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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 54, November 18, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 54, November 18, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: July 2, 2005 [EBook #16177]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   NOVEMBER 18, 1897.   NO. 54
+
+=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The mayor of the city of Greater New York is Judge Robert A. Van Wyck.
+
+New York city has just been passing through the most exciting election
+that has fallen to her lot since she became a city.
+
+This being the first election since the passing of the charter which
+made New York the second largest city in the world, each political party
+has been trying to get a man in for mayor who represented its own
+especial way of thinking.
+
+You will remember our telling you about the passing of the charter last
+spring, and remarking that the man who would be made mayor of this great
+city would have to rule over nearly three and a half millions of people.
+He will also have to appoint officers of the government whose salaries
+will amount to five hundred thousand dollars a year, and to control New
+York's yearly income, which will amount to more than sixty millions of
+the people's money.
+
+On January 1st, 1898, Greater New York will embrace Staten Island, the
+whole of Brooklyn as far down the Bay as Rockaway Beach, extend as far
+north as Yonkers, and stretch across the country to the Sound, which it
+will cross to take in Queens County on Long Island.
+
+In the recent election one of the principal candidates for the mayoralty
+was Mr. Seth Low, the president of Columbia University, who was mayor of
+the city of Brooklyn in 1881, and was re-elected to the same office in
+1883. Besides Mr. Low there were Gen. Benjamin F. Tracy, who was
+Secretary of the Navy under President Harrison in 1889, Robert A. Van
+Wyck, chief judge of the city court, and Mr. Henry George.
+
+The contest was a very lively one, and each man who thus offered his
+services to his city had to endure a severe course of the abuse which it
+is the fashion nowadays to heap on any man who puts himself before the
+public gaze.
+
+Accusations have been brought by each party against the others, until,
+to the unprejudiced outsider, it has seemed as if none of the candidates
+selected was fit to hold office at all.
+
+Judge Van Wyck and General Tracy have been accused of being so much
+under the rule of their party leaders that they could not possibly give
+New York honest government. Mr. Seth Low has been declared to be such an
+autocrat that he would rule the city according to his own ideas, were
+they good or bad. Mr. George was called a visionary person, who would
+turn the world upside down if ever he came into power. These were, of
+course, the opinions of the candidates' enemies. To their friends each
+of them was felt to be the one man for whom the city had been waiting,
+and whose election would insure the best possible government at the
+lowest possible cost to the people.
+
+You may judge for yourselves that all these opinions could not possibly
+be true; and that therefore the candidates, as well as their parties,
+must have had their good sides and their bad sides. We can only hope
+that Judge Van Wyck, who was elected to the position by a very large
+majority, may prove to be the best man for the place.
+
+A very sad and painful turn was given to the election by the sudden
+death of Mr. Henry George, one of the candidates.
+
+Mr. George was a man who had made a world-wide reputation for himself as
+the originator of the Single-Tax system.
+
+The Single Tax is rather a hard matter for you to understand.
+
+In brief, it was Mr. George's belief that poverty could be done away
+with, and every man placed in a position where he could earn a
+comfortable income, by abolishing all taxes upon industry and the
+products of industry, and substituting one single tax on land. The
+land-owners would then be the only persons taxed, and, according to Mr.
+George's theory, the land tax would be so heavy that it would prevent
+the men who do not want to use the land from keeping it out of the hands
+of the many who would like to have it for homes or raising crops. There
+being no longer any other taxes, the cost of living would be greatly
+lessened, and every man would be able to earn enough to support his
+family in comfort--and poverty would be at an end.
+
+It is claimed for Mr. George's theory that no one has been able to find
+an argument which disproves it; but at the same time it has not yet been
+proved by practical use, and to many people it seems only a wonderful
+idea which can never be brought into working order.
+
+Be that as it may, Henry George was one of the really great men of our
+century; and while the troubles between labor and capital exist, he can
+never be forgotten.
+
+Mr. George did not go into the campaign from any desire of personal gain
+or profit. He felt that it was a critical moment in the history of the
+city, and he ran for the mayoralty of Greater New York because he
+thought he was needed by the people whom he so greatly loved.
+
+The cause of the people was ever nearest his heart, and to benefit them
+he willingly gave up the comfort of his quiet home, and the labor in
+which he found his greatest pleasure, the writing of a book on the
+"Science of Political Economy," which he had hoped would prove a greater
+work than his famous "Progress and Poverty."
+
+Mr. George was not, however, strong enough to stand the strain and worry
+of a political campaign. His health gave way under it.
+
+The night before his death he overtaxed his strength by speaking in
+several different places, making several tiring speeches on the same
+evening, and hurrying from one meeting to be in time for the next. Worn
+out by the burdens which he was not strong enough to bear, he passed
+away in his sleep, stricken with apoplexy.
+
+Rich and poor alike mourn the loss of this great man. On the Sunday
+after his death his body lay in state in New York that the people whom
+he had loved so well might bid good-by to their friend. For hours they
+passed by his bier; rich and poor, young and old followed each other in
+the long line.
+
+At the funeral services which were held later, many ministers of
+different sects and religions combined in the praise of the great and
+good man who had passed away in the act of doing his duty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The establishing of Home Rule in Cuba does not seem as near as the
+Spaniards would have us believe. An official who understands the ins and
+outs of Spanish policy declares that it will be fully a year before the
+proposed reforms can be put into working order.
+
+At the present moment there is a general election taking place in Spain,
+and until this is settled nothing will be done in regard to Cuban
+reforms.
+
+As soon as the elections are over, the Colonial Minister will prepare
+the bill which will give Home Rule to Cuba. The bill will then be sent
+to the Cortes, where it must be discussed by both the Upper and Lower
+Houses before it can become a law. It may take many months before the
+members can agree on such an important measure as this will be.
+
+When it has finally passed the Cortes, it must be sent to the Queen, who
+will look it over at her leisure, and sign it if she thinks fit.
+
+Even after her signature is affixed the Cortes has the power to lay the
+measure aside and prevent its ever becoming a law.
+
+It is therefore hinted in Cuba that the offers of reform may after all
+mean nothing but an endeavor to gain time, and prevent the United States
+from going to the assistance of Cuba.
+
+The reforms offered are not at all acceptable to Cubans, because they
+find that they will be expected to pay the whole of the debt caused by
+the war, which now amounts to nearly six hundred million dollars.
+Furthermore, the captain-general who will rule over the island as
+governor will have the right to veto every act of the legislature. The
+Cubans therefore feel that the Home Rule offered is not a genuine reform
+which will bring them relief from the abuses from which they rebelled
+against Spain, but a sort of game, invented to keep them good tempered,
+which is as unlike real Home Rule as playing with a doll is unlike
+nursing a real baby.
+
+It is stated that the Cuban people in the field and in the cities do not
+believe in the offered Home Rule, and are determined not to accept it.
+
+A proclamation to that effect has come from Cuba. It is signed by
+Calixto Garcia, Maximo Gomez, and Domingo Mendez Capote,--which, by the
+way, looks as if the report was true that Garcia had been elected
+commander-in-chief of the army, Gomez, minister of war, and Capote,
+president of Cuba; else why should they sign the proclamation, which is
+an official document?
+
+General Gomez has also issued another statement in which he says that
+the change in the Spanish Government will not affect the Cuban plans in
+the least. The Cubans, he says, are fighting for liberty, and liberty
+they will have. They scornfully refuse the Spanish offers of Home Rule,
+believing them to be insincere and misleading.
+
+Gomez further declares that the army has been making great preparations
+for the coming winter campaign, and expects to show the mother-country,
+by force of arms, that Cuba will have nothing from her but freedom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Weyler has left Cuba, and General Ramon Blanco has taken command
+in his place.
+
+The demonstrations so much feared by the Americans and Cubans in Havana
+occurred in spite of all the efforts to prevent them, but, happily such
+excellent precautions were taken that no rioting ensued.
+
+There were a few cries of "Death to the Americans," but a strong guard
+had been placed over our consulate, and so no attack was made on it.
+
+A report was circulated that the American cruiser _Montgomery_ was
+outside the harbor, and so the Americans were not interfered with. They
+wisely kept within doors during the whole day, and everything passed off
+peaceably.
+
+The city itself went wild over its beloved General. The stores were
+closed, the streets decorated, rockets were fired, and immense crowds
+gathered round the palace to bid Weyler farewell. The General went from
+the palace to the wharf on foot, the crowds pressing round him, shaking
+his hand, and even kissing him, cheering him to the echo as he embarked.
+
+The Government in Spain sincerely wished to prevent the demonstration.
+The ministry desired to give the impression that Weyler had been
+recalled from Cuba because his rule had not been satisfactory to Spain.
+The Prime Minister therefore feared that if the Spaniards in Cuba
+gathered round Weyler and praised his rule--which had been so
+bloodthirsty and savage,--the Cubans would be still more enraged against
+Spain, and less inclined to believe that she really meant to give them
+the promised reforms.
+
+To prevent any show of feeling, word was cabled from Spain that Weyler
+was on no account to leave the island until General Blanco arrived.
+
+Weyler must have thought this to mean that Blanco had orders to forbid
+any demonstration, and so, in direct defiance to the orders he had
+received, he decided to embark the day that Blanco was expected.
+
+By this means he was able to permit the demonstration which was so
+pleasing to his vanity, and also to make trouble for his successor.
+
+The Cubans, as Spain feared, were shocked that the Spaniards should make
+an idol of their bitterest enemy, and immediately began to doubt the
+truth of the Home Rule stories.
+
+Weyler went aboard his ship in great state on Friday afternoon, but by
+Saturday the fickle people of Havana were laughing at the man whom they
+had praised and embraced the day before.
+
+Weyler had expected that Blanco would arrive an hour or two after his
+departure, but, unfortunately, soon after he had embarked he learned
+that Blanco's ship could not reach Cuba till Sunday morning, and as the
+_Montserrat_, on which Weyler had taken passage, had orders not to leave
+Havana till Blanco arrived, the great Weyler was cooped up on board
+ship the whole of Saturday, waiting with what patience he might for the
+arrival of General Blanco.
+
+At about six o'clock on Sunday morning, October 31st, Blanco reached the
+port of Havana. Almost immediately Weyler visited him on board his ship,
+turned over his command, and in the afternoon sailed away from the
+shores of the beautiful little island which he has laid waste and
+ravaged with fire and sword.
+
+Now that he has gone, the Spanish papers are beginning to condemn him
+and examine a little more closely into his accounts.
+
+It is possible that trouble may await him when he reaches Spain.
+
+One paper asks that he explain a problem in mathematics which you young
+folks should find interesting.
+
+On May 18th, 1897, General Weyler announced that there were only 1,300
+insurgents in Cuba, and that these were mostly unarmed.
+
+On September 16th, 1897, he stated that of these (1,300) insurgents
+(mostly unarmed), 1,716 had surrendered with arms in their hands, 4,619
+had surrendered without arms, 1,007 had been killed in Pinar del Rio,
+536 in Havana, 430 in Matanzas, and 966 in Las Villas.
+
+Out of 1,300 insurgents, 6,335 had surrendered and 2,942 had been
+killed.
+
+Any one who can make these statements agree will receive a handsome
+prize from THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is said that one of the first measures to be taken by General Blanco
+will be to suppress the barbarous decree made by Weyler which drove the
+country people away from their homes, and forced them to herd and starve
+in the cities.
+
+These unfortunate people are now to be turned loose again, and given the
+right to go back to their homes and their farms.
+
+This seems a very humane thing to do, but it will hardly bring the
+Spaniards the popularity they expect.
+
+Since Weyler drove the peasants into the cities their lands and farms
+have been laid waste, their houses burned, their cattle stolen. They
+will be turned out of the cities penniless and homeless, and exchange
+the certainty of dying of hunger in the crowded city for the equal
+certainty of dying of hunger in the desolate wasted country.
+
+Added to this, it is uncertain whether General Blanco can induce the
+country folks to leave the cities unless he drives them out at the point
+of the bayonet.
+
+You probably remember our telling you that when first these people were
+forced into the cities, and began to feel the pangs of hunger, they
+begged the authorities to give them permission to go back to their
+farms, and gather in the crops that were rotting in the fields, that
+they might have food to save themselves from starving.
+
+You will also remember that permission was given some of these poor
+fellows, and that they started out full of energy and hope, only to be
+shot down and killed by the Spanish soldiers as soon as they were
+outside the city limits.
+
+The country people have not forgotten this, and it will be hard to make
+them believe that this order to leave the city is intended for anything
+else than a general massacre. Blanco will find it no easy task to make
+the people believe he means well by them.
+
+Immediately on taking charge of affairs, the new Captain-General issued
+a proclamation to the people, in which he said that Spain had sent him
+to bring peace and prosperity to Cuba, and to extend her forgiveness to
+those who were willing to seek the protection of her flag.
+
+He stated that he had been ordered by the Queen to govern the island
+with kindness and generosity, but added that the rebellion must be
+brought to an end. He declared that while Spain would show mercy to all
+who submitted to her rule, she would punish with the utmost severity
+those who still remained in arms against her.
