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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old English Libraries, by Ernest Savage
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Old English Libraries
+       The Making, Collection, and Use of Books during the Middle Ages
+
+Author: Ernest Savage
+
+Release Date: December 28, 2014 [EBook #1615]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD ENGLISH LIBRARIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images available at The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                         THE ANTIQUARY’S BOOKS
+             GENERAL EDITOR: J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A.
+
+                         OLD ENGLISH LIBRARIES
+
+[Illustration: ABBOT WHETHAMSTEDE]
+
+
+
+
+                              OLD ENGLISH
+                               LIBRARIES
+
+               THE MAKING, COLLECTION, AND USE OF BOOKS
+                        DURING THE MIDDLE AGES
+
+                                  BY
+
+                           ERNEST A. SAVAGE
+
+                     WITH FIFTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+                          METHUEN & CO. LTD.
+                         36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
+                                LONDON
+
+                       _First Published in 1911_
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+With the arrangement and equipment of libraries this essay has little to
+do: the ground being already covered adequately by Dr. Clark in his
+admirable monograph on _The Care of Books_. Herein is described the
+making, use, and circulation of books considered as a means of literary
+culture. It seemed possible to throw a useful sidelight on literary
+history, and to introduce some human interest into the study of
+bibliography, if the place held by books in the life of the Middle Ages
+could be indicated. Such, at all events, was my aim, but I am far from
+sure of my success in carrying it out; and I offer this book merely as a
+discursive and popular treatment of a subject which seems to me of great
+interest.
+
+The book has suffered from one unhappy circumstance. It was planned in
+collaboration with my friend Mr. James Hutt, M.A., but unfortunately,
+owing to a breakdown of health, Mr. Hutt was only able to help me in the
+composition of the chapter on the Libraries of Oxford, which is chiefly
+his work. Had it been possible for Mr. Hutt to share all the labour with
+me, this book would have been put before the public with more
+confidence.
+
+More footnote references appear in this volume than in most of the
+series of “Antiquary’s Books.” One consideration specially urged me to
+take this course. The subject has been treated briefly, and it seemed
+essential to cite as many authorities as possible, so that readers who
+were in the mood might obtain further information by following them up.
+
+In a book covering a long period and touching national and local history
+at many points, I cannot hope to have escaped errors; and I shall be
+grateful if readers will bring them to my notice.
+
+I need hardly say I am especially indebted to the splendid work
+accomplished by Dr. Montague Rhodes James, the Provost of King’s
+College, in editing _The Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and Dover_, and
+in compiling the great series of descriptive catalogues of manuscripts
+in Cambridge and other colleges. I have long marvelled at Dr. James’
+patient research; at his steady perseverance in an aim which, even when
+attained--as it now has been--could only win him the admiration and
+esteem of a few scholars and lovers of old books.
+
+I have to thank Mr. Hutt for much general help, and for reading all the
+proof slips. To Canon C. M. Church, M.A., of Wells, I am indebted for
+his kindness in answering inquiries, for lending me the illustration of
+the exterior of Wells Cathedral Library, and for permitting me to
+reproduce a plan from his book entitled _Chapters in the Early History
+of the Church of Wells_. The Historic Society of Lancashire and
+Cheshire have kindly allowed me to reproduce a part of their plan of
+Birkenhead Priory. Illustrations were also kindly lent by the Clarendon
+Press, the Cambridge University Press, Mr. John Murray, Mr. Fisher
+Unwin, the Editor of _The Connoisseur_, and Mr. G. Coffey, of the Royal
+Irish Academy. A small portion of the first chapter has appeared in _The
+Library_, and is reprinted by kind permission of the editors. Mr. C. W.
+Sutton, M.A., City Librarian of Manchester, has been in every way kind
+and patient in helping me. So too has Mr. Strickland Gibson, M.A., of
+the Bodleian Library, especially in connexion with the chapter on Oxford
+Libraries. Thanks are due also to the Deans of Hereford, Lincoln, and
+Durham, to Mr. Tapley-Soper, City Librarian of Exeter, and to Mr. W. T.
+Carter, Public Librarian of Warwick; also to my brother, V. M. Savage,
+for his drawings. The general editor of this series, the Rev. J. Charles
+Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., gave me much help by reading the manuscript and
+proofs; and I am grateful to him for many courtesies and suggestions.
+
+ERNEST A. SAVAGE
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+CHAP.                                                               PAGE
+I. THE USE OF BOOKS IN EARLY IRISH MONASTERIES                         1
+
+II. THE ENGLISH MONKS AND THEIR BOOKS                                 23
+
+III. LIBRARIES OF THE GREAT ABBEYS--BOOK-LOVERS AMONG
+THE MENDICANTS--DISPERSAL OF MONKISH LIBRARIES                        45
+
+IV. BOOK MAKING AND COLLECTING IN THE RELIGIOUS HOUSES                73
+
+V. CATHEDRAL AND CHURCH LIBRARIES                                    109
+
+VI. ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: OXFORD                                       133
+
+VII. ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: CAMBRIDGE                                   155
+
+VIII. ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: THEIR ECONOMY                              165
+
+IX. THE USE OF BOOKS TOWARDS THE END OF THE MANUSCRIPT PERIOD        173
+
+X. THE BOOK TRADE                                                    199
+
+XI. THE CHARACTER OF THE MEDIEVAL LIBRARY, AND
+THE EXTENT OF CIRCULATION OF BOOKS                                   209
+
+APPENDIX A. PRICES OF BOOKS AND MATERIALS FOR BOOK-MAKING            243
+
+APPENDIX B. LIST OF CERTAIN CLASSIC AUTHORS FOUND IN
+MEDIEVAL CATALOGUES                                                  258
+
+APPENDIX C. LIST OF MEDIEVAL COLLECTIONS OF BOOKS                    263
+
+APPENDIX D. LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL REFERENCE WORKS                    286
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+WRITING IN THE BOOK OF KELLS                                          14
+From THOMPSON’S _Greek and Latin Palæography_
+
+WRITING IN BOOK OF ARMAGH                                             15
+From THOMPSON’S _Greek and Latin Palæography_
+
+WRITING IN GRÆCO-LATIN ACTS, PROBABLY USED BY BEDE                    27
+From MS. Bodl. Laud. Gr. 35, f. 63
+
+WRITING IN BENEDICTIONAL OF ST. ETHELWOLD                             43
+From _Archæologia_, xxiv.
+
+PLAN OF SCRIPTORIUM, BIRKENHEAD PRIORY                                74
+Redrawn from _Trans. of the Lancashire and Cheshire Historic
+Society_
+
+ANCIENT STALL, OR CARRELL, IN BISHOP’S CANNINGS CHURCH,
+WILTS                                                                 77
+From COX AND HARVEY’S _English Church Furniture_
+
+TABLET CASE AND WAXED TABLET                                          84
+From COFFEY’S _Celtic Antiquities in the Museum of the R.I.A._
+
+PLAN SHOWING DISPOSITION OF BOOKS IN CISTERCIAN
+HOUSES                                                                93
+Redrawn from GASQUET’S _English Monastic Life_
+
+PLAN SHOWING PROBABLE SITUATION OF LIBRARY OF WELLS
+CATHEDRAL IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY                                  122
+Redrawn from Canon CHURCH’S _Chapters in the History of
+Wells Cathedral_
+
+BEREBLOCK VIEW OF DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY                             140
+From MS. Bodl. 13
+
+AUTOGRAPH OF DUKE HUMFREY OF GLOUCESTER                              191
+From MS. Harl. 1705. f. 96_a_
+
+RECORD OF SALE OF BOOK CAPTURED AT POITIERS                          234
+From MS. Reg. 19, D ii. opposite f. 1
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF PLATES
+
+
+ABBOT WHETHAMSTEDE                                         _Frontispiece_
+From MS. Cott. Nero, D vii. f. 27_a_
+
+PLATE                                                        FACING PAGE
+
+I. (_a_) ANCIENT SATCHEL OF IRISH MISSAL, CORPUS CHRISTI
+COLLEGE, OXFORD                                                       12
+By permission of the Governing Body
+
+(_b_) COVER OF STOWE MISSAL                                           12
+Museum of Royal Irish Academy, Dublin (A.D. 1023-1052)
+
+II. ILLUMINATED PAGE OF BOOK OF KELLS                                 14
+From WESTWOOD’S _Facsimiles_
+
+III. THE SHRINE OF THE CATHACH PSALTER, ELEVENTH
+CENTURY                                                               16
+From _The Connoisseur_, by permission of the Editor
+
+IV. CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE’S GOSPELS: FRONT AND
+BOTTOM                                                                20
+From COFFEY’S _Celtic Antiquities in Museum of Royal Irish
+Academy_, by permission of the Council
+
+V. BENEDICTIONAL OF ST. ETHELWOLD: NATIVITY OF
+ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST                                                  42
+From _Archæologia_, xxiv.
+
+VI. BENEDICTIONAL OF ST. ETHELWOLD: THE ASCENSION                     44
+From _Archæologia_, xxiv.
+
+VII. (_a_) ABBOT ROGER DE NORTHONE WITH HIS BOOKS                     48
+From MS. Cott. Nero, D vii. f. 18_b_
+
+(_b_) ABBOT GARIN WITH HIS BOOKS                                      48
+From MS. Cott. Claud., E iv. pt. i., f. 125_a_
+
+VIII. ABBOT SIMON OF ST. ALBANS AT HIS BOOK-CHEST                     50
+From MS. Cott. Claud., E iv. pt. i. f. 124
+
+IX. GREY FRIARS, LONDON (CHRIST’S HOSPITAL): OLD
+HALL AND WHITTINGTON’S LIBRARY                                        54
+From Trollope’s _History of Christ’s Hospital_
+
+X. GREY FRIARS CATALOGUE OF CONVENTUAL LIBRARIES                      58
+From MS. Bodl. Tanner, 165, f. 119
+
+XI. TWELFTH CENTURY ILLUMINATION FROM BURY ST.
+EDMUND’S ABBEY                                                        64
+From MS. 2, f. 281_b_, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,
+by permission of the Master and Fellows
+
+XII. WESTMINSTER ILLUMINATION, THIRTEENTH CENTURY                     68
+From MS. Reg. 2 A xii. f. 14, Brit. Mus.
+
+XIII. THE CLOISTERS, GLOUCESTER, SHOWING CARRELLS                     76
+From MURRAY’S _Cathedrals_
+
+XIV. A SCRIBE AND HIS TOOLS, FROM A VERY ANCIENT MS.                  82
+From MS. Harl. 2820, f. 120
+
+XV. FURNESS ABBEY: CLOISTERS AND CHAPTER HOUSE                        94
+
+XVI. FACSIMILE OF LIBRARY CATALOGUE OF SYON MONASTERY                104
+From BATESON’S _Catalogue of Syon Monastery_
+
+XVII. MEDIEVAL BINDING: MR. YATES THOMPSON’S HEGESIPPUS              108
+From BATESON’S _Mediæval England_
+
+XVIII. ANCIENT BOOK-BOX IN EXETER CATHEDRAL                          110
+Photo by HEATH & BRADNEE, Exeter
+
+XIX. CHAINED BOOKS, HEREFORD CATHEDRAL LIBRARY                       116
+By permission of the Dean of Hereford
+
+XX. OLD LIBRARY, LINCOLN CATHEDRAL                                   118
+Photo by G. HADLEIGH, Lincoln. By permission of the
+Dean of Lincoln
+
+XXI. WELLS CATHEDRAL: LIBRARY OVER CLOISTER                          122
+Photo by T. W. PHILLIPS, Wells
+
+XXII. ST. MARY’S CHURCH, OXFORD: FIRST HOME OF
+UNIVERSITY LIBRARY                                                   132
+
+Photo by H. W. TAUNT, Oxford
+
+XXIII. (_a_) ILLUMINATOR OF ST. ALBANS                               134
+
+From MS. Cott. Nero, D iii. f. 105
+
+
+(_b_) DOCUMENT BEARING THE NAMES OF MEMBERS
+OF THE BOOK-TRADE, _c._ 1180                                         134
+
+From BARNARD’S _Companion to English History_
+
+
+XXIV. (_a_) DUKE HUMFREY AND ELEANOR OF GLOUCESTER
+JOINING THE CONFRATERNITY OF ST. ALBANS                              138
+
+From MS. Cott. Nero, D vii. f. 154_a_
+
+
+(_b_) ANCIENT ROOF OF DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY                         138
+
+Photo by JAS. HUTT, M.A.
+
+
+XXV. DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY, OXFORD                                  142
+
+Photo by H. W. TAUNT
+
+
+XXVI. LIBRARY OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD                      144
+
+Photo by H. W. TAUNT
+
+
+XXVII. MERTON COLLEGE LIBRARY, OXFORD                                152
+
+Photo by H. W. TAUNT
+
+
+XXVIII. PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY,
+CAMBRIDGE                                                            156
+
+From LOGGAN’S _Cantab. Illus._
+
+
+XXIX. LIBRARY OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD,
+FROM MASTER’S GARDEN                                                 170
+
+Photo by H. W. TAUNT
+
+
+XXX. CARMELITE IN HIS STUDY                                          184
+
+From MS. Reg. 14 E i. f. 3, Brit. Mus.
+
+
+XXXI. A SCRIBE (ST. MARK WRITING HIS GOSPEL), FROM
+THE BEDFORD HOURS                                                    196
+
+From Add. MS. 18850, f. 24, Brit. Mus.
+
+XXXII. A SCRIBE AT WORK, FROM EADWINE’S PSALTER,
+_c._ 1150                                                            202
+
+From BATESON’S _Mediæval England_
+
+XXXIII. ENGLISH ILLUMINATED WORK UNDER FRENCH INFLUENCE,
+FROM TENISON PSALTER                                                 214
+
+From MS. Add. 24686, f. 12, Brit. Mus.
+
+XXXIV. FRESCO OF THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS, BY T. GADDI,
+CHURCH OF S. M. NOVELLA, FLORENCE                                    222
+
+Photo by ALINARI
+
+XXXV. ANCIENT VELLUM BOOK-MARKER                                     230
+
+From MS. 49, Corpus Christi College, Camb., by permission
+of the Master and Fellows
+
+
+
+
+OLD ENGLISH LIBRARIES
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+INTRODUCTORY--THE USE OF BOOKS IN EARLY IRISH MONASTERIES
+
+    “What tyme þat abbeies were first ordeyned
+    and monkis were first gadered to gydre.”
+      --Inscribed in MS. of _Life of Barlaam and Josaphat_,
+                Peterhouse, Camb.
+
+
+§ I
+
+To people of modern times early monachism must seem an unbeautiful and
+even offensive life. True piety was exceptional, fanaticism the rule.
+Ideals which were surely false impelled men to lead a life of idleness
+and savage austerity,--to sink very near the level of beasts, as did the
+Nitrian hermits when they murdered Hypatia in Alexandria. But this view
+does not give the whole truth. To shut out a wicked and sensual world,
+with its manifold temptations, seemed the only possible way to live
+purely. To get far beyond the influence of a barbaric society, utterly
+antagonistic to peaceful religious observance, was clearly the surest
+means of achieving personal holiness. Monachism was a system designed
+for these ends. Throughout the Middle Ages it was the refuge--the only
+refuge--for the man who desired to flee from sin. Such, at any rate, was
+the truly religious man’s view. And if monkish retreats sheltered some
+ignorant fanatics, they also attracted many representatives of the
+culture and learning of the time. This was bound to be so. At all times
+solitude has been pleasant to the student and thinker, or to the moody
+lover of books.
+
+By great good fortune, then, the studious occupations which did so much
+to soften monkish austerities in the Middle Ages, were recognised early
+as needful to the system. Even the ascetics by the Red Sea and in Nitria
+did not deprive themselves of all literary solace, although the more
+fanatical would abjure it, and many would be too poor to have it. The
+Rule of Pachomius, founder of the settlements of Tabenna, required the
+brethren’s books to be kept in a cupboard and regulated lending them.
+These libraries are referred to in Benedict’s own Rule. We hear of St.
