Robert Reitzel.</i> By Adolf E. Zucker, Ph.D. 74 pp. Price $1.25</p>
+
+<p class="hanging">26. <i>The German Element in Brazil. Colonies and Dialect.</i> By Benjamin
+Franklin Schappelle, Ph.D. 68 pp. Price $1.50</p><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><br /></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><br /></p>
+<h2>AMERICANA GERMANICA</h2>
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p class="center">MONOGRAPHS DEVOTED TO THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE</p>
+
+<h3>Literary, Linguistic and Other Cultural Relations of Germany and America</h3>
+
+<h4>EDITOR</h4>
+
+<h3>MARION DEXTER LEARNED</h3>
+
+<h4><i>University of Pennsylvania</i></h4>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<h4>CONTRIBUTING EDITORS</h4>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" >
+<tr><td>H.C.G. BRANDT</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>J.T. HATFIELD</td></tr>
+<tr><td>W.H. CARRUTH</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>W.T. HEWETT</td></tr>
+<tr><td>HERMANN COLLITZ</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>A.R. HOHLFELD</td></tr>
+<tr><td>STARR W. CUTTING</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>HUGO K. SCHILLING</td></tr>
+<tr><td>DANIEL K. DODGE</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>H. SCHMIDT-WARTENBERG</td></tr>
+<tr><td>A.B. FAUST</td><td style="width: 10%; "></td><td>HERMANN SCHOENFELD</td></tr>
+<tr><td>KUNO FRANCKE</td><td style="width: 10%; ">&nbsp;</td><td>H.S. WHITE</td></tr>
+<tr><td>JULIUS GOEBEL</td><td style="width: 10% ">&nbsp;</td><td>HENRY WOOD</td></tr>
+</table>
+<p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">PUBLICATIONS OF THE</p>
+<h4>UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA</h4>
+
+<p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+</p>
+
+<h4>NEW YORK</h4>
+<h3>D. APPLETON &amp; COMPANY</h3>
+<p class="center">PUBLISHING AGENTS</p>
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+<p><br /><br /></p>
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+<div class="footnotes"><h3>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:</h3>
+
+<p class="comment">The following corrections regarding the original were made:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_TN1_131" id="Footnote_TN1_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_TN1_131"><span class="label">[TN1]</span></a> The original has here a wrong spelling: COPYWRIGHT
+instead of COPYRIGHT</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_TN2_132" id="Footnote_TN2_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_TN2_132"><span class="label">[TN2]</span></a> The original has here a wrong spelling: Vorabeiter
+instead of Vorarbeiter</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_TN3_133" id="Footnote_TN3_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_TN3_133"><span class="label">[TN3]</span></a> The original has here a wrong spelling: abfertitgen
+instead of abfertigen</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
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+++ b/17361.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The German Element in Brazil, by Benjamin
+Franklin Schappelle
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The German Element in Brazil
+ Colonies and Dialect
+
+
+Author: Benjamin Franklin Schappelle
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 20, 2005 [eBook #17361]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL***
+
+
+E-text prepared by David Starner, Ralph Janke, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/)
+
+
+
+Note:
+ Text in the original formatted in italic is maked as _italic_.
+ Text in the original formatted in bold is marked as =bold=.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL
+
+Colonies and Dialect
+
+by
+
+BENJAMIN FRANKLIN SCHAPPELLE, Ph.D.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Americana Germanica
+Number 26
+Americana Germanica Press
+Philadelphia
+1917
+Copyright[TN1] 1917
+by
+Benjamin Franklin Schappelle.
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+Americana Germanica
+Monographs Devoted to the Comparative Study of the Literary, Linguistic
+and Other Cultural Relations of Germany and America
+
+Editor
+Marion Dexter Learned
+University of Pennsylvania
+
+XXVI. THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL
+COLONIES AND DIALECT
+
+_(See List at the End of the Book)_
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED
+TO
+JOSEPH G. ROSENGARTEN, LL.D.
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+Lied der Deutschbrasilianer
+
+Preface
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE COLONIES. HISTORY AND LOCATION.
+
+The First Settlers
+
+COLONIZATION IN INDIVIDUAL STATES.
+
+Introductory Remarks
+ Bahia
+ Minas Geraes
+ Espirito Santo
+ Rio de Janeiro
+ Sao Paulo
+ Parana
+ Santa Catharina
+ Rio Grande do Sul
+
+The Total Number of Germans in Brazil
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN DIALECT.
+
+Underlying Basis of the Dialect
+
+Brazilian German Word Forms
+ Surnames
+ Baptismal Names
+ Terms of Family Relationship in Titles
+
+EXAMPLES FROM BRAZILIAN GERMAN DOCUMENTS.
+
+The Written Language
+
+The Spoken Language
+
+Introduction to Glossary
+
+Glossary
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+The Brazilian German Press
+ Almanacs
+ Newspapers
+
+Bibliography
+
+
+
+
+LIED DER DEUTSCHBRASILIANER.
+
+ Rein wie hoch am Himmelsbogen
+ Unsrer Heimat Sterne stehn.
+ Maechtig, wie die Meereswogen
+ Gegen unsre Kueste gehn,
+ Soll der Heimat Sang uns dringen
+ Aus der treuen Brust hervor,
+ Soll Brasiliens Preis erklingen
+ Aus dem deutschen Maennerchor.
+
+ Fuelle liegt auf deinen Fluren,
+ Gottgesegnet Vaterland;
+ Leuchtend zeigst du noch die Spuren
+ Von des Schoepfers Meisterhand:
+ In des Mittags blauen Fernen
+ Wo die goldne Sonnenpracht,
+ Mit des Himmels schoensten Sternen
+ Schmuekt sie funkelnd deine Nacht.
+
+ Deine fruchtgetraenkte Erde
+ Gibt uns Mut zu frischem Tun,
+ Gibt uns Muesse, um am Herde
+ Sonder Sorge auszuruhn.
+ Aus des Bodens Scholle ziehen
+ Wir des Lebens bestes Mark,
+ Aus des Bodens Kraft erbluehen
+ Die Geschlechter frei und stark.
+
+ Lasst uns schaffen mit der Staerke
+ Dessen, der die Heimat liebt,
+ Lasst uns beten, dass zum Werke
+ Gott uns das Gedeihen gibt!
+ Ewig heilig, ewig teuer
+ Bleibest du dem deutschen Lied,
+ Heimatland, in dem das Feuer
+ Unsres Herdes gastlich glueht.
+
+O. Meyer in _Uhle's Kalender_ for 1916.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+The primary purpose of this work is to give an idea of the dialect which
+has been developed by the German-speaking element in Brazil.
+
+As comparatively little is known by the English-speaking public
+concerning the history, location and relative importance of the German
+element in Brazil (judging from extant English publications referring to
+the subject), the main part of the work has been preceded by a chapter
+dealing with these particular phases. This first chapter is also
+intended to prepare the reader to form a reasonable estimate of the
+comparative importance and extent of the dialect under discussion in the
+main part of the work.
+
+In connection with this study the author is particularly indebted to the
+well-known authority on German American cultural relations and
+conditions, Professor Marion Dexter Learned, of the University of
+Pennsylvania. It was at his suggestion and under his constant help and
+advice that the plan was carried out.
+
+While on a trip of investigation in Brazil the writer was furnished
+important information and material by Friedrich Sommer, _Direktor_ of
+the "Banco Allemao Transatlantico" of Sao Paulo; Henrique Bamberg of Sao
+Paulo; Otto Specht, _Chefe da Seccao de Publicidade e Bibliotheca_ of
+the "Secretaria da Agricultura" of Sao Paulo; Johann Potucek,
+Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba; J.B. Hafkemeyer, S.J., of the
+"Collegio Anchieta," Porto Alegre; G.A. Buechler of the "Neue Schule,"
+Blumenau; Cleto Espey, O.F.M., of the "Collegio St. Antonio," Blumenau;
+E. Bloch, _Engenheiro Chefe da Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina,_
+Itajahy; Nikolaus Dechent, _Direktor_ of the "Deutsche Schule,"
+Joinville; Petrus Sinzig, O.F.M., of the "Convento dos Franciscanos,"
+Petropolis; Edmondo Hees, Editor of the "Nachrichten," Petropolis;
+Pastor Fr. L. Hoepffner of the "Deutsch-Evangelische Gemeinde," Rio de
+Janeiro; W. Muenzenthaler, _Kaiserlicher General-Konsul,_ Rio de Janeiro;
+and Heinrich Lotz, _Kgl. Bezirksgeologe a.D._, Berlin.
+
+Special thanks are also due to Professor D.B. Shumway, of the
+University of Pennsylvania, for valuable suggestions and assistance in
+the final arrangement of the manuscript.
+
+The above-mentioned persons are in no wise responsible for any errors
+which may appear in the text.
+
+
+
+
+=CHAPTER I.=
+
+
+THE COLONIES. HISTORY AND LOCATION.
+
+
+THE FIRST SETTLERS.
+
+The first reference to German settlers in Brazil we have from the pen of
+Hans Stade of Homberg in Hessen. Stade made two trips to Brazil; one in
+1547 and one in 1549. In the latter instance he was shipwrecked but
+succeeded in landing safely near the present port of Santos in the state
+of Sao Paulo. As he was a skilled artillerist the Portuguese made him
+commander of the fort Bertioga, the ruins of which are an interesting
+landmark to this day. Later Stade spent several most trying years as the
+captive of a cannibalistic tribe.
+
+After his return to Germany, Stade published an account of his
+experiences. The first edition entitled "_Wahrhafftige Historia unnd
+beschreibung einer landschafft der Wilden, Nacketen, Grimmigen,
+Menschfresser Leuthen in der Newen Welt America gelegen, ..._" appeared
+at Marburg in 1557.[1] In this work Stade refers to two of his
+fellow-countrymen located in Brazil; the one Heliodorus Eoban of Hessen,
+who had charge of a sugar-refinery on the island of Sao Vicente (near
+Santos); the other Peter Roesel, who was located in Rio de Janeiro as the
+representative for a business firm of Antdorff.[2]
+
+Next we come to Manuel Beckmann, the son of a German who had located in
+Lisbon. He is known in history as Manoel Bequimao and was the leader in
+the Maranhao revolution of 1684. This uprising, altho it came to grief,
+may be regarded as the first of a long series of protests against the
+home government resulting in the declaration of the independence of
+Brazil on the field at Ypiranga, September 2d, 1822. Beckmann died a
+martyr's death at Rio on November 2, 1685. His younger brother, Thomas
+Beckmann, who had also taken part in the revolution, was acquitted.[3]
+
+In the 18th-century there was another important German figure in
+Brazilian history; that of Lieutenant-General Johann Heinrich von Boehm.
+It was von Boehm who, at the head of Portuguese troops, recaptured the
+city of Rio Grande in Rio Grande do Sul from the Spaniards in 1777.[4]
+Von Boehm was assisted by two other German officers, i.e., the Count of
+Lippe and Marschal Funk. These three characters were in a sense the
+forerunners of the German battalions brought into Brazil by the First
+Empire in the early part of the following century.
+
+The first colonization of importance by Germans in Brazil did not take
+place until the early part of the 19th century. Beginning with that
+century there was a steady stream of non-Portuguese settlers into the
+country, and of these the Germans formed an important part.
+
+
+COLONIZATION IN INDIVIDUAL STATES.
+
+
+_Introductory Remarks._
+
+The following is a resume of the German colonies[5] in Brazil and a
+brief introduction to their history.
+
+For the sake of convenience, the colonies have been divided:
+
+First; according to the states in which they are located.
+
+Second; according to the date of founding.
+
+Third; according to the kind of colony administratively at the time of
+founding. As to this they fall under three categories:
+
+a) Private colonies, i.e., founded by a private individual or
+corporation.
+
+b) Provincial colonies, i.e., founded by a particular state or former
+province.
+
+c) State colonies, i.e., founded by the central government, whether
+during the time of the Empire[6] or since the formation of the Republic.
+
+The word _German_ as applied to colonists refers only to natives of
+Germany who became naturalized citizens of Brazil and to Brazilians of
+German extraction.
+
+Colonies located within the confines of other German colonies (_e.g.,_
+Hansa, Sao Bento _etc._) are not listed.
+
+_Direct immigration_ signifies immigration from Europe.
+
+_Indirect immigration_ signifies immigration from a South American
+country bordering on Brazil; immigration from another Brazilian state;
+or from another colony within the same state.
+
+Numerical statistics concerning individual colonies have been avoided
+except in a few cases where they are of sufficient comparative
+importance to be noted in a work of this scope.
+
+All the colonies coming in consideration (excepting some of those
+founded since 1890) have been "emancipated," _i.e.,_ they no longer
+receive special aid from, the government and their special colonial
+directorates have been abolished.
+
+The states of Brazil which are important so far as German colonization
+is concerned are Bahia, Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
+(Federal District), Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do
+Sul.[7] This is the geographical order from north to south and the one
+according to which they will be taken up.
+
+
+BAHIA.
+
+In this state is located the first German colony founded in Brazil. It
+is =Leopoldina=, started as a private undertaking by Busch, Reycke and
+Freireiss in 1818.[8]
+
+=Frankenthal=, another private colony, was founded in 1822 by Peter
+Weyll and Saueracker.[9]
+
+Of all the states mentioned, Bahia is the least important so far as
+German colonization is concerned. This is largely due to the fact that
+its climate is too tropical to favor such colonization oft an extended
+scale.
+
+
+MINAS GERAES.
+
+The private colony =Theophilo Ottoni=,[10] in the north-eastern part of
+the state was founded by a German stock-company in 1851.
+
+Recent state colonies where Germans form a considerable part of the
+population are =Nova Baden, Francisco Salles, Itajuba, Joao Pinheiro,
+Constanca, Vargem Grande,= and =Rodrigo Sylva=.[11]
+
+Germans form a considerable part of the population of the capital of the
+state (Bello Horizonte) and of the important city of Juiz da Fora.
+
+
+ESPIRITO SANTO.
+
+The state colony =Santa Izabel= was founded in 1847. The first settlers
+were composed chiefly of Rhenish Prussians.