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the mean while the Cubans are going right ahead. The important town
+of Bayamo, in Santiago de Cuba, is being besieged by the insurgents, and
+the monthly supply-train from Havana has again been captured by the
+rebels.
+
+The condition of the Spanish troops is something pitiable.
+
+The true state of affairs in Cuba is becoming so well known in Spain
+that the soldiers there are unwilling to go out to poor pay, poor food,
+and a certainty of becoming the prey of some awful pestilence.
+
+Many of the soldiers who have been sent home have died on the voyage,
+and those who have reached Spain are so broken down in health that the
+fresh soldiers are afraid to go to Cuba.
+
+There have been several mutinies among the troops which were ordered out
+with General Blanco.
+
+A mutiny means that the soldiers refuse to obey the orders of their
+officers, and is practically a strike among soldiers.
+
+In this instance the men have refused to embark for Cuba. In spite of
+their remonstrance they have been forced to obey, and the ringleaders
+severely punished.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It seems that our chances of being drawn into a war with Spain have not
+been greatly lessened by the answer to General Woodford's message.
+
+Every one is waiting anxiously to know what the President will say at
+the opening of Congress, for it looks as if the time had come when we
+must take sides with Cuba.
+
+The former minister to Spain, Mr. Hannis Taylor, has published an
+article in _The North American Review_, in which he gives it as his
+opinion that as Spain seems unable to put an end to the war, it is our
+duty to interfere, and tell the Spaniards that the war must cease by a
+certain date or we will have to take a hand and put an end to it
+ourselves.
+
+This article has stirred up a great deal of feeling, and we shall
+probably hear more of it.
+
+In the mean while Spain has sent a note to the various powers, asking
+what they would be prepared to do if she should declare war on the
+United States.
+
+It is said that the European governments have given Spain to understand
+that if such an event occurs she will receive nothing stronger than
+diplomatic support from them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The cruiser _Montgomery_ and the gunboat _Annapolis_ have been sent in
+search of the _Silver Heels_, but have returned to port without finding
+any traces of her.
+
+The number of patrol vessels on our coasts has been doubled, and every
+possible precaution is being taken to prevent another affair of the
+kind; but, in the mean while, the filibuster has got safely away.
+
+Cuban filibustering has, however, received a severe blow from England.
+
+Information was received by the magistrate of Andros Island that the
+Cubans had established a depot on one of the Bahamas Islands, of which
+Andros is the largest.
+
+These islands lie on the north and east of Cuba, and are a large group
+of coral islands, which are formed by those great coral reefs which are
+known as the Bahama Banks. Twenty of them are uninhabited, and many of
+them are mere reefs or keys.
+
+These islands are very interesting from the fact that they have all been
+built by the coral insects. Each of these tiny creatures gathers lime
+from the water in which it lives or the food which it eats, and develops
+from this a skeleton, which is the coral. They live in masses or
+colonies, and throw out buds above them which form fresh coral insects.
+
+These buds immediately set to work and gather lime to build up their
+own skeletons. In time the old coral insects below die, leaving behind
+them the hard limestone frame which they have built. The younger coral
+above lives on, sending forth buds which in turn do their share of the
+building, and in time,--in countless ages of time,--reefs and islands
+rise out of the mighty depths of the sea, built by the untiring energy
+of these marvellous little insects.
+
+This rock building is still going on in the Bahama group, and some
+geologists think that in ages to come the coral insects which are at
+work on the Bahamas and those that are so busy on the Florida reefs will
+build up a vast country where it is now sea, and that ages and ages
+hence the Florida Keys, the Bahamas, and perhaps even the West Indian
+Islands may be a part of the main land. While this is only a theory, it
+should be interesting to you in making you realize that the building of
+the world is going on now, from day to day, as steadily as it did in the
+days when the bed of the Niagara River was carved out, and the wonders
+of the Yellowstone Park were being created by the gradual working of the
+waters. The forces of nature are building up and destroying to-day just
+as steadily as when the world first began.
+
+But to return to the Bahamas. It was learned that the Cubans had taken
+possession of one of these uninhabited islands, and had made it their
+headquarters for receiving supplies from the filibustering expeditions.
+These supplies they would carry to Cuba when opportunity offered.
+
+No sooner did the English learn this than a gunboat was sent to the
+island.
+
+A large supply of arms and ammunition and a number of Cubans were
+captured.
+
+The loss will be keenly felt by the Cubans because this depot was also
+used as a means of communication with friends in New York, and many of
+them escaped to America by this route.
+
+It is not known what will be done with the prisoners taken. At present
+they are being held in quarantine for fear of yellow fever.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The British in India are advancing into the heart of the Afridis
+territory, and are now within thirteen miles of the Afghan frontier.
+
+They have gained another victory over the tribesmen, and have secured
+from them two important mountain passes.
+
+The hillsmen are fleeing before the British advance, and representatives
+of the Afridi and Orakzai tribes have sought the Ameer of Afghanistan
+and asked him to help them.
+
+The Ameer has therefore sent word to the English agent at Kabul that the
+tribes are full of repentance and alarm, and have begged him to tell the
+British Government for them how truly sorry they are for their
+misconduct, and to ask on what terms they can be pardoned.
+
+The Ameer writes on his own account that he is trying to arrest the
+Haddah Mullah, the mad priest who stirred up all the trouble, and he
+promises that if he can only succeed in finding him, he will exile him
+from Afghanistan.
+
+It is not certain that the British are at liberty to make terms with the
+Afridis.
+
+With savage and semi-savage people it is always necessary to keep
+strictly to your word, else they lose respect, and are apt to think that
+their adversaries are not powerful enough to do what they have
+threatened to do. The quality of mercy enters very little into their
+calculations. To threaten to do a thing, and then not to do it when it
+comes to the point, does not mean to them that their adversary is kind
+and good, but that he is weak and foolish.
+
+The situation is this:
+
+When Sir William Lockhart took command of the force which was sent out
+to punish the Afridis, he issued a proclamation ordering the tribesmen
+to submit immediately, stating that he would severely punish any attempt
+to oppose the advance of his army.
+
+Now the Afridis have opposed his advance, and opposed it very severely,
+and they have not submitted to him.
+
+It is a question whether he will not be obliged to disregard the Ameer's
+request for peace, and punish the Afridis, so that they may show more
+respect for the British rule in the future.
+
+The complaint of the Government against the Afridis is so serious that
+they ought not to be allowed to escape without a severe lesson.
+
+Wishing to live at peace with this tribe, England made an agreement some
+time ago with them whereby some of the British forts in the hill country
+were put under the care of the Afridis. Money was paid to the tribe, and
+arms given out to the men, so that they might be strong enough to
+protect the British interests.
+
+In defiance of this agreement the Afridis broke their alliance with the
+English, and attacked and destroyed forts which they had agreed to
+guard.
+
+The present indications are that the war in India will soon be over.
+
+It is said that this will not put an end to England's troubles in
+Hindustan, as the expense of the war, combined with the money spent to
+stamp out the plague, has so exhausted the treasury of India that funds
+will have to be supplied very soon to keep the country going.
+
+The council of India is considering the best means to raise the money
+needed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Sultan of Turkey has once more been heard from on the subject of
+Crete.
+
+This time he is objecting to the commissioner appointed by the Powers to
+take charge of Cretan affairs.
+
+It is said that the German Government is in sympathy with the Sultan in
+this matter, and has also signified its disapproval of the commissioner.
+
+The uneasy feeling in regard to Turkey is increasing, and trouble is
+expected before the winter is over.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The news of Andrée brought by the whalers turns out to be somewhat
+indefinite.
+
+They say that they sighted an object which they are quite sure was the
+great balloon.
+
+They state further that they heard strange cries coming across the
+ice-fields, which sounded to them like human voices, and they believe
+that Andrée and his party are stranded somewhere on an ice-floe.
+
+Captain Sverdrup, who commanded the _Fram_, in which Dr. Nansen made his
+famous Arctic voyage, says that it is his belief that the sounds heard
+were made by birds or else by the packing of the ice.
+
+In the hope that Andrée may still be alive, a relief expedition has
+started off from the northern coast of Norway in search of the
+adventurer and his companions.
+
+There is a very interesting article in this month's _Scribner's
+Magazine_, which tells about the starting of the balloon. You should
+read it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The fur seal conference has been in session in Washington for nearly two
+weeks.
+
+England's representative, of course, was not present. You will remember
+that after several refusals and acceptances she finally decided to meet
+the United States in a conference to be held separately from the one
+which is now taking place.
+
+Russia and Japan are well represented in this conference. Out of
+compliment to Mr. Foster, of the United States, who travelled to
+England, Russia, and Japan to obtain the consent of these various
+countries to the meeting, the attending delegates made him chairman of
+the conference.
+
+The result of the discussions so far has been most gratifying to this
+country.
+
+The Russian and Japanese commissioners are as fully convinced that the
+seal herd is decreasing as the Americans are, and all three countries
+have come to an agreement on the matter.
+
+It has been decided to draw up a treaty between the three countries
+mentioned, whereby each agrees to prevent her own hunters and those of
+other nations from indulging in deep-sea sealing.
+
+As soon as this document is fully prepared the conference will adjourn.
+
+The result of the forthcoming British conference is awaited with
+considerable interest.
+
+It is openly stated that there would be no trouble at all with England
+if it were not for the interference of Canada and the determination of
+the mother country to bow to the wishes of her colony.
+
+It is indeed reported that Lord Salisbury has at last been convinced
+that the seals are diminishing.
+
+Last week he sent for several of the leading fur merchants in London,
+and asked them to tell him the true state of the case.
+
+According to the accounts that have reached us, one and all of these men
+assured him that the reports of Dr. Jordan were strictly correct, and
+that beyond any doubt the seals were being killed off.
+
+Even then the Prime Minister doubted, and thinking that the merchants
+might be in league with the Americans, he asked suspiciously:
+
+"If this is true, how is it that the price of sealskin is no higher now
+than it was when the supply of seals was abundant?"
+
+It was not till he had been convinced that sealskin was no longer the
+fashionable fur, and that astrakhan had largely taken its place, that he
+was willing to believe them.
+
+It is reported that Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Premier of Canada, is
+coming here to be present at the next conference.
+
+It is to be hoped that Lord Salisbury's eyes may now be opened to the
+true state of the case, and that he may be able to convince Sir Wilfrid
+that common sense demands that England and Canada shall make a similar
+agreement with us to that which is just being prepared with Russia and
+Japan.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The engineers' strike in England has not yet come to an end.
+
+A special cablegram reports that the situation is unchanged. The Society
+of Engineers insists on the eight-hour day, and the masters refuse to
+discuss the subject until this point has been abandoned.
+
+The chances of reaching an understanding are more remote than ever.
+
+In the mean while there is trouble in the cotton trade.
+
+The state of the cotton market is such that the manufacturers can no
+longer pay the wages they have been paying, and they have had to give
+notice to their hands that they must either close their mills or reduce
+wages.
+
+At first it was decided that ten per cent. must be taken off the pay of
+the workers.
+
+The trades unions discussed the matter with the employers, and refused
+to listen to such a reduction of wages.
+
+The masters then declared that they could not continue to pay the
+present rate, as they would be losing money. They finally decided to
+give their workers a month's notice that they were going to reduce their
+wages five per cent.
+
+Every one is anxiously waiting to see what the factory hands will do at
+the end of the month.
+
+It is hoped that the time that will intervene before the reduction takes
+place will give them an opportunity to think matters over, and so avoid
+a strike.
+
+Should the cotton-workers decide to strike, two hundred thousand
+operatives may be thrown out of work.
+
+The manufacture of cotton goods in one of the greatest of the English
+industries.
+
+Over a million men, women, and children are employed in Great Britain
+and Ireland, and nearly five million people are dependent for their
+daily bread on the wages earned in the factories.
+
+The centre of this great industry is the city of Manchester. Here the
+greatest number of factories are built, and all matters concerning the
+cotton market are discussed and settled. Manchester--dirty, smoky
+Manchester, with its forest of tall chimneys pouring forth volumes of
+black, sulphurous smoke, holds the fate of the cotton trade in its
+hands.
+
+It is quite a sight to see the Manchester factory hands rushing out of
+the mills, hundreds strong, at the noon hour.
+
+Our own factory hands are, as you well know, neat, tidy, and well
+dressed girls. As soon as they turn off from the stream of their
+fellow-workers, as they leave the mills, it is hardly possible to tell
+whether they are factory girls, shop girls, servants, or young ladies.
+
+The English mill girls are quite different.
+
+They have a distinct dress which points out their occupation wherever
+they may be.
+
+To begin with, they never by any chance wear hats. Winter and summer
+they go bareheaded.
+
+They one and all wear short skirts which reach to the tops of their
+boots; these skirts are always made of cotton goods, and their boots are
+thick, clumpy, laced affairs, heavier than those worn by the workmen in
+this country--very often they have wooden soles. As you may imagine, the
+appearance of these girls' feet is something appalling.