+Pachomius destroying a copy of Origen, because the teaching in it was
+obnoxious; of Abba Bischoi writing an ascetic work, a copy of which is
+extant; of anchorites under St. Macarius of Alexandria transcribing
+books; and of St. Jerome collecting a library _summo studio et labore_,
+copying manuscripts and studying Hebrew at his hermitage even after a
+formal renunciation of the classics, and then again, at the end of his
+life, bringing together another library at Bethlehem monastery, and
+instructing boys in grammar and in classic authors. Basil the Great,
+when founding eremitical settlements on the river Iris in Pontus, spent
+some time in making selections from Origen. St. Melania the younger
+wrote books which were noted for their beauty and accuracy. And when
+Athanasius introduced Eastern monachism into Italy, and St. Martin of
+Tours and John Cassian carried it farther afield into Gaul, the same
+work went on. In the cells and caves of Martin’s community at Marmoutier
+the younger monks occupied their time in writing and sacred study, and
+the older monks in prayer.[1] Sulpicius Severus (_c._ 353-425), the
+ecclesiastical historian, preferred retirement, literary study, and the
+friendship and teaching of St. Martin to worldly pursuits. At the famous
+island community of Lérins, in South Gaul, were instructed some of the
+most celebrated scholars of the West, among them St. Hilary. “Such were
+their piety and learning that all the cities round about strove
+emulously to have monks from Lérins for their bishops.”[2] Another
+centre of studious occupation was the monastery of Germanus of Auxerre;
+while near Vienne was a community where St. Avitus (_c._ 525) could earn
+the high reputation for holiness and learning which won him a
+metropolitan see. Many other facts and incidents prove the literary
+pursuits of the Gallic ascetics; as, for example, the reputation the
+nuns of Arles in the sixth century won for their writing; and the
+curious story of Apollinaris Sidonius driving after a monk who was
+carrying a manuscript to Britain, stopping him, and there and then
+dictating to secretaries a copy of the precious book which had so nearly
+escaped him.[3]
+
+
+§ II
+
+Monachism of this Eastern type came from Gaul to Ireland.[4] St. Patrick
+received his sacred education at Marmoutier; under Germanus at Auxerre;
+and possibly at Lérins. His companions on his mission to Ireland, and
+the missionaries who followed him, nearly all came from the same
+centres. Naturally, therefore, the same practices would be observed, not
+only in regard to religious discipline and organisation, but in regard
+to instruction and study. Even the mysterious Palladius, Patrick’s
+forerunner, is said to have left books in Ireland.[5] But the earliest
+important references to that use of books which distinguishes the
+educated missionary from the mere fanatical recluse are in connexion
+with Patrick. Pope Sixtus is said to have given him books in plenty to
+take with him to Ireland. Later he is supposed to have visited Rome,
+whence he brought books home to Armagh.[6] He gave copies of parts of
+the Scriptures to Irish chieftains. To one Fiacc he gave a case
+containing a bell, a crosier, tablets, and a meinister, which, according
+to Dr. Lanigan, may have been a cumdach enclosing the Gospels and the
+vessels for the sacred ministry, or, according to Dr. Whitley Stokes,
+simply a credence-table.[7] He sometimes gave a missal (_lebar nuird_).
+He had books at Tara. On one occasion his books were dropped into the
+water and were “drowned.” Presumably the books he distributed came from
+the Gallic schools, although his followers no doubt began transcribing
+as opportunity offered and as material came to hand. Patrick himself
+wrote alphabets, sometimes called the “elements”; most likely the
+elements or the A B C of the Christian doctrine, corresponding with the
+“primer.”[8]
+
+This was the dawn of letters for Ireland. By disseminating the
+Scriptures and these primers, Patrick and his followers, and the train
+of missionaries who came afterwards,[9] secured the knowledge and use of
+the Roman alphabet. The way was clear for the free introduction of
+schools and books and learning. “St. Patrick did not do for the Scots
+what Wulfilas did for the Goths, and the Slavonic apostles for the
+Slavs; he did not translate the sacred books of his religion into Irish
+and found a national church literature.... What Patrick, on the other
+hand, and his fellow-workers did was to diffuse a knowledge of Latin in
+Ireland. To the circumstance that he adopted this line of policy, and
+did not attempt to create a national ecclesiastical language, must be
+ascribed the rise of the schools of learning which distinguished Ireland
+in the sixth and seventh centuries.”[10]
+
+Mainly owing to the labours of Dr. John Healy, we now know a good deal
+about the somewhat slow growth of the Irish schools to fame; but for our
+purpose it will do to learn something of them in their heyday, when at
+last we hear certainly of that free use of books which must have been
+common for some time. From the sixth to the eighth century Ireland
+enjoyed an eminent place in the world of learning; and the lives and
+works of her scholars imply book-culture of good character. St. Columba
+was famed for his studious occupations. Educated first by Finnian of
+Moville, then by another tutor of the same name at the famous school of
+Clonard, he journeyed to other centres for further instruction after his
+ordination. From youth he loved books and studies. He is represented as
+reading out of doors at the moment when the murderer of a young girl is
+struck dead. In later life he realized the importance of monastic
+records. He had annals compiled, and bards preserved and arranged them
+in the monastic chests. At Iona the brethren of his settlement passed
+their time in reading and transcribing, as well as in manual labour.
+Very careful were they to copy correctly. Baithen, a monk on Iona, got
+one of his fellows to look over a Psalter which he had just finished
+writing, but only a single error was discovered.[11] Columba himself
+became proficient in copying and illuminating. He could not spend an
+hour without study, or prayer, or writing, or some other holy
+occupation.[12] He transcribed, we are told, over three hundred copies
+of the Gospels or the Psalter--a magnification of a saint’s powers by a
+devout biographer, but significant as it testifies to Columba’s love of
+studious labours, and shows how highly these ascetics thought of work of
+this kind. On two occasions, being a man as well as a saint, he broke
+into violence when crossed in his love of books. One story tells how he
+visited a holy and learned recluse named Longarad, whose much-prized
+books he wished to see. Being denied, he became wroth and cursed
+Longarad. “May the books be of no use to you,” he cried, “nor to any one
+after you, since you withhold them.” So far the tale is not improbable,
+but a little embroidery completes a legend. The books became
+unintelligible, so the story continues, the moment Longarad died. At the
+same instant the satchels in all the Irish schools and in Columba’s cell
+slipped off their hooks on to the ground.
+
+A quarrel about a book, we are told, changed his career. He borrowed a
+Psalter from Finnian of Moville, and made a copy of it, working secretly
+at night. Finnian heard of the piracy, and, as owner of the original,
+claimed the copy. Columba refused to let him have it. Then Diarmid, King
+of Meath, was asked to arbitrate. Arguing that as every calf belonged to
+its cow, so every copy of a book belonged to the owner of the original,
+he decided in Finnian’s favour. Columba thought the award unjust, and
+said so. A little later, after another dispute with Diarmid on a
+question of monastic immunity, he called together his tribesmen and
+partisans, and offered battle. Diarmid was defeated. For some reason,
+not quite clear, these quarrels led to Columba’s voluntary exile (_c._
+563). He sailed from Ireland, and landed upon the silver strand of
+Iona, and to the end of his days his work lay almost entirely amid the
+heather-covered uplands and plains of this little island home.[13] Iona
+became a renowned centre of missionary work, quite over-shadowing in
+importance the earlier “Scottish” settlement of Whitherne or Candida
+Casa. Pilgrims went thither from Ireland and England to receive
+instruction, and returned to carry on pioneer work in their own
+homeland. Thence went forth missionaries to carry the Christian message
+throughout Scotland and northern England. Perhaps, too, here was planned
+the expedition to far-off Iceland. “Before Iceland was peopled by the
+Northmen there were in the country those men whom the Northmen called
+Papar. They were Christian men, and the people believed that they came
+from the West, because Irish books and bells and crosiers were found
+after them, and still more things by which one might know that they were
+west-men, _i.e._ Irish.”[14]
+
+Not only to the far north, but to the Continent, did the Irish press
+their energetic way. In Gaul their chief missionary was Columban (_c._
+543-615), who had been educated at Bangor, then famous for the learning
+of its brethren. His works display an extensive acquaintance with
+Christian and Latin literature. Both the Greek and Hebrew languages may
+have been known to him, though this seems improbable and
+inconceivable.[15] In his Rule he provides for teaching in schools,
+copying manuscripts, and for daily reading.[16]
+
+The monasteries of Luxeuil, Bobio, and St. Gall, founded by him and his
+companions on their mission in Gaul and Italy, became the homes of the
+most famous conventual libraries in the world--a result surely traceable
+to the example set by the Irish ascetics, and to the tradition they
+established.[17]
+
+Other Irish monks are better known for their literary attainments than
+for missionary enterprise. St. Cummian, in a letter written about 634,
+displays much knowledge of theological literature, and a good deal of
+knowledge of a general kind.[18] Another monk named Augustine (_c._ 650)
+quotes from Eusebius and Jerome in a work affording many other evidences
+of learning.[19] Aileran (_c._ 660), abbot of Clonard, wrote a religious
+work which proves his acquaintance with Jerome, Philo, Cassian, Origen,
+and Augustine.[20]
+
+An Englishman supplies valuable evidence of the state of Irish learning.
+Aldhelm’s (_c._ 656-709) works prove him to have had access in England
+to a good library; while in one learned letter he compares English
+schools favourably with the Irish, and declares Theodore and Hadrian
+would put Irish scholars in the shade. Yet he is on his mettle when
+communicating with Irish friends or pupils; he clearly reserves for them
+the flowers of his eloquence.[21] The Irish schools were indeed
+successful rivals of the English schools, and Irish scholars could use
+libraries as good, or nearly as good, as that at Aldhelm’s disposal. At
+this time the attraction which Ireland and Iona had for English students
+was extraordinary. English crowded the Irish schools, although the
+Canterbury school was not full.[22] The city of Armagh was divided into
+three sections, one being called Trian-Saxon, the Saxon’s third, from
+the great number of Saxon students living there.[23]
+
+In 664 many English, both high and low in rank, left their native land
+for Ireland, where they sought instruction in sacred studies, or an
+opportunity to lead a more ascetic life. Some devoted themselves
+faithfully to a monkish career. Others applied themselves to study only,
+and for that purpose journeyed from one master’s cell to another. The
+Irish welcomed all comers. All received without charge daily food:
+barley or oaten bread and water, or sometimes milk--_cibus sit vilis et
+vespertinus_--a plain meal, once a day, in the afternoon. Books were
+supplied, or what is more likely, waxed tablets folded in book form.
+Teaching was as free as the open air in which it was carried on.[24]
+
+Among the English at one time or another taking advantage of Irish
+hospitality were Gildas (_c._ 540), first native historian of
+England;[25] Ecgberht, presbyter, a Northumbrian of noble birth;
+Ethelhun, brother of Ethelwin, bishop of Lindsay; Oswald, king of
+Northumbria; Aldfrith, another Northumbrian king, who was educated
+either in Ireland or Iona; Alcuin, who received instruction at
+Clonmacnoise;[26] one named Wictberht, “notable ... for his learning and
+knowledge, for he had lived many years as a stranger and pilgrim in
+Ireland”; and St. Willibrord, who at the age of twenty journeyed to
+Ireland for purposes of study, because he had heard that learning
+flourished in that country.[27]
+
+
+§ III
+
+Most of the references we have made above belong to the sixth and
+seventh centuries, usually regarded as the best age of Irish monachism.
+But the Irish enjoyed their reputation unimpaired for a long time. Just
+before and after the Northmen descended on their land in 795, we find
+them making their mark abroad, not so much as missionaries but as
+scholars and teachers.[28]
+
+A few instances will suffice. “_The Acts of Charles_, written by a monk
+of St. Gallen late in the ninth century, tells us of ‘two Scots from
+Ireland,’ who ‘lighted with the British merchants on the coast of Gaul,’
+and cried to the crowd, ‘If any man desireth wisdom, let him come unto
+us and receive it, for we have it for sale.’ They were soon invited to
+the court of Charles. One of them, Clement, partly filled the place of
+Alcuin as head of the palace school.”[29] His reputation soon became
+widespread, and the abbot of Fulda sent several of his most capable
+monks to him to learn grammar.[30] His companion, Dungal, went on to
+Italy. He enjoyed a full share of the learning of his time; was a
+student of Cicero and Macrobius; knew Virgil well; and had some
+Greek.[31] A few fine books were bequeathed by him to the Irish
+monastery of Bobio, where copies were written and distributed through
+Italy. According to the learned Muratori, in one of these manuscripts is
+an inscription proving Dungal’s ownership.[32] One of the books so
+bequeathed was the famous Antiphonary of Bangor, now in the Ambrosian
+library at Milan.
+
+Clement and Dungal were not the only Irishmen of note on the Continent.
+One, Dicuil, was an exponent of geography. He founded his treatise (_c._
+825) on Cæsar, Pliny, and Solinus; he quotes and names many other
+writers, including fourteen Greek; and generally impresses us with his
+earnest studentship. An Irish monk named Donatus wandered to Italy and
+became bishop of Fiesole (_c._ 829); he, too, was a scholar acquainted
+with Virgil, a teacher of grammar and prosody, and a lecturer on the
+saints.[33] Sedulius, the commentator, an Irish monk of Liége, copied
+Greek psalters, wrote Latin verses, knew Cicero’s letters, the works of
+Valerius Maximus, Vegetius, Origen, and Jerome; was well acquainted with
+mythology and history, and perhaps had some Hebrew.[34] Another
+Irishman, John the Scot (Joannes Scotus Erigena), became the most
+eminent scholar of his time: he alone, among all the learned men Charles
+the Bald had about him, was able to translate from Greek (_c._ 858-860).
+Well might Eric of Auxerre, writing to Charles, express his astonishment
+at this train of philosophers from Ireland, that barbarous land on the
+confines of the world.[35] All these wanderers, and many more, must have
+been responsible for the dissemination of the books produced by Irish
+hands; and, in fact, many manuscripts of Celtic origin and early in
+date, are still on the Continent, or have been found there and brought
+to Ireland.[36]
+
+In some respects the evidence of book-culture in Ireland in these early
+centuries is inconsistent. The jealous guard Longarad kept over his
+books, the quarrel over Columba’s Psalter, and the great esteem in which
+scribes were held,[37] suggest a scarcity of books. The practice of
+enshrining them in cumdachs, or book-covers, points to a like
+conclusion. On the other hand, Bede tells us the Irish could lend
+foreign students books, so plentiful were they. His statement is
+corroborated by the number of scribes whose deaths have been recorded by
+the annalists; the _Four Masters_, for example, note sixty-one eminent
+scribes before the year 900, forty of whom belong to the eighth
+century.[38] In some of the monasteries a special room for books was
+provided. The _Annals of Tigernach_ refer to the house of
+manuscripts.[39] An apartment of this kind is particularly mentioned as
+being saved from the flames when Armagh monastery was burned (1020).
+Another fact suggesting an abundance of books was the appointment of a
+librarian, which sometimes took place.[40] Although a special book-room
+and officer are only to be met with much later than the best age of
+Irish monachism, yet we may reasonably assume them to be the natural
+culmination of an old and established practice of making and using
+books.
+
+Such statements, however, are not necessarily contradictory. Manuscripts
+over which the cleverest scribes and illuminators had spent much time
+and pains would be jealously preserved in cases or shrines; still, when
+we remember how many precious fruits of the past must have
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE I_
+
+ANCIENT SATCHEL OF IRISH MISSAL
+
+COVER OF THE STOWE MISSAL]
+
+perished, the number of beautiful Irish manuscripts extant goes to prove
+that books even of this character could not have been extraordinarily
+rare. “Workaday” copies of books would be made as well, in comparatively
+large numbers, and would no doubt be used very freely. Besides books
+properly so called, the religious used waxed tablets of wood, which were
+sometimes called books. St. Ciaran, for example, wrote on staves, which
+are called in one place his tablets, and in two other places the whole
+collection of his staves is called a book.[41] Such tablets were indeed
+books in which the fugitive pieces of the time were written.[42]
+Considering all things, Bede was without doubt quite correct in saying
+the Irish had enough books to lend to foreign students.
+
+
+§ IV
+
+Our account of the work accomplished by the Irish monks would be
+incomplete without reference to their writing, illuminating, and
+book-economy, the relics of which are so finely rare.
+
+The old Irish runes gave place slowly to the Roman alphabet, which came
+into use, as we have already observed, after St. Patrick’s mission. This
+new writing was in two forms--round and pointed--but both were derived
+from the Roman half-uncial style. The clear and beautifully-shaped
+Irish round hand is closely akin to the half-uncial character of fifth
+and sixth century Latin writings found on the Continent. The Book of
+Kells, written probably at the end of the seventh century, is the finest
+example of the ornamental Irish round hand. St. Chad’s Gospels, now at
+Lichfield, written about the same time, is a manuscript of like
+character, but not so good. A later manuscript, the Gospels of MacRegol,
+which dates from the beginning of the ninth century, shows marked
+deterioration in the writing.
+
+[Illustration: BOOK OF KELLS, SEVENTH CENTURY]
+
+The Irish pointed style, used for quicker writing, is but a modified,
+pointed variety of the round hand, the letters being laterally
+compressed. This hand appears in some pages of the Book of Kells, but
+the best example is in the Book of Armagh.[43]
+
+Although the Roman alphabet was introduced by Augustine at the
+Canterbury school, it wholly failed to have any effect on the native
+hand from that source. On the other hand, when, in the seventh century,
+Northumbria
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE II_
+
+ILLUMINATED PAGE OF THE BOOK OF KELLS]
+
+was converted by Irish missionaries, the new Christians copied the Irish
+writing, so well, indeed, that the earliest specimens extant can hardly
+be distinguished from the beautiful penmanship of the Irish. The Book of
+Durham, generally called the Lindisfarne Gospels, of about 700, is an
+exquisite Northumbrian example of the Irish round hand, in the
+characteristic broad, heavy-stroke letters. Another good specimen of
+this style is the eighth century manuscript of Bede’s Ecclesiastical
+History, in Cambridge University Library.