+
+=Santa Leopoldina=, another state colony, was founded in 1857. A
+suggestion as to the origin of the first settlers is offered by the
+names of the different districts into which the colony was first
+divided; _viz._; Schweiz, Sachsen, Pommern, Rheinland, Tirol and
+Holland.
+
+The two above-mentioned are the most northern of the important German
+colonies in Brazil to-day.
+
+
+RIO DE JANEIRO (Federal District).
+
+=Nova Friburgo=, the oldest state colony in Brazil, was founded in 1819.
+The first settlers were Swiss, but since Germans immediately followed
+them and formed the larger part of the subsequent influx, Nova Friburgo
+is properly classed as a German colony.
+
+=Petropolis= was made a state colony in 1845. In reality it had its
+origin as a German colony in 1838. The first settlers were German
+emigrants originally bound not for Brazil but for Sydney, Australia. On
+account of the bad treatment they received on the French sailing vessel
+"Justine" they revolted and compelled the captain to land them at Rio de
+Janeiro on December 2d, 1837. Here the Brazilian Imperial Government
+assisted them and at the suggestion of Major Julius Friedrich
+Koehler[12] gave them employment on the construction of the Serra road
+between Estrella, located a short distance above Rio, and Parahyba do
+Sul, located near the border between the Federal District and Minas
+Geraes. They formed their settlement at what later became Petropolis. On
+account of the satisfaction which the government found in these
+immigrants it turned the settlement into a state colony in 1845, as
+above mentioned.
+
+As in the case of Santa Leopolidina, the origin of individual groups of
+colonists to Petropolis is indicated by the names of some of the
+sections into which the colony was divided, _viz.,_ Bingen, Ingelheim,
+Moselthal, Nassau, Westphalen, Unteres-Rheinthal, Mittleres-Rheinthal,
+Simmern, Castellaunerthal, Untere Pfalz, Obere Pfalz, Oberes Rheinthal,
+Woestaedterthal, Schweizerthal, Wormserthal, Darmstaedterthal, etc.
+
+Since 1850 there has been but little German immigration into the
+Petropolis colony. On the other hand, this particular colony has been a
+rich source for indirect German immigration into the more southern
+states.
+
+Among the recent state colonies of Rio de Janeiro that of =Visconde de
+Maua= is largely populated by Germans.[13]
+
+
+SAO PAULO.
+
+The oldest German settlements in the state are the provincial colonies
+founded in 1827. On November 13th of that year the first levy of
+settlers, all South Germans, landed at Santos. These were apportioned
+into two colonies; one located at _Santo Amaro_ and the other between
+Penha and Nossa Senhora dos Garulhos.
+
+The provincial colony of =Quilombo=, located between Itapecerica and
+Contia, was founded in 1828.[14]
+
+In 1847 the private colonies of =Ybicaba= and =Angelica= were founded by
+the Senador Vergueiro. They were put on the basis of _meiacao_,[15] the
+later abuse of which, by others than Vergueiro, paved the way for the
+famous Heydt rescript[16] of November 3d, 1859.
+
+In the following more recently established provincial colonies the
+population is largely made up of German settlers: =Campos Salles=,
+founded in 1897; =Jorge Tibirica=, founded in 1905; =Nova Europa=,
+founded in 1907; and =Bandeirantes=, founded in 1908. In addition to
+these, the provincial colonies of =Moncao= and =Pariquera Assu= also
+contain important quotas of Germans.
+
+In the state of Sao Paulo the Germans form to-day an urban rather than a
+rural population. They are very strongly represented in Sao Paulo (the
+capital), Campinas and Santos. The following towns and their vicinities
+are also important centers of German population: Riberao Pires, Sao
+Bernardo, Rocinha, Vallinhos, Helvetia, Nova Friburgo, Salto de Ytu,
+Sorocaba, Botucatu, Riberao Preto, Sao Joao da Boa Vista, Villa
+Americana, Pires, Araras, Leme, Rio Claro, Sao Carlos do Pinhal, Santa
+Rita do Passo Quatro, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, Brotas, Dous Corregos,
+Jahu, Villa Raffard, Piracicaba, and Jacarehy.[17]
+
+Excepting the older colonies first mentioned, the German element in Sao
+Paulo is largely made up as the result of indirect immigration; in the
+early years from the Petropolis district, and later from the more
+southern states and from Argentine.
+
+
+PARANA.
+
+The state colony of =Rio Negro= was founded in 1829[18] while this
+section of Brazil was still within the limits of Sao Paulo.[19] Shortly
+after its founding the colony was increased by the location of members
+of the mustered-out German legion of the Imperial army.[20] Subsequently
+many settlers from the Sao Bento district in Santa Catharina moved over
+to this colony.
+
+The following provincial colonies are settled largely by Germans or
+German-speaking Austrians: =Jesuino Marcondes, Ivahy, Iraty,= all
+founded in 1907; =Itapara= and =Tayo=, both founded in 1908; and =Vera
+Guarany=, founded in 1909.[21]
+
+By far the most important center for Germans in the state is the
+capital, Curityba. There are some 12,000 German-speaking residents in
+this city. In addition, a large number are located in the important
+cities of Lapa, Ponta Grossa, Porto da Uniao and Castro.[22]
+
+A large part of the German element in Parana is due to indirect
+immigration from Santa Catharina.
+
+
+SANTA CATHARINA.
+
+=Sao Pedro de Alcantara=, a state colony, was founded in 1828.[23] Its
+first settlers came mainly from the Rhine district.
+
+=Itajahy=[24] and =Santa Izabel=, two other state colonies were founded
+in 1835 and 1846 respectively.
+
+=Blumenau=, a private colony (originally), was founded in 1850 by Dr.
+Hermann Blumenau.[25] The first settlers were mainly natives of
+Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Blumenau is the most widely known (largely
+because of its German name) and one of the most important German
+colonies in Brazil to-day. According to Carvalho "Blumenau constitue
+dans l'Amerique du Sud le type le plus parfait de la colonisation
+europeenne."[26] The area of the "municipio"[27] covers 10,725 square
+kilometers and is populated by about 60,000 inhabitants, the great
+majority of whom are of German descent.[28] The "Stadtplatz"[29] is
+composed mainly of one street 5-1/2 kilometers in length (including
+Altona) and is most beautifully situated on the right bank of the river
+Itajahy-Assu. It contains about 3,000 inhabitants, nearly all of whom
+are Germans.
+
+=Dona Francisca= was founded in 1851 as a private colony by the
+"Hamburger Kolonisationsverein von 1849." It comprises the territory
+given as a marriage dot by Dom Pedro II. to his sister, Dona Francisca,
+at the time of her marriage to the Prince of Joinville of the French
+House of Orleans. The "Stadtplatz" of the colony was named Joinville in
+honor of the prince.
+
+Dona Francisca was founded under favorable circumstances at a time when
+many Germans, including members of the "upper classes" were leaving the
+Fatherland on account of the general political discontent during the
+latter part of the forties of the past century. This fact is reflected
+in the German language as spoken in Joinville to-day. It is perhaps more
+free from dialect than in any other German colony in Brazil. The
+general cultural status of the inhabitants of Germanic origin is
+relatively high.
+
+The entire colony (municipio) of Dona Francisca contains more than
+30,000 inhabitants; the "Stadtplatz" about 6,000. In both, the
+inhabitants of Germanic origin form the great majority.
+
+The colony of =Brusque=[30] was founded in 1860. Its early colonists
+were composed largely of former inhabitants of the Rheinland,
+Westphalia, Oldenburg and Baden. Next to Blumenau and Dona Francisca,
+Brusque is to-day the most important German colony in Santa Catharina.
+
+In the territory not included in the "municipios" mentioned above, the
+larger part of the inhabitants of the following centers are of German
+descent: Angelina and Santa Thereza, both founded in 1853; Therezopolis,
+founded in 1860; Palhoca, Braco do Norte and Pedras Grandes.
+
+Important numbers of Germans are located along the following rivers of
+Santa Catharina: Rio Itajahy do Sul; Rio das Tijucas; Rio Braco do
+Norte; and Rio Capivary.[31]
+
+In point of numbers, Santa Catharina is next to the most important state
+in Brazil so far as German colonization is concerned.
+
+
+RIO GRANDE DO SUL.
+
+=Sao Leopoldo=, a state colony, was founded in 1824. The first settlers
+came from the Hunsrueck section. To-day its population is estimated at
+more than 50,000, mostly of German descent.[32] We may designate Sao
+Leopoldo as the center of the "Deutschbrasilianerthum" of Rio Grande do
+Sul.
+
+The state colonies of =Tres Forquilhas= and =Sao Pedro de Alcantara das
+Torres= were founded in 1826. The former was settled by German
+Protestants, the latter by German Catholics.
+
+=Santa Cruz=, a state colony, was founded in 1849. Its first settlers
+were mainly from Pomerania and the Rheinland.
+
+Next in order there followed an important period of private
+colonization. As a result of this we have =Rincao d'El Rei=, founded in
+1850 by Dr. Israel R. Barcellos; =Mundo Novo=, founded in 1850 by
+Tristao Jose Monteiro; =Conventos=, founded in 1853 by Baptista F.
+Pereira e Cie.; =Estrella=, founded in 1856 by Santos Pinto; =Mariante=,
+founded in 1856; and =Marata= founded in 1856 by Andreas Kochenborger
+and Pedro Schreiner.
+
+In the year 1857 two provincial colonies were founded, i.e., =Santo
+Angelo= and =Nova Petropolis=.
+
+The year 1858 marked the second period of private colonization. In that
+year =Sao Lourenco= was founded by Jakob Rheingantz. The first settlers
+of this colony were Pomeranians and natives of the Rheinland. In the
+same year =Teutonia= was founded by a group of capitalists of Porto
+Alegre.[33]
+
+The last period of strictly provincial colonization is marked by the
+founding of =Monte Alverne= in 1859 and of =Sao Feliciano= in 1867.
+
+In the most recent period a number of colonies supported by both the
+state and central governments have been founded. Of these the following
+have been settled largely by Germans; =Guarany=, founded in 1891;
+=Ijuhy=,[34] founded in 1891; and =Erechim=, founded in 1909.[35] In
+addition, Dr. Hermann Meyer's private colonies of =Xingu= and =Neu
+Wuerttemberg= were founded in this period; the former in 1897 and the
+latter in 1899.
+
+The German element is very strongly represented in the important cities
+of Porto Alegre and Pelotas as well as in the "municipios" of Sao Joao
+de Montenegro, Sao Sebastiao do Cahy (now includes Nova Petropolis),
+Venancio Ayres, Lageado, Taquara, Cruz Alta and Palmeiro.
+
+Rio Grande do Sul has a much larger population of German descent than
+any other state in Brazil. The main reason why so many Germans settled
+in this state we may attribute to the climatic conditions which are here
+more favorable to Germanic peoples than in any other section of the
+country.
+
+
+AN ESTIMATE AS TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF GERMANS IN BRAZIL.
+
+It is impossible to make an exact statement as to the total number of
+Germans in the country. The reasons for this are not far to seek. The
+fact that an accurate census for Brazil does not exist is not surprising
+when we consider the enormous expanse of territory.[36] The greater part
+of this is but sparsely settled and largely covered with primeval
+forests. Official statistics, where they do exist are apt to have been
+carelessly compiled and often are entirely untrustworthy, "Paciencia,"
+has been the watchword here as well as throughout all other walks of
+life in Brazil.
+
+If we restrict ourselves to estimate, among the total of Brazilian
+citizens, those of any particular European origin, the difficulty
+increases. Here the census reports offer practically no help because all
+persons are listed simply as Brazilians, no reference being made as to
+their origin.
+
+The primary sources in making up the estimates are furnished by the
+immigration reports as they are found in the "Ministerio da Agricultura"
+in Rio and the "Secretaria da Agricultura" of several individual states.
+Even here the statistics are inadequate for our purpose. As a rule only
+such colonists as came in third class on ships from Europe are
+listed.[37] In addition, it is impossible to determine how many
+colonists came by land (indirect immigration) from adjoining South
+American countries such, as Uruguay, Paraguay or Argentine.
+
+The secondary sources, and the ones which in this instance are most
+valuable, are embodied in the estimates of former colonial directors and
+other officials, as well as private persons having first hand knowledge
+concerning the different European elements in Brazil.
+
+The official data offered by the Bureau of Statistics of the "Ministerio
+da Agricultura" in Rio concerning immigration directly from Europe
+begins with the year 1820. That concerning immigration from Germany in
+particular begins with 1827. Official figures are available as to the
+number of immigrants from Germany from that date to the present
+excepting the years 1830-1836 inclusive, 1838, 1839, 1843, 1844, 1846,
+1848 and 1849. The total is 128,233 up to the end of the year 1915.[38]
+
+In order to determine the approximate numerical value of the German
+element in the population of Brazil, many estimates worthy of
+consideration have been compared. The estimates which in the opinion of
+the writer have the strongest claim to accuracy, are listed below. As
+will be seen, those determined upon by Friedrich Sommer, _Direktor_ of
+the "Banco Allemao Transatlantico" of Sao Paulo are largely followed.
+This authority has for years been making a careful study of the subject
+and consequently his conclusions bear particular weight.
+
+Taking up the states in the order as previously, we have:
+
+ Bahia. No reliable estimates except as contained below
+ in "Northern and Central States."
+
+ Minas Geraes............... 5,000. Sommer.
+ Espirito Santo............. 25,000. Ludwig[39]
+ Rio (Fed. Dist.)........... 18,000. Sommer.
+ Sao Paulo.................. 32,000. Ibid.
+ Parana .................... 35,000. Ibid.
+ Santa Catharina............ 100,000. Mueller von Koenigswinter
+ Rio Grande do Sul.......... 250,000. Ibid.
+ Northern and Central States
+ (including Bahia)........ 10,000. Sommer.
+ ________
+ Total...................... 475,000.
+
+Making a fairly liberal allowance for underestimates, we may regard the
+number 500,000 as representing the total number of citizens of German
+descent in Brazil to-day.[40]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: _V._ Tootal, p. XCV.]
+
+[Footnote 2: _V._ Kluepfel, pp. 121 and 162.]