+
+The factory girl's costume is completed by an apron and a small square
+shawl of bright plaid, which is worn over the shoulders, or shifted to
+cover the head in wet weather.
+
+They are picturesque-looking women, but the majority of them are so big
+and brawny and their manners are so rough that you would rather trust
+yourself to the mercies of a mad bull than to a crowd of angry factory
+girls.
+
+On one occasion in Manchester, the agent of a patent washing-machine,
+wishing to advertise his goods, stationed himself outside one of the
+mill gates, and offered to wash the girls' greasy, oily aprons as they
+came out from work at noon.
+
+Some of the girls took their aprons off, and a large crowd gathered
+round the machine to see what was going to be done.
+
+The man put the garments into the machine, turned the crank, and in a
+minute the black and dirt were all out of the aprons.
+
+The girls were highly pleased.
+
+They signified their approval as the man wrung out the suds with his
+machine, and watched him with great interest as he carefully folded each
+apron, and then put them through a couple of rollers which were
+attached to the machine and intended to act as a mangle.
+
+Clean, smooth, and neatly pressed, he handed each apron back to its
+owner and waited for their thanks. The whole business had not taken more
+than five minutes, and he expected to do a thriving trade in
+washing-machines on the spot.
+
+He was disappointed.
+
+No sooner did the girls get back their aprons than the trouble began.
+
+In their ignorance they had expected that the garments would be returned
+to them dry as well as clean, and when they found that they were
+wringing wet and could not be used again for several hours, their rage
+knew no bounds.
+
+They beat the man, tore his clothes, broke his machine, and ill-treated
+him until the men and boys from the mill, who had been watching the riot
+with laughter, thought it was time to interfere, and rescued the agent
+from the angry women.
+
+There is nothing gentle or feminine about the English factory girl.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Sultan of Turkey has sent a demand to the powers that the ten
+thousand rifles seized on board a Greek ship shall be turned over to
+him. These arms were taken during the early part of the blockade of
+Crete, and have been held by the powers.
+
+Abdul Hamid has also issued a protest against the trial of a number of
+his subjects in the courts of Crete. He demands that they shall be sent
+over to Turkish courts and tried by Turkish judges instead of by the
+representatives of the powers.
+
+He seems to be beginning his interference in Cretan matters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A telegram from Christiania, Norway, states that news of Professor
+Andrée has just been brought from Spitzbergen.
+
+The nature of the news is not given, but it has been brought by the crew
+of a ship which was wrecked in the Arctic Seas, and who have just made
+their way to Spitzbergen.
+
+Spitzbergen is one of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean to the
+north of Sweden, and east of Greenland.
+
+We may probably soon learn the fate of Andrée and his brave followers.
+
+                                                  G.H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+PRIZE CONTEST.
+
+
+There were so many competitors in the prize contest recently closed that
+it was impossible to decide who were the winners in time to announce
+their names in last week's paper. The quotation was, "The Pen is
+Mightier than the Sword," and Miss H.K. Peck, Crown Street, Meriden,
+Conn., won the first prize, and Miss E. DuBois, Greenwich, Conn., the
+second.
+
+Watch for the new contest, which will begin in an early number.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.
+
+
+     DEAR MR. HARISON:
+
+     I have taken great interest in THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. When I
+     was away this summer I showed your paper to a great many
+     people, and they thought it was very nice, and they thought
+     they would subscribe for it.
+
+     I have taken great interest in the Klondike affair. I went
+     away this summer to Lake Hopatcong and had a lovely time,
+     but we came home a little while ago.
+
+     Hoping your paper the most possible success,
+
+                                          Yours truly,
+     SOUTH ORANGE, N.J.                      B.F.
+
+
+
+DEAR LITTLE FRIEND:
+
+We are very pleased to receive your kind letter.
+
+
+                                               EDITOR.
+
+
+     TO THE EDITOR:
+
+     I wish to call your attention to the article printed in last
+     week's GREAT ROUND WORLD about Austria. Your description
+     about the Bohemians, properly called Czechs, is wrong. They
+     are not wild, unruly, nor obstinate. In the United States
+     there are five hundred thousand Czechs, and you never hear
+     of them giving trouble to the Government nor any one else.
+     Everywhere they are known as a quiet, industrious race,
+     doing their business and offending no one. In Europe they
+     have a great many obstacles to overcome. One of them is that
+     the Germans are trying to crush them wherever they can.
+     Every nation loves its tongue and wishes it to live, so do
+     the Czechs. Because they oppose, are they to be called wild,
+     obstinate, and ill-governed? The Czechs' language is not so
+     difficult. I know Americans speaking the Czechs' language
+     as well as Czechs themselves. I do not wish to discuss their
+     rights, but I do feel that where a sad mistake has been made
+     it ought to be rectified. Young readers must be informed
+     correctly; and knowing it to be your aim to inform your
+     readers so, I take the liberty of writing. I hope you will
+     not think me prejudiced, nor that I merely write from a
+     Czech's standpoint. An injustice has been done and ought to
+     be righted if possible. If you wish to gain correct
+     information, I refer you to Mr. Riis, author of "How the
+     Other Half Lives." Also to Dr. Hall, minister of the
+     Presbyterian Church. They have both been to Austria several
+     times, and know a great deal about the Czechs. Hoping you
+     will consider the matter, I remain yours,      A.B. BAZATA.
+
+     NEW YORK CITY, October 18th, 1897.
+
+
+DEAR FRIEND:
+
+We were very pleased to receive your letter.
+
+You have evidently misunderstood the article in question, and also
+misquoted it.
+
+If you will look back at page 1,390 you will see that we do not say the
+Bohemians are an unruly people, but that they are wild and quickly
+irritated--information which you can easily verify for yourself. We had
+no intention of making any disparaging remarks about the race. We merely
+stated facts which are so well known in Europe that they have become
+proverbs.
+
+In reference to the Czech language we must also differ with you. Your
+argument that you have friends who speak the language does not strike us
+as very sound. There are numbers of Europeans who have learned Chinese,
+but that does not alter the fact that Chinese is an abnormally difficult
+tongue.
+
+If you will read our article through again you will see that your zeal
+for the Bohemians has made you defend them before they were accused.
+
+We stated that the governing of Austria is a very difficult task in
+consequence of the three conflicting elements of which it is composed,
+and explained the nature and grievance of each element.
+
+You must not let your sympathies cloud your judgment.
+
+                                                       EDITOR.
+
+
+
+
+INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+
+By means of slot-boxes one may buy gum or postage-stamps, be weighed, or
+have his picture taken.
+
+A schoolboy of St. Louis has recently invented a new and practical form
+of this popular machine.
+
+The Martin paper slot-box is to be used upon street cars and railway
+trains for the sale of daily papers.
+
+It has separate compartments for each morning daily, with movable
+name-slips so that the one box may serve for the sale of both morning
+and evening papers.
+
+Though small and neat, the box will hold forty-five papers.
+
+By inserting a penny and pushing a button, any paper desired may be had.
+The boxes are so arranged that five cents will be necessary to work the
+button for Sunday papers.
+
+The patent papers have been received, and the youthful inventor is
+superintending the making of the boxes. As soon as a sufficient number
+are ready they are to be given a thorough trial on the leading lines of
+cars in St. Louis.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 54, November 18, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+***** This file should be named 16177-8.txt or 16177-8.zip *****
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 54, November 18, 1897, by Julia Truitt Bishop.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 54, November 18, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 54, November 18, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: July 2, 2005 [EBook #16177]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_1509" id="Page_1509"></a></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.png" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p>
+
+<div class='center'><b><span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class='smcap'>November</span> 18, 1897.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 54</b></div>
+
+<div class='center'><b>Copyright, 1897, by <span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> Publishing Company.</b></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The mayor of the city of Greater New York is Judge Robert A. Van Wyck.</p>
+
+<p>New York city has just been passing through the most exciting election
+that has fallen to her lot since she became a city.</p>
+
+<p>This being the first election since the passing of the charter which
+made New York the second largest city in the world, each political party
+has been trying to get a man in for mayor who represented its own
+especial way of thinking.</p>
+
+<p>You will remember our telling you about the passing of the charter last
+spring, and remarking that the man who would be made mayor of this great
+city would have to rule over nearly three and a half millions of people.
+He will also have to appoint officers of the government whose salaries
+will amount to five hundred thousand dollars a year, and to control New
+York's yearly income, which will amount to more than sixty millions of
+the people's money.</p>
+
+<p>On January 1st, 1898, Greater New York will embrace Staten Island, the
+whole of Brooklyn as far down the Bay as Rockaway Beach, extend as far<a name="Page_1510" id="Page_1510"></a>
+north as Yonkers, and stretch across the country to the Sound, which it
+will cross to take in Queens County on Long Island.</p>
+
+<p>In the recent election one of the principal candidates for the mayoralty
+was Mr. Seth Low, the president of Columbia University, who was mayor of
+the city of Brooklyn in 1881, and was re-elected to the same office in
+1883. Besides Mr. Low there were Gen. Benjamin F. Tracy, who was
+Secretary of the Navy under President Harrison in 1889, Robert A. Van
+Wyck, chief judge of the city court, and Mr. Henry George.</p>
+
+<p>The contest was a very lively one, and each man who thus offered his
+services to his city had to endure a severe course of the abuse which it
+is the fashion nowadays to heap on any man who puts himself before the
+public gaze.</p>
+
+<p>Accusations have been brought by each party against the others, until,
+to the unprejudiced outsider, it has seemed as if none of the candidates
+selected was fit to hold office at all.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Van Wyck and General Tracy have been accused of being so much
+under the rule of their party leaders that they could not possibly give
+New York honest government. Mr. Seth Low has been declared to be such an
+autocrat that he would rule the city according to his own ideas, were
+they good or bad. Mr. George was called a visionary person, who would
+turn the world upside down if ever he came into power. These were, of
+course, the opinions of the candidates' enemies. To their friends each
+of them was felt to be the one man for whom the city had been waiting,<a name="Page_1511" id="Page_1511"></a>
+and whose election would insure the best possible government at the
+lowest possible cost to the people.</p>
+
+<p>You may judge for yourselves that all these opinions could not possibly
+be true; and that therefore the candidates, as well as their parties,
+must have had their good sides and their bad sides. We can only hope
+that Judge Van Wyck, who was elected to the position by a very large
+majority, may prove to be the best man for the place.</p>
+
+<p>A very sad and painful turn was given to the election by the sudden
+death of Mr. Henry George, one of the candidates.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. George was a man who had made a world-wide reputation for himself as
+the originator of the Single-Tax system.</p>
+
+<p>The Single Tax is rather a hard matter for you to understand.</p>
+
+<p>In brief, it was Mr. George's belief that poverty could be done away
+with, and every man placed in a position where he could earn a
+comfortable income, by abolishing all taxes upon industry and the
+products of industry, and substituting one single tax on land. The
+land-owners would then be the only persons taxed, and, according to Mr.
+George's theory, the land tax would be so heavy that it would prevent
+the men who do not want to use the land from keeping it out of the hands
+of the many who would like to have it for homes or raising crops. There
+being no longer any other taxes, the cost of living would be greatly
+lessened, and every man would be able to earn enough to support his
+family in comfort&mdash;and poverty would be at an end.<a name="Page_1512" id="Page_1512"></a></p>
+
+<p>It is claimed for Mr. George's theory that no one has been able to find
+an argument which disproves it; but at the same time it has not yet been
+proved by practical use, and to many people it seems only a wonderful
+idea which can never be brought into working order.</p>
+
+<p>Be that as it may, Henry George was one of the really great men of our
+century; and while the troubles between labor and capital exist, he can
+never be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. George did not go into the campaign from any desire of personal gain
+or profit. He felt that it was a critical moment in the history of the
+city, and he ran for the mayoralty of Greater New York because he
+thought he was needed by the people whom he so greatly loved.</p>
+
+<p>The cause of the people was ever nearest his heart, and to benefit them
+he willingly gave up the comfort of his quiet home, and the labor in
+which he found his greatest pleasure, the writing of a book on the
+"Science of Political Economy," which he had hoped would prove a greater
+work than his famous "Progress and Poverty."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. George was not, however, strong enough to stand the strain and worry
+of a political campaign. His health gave way under it.</p>
+
+<p>The night before his death he overtaxed his strength by speaking in
+several different places, making several tiring speeches on the same
+evening, and hurrying from one meeting to be in time for the next. Worn
+out by the burdens which he was not strong enough to bear, he passed
+away in his sleep, stricken with apoplexy.<a name="Page_1513" id="Page_1513"></a></p>
+
+<p>Rich and poor alike mourn the loss of this great man. On the Sunday
+after his death his body lay in state in New York that the people whom
+he had loved so well might bid good-by to their friend. For hours they
+passed by his bier; rich and poor, young and old followed each other in
+the long line.</p>
+
+<p>At the funeral services which were held later, many ministers of
+different sects and religions combined in the praise of the great and
+good man who had passed away in the act of doing his duty.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The establishing of Home Rule in Cuba does not seem as near as the
+Spaniards would have us believe. An official who understands the ins and
+outs of Spanish policy declares that it will be fully a year before the
+proposed reforms can be put into working order.</p>
+
+<p>At the present moment there is a general election taking place in Spain,
+and until this is settled nothing will be done in regard to Cuban
+reforms.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the elections are over, the Colonial Minister will prepare
+the bill which will give Home Rule to Cuba. The bill will then be sent
+to the Cortes, where it must be discussed by both the Upper and Lower
+Houses before it can become a law. It may take many months before the
+members can agree on such an important measure as this will be.</p>
+
+<p>When it has finally passed the Cortes, it must be sent to the Queen, who
+will look it over at her leisure, and sign it if she thinks fit.</p>
+
+<p>Even after her signature is affixed the Cortes has <a name="Page_1514" id="Page_1514"></a>the power to lay the
+measure aside and prevent its ever becoming a law.</p>
+
+<p>It is therefore hinted in Cuba that the offers of reform may after all
+mean nothing but an endeavor to gain time, and prevent the United States
+from going to the assistance of Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>The reforms offered are not at all acceptable to Cubans, because they
+find that they will be expected to pay the whole of the debt caused by
+the war, which now amounts to nearly six hundred million dollars.