+
+[Illustration: BOOK OF ARMAGH, BEFORE A.D. 844]
+
+Irish illumination is as characteristic as the writing. Pictures and
+drawings of the human figure are not so common as in the work of other
+schools, and when they do appear are not often good. Still, some of
+them, as the scenes from the life of Christ in the Book of Kells, are
+quite unlike the illuminations of any other school; while the portraits
+of the Evangelists in the same book, in the Book of MacRegol, and in the
+Lindisfarne Gospels, are singularly interesting. Floral work is also
+rare. But in geometrical ornament, beautifully symmetrical--diagonal
+patterns, zigzags, waves, lozenges, divergent spirals, intertwisted and
+interwoven ribbon and cord work--and in grotesque zoological
+forms,--lizards, snakes, hounds, birds, and dragons’ heads,--the Irish
+school attained their highest artistic development. Their art is
+striking, not for originality, not for its beauty, which is nevertheless
+great, but for painstaking. Knowing but one style of making a book
+beautiful, they lavished much time and loving care to achieve their end.
+The detail is extraordinarily minute and complicated. “I have counted,”
+writes Professor Westwood, “[with a magnifying glass] in a small space
+scarcely three-quarters of an inch in length by less than half an inch
+in width, in the Book of Armagh, no less than 158 interlacements of a
+slender ribbon pattern formed of white lines edged with black ones.”
+But, this intricacy notwithstanding, the designs as a whole are usually
+bold and effective. In the best kind of Irish illumination gold and
+silver are not used, but the colours are varied and brilliant, and are
+employed with taste and discretion; while the occasional staining of a
+leaf of vellum with a fine purple sometimes adds beauty and much
+distinction to an excellent design.
+
+Of intricate geometrical ornament and grotesque figures, the
+illumination representing the symbols of the Four Evangelists (fo. 290)
+of the Book of Kells is perhaps the best example. Of divergent spirals
+and interlaced ribbon work the frontispiece of St. Jerome’s Epistle in
+the Book of Durrow affords notable examples. Two of the peculiar
+features of Irish decoration--the rows of red dots round a design and
+the dragon’s head--appear in the earliest, or nearly the earliest, Irish
+manuscript extant, namely, the Cathach Psalter, now in the Museum of the
+Royal Irish Academy. Whether the essential and peculiar features of this
+ornamentation are purely indigenous, as Professor Westwood contends, or
+whether they are of Gallo-Roman origin, as Fleury argues, is a moot
+point, calling for complicated discussion which would be out of place
+here.
+
+The amount of illumination in the existing manuscripts varies, but the
+pages chosen for illuminating are nearly always the same. In the Book of
+Kells the illuminations consist of three portraits of the Evangelists,
+three scenes from the life of Christ, three combined symbols of the four
+Evangelists, eight pages of the Eusebian canons, and many
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE III_
+
+THE SHRINE OF THE CATHACH PSALTER
+
+ELEVENTH CENTURY]
+
+initials. The Book of Durham contains four portraits of the Evangelists,
+six initial pages, one ornamental page before each Gospel, and before
+St. Jerome’s Epistle, and eight pages of the Eusebian canons. The Book
+of Durrow has sixteen illuminated pages: four of the symbols of the
+Evangelists, six pages of initials, one ornamental page at the
+frontispiece, one before the letter of St. Jerome, and one before each
+Gospel.
+
+The oldest Irish manuscript in existence is probably the Domnach
+Airgrid, or manuscript of the Silver Shrine, also called St. Patrick’s
+Gospels. Dr. Petrie believed the Domnach to be the identical reliquary
+given by St. Patrick to St. Mac Cairthinn, when the latter was put in
+charge of the see of Clogher, in the fifth century. “As a manuscript
+copy of the Gospels apparently of that early age is found with it, there
+is every reason to believe it to be that identical one for which the box
+was originally made.”[44] But both case and manuscript are now held to
+be somewhat later in date. Another very early manuscript is the sixth
+century fragment of fifty-eight leaves of a Latin Psalter, styled the
+Cathach or “Battler.” For centuries this fragment has been preserved in
+a beautiful case as a relic of Columba; as, indeed, the actual cause of
+the dispute between Columba and Finnian of Moville.
+
+
+§ V
+
+Two features of book-economy, although not peculiar to Ireland, are
+rarely met with outside that country. The religious used satchels or
+wallets to carry their books about with them. We are told Patrick once
+met a party of clerics and gillies with books in their girdles; and he
+gave them the hide he had sat and slept on for twenty years to make a
+wallet.[45] Columba is said to have made satchels, and to have blessed
+them. When these satchels were not carried they were hung upon pegs set
+in the wall of the cell or the church or the tower where they were
+preserved.[46] We have already noted the legend which tells how all the
+satchels in Ireland slipped off their pegs when Longarad died. A modern
+writer visiting the Abyssinian convent of Souriani has seen a room
+which, when we remember the connection between Egyptian and Celtic
+monachism, we cannot help thinking must closely resemble an ancient
+Irish cell.[47] In the room the disposition of the manuscripts was very
+original. “A wooden shelf was carried in the Egyptian style round the
+walls, at the height of the top of the door.... Underneath the shelf
+various long wooden pegs projected from the wall; they were each about a
+foot and a half long, and on them hung the Abyssinian manuscripts, of
+which this curious library was entirely composed. The books of Abyssinia
+are ... enclosed in a case tied up with leathern thongs; to this case is
+attached a strap for the convenience of carrying the volume over the
+shoulders, and by these straps the books were hung to the wooden pegs,
+three or four on a peg, or more if the books were small; their usual
+size was that of a small, very thick quarto. The appearance of the room,
+fitted up in this style, together with the presence of long staves, such
+as the monks of all the Oriental churches lean upon at the time of
+prayer, resembled less a library than a barrack or guardroom, where the
+soldiers had hung their knapsacks and cartridge boxes against the wall.”
+The few old Irish satchels remaining are black with age, and the
+characteristic decoration of diagonal lines and interlaced markings is
+nearly worn away. Two of them are preserved in England and Ireland:
+those of the Book of Armagh, in Trinity College, Dublin, and of the
+Irish Missal in Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The wallet at Oxford
+looks much like a modern schoolboy’s satchel; leather straps are fixed
+to it, by which it was slung round the neck. The Armagh wallet is made
+of one piece of leather, folded to form a case a foot long, a little
+more than a foot broad, and two and a half inches thick. The Book of
+Armagh does not fit it properly. Interlaced work and zoömorphs decorate
+the leather. Remains of rough straps are still attached to the sides.
+
+The second special feature of Irish book-economy was the preservation of
+manuscripts in cumdachs or rectangular boxes, made just large enough for
+the books they were intended to enshrine. As in the case of the wallet,
+the cumdach was not peculiar to Ireland, although the finest examples
+which have come down to us were made in that country.[48] They are
+referred to several times in early Irish annals. Bishop Assicus is said
+to have made quadrangular book-covers in honour of Patrick.[49] In the
+_Annals of the Four Masters_ is recorded, under the year 937, a
+reference to the cumdach of the Book of Armagh, or the Canon of Patrick.
+“Canoin Phadraig was covered by Donchadh, son of Flann, king of
+Ireland.” In 1006 the _Annals_ note that the Book of Kells--“the Great
+Gospel of Columb Cille was stolen at night from the western erdomh of
+the Great Church of Ceannanus. This was the principal relic of the
+western world, on account of its singular cover; and it was found after
+twenty nights and two months, its gold having been stolen off it, and a
+sod over it.”[50] These cumdachs are now lost; so also is the jewelled
+case of the Gospels of St. Arnoul at Metz, and that belonging to the
+Book of Durrow.
+
+By good hap, several cumdachs of the greatest interest are still
+preserved for our inspection. One of them, the Silver Shrine of the
+so-called St. Patrick’s Gospels, is a very peculiar case. It consists of
+three covers. The first, or inner, is of yew, and was perhaps made in
+the sixth or seventh century. The second, of copper, silver-plated, is
+of later make. The third, or outermost, is of silver, and was probably
+made in the fourteenth century. The cumdach of the Stowe Missal (1023)
+is a much more beautiful example. It is of oak, covered with plates of
+silver. The lower or more ancient side bears a cross within a
+rectangular frame. In the centre of the cross is a crystal set in an
+oval mount. The decoration of the four panels consists of metal plates,
+the ornament being a chequer-work of squares and triangles. The lid has
+a similar cross and frame, but the cross is set with pearls and
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE IV_
+
+CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE’S GOSPELS: BOTTOM
+
+CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE’S GOSPELS: FRONT]
+
+metal bosses, a crystal in the centre, and a large jewel at the end of
+each arm. The panels consist of silver-gilt plates embellished with
+figures of saints. The sides, which are decorated with enamelled bosses
+and open-work designs, are imperfect. On the box are inscriptions in
+Irish, such as the following: “Pray for Dunchad, descendant of Taccan,
+of the family of Cluain, who made this”; “A blessing of God on every
+soul according to its merit”; “Pray for Donchadh, son of Brian, for the
+king of Ireland”; “And for Macc Raith, descendant of Donnchad, for the
+king of Cashel.”[51] Other cumdachs are those in the Royal Irish Academy
+for Molaise’s Gospels (_c._ 1001-25), for Columba’s Psalter (1084), and
+those in Trinity College, Dublin, for Dimma’s book (1150) and for the
+Book of St. Moling. There are also the cumdachs for Cairnech’s Calendar
+and that of Caillen; both of late date. The library of St. Gall
+possesses still another silver cumdach, which is probably Irish.
+
+These are the earliest relics we have of what was undoubtedly an old and
+established method of enshrining books, going back as far as Patrick’s
+time, if it be correct that Bishop Assicus made them, or if the first
+case of the Silver Shrine is as old as it is believed to be. The
+beautiful lower cover of the Gospels of Lindau, now in Mr. Pierpont
+Morgan’s treasure-house, proves that at least as early as the seventh
+century the Irish lavished as much art on the outside of their
+manuscripts as upon the inside.[52] It is natural to make a beautiful
+covering for a book which is both beautiful and sacred. All the volumes
+upon which the Irish artist exercised his talent were invested with
+sacred attributes. Chroniclers would have us believe they were sometimes
+miraculously produced. In the life of Cronan[53] is a story telling how
+an expert scribe named Dimma copied the four Gospels. Dimma could only
+devote a day to the task, whereupon Cronan bade him begin at once and
+continue until sunset. But the sun did not set for forty days, and by
+that time the copy was finished. The manuscript written for Cronan is
+possibly the book of Dimma, which bears the inscription: “It is
+finished. A prayer for Dimma, who wrote it for God, and a blessing.”[54]
+
+It was believed such books could not be injured. St. Ciaran’s copy of
+the Gospels fell into a lake, but was uninjured. St. Cronan’s copy fell
+into Loch Cre, and remained under water forty days without injury. Even
+fire could not harm St. Cainnech’s case of books.[55] Nor is it
+surprising they should be looked upon as sacred. The scribes and
+illuminators who took such loving care to make their work perfect, and
+the craftsmen who wrought beautiful shrines for the books so made, were
+animated with the feeling and spirit which impels men to erect beautiful
+churches to testify to the glory of their Creator. As Dimma says, they
+“wrote them for God.”
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE ENGLISH MONKS AND THEIR BOOKS
+
+     “There are delightful libraries, more aromatic than stores of
+     spicery; there are luxuriant parks of all manner of volumes; there
+     are Academic meads shaken by the tramp of scholars; there are
+     lounges of Athens; walks of the Peripatetics; peaks of Parnassus;
+     and porches of the Stoics. There is seen the surveyor of all arts
+     and sciences Aristotle, to whom belongs all that is most excellent
+     in doctrine, so far as relates to this passing sublunary world;
+     there Ptolemy measures epicycles and eccentric apogees and the
+     nodes of the planets by figures and numbers....”
+
+Richard De Bury, _Philobiblon_, Thomas’ ed. 200
+
+
+
+
+
+§ I
+
+The Benedictine order established monastic study on a regular plan.
+Benedict’s forty-eighth rule is clear in its directions. “Idleness is
+hurtful to the soul. At certain times, therefore, the brethren must work
+with their hands, and at others give themselves up to holy reading.”
+From Easter to the first of October the monks were required to work at
+manual labour from prime until the fourth hour. From the fourth hour
+until nearly the sixth hour they were to read. After their meal at the
+sixth hour they were to lie on their beds, and those who cared to do so
+might read, but not aloud. After nones work must be resumed until
+evening. From October the first until the beginning of Lent they were to
+read until the ninth hour. At the ninth hour they were to take their
+meal and then read spiritual works or the Psalms. Throughout Lent they
+were required to read until the third hour, then work until the tenth.
+Every monk was to have a book from the library, and to read it through
+during Lent. On Sundays reading was their duty throughout the day,
+except in the case of those having special tasks. During reading hours
+two senior brethren were expected to go the rounds to see that the monks
+were actually reading, and not lounging nor gossiping. But the brethren
+were not allowed to have a book or tablets or a pen of their own.
+
+Benedict’s inclusion of these directions was of capital importance in
+the advance of monkish learning. Being milder and more flexible,
+communal instead of eremitical, and so altogether more humane and
+attractive, his Rule gradually took the place of existing orders. And as
+the change came about, ill-regulated theological study gave way to
+superior methods of learning, solely due to the better organisation and
+greater liberality of the Benedictine order.
+
+Benedictinism came to England with Augustine (597). The Rule, however,
+does not seem to have been strictly or consistently observed for a long
+time. But the studious labours of the monks remained just as important a
+part of their lives as they would have been had the monasteries closely
+followed Benedict’s directions. Especially would this be the case in the
+seventh century, and afterwards, during the time continental monachism
+was in rivalry with the Celtic missionaries.
+
+
+§ II
+
+From the first we hear of books in connexion with Canterbury. Gregory
+the Great gave to Augustine, either just before his English mission, or
+sent to him soon afterward, nine volumes, which were put in St.