+
+[Footnote 3: _Cf._ Sommer: "Manoel Beckmann." _German American Annals._
+New Series. Vol. 14, Nos. 5 and 6, 1916, pp. 189-196. Also Pereira da
+Silva: _Quadros_.... p. 111.]
+
+[Footnote 4: _V._ Ludwig, p. 27.]
+
+[Footnote 5: It is emphasized that only colonies (state, provincial, or
+private) in which the German element forms an important part of the
+population are noted.]
+
+[Footnote 6: These are commonly designated as "Imperial Colonies."]
+
+[Footnote 7: A comparatively very small number of Germans are located in
+the northern and western states of Brazil. They primarily follow
+business or professional careers and can hardly be classed as settlers.
+Consequently they do not come in consideration in this work.]
+
+[Footnote 8: _Cf._ Sellin, _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien_, Vol. II, p. 80.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Formerly called "Philadelphia."]
+
+[Footnote 11: _Cf._ Report of Pedro Rache, _Inspector do Servico de
+Povoamento_, in _Relatorio._]
+
+[Footnote 12: Koehler was born in Mainz in 1810. At the age of 23 he
+went to Brazil and soon became a naturalized citizen of the country. He
+entered the government service and was promoted to the rank of major in
+the engineering corps in 1842. Died in Petropolis in 1847.]
+
+[Footnote 13: _Cf._ report of the inspector Antonio Ribeiro de Castro
+Sobrinho in _Relatorio._]
+
+[Footnote 14: _V._ Marcondes de Souza: _O Estado de Sao Paulo_, p. 195.
+_Cf._ statement by Ernst Heinke in _Jahrbuch, Erstes_ ..., p. 250.]
+
+[Footnote 15: I.e., lease of a section of land for the return of
+one-half of the yearly products.]
+
+[Footnote 16: A Prussian ministerial decree (also adopted by other
+German states) forbidding the emigration of German citizens to Brazil.
+In 1896 it was revoked for the three most southern states of Brazil,
+i.e., Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina and Parana.]
+
+[Footnote 17: _Cf._ statements by C.F. Scheler in _Jahrbuch, Erstes_
+..., p. 175 ff.]
+
+
+[Footnote 18: In 1828 according to Grossi, p. 168.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Parana was separated from Sao Paulo in 1853.]
+
+[Footnote 20: _V._ Sellin, _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien_, Vol. II, p.
+111.]
+
+[Footnote 21: _Cf._ report of the inspector Manoel F. Ferreira Correia
+in _Relatorio._]
+
+[Footnote 22: Information furnished by Johann Potucek,
+Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba.]
+
+[Footnote 23: This is commonly referred to as the first colony in Santa
+Catharina. However, Grossi (p. 168) refers to a _Colonia Alemao o
+Conselheiro Pedreira_ (state colony) founded in 1827.]
+
+[Footnote 24: Lacmann (p. 8) states that _Gross Itajahy_ was founded in
+1829.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Born 1819 at Hasselfelde in Braunschweig. Specialized in
+pharmacy. In 1849 came to Brazil and laid out plans for a colony. From
+1850 to 1880 he was primarily occupied in directing the colony which
+bears his name. This colony was emancipated in 1880, but Dr. Blumenau
+remained on the scene of his former activities until 1884, when he
+returned to Germany. Died 1898.]
+
+[Footnote 26: _V. Le Bresil Meridional,_ p. 309.]
+
+[Footnote 27: The term "municipio" denotes a city or town together with
+the surrounding districts coming under the same jurisdiction; frequently
+(as used in this work) an emancipated colony.]
+
+[Footnote 28: According to census of 1907 and calculations to date
+(September, 1916) in the archives at Blumenau.]
+
+[Footnote 29: The term "Stadtplatz" as used by the colonists designates
+the seat or governmental center of a particular colony. Portuguese
+"sede."]
+
+[Footnote 30: So named in honor of the president of the state at the
+time, Dr. Araujo Brusque.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Information furnished by E. Bloch, _Engenheiro Chefe da
+Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina._]
+
+[Footnote 32: Grossi, p. 162.]
+
+[Footnote 33: _Cf._ Ludwig, p. 84.]
+
+[Footnote 34: A particularly strong current of German settlers has in
+recent years been moving into Ijuhy, mostly by indirect immigration.]
+
+[Footnote 35: _Cf._ report of the inspector C. Lila da Silveira in
+_Relatorio_.]
+
+[Footnote 36: About equal to that of the United States without the
+colonies and Alaska, but with the state of Texas doubled.]
+
+[Footnote 37: The study of emigration reports in European archives does
+not help us much because by no means did all persons listed as emigrants
+for Brazil finally arrive in the latter country.]
+
+[Footnote 38: In order to enable the reader to put a correct valuation
+on the popular bugaboo, the "perigo allemao" (German peril), the
+following facts are noted by way of comparison:
+
+According to the statistics above referred to, the German immigrants
+occupy fourth place in point of numbers for the period 1820-1915,
+inclusive. They are superseded by:
+
+ a) Italians. First mentioned in the records 1836.
+ Total to 1862.................................... 209
+ Total to and including 1915...................... 1,348,777
+
+ b) Portuguese. First noted in 1837.
+ Total to and including 1915...................... 977,524
+
+ c) Spaniards. First noted 1841.
+ Total to 1868.................................... 274
+ Total to and including 1915...................... 470,107]
+
+[Footnote 39: Dr. Ernst Wagemann, of the Kolonialinstitut, Hamburg,
+recently estimated the German population of Espirito Santo at
+20,000-30,000, according to statements by W. Muenzenthaler, German
+Consular-General in Rio.]
+
+[Footnote 40: The above estimates refer to conditions at the end of
+1915. The estimate for the total population of the country for that year
+was 23,000,000.]
+
+
+
+
+=CHAPTER II.=
+
+
+THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN DIALECT.
+
+
+THE UNDERLYING BASIS AND REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE DIALECT.
+
+As may be inferred from chapter I, the German immigration into Brazil
+antedating the nineteenth century was quite insignificant. Beginning
+with the early years of that century, however, there was a steady
+current of new settlers from the German-speaking sections of Europe into
+the southern part of the country. The people who made up this current
+settled, particularly during the early years, in small, widely separated
+colonial nuclei where they found themselves more or less thoroughly cut
+off from the outside world and its influences. It is not surprising,
+therefore, to find that these people have developed a new dialect which
+we may call "Brazilian German."
+
+The Germanic settlers from Europe who had come to Brazil found
+themselves located in surroundings radically different from the ones to
+which they had been accustomed in the land of their nativity. Physically
+they had to adapt themselves to a new climate. From the moment of their
+arrival on the parcel of land allotted to them they were in contact with
+many objects for which their mother tongue offered no designation. The
+animals, plants, insects and even the agricultural implements in the new
+home land had, to a large extent, names for which the German language
+offered no equivalent. As a result, many non-germanic words had to be
+immediately adopted.
+
+In reference to the older colonies, the German-speaking immigrants from
+any particular section of Germany, Switzerland or Austria would more or
+less settle in a particular section of Brazil. Thus we have Petropolis
+in Rio de Janeiro settled by former inhabitants of the Coblenz district
+and Blumenau in Santa Catharina settled largely by Pomeranians. In a
+general way it may be stated that the older colonies were in this
+respect relatively homogenious, while those founded since the middle of
+the past century drew their settlers to a larger extent from different
+German-speaking sections of Europe.
+
+The settlers, largely drawn from the agricultural class, naturally
+brought with them from Europe a variety of German dialects. These were
+more or less preserved depending on the relative isolation of the
+colonies. In cases where a considerable and constant influx of settlers
+either by direct or indirect immigration was kept up after the first
+years of the history of any particular colony the original dialect
+largely gave way to a modified form of High German, due primarily to the
+normalizing influence of the German school and church. Such is the case
+in the "Stadtplaetze"[41] of Dona Francisca, Blumenau, Santa Cruz and Sao
+Lourenco.
+
+The preceding statements are intended to present, as it were, the
+background or basis on which the new dialect was developed. We now come
+to the most potent influence in the formation of that dialect. It is the
+Brazilian Portuguese, a language which has no connection with the
+Germanic group. In this point, therefore, our case differs radically
+from that of the student of the German dialects which have been
+developed in North America.
+
+The degree of linguistic influence exerted by the Brazilian Portuguese
+on the High German or its various dialects as spoken by the immigrants
+varies again according to the relative isolation of the settlements. We
+have degrees ranging from that of the old settlements in the Santo Amaro
+district of Sao Paulo,[42] where the German language has practically in
+its entirety given way to the Brazilian Portuguese, to that of some of
+the sections of the "municipios"[43] of Blumenau in Santa Catharina and
+Sao Leopoldo in Rio Grande do Sul where a modified German has not only
+held its own among the inhabitants of German extraction, but has also
+become the language of parts of the Luso-Brazilian[44] and negro
+elements as well.[45] About half way between these two extremes we might
+range the case of Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro.
+
+
+BRAZILIAN GERMAN WORD FORMS.
+
+The following general principles are observed in connection with the
+dialect which has been developed by the German element in Brazil.
+
+Nouns form by far the greatest number of words taken over, followed next
+in order by verbs, exclamatory words and phrases, adjectives and
+adverbs. The last two appear relatively rarely.
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON WORDS FROM THE BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE.
+
+
+I. Nouns.
+
+A. Masculines.
+
+1) In the case of masculines the vowel ending is as a rule dropped,
+e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ abatimento... abatiment... discount.
+ campo........ camp........ field, plain.
+ facao-....... fac......... hunting-knife.
+ intendente... intendent... administrator.
+ pasto........ past........ pasture.
+
+2) The same holds for words of the following type where there have been
+further orthographical changes with preserve, however, the same phonetic
+values.
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ macaco....... makak....... monkey.
+ trapiche..... trapisch.... warehouse (on the wharf).
+
+3) Internal phonetic changes have taken place in such words as:
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ kaschero..... kaschoer..... shop-man, clerk (in a store).
+ municipio.... munizip..... district.
+
+
+B. Feminines.
+
+In feminines the final vowel '_-a_' is as a rule weakened to _'e'_,
+e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ capoeira..... capoeire.... copse.
+ carreta...... carrete..... cart.
+ garaffa...... garaffe..... bottle.
+ lancha....... lanche...... barge.
+ larancha..... laranche.... orange.
+ mula......... mule........ mule.
+ persianna.... persianne... Venetian-blind.
+ picada....... picade...... lane (through a forest).
+ pimenta...... pimente..... pepper.
+ pipa......... pipe........ barrel, tun.
+ roca......... rosse....... clearing (of a forest).
+ sanga........ sange....... ditch.
+ tolda........ tolde....... cover, hood (of a wagon).
+ traca........ trace....... track, design.
+ venda........ vende....... inn, store.
+
+
+C. Change of gender in nouns.
+
+1) Masculine to feminine, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ barranco _m._ barranke _f._ slope.
+ cabresto _m._ cabreste _f._ halter.
+ cachimbo _m._ kaschimbe _f._ tobacco-pipe.
+ camarote _m._ camarote _f._ box (in a theater).
+ cangalho _m._ cangalhe _f._ packsaddle.
+ charuto _m._. charute _f._. cigar.
+ farelo _m._.. farelle _f._. bran.
+ hiate _m._... jatte _f._... yacht.
+ portreiro _m._ portreere _f._ pasture-ground.
+ rio _m._..... rio _f._.....
+ (rarely _m._) stream, river.
+
+2) Feminine to masculine, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ cachaca _f._. cachass _m._ gin, brandy (of sugar-cane).
+ troca _f._... troc _m._... change (of money).
+
+3) Masculine to neuter, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ doce _m._.... doss _n._... candy, confectionery.
+ fosforo _m._. fosforo _n._ match.
+ tatu _m._.... tatu _n._... armadillo.
+ xarque _m._.. xarque _n._. jerked beef.
+
+4) Feminine to neuter, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian_ _Brazilian_
+ _Portuguese._ _German._ _English._
+
+ canoa _f._... kanoe _n._.. monoxylon, dugout.
+ farinha _f._. farin _n._.. flour.
+
+From the above examples it will be observed that the gender of the
+Brazilian German noun is, where there has been a change from that of
+the original Brazilian Portuguese, as a rule, the same as that of the
+High German word replaced, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ barranke _f._........ Boeschung_f._
+ cachass _m._......... Schnaps _m._
+ camarote _f._........ Theaterloge _f._
+ charute _f._......... Zigarre _f._
+ doss _n._............ Konfekt _n._
+ farelle _f._......... Kleie _f._
+ farin _n._........... Mehl _n._
+ fosforon _n._........ Streichholz_n._
+ kaschimbe _f._....... Tabakspfeife _f._
+ portreere _f._....... Weide _m._
+ troc _m._............ Wechsel _m._
+
+
+D. Nouns of mixed origin are quite frequent, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _English._
+
+ aboboramus........... stewed (and mashed) pumpkin.
+ korbgarrafao......... demijohn.
+ miljekolben.......... cob (of corn).
+ mesclahosen.......... trousers (striped).
+ ochsencarrete........ ox-cart
+ palhazigarrette...... cigarette (with cornhusk wrapper).
+ polizeidelegado...... inspector of police.
+ puschochse........... draught-ox.
+ rocewirtschaft....... agriculture, farming.
+ sellofiskal.......... revenue agent.
+ vendaschuld.......... drinking-score, debt for drink.
+
+
+II. Verbs.
+
+Brazilian German verbs are commonly formed by adding a weak ending,
+_'-en'_ or _'-ieren'_ to the Portuguese stem, e.g.,
+
+ _Portuguese._ _Brazilian German._ _English._
+
+ amolar......... amolieren.......... to grind, sharpen.
+ capinar........ capinen............ to weed.
+ cobrar......... cobrieren.......... to cash, take in (money),
+ lacar ......... lassen............. to throw the lasso.
+ puxar.......... puschen, pussen.... to pull.
+ repousar....... posen.............. to rest.
+ requerer....... rekerieren......... to request.
+ rocar.......... rossieren.......... to clear of weeds.
+ sellar......... sellieren.......... to stamp.
+ tocar.......... tocken............. to beat, strike.
+ trocar......... trocken............ to change (money etc.).