+Furthermore, the captain-general who will rule over the island as
+governor will have the right to veto every act of the legislature. The
+Cubans therefore feel that the Home Rule offered is not a genuine reform
+which will bring them relief from the abuses from which they rebelled
+against Spain, but a sort of game, invented to keep them good tempered,
+which is as unlike real Home Rule as playing with a doll is unlike
+nursing a real baby.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated that the Cuban people in the field and in the cities do not
+believe in the offered Home Rule, and are determined not to accept it.</p>
+
+<p>A proclamation to that effect has come from Cuba. It is signed by
+Calixto Garcia, Maximo Gomez, and Domingo Mendez Capote,&mdash;which, by the
+way, looks as if the report was true that Garcia had been elected
+commander-in-chief of the army, Gomez, minister of war, and Capote,
+president of Cuba; else why should they sign the proclamation, which is
+an official document?</p>
+
+<p>General Gomez has also issued another statement in which he says that
+the change in the Spanish Government will not affect the Cuban plans in
+the <a name="Page_1515" id="Page_1515"></a>least. The Cubans, he says, are fighting for liberty, and liberty
+they will have. They scornfully refuse the Spanish offers of Home Rule,
+believing them to be insincere and misleading.</p>
+
+<p>Gomez further declares that the army has been making great preparations
+for the coming winter campaign, and expects to show the mother-country,
+by force of arms, that Cuba will have nothing from her but freedom.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>General Weyler has left Cuba, and General Ramon Blanco has taken command
+in his place.</p>
+
+<p>The demonstrations so much feared by the Americans and Cubans in Havana
+occurred in spite of all the efforts to prevent them, but, happily such
+excellent precautions were taken that no rioting ensued.</p>
+
+<p>There were a few cries of "Death to the Americans," but a strong guard
+had been placed over our consulate, and so no attack was made on it.</p>
+
+<p>A report was circulated that the American cruiser <i>Montgomery</i> was
+outside the harbor, and so the Americans were not interfered with. They
+wisely kept within doors during the whole day, and everything passed off
+peaceably.</p>
+
+<p>The city itself went wild over its beloved General. The stores were
+closed, the streets decorated, rockets were fired, and immense crowds
+gathered round the palace to bid Weyler farewell. The General went from
+the palace to the wharf on foot, the crowds pressing round him, shaking
+his hand, and even kissing him, cheering him to the echo as he embarked.</p>
+
+<p>The Government in Spain sincerely wished to pre<a name="Page_1516" id="Page_1516"></a>vent the demonstration.
+The ministry desired to give the impression that Weyler had been
+recalled from Cuba because his rule had not been satisfactory to Spain.
+The Prime Minister therefore feared that if the Spaniards in Cuba
+gathered round Weyler and praised his rule&mdash;which had been so
+bloodthirsty and savage,&mdash;the Cubans would be still more enraged against
+Spain, and less inclined to believe that she really meant to give them
+the promised reforms.</p>
+
+<p>To prevent any show of feeling, word was cabled from Spain that Weyler
+was on no account to leave the island until General Blanco arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Weyler must have thought this to mean that Blanco had orders to forbid
+any demonstration, and so, in direct defiance to the orders he had
+received, he decided to embark the day that Blanco was expected.</p>
+
+<p>By this means he was able to permit the demonstration which was so
+pleasing to his vanity, and also to make trouble for his successor.</p>
+
+<p>The Cubans, as Spain feared, were shocked that the Spaniards should make
+an idol of their bitterest enemy, and immediately began to doubt the
+truth of the Home Rule stories.</p>
+
+<p>Weyler went aboard his ship in great state on Friday afternoon, but by
+Saturday the fickle people of Havana were laughing at the man whom they
+had praised and embraced the day before.</p>
+
+<p>Weyler had expected that Blanco would arrive an hour or two after his
+departure, but, unfortunately, soon after he had embarked he learned
+that Blanco's ship could not reach Cuba till Sunday morning, and as the
+<i>Montserrat</i>, on which Weyler had taken passage, had orders not to leave
+Havana till Blanco ar<a name="Page_1517" id="Page_1517"></a>rived, the great Weyler was cooped up on board
+ship the whole of Saturday, waiting with what patience he might for the
+arrival of General Blanco.</p>
+
+<p>At about six o'clock on Sunday morning, October 31st, Blanco reached the
+port of Havana. Almost immediately Weyler visited him on board his ship,
+turned over his command, and in the afternoon sailed away from the
+shores of the beautiful little island which he has laid waste and
+ravaged with fire and sword.</p>
+
+<p>Now that he has gone, the Spanish papers are beginning to condemn him
+and examine a little more closely into his accounts.</p>
+
+<p>It is possible that trouble may await him when he reaches Spain.</p>
+
+<p>One paper asks that he explain a problem in mathematics which you young
+folks should find interesting.</p>
+
+<p>On May 18th, 1897, General Weyler announced that there were only 1,300
+insurgents in Cuba, and that these were mostly unarmed.</p>
+
+<p>On September 16th, 1897, he stated that of these (1,300) insurgents
+(mostly unarmed), 1,716 had surrendered with arms in their hands, 4,619
+had surrendered without arms, 1,007 had been killed in Pinar del Rio,
+536 in Havana, 430 in Matanzas, and 966 in Las Villas.</p>
+
+<p>Out of 1,300 insurgents, 6,335 had surrendered and 2,942 had been
+killed.</p>
+
+<p>Any one who can make these statements agree will receive a handsome
+prize from <span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span>.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' /><p><a name="Page_1518" id="Page_1518"></a></p>
+
+<p>It is said that one of the first measures to be taken by General Blanco
+will be to suppress the barbarous decree made by Weyler which drove the
+country people away from their homes, and forced them to herd and starve
+in the cities.</p>
+
+<p>These unfortunate people are now to be turned loose again, and given the
+right to go back to their homes and their farms.</p>
+
+<p>This seems a very humane thing to do, but it will hardly bring the
+Spaniards the popularity they expect.</p>
+
+<p>Since Weyler drove the peasants into the cities their lands and farms
+have been laid waste, their houses burned, their cattle stolen. They
+will be turned out of the cities penniless and homeless, and exchange
+the certainty of dying of hunger in the crowded city for the equal
+certainty of dying of hunger in the desolate wasted country.</p>
+
+<p>Added to this, it is uncertain whether General Blanco can induce the
+country folks to leave the cities unless he drives them out at the point
+of the bayonet.</p>
+
+<p>You probably remember our telling you that when first these people were
+forced into the cities, and began to feel the pangs of hunger, they
+begged the authorities to give them permission to go back to their
+farms, and gather in the crops that were rotting in the fields, that
+they might have food to save themselves from starving.</p>
+
+<p>You will also remember that permission was given some of these poor
+fellows, and that they started out full of energy and hope, only to be
+shot down and <a name="Page_1519" id="Page_1519"></a>killed by the Spanish soldiers as soon as they were
+outside the city limits.</p>
+
+<p>The country people have not forgotten this, and it will be hard to make
+them believe that this order to leave the city is intended for anything
+else than a general massacre. Blanco will find it no easy task to make
+the people believe he means well by them.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on taking charge of affairs, the new Captain-General issued
+a proclamation to the people, in which he said that Spain had sent him
+to bring peace and prosperity to Cuba, and to extend her forgiveness to
+those who were willing to seek the protection of her flag.</p>
+
+<p>He stated that he had been ordered by the Queen to govern the island
+with kindness and generosity, but added that the rebellion must be
+brought to an end. He declared that while Spain would show mercy to all
+who submitted to her rule, she would punish with the utmost severity
+those who still remained in arms against her.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>In the mean while the Cubans are going right ahead. The important town
+of Bayamo, in Santiago de Cuba, is being besieged by the insurgents, and
+the monthly supply-train from Havana has again been captured by the
+rebels.</p>
+
+<p>The condition of the Spanish troops is something pitiable.</p>
+
+<p>The true state of affairs in Cuba is becoming so well known in Spain
+that the soldiers there are unwilling to go out to poor pay, poor food,
+and a certainty of becoming the prey of some awful pestilence.<a name="Page_1520" id="Page_1520"></a></p>
+
+<p>Many of the soldiers who have been sent home have died on the voyage,
+and those who have reached Spain are so broken down in health that the
+fresh soldiers are afraid to go to Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>There have been several mutinies among the troops which were ordered out
+with General Blanco.</p>
+
+<p>A mutiny means that the soldiers refuse to obey the orders of their
+officers, and is practically a strike among soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>In this instance the men have refused to embark for Cuba. In spite of
+their remonstrance they have been forced to obey, and the ringleaders
+severely punished.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>It seems that our chances of being drawn into a war with Spain have not
+been greatly lessened by the answer to General Woodford's message.</p>
+
+<p>Every one is waiting anxiously to know what the President will say at
+the opening of Congress, for it looks as if the time had come when we
+must take sides with Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>The former minister to Spain, Mr. Hannis Taylor, has published an
+article in <i>The North American Review</i>, in which he gives it as his
+opinion that as Spain seems unable to put an end to the war, it is our
+duty to interfere, and tell the Spaniards that the war must cease by a
+certain date or we will have to take a hand and put an end to it
+ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>This article has stirred up a great deal of feeling, and we shall
+probably hear more of it.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while Spain has sent a note to the various powers, asking
+what they would be prepared to do if she should declare war on the
+United States.<a name="Page_1521" id="Page_1521"></a></p>
+
+<p>It is said that the European governments have given Spain to understand
+that if such an event occurs she will receive nothing stronger than
+diplomatic support from them.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The cruiser <i>Montgomery</i> and the gunboat <i>Annapolis</i> have been sent in
+search of the <i>Silver Heels</i>, but have returned to port without finding
+any traces of her.</p>
+
+<p>The number of patrol vessels on our coasts has been doubled, and every
+possible precaution is being taken to prevent another affair of the
+kind; but, in the mean while, the filibuster has got safely away.</p>
+
+<p>Cuban filibustering has, however, received a severe blow from England.</p>
+
+<p>Information was received by the magistrate of Andros Island that the
+Cubans had established a depot on one of the Bahamas Islands, of which
+Andros is the largest.</p>
+
+<p>These islands lie on the north and east of Cuba, and are a large group
+of coral islands, which are formed by those great coral reefs which are
+known as the Bahama Banks. Twenty of them are uninhabited, and many of
+them are mere reefs or keys.</p>
+
+<p>These islands are very interesting from the fact that they have all been
+built by the coral insects. Each of these tiny creatures gathers lime
+from the water in which it lives or the food which it eats, and develops
+from this a skeleton, which is the coral. They live in masses or
+colonies, and throw out buds above them which form fresh coral insects.</p>
+
+<p>These buds immediately set to work and gather <a name="Page_1522" id="Page_1522"></a>lime to build up their
+own skeletons. In time the old coral insects below die, leaving behind
+them the hard limestone frame which they have built. The younger coral
+above lives on, sending forth buds which in turn do their share of the
+building, and in time,&mdash;in countless ages of time,&mdash;reefs and islands
+rise out of the mighty depths of the sea, built by the untiring energy
+of these marvellous little insects.</p>
+
+<p>This rock building is still going on in the Bahama group, and some
+geologists think that in ages to come the coral insects which are at
+work on the Bahamas and those that are so busy on the Florida reefs will
+build up a vast country where it is now sea, and that ages and ages
+hence the Florida Keys, the Bahamas, and perhaps even the West Indian
+Islands may be a part of the main land. While this is only a theory, it
+should be interesting to you in making you realize that the building of
+the world is going on now, from day to day, as steadily as it did in the
+days when the bed of the Niagara River was carved out, and the wonders
+of the Yellowstone Park were being created by the gradual working of the
+waters. The forces of nature are building up and destroying to-day just
+as steadily as when the world first began.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to the Bahamas. It was learned that the Cubans had taken
+possession of one of these uninhabited islands, and had made it their
+headquarters for receiving supplies from the filibustering expeditions.