+Augustine’s monastery--the monastery of SS. Peter and Paul, beyond the
+walls. Being for church purposes, the books were very beautiful and
+valuable. There was the Gregorian Bible in two volumes, with some of its
+leaves coloured rose and purple, which gave a wonderful reflection when
+held to the light; the Psalter of Augustine; a copy of the Gospels
+called the Text of St. Mildred, upon which a countryman in Thanet swore
+falsely and, it is said, lost his sight; as well as another copy of the
+Gospels; a Psalter, with plain silver images of Christ and the four
+Evangelists on the cover; two martyrologies, one adorned with a silver
+figure of Christ, the other enriched with silver-gilt and precious
+stones; and an Exposition of the Gospels and Epistles, also enriched
+with gems.[56] Some of these books were kept above the altar. Bede also
+records the gift by Gregory to Augustine of “many manuscripts,” and his
+authority is unimpeachable, as he derived his knowledge of Canterbury
+affairs from written records and information supplied by Albinus, first
+English abbot of Augustine’s house.[57] This monastery “was thus the
+mother-school, the mother-university of England, ... at a time when
+Cambridge was a desolate fen, and Oxford a tangled forest in a wide
+waste of waters. They remind us that English power and English religion
+have, as from the very first, so ever since, gone along with knowledge,
+with learning, and especially with that learning and that knowledge
+which those old manuscripts give--the knowledge and learning of the
+Gospel.”[58] Few books would be treasured more carefully and treated
+with greater reverence by English churchmen and book lovers than these
+“first books of the English church,” if any of them could be found. They
+are referred to as existing when William Thorne wrote his chronicle
+(_c._ 1397),[59] and Leland tells us he saw and admired them; but after
+his time nearly all trace of them is lost.[60]
+
+No further hint of books occurs until Theodore became Archbishop more
+than seventy years later. Theodore, who had been educated both at Tarsus
+and Athens, where he became a good Greek and Latin scholar, well versed
+in secular and divine literature, began a school at Canterbury for the
+study of Greek, and provided it with some Greek books. None of these
+books has been traced with certainty. Some may have existed in
+Archbishop Parker’s time. “The Rev. Father Matthew,” says Lambarde, in
+his _Perambulation of Kent_, ... “showed me, not long since, the Psalter
+of David, and sundry homilies in Greek, Homer also, and some other Greek
+authors, beautifully written on thick paper with the name of this
+Theodore prefixed in the front, to whose library he reasonably thought
+(being led thereto by show of great antiquity) that they sometime
+belonged.” The manuscript of Homer, now in Corpus Christi Library,
+Cambridge, did not belong to Theodore, but to Prior Selling, of whom we
+shall hear later. But possibly the famous Graeco-Latin copy of the Acts,
+now in the Bodleian Library, belonged either to Theodore or to his
+companion, Hadrian.[61]
+
+[Illustration: FROM THE GRÆCO-LATIN COPY OF THE ACTS, PROBABLY USED BY
+BEDE]
+
+Theodore, with Hadrian’s help, not only started the Canterbury School,
+but encouraged similar foundations in other English monasteries. In
+southern England, however, Canterbury remained the centre of learning,
+and many ecclesiastics were attracted to it in consequence. Bede amply
+proves its efficiency as a school. And forasmuch as both Theodore and
+Hadrian were “fully instructed both in sacred and in secular letters,
+they gathered a crowd of disciples, and rivers of wholesome knowledge
+daily flowed from them to water the hearts of their hearers; and,
+together with the books of Holy Scripture, they also taught them the
+metrical art, astronomy, and ecclesiastical arithmetic. A testimony
+whereof is, that there are still living at this day some of their
+scholars, who are as well versed in the Greek and Latin tongues as in
+their own, in which they were born.”[62] Elsewhere he mentions some of
+these scholars by name. Albinus, already referred to as the first
+English abbot of St. Augustine’s, “was so well instructed in literary
+studies, that he had no small knowledge of the Greek tongue, and knew
+the Latin as well as the English, which was his native language.”[63] “A
+most learned man” was another disciple, Tobias, bishop of Rochester,
+who, besides having a great knowledge of letters, both ecclesiastical
+and general, learned the Greek and Latin tongues “to such perfection,
+that they were as well known and familiar to him as his native
+language.”[64]
+
+Canterbury’s most notable scholar was Aldhelm, the first bishop of
+Sherborne. In him were united the learning of the Canterbury and the
+Irish monks, for he studied first under Maildulf, the Irish monk and
+scholar who founded and gave his name to Malmesbury, and then under
+Hadrian. When he went to be consecrated an incident befell him which at
+once shows his zeal for learning, and casts a welcome ray of light on
+the importation of books. While at Canterbury he heard of the arrival of
+ships at Dover, and thither he journeyed to see whether they had brought
+anything in his way. He found on board plenty of books, among them one
+containing the complete Testaments. He offered to buy it, but his price
+was too low; although, afterwards, when it was believed his prayers had
+delivered the owner from a storm, he secured it on his own terms.[65]
+
+Aldhelm at length became abbot of Malmesbury (_c._ 675), and under him
+it grew to much greater eminence, and attracted a large number of
+students. Here, in the solitude of the forest tract, he passed his time
+in singing merry ballads to win the ear of the people for his more
+serious words, playing the harp, in teaching, and in reading the
+considerable library he had at hand. Bede describes him as a man “of
+marvellous learning both in liberal and ecclesiastical studies.” Judging
+by his writings he was in these respects in the forefront of his
+contemporaries, although his learning was heavy and pretentious. From
+them also it is perfectly evident he could make use not only of the
+Bible, but of lives of the saints, of Isidore, of the _Recognitions of
+Clement_, of the _Acts of Sylvester_, of writings by Sulpicius Severus,
+Athanasius, Gregory, Eusebius, and Jerome, as well as of Terence,
+Virgil, Horace, Juvenal, Persius, and Prosper, and some other
+authors.[66]
+
+
+§ III
+
+Meanwhile Northumbria had become one of the leading centres of learning
+in Europe, almost entirely through the labours and influence of Irish
+missionaries. St. Aidan, an ascetic of Iona who journeyed to Northumbria
+at King Oswald’s request, founded Lindisfarne, which became the monastic
+and episcopal capital of that kingdom. Aidan required all his pupils,
+whether religious or laymen, to read the Scriptures, or to learn the
+Psalms. The education of boys was a part of his system. Wherever a
+monastery was founded it became a school wherein taught the monks who
+had followed him from Scotland. Cedd, the founder and abbot of
+Lastingham, was Aidan’s pupil, so was his brother, the great bishop
+Ceadda (Chad), who succeeded him in his abbacy. At Lindisfarne was
+wrought by Eadfrith (_d._ 721) the beautiful manuscript of the Gospels
+now preserved in the British Museum, and a little later the fine cover
+for it. Lastingham, founded on the desolate moorland of North Yorkshire,
+“among steep and distant mountains, which looked more like
+lurking-places for robbers and dens of wild beasts, than dwellings of
+men,” upheld the traditions of the Columban houses for piety,
+asceticism, and studious occupations. Thither repaired one Owini, not to
+live idle, but to labour, and as he was less capable of studying, he
+applied himself earnestly to manual work, the while better-instructed
+monks were indoors reading.
+
+In many directions do we observe traces of Aidan’s good work. Hild, the
+foundress of Whitby Abbey, was for a short time his pupil. Her monastery
+was famous for having educated five bishops, among them John of
+Beverley, and for giving birth, in Caedmon, to the father of English
+poetry. “Religious poetry, sung to the harp as it passed from hand to
+hand, must have flourished in the monastery of the abbess Hild, and the
+kernel of Bede’s story concerning the birth of our earliest poet must be
+that the brethren and sisters on that bleak northern shore spoke ‘to
+each other in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs.’”[67] Of Melrose, an
+offshoot of Aidan’s foundation, the sainted Cuthbert was an inmate. At
+Lindisfarne, where “he speedily learned the Psalms and some other
+books,” the great Wilfrid was a novice. Of his studies, indeed, we know
+little: he seems to have sought prelatical power rather than learning.
+But he and his followers were responsible for the conversion of the
+Northumbrian church from Columban to Roman usages, and the introduction
+of Benedictinism into the monasteries; and consequently for bringing the
+studies of the monks into line with the rules of Benedict’s order.
+
+Such progress would have been impossible had not the rulers of
+Northumbria from Oswald to Aldfrith been friendly to Christianity.
+Aldfrith had been educated at Iona, and was a man of studious
+disposition. His predecessor had advanced Northumbria’s reputation
+enormously by giving Benedict Biscop (629-90) sites for his monasteries
+of Wearmouth and Jarrow.[68] We know enough of this Benedict to wish we
+knew very much more. He suggests to us enthusiasm for his cause, and
+energy and foresight in labouring for it. Naturally, Aldhelm’s writings
+have gained him far more attention in literary histories than the
+Northumbrian has received. But the influence of Benedict, a man of much
+learning, wide-travelled, was at least as great and as far-reaching.
+Lérins, the great centre of monachism in Gaul, and Canterbury under
+Theodore, had been his schools. On six occasions he flitted back and
+forth to Rome, and to go to Rome, in those days, was a liberal
+education, both in worldly and spiritual affairs. Not a little of his
+influence was the direct outcome of his book-collecting. From all his
+journeys to Rome he is said to have returned laden with books. He
+certainly came back from his fourth journey with a great number of books
+of all kinds.[69] He also obtained books at Vienne. His sixth and last
+journey to Rome was wholly devoted to collecting books, classical as
+well as theological. When he died he left instructions for the
+preservation of the most noble and rich library he had gathered
+together.[70] “If we consider how difficult, fatiguing, ... even
+dangerous a journey between the British Islands and Italy must have been
+in those days of anarchy and barbarism, we can appreciate the intensity
+of Benedict’s passion for beautiful and costly volumes.”[71] The library
+he formed was worthy of the labour, we cannot doubt: possibly was the
+best then in Britain. It served as the model for the still more famous
+collection at York. The scholarship of Bede, who used it in writing his
+works, proclaims its value for literary purposes.[72] Bede tells us he
+always applied himself to Scriptural study, and in the intervals of
+observing monastic discipline and singing daily in the church, he took
+pleasure in learning, or teaching, or writing.[73] The picture of Bede
+in his solitary monastery, leading a placid life among Benedict’s
+books, poring over the beautifully-wrought pages with the scholar’s
+tense calm to find the material in the Fathers and the historians, and
+to seek the apt quotation from the classics, must always flash to the
+mind at the mere mention of his name.[74] Every fact in connexion with
+his work testifies to the excellent equipment of his monastery for
+writing ecclesiastical history, and to the cordial way in which the
+religious co-operated for the advancement of learning and research.
+
+
+§ IV
+
+Canterbury, Malmesbury, Lindisfarne, Wearmouth and Jarrow, and York were
+like mountain-peaks tipped with gold by the first rays of the rising
+sun, while all below remains dark. Yet while not indicative of
+widespread means of instruction, the existence of these centres, and the
+character of the work done in them, suggests that at other places the
+same sort of work, on a smaller and less influential scale, soon began.
+At Lichfield, on the moorland at Ripon, in “the dwelling-place in the
+meadows” at Peterborough, in the desolate fenland at Crowland and at
+Ely, on the banks of the Thames at Abingdon, and of the Avon at Evesham,
+in the nunneries of Barking and Wimborne, at Chertsey, Glastonbury,
+Gloucester, in the far north at Melrose, and even perhaps at Coldingham,
+Christianity was speeding its message, and learning--such as it was,
+primitive and pretentious--caught pale reflections from more famous
+places. Now and again definite facts are met with hinting at a spreading
+enlightenment. Acca, abbot and bishop of Hexham, for example “gave all
+diligence, as he does to this day,” wrote Bede, “to procure relics of
+the blessed Apostles and martyrs of Christ.... Besides which, he
+industriously gathered the histories of their martyrdom, together with
+other ecclesiastical writings, and erected there a large and noble
+library.” Of this library, unfortunately, there is not a wrack left
+behind. A tiny school was carried on at a monastery near Exeter, where
+Boniface was first instructed. At the monastery of Nursling he was
+taught grammar, history, poetry, rhetoric, and the Scriptures; there
+also manuscripts were copied. Books were produced under Abbess Eadburh
+of Minster, a learned woman who corresponded with Boniface and taught
+the metric art. Boniface’s letters throw interesting light on our
+subject. Eadburh sent him books, money, and other gifts. He also wrote
+home asking his old friend Bishop Daniel of Winchester for a fine
+manuscript of the six major prophets, which had been written in a large
+and clear hand by Winbert: no such book, he explains, can be had abroad,
+and his eyes are no longer strong enough to read with ease the small
+character of ordinary manuscripts. In another letter written to Ecgberht
+of York is recorded an exchange of books, and a request for a copy of
+the commentaries of Bede.
+
+A decree of the Council held at Cloveshoe in 747, pointing out the want
+of instruction among the religious, and ordering all bishops, abbots,
+and abbesses to promote and encourage learning, whether it means that
+monkish education was on the wane or that it was not making such quick
+progress as was desired, at any rate does not mean that England was in a
+bad way in this respect, or that she lagged behind the Continent. On the
+contrary, England and Ireland were renowned homes of learning in Western
+Europe. Perhaps a few centres on the mainland could show libraries as
+good as those here; but certainly no country had such scholars.
+England’s pre-eminence was recognized by Charles the Great when he
+invited Alcuin to his court (781).
+
+Alcuin was brought up at York from childhood. In company with Albert,
+who taught the arts and grammar at this northern school, Alcuin visited
+Gaul and Rome to scrape together a few more books. On returning later he
+was entrusted with the care of the library: a task for which he was well
+fitted, if enthusiasm, breaking into rime, be a qualification:--
+
+    “Small is the space which contains the gifts of heavenly Wisdom
+     Which you, reader, rejoice piously here to receive;
+     Better than richest gifts of the Kings, this treasure of Wisdom,
+     Light, for the seeker of this, shines on the road to the Day.”[75]
+
+York could not retain Alcuin long. Fortunately, just when dissensions
+among the English kings, and the Danish raids began to harass England,
+and to threaten the coming decline of her learning, he was invited to
+take charge of a school established by Charles the Great. Charles had
+undertaken the task of reviving literary study, well-nigh extinguished
+through the neglect of his ancestors; and he bade all his subjects to
+cultivate the arts. As far as he could he accomplished the task,
+principally owing to the aid of the English scholar and of willing
+helpers from Ireland.
+
+Alcuin was soon at the head of St. Martin’s of Tours where he was
+responsible for the great activity of the scribes in his day. He
+persuaded Charles to send a number of copyists to York. “I, your
+Flavius,” he writes, “according to your exhortation and wise desire,
+have been busy under the roof of St. Martin, in dispensing to some the
+honey of the Holy Scriptures. Others I strive to inebriate with the old
+wine of ancient studies; these I nourish with the fruit of grammatical
+knowledge; in the eyes of these again I seek to make bright the courses
+of the stars.... But I have need of the most excellent books of
+scholastic learning, which I had procured in my own country, either by
+the devoted care of my master, or by my own labours. I therefore beseech
+your majesty ... to permit me to send certain of our household to bring
+over into France the flowers of Britain, that the garden of Paradise may
+not be confined to York, but may send some of its scions to Tours.” What
+the “flowers of Britain” were at this time Alcuin has told us in Latin
+verse. At York, “where he sowed the seeds of knowledge in the morning of
+his life,” thou shall find, he rimes:--
+
+                “The volumes that contain
+    All the ancient fathers who remain;
+    There all the Latin writers make their home
+    With those that glorious Greece transferred to Rome,--
+    The Hebrews draw from their celestial stream,
+    And Africa is bright with learning’s beam.”
+
+Then, after including in his metrical catalogue the names of forty
+writers, he proceeds:--
+
+    “There shalt thou find, O reader, many more
+     Famed for their style, the masters of old lore,
+     Whose many volumes singly to rehearse
+     Were far too tedious for our present verse.”[76]
+
+A goodly store indeed in such an age.
+
+
+§ V
+
+Sunlight and shadow follow one another rapidly across England’s early
+history. The migration of York’s renowned scholar took place six years
+before the Viking irruptions began, and about twelve years before a
+heavy blow was struck at Northumbrian learning by the ravaging and
+destruction of the monasteries of Lindisfarne, and Wearmouth and Jarrow.
+After this there was but little peace for England. Kent was often
+attacked. In 838 the marauders fell upon East Anglia. Between 837 and
+845 they made various fierce attacks upon Wessex. In 851 the pillage of
+Canterbury and London was a severe blow to the English. About fifteen
+years later, at the hands of the Danes, Melrose, Tynemouth, Whitby, and
+Lastingham shared Wearmouth’s fate. Of York and its library we hear no
+more. Peterborough and its large collection of sacred books perished at
+the hands of the same raiders as those who burnt Crowland (870). So bad
+grew affairs that Alfred the Great, writing to Bishop Werfrith, bewailed
+the small number of people south of the Humber who understood the
+English of their service, or could translate from Latin into English.
+Even beyond the Humber there were not many; not one could he remember
+south of the Thames when he began to reign. And he bethought himself of
+the wise men, both church and lay folk, formerly living in England, and
+how zealous they were in teaching and learning, and how men came from
+abroad in search of wisdom and instruction. Apparently some decline from
+this standard had been noticeable before ruin completely overtook the
+monasteries. He remembered how, before the land had been ravaged and
+burnt, “its churches stood filled with treasures and books, and with a
+multitude of His servants, but they had very little knowledge of the
+books, and could not understand them, for they were not written in their
+own language.... When I remembered all this, I much marvelled that the
+good and wise men who were formerly all over England, and had perfectly
+learnt all these books, did not wish to translate them into their own
+tongues.” By way of remedying this omission, he translated _Cura
+Pastoralis_ into English. “I will send a copy to every bishopric in my
+kingdom; and on each there is a clasp worth 50 mancus. And I command in
+God’s name that no man take the clasp from the book or the book from the
+minster; it is uncertain how long there may be such learned bishops as
+now are, thanks be to God, nearly everywhere.”[77]
+
+This letter, written in 890, marks the revival of interest in letters
+under Alfred. In adding to his own knowledge, and in promoting education
+among his people, he was assiduous and determined. During the leisure of
+one period of eight months, Asser seems to have read to him all the
+congenial books at hand, Alfred’s custom being to read aloud or to
+listen to others reading. Asser was a Welsh bishop, brought to Wessex to
+help the king in his work. For the same purpose Archbishop Plegmund[78]
+and Bishop Werfrith were brought from Mercia. Other scholars came from
+abroad. One named Grimbald, a monk from St. Bertin, came to take charge
+of the abbey of Hyde, Winchester, which Alfred had planned. John, of
+Old-Saxony, a learned monk of the flourishing Westphalian Abbey of
+Corvey--where a library existed in this century,[79]--was made by Alfred
+abbot of Athelney monastery and school. Perhaps John, called the Scot or
+Erigena, also came, but we do not know certainly. Alfred also introduced
+teachers, both English and foreign, into his monasteries, his aim being
+to provide the means of educating every freeborn and well-to-do youth.
+During the whole of the latter part of his reign the copying of
+manuscripts went on, though with only moderate activity.