+
+In pronunciation the Brazilian German differs still more from the
+Portuguese than the printed forms would indicate. The main additional
+differences in this case are the following:
+
+1) The noun ending '_-ao'_ has the value of _'-ong'_ instead of the
+Portuguese sound represented by _'-ao.'_ Thus, by phonetic spelling we
+would have, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._
+
+ algodong for algodao.
+ capong " capao,
+ garrafong " garrafao,
+ patakong " patacao.
+ questong " questao,
+ sertong " sertao,
+ violong " violao.
+
+2) The _'j'_ instead of remaining sonant as in Portuguese,
+becomes surd.[46] Thus
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._
+
+ feschong for feijao,
+ schakare " jacare.
+ Schwong " Joao.
+
+3) In the case of infinitives the final _'-n'_ is not sounded,
+particularly in sections influenced by the Hunsrueck dialect. These forms
+are therefore pronounced, e.g.,
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _Portuguese._
+
+ amoliere for amolieren.
+ kapine " kapinen.
+ pusche " puschen.
+ tocke " tocken.
+
+
+SURNAMES.
+
+As a general rule German family names are retained in their original
+form in all sections where the German language held its own among the
+colonists. This is especially true where such names offer no difficulty
+in their pronunciation to people having Portuguese as their mother
+tongue. On the other hand, where such names could not be readily
+pronounced by Luso-Brazilians,[47] they underwent changes to greater or
+less extent even in communities where the German element is most
+strongly represented. Where the German language disappeared the German
+family name as a rule disappeared with it, or was retained in such a
+form as to be hardly recognizable.
+
+By way of example a number of modifications in surnames are noted below;
+first, from a section where the German language has almost entirely
+given way to Portuguese[48], and second, from one of the strongest
+German-speaking sections of Brazil.[49]
+
+1)
+
+Emmich became _M'_. The Portuguese could not pronounce the "-ich" and
+consequently it dropped off, resulting in the formation of what is
+probably one of the shortest family names in existence.[50]
+
+Felippoffsky became _Felippe, Franz,_ or _Franco_. In this instance one
+branch of the family adopted the first part of the original family name
+and other branches made surnames out of the Christian name of the first
+immigrant, i.e., Franz Felippoffsky.
+
+Glaser became _Frittenmaku_. The first immigrant was Fritz Glaser. One
+of his characteristics was lameness. The new family name is equivalent
+in meaning to "der lahme Fritz."
+
+Gottfried became _Gottesfried, Gottesfrid_ or _Gottesfritz_.
+
+Helfenstein became _Helfestein_.
+
+Hessel became _Essel_.
+
+Klein became _Cleene_. In this instance a German dialect variant of the
+original became the new family name.
+
+Reinberg became _Remberg_.
+
+Rochenbach became _Rocumbak_ or _Rocumbaque_.
+
+Roschel became _Rocha_.
+
+Toll became _Doll_ or _Doro_.
+
+Weisshaupt became _Sapateiro_. In this instance the first Weisshaupt was
+a shoemaker. The trade name translated into Portuguese became the family
+name.
+
+Zuellich became _Sills_.
+
+2)
+
+Waechter became _Walter_.
+
+Werner became _Vierne_.
+
+From the above examples it will be noticed that the new family names
+show, as a general rule, an adaptation of the original to Portuguese
+pronunciation.
+
+
+BAPTISMAL NAMES.
+
+So far as baptismal names are concerned, the case is quite different
+from that applying to surnames. While the latter have been modified to a
+great extent only where the German language gave way to the Portuguese
+almost entirely, as stated, the former have been replaced by their
+Portuguese counterparts, as a rule, in all parts of Brazil.[51] Probably
+the chief reason for this is sentiment, or, to use what is in this case
+perhaps a more accurate term, patriotism. The Portuguese Christian name
+in the country in question distinguishes the individual as a Brazilian,
+not as a German. The people under discussion regard themselves first of
+all as Brazilians.[52] While, according to their idea the retention and
+cultivation of their "Deutschthum" makes them better and more valuable
+Brazilian citizens, they carefully differentiate between "Deutschthum"
+and (to use their own expression) "Deutschlaenderthum."
+
+The following are examples of Portuguese baptismal names which are
+commonly substituted for their German counterparts by Brazilian Germans.
+
+ _Portuguese form._ _German form._
+
+ Adolfo for Adolf.
+ Alberto " Albert.
+ Augusto " August.
+ Bernardo " Bernard.
+ Carlos " Karl.
+ Edmundo " Edmund.
+ Eduardo " Eduard.
+ Emilio " Emil.
+ Ernesto " Ernst.
+ Estevao " Stephan.
+ Ewaldo " Ewald.
+ Francisco " Franz.
+ Frederico " Friedrich.
+ Germano " Hermann.
+ Guilhermo " Wilhelm.
+ Gustavo " Gustav.
+ Henrique " Heinrich.
+ Ignacio " Ignaz.
+ Joao " Johann.
+ Jorge " Georg.
+ Jose " Joseph.
+ Julio " Julius.
+ Leopoldo " Leopold.
+ Luiz " Ludwig.
+ Maximiliano " Maximilian
+ Paulo " Paul.
+ Pedro " Peter.
+ Ricardo " Richard.
+ Roberto " Robert.
+ Rodolfo (Rudolfo) " Rudolf.
+ Theodoro " Theodor.
+
+
+TERMS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIP IN TITLES.
+
+For the terms of family relationship in titles (business, etc.) the
+Portuguese forms are commonly used where the German forms would
+naturally be expected (i.e., in exclusively Brazilian German
+publications, etc.). Among the forms most frequently used in this manner
+(in full or abbreviated form, singular or plural) are the following:[53]
+
+ _Portuguese form._ _German form._
+
+ Filho for Sohn.
+ Irmao " Bruder.
+ Sobrinho " Neffe.
+ Viuva " Witwe.
+
+
+EXAMPLES OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN FROM DOCUMENTS.
+
+The Written Language.
+
+The following is an excerpt made from a short story entitled "Unrecht
+schlaegt seinen eigenen Herrn."[54]
+
+Der reiche Estancieiro[55] Joao Rodrigues sass eines Tages unter der
+grossen schattigen Figueira,[56] welche das Wahrzeichen der Estancia[57]
+Sao Manoel bildete. Er berechnete eben, wie viel Schlachtvieh er dieses
+Jahr verkaufen koennte, und fand, dass es mindestens 700 Stueck seien. Das
+gab ein schoenes Haeufchen Geld; denn die Viehpreise waren dieses Jahr
+hoch. Unter 60$000[58] sollte ihm kein Stueck aus der Invernada[59] fort;
+das machte rund 42 Contos[60] aus.
+
+... "Compadre,[61] ich habe einen Auftrag, fuer eine benachbarte
+Charqueada[62] rund 1000 Stueck Schlachtvieh aufzukaufen...."
+
+... Damit war der Handel abgeschlossen, und die beiden Compadres
+verabschiedeten sich, jeder zufrieden: Der Estancieiro, weil er ein
+gutes Geschaeft gemacht hatte, und der Tropeiro,[63] weil er morgen ein
+noch besseres zu machen hoffte!
+
+Des anderen Tages stellte sich unser Estancieiro bei guter Zeit im
+Geschaeftshause ein und fand daselbst seinen Compadre Bento schon in
+angeheiteter Stimmung in der Venda[64] sitzen.
+
+... "Noch fuer einen Augenblick," stotterte da wieder der betrunkene
+Tropeiro. "Unter uns beiden braucht's zwar keine Quittung, ich habe
+dein Vieh und du hast mein Geld; damit ist unsere Sache erledigt. Aber
+bei den Herren von der Charqueada muss ich etwas Schwarz auf Weiss
+vorweisen; ..."
+
+... So wollte er gleich heute die ein paar hundert Milreis betragene
+Vendaschuld begleichen.
+
+... "Einen Moment Gedult, Compadre Joao, gleich ists prompt."[65] Und
+wirklich, es dauerte nur einige Minuten, so hatte der Estancieiro seine
+Rechnung zu Haenden, sie betrug 765$000. Er zug 4 von den
+funkelnagelneuen Zweihunderten heraus und reichte dieselben dem
+Geschaeftsmanne hin. Der beschaute sich die Dinger genau, holte aus
+seinem Geldschrank einen Schein derselben Estampa[66] heraus, befuehlte
+das Papier, schuettelte nachdenklich den Kopf und sagte nur das eine
+Woertchen "falsch"!
+
+
+EXAMPLES FROM ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+Advertisements in almanacs, newspapers, etc., appearing in German and
+intended only for the German reading-public offer a rich source to the
+student of Brazilian German words and phrases. The following examples
+are by no means unusual. They set forth the principle which obtains in
+practically all German publications in Brazil.
+
+1.) FROM ALMANACS. (For meanings of terms _V._ Glossary.)
+
+Luchsinger E. Co.... Import von Fazendas und Molhados....[67]
+
+Selbach e Cia.... Internationale Verlags- u. Sortiments-Buchhandlung,
+Buchdruckerei, Buchbinderei und Kartonnagen-Fabrik....[68]
+
+Fraeb e Co.... Export von ... Haar, Wolle, Xarque, Gorduras, etc.,
+etc.[69]
+
+Otto Niemeyer. Seccos e Molhados.... Eigenes Armazem und
+Trapiche....[70]
+
+... Jose A. Picoral ... Papier-und Palhazigaretten. ... Leichte und
+starke Charuten....[71]
+
+Fraeb e Co.... Import: Fazendas, Miudezas, Molhados, Ferragens, Salz
+u.s.w....[72]
+
+Vva. Jose Mueller e Cia. Geschaeftshaus in Fazendas, Louca, Miudezas,
+Seccos und Molhados, Kolonie-Produkten.[73]
+
+... Sattlerei von Jorge Pedro Grub ... Zuggeschirre fuer Aranhas, Zaeume,
+Caronas, Peitschen u.s.w. ...[74]
+
+Paulo Groetzner, Biscoutosfabrik "Lucinda." ... Leistungsfaehigste Fabrik
+in Biscontos, Bolachas, Bonbons, Konfitueren und allen besseren
+Backwaaren. Escriptorio und Verkauf en gros: Alto Cabral.[75]
+
+2.) FROM NEWSPAPERS. (For meanings of terms _V._ Glossary.)
+
+Comp. Nac. de Navegacao Costeira. Der neue Doppelschraubendampfer
+_Itajuba_ am Trapiche der Costeira ... Befoerdert Passageire, Frachten,
+Encommendas, etc.[76]
+
+Antigo Hotel Koch.... Bevorzugtes Haus der Musterreiter. Eigenes
+Portreiro. Sorgsame Verpflegung der Reittiere. Joao Spitteler,
+Eigentuemer.[77]
+
+Hotel do Sul von Felippe Werb Filho. Wird dem reisenden Publikum ...
+empfohlen.... Gute Stallungen.[78]
+
+Kolonisten pflanzt Aipim, Mandioca, Araruta!...[79]
+
+Aranha in bestem Zustande mit vorzueglichem Pferd zu verkaufen.[80]
+
+Lageado. Carlos Genehr, Zahnarzt, empfiehlt sich den Bewohnern dieser
+Villa und der umliegenden Pikaden....[81]
+
+... zwischen der Eisenbahnstation und der Villa gelegen, fuer
+Kolonisation vermessen und in Lotes von 4 bis 25 Alqueires
+einteilen lassen ... der darauf befindliche Matebestand ein ganz
+hervorragender.... Der Eigentuemer Bernardo Olsen....[82]
+
+2 Pferde zugelaufen (1 Baio und 1 Zaino) Gegen erstattung der Unkosten
+abzuholen bein Inspektor Jakob Neuhaus, ...[83]
+
+
+POETRY.
+
+A great deal of excellent poetry has been written by representatives of
+the German element in Brazil. These writers have, however, primarily
+used High German as their medium of expression and consequently their
+works do not come in consideration in this study of a dialect. On the
+other hand, we frequently come across poems where Brazilian German forms
+are more or less in evidence. The following, in which the Hunsrueck
+dialect forms the Germanic basis is presented by way of example.[84]
+(Apologies to Goethe!)
+
+
+_Gutes Geschaeft oder eine Pechincha._[85]
+
+ Wer reit' lo dorch Storm un Wettergeriesel?
+ Das is der Schrauber auf seime Isel.
+ Der Hut is gebunne fest unner dem Kinne,
+ Der Musterranze bammelt ihm hinne.
+
+ "Freund Michel, was machst fuer ein banges Gesicht?"
+ "'Sein Sie's wahrhaftig? Ich glaabten es nich!
+ "'Der Schrauber wirklich mit Mala[86] un Ranze?
+ "'Das is lo die reine Pikadewanze!'"[87]
+
+ "Mein lieber Freund mach' Platz mal hier!
+ "Die schoensten Muster zeige ich dir:
+ "Algodao,[88] Riscado[89] und Druckkattun--"
+ "'Laassen Se zu! Was soll 'ch mit dem Krempel lo tun?'"
+
+ Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss 's Hannele sein!
+ Der Schrauber seift dich e sunst jaemmerlich ein.
+ "'Halt dei Mund un scher' dich rein in dei Kich,'
+ "'De Schrauber kenn' un seine Schlich!'"
+
+ "Willst, lieber Freund, du das Neueste sehn?
+ "Hier hochfeine Ponchos[90] und Kasemir schoen,
+ "Korsetts und bunte Struempf zum Praesent--
+ "Bei Bahrzahlung zehn Prozent Abatiment"[91]
+
+ Dau, Vadder! raunt Mutter, loss ja dich nit schnappe,
+ Du hast noch genug an de Meier ze berappe!
+ "Still!" murmelte Herr Michel, "un schwaetze mer nit!
+ "So'n Mann als wie eich, der hat je Kredit."
+
+ Der Michel kauft und Herr Schrauber notiert,
+ Drei Monate drauf hat der Michel falliert.
+ Der Schrauber hoert es: "Sie fassen ihn an!
+ Sie gehen ihm an seine Venda[92] heran!"
+
+ Herrn Schrauber grausset's, er steigt auf die Mule,[93]
+ Ihm ist's um zehn Contos[94] am Herzen so schwule,
+ Er taet im Galoppe "zer Venda reite,"
+ Er kam, sagt _bom dia!_[95]--Der Michel war pleite!"