+These supplies they would carry to Cuba when opportunity offered.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner did the English learn this than a gunboat was sent to the
+island.<a name="Page_1523" id="Page_1523"></a></p>
+
+<p>A large supply of arms and ammunition and a number of Cubans were
+captured.</p>
+
+<p>The loss will be keenly felt by the Cubans because this depot was also
+used as a means of communication with friends in New York, and many of
+them escaped to America by this route.</p>
+
+<p>It is not known what will be done with the prisoners taken. At present
+they are being held in quarantine for fear of yellow fever.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The British in India are advancing into the heart of the Afridis
+territory, and are now within thirteen miles of the Afghan frontier.</p>
+
+<p>They have gained another victory over the tribesmen, and have secured
+from them two important mountain passes.</p>
+
+<p>The hillsmen are fleeing before the British advance, and representatives
+of the Afridi and Orakzai tribes have sought the Ameer of Afghanistan
+and asked him to help them.</p>
+
+<p>The Ameer has therefore sent word to the English agent at Kabul that the
+tribes are full of repentance and alarm, and have begged him to tell the
+British Government for them how truly sorry they are for their
+misconduct, and to ask on what terms they can be pardoned.</p>
+
+<p>The Ameer writes on his own account that he is trying to arrest the
+Haddah Mullah, the mad priest who stirred up all the trouble, and he
+promises that if he can only succeed in finding him, he will exile him
+from Afghanistan.</p>
+
+<p>It is not certain that the British are at liberty to make terms with the
+Afridis.<a name="Page_1524" id="Page_1524"></a></p>
+
+<p>With savage and semi-savage people it is always necessary to keep
+strictly to your word, else they lose respect, and are apt to think that
+their adversaries are not powerful enough to do what they have
+threatened to do. The quality of mercy enters very little into their
+calculations. To threaten to do a thing, and then not to do it when it
+comes to the point, does not mean to them that their adversary is kind
+and good, but that he is weak and foolish.</p>
+
+<p>The situation is this:</p>
+
+<p>When Sir William Lockhart took command of the force which was sent out
+to punish the Afridis, he issued a proclamation ordering the tribesmen
+to submit immediately, stating that he would severely punish any attempt
+to oppose the advance of his army.</p>
+
+<p>Now the Afridis have opposed his advance, and opposed it very severely,
+and they have not submitted to him.</p>
+
+<p>It is a question whether he will not be obliged to disregard the Ameer's
+request for peace, and punish the Afridis, so that they may show more
+respect for the British rule in the future.</p>
+
+<p>The complaint of the Government against the Afridis is so serious that
+they ought not to be allowed to escape without a severe lesson.</p>
+
+<p>Wishing to live at peace with this tribe, England made an agreement some
+time ago with them whereby some of the British forts in the hill country
+were put under the care of the Afridis. Money was paid to the tribe, and
+arms given out to the men, so that they might be strong enough to
+protect the British interests.</p>
+
+<p>In defiance of this agreement the Afridis broke <a name="Page_1525" id="Page_1525"></a>their alliance with the
+English, and attacked and destroyed forts which they had agreed to
+guard.</p>
+
+<p>The present indications are that the war in India will soon be over.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that this will not put an end to England's troubles in
+Hindustan, as the expense of the war, combined with the money spent to
+stamp out the plague, has so exhausted the treasury of India that funds
+will have to be supplied very soon to keep the country going.</p>
+
+<p>The council of India is considering the best means to raise the money
+needed.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Sultan of Turkey has once more been heard from on the subject of
+Crete.</p>
+
+<p>This time he is objecting to the commissioner appointed by the Powers to
+take charge of Cretan affairs.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the German Government is in sympathy with the Sultan in
+this matter, and has also signified its disapproval of the commissioner.</p>
+
+<p>The uneasy feeling in regard to Turkey is increasing, and trouble is
+expected before the winter is over.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The news of Andr&eacute;e brought by the whalers turns out to be somewhat
+indefinite.</p>
+
+<p>They say that they sighted an object which they are quite sure was the
+great balloon.</p>
+
+<p>They state further that they heard strange cries coming across the
+ice-fields, which sounded to them like human voices, and they believe
+that Andr&eacute;e and his party are stranded somewhere on an ice-floe.<a name="Page_1526" id="Page_1526"></a></p>
+
+<p>Captain Sverdrup, who commanded the <i>Fram</i>, in which Dr. Nansen made his
+famous Arctic voyage, says that it is his belief that the sounds heard
+were made by birds or else by the packing of the ice.</p>
+
+<p>In the hope that Andr&eacute;e may still be alive, a relief expedition has
+started off from the northern coast of Norway in search of the
+adventurer and his companions.</p>
+
+<p>There is a very interesting article in this month's <i>Scribner's
+Magazine</i>, which tells about the starting of the balloon. You should
+read it.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The fur seal conference has been in session in Washington for nearly two
+weeks.</p>
+
+<p>England's representative, of course, was not present. You will remember
+that after several refusals and acceptances she finally decided to meet
+the United States in a conference to be held separately from the one
+which is now taking place.</p>
+
+<p>Russia and Japan are well represented in this conference. Out of
+compliment to Mr. Foster, of the United States, who travelled to
+England, Russia, and Japan to obtain the consent of these various
+countries to the meeting, the attending delegates made him chairman of
+the conference.</p>
+
+<p>The result of the discussions so far has been most gratifying to this
+country.</p>
+
+<p>The Russian and Japanese commissioners are as fully convinced that the
+seal herd is decreasing as the Americans are, and all three countries
+have come to an agreement on the matter.</p>
+
+<p>It has been decided to draw up a treaty between <a name="Page_1527" id="Page_1527"></a>the three countries
+mentioned, whereby each agrees to prevent her own hunters and those of
+other nations from indulging in deep-sea sealing.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as this document is fully prepared the conference will adjourn.</p>
+
+<p>The result of the forthcoming British conference is awaited with
+considerable interest.</p>
+
+<p>It is openly stated that there would be no trouble at all with England
+if it were not for the interference of Canada and the determination of
+the mother country to bow to the wishes of her colony.</p>
+
+<p>It is indeed reported that Lord Salisbury has at last been convinced
+that the seals are diminishing.</p>
+
+<p>Last week he sent for several of the leading fur merchants in London,
+and asked them to tell him the true state of the case.</p>
+
+<p>According to the accounts that have reached us, one and all of these men
+assured him that the reports of Dr. Jordan were strictly correct, and
+that beyond any doubt the seals were being killed off.</p>
+
+<p>Even then the Prime Minister doubted, and thinking that the merchants
+might be in league with the Americans, he asked suspiciously:</p>
+
+<p>"If this is true, how is it that the price of sealskin is no higher now
+than it was when the supply of seals was abundant?"</p>
+
+<p>It was not till he had been convinced that sealskin was no longer the
+fashionable fur, and that astrakhan had largely taken its place, that he
+was willing to believe them.</p>
+
+<p>It is reported that Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Premier of Canada, is
+coming here to be present at the next conference.<a name="Page_1528" id="Page_1528"></a></p>
+
+<p>It is to be hoped that Lord Salisbury's eyes may now be opened to the
+true state of the case, and that he may be able to convince Sir Wilfrid
+that common sense demands that England and Canada shall make a similar
+agreement with us to that which is just being prepared with Russia and
+Japan.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The engineers' strike in England has not yet come to an end.</p>
+
+<p>A special cablegram reports that the situation is unchanged. The Society
+of Engineers insists on the eight-hour day, and the masters refuse to
+discuss the subject until this point has been abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>The chances of reaching an understanding are more remote than ever.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean while there is trouble in the cotton trade.</p>
+
+<p>The state of the cotton market is such that the manufacturers can no
+longer pay the wages they have been paying, and they have had to give
+notice to their hands that they must either close their mills or reduce
+wages.</p>
+
+<p>At first it was decided that ten per cent. must be taken off the pay of
+the workers.</p>
+
+<p>The trades unions discussed the matter with the employers, and refused
+to listen to such a reduction of wages.</p>
+
+<p>The masters then declared that they could not continue to pay the
+present rate, as they would be losing money. They finally decided to
+give their workers a month's notice that they were going to reduce their
+wages five per cent.<a name="Page_1529" id="Page_1529"></a></p>
+
+<p>Every one is anxiously waiting to see what the factory hands will do at
+the end of the month.</p>
+
+<p>It is hoped that the time that will intervene before the reduction takes
+place will give them an opportunity to think matters over, and so avoid
+a strike.</p>
+
+<p>Should the cotton-workers decide to strike, two hundred thousand
+operatives may be thrown out of work.</p>
+
+<p>The manufacture of cotton goods in one of the greatest of the English
+industries.</p>
+
+<p>Over a million men, women, and children are employed in Great Britain
+and Ireland, and nearly five million people are dependent for their
+daily bread on the wages earned in the factories.</p>
+
+<p>The centre of this great industry is the city of Manchester. Here the
+greatest number of factories are built, and all matters concerning the
+cotton market are discussed and settled. Manchester&mdash;dirty, smoky
+Manchester, with its forest of tall chimneys pouring forth volumes of
+black, sulphurous smoke, holds the fate of the cotton trade in its
+hands.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite a sight to see the Manchester factory hands rushing out of
+the mills, hundreds strong, at the noon hour.</p>
+
+<p>Our own factory hands are, as you well know, neat, tidy, and well
+dressed girls. As soon as they turn off from the stream of their
+fellow-workers, as they leave the mills, it is hardly possible to tell
+whether they are factory girls, shop girls, servants, or young ladies.</p>
+
+<p>The English mill girls are quite different.</p>
+
+<p>They have a distinct dress which points out their occupation wherever
+they may be.<a name="Page_1530" id="Page_1530"></a></p>
+
+<p>To begin with, they never by any chance wear hats. Winter and summer
+they go bareheaded.</p>
+
+<p>They one and all wear short skirts which reach to the tops of their
+boots; these skirts are always made of cotton goods, and their boots are
+thick, clumpy, laced affairs, heavier than those worn by the workmen in
+this country&mdash;very often they have wooden soles. As you may imagine, the
+appearance of these girls' feet is something appalling.</p>
+
+<p>The factory girl's costume is completed by an apron and a small square
+shawl of bright plaid, which is worn over the shoulders, or shifted to
+cover the head in wet weather.</p>
+
+<p>They are picturesque-looking women, but the majority of them are so big
+and brawny and their manners are so rough that you would rather trust
+yourself to the mercies of a mad bull than to a crowd of angry factory
+girls.</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion in Manchester, the agent of a patent washing-machine,
+wishing to advertise his goods, stationed himself outside one of the
+mill gates, and offered to wash the girls' greasy, oily aprons as they
+came out from work at noon.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the girls took their aprons off, and a large crowd gathered
+round the machine to see what was going to be done.</p>
+
+<p>The man put the garments into the machine, turned the crank, and in a
+minute the black and dirt were all out of the aprons.</p>
+
+<p>The girls were highly pleased.</p>
+
+<p>They signified their approval as the man wrung out the suds with his
+machine, and watched him with great interest as he carefully folded each
+apron, and <a name="Page_1531" id="Page_1531"></a>then put them through a couple of rollers which were
+attached to the machine and intended to act as a mangle.</p>
+
+<p>Clean, smooth, and neatly pressed, he handed each apron back to its
+owner and waited for their thanks. The whole business had not taken more
+than five minutes, and he expected to do a thriving trade in
+washing-machines on the spot.</p>
+
+<p>He was disappointed.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner did the girls get back their aprons than the trouble began.</p>
+
+<p>In their ignorance they had expected that the garments would be returned
+to them dry as well as clean, and when they found that they were
+wringing wet and could not be used again for several hours, their rage
+knew no bounds.</p>
+
+<p>They beat the man, tore his clothes, broke his machine, and ill-treated
+him until the men and boys from the mill, who had been watching the riot
+with laughter, thought it was time to interfere, and rescued the agent
+from the angry women.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing gentle or feminine about the English factory girl.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Sultan of Turkey has sent a demand to the powers that the ten
+thousand rifles seized on board a Greek ship shall be turned over to
+him. These arms were taken during the early part of the blockade of
+Crete, and have been held by the powers.</p>
+
+<p>Abdul Hamid has also issued a protest against the trial of a number of
+his subjects in the courts of Crete. He demands that they shall be sent
+over to Turkish <a name="Page_1532" id="Page_1532"></a>courts and tried by Turkish judges instead of by the
+representatives of the powers.</p>
+
+<p>He seems to be beginning his interference in Cretan matters.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A telegram from Christiania, Norway, states that news of Professor
+Andr&eacute;e has just been brought from Spitzbergen.</p>
+
+<p>The nature of the news is not given, but it has been brought by the crew
+of a ship which was wrecked in the Arctic Seas, and who have just made
+their way to Spitzbergen.</p>
+
+<p>Spitzbergen is one of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean to the
+north of Sweden, and east of Greenland.</p>
+
+<p>We may probably soon learn the fate of Andr&eacute;e and his brave followers.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 23.5em;">G.</span><span class="smcap">H. Rosenfeld</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>PRIZE CONTEST.</h2>
+
+
+<p>There were so many competitors in the prize contest recently closed that
+it was impossible to decide who were the winners in time to announce
+their names in last week's paper. The quotation was, "The Pen is
+Mightier than the Sword," and Miss H.K. Peck, Crown Street, Meriden,
+Conn., won the first prize, and Miss E. DuBois, Greenwich, Conn., the
+second.</p>
+
+<p>Watch for the new contest, which will begin in an early number.<a name="Page_1533" id="Page_1533"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Harison</span>:
+
+<p>I have taken great interest in <span class="smcap">The Great Round
+World</span>. When I was away this summer I showed your paper
+to a great many people, and they thought it was very nice,
+and they thought they would subscribe for it.</p>
+
+<p>I have taken great interest in the Klondike affair. I went
+away this summer to Lake Hopatcong and had a lovely time,
+but we came home a little while ago.</p>
+
+<p>Hoping your paper the most possible success,</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 21em;">Yours truly,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">S</span><span class="smcap">outh Orange</span>, N.J.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; B.F.<br />
+<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<div><span class="smcap">Dear Little Friend</span>:</div>
+
+<p>We are very pleased to receive your kind letter.</p>
+
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">E</span><span class="smcap">ditor.</span><br />
+<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">To the Editor</span>:</p>
+
+<p>I wish to call your attention to the article printed in last
+week's <span class="smcap">Great Round World</span> about Austria. Your
+description about the Bohemians, properly called Czechs, is
+wrong. They are not wild, unruly, nor obstinate. In the
+United States there are five hundred thousand Czechs, and
+you never hear of them giving trouble to the Government nor
+any one else. Everywhere they are known as a quiet,
+industrious race, doing their business and offending no one.