+
+That Alfred, amid the cares of a troublesome kingship, could find time
+to devote to this work, and realised the importance of vernacular
+literature, is one of the chief signs of his greatness. What he did had
+a lasting influence upon our literature. He tapped the wellspring of
+English prose. Mainly owing to his initiative, from his day till the
+Conquest all the literature of importance was in the vernacular, and the
+impulse so given to the language as a literary vehicle was strong enough
+to preserve it from extinction during the Norman domination, when it was
+superseded as the court and official language. But, so far as the making
+and circulation of books is concerned, the “revival” under Alfred did
+not prosper. The necessary machinery was almost entirely wanting. The
+monastic schools, the great--the only--means of disseminating the
+learning of the time, were few in number and not very influential. For
+Athelney, a small monastery, Alfred had difficulty in finding monks at
+all: he had to get them from abroad; while the rule in this house does
+not seem to have been wholly satisfactory. At the time of his death
+(_c._ 901) monachism was in a bad way. Fifty years later its plight
+would seem to have been worse. Only two houses, Abingdon and
+Glastonbury, could be really called monastic. “In the middle of the
+tenth century the Rule of St. Benedict, the standard of monasticism in
+Western Christendom, was, according to virtually contemporary authority,
+completely unknown in England. This will not appear strange if we
+consider that it was never very generally or strictly carried out here,
+that the Danish invasions had broken the continuity of monastic life,
+and that not many years earlier the very existence of the Rule had been
+forgotten in not a few continental monasteries.”[80] Although England
+always responded to the slightest effort to affect her culture, as the
+long deer grass waves an answer to every breath of the wind, yet the
+surprising eminence of some of the churchmen in the latter half of the
+century and the excellence of their work cannot be accounted for if the
+influence of Alfred’s reign had utterly died out. But it had not. Only
+the machinery was defective. The driving power remained, latent but
+ready for action. One indication of a surviving interest in these
+matters at this time is the gift of some nine books to St. Augustine’s
+Abbey by King Athelstan--an interesting little collection including
+Isidore _de Natura Rerum_, Persius, Donatus, Alcuin, Sedulius, and
+possibly a work by Bede. The machinery, however, was soon to be
+improved. Dunstan, Oswald, Edgar, and Ethelwold set matters right by
+reforming and extending the monastic system, and by making it the means
+of encouraging education and learning.
+
+The leaders were Dunstan and Ethelwold. In youth the former was renowned
+for his eagerness in studying, and for the wealth and knowledge he
+acquired. He was a “lover of ballads and music,” “a hard student, an
+indefatigable worker, busy at books”; spending his leisure in reading
+sacred authors, and in correcting manuscripts, sometimes at daybreak. He
+was also very skilful at working in metal and at drawing and
+illuminating. Maybe the picture of him kneeling before the Saviour which
+is preserved in the Bodleian Library is by his own hand; this, however,
+is not certain.[81] But some relics of his literary work were preserved
+at Glastonbury until the Reformation--passages transcribed from Frank
+and Roman law books, a pamphlet on grammar, a mass of Biblical
+quotations, a collection of canons drawn from Dunstan’s Irish teachers,
+a book on the Apocalypse, and other works.[82] He entirely reformed
+Glastonbury and made it a flourishing school, where the Scriptures,
+ecclesiastical writings, and grammar were taught.
+
+Ethelwold was a Glastonbury scholar and assistant to Dunstan.
+Glastonbury, and Abingdon, where he became Abbot, and Winchester, to
+which see he was consecrated, were the centres whence, during the sixty
+years succeeding Edgar’s accession, some forty monasteries were founded
+or restored. Winchester became pre-eminent. Ethelwold himself was a
+teacher of grammar. It was his delight to teach boys and young men, and
+to help them in their translations; hence it came to pass that many of
+his pupils became abbots and bishops.[83] A curious story is told in
+illustration of his studious disposition. One night, when reading after
+prolonged watching, sleep overcame him, and as he slept the candle fell
+on the page and remained burning there until a brother came along and
+snatched it up, when the book by a miracle was found to be
+uninjured.[84] A vignette of pure and true medievalism: the long and
+solitary watching, the saintly pursuit of divine wisdom, the wide-open
+book, with the bold and beautiful text, and the quaint decoration,
+wrought by loving hands, and the inevitable miracle,--the suggestion of
+a Divine Providence watching over and protecting all that is sacred.
+
+Some beautiful examples of work of this period have been preserved.
+“Winchester” work is a familiar and expressive term in illumination, and
+nobody will ask why this is so if they have seen a manuscript executed
+there towards the end of the tenth century. The Benedictional and Missal
+of Archbishop Robert, which is certainly English, and most likely an
+example of New Minster work, is illuminated with miniatures, foliated
+and architectural borders, and capitals and letters of gold, in virile
+workmanship. A still finer example--the finest example of Old Minster
+craft--is the Benedictional of Ethelwold, now in the Duke of
+Devonshire’s library. The versified dedication, inscribed in letters of
+gold, tells us, in substance--“The Great Æthelwold ... illustrious,
+venerable and mild ... commanded a certain monk subject to him to write
+the present book: he ordered also to be made in it many arches elegantly
+decorated and filled up with various ornamented pictures expressed in
+divers beautiful colours, and gold.”[85] Godeman, abbot of Thorney, was
+the scribe, but the illuminator is unknown. Each full page has nineteen
+lines of writing, with letters nearly a quarter of an inch long.
+Alternate lines in gold, red, and black occur once or twice in the same
+page. There are thirty miniatures and thirteen fully illuminated pages,
+some of these having framed borders, foliated, others columns and
+arches. The figures are remarkably well drawn, the drapery being
+especially good. The whole is in a fine state of preservation,
+especially the gold ornaments; the gold used was leaf upon size,
+afterwards well burnished. Of the rival craftsmanship at New Minster we
+have a splendid example in the Golden Book of Edgar, so called
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE V_
+
+NATIVITY OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST, BENEDICTIONAL OF ETHELWOLD]
+
+[Illustration: WRITING IN THE BENEDICTIONAL OF ETHELWOLD]
+
+
+
+on account of its raised gold text.[86] Work of this grand character is
+the best testimony to the noble spirit of monachism in the days of
+Ethelwold.
+
+One of Ethelwold’s pupils was Ælfric, who became Archbishop of
+Canterbury in 995. He was responsible for the canon requiring every
+priest, before ordination, to have the Psalter, the Epistles, the
+Gospels, a Missal, the Book of Hymns, the Manual, the Calendar, the
+Passional, the Penitential, and the Lectionary. On his death he
+bequeathed all his books to St. Albans.[87]
+
+Another pupil of the same name is still more famous. This scholar’s
+grammar, with its translated passages, his glossary--the oldest
+Latin-English dictionary--and his conversation-manual of questions and
+answers, with interlinear translations, suggest that he must have done
+much to make the study of Latin easier and more congenial; while his
+homilies display his art in making knowledge popular, and prove him to
+be the greatest master of English prose before the Conquest.
+
+Several other interesting and suggestive facts belonging to this period
+have been preserved for us. Abbot Ælfward, for example, gave to his
+abbey of Evesham many sacred books and books on grammar (_c._ 1035):
+here, at any rate, progress was real.[88] At a manor of the abbey of
+Bury St. Edmunds were thirty volumes, exclusive of church books
+(1044-65).[89] Bishop Leofric also obtained over sixty books for Exeter
+Cathedral about sixteen years before the Conquest, a collection to which
+we must refer later.
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE VI_
+
+MINIATURE OF THE ASCENSION IN THE BENEDICTIONAL OF ETHELWOLD]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+LIBRARIES OF THE GREAT ABBEYS--BOOK-LOVERS AMONG THE
+MENDICANTS--DISPERSAL OF MONKISH LIBRARIES
+
+
+§ I
+
+The Conquest wrought both good and evil to literature--evil because the
+Normans thought books written in the vernacular unworthy of
+preservation;[90] good because the change brought to the country settled
+government, and to the church an opportunity for reformation. Lanfranc
+was the moving spirit of reform, both in church administration and in
+the learning of its members. While still in Normandy he had built up a
+reputation for the monastic school at Bec, and probably had a share in
+collecting the excellent library that we know the monastery possessed in
+the twelfth century.[91] When he was appointed to the see of Canterbury
+he continued to work for the same ends, although his primacy can have
+left him little leisure. A fresh beginning had to be made in Canterbury.
+In 1067 a fire destroyed the city, including the cathedral and almost
+the whole of the monastic buildings; and in this disaster many “sacred
+and profane books” were burned. It was Lanfranc’s task to repair this
+loss. He brought books with him,[92] and introduced some changes and
+more method in the making and use of them. In the customary of the
+Benedictine order which he drew up to correspond with the best monastic
+practice, he included minute instructions about lending and reading
+books. He was also responsible in the main for the substitution of the
+continental Roman handwriting for the beautiful Hiberno-Saxon hand. In
+another respect his influence was more beneficial. Both at Bec and in
+England he aimed to turn out accurate texts of patristic books, and the
+better to achieve this end he himself corrected manuscripts. In the
+abbey of St. Martin de Sécz at one time there was a copy of the first
+ten _Conferences_ of Cassian with his corrections; and in the library of
+Mans is a St. Ambrose which was overlooked by him.[93] Happily he was in
+a position to lend texts to monks for transcribing, and his help in this
+direction was sought by Abbot Paul of St. Albans. Recent research by Dr.
+Montagu James suggests that Lanfranc’s work for the Canterbury library
+was a good deal more practical and influential than has been usually
+believed. Among the survivors of the Canterbury collections at Trinity
+College, Cambridge, and elsewhere, “are some scores of volumes
+undoubtedly from Christ Church, all of one epoch,” the eleventh and
+twelfth centuries, and all written in hands modelled on an Italian
+style. “Another distinguishing mark,” writes Dr. James, “in these
+volumes is the employment of a peculiar purple in the decorative
+initials and headings.... The nearest approaches I find to it in England
+are in certain manuscripts which were once at St. Augustine’s Abbey, and
+in others which belonged to Rochester. It can be shown that books did
+occasionally pass from Christ Church to St. Augustine’s, and it can also
+be shown that certain of the Rochester books were written at Christ
+Church.” All these books, therefore, Dr. James believes, were given by
+Lanfranc or produced under his direction.[94]
+
+Lanfranc also encouraged original composition, for Osbern, monk of
+Canterbury, compiled his lives of St. Dunstan, St. Alphege, and St. Odo
+under his eye.
+
+In this work of bookmaking and collecting Lanfranc was supported or his
+example was followed by other monks from Normandy: by Abbot Walter of
+Evesham, who made many books;[95] by Ernulf of Rochester, who compiled
+the _Textus Roffensis_; and by many others. At this time grew up the
+practice of using English houses to supply books for Norman abbeys; this
+partly explains the number of manuscripts of English workmanship now
+abroad. A manuscript preserved in Paris contains a note by a canon of
+Ste-Barbe-en-Auge referring to Beckford in Gloucestershire, an English
+cell of his house, whence books were sent to Normandy.[96]
+
+From Lanfranc to the close of the thirteenth century, was the
+summer-time of the English religious houses. The Cluniac or reformed
+Benedictines settled here about 1077. In 1105 the Austin Canons first
+planted a house in this country. The White Monks, another reformed
+Benedictine order, entered England in 1128, and in the course of four
+and twenty years founded fifty houses. Soon after, in 1139, the English
+Gilbertines were established, then came the White Canons, and in 1180
+the Carthusian monks. The land was peppered with houses. In less than a
+century and a half, from the Conquest to about 1200, it is estimated
+that no fewer than 430 houses were founded, making, with 130 founded
+before the Conquest, 560 in all.[97] Many were wealthy: some were
+powerful, because they owned much property, and popular because, like
+Malmesbury, they were “distinguished for their ‘delightful hospitality’
+to guests who, arriving every hour, consume more than the inmates
+themselves.”[98] The Cluniacs could almost be called a fashionable
+order.
+
+During this prosperous age some of the great houses did their best work
+in writing and study. Thus to pick out one or two facts from a string of
+them. In 1104 Abbot Peter of Gloucester gave many books to the abbey
+library. In 1180 the refounded abbey of Whitby owned a fair library of
+theological, historical, and classical books.[99] About the same time
+Abbot Benedict ordered the transcription of sixty volumes, containing
+one hundred titles, for his library at Peterborough.[100] By 1244, in
+spite of losses in the fire of 1184, Glastonbury had a library of some
+four hundred volumes, historical books consorting with romances, Bibles
+and patristical works almost crowding out some forlorn classics.[101]
+Nearly half a century later
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE VII_
+
+ABBOT ROGER DE NORTHONE WITH HIS BOOKS
+
+ABBOT GARIN WITH HIS BOOKS]
+
+Abbot John of Taunton added to Glastonbury forty volumes, a notable gift
+in those days of costly books, while Adam of Domerham tells us he also
+made a fine, handsome, and spacious library.[102] In 1277 a general
+chapter of the Benedictines ordered the monks, according to their
+capabilities, to study, write, correct, illuminate, and bind books,
+rather than to labour in the field.[103]
+
+To such facts as these should be added the record of the Canterbury,
+Dover, and Bury libraries, the histories of which have been so admirably
+written by Dr. M. R. James.[104] Of the library of St. Albans Abbey we
+have not such a fine series of catalogues. Yet no abbey could have a
+nobler record. From Paul (1077) to Whethamstede (_d._ 1465) nearly all
+its abbots were book-lovers.[105] Paul built a writing-room, and put in
+the aumbries twenty-eight fine books (_volumina notabilia_), and eight
+Psalters, a Collectarium, books of the Epistles and Gospels for the
+year, two copies of the Gospels adorned with gold and silver and
+precious stones, without speaking of ordinals, customaries, missals,
+troparies, collectaria, and other books. Here, as everywhere, the
+library began with church books: later, easier circumstances made the
+stream of knowledge broader, if shallower. The next abbot also added
+some books. Geoffrey, the sixteenth abbot, was the author of a miracle
+play, an industrious scribe, and the donor of some books finely
+illuminated and bound. His successor, at one time the conventual
+archivist, loved books equally well, and got together a fair collection.
+Great Abbot Robert had many books written--“too many to be
+mentioned.”[106] Simon, the next abbot (1167), a learned and good-living
+man who encouraged others to learn, was especially fond of books, and
+had many fine manuscripts written for the painted aumbry in the church.
+He repaired and improved the scriptorium. He also made a provision
+whereby each succeeding abbot should have at work one special scribe,
+called the historiographer, an innovation to which we owe the matchless
+series of chronicles of Roger of Wendover, Matthew Paris, William
+Rishanger, and John of Trokelowe. In a Cottonian manuscript is a
+portrait of Abbot Simon at his book-trunk, a picture interesting because
+it illustrates his predominant taste for books, as well as one
+method--then the usual method--of storing them.
+
+John, worthy follower of Simon, was a man of learning, who added many
+noble and useful books to St. Albans’ store. William of Trompington
+(1214) distinguished himself by giving to the abbey books he had taken
+from his prior. Abbot Roger was a better man, and gave many books and
+pieces; but John III and IV and Hugh are barren rocks in our fertile
+valley, for apparently they did nothing for the library. Richard of
+Wallingford did worse than nothing. He bribed Richard de Bury with four
+volumes, and sold to him thirty-two books for fifty pounds of silver,
+retaining one-half of this sum for himself, and devoting the other
+moiety to Epicurus--“a deed,” cries the chronicler, “infamous to all who
+agreed to it, so to make the only nourishment of the soul serve the
+belly, and upon any account to apply spiritual dainties to the demands
+of the flesh.”[107] Abbot Michael de Mentmore, who had been educated at
+Oxford, and became schoolmaster at St. Albans, encouraged the
+educational work of the abbey by making
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE VIII_
+
+ABBOT SIMON OF ST. ALBANS AT HIS BOOK CHEST]
+
+studies for the scholars. As he also ordered the morning mass to be
+celebrated directly after prime, or six o’clock, instead of at tierce,
+or about nine, to allow the students more time, it is safe to assume he
+was more zealous than popular. He also gave books which cost him more
+than £100. His successor, Thomas, enlarged his own study, and bought
+many books for it; and, with the assistance of Thomas of Walsingham,
+then precentor and master of the scriptorium, he built a writing-room at
+his own expense.
+
+But Whethamstede was St. Albans’ greatest book-loving abbot. An ardent
+book-lover, especially fond of finely-illuminated volumes, he indulged
+his passion for manuscripts, and for conventual buildings, vestments,
+and property, until he got the abbey into debt, and was led to resign.