+
+
+THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE.
+
+The dialect under discussion, as spoken in the "pikaden" is practically
+incomprehensible to the German-speaking person traveling in Brazil for
+the first time. To the uninitiated it is even harder to understand than
+the German dialects of North America. The latter developed under the
+influence of a related language, as has been stated, while the former
+came into being because of linguistic influences entirely foreign.
+
+In order to give an idea of the spoken Brazilian German the following
+"Sprachprobe" by Breitenbach[96] is reproduced. While of somewhat
+peculiar composition, the example below quoted is a good representation
+of spoken Brazilian German.
+
+ Ein Kolonist faehrt in seinem mit einer Tolde[97] versehenen Wagen
+ aus, der mit einem Tupiano[98] und einem Zebruno[99] bespannt ist,
+ welche er von einem Tropeiro[100] von der Serra[101] gekauft hat.
+ Er will seinen Compadre[102] besuchen, findet die Porteira[103] zur
+ Pikade[104] verschlossen, oeffnet sie und erfaehrt von der ihm
+ entgegenkommenden Frau seines Compadre, der Mann sei in die
+ Rosse[105] gegangen, um einige Miljekolben[106] fuer die Mule[107]
+ und einige Bobres[108] fuer die Schweine zu holen, welche im
+ Poteiro[109] seien. Wenn er den Compadre aufsuchen wolle, so wuerde
+ er ihn leicht finden, jenseits der Sange,[110] die aber steile
+ Barankas[111] habe, so dass man beim Ueberschreiten derselben
+ vorsichtig sein muesse. Da unser Freund seinen Compadre in der Rosse
+ nicht findet, so geht er in den nahen Wald, aus dem Hundgebell ihm
+ entgegen schallt. Mit seinem Fakong[112] schlaegt er einige
+ Taquaras[113] und Zipos[114] nieder, um sich den Weg zu bahnen.
+ Bald trifft er denn auch seinen Compadre, der soeben ein Tatu[115]
+ ausgegraben und mit seinem Fuchs[116] erschlagen hat. Nach den
+ ueblichen Begruessungen begeben sich beide ins Haus und beschliessen,
+ sich am Nachmittag die Carreira[117] anzusehen. Gleichzeitig will
+ der Compadre einige Saecke Farin[118] mitnehmen, um sie dem
+ Vendisten[119] zu verkaufen. Zu diesem Behuf muss eine Mule
+ eingefangen werden was aber nicht ganz leicht ist. Die Mule ist
+ naemlich sehr stoerrisch und muss gepusst[120] und getockt[121]
+ wereden. Beim Hause angelangt, wird dem Tiere die Cangalje[122]
+ aufgelegt und die Ladung befestigt. Dann geht's fort.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION TO THE GLOSSARY OF BRAZILIAN GERMAN TERMS.
+
+For reasons previously stated, the language or dialect of the German
+settlers in Brazil underwent an almost immediate change, not in its
+syntax, but in its vocabulary. Had the immigrants and their descendants
+only adopted such words as had no equivalent in their mother-tongue, our
+case would be much simpler. They went, however, much further, and, as a
+result even many of the commonest words dealing with the household or
+farm were replaced at an early date by Brazilian Portuguese terms, or by
+new formations based on them.
+
+In the following representation of Brazilian German words and phrases an
+attempt has been made to select only such as have been adopted by
+German-speaking citizens in all parts of the country in question. In the
+few cases where words or phrases noted seem characteristic of any
+particular section of Brazil that fact is indicated. The glossary,
+moreover, makes no claim to completeness.
+
+The sources[123] of the expressions listed are Brazilian German
+newspapers, books, almanacs, pamphlets, advertisements, "Festschriften,"
+etc.,[124] as well as conversation with colonists. In the latter
+instance only such terms as were repeatedly used to the exclusion of the
+corresponding German terms were noted.[125]
+
+In the glossary is given first the Brazilian German term (in certain
+cases with variations), followed, by way of comparison as well as
+definition, by the corresponding High German form. If the Brazilian
+Portuguese[126] equivalent differs in form or gender it is given in
+parentheses. If no such parenthetical form appears it signifies that
+both languages are in the particular instance identical.[127] The German
+element in mixed compounds being self-evident, such words are treated as
+the simple Brazilian German forms.
+
+Gender is indicated except in the case of masculine nouns ending in
+_'-o'_ and feminines ending in _'-a.'_
+
+Terms dealing with weights, measures and coinage have not been noted
+except in cases where the Brazilian German form shows a modification of
+the original and in instances where the terms refer to units no longer
+current.[128]
+
+Special abbreviations:
+
+ R. = Rio de Janeiro.
+ R.G. = Rio Grande do Sul.
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY.
+
+
+=A.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ abacaxi _m._ ................. Ananas.
+ abatiment _m._ (abatimento) .. Preisermaessigung,
+ abobora _or_ abobra .......... Kuerbis.
+ abobora-mus _n._ ............. Kuerbis-mus.
+ agriao ....................... Brunnenkresse. R.
+ aipim _m._ (aipim, aipii
+ _m._) ...................... Maniok (suesser).
+ aldeamento _m._ .............. Indianersiedlung. R.G.
+ aldeia (aldeia _or_ aldea) ... Dorf, Weiler.
+ alfandega .................... Zollamt, Steueramt.
+ algodao ...................... Baumwolle.
+ amolieren (amolar) ........... schleifen, schaerfen.
+ aranha ....................... Gig (_vehicle_).
+ araruta ...................... Pfeilwurz.
+ armazem _m._ ................. Kaufladen.
+ arroba, arrobe _f._(arroba) .. 14.689 Kg. (_Weight._)
+ arroio ....................... Bach.
+ ate a volta .................. bis zur Rueckkehr!
+ ateloge _n._ ................. Aufwiedersehen.
+ (_From_ ate logo. _Not used as
+ noun in Portuguese._)
+ ate logo ..................... auf Wiedersehen!
+
+
+=B.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ baio ......................... Pferd (castanienbraunes).
+ bakeljau _m._ (bacalhao) ..... Stockfisch, Kabeljau.
+ balse _f._ ................... Faebre, Floss.
+ banhado ...................... Sumpf.
+ baradi _m.V._ cachaca ........
+ baranca ...................... Boeschung, Uferboeschung.
+ baranke _f.V._ baranca .......
+ barracao ..................... Baracke, Einwandererhaus.
+ barranke _f.V._ baranca ......
+ barre _f._ (barra) ........... Hafeneinfahrt.
+ barricaria ................... Boettcherei.
+ batata, batate, _f._ (batata) Kartoffel (brasilianische).
+ _(The term "batate" is at
+ times applied to the "Irish"
+ potato, altho the latter is
+ generally called "Kartoffel"
+ or "europaeische Kartoffel.")_
+ batate doce _f._ (batata doce) Suesskartoffel.
+ becco ........................ Gaesschen, kleine Gasse.
+ benzedor _m._ ................ Wunderdoktor.
+ benzedura .................... Besprechung der Krankheiten,
+ Beschwoerung.
+ bicho ........................ Insekt, Tier.
+ biscouto ..................... Zwieback.
+ boa noite .................... gute Nacht! guten Abend!
+ boas tardes .................. guten Tag! guten Abend!
+ bohre _f. V._ abobora ........
+ bolacha ...................... Schiffszwieback.
+ bom .......................... gut!
+ bombilha ..................... Materoerchen (i.e., Roerchen zum Mate-
+ trinken).
+ bombacha (bombachas _f.plu._) Pluderhose. R.G.
+ bom dia ...................... guten Tag!
+ bond _m._ (bonde _m._) ....... Tram, Strassenbahnwagen.
+ botina ....................... Halbstiefel.
+ brasse _f._ (braca) .......... 2.20 M. _(Measure of length.)_
+ buger _m._ (bugre _m._) ...... Indianer (Botokude).
+
+
+C.
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ cabo ......................... Unteroffizier.
+ caboclo ...................... Indianermischling.
+ _(Portuguese and Indian.)_
+ cabreste _f.V._ kabreste .....
+ cachaca _m._, cachass _m._
+ (cachaca) .................. Zuckerrohrschnapps.
+ cacique _m._ ................. Indianerhaeuptling.
+ cadea, cade _f._ (cadea,
+ cadeia) .................... Gefaengniss.
+ camarao, camarong _m._
+ (camarao) .................... Krabbe.
+ camarote _f._ (camarote _m._) Theaterloge.
+ campamento (acampamento) ..... Feldlager.
+ campanha ..................... Ebne.
+ campo, camp _m._ (campo) ..... Grassland, Flur.
+ caneca ....................... Wasserbecher.
+ cangalje _f._ (cangalho) ..... Kreuzbocksattel, Packsattel.
+ canna _m.V._ cachaca .........
+ canne _f._ (canna, cana) ..... Zuckerrohr.
+ canoa, _n._, canu _n._
+ (canoa _f._) ............... Einbaum.
+ capa ......................... Mantel.
+ capao, capoes _m.plu._ ....... Wald (kleiner, ausgerotteter)
+ capataz _m._ ................. Vorarbeiter.[TN2]
+ capinen _V._. kapinen ........
+ capitao ...................... Hauptmann.
+ capivara ..................... Wasserschein.
+ capoeire _f._ (capoeira) ..... Gebuesch. _(Land which had been
+ cleared, but which is again
+ covered with underbrush.)_
+ caramba ...................... potztausend! Donnerwetter!
+ carapato (carrapato) ......... Zecke, Holzbock.
+ carcereiro ................... Kerkermeister.
+ careje _f._ .................. Materoesterei.
+ cargueiro .................... Lasttraeger, Lasttier, Lasttierfuehrer.
+ carona ....................... Sattelkissen.
+ carreira ..................... Pferderennen, Wettrennen.
+ carrete _f._ (carreta) ....... Karren.
+ carreteiro ................... Fuhrmann, Kaerrner.
+ carroca ...................... Karosse, Kutsche.
+ carroceiro ................... Fuhrmann.
+ carteira ..................... Brieftasche.
+ catuno ....................... Dieb.
+ caspite ...................... potztausend! Donnerwetter!
+ cautela (cautela, cautella) .. Einschreibezettel.
+ cavalheiro ................... Herr, Edelmann. (_Gentleman._)
+ caxeiro ...................... Ladendiener.
+ caxoeira (cachoeira) ......... Wasserfall, Stromschnelle.
+ chacara (chacara, chacra) .... Grundstueck, Landhaus.
+ chapeo republicano ........... Hut (der Gauchos). R.G.
+ charque _n.V._ xarque ........
+ charqueada _f.V._ xarqueada ..
+ charute _f._, cherrute _f._
+ (charuto, cherruto) ...... Zigarre.
+ chilena ...................... Spore. (_As worn by gauchos._) R.G.
+ chimarrao (chimarra) ......... Ervatee. (_Without sugar._) R.G.
+ churasco (churrasco) ......... Spiessbraten. R.G.
+ cigarro ...................... Zigarette. (_Usually wrapped in
+ palha._")
+ cinema _m._ .................. Lichtbilderhalle.
+ cipo _m._ .................... Liane, Schlingpflanze.
+ cobranca ..................... Einkassierung.
+ cobrieren _V._ kobrieren .....
+ cochilha ..................... Huegelkette, Huegelland.
+ cochinilhos _m. plu._ ........ Kochenillewaren.
+ compadre _m._ ................ Gevatter, Freund.
+ companheiro .................. Gefaehrte, Kamerad.
+ coronel ...................... Oberst.
+ corral _m._ .................. Viehhof.
+ couveflor _n._ (couveflor _f._) Blumenkohl. (R.)
+ coxemalade _f._ (coxo = lame
+ _and_ melado = _sap of sugar
+ cane_) ..................... Lecksyrup.
+ coxinilhos _V._ cochinilhos ..
+ cuia, cuja, cuya (cuia, cuya) Matebecher. (_Made of a hollowed
+ gourd._)
+
+
+=D.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ delegado ..................... Inspektor, Abgeordneter.
+ despaschieren (despachar) .... abfertigen[TN3], aus dem Zollamt
+ holen.
+ devolut (devoluto) ........... vakant, brachliegend. (Devolutes
+ Land == Regierungsland.)
+ diligencia ................... Postwagen, Diligence.
+ dispaschieren _V._
+ despachieren. ..............
+ doca (doca) .................. Hafendamm, Landeplatz.
+ doce _n._, doss n. (doce _m._) Suessigkeit, Konfekt.
+ dona ......................... Frau, Fraeulein.
+
+
+=E.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ egua (egua, egoa) ............ Stute.
+ encommenda, ericommende _f._
+ (encommenda) ............. Sendung (per Post, Bahn oder Schiff).
+ enfin (enfin, emfim) ......... mit einem Worte, endlich.
+ engenho _m._ ................. Zuckermuehle.
+ erva ......................... Paraguaythee (ilex paraguayensis).
+ erva mate _m._ ............... _Ibid._
+ escriptorio .................. Buereau.
+ eskadron _m._ (esquadao) ..... Schwadron.
+ esta bom ..................... es ist gut!
+ estampa ...................... Gepraege, Abdruck.
+ estancia ..................... Landgut, Viehzuechterei.
+ estancieiro .................. Viehzuechter.
+ e tanto ...................... und so und so viel.
+
+
+=F.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ fac _m._ (facao) ............. Waldmesser.
+ fakong _m. V._ fac ...........
+ farello, farelle _f._ (farelo) Kleie.
+ farinha, farin _n._ (farinha) Mehl, Mandiocamehl.
+ farrapo, farrape _m._ (farrapo) Revolutionaer. (_Of 1835._) R.G.
+ fazenda ...................... Landgut
+ fazendas ..................... Schnittwaren, Stoffe, Waren.
+ Landgueter.
+ fazendenloge _f._ (fazendas
+ _and_ loja) ................ Warenladen.
+ feijao ....................... Schminkbohne, schwarze Bohne.
+ feitor _m._ .................. Verwalter, Aufseher.
+ ferragens _f. plu._ .......... Eisenwaren.
+ figueira ..................... Feigenbaum.
+ foice _f._ (foica, foice,
+ fouce, fouxe) .............. Buschsichel.