+In Europe they have a great many obstacles to overcome. One
+of them is that the Germans are trying to crush them
+wherever they can. Every nation loves its tongue and wishes
+it to live, so do the Czechs. Because they oppose, are they
+to be called wild, obstinate, and ill-governed? The Czechs'
+language is not so <a name="Page_1534" id="Page_1534"></a>difficult. I know Americans speaking the
+Czechs' language as well as Czechs themselves. I do not wish
+to discuss their rights, but I do feel that where a sad
+mistake has been made it ought to be rectified. Young
+readers must be informed correctly; and knowing it to be
+your aim to inform your readers so, I take the liberty of
+writing. I hope you will not think me prejudiced, nor that I
+merely write from a Czech's standpoint. An injustice has
+been done and ought to be righted if possible. If you wish
+to gain correct information, I refer you to Mr. Riis, author
+of "How the Other Half Lives." Also to Dr. Hall, minister of
+the Presbyterian Church. They have both been to Austria
+several times, and know a great deal about the Czechs.
+Hoping you will consider the matter, I remain yours,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &nbsp; &nbsp;
+<span class="smcap">A.B. Bazata.</span></p></div>
+
+<div>
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">N</span><span class="smcap">ew York City</span>, October 18th, 1897.<br />
+<br /><br /></div>
+
+
+<div><span class="smcap">Dear Friend</span>:</div>
+
+<p>We were very pleased to receive your letter.</p>
+
+<p>You have evidently misunderstood the article in question, and also
+misquoted it.</p>
+
+<p>If you will look back at page 1,390 you will see that we do not say the
+Bohemians are an unruly people, but that they are wild and quickly
+irritated&mdash;information which you can easily verify for yourself. We had
+no intention of making any disparaging remarks about the race. We merely
+stated facts which are so well known in Europe that they have become
+proverbs.</p>
+
+<p>In reference to the Czech language we must also differ with you. Your
+argument that you have friends who speak the language does not strike us
+as very sound. There are numbers of Europeans who have <a name="Page_1535" id="Page_1535"></a>learned Chinese,
+but that does not alter the fact that Chinese is an abnormally difficult
+tongue.</p>
+
+<p>If you will read our article through again you will see that your zeal
+for the Bohemians has made you defend them before they were accused.</p>
+
+<p>We stated that the governing of Austria is a very difficult task in
+consequence of the three conflicting elements of which it is composed,
+and explained the nature and grievance of each element.</p>
+
+<p>You must not let your sympathies cloud your judgment.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 28em;">E</span><span class="smcap">ditor.</span><br />
+<a name="Page_1536" id="Page_1536"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>By means of slot-boxes one may buy gum or postage-stamps, be weighed, or
+have his picture taken.</p>
+
+<p>A schoolboy of St. Louis has recently invented a new and practical form
+of this popular machine.</p>
+
+<p>The Martin paper slot-box is to be used upon street cars and railway
+trains for the sale of daily papers.</p>
+
+<p>It has separate compartments for each morning daily, with movable
+name-slips so that the one box may serve for the sale of both morning
+and evening papers.</p>
+
+<p>Though small and neat, the box will hold forty-five papers.</p>
+
+<p>By inserting a penny and pushing a button, any paper desired may be had.
+The boxes are so arranged that five cents will be necessary to work the
+button for Sunday papers.</p>
+
+<p>The patent papers have been received, and the youthful inventor is
+superintending the making of the boxes. As soon as a sufficient number
+are ready they are to be given a thorough trial on the leading lines of
+cars in St. Louis.<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 54, November 18, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 54, November 18, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 54, November 18, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: July 2, 2005 [EBook #16177]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   NOVEMBER 18, 1897.   NO. 54
+
+=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The mayor of the city of Greater New York is Judge Robert A. Van Wyck.
+
+New York city has just been passing through the most exciting election
+that has fallen to her lot since she became a city.
+
+This being the first election since the passing of the charter which
+made New York the second largest city in the world, each political party
+has been trying to get a man in for mayor who represented its own
+especial way of thinking.
+
+You will remember our telling you about the passing of the charter last
+spring, and remarking that the man who would be made mayor of this great
+city would have to rule over nearly three and a half millions of people.
+He will also have to appoint officers of the government whose salaries
+will amount to five hundred thousand dollars a year, and to control New
+York's yearly income, which will amount to more than sixty millions of
+the people's money.
+
+On January 1st, 1898, Greater New York will embrace Staten Island, the
+whole of Brooklyn as far down the Bay as Rockaway Beach, extend as far
+north as Yonkers, and stretch across the country to the Sound, which it
+will cross to take in Queens County on Long Island.
+
+In the recent election one of the principal candidates for the mayoralty
+was Mr. Seth Low, the president of Columbia University, who was mayor of
+the city of Brooklyn in 1881, and was re-elected to the same office in
+1883. Besides Mr. Low there were Gen. Benjamin F. Tracy, who was
+Secretary of the Navy under President Harrison in 1889, Robert A. Van
+Wyck, chief judge of the city court, and Mr. Henry George.
+
+The contest was a very lively one, and each man who thus offered his
+services to his city had to endure a severe course of the abuse which it
+is the fashion nowadays to heap on any man who puts himself before the
+public gaze.
+
+Accusations have been brought by each party against the others, until,
+to the unprejudiced outsider, it has seemed as if none of the candidates
+selected was fit to hold office at all.
+
+Judge Van Wyck and General Tracy have been accused of being so much
+under the rule of their party leaders that they could not possibly give
+New York honest government. Mr. Seth Low has been declared to be such an
+autocrat that he would rule the city according to his own ideas, were
+they good or bad. Mr. George was called a visionary person, who would
+turn the world upside down if ever he came into power. These were, of
+course, the opinions of the candidates' enemies. To their friends each
+of them was felt to be the one man for whom the city had been waiting,
+and whose election would insure the best possible government at the
+lowest possible cost to the people.
+
+You may judge for yourselves that all these opinions could not possibly
+be true; and that therefore the candidates, as well as their parties,
+must have had their good sides and their bad sides. We can only hope
+that Judge Van Wyck, who was elected to the position by a very large
+majority, may prove to be the best man for the place.
+
+A very sad and painful turn was given to the election by the sudden
+death of Mr. Henry George, one of the candidates.
+
+Mr. George was a man who had made a world-wide reputation for himself as
+the originator of the Single-Tax system.
+
+The Single Tax is rather a hard matter for you to understand.
+
+In brief, it was Mr. George's belief that poverty could be done away
+with, and every man placed in a position where he could earn a
+comfortable income, by abolishing all taxes upon industry and the
+products of industry, and substituting one single tax on land. The
+land-owners would then be the only persons taxed, and, according to Mr.
+George's theory, the land tax would be so heavy that it would prevent
+the men who do not want to use the land from keeping it out of the hands
+of the many who would like to have it for homes or raising crops. There
+being no longer any other taxes, the cost of living would be greatly
+lessened, and every man would be able to earn enough to support his
+family in comfort--and poverty would be at an end.
+
+It is claimed for Mr. George's theory that no one has been able to find
+an argument which disproves it; but at the same time it has not yet been
+proved by practical use, and to many people it seems only a wonderful
+idea which can never be brought into working order.
+
+Be that as it may, Henry George was one of the really great men of our
+century; and while the troubles between labor and capital exist, he can
+never be forgotten.
+
+Mr. George did not go into the campaign from any desire of personal gain
+or profit. He felt that it was a critical moment in the history of the
+city, and he ran for the mayoralty of Greater New York because he
+thought he was needed by the people whom he so greatly loved.
+
+The cause of the people was ever nearest his heart, and to benefit them
+he willingly gave up the comfort of his quiet home, and the labor in
+which he found his greatest pleasure, the writing of a book on the
+"Science of Political Economy," which he had hoped would prove a greater
+work than his famous "Progress and Poverty."
+
+Mr. George was not, however, strong enough to stand the strain and worry
+of a political campaign. His health gave way under it.
+
+The night before his death he overtaxed his strength by speaking in
+several different places, making several tiring speeches on the same
+evening, and hurrying from one meeting to be in time for the next. Worn
+out by the burdens which he was not strong enough to bear, he passed
+away in his sleep, stricken with apoplexy.
+
+Rich and poor alike mourn the loss of this great man. On the Sunday
+after his death his body lay in state in New York that the people whom
+he had loved so well might bid good-by to their friend. For hours they
+passed by his bier; rich and poor, young and old followed each other in
+the long line.
+
+At the funeral services which were held later, many ministers of
+different sects and religions combined in the praise of the great and
+good man who had passed away in the act of doing his duty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The establishing of Home Rule in Cuba does not seem as near as the
+Spaniards would have us believe. An official who understands the ins and
+outs of Spanish policy declares that it will be fully a year before the
+proposed reforms can be put into working order.
+
+At the present moment there is a general election taking place in Spain,
+and until this is settled nothing will be done in regard to Cuban
+reforms.
+
+As soon as the elections are over, the Colonial Minister will prepare
+the bill which will give Home Rule to Cuba. The bill will then be sent
+to the Cortes, where it must be discussed by both the Upper and Lower
+Houses before it can become a law. It may take many months before the
+members can agree on such an important measure as this will be.
+
+When it has finally passed the Cortes, it must be sent to the Queen, who
+will look it over at her leisure, and sign it if she thinks fit.
+
+Even after her signature is affixed the Cortes has the power to lay the
+measure aside and prevent its ever becoming a law.
+
+It is therefore hinted in Cuba that the offers of reform may after all
+mean nothing but an endeavor to gain time, and prevent the United States
+from going to the assistance of Cuba.
+
+The reforms offered are not at all acceptable to Cubans, because they
+find that they will be expected to pay the whole of the debt caused by
+the war, which now amounts to nearly six hundred million dollars.
+Furthermore, the captain-general who will rule over the island as
+governor will have the right to veto every act of the legislature. The
+Cubans therefore feel that the Home Rule offered is not a genuine reform
+which will bring them relief from the abuses from which they rebelled
+against Spain, but a sort of game, invented to keep them good tempered,
+which is as unlike real Home Rule as playing with a doll is unlike
+nursing a real baby.
+
+It is stated that the Cuban people in the field and in the cities do not
+believe in the offered Home Rule, and are determined not to accept it.
+
+A proclamation to that effect has come from Cuba. It is signed by
+Calixto Garcia, Maximo Gomez, and Domingo Mendez Capote,--which, by the
+way, looks as if the report was true that Garcia had been elected
+commander-in-chief of the army, Gomez, minister of war, and Capote,
+president of Cuba; else why should they sign the proclamation, which is
+an official document?
+
+General Gomez has also issued another statement in which he says that
+the change in the Spanish Government will not affect the Cuban plans in
+the least. The Cubans, he says, are fighting for liberty, and liberty
+they will have. They scornfully refuse the Spanish offers of Home Rule,
+believing them to be insincere and misleading.