+After the death of his successor, Whethamstede was re-elected. In his
+time no fewer than eighty-seven volumes were transcribed.[108] In
+1452-53 he built a new library at a cost of more than £150. Another
+library was erected for the College of the Black Monks at Oxford, for
+£60.[109] It was described as a “new erection of a library joyning on
+the south-side of the chapel, containing on each side five or more
+divisions, as it may be partly seen to this day by the windows thereof,
+to which he gave good quantity of his own study, and especially those of
+his own composition, which were not a few, and to deter plagiaries and
+others from abusing of them, prefixt these verses in the front of every
+one of the same books, as he did also to those that he gave to the
+publick library of the University:
+
+    “Fratribus Oxoniae datur in munus liber iste
+     Per patrem pecorum prothomartyris Angligenarum;
+     Quem, si quis rapiat raptim, titulumve retractet,
+     Vel Judae laqueum, vel furcas sentiat; Amen
+
+“In other books which he gave to the said library these:
+
+    “Discior ut docti fieret nova regia plebi
+     Culta magisque Deae datur hic liber ara Minervae,
+     His qui Diis dictis libant holocausta ministris
+     Et circa bibulam sitiunt prae nectare limpham
+     Estque librique loci, idem dator, actor et unus.”[110]
+
+This, in brief, is the story of St. Albans’ tribute to learning. In most
+monasteries the same kind of work went on, in a more circumscribed
+fashion, and without the same distinction of finish, which could
+probably only be attained at the big places where expert scribes and
+illuminators could be well trained.[111]
+
+
+§ II
+
+Fortunately, just when the great houses had attained the summit of their
+prosperity, and were beginning the slow decline to dissolution, learning
+and book-culture were freshly encouraged by the coming of the Friars.
+
+The Black Friars settled at Canterbury and in London, near the Old
+Temple in Holborn, in 1221. The Grey Friars were at London, Oxford, and
+Cambridge in 1224, and by 1256 they were in forty-nine different
+localities.[112] It is strange how the latter order, founded by a man
+who forbade a novice to own a Psalter, came to be as earnest in buying
+books as the Benedictines were in copying them. St. Francis’ ideal,
+however, was impossible. The peripatetic nature of their calling, and
+their duty of tending the sick, compelled many friars to learn foreign
+languages, and to acquire some medical knowledge. Books were,
+therefore, useful to them, if not essential; as indeed St. Francis
+ultimately recognized. However, they could not own books themselves, but
+only in common with other members of the convent. If a friar was
+promoted to a bishopric, he had to renounce the use of the books he had
+had as a friar; and Clement IV forbade the consecration of a bishop
+until he had returned the books to his friary. When a book was given to
+a friar--and this often happened--he was in duty bound to hand it to his
+Superior. But if the friar was a man of parts the gift was devoted to
+acquiring books for his studies, or to giving him other necessary
+assistance; the duty, it was held, which the Superior owed him.[113] But
+these principles do not seem to have been strictly observed. In little
+more than thirty years after St. Francis’ death it was found necessary
+to draw up rules forbidding the brethren to own books except by leave
+from the chief officer of the order, or to keep any books which were not
+regarded as the property of the whole order, or to write books, or have
+them written for sale.[114]
+
+By the end of the thirteenth century the Mendicants of Oxford were
+fairly well provided with books. Michael Scot came to Oxford, at the
+time of the greatest literary activity of the brethren, and introduced
+to them the physical and metaphysical works of Aristotle (1230).[115]
+Adam de Marisco seems to have been responsible for the first
+considerable additions to the collection. From his brother, Bishop
+Richard, he had already received a library; possibly this, with his own
+books, came into possession of the convent. Then out of love for him,
+Grosseteste left his writings or his library--it is not clear which--to
+the Grey Friars.[116] This gift may have formed part--it is not
+certain--of the two valuable hoards existing in the fifteenth century in
+the same friary, one the convent library, open only to graduates, the
+other the Schools library, for seculars living among the brethren for
+the sake of the teaching they could get. In these collections were many
+Hebrew books, which had been bought upon the banishment of the Jews from
+England (1290).[117] Such books were not often found in the abbeys,
+although some got to Ramsey, where Grosseteste’s influence may be
+suspected.
+
+The White Friars also had a library at Oxford, wherein they garnered the
+works of every famous writer of their order. They are praised for taking
+more care of their books than the brethren of other colours.[118] In
+later times, at any rate, some cause for the complaint against the Grey
+Friars existed. They appear to have sold many manuscripts to Dr. Thomas
+Gascoigne (_c._ 1433). He ultimately gave them to the libraries of
+Lincoln, Durham, Balliol, and Oriel Colleges. As the friars’ mode of
+life grew easier and the love of learning less keen, they got rid of
+many more books. In Leland’s time the library had melted away. After
+much difficulty he was allowed to see the book-room, but he found in it
+nothing but dust and dirt, cobwebs and moths, and some books not worth a
+threepenny piece.[119]
+
+Roger de Thoris, afterwards Dean of Exeter, presented a library to the
+Grey Friars of his city in 1266.[120] What became of it we do not know.
+About the same time, in 1253 to be exact, the will of Richard de Wyche,
+Bishop of Chichester, is notable for its bequests to the friars; thus he
+left books to various friaries of the Grey Brethren--at
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE IX_
+
+GREY FRIARS, LONDON: THE OLD HALL AND WHITTINGTON’S LIBRARY]
+
+Chichester his glossed Psalter, at Lewes the Gospels of St. Luke and St.
+John, at Winchelsea the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark, at
+Canterbury Isaiah glossed, at London the Epistles of St. Paul glossed,
+and at Winchester the twelve Prophets glossed; as well as some volumes
+to the Black Friars--at Arundel the _Book of Sentences_, at Canterbury
+Hosea glossed, at London the Books of Job, the Acts, the Apocalypse,
+with the canonical epistles, and at Winchester the _Summa_ of William of
+Auxerre.[121] Such friendliness for the Mendicants was far from common
+among the secular clergy. Besides the southern places mentioned in this
+bequest, friaries in the east, at Norwich and Ipswich, and in the west,
+at Hereford and Bristol, had goodly libraries.
+
+The friary collections in London seem to have been important, especially
+that given to the Grey Friars in 1225,[122] just when they had settled
+near Newgate. The Austin Friars may have owned a library before 1364,
+when two of their number left the London house, taking with them books
+and other goods.[123] Early in the fifteenth century a library was built
+and a large addition was made to the books of this house by Prior Lowe,
+a friar afterwards occupying the sees of St. Asaph and of
+Rochester.[124] At this time the friars of London were specially
+fortunate. The White Friars enjoyed a good library, to which Thomas
+Walden, a learned brother of the order, presented many foreign
+manuscripts of some age and rarity.[125] The Grey Friars’ library was
+founded or refounded by Dick Whittington (1421).[126] The room “was in
+length one hundred twentie nine foote, and in breadth thirtie one: all
+seeled with Wainscot, having twentie eight desks, and eight double
+setles of Wainscot. Which in the next yeare following was altogither
+finished in building, and within three yeares after, furnished with
+Bookes, to the charges of” over £556, “whereof Richard Whittington bare
+foure hundred pound, the rest was borne by Doctor Thomas Winchelsey, a
+Frier there.”[127] On this occasion one hundred marks were paid for
+transcribing the works of Nicholas de Lyra, a Grey Friar highly esteemed
+for his knowledge of Hebrew, and “the greatest exponent of the literal
+sense of Scripture whom the medieval world can show.”[128]
+
+Of few of the friary libraries have we definite knowledge of their size
+and character. But in the case of the Austin Friars of York, a catalogue
+of their library is extant. The collection was a notable one. The
+inventory was made in 1372, and the items in it, forming the bulk of the
+whole, with some later additions, amounted to 646. One member of the
+society named John Erghome was a remarkable man. He was a doctor of
+Oxford, where he had studied logic, natural philosophy, and theology.
+More than 220 books were his contribution to this splendid library, and
+he it was who added the Psalter and Canticles in Greek and a Hebrew
+book,--rarities indeed at that date. Classical literature is fairly well
+represented in the collection as a whole, but theology, and especially
+logic and philosophy, make up the bulk.[129]
+
+In Scotland, too, the Grey Friars were busy library-making. We find the
+convent at Stirling buying five dozen parchments (1502). Fifty pounds
+were paid for books sent to them this year by the Cistercians of
+Culross, and to the Austin Canons of Cambuskenneth in the following
+year about half as much was paid; and similar records appear in the
+accounts.[130]
+
+Other interesting testimony to the bookcraft and collecting habits of
+the friars is not wanting. Adam de Marisco writes to the Friar Warden of
+Cambridge asking for vellum for scribes.[131] Or he expresses the hope
+that Richard of Cornwall may be prevailed upon to stay in England, but
+if he goes he will be supplied with books and everything necessary for
+his departure.[132] From this letter, it was evidently usual for friars
+to seek and obtain permission to carry away books with them when going
+abroad, or going from one custody to another.[133] Then again Adam
+writes asking Grosseteste to send Aristotle’s _Ethics_ to the Grey
+Friars’ convent in London.[134] In getting books the friars were
+sometimes unscrupulous. A royal writ was issued commanding the Warden of
+the Grey Friars at Oxford and another friar, Walter de Chatton, to
+return two books worth forty shillings which they were keeping from the
+rightful owner (1330).[135] More striking testimony to the
+book-collecting habits of the friars is the complaint to the Pope of
+their buying so many books that the monks and clergy had difficulty in
+obtaining them. In every convent, it was urged, was a grand and noble
+library, and every friar of eminence in the University had a fine
+collection of books.[136] Archbishop Fitzralph, who made this statement,
+detested the friars, and was besides prone to exaggerate; but he was not
+wholly wrong in this instance, as De Bury tells a similar tale.
+“Whenever it happened,” he says, “that we turned aside to the cities and
+places where the mendicants ... had their convents, we did not disdain
+to visit their libraries ...; there we found heaped up amid the utmost
+poverty the utmost riches of wisdom. These men are as ants.... They have
+added more in this brief [eleventh] hour to the stock of the sacred
+books than all the other vine-dressers.”[137] Instead of declaiming
+against the hawks, De Bury trained them to prey for him, and was well
+rewarded for his pains. Nor is it beyond the bounds of probability that
+he enriched his own collection at the expense of the Grey Friars’
+library at Oxford.[138]
+
+The friars were not merely collectors. The scholarship of Bacon and
+other brethren does not concern us. But their correction of the texts of
+Scripture, and their bibliographical work, are germane to our subject.
+In mid-thirteenth century some Black Friars of Paris laboured to correct
+the text of the Latin Bible; and to enable copyists to restore the true
+text when transcribing, they drew up manuals, called _Correctoria_. One
+such manual, now known as the _Correctorium Vaticanum_, was prepared by
+William de la Mare, a Grey brother of Oxford, in the course of forty
+years’ labour; and it is “a work which before all others laid down sound
+principles of true scientific criticism upon which to base a correction
+of the Vulgate text.”[139]
+
+Another special work of the Grey brethren, the _Registrum Librorum
+Angliae_[140] was less important, although it more clearly illustrates
+their high regard for books. Some time in the fourteenth century, by
+seeking information from about one hundred and sixty monasteries, some
+friars drew
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE X_
+
+THE GREY FRIARS’ CATALOGUE OF CONVENTUAL LIBRARIES
+
+BODL. MS. TANNER 165, F. 119]
+
+up a list of libraries under the heads of the seven custodies or
+wardenships of their order in England, and catalogued the writings of
+some eighty-five authors represented in these collections. In this way
+was formed a combined bibliography and co-operative catalogue. Of this
+catalogue we are able to reproduce a page on which are indexed five
+authors, with numerical references to the libraries containing each
+work. Early in the fifteenth century a monk of Bury St. Edmunds, John
+Boston by name--possibly the librarian of that house--expanded the
+register by increasing to nearly seven hundred the number of authors,
+and by adding a score of names to the list of libraries. He also
+provided a short biographical sketch of each author “drawn from the best
+sources at his disposal; so that the book in its completed form might
+claim to be called a dictionary of literature.”[141]
+
+
+§ III
+
+We would fain fill in the outline we have given, for the friars and
+their book-loving ways are interesting. But enough has been written to
+show the origin and growth of libraries among the religious both of the
+abbeys and the friaries. Of the later days of monachism it is not so
+pleasant to write. The story has been well told many times, but no two
+writers, even in a broad and general way, let alone in detail, have read
+the facts alike. On the one hand it is urged that monachism became
+degenerate, both in reverence for spiritual affairs and in love of
+learning. Many monks, we are told, came to find more enjoyment in easy
+living than in ascetic and religious observances. Apart from the savage
+onslaughts in _Piers Plowman_, and the yarns of Layton and Legh, now
+quite discredited, we have the most credible evidence in Chaucer’s
+gentle satire:--
+
+    “A monk ther was, a fair for the maistrye,
+     An out-rydere, that lovede venerye; [hunting]
+     A manly man, to been an abbot able,
+     Ful many a deyntee hors hadde he in stable:
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     He was a lord ful fat and in good point [well-equipped]
+     His eyen stepe, and rollinge in his heed.” [eyes bright]
+
+The friars, too, were sometimes “merye and wantoun,” and
+
+    “knew the tavernes wel in every toun,
+     And everich hostiler or gay tappestere.”
+
+And an indictment of some force might be based on the fact that the
+general chapter of the Benedictine order at Coventry in 1516 found it
+necessary to make regulations against immoderate and illicit eating and
+drinking, and against hunting and hawking.[142]
+
+No doubt also many a monk would argue with himself:--
+
+    “What sholde he studie, and make him-selven wood [mad]
+     Upon a book in cloistre alwey to poure
+     Or swinken with his handes, and laboure [toil]
+     As Austin bit?” [As St. Augustine bids]
+
+De Bury declaimed against the monks’ neglect of books. “Now slothful
+Thersites,” he cries, “handles the arms of Achilles and the choice
+trappings of war-horses are spread upon lazy asses, winking owls lord it
+in the eagle’s nest, and the cowardly kite sits upon the perch of the
+hawk.
+
+    “Liber Bacchus is ever loved,
+     And is into their bellies shoved,
+        By day and by night.
+     Liber Codex is neglected,
+     And with scornful hand rejected
+        Far out of their sight.”
+
+“And as if the simple monastic folk of modern times were deceived by a
+confusion of names, while Liber Pater is preferred to Liber Patrum, the
+study of the monks nowadays is in the emptying of cups and not the
+emending of books; to which they do not hesitate to add the wanton music
+of Timotheus, jealous of chastity, and thus the song of the merrymaker
+and not the chant of the mourner is become the office of the monks.
+Flocks and fleeces, crops and granaries, leeks and potherbs, drink and
+goblets, are nowadays the reading and study of the monks, except a few
+elect ones, in whom lingers not the image but some slight vestige of the
+fathers that preceded them.”[143] Specific instances of neglect and
+worse are recorded. We have already mentioned the giving and selling of
+books by the monks of St. Albans to Richard de Bury. From the account
+books of Bolton Abbey it would appear that three books only were bought
+during forty years of the fourteenth century.[144] At St. Werburgh’s,
+Chester, discipline was very lax. Two monks robbed the abbot of a book
+valued at £20, and of property valued at £100 or more, and stole from
+two of their brethren books and money (1409). About four years later one
+of the thieves was elected abbot, and his respect for learning may be
+gauged from the fact that in 1422 he was charged with not having
+maintained a scholar at Oxford or Cambridge for twelve years, although
+it was his duty to do so by the rules of his order.[145]
+
+At Bury books were going astray in the first half of the fifteenth
+century. Abbot William Curteys (1429-45) issued an ordinance in which he
+declares books given out by the precentor to the brethren for purposes
+of study had been lent, pledged, and even stolen by them. Some of them
+he had recovered, and he hoped to secure more, but the process of
+recovery had been expensive and troublesome, both to himself and the
+people he found in possession of the books. He therefore sternly forbade
+the brethren to alienate books, and decrees certain punishments if his
+order was disobeyed. Brethren studying at the University seem to have
+been not immune from such faults.[146] The prior of Michelham sold
+books, papers, horses, and timber for his own personal profit (1478). A
+visitation of Wigmore showed that books were not “studied in the
+cloister because the seats were uncomfortable.”[147] Bishop Goldwell’s
+visitation of his diocese of Norwich in 1492 showed that at Norwich
+Priory no scholars were sent to study at Oxford, and at Wymondham Abbey
+the monks “refused to apply themselves to their books.” At Battle Abbey,
+in 1530, the one time fine library was in a sad state of neglect; no
+doubt books had been parted with. And as the last years of the
+monasteries coincided with a renewed interest among seculars in learning
+and with a revival of book-collecting, the monks of all houses must have
+been sorely tempted to sell books which laymen coveted, as the monks of
+Mount Athos have been bartering away their libraries ever since the
+seventeenth century.
+
+But among so many houses some were bound to be ill-conducted. And it is
+important to remember that irregularities would be recorded oftener than
+more favourable facts. What had been usual would go unnoted; what was
+strange, and a departure from the highest standard of monachism, would
+be observed with regret by friends and dwelt on with spite by enemies.
+Although human memory is apt to register evil acts with more assiduity
+and fidelity than good, yet a contrary view of the last state of
+monachism may be argued with as much reason and with the support of
+equally reliable evidence. The great majority of the houses were not
+under lax control. The general organisation was not defective; nor was
+every monk a “lorel, a loller, and a ‘spille-tyme.’” Setting aside the
+question of general conduct, with which we have little to do, plenty of
+evidence may be collected to show that the work of the earlier periods
+was not only continued in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but
+that some of the monks enjoyed special distinction among their
+contemporaries. Writing was encouraged by directions of chapters in
+1343, 1388, and 1444.[148] The early part of the fifteenth century was
+an age of library building, in the monasteries, as at the Universities.