+ forca ........................ Streitkraft, Revolutionaerbande.
+ fosforo _n._ (fosforo) ....... Streichholz.
+ freguez _m._ ................. Kunde.
+ freguezia .................... Kirchspiel.
+ fuchs _m.V._ foice ...........
+ fumo, fum _m._ (fumo) ........ Tabac.
+
+
+=G.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ gaita ........................ Dudelsack, Zieharmonica.
+ gallinha ..................... Huhn.
+ galpao ....................... Schuppen, Huette.
+ garaffe _f._ (garaffa) ....... Flasche.
+ garca ........................ Reiher.
+ garonne _f._ (garonna) ....... Reitdecke, Satteldecke (aus Leder).
+ garrafao, garafao (garrafao) . grosse Flasche.
+ garupa ....................... Kruppe.
+ gateado ...................... schwarzgefleckt (von Tieren).
+ gazose _f._ (gazosa) ......... Brauselimonade.
+ gordura ...................... Fettware (i.e., Schmalz, etc.).
+ governador _m._ .............. Statthalter.
+ gramme _f._ (grama) .......... Weidegras, Hundgras, Quecken.
+ guisada (guisado) ............ Ragout, Wuerzspeise.
+
+
+=I.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ intendent _m._
+ (intendente _m._) .......... Verwalter, Landrat, Intendant.
+ invernada .................... Winterquartier. (_For cattle._)
+
+
+=J.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ jacare _m._ .................. Krokodil, Kaiman.
+ jaguatirica .................. Tigerkatze.
+ jatte _f._ (hiate _m._) ...... Segelschiff, Jacht, Zweimaster.
+
+
+=K=.
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ kabokler _V._ caboclo ........
+ kabreste f. (cabresto) ....... Halfter.
+ kadee _f.V._ cadea ...........
+ kamp _V._ campo ..............
+ kangalje _f.V._ cangalje .....
+ kanoe _n._, kanoh _n.V._ canoa
+ kapinen (capinar) ............ gaeten, jaeten.
+ karrete _V._ carrete .........
+ kartonnage _f._ (cartonnagens
+ _f. plu._) ................. Pappware, Pappschachtel.
+ kaschass _m.V._ cachaca ......
+ kaschero, kaschoer _m.V._
+ caxeiro ....................
+ kaschimbe, _f._ (cachimbo) ... Tabakspfeife.
+ kobrieren (cobrar) ........... einkassieren, einnehmen.
+ korbgarrafao (garaffao) ...... Korbflasche.
+
+
+=L=.
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ laco ......................... Schlinge.
+ ladeira ...................... Abhang (eines Berges), steiler Weg.
+ lagarto ...................... Eidechse (grosse).
+ lancha, lanche _f._ (lancha) . Lastkahn, Boot.
+ larancha, laranche _f._
+ laranje _f._ (laranja) ..... Orange.
+ lassen (lacar) ............... Schlinge werfen, mit der Schlinge
+ fangen.
+ late _f._, latte _f._ (lata) . Blechbuechse, Dose, Kasten.
+ lelong _f._ (leilao) ......... Versteigerung, Auktion.
+ loege _f._ (loja) ............. Kaufmannsladen.
+ lote _f._ .................... Grundstueck, Landparzelle, Lose.
+ louca ........................ Tafelgeschirr.
+
+
+=M=.
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ macaco ....................... Affe.
+ macho ........................ Maulesel.
+ mais ou menos ................ mehr oder weniger, ungefaer.
+ makak _m.V._ macaco ..........
+ mala ......................... Reisetasche, Mantelsack.
+ mamong _m._ (mamao) .......... Rizinus, Wunderbaumfrucht.
+ mandioca ..................... Maniok.
+ mandubi _f., m._ (mandubi _m._,
+ amendoim _m._) ............. Erdnuss.
+ manga ........................ Hofplatz (fuer Tiere).
+ mangeira (manjeira) .......... Futterstaette, Viehhof.
+ marchador .................... in langsamem Trapp.
+ mascato (mascate _m._) ....... Hausierer, Troedler.
+ mata-bicho _(Slang)_ ......... Schnapps.
+ matungo ...................... Klepper.
+ mellado ...................... Syrup.
+ mercado ...................... Markt.
+ mesclahosen _f. plu._ (mescla
+ = Mischung) ................ gestreifte Hosen.
+ mestizo (mestico) ............ Mestize, Mischling.
+ mico ......................... Pfeifaffe.
+ milho ........................ Mais.
+ miljekolben _m._ (miljo) ..... Maiskolben.
+ miudezas _f. plu._ ........... Kleinigkeiten, kleine Gegenstaende.
+ mula, mule _f._ (mula) ....... Maulesel, Maultier.
+ multe _f._ (multa) ........... Geldstrafe.
+ multieren (multar) ........... zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilen.
+ munizip _n._ (municipio) ..... Kreis, Teil eines Staates.
+
+
+=N.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ no e? (nao e?) ............... nicht wahr?
+ no senhor! (nao senhor!) ..... nein, mein Herr!
+
+
+=O.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ o de fora .................... heida, du draussen!
+ orsament _m._ (orcamento) .... Anschlag, Bauanschlag, Kostenanschlag.
+
+
+=P.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ paciencia .................... Geduld!
+ paiol _m._ ................... Proviantkammer, Vorratskammer.
+ palha, palje _f._ (palha) .... Maisstroh.
+ palhazigarrette _f._ ......... Zigarette (mit Maisstroh gewickelt).
+ palla ........................ leichter Reitermantel.
+ palpite _m._ ................. Ahnung, Herzklopfen.
+ pancare _m._ ................. hellbraunes Pferd.
+ past _m._ (pasto) ............ Weide.
+ pataca, patak _f._, patake
+ _f._ (pataca) .............. 320 Reis. (_Old coin._)
+ patacao ...................... Zweimilreistueck. (_Old Spanish
+ silver dollar._)
+ patrao ....................... Prinzipal, Vorgesetzter.
+ patte _f._ (pata) ............ Ente.
+ peao ......................... Fussgaenger, Reitknecht.
+ pechincha .................... gutes Geschaeft, unverhoffter Gewinn.
+ periquito .................... Sittig, kleiner Papagei.
+ persienne _f._ (persianna) ... Sommerladen, Jalousie.
+ peru _m._ .................... Truthahn.
+ picaco ....................... dunkelgefarbtes aber weissfuessiges
+ Pferd.
+ picada, picade _f._, pikade
+ _f._(picada) ............... Waldpfad, Urwaldweg, Koloniestrasse.
+ picapau _m._ ................. Vorderlader, mit Vorderlader
+ bewaffneter Soldat.
+ pikarette _f._ (picareta) .... Picke, Spitzhacke.
+ pimente _f._ (pimenta) ....... Pfeffer, Nelkenpfeffer.
+ pinga ........................ Tropfen (Schnapps).
+ pipa, pipe _f._ (pipa) ....... Tonne, Fass.
+ polizeidelegado .............. Polizei-inspektor.
+ poncho ....................... Reitermantel.
+ portao, portong _m._ (portao) Hauseingang, Torweg.
+ porteira ..................... Eingangator (zur "Pikade").
+ portreere _f._ (portreiro) ... Koppel, Weideplatz, Viehraum
+ (eingefriedigter).
+ posen (repousar) ............. rasten, ruhen lassen.
+ potro ........................ Fuellen, junges Pferd.
+ praca ........................ Platz, Marktplatz.
+ prima ........................ Base, Kousine.
+ primo ........................ Vetter.
+ prompt (prompto, pronto) ..... fertig, bereit
+ puschen (puxar) .............. ziehen.
+ puschochse _m._ .............. Zugochse.
+ pussen _V._ puschen ..........
+
+
+=Q.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ quero-quero .................. Kiebitz.
+ questao _f._ (questao) ....... Frage.
+
+
+=R.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ rancho ....................... Kolonistenhaus, Lehmhuette, Huette.
+ rapadura ..................... Zuckerkuchen, brauner Zucker.
+ rebankieren (arrebanhar) ..... in Herden versammeln, zusammenscharen.
+ rekerieren (requerer) ........ auffordern, bitten, ersuchen.
+ riberong _m._ (riberao) ...... Bach.
+ rio _f. (sometimes m.),_ (rio) Fluss.
+ riscado ...................... Gingan, gestreiftes Baumwollenzeug.
+ roca, roce _f._ (roca) ....... Pflanzung, Lichtung.
+ rocemachen ................... Land urbarmachen.
+ rocewirtschaft _f._ .......... Landwirtschaft.
+ rodeiro ...................... Umweg, Ausflucht.
+ rosse _f.V._ roca ............
+ rossieren (rocar) ............ ausjaeten, urbarmachen.
+
+
+=S.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ sabia _m._ ................... Amsel (brasilianische).
+ salto _m._ ................... Wasserfall.
+ sange _f._ (sanga) ........... Graben (wasserhaltiger).
+ scharute _f.V._ charute.......
+ scheegen (chegar) ............ genuegen.
+ schikott _m._ (chicote _m._) . Peitsche.
+ seccos und molhados .......... Kolonialwaren (i.e. trockene und
+ nasse Waren).
+ sellieren (sellar) ........... stempeln, besiegeln.
+ sello ........................ Freimarke.
+ serra ........................ Gebirge, Hochland.
+ sertanejo .................... Einwohner der Wildnis.
+ sertao ....................... Wildnis, Einoede, Kuestenwaelder.
+ si, senhor! (sim, senhor) .... ja, mein Herr!
+ sitio ........................ Grundstueck, kleines Landgut,
+ sobrado ...................... Stockwerk, Geschoss.
+ stanz _f.V._ estancia ........
+ strupiat (estropiado) ........ lahm, verkrueppelt.
+ suspensorios _m. plu._ ....... Hosentraeger.
+
+
+=T.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ tamandua _m._ ................ Ameisenbaer, Ameisenfresser.
+ taquara ...................... Bambus.
+ tarraffe _f._ (tarrafa) ...... Wurfnetz.
+ tatu _n._ (tatu _m._) ........ Guerteltier.
+ 'te logo! _V._ ate logo ......
+ tenente _m._ ................. Leutnant.
+ terral _m._ .................. Landwind.
+ thesouraria .................. Schatzkammer, Zahlamt.
+ tocken (tocar) ............... schlagen, antreiben.
+ tokaio (tocaio) .............. Namensvetter.
+ tolde _f._ (tolda) ........... Verdeck (auf einem Wagen).
+ tostao ....................... 100 Reis.
+ trace _f._ (traca) ........... Spur, Entwurf.
+ trapiche _m._, trapisch _m._
+ (trapiche _m._) ............ Lagerhaus (am Hafen), Kai.
+ troc _m._ (troca) ............ Wechsel, Tausch, Kleingeld.
+ trocken (trocar) ............. wechseln, tauschen.
+ tropa ........................ Trupp, Maultiertrupp.
+ tropeiro ..................... Viehhaendler.
+ tupiano ...................... Scheck. (_Dappled horse._)
+
+
+=U.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ urubu _m._ ................... Geier.
+
+
+=V.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ vamos ........................ vorwaerts!
+ vaqueano ..................... Fuehrer.
+ vendaschuld _f._ (venda) ..... Zechschuld.
+ venda, vende _f._ (venda) .... Kaufladen, Kram und Schankladen,
+ Schenke.
+ vendeiro, vedist _m._
+ (vendeiro) ................. Gastwirt, Kleinhaendler.
+ ventin _m._ (vintem _m._) .... 20 Reis. (_Coin._)
+ villa ........................ Staedtchen.
+ vintem _m._, vinten _m. V._
+ ventin .....................
+ violao ....................... Bratache, Bassgeige.
+ viva ......................... Vivat, Lebehoch.
+
+
+=W.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ wentin _m. V._ ventin ........
+ wolte _f._ (volta)............ Spaziergang, Windung (eines Weges
+ oder Flusses).
+
+
+=X.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ xarque _n._ (xarque _m._) .... Doerrfleisch.
+ xarqueada .................... Schlaechterei.
+
+
+=Z.=
+
+ _Brazilian German._ _High German._
+
+ zaino ........................ ungeflecktes Pferd (e.g. ganz
+ schwarz).
+ zebruno ...................... Falbe.
+ zigarro _V._ cigarro .........
+ zipo _V._ cipo ...............
+ zise _f._ (sisa, siza) ....... Accise, Verbrauchssteuer.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN PRESS.
+
+Among the many things the German agricultural colonist in Brazil had to
+dispense with so far as a supply from abroad was concerned, was reading
+matter. Even to this day books are a relative rarity in the home along
+the "picada." Only in the more important centers is there a general
+access to publications of this type.
+
+
+ALMANACS.
+
+As has been the case for centuries in German-speaking communities both
+in Europe and North America, where there has been a general lack of
+books, the want of reading-matter has largely been filled by that most
+important medium, the almanac. The same condition applies to Brazil. We
+might call the almanac the colonist's encyclopedia. It is his
+agricultural guide, medical adviser, compendium of short stories and
+poetry, moral guide, diary, and a thousand and one other things in
+addition to being the source of the information which an almanac is
+ordinarily supposed to furnish, i.e., list the change of seasons, days
+and months of the year, feast-days, eclipses, etc. To persons acquainted
+only with the folk-almanacs in Europe and North America, the entire lack
+of weather-forecasts in the Brazilian German editions is striking.
+
+Among the best known and most important German folk-almanacs in Brazil
+are:
+
+ _Rothermund's Kalender fuer die Deutschen in Brasilien_, published
+ in Sao Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R.G. do Sul;
+
+ _Uhle's illustrierter deutsch-brasilianischer Familien-Kalender_,
+ published in Rio and Curityba;
+
+ _Der Familienfreund_, published in Porte Alegre;
+
+ _Riograndenser Marienkalender_, published in Porto Alegre;
+
+and
+
+ _Musterreiters Neu-Historischer Kalender_, published in Porto
+ Alegre.
+
+Rothermund's and Uhle's almanacs are perhaps the most important as well
+as the most voluminous. To them one might well apply the statement found
+in the preface to one of the well-known reading-texts published for use
+in the "Pikadenschulen": "Darin ist alles enthalten, was fuer gebildeten
+Kolonisten zu wissen interessant und lehrreich ist."[129]
+
+The almanacs mentioned above have for years been appearing regularly. In
+addition there have been many others, appearing, as a rule, only for a
+year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance.