+
+Gomez further declares that the army has been making great preparations
+for the coming winter campaign, and expects to show the mother-country,
+by force of arms, that Cuba will have nothing from her but freedom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General Weyler has left Cuba, and General Ramon Blanco has taken command
+in his place.
+
+The demonstrations so much feared by the Americans and Cubans in Havana
+occurred in spite of all the efforts to prevent them, but, happily such
+excellent precautions were taken that no rioting ensued.
+
+There were a few cries of "Death to the Americans," but a strong guard
+had been placed over our consulate, and so no attack was made on it.
+
+A report was circulated that the American cruiser _Montgomery_ was
+outside the harbor, and so the Americans were not interfered with. They
+wisely kept within doors during the whole day, and everything passed off
+peaceably.
+
+The city itself went wild over its beloved General. The stores were
+closed, the streets decorated, rockets were fired, and immense crowds
+gathered round the palace to bid Weyler farewell. The General went from
+the palace to the wharf on foot, the crowds pressing round him, shaking
+his hand, and even kissing him, cheering him to the echo as he embarked.
+
+The Government in Spain sincerely wished to prevent the demonstration.
+The ministry desired to give the impression that Weyler had been
+recalled from Cuba because his rule had not been satisfactory to Spain.
+The Prime Minister therefore feared that if the Spaniards in Cuba
+gathered round Weyler and praised his rule--which had been so
+bloodthirsty and savage,--the Cubans would be still more enraged against
+Spain, and less inclined to believe that she really meant to give them
+the promised reforms.
+
+To prevent any show of feeling, word was cabled from Spain that Weyler
+was on no account to leave the island until General Blanco arrived.
+
+Weyler must have thought this to mean that Blanco had orders to forbid
+any demonstration, and so, in direct defiance to the orders he had
+received, he decided to embark the day that Blanco was expected.
+
+By this means he was able to permit the demonstration which was so
+pleasing to his vanity, and also to make trouble for his successor.
+
+The Cubans, as Spain feared, were shocked that the Spaniards should make
+an idol of their bitterest enemy, and immediately began to doubt the
+truth of the Home Rule stories.
+
+Weyler went aboard his ship in great state on Friday afternoon, but by
+Saturday the fickle people of Havana were laughing at the man whom they
+had praised and embraced the day before.
+
+Weyler had expected that Blanco would arrive an hour or two after his
+departure, but, unfortunately, soon after he had embarked he learned
+that Blanco's ship could not reach Cuba till Sunday morning, and as the
+_Montserrat_, on which Weyler had taken passage, had orders not to leave
+Havana till Blanco arrived, the great Weyler was cooped up on board
+ship the whole of Saturday, waiting with what patience he might for the
+arrival of General Blanco.
+
+At about six o'clock on Sunday morning, October 31st, Blanco reached the
+port of Havana. Almost immediately Weyler visited him on board his ship,
+turned over his command, and in the afternoon sailed away from the
+shores of the beautiful little island which he has laid waste and
+ravaged with fire and sword.
+
+Now that he has gone, the Spanish papers are beginning to condemn him
+and examine a little more closely into his accounts.
+
+It is possible that trouble may await him when he reaches Spain.
+
+One paper asks that he explain a problem in mathematics which you young
+folks should find interesting.
+
+On May 18th, 1897, General Weyler announced that there were only 1,300
+insurgents in Cuba, and that these were mostly unarmed.
+
+On September 16th, 1897, he stated that of these (1,300) insurgents
+(mostly unarmed), 1,716 had surrendered with arms in their hands, 4,619
+had surrendered without arms, 1,007 had been killed in Pinar del Rio,
+536 in Havana, 430 in Matanzas, and 966 in Las Villas.
+
+Out of 1,300 insurgents, 6,335 had surrendered and 2,942 had been
+killed.
+
+Any one who can make these statements agree will receive a handsome
+prize from THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is said that one of the first measures to be taken by General Blanco
+will be to suppress the barbarous decree made by Weyler which drove the
+country people away from their homes, and forced them to herd and starve
+in the cities.
+
+These unfortunate people are now to be turned loose again, and given the
+right to go back to their homes and their farms.
+
+This seems a very humane thing to do, but it will hardly bring the
+Spaniards the popularity they expect.
+
+Since Weyler drove the peasants into the cities their lands and farms
+have been laid waste, their houses burned, their cattle stolen. They
+will be turned out of the cities penniless and homeless, and exchange
+the certainty of dying of hunger in the crowded city for the equal
+certainty of dying of hunger in the desolate wasted country.
+
+Added to this, it is uncertain whether General Blanco can induce the
+country folks to leave the cities unless he drives them out at the point
+of the bayonet.
+
+You probably remember our telling you that when first these people were
+forced into the cities, and began to feel the pangs of hunger, they
+begged the authorities to give them permission to go back to their
+farms, and gather in the crops that were rotting in the fields, that
+they might have food to save themselves from starving.
+
+You will also remember that permission was given some of these poor
+fellows, and that they started out full of energy and hope, only to be
+shot down and killed by the Spanish soldiers as soon as they were
+outside the city limits.
+
+The country people have not forgotten this, and it will be hard to make
+them believe that this order to leave the city is intended for anything
+else than a general massacre. Blanco will find it no easy task to make
+the people believe he means well by them.
+
+Immediately on taking charge of affairs, the new Captain-General issued
+a proclamation to the people, in which he said that Spain had sent him
+to bring peace and prosperity to Cuba, and to extend her forgiveness to
+those who were willing to seek the protection of her flag.
+
+He stated that he had been ordered by the Queen to govern the island
+with kindness and generosity, but added that the rebellion must be
+brought to an end. He declared that while Spain would show mercy to all
+who submitted to her rule, she would punish with the utmost severity
+those who still remained in arms against her.
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the mean while the Cubans are going right ahead. The important town
+of Bayamo, in Santiago de Cuba, is being besieged by the insurgents, and
+the monthly supply-train from Havana has again been captured by the
+rebels.
+
+The condition of the Spanish troops is something pitiable.
+
+The true state of affairs in Cuba is becoming so well known in Spain
+that the soldiers there are unwilling to go out to poor pay, poor food,
+and a certainty of becoming the prey of some awful pestilence.
+
+Many of the soldiers who have been sent home have died on the voyage,
+and those who have reached Spain are so broken down in health that the
+fresh soldiers are afraid to go to Cuba.
+
+There have been several mutinies among the troops which were ordered out
+with General Blanco.
+
+A mutiny means that the soldiers refuse to obey the orders of their
+officers, and is practically a strike among soldiers.
+
+In this instance the men have refused to embark for Cuba. In spite of
+their remonstrance they have been forced to obey, and the ringleaders
+severely punished.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It seems that our chances of being drawn into a war with Spain have not
+been greatly lessened by the answer to General Woodford's message.
+
+Every one is waiting anxiously to know what the President will say at
+the opening of Congress, for it looks as if the time had come when we
+must take sides with Cuba.
+
+The former minister to Spain, Mr. Hannis Taylor, has published an
+article in _The North American Review_, in which he gives it as his
+opinion that as Spain seems unable to put an end to the war, it is our
+duty to interfere, and tell the Spaniards that the war must cease by a
+certain date or we will have to take a hand and put an end to it
+ourselves.
+
+This article has stirred up a great deal of feeling, and we shall
+probably hear more of it.
+
+In the mean while Spain has sent a note to the various powers, asking
+what they would be prepared to do if she should declare war on the
+United States.
+
+It is said that the European governments have given Spain to understand
+that if such an event occurs she will receive nothing stronger than
+diplomatic support from them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The cruiser _Montgomery_ and the gunboat _Annapolis_ have been sent in
+search of the _Silver Heels_, but have returned to port without finding
+any traces of her.
+
+The number of patrol vessels on our coasts has been doubled, and every
+possible precaution is being taken to prevent another affair of the
+kind; but, in the mean while, the filibuster has got safely away.
+
+Cuban filibustering has, however, received a severe blow from England.
+
+Information was received by the magistrate of Andros Island that the
+Cubans had established a depot on one of the Bahamas Islands, of which
+Andros is the largest.
+
+These islands lie on the north and east of Cuba, and are a large group
+of coral islands, which are formed by those great coral reefs which are
+known as the Bahama Banks. Twenty of them are uninhabited, and many of
+them are mere reefs or keys.
+
+These islands are very interesting from the fact that they have all been
+built by the coral insects. Each of these tiny creatures gathers lime
+from the water in which it lives or the food which it eats, and develops
+from this a skeleton, which is the coral. They live in masses or
+colonies, and throw out buds above them which form fresh coral insects.
+
+These buds immediately set to work and gather lime to build up their
+own skeletons. In time the old coral insects below die, leaving behind
+them the hard limestone frame which they have built. The younger coral
+above lives on, sending forth buds which in turn do their share of the
+building, and in time,--in countless ages of time,--reefs and islands
+rise out of the mighty depths of the sea, built by the untiring energy
+of these marvellous little insects.
+
+This rock building is still going on in the Bahama group, and some
+geologists think that in ages to come the coral insects which are at
+work on the Bahamas and those that are so busy on the Florida reefs will
+build up a vast country where it is now sea, and that ages and ages
+hence the Florida Keys, the Bahamas, and perhaps even the West Indian
+Islands may be a part of the main land. While this is only a theory, it
+should be interesting to you in making you realize that the building of
+the world is going on now, from day to day, as steadily as it did in the
+days when the bed of the Niagara River was carved out, and the wonders
+of the Yellowstone Park were being created by the gradual working of the
+waters. The forces of nature are building up and destroying to-day just
+as steadily as when the world first began.
+
+But to return to the Bahamas. It was learned that the Cubans had taken
+possession of one of these uninhabited islands, and had made it their
+headquarters for receiving supplies from the filibustering expeditions.
+These supplies they would carry to Cuba when opportunity offered.
+
+No sooner did the English learn this than a gunboat was sent to the
+island.
+
+A large supply of arms and ammunition and a number of Cubans were
+captured.
+
+The loss will be keenly felt by the Cubans because this depot was also
+used as a means of communication with friends in New York, and many of
+them escaped to America by this route.
+
+It is not known what will be done with the prisoners taken. At present
+they are being held in quarantine for fear of yellow fever.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The British in India are advancing into the heart of the Afridis
+territory, and are now within thirteen miles of the Afghan frontier.
+
+They have gained another victory over the tribesmen, and have secured
+from them two important mountain passes.
+
+The hillsmen are fleeing before the British advance, and representatives
+of the Afridi and Orakzai tribes have sought the Ameer of Afghanistan
+and asked him to help them.
+
+The Ameer has therefore sent word to the English agent at Kabul that the
+tribes are full of repentance and alarm, and have begged him to tell the
+British Government for them how truly sorry they are for their
+misconduct, and to ask on what terms they can be pardoned.
+
+The Ameer writes on his own account that he is trying to arrest the
+Haddah Mullah, the mad priest who stirred up all the trouble, and he
+promises that if he can only succeed in finding him, he will exile him
+from Afghanistan.
+
+It is not certain that the British are at liberty to make terms with the
+Afridis.
+
+With savage and semi-savage people it is always necessary to keep
+strictly to your word, else they lose respect, and are apt to think that
+their adversaries are not powerful enough to do what they have
+threatened to do. The quality of mercy enters very little into their
+calculations. To threaten to do a thing, and then not to do it when it
+comes to the point, does not mean to them that their adversary is kind
+and good, but that he is weak and foolish.
+
+The situation is this:
+
+When Sir William Lockhart took command of the force which was sent out
+to punish the Afridis, he issued a proclamation ordering the tribesmen
+to submit immediately, stating that he would severely punish any attempt
+to oppose the advance of his army.
+
+Now the Afridis have opposed his advance, and opposed it very severely,
+and they have not submitted to him.
+
+It is a question whether he will not be obliged to disregard the Ameer's
+request for peace, and punish the Afridis, so that they may show more
+respect for the British rule in the future.
+
+The complaint of the Government against the Afridis is so serious that
+they ought not to be allowed to escape without a severe lesson.
+
+Wishing to live at peace with this tribe, England made an agreement some
+time ago with them whereby some of the British forts in the hill country
+were put under the care of the Afridis. Money was paid to the tribe, and
+arms given out to the men, so that they might be strong enough to
+protect the British interests.
+
+In defiance of this agreement the Afridis broke their alliance with the
+English, and attacked and destroyed forts which they had agreed to
+guard.
+
+The present indications are that the war in India will soon be over.
+
+It is said that this will not put an end to England's troubles in
+Hindustan, as the expense of the war, combined with the money spent to
+stamp out the plague, has so exhausted the treasury of India that funds
+will have to be supplied very soon to keep the country going.
+
+The council of India is considering the best means to raise the money
+needed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Sultan of Turkey has once more been heard from on the subject of
+Crete.
+
+This time he is objecting to the commissioner appointed by the Powers to
+take charge of Cretan affairs.