+Special rooms for books were put up at Gloucester, Christ Church
+(Canterbury), Durham, Bury St. Edmunds, and other houses. Large and
+growing monastic libraries were in existence--at St. Albans and
+Peterborough, two at Canterbury of nearly two thousand volumes each, two
+thousand volumes at Bury, a thousand and more at Durham, six hundred at
+Ramsey, three hundred and fifty at Meaux. When John Leland crossed the
+threshold of the library at Glastonbury he stood stock still for a
+moment, awestruck and bewildered at the sight of books of the greatest
+antiquity. In 1482, the abbess of Syon monastery, Isleworth, entered
+into a regular contract for writing and binding books.[149] Some forty
+years later this abbey had at least fourteen hundred and twenty-one
+printed and manuscript volumes in its library.[150] More facts of
+similar character will be noted in the next chapter. Here we will
+content ourselves with noting a few of the most conspicuous instances of
+monkish scholarship in these later days. At Glastonbury, Abbot John
+Selwood was familiar with John Free’s work; indeed, presents a monk with
+one of that scholar’s translations from the Greek.[151] His successor,
+Bere, was a pilgrim to Italy, and was in correspondence with Erasmus,
+who desired him to examine his translation of the New Testament from the
+Greek. A monk of Westminster, who became abbot of his house in 1465, was
+a diligent student, noted for his knowledge of Greek.[152] At Christ
+Church, Canterbury, Prior Selling was particularly zealous on behalf of
+the library, and was one of the first to import Greek books into England
+in any considerable quantity.[153] Two manuscripts now in the library of
+Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and one in New College, were transcribed
+by a Greek living at Reading Abbey (1497-1500).[154] These few
+references to the study of Greek are especially significant, as the
+revival of Greek studies had only just begun.
+
+
+§ IV
+
+The whole truth about the later days of the monasteries will never be
+known. Many of the original sources of our knowledge are tainted with
+partisanship and religious rancour and flagrant dishonesty. What does
+seem to be true is that in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
+monastic influence grew slowly weaker, although the system may not have
+been degenerate in itself. The cause is to be found in the very
+prosperity of monachism, which brought to the religious houses wealth
+and all its responsibilities. Wealth always imposes fetters, as every
+rich man, from Seneca downwards, has declared with unctuous lamentation.
+But
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XI_
+
+TWELFTH CENTURY ILLUMINATION FROM BURY ST. EDMUNDS ABBEY
+
+THE MINIATURE IS ON SPECIAL VELLUM STUCK ON TO THE LEAF. MS. 2 FO. 281
+B. C.C. COLL. CAMB.]
+
+what first strikes the student who compares early English monachism with
+the later is, that whereas the monks of the first period were most
+concerned with their monastic duties, their religious observances, and
+their scribing and illuminating, the monks of the later period, and
+especially during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, were immersed
+in business, in the management of their wealth, the control of large
+estates. The possession of wealth led in one direction to excessive
+display, and to purchasing land and building beyond their means; a
+course which monks might easily persuade themselves was progressive and
+exemplary of true religious fervour, but which attracted to them envious
+eyes. Heavy subsidies to the Crown and the Pope oppressed them. Then
+again, many houses indulged in unwise and excessive almsgiving, which
+the monks might well believe to be right, but which brought them only
+the interested friendship of the needy. And in the management of their
+estates much litigation obstinately pursued caused internal dissension,
+was costly, and gained them only bitter enemies. Had the monasteries
+been allowed to exist, probably these evils would have cured themselves.
+But, owing to these evils,--to the decline of monastic influence of
+which they were the cause,--the Dissolution, once decided upon, could be
+carried out with terrible swiftness and completeness; no influence nor
+power which the religious could wield was able to delay or avert the
+blow struck by the king. Within a few years over one thousand houses
+were closed and their lands and property confiscated.
+
+In the hastiness of the overthrow some conventual books were destroyed,
+or stolen, or sold off at low prices. In a few places damage was done
+even before the actual dissolution. At Christ Church, Canterbury, for
+example, the drunken servants of a royal commission carelessly brought
+about a fire, almost entirely destroying the library of Prior
+Selling,[155] which he probably designed to add to the collection of his
+monastery. But when the houses were suppressed, we are told, “whole
+libraries were destroyed, or made waste paper of, or consumed for the
+vilest uses. The splendid and magnificent Abbey of Malmesbury, which
+possessed some of the finest manuscripts in the kingdom, was ransacked,
+and its treasures either sold or burnt to serve the commonest purposes
+of life. An antiquary who travelled through that town, many years after
+the Dissolution, relates that he saw broken windows patched up with
+remnants of the most valuable manuscripts on vellum, and that the bakers
+had not even then consumed the stores they had accumulated, in heating
+their ovens.”[156] John Bale tells us the loss of the libraries had not
+mattered so much, “beynge so many in nombre, and in so desolate places
+for the more parte, yf the chiefe monumentes and most notable workes of
+our excellent wryters had been reserved. If there had been in every
+shyre of Englande but one solempne lybrary to the preservacyon of those
+noble workes, and preferrement of good lernynges in oure posteryte, it
+had bene yet sumwhat. But to destroye all without consyderacyon, is and
+wyll be unto Englande for ever, a most horryble infamy amonge the grave
+senyours of other nacyons. A great nombre of them whych purchased these
+superstycyouse mansyons reserved of those lybrary bokes, some to serve
+theyr jakes, some to scoure theyr candlestycks, and some to rubbe theyr
+bootes. Some they sold to the grossers and sopesellers, and some they
+sent over see to the bokebynders, not in small nombre, but at tymes
+whole shyppes full, to the wonderynge of the foren nacyons. Yea, the
+unyversytees of this realme are not all clere in this detestable
+fact.... I know a merchant man which shall at thys tyme be namelesse,
+that boughte the contentes of two noble lybraryes for xl shyllynges
+pryce, a shame it is to be spoken. Thys stuffe hath he occupyed in the
+stede of graye paper by the space of more than these x years, and yet he
+hath store ynough for many yeares to come.”[157] To some extent Bale’s
+account of the contemptuous treatment of books is confirmed by records
+of sales: as, for example, the following:--
+
+  Item, sold to Robert Doryngton, old boke, and a cofer in the library   ijs.
+  Item, old bokes in the vestry, sold to the same Robert               viiid.
+  Item, sold to Robert Whytgreve, a missale                            viijd.
+  Fyrst, sold to Mr. Whytgreve, a masse boke                            xijd.
+  Item, old bokes in the quyer                                           vjd.
+  Item, a fryers masse boke, solde to Marke Wyrley                     iiijd.[158]
+
+Bale’s statement is sadly borne out by the fate of the library of the
+Austin Friars of York. At one time this friary owned between six and
+seven hundred books. Now but five are known to remain.[159] “It is
+hardly open to doubt,” writes Dr. James, “that nine-tenths of the books
+have ceased to exist. To be sure, it is no news to us that thousands,
+perhaps hundreds of thousands, of manuscripts were destroyed in the
+first half of the sixteenth century; but the truth comes heavily home
+when we are confronted with the actual figures of the loss sustained in
+one small corner of the field. We may fairly reckon that what happened
+in the case of the Austin Friars at York happened to many another house
+situated like it, in a populous centre, and thus enjoying good
+opportunities for acquiring books.”[160]
+
+But the loss may be--and has been--exaggerated. In some instances a good
+part of a library was preserved. The Prior of Lanthony, a house in the
+outskirts of Gloucester, saved the books of his little community. From
+him they passed into the hands of one Theyer; later, possibly through
+Archbishop Bancroft, they found an ultimate resting-place in Lambeth
+Palace. During this interval many of them were perhaps lost or sold, but
+to-day some one hundred and thirty are known certainly to have come from
+Lanthony, or may be credited to that place on reasonably safe
+evidence.[161]
+
+Then again Henry’s myrmidons--to use the classic word--would be unlikely
+to carry their vandalism too far. To do so, in view of the great value
+of books, would bring them no profit. Knowing their character, may we
+not reasonably assume that they sold as many books as they could to make
+illicit gains?[162] Sometimes they fell in love with their finds, as was
+natural. “Please it you to understand,” writes Thomas Bedyll, one of
+Henry VIII’s commissioners, “that in the reding of the muniments and
+charters of the house of Ramesey, I found a charter of King Edgar,
+writen in a very antiq Romane hand, hard to be red at the first sight,
+and light inowghe after that a man found out vj or vij words and after
+compar letter to letter. I am suer ye wold delight to see the same for
+the straingnes and antiquite thereof.... I have seen also there a
+chartor of King Edward writen affor the Conquest.”[163]
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XII_
+
+“WESTMINSTER” ILLUMINATION
+
+THIRTEENTH CENTURY]
+
+John Leland was one of those who saved books. Already he had been
+commissioned to examine the libraries of cathedrals, abbeys, priories,
+colleges, and other places wherein the records of antiquity were kept,
+when, observing with dismay the threatened loss of monastic treasures,
+he asked Cromwell to extend the commission to collecting books for the
+king’s library. The Germans, he says, perceiving our “desidiousness” and
+negligence, were daily sending young scholars hither, who spoiled the
+books, and cut them out of libraries, and returned home and put them
+abroad as monuments of their own country.[164]
+
+His request was granted in part, and he tells us he sent to London for
+the royal library the choicest volumes in St. Augustine’s Abbey; but
+very few of these books now remain.[165] He had, he said, “conservid
+many good autors, the which otherwise had beene like to have perischid
+to no smaul incommodite of good letters, of the whiche parte remayne yn
+the moste magnificent libraries of yowr royal Palacis. Parte also
+remayne yn my custodye. Wherby I truste right shortely so to describe
+your most noble reaulme, and to publische the Majeste and the excellent
+actes of yowr progenitors.”[166]
+
+Robert Talbot, rector of Haversham, Berkshire (_d._ 1558), collected
+monastic manuscripts: the choicest of them he left to New College. A
+portreeve of Ipswich, named William Smart, came into possession of some
+hundred volumes from Bury Abbey library. In 1599 he gave them to
+Pembroke College, where they are now.[167] John Twyne, (_d._ 1581),
+schoolmaster and mayor of Canterbury, certainly once owned the
+fifteenth-century catalogue of the St. Augustine’s Abbey library, and
+seems to have possessed many manuscripts. Both catalogue and manuscripts
+were transferred to Dr. John Dee, the famous alchemist. The catalogue,
+with some other books belonging to the doctor, got to the library of
+Trinity College, Dublin. But the manuscripts passed into the hands of
+Brian Twyne, John’s grandson, who bequeathed them to Corpus Christi
+College, Oxford; they are still there.[168] John Stow, whose gatherings
+form part of the Harleian collection, saved some books which once
+reposed in claustral aumbries, mainly owing to the protection and help
+of Archbishop Parker.
+
+Archbishop Parker himself was assiduous in garnering books. “I have
+within my house, in wages,” he writes to Lord Burleigh, in 1573,
+“drawers and cutters, painters, limners, writers and bookbinders.”
+Again, “I toy out my time, partly with copying of books.” He made a
+strenuous endeavour to recover as many of the monks’ books as possible,
+using money and influence to this end; and accumulated an unusually
+large library, quite priceless in character.[169] Most of his choice
+books were presented to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and
+twenty-five of them to Cambridge University Library (1574). Dr. Montagu
+James, the leading authority on the provenance of Western manuscripts,
+has discovered or made suggestions as to the origin of nearly two
+hundred out of about three hundred and eighty.[170] Forty-seven are
+traced to Christ Church, Canterbury; twenty-six to St. Augustine’s
+Abbey. Later Dr. James extended his work to identifying the manuscripts
+which were once in the Canterbury abbeys and in the priory of St. Martin
+at Dover. From the fragmentary Christ Church catalogue of 1170, Dr.
+James has identified two, and possibly six, manuscripts; from Henry
+Eastry’s catalogue (14 cent.) of Christ Church books, he has identified
+either certainly or with much probability about one hundred and eighty;
+from the catalogue of St. Augustine’s Abbey library (_c._ 1497) over one
+hundred and seventy-five; as well as twenty from the Dover catalogue
+(1389). In addition, Dr. James has identified about one hundred and
+fifty manuscripts still extant which are certainly or probably
+attributable to Christ Church monastic library, but which are not in the
+catalogues handed down to us; and over sixty which are likewise
+attributable to St. Augustine’s monastery.[171] There are therefore
+about five hundred and seventy Canterbury manuscripts now remaining to
+us.
+
+By making a similarly thorough investigation Dr. James has traced about
+three hundred and twenty-two manuscripts from Bury St. Edmunds.[172] Of
+the Westminster Abbey manuscripts it is difficult to say how many are
+extant, as the common medieval press marks are absent from the books of
+this house. But the presence of eleven manuscripts in the British
+Museum; two in Lambeth Palace; one at Sion College; three at the
+Bodleian, and five more in Oxford colleges; two at the Cambridge
+University Library, and two more in the colleges there; one at the
+Chetham Library, Manchester; and two at Trinity College, Dublin, well
+illustrate how the monastic books have been scattered since the
+Dissolution.[173] To these special examinations Dr. James has gradually
+added vastly to our knowledge of the provenance of manuscripts by his
+masterly series of catalogues of the ancient treasures of the Cambridge
+colleges, and he has proved to us that a considerable number of monastic
+books still survive.[174] Much more work of the same kind remains to be
+done; other labourers are needed; but the men of parts who are able and
+content to labour at a task without remuneration and with small thanks
+are few and far between; while fewer still are the publishers who can be
+persuaded to produce the results of these researches.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+BOOK-MAKING AND COLLECTING IN THE RELIGIOUS HOUSES
+
+    “For if hevene be on this erthe . and ese to any soule,
+     It is in cloistere or in scole . be many skilles I fynde;
+     For in cloistre cometh no man . to chide ne to fighte,
+     But alle is buxomnesse there and bokes . to rede and to lerne.”
+                                _Piers Plowman_, B. x. 300
+
+
+§ I
+
+Before leaving the subject of monastic libraries, it is desirable to say
+something about their economy.
+
+They were built up partly by importing books, partly by bequests from
+wealthy ecclesiastics, but largely--and in some cases wholly--by the
+labours of scribes. The scene of the scribe’s craft was the scriptorium
+or writing-room, which was usually a screened-off portion of the
+cloister, or a room beside the church and below the library, as at St.
+Gall, or a chamber over the chapter-house, as at St. Albans under Abbot
+Paul, at Cockersand Abbey and Birkenhead Priory. As a rule the monk was
+not allowed to write outside the scriptorium, although in some houses he
+could read elsewhere--as at Durham, where a desk to support books was
+fitted in the window of each dormitory cubicle. But brothers whose work
+was highly valued were allowed a small writing-room or scriptoriolum.
+Nicholas, Bernard’s secretary, had a room on the right of the cloister
+with its
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF SCRIPTORIUM, BIRKENHEAD PRIORY]5
+
+door opening
+into the novices’ room--a cell, he says, “not to be despised; for it is
+... pleasant to look upon, and comfortable for retirement. It is filled
+with most choice and divine books ... is assigned to me for reading, and
+writing, and composing, and meditating, and praying, and adoring the
+Lord of Majesty.”[175] Perhaps Nicholas’s room was like that shown in
+one manuscript, where we see a monk seated on a stool before a
+reading-stand of odd shape. The table, which is the top of a hexagonal
+receptacle for parchment and writing materials, or books, can be moved
+up and down on the screw. Above the screw is a bookrest; at the foot a
+pedestal, with the ink-bottle upon it. Apparently the room also contains
+cupboards for storing books. Nicholas, however, was favoured, for in the
+same passage he refers to the older monks reading the “books of divine
+eloquence in the cloister.” In Cistercian monasteries certain monks were
+so favoured, although they were not allowed to use their studies during
+the time the monks were supposed to be in the cloister.[176] At Oxford,
+after mid-fourteenth century, every student friar had set apart for him
+a place fitted with a combined desk and bookcase, or studium, of the
+kind commonly depicted in medieval illuminations. Grants of timber for
+making these studia are recorded: to the Black Friars of Oxford, for
+example, of seven oaks to repair their studies.[177]
+
+The arrangements in the cloister are carefully described in the Durham
+Rites. At Durham “in the north syde of the cloister, from the corner
+over against the church dour to the corner over againste the Dortor
+dour, was all fynely glased, from the hight to the sole within a litle
+of the grownd into the cloister garth. And in every wyndowe iij pewes or
+carrells, where every one of the old Monks had his carrell, severall by
+himselfe, that, when they had dyned, they dyd resorte to that place of
+Cloister and there studyed upon there books, every one in his carrell,
+all the after nonne, unto evensong time. This was there exercise every
+daie. All there pewes or carrells was all fynely wainscotted and verie
+close, all but the forepart, which had carved wourke that gave light in
+at ther carrell doures of wainscott. And in every carrell was a deske to
+lye there books on. And the carrells was no greater then from one
+stanchell of the wyndowe to another.”[178] There were carrells at
+Evesham in the fourteenth century.[179] In 1485 Prior Selling
+constructed in the south walk at Christ Church, Canterbury, “the new
+framed contrivances called carrells” for the comfort of the monks at
+study.[180] Such recesses are to be found at Worcester and Gloucester;
+remains of some exist at the south end of the west walk of the cloisters
+at Chester, and others were in the destroyed south walk.[181] At
+Gloucester Cathedral, which was formerly the Benedictine Abbey of St.