+
+In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the
+colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to
+persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of
+those colonists.
+
+
+NEWSPAPERS.
+
+The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its beginning in the
+early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852, _Der Kolonist_
+appeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort
+was short-lived. From December, 1853, to July 10th, 1861, _Der Deutsche
+Einwanderer_, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April 16th,
+1853, _Der Deutsche Beobachter_, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G.F. Busch
+appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from
+an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicitation of
+colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 the _Brasilia_,
+a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning
+with January 17th, 1864, the _Germania_, a weekly edited by Peter
+Mueller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in
+its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few
+years.
+
+From 1860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral
+existence published in Brazil is legion. Excepting those above
+mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a
+continual existence from the time of their founding and appearing to
+this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is
+indicated in each case the title of the paper, the place of publication,
+the number of times it appears weekly and the year in which it was
+founded.
+
+ _Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861.
+ _Kolonie Zeitung_, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862.
+ _Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870.
+ _Germania_, Sao Paulo. Daily. 1877.
+ _Deutsche Post_, Sao Leopoldo. Daily. 1880.
+ _Blumenauer Zeitung_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881.
+ _Neue Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881.
+ _Der Beobachter_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889.
+ _Kolonie_, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890.
+ _Der Urwaldsbote_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892.
+ _Nachrichten_, Petropolis. Semi-weekly. 1892.
+ _Deutsche Zeitung fuer Sao Paulo._ Daily. 1897.
+ _Vaterland_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1901.
+ _Der Kompass_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1901.
+ _Volks-Zeitung_, Sao Bento. Weekly. 1908.
+ _Die Serra Post_, Ijuhy. Semi-weekly. 1910.
+ _Brusquer Zeitung_, Brusque. Weekly. 1911.
+ _Deutsche Wacht_, Pelotas. Semi-weekly. 1914.
+ _Deutsches Tageblatt_, Rio de Janeiro. Daily. 1914.
+
+From what has been said above, in reference both to almanacs and
+newspapers, it will be noted that Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul has
+from the beginning been the most important center for Brazilian German
+journalistic efforts.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+
+The works listed below are important sources for the study of the
+history and cultural status of the German element in Brazil. Books,
+important pamphlets and several manuscripts are noted. A great many
+articles dealing with the general subject of the German element in
+Brazil have in the past appeared in newspapers and periodicals such as
+the _Alldeutsche Blaetter, Ausland, Der Deutsche Ansiedeler, Deutsche
+Erde, Deutsche Koloniezeitung, Echo, Globus, Petermann's Mitteilungen,
+etc._, and particularly in the Brazilian German almanacs and newspapers
+listed in the appendix. Due to the fact that a complete list of these
+articles would require a volume in itself, they are not further
+indicated.
+
+Ackerbaukolonien. _Dr. Hermann Meyer's Ackerbaukolonien Neu-Wuertemberg
+und Xingu in Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)
+
+Agassiz, Prof. Louis and Mrs.: _A Journey to Brazil._ Boston, 1868.
+
+Angerami, Domingos. _V._ Fonseca, Antonio.
+
+Auswanderer. _Central Auskunftstelle fuer Auswanderer. Deutsche
+Kolonialgesellschaft. Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1904. (_Pamphlet._)
+
+Ave-Lallement, Dr. Robert: _Reise durch Suedbrasilien im Jahre 1858._
+Leipzig, 1859. (_2 vols._)
+
+Bastos, Travares: _Questoes de Immigracao. (Manuscript in National
+Library. Rio.)_
+
+Blumenau, Dr. Hermann: _Suedbrasilien in seinen Beziehungen zu deutscher
+Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Rudolstadt, 1850.
+
+Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Aus Sued-Brasilien. Erinnerungen und
+Aufzeichnungen_, Brackwede i/W., 1913.
+
+Breitenbach, Dr. W.: _Die Provinz Rio Grande do Sul Brasiliens und die
+deutsche Auswanderung._ Heidelberg, 1885.
+
+Burton, Richard F., _V._ Tootal, Albert.
+
+Canstatt, Oscar: _Kritisches Repertorium der Deutsch-Brasilianischen
+Literatur._ Berlin, 1902.
+
+Carvalho, C.M. Delgado de: _Le Bresil Meridional._ Paris, 1910.
+
+Cunha, Dr. Jose Bonifacio da: _Commemoracao do 50 deg. Anniversario da
+Fundacao de Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.
+
+Dechent, N.: _Festschrift zur Jubelfeier des Schulvereins zu Joinville
+am 14. August 1916._ Joinville, 1916.
+
+Dettmann, Eduard: _Brasiliens Aufschwung in deutscher Beleuchtung._
+Berlin, 1908.
+
+Dilthey, R.: _Die deutschen Ansiedelungen in Suedbrasilien, Uruguay und
+Argentinien._ Berlin, 1882.
+
+Doerffel, Dr. O.: _Die Colonie Dona Francisca in der Suedbrasilianischen
+Provinz Santa Catharina._ Joinville, 1882.
+
+Elliott, L.E.: _Brazil Today and Tomorrow._ New York, 1917.
+
+_L'Etat de Sao Paulo. Renseignements utiles._ Antwerp, 1914. (_Sao Paulo
+State publication. 3d ed._)
+
+_Festschrift zur Erinnerung an den Ostmarkenabend._ Sao Paulo, 1916.
+(Apr. 13th.)
+
+_Festschrift zum 50 jaehrigem Jubilaeum der Pfarrei Sao Jose do
+Hortencio._ Porto Alegre, 1899.
+
+Fonseca, Antonio,--et Angerami, Domingos: _Guide de l'Etat de St. Paul._
+Sao Paulo, 1912.
+
+Funke, Alfred: _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien. Bilder aus dem Leben der
+Deutschen im Staate Rio Grande do Sul._ Leipzig, 1902.
+
+Funke, Alfred: _Deutsche Siedelung ueber See. Ein Abriss ihrer Geschichte
+und ihr Gedeihen in Rio Grande do Sul._ Halle a/Saale, 1902.
+
+Gernhard, Robert: _Dona Francisca, Hansa und Blumenau._ Breslau, 1901.
+
+Gerstaecker, Friedrich: _Achtzehn Monate in Suedamerika._ Jena, 1862, and
+Leipzig, 1863.
+
+Giesebrecht, Franz: _Die deutsche Kolonie Hansa in Suedbrasilien._
+Berlin, 1899.
+
+Grimm, M., und Ruecker, A.A.: _Heimatkunde von Brasilien._ Porto Alegre,
+1914.
+
+Grimm, M., und Ruecker, A.: _Lehr- und Lesebuch fuer Schule und Haus._
+Porto Alegre, 1914.
+
+Grossi, Prof. Dott. Vincenzo: _Storia detta Colonizzazione al Brasil e
+della Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato di S. Paulo._ Milano-Roma-Napoli,
+1914.
+
+_Handbuch des Deutschthums im Auslande._ Herausgegeben vom Allgemeinen
+Deutschen Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschthums im Auslande.
+Berlin. (Dietrich Reimer.)
+
+Historia da Immigracao. _Dados para a Historia da Immigracao e da
+Colonizacao em Sao Paulo enviados pela Seccao de Informacoes do
+Departamento Estadual do Trabalho a Directoria do Servico de
+Povoamento._ Sao Paulo, 1916. (_Govt. publication._)
+
+Imperio do Brazil. _O Imperio do Brazil na Exposicao Universal de 1876
+em Philadelphia._ Rio de Janeiro, 1875. (_State publication._)
+
+_Impressoes do Brazil no Secolo Vinte._ London, 1913. (Lloyds Greater
+Britain Publishing Company.)
+
+Jahn, Adalbert: _Die Kolonien von Sao Leopoldo in der kaiserlich
+brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul sowie allgemeine Betrachtungen
+ueber freie Einwanderung in Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1871.
+
+Jahrbuch. _Erstes Jahrbuch fuer die deutschsprechende Kolonie im Staate
+Sao Paulo._ Sao Paulo, 1905.
+
+Jannasch, R.: _Land und Leute von Rio Grande do Sul._ Berlin, 1905.
+
+Kluepfel, Dr. Karl: _N. Federmanns und H. Stades Reisen in Suedamerica
+1529 bis 1555._ Stuttgart, 1859. (Bibl. des litt. Vereins in Stuttgart.
+No. 47.)
+
+Koseritz, Carl von: _Bilder aus Brasilien._ Leipzig and Berlin, 1885.
+
+Krauel, Dr. R.: _Deutsche Interessen in Brasilien._ Hamburg, 1900.
+
+Kultur-Pionier. _Der Kultur-Pionier im Staate Sao Paulo._
+(Sonder-Ausgabe der Deutschen Zeitung.) Sao Paulo, 1913.
+
+Lacmann, Dr. Wilhelm: _Ritte und Rasttage in Sued-Brasilien. Reisebilder
+und Studien aus dem Leben der deutschen Siedelungen._ Berlin, 1906.
+
+Lange, Henry: _Suedbrasilien, mit Ruecksicht auf die deutsche
+Kolonisation._ Leipzig, 1885. (_2d ed._)
+
+Langendonck, Madame van: _Une Colonie au Bresil. Recits Historiques._
+Antwerp, 1862.
+
+Learned, M.D.: _Guide to the Manuscript Materials Relating to American
+History in the German State Archives._ Washington, 1912.
+
+Lehmann, Emil: _Die deutsche Auswanderung._ Berlin, 1861.
+
+Leyfer, H.: _Deutsches Kolonistenleben im Staate Santa Catharina in
+Suedbrasilien._ Leipzig, 1900.
+
+Lima, Oliveira: _Dom Joao VI no Brasil, 1808-1821._ Rio de Janeiro,
+1908.
+
+Ludwig, A.: _A colonizacao nos paizes da America do Sul._ Porto Alegre,
+1916.
+
+Lufft, Dr. Hermann: _Das portugiesische Suedamerika._ Berlin and Leipzig,
+1913. (Sammlung Goeschen. No. 672.)
+
+Marcondes de Souza, T. Oscar: _O Estado de Sao Paulo._ Sao Paulo, 1915.
+
+d'Oliveira, Luiz Rodriguez: _Algumas Ideias sobre a Colonisacao do
+Brazil._ Paris, 1871. (_Pamphlet._)
+
+Orlando, Arthur: _Brazil. A Terra e o Homem._ Recife, 1913.
+
+Pereira da Silva, J.M.: _Quadros da Historia Colonial do Brazil._ Rio de
+Janeiro, 1895.
+
+Perrin, Paul: _Les Colonies Agricoles au Bresil d'apres les documents
+officiels les plus recents._ Paris, 1912.
+
+Piccarolo, Dott. Antonio: _L'Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato de S.
+Paulo._ Sao Paulo, 1911.
+
+Pompeu, Julio: _Vier Staaten Brasiliens. Four Brazilian States._ Rio de
+Janeiro, 1910.
+
+_Prospekt der Hanseatischen Kolonisation-Gesellschaft. Ansiedelungen im
+Staate Santa Catharina, Suedbrasilien, Kolonie "Hansa." (Pamphlet.)_
+Hamburg, 1898.
+
+_Ratschlaege fuer Auswanderer nach Suedbrasilien._ (Jannasch, Koseritz,
+Doerffel, Sellin.) Berlin, 1897, (_3d ed._)
+
+_Relatorio. Ministerio da Agricultura. Servico de Povamento em 1910._
+Rio de Janeiro, 1911.
+
+Ruecker, A.A. _V._ Grimm, M.
+
+Schanz, Moritz: _Das Heutige Brasilien. Land, Leute und wirtschaftliche
+Verhaeltnisse._ Hamburg, 1893.
+
+Schueler, Heinrich: _Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft._ Stuttgart and
+Leipzig, 1912.
+
+Sellin, A.W.: _Brasilien und die La Plata-Staaten._ Munich. (J.F.
+Lehmann's Verlag.)
+
+Sellin, A.W.: _Das Kaiserreich Brasilien._ Leipzig, 1885. (_2 vols._)
+
+Sellin, A.W.: _Landeskunde der Vereinigten Staaten von Brasilien._
+Hamburg, 1909.
+
+Sieves Wilhelm: _Suedamerika und die deutschen Interessen._ Stuttgart,
+1903.
+
+Simon, Alex.: _Auswanderung und deutsch-nationale Kolonisation v.
+Suedamerika._ Bayreuth, 1850.
+
+Sommer, Friedrich: _Das Deutschthum in Sao Paulo unter besonderer
+Beruecksichtigung seiner Entwickdung und seiner heutigen
+wirthschaftlichen und kulturellen Bedeutung._ Sao Paulo. (_Still in
+manuscript at the time the present work went to press._)
+
+Stade, Hans: _Wahrhafftig Historia und Beschreibung einer Landschafft
+der wilden, nacketen, grimmigen Menschfresser Leuthen, in der newen Welt
+America gelegen._ Franckfurt am Main, 1556. (_V._ Kluepfel, Dr. Karl.)
+
+Telles, Moreira: _O Brazil e a Emigracao._ Lisbon, 1913.
+
+Tootal, Albert, and Burton, Richard F.: _The Captivity of Hans Stade of
+Hesse, in A.D. 1547-1555, among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil._
+London, 1874.
+
+Tschudi, Johann Jakob von: _Reisen durch Suedamerika._ Leipzig,
+1866-1869. (_5 vols._)
+
+Urwaldsbote. _Der Urwaldsbote. Kalender fuer die Deutschen in
+Suedbrasilien. Herausgegeben zum 50 jaehrigen Bestehen der Kolonie
+Blumenau._ Blumenau, 1900.
+
+Vallentin, Dr. W.: _Das Deutschthum in Suedamerika._ Berlin, 1908.