+
+It is said that the German Government is in sympathy with the Sultan in
+this matter, and has also signified its disapproval of the commissioner.
+
+The uneasy feeling in regard to Turkey is increasing, and trouble is
+expected before the winter is over.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The news of Andree brought by the whalers turns out to be somewhat
+indefinite.
+
+They say that they sighted an object which they are quite sure was the
+great balloon.
+
+They state further that they heard strange cries coming across the
+ice-fields, which sounded to them like human voices, and they believe
+that Andree and his party are stranded somewhere on an ice-floe.
+
+Captain Sverdrup, who commanded the _Fram_, in which Dr. Nansen made his
+famous Arctic voyage, says that it is his belief that the sounds heard
+were made by birds or else by the packing of the ice.
+
+In the hope that Andree may still be alive, a relief expedition has
+started off from the northern coast of Norway in search of the
+adventurer and his companions.
+
+There is a very interesting article in this month's _Scribner's
+Magazine_, which tells about the starting of the balloon. You should
+read it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The fur seal conference has been in session in Washington for nearly two
+weeks.
+
+England's representative, of course, was not present. You will remember
+that after several refusals and acceptances she finally decided to meet
+the United States in a conference to be held separately from the one
+which is now taking place.
+
+Russia and Japan are well represented in this conference. Out of
+compliment to Mr. Foster, of the United States, who travelled to
+England, Russia, and Japan to obtain the consent of these various
+countries to the meeting, the attending delegates made him chairman of
+the conference.
+
+The result of the discussions so far has been most gratifying to this
+country.
+
+The Russian and Japanese commissioners are as fully convinced that the
+seal herd is decreasing as the Americans are, and all three countries
+have come to an agreement on the matter.
+
+It has been decided to draw up a treaty between the three countries
+mentioned, whereby each agrees to prevent her own hunters and those of
+other nations from indulging in deep-sea sealing.
+
+As soon as this document is fully prepared the conference will adjourn.
+
+The result of the forthcoming British conference is awaited with
+considerable interest.
+
+It is openly stated that there would be no trouble at all with England
+if it were not for the interference of Canada and the determination of
+the mother country to bow to the wishes of her colony.
+
+It is indeed reported that Lord Salisbury has at last been convinced
+that the seals are diminishing.
+
+Last week he sent for several of the leading fur merchants in London,
+and asked them to tell him the true state of the case.
+
+According to the accounts that have reached us, one and all of these men
+assured him that the reports of Dr. Jordan were strictly correct, and
+that beyond any doubt the seals were being killed off.
+
+Even then the Prime Minister doubted, and thinking that the merchants
+might be in league with the Americans, he asked suspiciously:
+
+"If this is true, how is it that the price of sealskin is no higher now
+than it was when the supply of seals was abundant?"
+
+It was not till he had been convinced that sealskin was no longer the
+fashionable fur, and that astrakhan had largely taken its place, that he
+was willing to believe them.
+
+It is reported that Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Premier of Canada, is
+coming here to be present at the next conference.
+
+It is to be hoped that Lord Salisbury's eyes may now be opened to the
+true state of the case, and that he may be able to convince Sir Wilfrid
+that common sense demands that England and Canada shall make a similar
+agreement with us to that which is just being prepared with Russia and
+Japan.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The engineers' strike in England has not yet come to an end.
+
+A special cablegram reports that the situation is unchanged. The Society
+of Engineers insists on the eight-hour day, and the masters refuse to
+discuss the subject until this point has been abandoned.
+
+The chances of reaching an understanding are more remote than ever.
+
+In the mean while there is trouble in the cotton trade.
+
+The state of the cotton market is such that the manufacturers can no
+longer pay the wages they have been paying, and they have had to give
+notice to their hands that they must either close their mills or reduce
+wages.
+
+At first it was decided that ten per cent. must be taken off the pay of
+the workers.
+
+The trades unions discussed the matter with the employers, and refused
+to listen to such a reduction of wages.
+
+The masters then declared that they could not continue to pay the
+present rate, as they would be losing money. They finally decided to
+give their workers a month's notice that they were going to reduce their
+wages five per cent.
+
+Every one is anxiously waiting to see what the factory hands will do at
+the end of the month.
+
+It is hoped that the time that will intervene before the reduction takes
+place will give them an opportunity to think matters over, and so avoid
+a strike.
+
+Should the cotton-workers decide to strike, two hundred thousand
+operatives may be thrown out of work.
+
+The manufacture of cotton goods in one of the greatest of the English
+industries.
+
+Over a million men, women, and children are employed in Great Britain
+and Ireland, and nearly five million people are dependent for their
+daily bread on the wages earned in the factories.
+
+The centre of this great industry is the city of Manchester. Here the
+greatest number of factories are built, and all matters concerning the
+cotton market are discussed and settled. Manchester--dirty, smoky
+Manchester, with its forest of tall chimneys pouring forth volumes of
+black, sulphurous smoke, holds the fate of the cotton trade in its
+hands.
+
+It is quite a sight to see the Manchester factory hands rushing out of
+the mills, hundreds strong, at the noon hour.
+
+Our own factory hands are, as you well know, neat, tidy, and well
+dressed girls. As soon as they turn off from the stream of their
+fellow-workers, as they leave the mills, it is hardly possible to tell
+whether they are factory girls, shop girls, servants, or young ladies.
+
+The English mill girls are quite different.
+
+They have a distinct dress which points out their occupation wherever
+they may be.
+
+To begin with, they never by any chance wear hats. Winter and summer
+they go bareheaded.
+
+They one and all wear short skirts which reach to the tops of their
+boots; these skirts are always made of cotton goods, and their boots are
+thick, clumpy, laced affairs, heavier than those worn by the workmen in
+this country--very often they have wooden soles. As you may imagine, the
+appearance of these girls' feet is something appalling.
+
+The factory girl's costume is completed by an apron and a small square
+shawl of bright plaid, which is worn over the shoulders, or shifted to
+cover the head in wet weather.
+
+They are picturesque-looking women, but the majority of them are so big
+and brawny and their manners are so rough that you would rather trust
+yourself to the mercies of a mad bull than to a crowd of angry factory
+girls.
+
+On one occasion in Manchester, the agent of a patent washing-machine,
+wishing to advertise his goods, stationed himself outside one of the
+mill gates, and offered to wash the girls' greasy, oily aprons as they
+came out from work at noon.
+
+Some of the girls took their aprons off, and a large crowd gathered
+round the machine to see what was going to be done.
+
+The man put the garments into the machine, turned the crank, and in a
+minute the black and dirt were all out of the aprons.
+
+The girls were highly pleased.
+
+They signified their approval as the man wrung out the suds with his
+machine, and watched him with great interest as he carefully folded each
+apron, and then put them through a couple of rollers which were
+attached to the machine and intended to act as a mangle.
+
+Clean, smooth, and neatly pressed, he handed each apron back to its
+owner and waited for their thanks. The whole business had not taken more
+than five minutes, and he expected to do a thriving trade in
+washing-machines on the spot.
+
+He was disappointed.
+
+No sooner did the girls get back their aprons than the trouble began.
+
+In their ignorance they had expected that the garments would be returned
+to them dry as well as clean, and when they found that they were
+wringing wet and could not be used again for several hours, their rage
+knew no bounds.
+
+They beat the man, tore his clothes, broke his machine, and ill-treated
+him until the men and boys from the mill, who had been watching the riot
+with laughter, thought it was time to interfere, and rescued the agent
+from the angry women.
+
+There is nothing gentle or feminine about the English factory girl.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Sultan of Turkey has sent a demand to the powers that the ten
+thousand rifles seized on board a Greek ship shall be turned over to
+him. These arms were taken during the early part of the blockade of
+Crete, and have been held by the powers.
+
+Abdul Hamid has also issued a protest against the trial of a number of
+his subjects in the courts of Crete. He demands that they shall be sent
+over to Turkish courts and tried by Turkish judges instead of by the
+representatives of the powers.
+
+He seems to be beginning his interference in Cretan matters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A telegram from Christiania, Norway, states that news of Professor
+Andree has just been brought from Spitzbergen.
+
+The nature of the news is not given, but it has been brought by the crew
+of a ship which was wrecked in the Arctic Seas, and who have just made
+their way to Spitzbergen.
+
+Spitzbergen is one of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean to the
+north of Sweden, and east of Greenland.
+
+We may probably soon learn the fate of Andree and his brave followers.
+
+                                                  G.H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+PRIZE CONTEST.
+
+
+There were so many competitors in the prize contest recently closed that
+it was impossible to decide who were the winners in time to announce
+their names in last week's paper. The quotation was, "The Pen is
+Mightier than the Sword," and Miss H.K. Peck, Crown Street, Meriden,
+Conn., won the first prize, and Miss E. DuBois, Greenwich, Conn., the
+second.
+
+Watch for the new contest, which will begin in an early number.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.
+
+
+     DEAR MR. HARISON:
+
+     I have taken great interest in THE GREAT ROUND WORLD. When I
+     was away this summer I showed your paper to a great many
+     people, and they thought it was very nice, and they thought
+     they would subscribe for it.
+
+     I have taken great interest in the Klondike affair. I went
+     away this summer to Lake Hopatcong and had a lovely time,
+     but we came home a little while ago.
+
+     Hoping your paper the most possible success,
+
+                                          Yours truly,
+     SOUTH ORANGE, N.J.                      B.F.
+
+
+
+DEAR LITTLE FRIEND:
+
+We are very pleased to receive your kind letter.
+
+
+                                               EDITOR.
+
+
+     TO THE EDITOR:
+
+     I wish to call your attention to the article printed in last
+     week's GREAT ROUND WORLD about Austria. Your description
+     about the Bohemians, properly called Czechs, is wrong. They
+     are not wild, unruly, nor obstinate. In the United States
+     there are five hundred thousand Czechs, and you never hear
+     of them giving trouble to the Government nor any one else.
+     Everywhere they are known as a quiet, industrious race,
+     doing their business and offending no one. In Europe they
+     have a great many obstacles to overcome. One of them is that
+     the Germans are trying to crush them wherever they can.
+     Every nation loves its tongue and wishes it to live, so do
+     the Czechs. Because they oppose, are they to be called wild,
+     obstinate, and ill-governed? The Czechs' language is not so
+     difficult. I know Americans speaking the Czechs' language
+     as well as Czechs themselves. I do not wish to discuss their
+     rights, but I do feel that where a sad mistake has been made
+     it ought to be rectified. Young readers must be informed
+     correctly; and knowing it to be your aim to inform your
+     readers so, I take the liberty of writing. I hope you will
+     not think me prejudiced, nor that I merely write from a
+     Czech's standpoint. An injustice has been done and ought to
+     be righted if possible. If you wish to gain correct
+     information, I refer you to Mr. Riis, author of "How the
+     Other Half Lives." Also to Dr. Hall, minister of the
+     Presbyterian Church. They have both been to Austria several
+     times, and know a great deal about the Czechs. Hoping you
+     will consider the matter, I remain yours,      A.B. BAZATA.
+
+     NEW YORK CITY, October 18th, 1897.
+
+
+DEAR FRIEND:
+
+We were very pleased to receive your letter.
+
+You have evidently misunderstood the article in question, and also
+misquoted it.
+
+If you will look back at page 1,390 you will see that we do not say the
+Bohemians are an unruly people, but that they are wild and quickly
+irritated--information which you can easily verify for yourself. We had
+no intention of making any disparaging remarks about the race. We merely
+stated facts which are so well known in Europe that they have become
+proverbs.
+
+In reference to the Czech language we must also differ with you. Your
+argument that you have friends who speak the language does not strike us
+as very sound. There are numbers of Europeans who have learned Chinese,
+but that does not alter the fact that Chinese is an abnormally difficult
+tongue.
+
+If you will read our article through again you will see that your zeal
+for the Bohemians has made you defend them before they were accused.
+
+We stated that the governing of Austria is a very difficult task in
+consequence of the three conflicting elements of which it is composed,
+and explained the nature and grievance of each element.
+
+You must not let your sympathies cloud your judgment.
+
+                                                       EDITOR.
+
+
+
+
+INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+
+By means of slot-boxes one may buy gum or postage-stamps, be weighed, or
+have his picture taken.
+
+A schoolboy of St. Louis has recently invented a new and practical form
+of this popular machine.
+
+The Martin paper slot-box is to be used upon street cars and railway
+trains for the sale of daily papers.
+
+It has separate compartments for each morning daily, with movable
+name-slips so that the one box may serve for the sale of both morning
+and evening papers.
+
+Though small and neat, the box will hold forty-five papers.
+
+By inserting a penny and pushing a button, any paper desired may be had.
+The boxes are so arranged that five cents will be necessary to work the
+button for Sunday papers.
+
+The patent papers have been received, and the youthful inventor is
+superintending the making of the boxes. As soon as a sufficient number
+are ready they are to be given a thorough trial on the leading lines of
+cars in St. Louis.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 54, November 18, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
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+
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+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
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