+
+Wagemann, E.: _Die deutschen Kolonisten im brasilianischen Staate
+Espirito Santo._ Schriften des Vereins fuer Sozialpolitik (Beitrag zur
+Enquete ueher die Ansiedelung von Europaeern in den Tropen). 1916
+[?].[130]
+
+Wappaeus, Dr. J.E.: _Deutsche Auswanderung und Kolonisation._ Leipzig,
+1846 and 1848. (_2 parts._)
+
+Wernicke, Hugo: _Deutsch-evangelisches Volkstum in Espirito Santo. Eine
+Reise zu deutschen Kaffeebauern in einem tropischen Staate Brasiliens._
+Potsdam, 1910. (_2d ed._)
+
+Wright, Marie Robinson: _The New Brazil._ Philadelphia, 1907.
+
+Zoeller, Hugo: _Die Deutschen im Brasilischen Urwald._ Berlin and
+Stuttgart, 1883.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 41: _V._ note 29, p. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 42: I.e., Pedreiras, Parelheiros, M'Boy, Colonia Velha and
+Itapecerica.]
+
+[Footnote 43: _V._ note 27, p. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 44: I.e., Brazilian of Portuguese extraction.]
+
+[Footnote 45: In den Schneizen [of Santa Cruz and Sao Lourenco] sprechen
+sogar die dort aufgewachsenen Neger Hunsruecker Dialekt.... Ein
+Musterreiter bereiste einst ... die Rio Grandenser Kolonieen. Als er an
+einen Kreuzweg kam, sah er zwei Schwarze am Wege im Felde hocken. Er
+fragte sie auf Portugiesisch um den richtigen Weg. "Wat seggt de Kirl?"
+fragt ein Schwarzer den andern. "Ah, ihr sprecht deutsch?" ... "Ja," war
+die Antwort, "mir sein deitsche Neger."
+
+E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald." _Uhle's
+Kalender_ for 1912, p. 76.]
+
+[Footnote 46: This rule holds for the Portuguese, but not for the German
+_'j'_ as e.g., where the latter replaces the _'h'_ in _jatte_ (from
+_hiate_), the _'i'_ or _'y'_ in _cuja_ (from _cuia, cuya_) or the
+_'lh'_ in _cangalje_ (from _cangalho_). In such cases the _'j'_ has the
+phonetic value of the English _'y'_.]
+
+[Footnote 47: See note 4, p. 19.]
+
+[Footnote 48: The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in Sao Paulo. _V._
+note 2, p. 19.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina.]
+
+[Footnote 50: For a further example of a short proper name compare the
+one commonly applied to the small town "O'" (contraction of "Nossa
+Senhora do O'"), located a short distance to the northwest of Sao
+Paulo.]
+
+[Footnote 51: This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to
+native-born German Brazilians.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Political propaganda literature intended to lead the
+unwary to draw different conclusions has been copiously spread before
+the public during the last decade. Whatever the ideas on the subject may
+be in foreign countries, the German Brazilians themselves are the only
+ones who can speak on it with authority. Strange to say, they never seem
+to be consulted or studied at first hand by those who speak most loudly
+about the "German peril" in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Blumenau, Joinville
+and Curityba can furnish more accurate information on this particular
+subject than Berlin, Paris, London and New York.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Several specific examples will be noted in the specimens
+from advertisements in almanacs and newspapers, pp. 36-39.]
+
+[Footnote 54: By P. Th. Amstadt, S.J. The story appears in the
+_Familienfreund_ for 1917, P. 39 ff.]
+
+[Footnote 55: _Viezuechter._]
+
+[Footnote 56: _Feigenbaum._]
+
+[Footnote 57: _Landgut._]
+
+[Footnote 58: Read _60 Milreis_.]
+
+[Footnote 59: _Winterquatier._]
+
+[Footnote 60: _Conto_= 1000 Milreis.]
+
+[Footnote 61: _Freund._]
+
+[Footnote 62: _Schlaechterei._]
+
+[Footnote 63: _Viehhaendler._]
+
+[Footnote 64: _Schenke._]
+
+[Footnote 65: _Fertig._]
+
+[Footnote 66: _Gepraege._]
+
+[Footnote 67: _Uhles Familienkalender_, 1916, p. 318.]
+
+[Footnote 68: Ibid., p. 300.]
+
+[Footnote 69: Ibid., p. 315.]
+
+[Footnote 70: Ibid., p~ 297.]
+
+[Footnote 71: _Familienfreund_, 1917, p. xxv.]
+
+[Footnote 72: Ibid., p. xxvii.]
+
+[Footnote 73: _Riograndenser Marienkalender_, 1917, p. 128.]
+
+[Footnote 74: _Rotermund's Kalender fuer die Deutschen in Brasilien_,
+1915, p. 410.]
+
+[Footnote 75: _Uhle's Familienkalender_, 1917, p. 170.]
+
+[Footnote 76: _Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre, July 20, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 77: _Vaterland_, Porto Alegre, September 18, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 79: _Blumenauer Zeitung_, August 22, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 80: _Brusker Zeitung_, August 12, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 81: _Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre, July 5, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 82: _Kolonie-Zeitung_, Joinville, August 17, 1916.]
+
+[Footnote 83: _Die Serra-Post_, Ijuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, September 15,
+1916.]
+
+[Footnote 84: From Funke's _Aus Deutsch-Brasilien,_ p. 167.]
+
+[Footnote 85: _Unverhofftes Gewinn._]
+
+[Footnote 86: _Reisetasche._]
+
+[Footnote 87: _Waldpfadswanze._]
+
+[Footnote 88: _Baumwolle._]
+
+[Footnote 89: _Gingan._]
+
+[Footnote 90: _Reitermaentel._]
+
+[Footnote 91: _Preisermaessigung._]
+
+[Footnote 92: _Kaufladen._]
+
+[Footnote 93: _Maulesel._]
+
+[Footnote 94: _10,000 milreis._]
+
+[Footnote 95: _Guten Tag!_]
+
+[Footnote 96: _V._ Breitenbach: _Aus Sued-Brasilien_, p. 247.]
+
+[Footnote 97: _Verdeck._]
+
+[Footnote 98: _Scheck._]
+
+[Footnote 99: _Falbe._]
+
+[Footnote 100: _Tierhaendler._]
+
+[Footnote 101: _Hochland._]
+
+[Footnote 102: _Gevatter._]
+
+[Footnote 103: _Tor._]
+
+[Footnote 104: _Waldstrasse._]
+
+[Footnote 105: _Lichtung._]
+
+[Footnote 106: _Maiskolben._]
+
+[Footnote 107: _Maultier._]
+
+[Footnote 108: _Kuerbisse._]
+
+[Footnote 109: ="portreiro" (_Weideplats, Koppel_).]
+
+[Footnote 110: _Graben._]
+
+[Footnote 111: _Boeschungen._]
+
+[Footnote 112: _Waldmesser._]
+
+[Footnote 113: _Bambus._]
+
+[Footnote 114: _Lianen._]
+
+[Footnote 115: _Guerteltier._]
+
+[Footnote 116: _Buschsichel._]
+
+[Footnote 117: _Wettrennen._]
+
+[Footnote 118: _Mehl._]
+
+[Footnote 119: _Kleinhaendler._]
+
+[Footnote 120: _Gezogen._]
+
+[Footnote 121: _Geschlagen._]
+
+[Footnote 122: _Packsattel._]
+
+[Footnote 123: Of the words appearing in the GLOSSARY the writer
+acknowledges as his source for the following the _Verdeutschungsheft_ by
+G.A. Buechler, Blumenau, 1915: _Backeljau, balse, kaschimbo, lelong,
+multe, multieren, orsament, pikarette, rekerieren, rossieren, sellieren,
+strupiat, wolte, zise._]
+
+[Footnote 124: It is to be remembered, however, that High German is the
+norm in ordinary news articles in almanacs, newspapers, etc., as well as
+for literary purposes in general. In such instances Brazilian German
+forms appear relatively rarely.]
+
+[Footnote 125: All words or phrases thus noted have since been observed
+in print in Brazilian German publications, with the exception of
+_agriao_ and _bond_.]
+
+[Footnote 126: The simple word "Portuguese" is particularly avoided here
+(as well as throughout this work generally) because the language as
+spoken by the general public in Brazil frequently differs from the
+language of Portugal. While the same in form, the words often have a
+different meaning. Also many Indian words, especially from the Guarany
+and Tupi languages, are embodied in the Brazilian national idiom.]
+
+[Footnote 127: This applies to the written, but not always to the spoken
+language.]
+
+[Footnote 128: I.e., like the use of the word "sou" in France,
+"Groschen" in Germany, or "penny" in the United States.]
+
+[Footnote 129: _V._ Grimm-Ruecker: _Lehr-und Lesebuch_, p. iii.]
+
+[Footnote 130: Because of existing conditions it has been impossible to
+determine whether this work has as yet appeared in print.]
+
+
+
+
+AMERICANA GERMANICA
+
+
+MONOGRAPH SERIES.
+
+1. _Translations of German Poetry in American Magazines 1741-1810._ By
+Edward Ziegler Davis, Ph.D. 234 pp. Price $1.65
+
+2. _The Harmony Society._ A Chapter in German American Culture History.
+By John Archibald Bole, Ph.D. 179 pp. 30 Illustrations. Price $1.50
+
+3. _Friedrich Schiller in America._ A Contribution to the Literature of
+the Poet's Centenary, 1905. By Ellwood Comly Parry, Ph.D. 117 pp. Price
+$1.25
+
+4. _The Influence of Salomon Gessner upon English Literature._ By Bertha
+Reed. 119 pp. Price $1.25
+
+5. _The German Settlement Society of Philadelphia and Its Colony,
+Hermann, Missouri._ By William G. Bek. 193 pp. Price $1.50
+
+6. _Philipp Waldeck's Diary of the American Revolution._ With
+Introduction and Photographic Reproductions. By M.D. Learned. 168 pp.
+Price $1.50
+
+7. _Schwenkfelder Hymnology and the Sources of the First Schwenkfelder
+Hymn-Book Printed in America._ With Photographic Reproductions. By Allen
+Anders Seipt, Ph.D. 112 pp. Price. $2.00
+
+8. _The Settlement of the German Coast of Louisiana and the Creoles of
+German Descent._ By J. Hanno Deiler. With Illustrations. 136 pp. Price
+$1.25
+
+9. _Early German Music in Philadelphia._ By R.R. Drummond, Ph.D. 112 pp.
+Price $1.25
+
+10. _"Uncle Tom's Cabin" in Germany._ By Grace Edith MacLean, Ph.D. 102
+pp. Price $1.50
+
+11. _The Germans in Texas._ A Study in Immigration. By Gilbert Giddings
+Benjamin, Ph.D. 161 pp. 3 Illustrations. Price $1.50
+
+12. _The American Ethnographical Survey._ Conestoga Expedition. M.D.
+Learned, Director $2.00
+
+13. _Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1664._ With 6 Maps and 150
+Illustrations and Photographic Reproductions. By Amandus Johnson, Ph.D.
+Two volumes. 908 pp. Price $10.00
+
+14. _National Unity in the German Novel Before 1870._ By Roy H. Perring,
+Ph.D. 75 pp. Price $1.25
+
+15. _Journal of Du Roi the Elder_, Lieutenant and Adjutant in the
+Service of the Duke of Brunswick, 1776-1778. Translated by Charlotte
+S.J. Epping. 189 pp. Price $1.50
+
+16. _The Life and Works of Friedrich Armand Strubberg._ By Preston A.
+Barba, Ph.D. 151 pp. 4 Illustrations. Price $2.00
+
+17. _Baldwin Moellhausen, the German Cooper._ By Preston A. Barba, Ph.D.
+188 pp. 4 Illustrations. Price $2.00
+
+18. _Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans._ By Edwin M.
+Fogel, Ph.D. 386 pp. Price $3.50
+
+19. _Dickens' Einfluss auf Ungern-Sternberg, Hesslein, Stolle, Raabe und
+Ebner-Eschenbach._ By J. Theodor Geissendoerfer, Ph.D. 51 pp. Price
+$1.00
+
+20. _Whittier's Relation to German Life and Thought._ By Iola Kay
+Eastburn, Ph.D. 161 pp. Price $2.00
+
+21. _Benjamin Franklin and Germany._ By Beatrice Marguerite Victory.
+Ph.D. 180 pp. Price $2.00
+
+22. _Die Deutschamerikanische Patriotische Lyrik der Achtundvierziger
+und Ihre Historische Grundlage._ By Gottlieb Betz, Ph.D. 131 pp. Price
+$1.50
+
+23. _Heine in America._ By H.B. Sachs, Ph.D. 193 pp. Price $2.00
+
+24. _Socialism in German American Literature._ By William Frederic
+Kamman, Ph.D. 1--pp. Price $1.50
+
+25. _Robert Reitzel._ By Adolf E. Zucker, Ph.D. 74 pp. Price $1.25
+
+26. _The German Element in Brazil. Colonies and Dialect._ By Benjamin
+Franklin Schappelle, Ph.D. 68 pp. Price $1.50
+
+
+
+
+AMERICANA GERMANICA
+
+MONOGRAPHS DEVOTED TO THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE
+
+Literary, Linguistic and Other Cultural Relations of Germany and America
+
+EDITOR MARION DEXTER LEARNED _University of Pennsylvania_
+
+CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
+
+ H.C.G. BRANDT
+ W.H. CARRUTH
+ HERMANN COLLITZ
+ STARR W. CUTTING
+ DANIEL K. DODGE
+ A.B. FAUST
+ KUNO FRANCKE
+ ADOLPH GERBER
+ JULIUS GOEBEL
+ J.T. HATFIELD
+ W.T. HEWETT
+ A.R. HOHLFELD
+ HUGO K. SCHILLING
+ H. SCHMIDT-WARTENBERG
+ HERMANN SCHOENFELD
+ CALVIN THOMAS
+ H.S. WHITE
+ HENRY WOOD
+
+PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
+
+NEW YORK D. APPLETON & COMPANY PUBLISHING AGENTS
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+ The following corrections regarding the original were made:
+
+ [Footnote TN1: The original has here a wrong spelling: COPYWRIGHT
+ instead of COPYRIGHT]
+
+ [Footnote TN2: The original has here a wrong spelling: Vorabeiter
+ instead of Vorarbeiter]
+
+ [Footnote TN3: The original has here a wrong spelling: abfertitgen
+ instead of abfertigen]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN BRAZIL***
+
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