+Peter, are twenty beautiful carrells in the south cloister. They project
+below the ten main windows, two in each, and are arched, with
+battlemented tops or cornices. Except for the small double window which
+lights them, they look like recesses for statuary.
+
+The Carthusian Rule records that few monks of the order could not
+write.[182] But this was by no means invariably the case. In early
+monastic times writing was usually the occupation of the weaker
+brethren: for example,
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XIII_
+
+THE CLOISTERS, GLOUCESTER, SHEWING CARRELLS]
+
+[Illustration: ANCIENT STALL, OR CARRELL, IN BISHOPS CANNINGS CHURCH,
+WILTS]
+
+Ferreolus, in his rules (_c_. 550), deems reading and copying fit
+occupations for monks too weak for severer work.[183] Later, in some
+monasteries, less labour in the field and more writing was done. At
+Tours, Alcuin took the monks away from field labour, telling them study
+and writing were far nobler pursuits.[184] But it was not commonly the
+case to find in monasteries “ech man a scriveyn able.”
+
+When books were not otherwise obtainable, or not obtainable quickly
+enough, it was the practice to hire scribes from outside the house.
+Abbot Gerbert, in a letter to the abbot of Tours, mentions that he had
+been paying scribes in Rome and various parts of Italy, in Belgium, and
+Germany, to make copies of books for his library “at great
+expense.”[185] At Abingdon hired scribes were sometimes employed, and
+the rule was for the abbot to find the food, and the armarius, or
+librarian, to pay for the labour.[186] This was commonly done when
+libraries were first formed. When Abbot Paul began to collect a library
+at St. Albans none of his brethren could write well enough to suit him,
+and he was obliged to fill his writing-room with hired scribes. He
+supplied them with daily rations out of the brethren’s and cellarer’s
+alms-food; such provision was always handy, and the scribes were not
+retarded by leaving their work.[187] Sometimes scribes were employed
+merely to save the monks trouble. At Corbie, in the fourteenth century,
+the religious neglected to work in the writing-room themselves, but
+allowed benefactors to engage professional scribes in Paris to swell the
+number of books. The Gilbertine order forbade hired scribes altogether,
+perhaps wisely.
+
+The scribe’s method of work was simple. First he took a metal stylus or
+a pencil and drew perpendicular lines in the side margins of his
+parchment, and horizontal lines at equal distances from top to bottom of
+the page. Then the task of copying was straightforward. If the book was
+to be embellished he left spaces for the illuminator to fill in. When
+the illuminator took the book over, he carefully sketched in his designs
+for the capitals and miniatures, and then worked over them in colour,
+applying one colour to a number of sketches at a time. Anybody who is
+curious as to medieval methods of illuminating should read a little
+fifteenth-century treatise which describes “the crafte of lymnynge of
+bokys.” “Who so kane wyesly considere the nature of his colours, and
+kyndely make his commixtions with naturalle proporcions, and mentalle
+indagacions connectynge fro dyvers recepcions by resone of theyre
+naturys, he schalle make curius colourys.” Thereafter follow recipes to
+“temper vermelone to wryte therewith”; “to temper asure, roset, ceruse,
+rede lede,” and other pigments; “to make asure to schyne bryȝt,” “to
+make letterys of gold,” “blewe lethyre,” and “whyte lethyre”; with other
+curious information.[188]
+
+In monasteries where the rule was strict the scribe wrought at his task
+for six hours daily.[189] All work was done by daylight, artificial
+light not being allowed. Lewis, a monk of Wessobrunn in Bavaria, in a
+copy of Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel, speaks of writing when he was
+stiff with cold, and of finishing by the light of night what he could
+not copy by day.[190] Such diligence was not usual.
+
+In summer-time work in the cloister may well have been pleasant; in
+winter quite the contrary, even when the cloister and carrells were
+screened, as at Durham and Christ Church, Canterbury. Imagine the poor
+scribe rubbing his hands to restore the sluggish circulation, and being
+at last compelled to forgo his labour because they were too numbed to
+write. Cuthbert, the eighth-century abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow,
+writes to a correspondent telling him he had not been able to send all
+Bede’s works which were required, because the cold weather of the
+preceding winter had paralysed the scribes’ hands.[191] Again, Ordericus
+Vitalis winds up the fourth book of his ecclesiastical history by
+saying--_nunc hyemali frigore rigens_--he must break his narrative here,
+and take up other occupations for the winter.[192] Jacob, abbot of
+Brabant (1276), built scriptoria, or possibly carrells, round the
+calefactory, or warming-room, where the common fire was kept burning,
+and the lot of the scribe was made somewhat easier to bear.
+
+A scribe could only write what the abbot or precentor set him. When his
+portion had been given out he could not change it for another.[193] If
+he were set to copy Virgil or Ovid or some lives of the saints the task
+would conceivably be pleasant. But such was seldom the scribe’s fortune.
+The continual transcription of Psalters and Missals and other service
+books must have been infinitely wearisome, at any rate, to the less
+devout members of the community. In some large and enterprising houses a
+scribe copied only a fragment of a book. Several brethren worked upon
+the same book at once, each beginning upon a skin at the point where
+another scribe was to leave off.[194] Or the book to be transcribed was
+dictated to the scribes, as at Tours under Alcuin. Both methods had the
+advantage of “publishing” a book quickly, but the work was as
+mechanical as is that of the compositor to-day. Under Abbot Trithemius
+of Sponheim, subdivision of labour was carried to its extreme limit. One
+monk cut the parchment, another polished it, the third ruled the lines
+to guide the scribe. After the scribe had finished his copying, another
+monk corrected, still another punctuated. In decorating, one artist
+rubricated, another painted the miniatures. Then the bookbinder collated
+the leaves and bound them in wooden covers. Even in the case of waxed
+tablets, one monk prepared the boards, another spread the wax. The whole
+process was designed to expedite production.
+
+When a manuscript was fully written the scribe wrote his colophon or
+“explicit,” a short form of the phrase “explicitus est liber.” Sometimes
+the scribe plays upon words, thus: “Explicit iste liber; sit scriptor
+crimine liber”; or he exultantly praises: “Deo gratias. Ego, in Dei
+nomine, Warembertus scripsi. Deo gratias”; or he is modest: “Nomen
+scriptoris non pono, quia ipsum laudare nolo”;[195] or he feels
+querulous: “Be careful with your fingers; don’t put them on my writing.
+You do not know what it is to write. It is excessive drudgery: it crooks
+your back, dims your sight, twists your stomach and sides. Pray then, my
+brother, you who read this book, pray for poor Raoul, God’s servant, who
+has copied it entirely with his own hand in the cloister of St. Aignan.”
+Another inscription, in a manuscript at Worcester Cathedral, suggests
+that books were not read: why, argues this monk, write them?--nobody is
+profited; books are for the edification of readers, not of scribes. Note
+also the following:--
+
+    Finito libro sit laus et gloria Christo
+    Vinum scriptori debetur de meliori
+    Hic liber est scriptus qui scripsit sit benedictus. Amen.[196]
+
+And this:--
+
+       Here endþ þe firste boke of all maner sores þe
+    whyche fallen moste commune and withe þe grace of gode I
+    will writte þe ij Boke þe whyche ys cleped the Antitodarie
+       Explicit quod scripcit Thomas Rosse.[197]
+
+To a poor Raoul of mechanical ability the rule of silence must have been
+very irksome; the student would be grateful for it. Alcuin forbade
+gossip to prevent mistakes in copying. Among the Cluniacs the rule was
+strictly enforced in the church, refectory, cloister, and dormitory. A
+chapter of the Cistercian order (1134) enjoined silence in all rooms
+where the brethren were in the habit of writing.[198] The better to
+maintain silence nobody was permitted to enter the scriptorium save the
+abbot, the prior and sub-prior, and the precentor. When necessary it was
+permissible to speak in a low voice in the ear. But among the Cluniacs
+whispering was avoided as far as possible. Watch the monks communicating
+with the librarian. One wants a Missal, and he pretends, as the children
+say, to turn over leaves, thereby making the general sign for a book;
+then he makes the sign of the Cross to indicate that he wants a Missal
+book. Another wants the Gospels, and he makes the sign of the Cross on
+the forehead. This brother wants a pagan book, and, after making the
+general sign, he scratches his ear with his finger as an itching dog
+would with his feet; infidel writers were not unfairly compared with
+such creatures.[199] If such sign-language were really maintained, it
+must have been extensively supplemented as the library grew in size, for
+although striking the thumb and little
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XIV_
+
+A SCRIBE AND HIS TOOLS]
+
+finger together would describe an Antiphonary, or making the sign of the
+Cross and kissing the finger would indicate a Gradual, yet some
+additions to the signs for a pagan book and a tract were necessary to
+signify what particular tract or book was wanted. But probably if this
+rule was observed at all--and we do not think it likely--the signs were
+used only for church books, and most often in church. In nearly every
+monastery the rule of silence was made. In the Brigittine house of Syon
+“silence after some convenience is to be kepte in the lybrary, whyls any
+suster is there alone in recordyng of her redynge.”[200] But it was at
+all times difficult to enforce, as the monks, in experience and habits,
+were but children.
+
+For notes, exercises, brief letters, bills, first drafts, daily services
+of the church, the names of officiating brethren,--for all temporary
+purposes waxed tablets were used. They were in common use from classic
+times: some Greek and many Latin tablets are still preserved;[201] they
+were much used in ancient Ireland, as we have seen; and they continued
+to be of service until the late Middle Ages. Anselm habitually wrote his
+first drafts upon them. At St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, the monks
+were supplied with tablets, for a novice’s outfit included, after
+profession, a stylus, tablets, and a knife.[202] The writing was
+scratched on the wax with a stylus, a sharp instrument of bone or metal.
+The other end of it was usually flattened for pressing out an incorrect
+letter; among the Romans the term “vetere stylum” became common in the
+sense of correcting a work.
+
+[Illustration: TABLET CASE AND WAXED TABLET]
+
+For all permanent purposes “bōc-fel,” or book-skin, was used; either
+vellum or “parchëmyn smothe, whyte and scribable.” Vellum and parchment
+were interchangeable terms in medieval times; but parchment was commonly
+used. In early monastic days it was prepared by the monks themselves,
+being rubbed smooth with pumice-stone; later it was bought from
+manufacturers ready-made. It was not so expensive as vellum: the average
+price being two shillings per dozen skins as compared with eight
+shillings per dozen skins of vellum. For a Bible presented to Bury St.
+Edmunds Abbey, finest Irish (or Scottish) vellum was procured (_c._
+1121-48). This special material was used for the paintings, which seem
+to have been pasted down on the leaves of inferior vellum. This
+manuscript is now in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.[203]
+
+The pens used for writing were either made of reeds (_calami_) or of
+quills (_pennae_). The quill was introduced after the reed, and largely,
+though not entirely, superseded it. Other implements of the expert
+scribe were a pencil, compasses, scissors, an awl, a knife for erasures,
+a ruler, and a weight to keep down the vellum.
+
+Numerous passages might be dug out of old records warning scribes
+against errors in transcribing. Ælfric, in the preface to his homilies,
+adjures the copyist, by our Lord Jesus Christ and by His glorious
+coming, to transcribe correctly. Chaucer, in a well-known verse,
+expresses his wish that Adam the scrivener shall copy _Boëthius_ and
+_Troilus_ “trewe” and not write it “newe.”[204] In copying, however,
+especially when it is mechanically done, it is almost as difficult to
+write “trewe” as it is to write “newe”: the imp of the perverse makes
+his home at the elbow of the scribe, ever ready to profit by drowsiness
+or trifling inattention. But, as a rule, monkish scribes were
+exceedingly careful, and their work was invariably corrected by another
+hand. More than this: they endeavoured to get accurate texts to copy.
+Lanfranc’s care in this respect, and the Grey Friars’ work in compiling
+_correctoria_, have already been noted. Reculfus expected his clergy to
+have books corrected and pointed by those in the “holy mother church”;
+Adam de Marisco sent a manuscript to be corrected in Paris, begging to
+have it back as soon as done;[205] and Servatus Lupus, the great abbot
+of Ferrières, frequently borrowed from his friends books which he might
+collate with his own copies, and rectify errors and insert
+omissions.[206]
+
+Before work could be started in the writing-room, books for copying had
+to be obtained. Usually a few books were bought or borrowed; then
+several copies were made of each, the superfluous volumes being sold or
+exchanged for fresh manuscripts to transcribe. Benedict Biscop, as we
+have seen, obtained his books from Rome and Vienne. Cuthwin, bishop of
+the East Angles (_c._ 750) was of those who went to Rome, and brought
+back with him a life of St. Paul, “full of pictures.” Herbert “Losinga,”
+abbot of Ramsey and afterwards bishop of Norwich, was a zealous
+book-collector;--asks for a Josephus on loan from a brother abbot, a
+request not granted because the binding needed repair; and sends abroad
+for a copy of Suetonius. Robert Grosseteste got a rare book, Basil’s
+_Hexaemeron_, from Bury St. Edmunds in exchange for a MS. of
+_Postillae_.[207] At Ely, in the fourteenth century, when the scribes
+there were very active, the precentor was always on the look-out for
+“copy.” On one occasion he was paid 6s. 7d. for going to Balsham to
+inquire for books (1329).[208] Abbot Henry of Hyde Abbey exchanged a
+volume containing Terence, Boëthius, Suetonius, and Claudian for four
+Missals, the _Legend of St. Christopher_, and Gregory’s _Pastoral
+Care_.[209] On one occasion Adam de Marisco tries to get from a brother
+of Nottingham the _Moralia_ of St. Gregory, and Rabanus Maurus. He sends
+from Oxford to an abbot at Vercelli an exposition of the Angelic
+Salutation, and begs for the abbot’s writings in exchange.[210] Adam had
+studied at Vercelli,[211]--a new Italian centre with a close English
+connexion. About 1217 Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, afterwards bishop of
+Vercelli, was granted the church of Chesterton, near Cambridge, and
+when he died ten years later he left all his estate, including the
+church, and a number of books which had been collected at Chesterton or
+in England, to Vercelli Abbey. Among the gifts were two service books in
+English, and the famous Codex Vercellensis, which is only less valuable
+than the Exeter Book as a first source of Anglo-Saxon poetry. The
+Vercelli Book is in Italy to this day.[212]
+
+In some abbeys the purchase of books, and the copying of them for sale,
+became just as much a business as the manufacture of Chartreuse. In 1446
+Exeter College, Oxford, paid ten shillings and a penny for twelve quires
+and two skins of parchment bought at Abingdon to send to the monastery
+of Plympton in Devonshire, where a book was being written for the
+College.[213] A part--and by no means a negligible part--of the income
+of Carthusian houses came from copying books. Two continental abbots,
+Abbot Gerbert of Bobio and Servatus Lupus of Ferrières, were book-makers
+and sellers on a commercial scale. Lupus, in particular, betrays the
+commercial spirit by refusing to give more than he was obliged in return
+for what he received. He will not send a book to a monk at Sens because
+his messenger must go afoot and the way was perilous: let us hope he
+thought more of the messenger than of the manuscript. On another
+occasion he refuses to lend a book because it is too large to be hidden
+in the vest or wallet, and, besides, its beauty might tempt robbers to
+steal it. These were good excuses to cover his general unwillingness to
+lend. For the loan of one manuscript he was so bothered that he thought
+of putting it away in a secure place, lest he should lose it
+altogether.[214]
+
+As a rule the expenses of the writing-room formed a part of the general
+expenses of the house, but sometimes particular portions of the monastic
+income and endowments were available to meet them. To St. Albans certain
+tithes were assigned by a Norman leader for making books (_c._
+1080).[215] The precentor of Abingdon obtained tithes worth thirty
+shillings for buying parchment.[216] St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury,
+got three marks from the rentals of Milton Church for making books
+(1144).[217] The monks of Ely (1160), of Westminster (_c._ 1159), of the
+cathedral convent of St. Swithin’s, Winchester (1171), of Bury St.
+Edmunds, and of Whitby, received tithes and rents for a like
+purpose.[218] The prior of Evesham received the tithes of Bengworth to
+pay for parchment and for the maintenance of scribes; while the
+precentor was to receive five shillings annually from the manor of
+Hampton, and ten shillings and eightpence from the tithes of Stoke and
+Alcester for buying ink, colours for illuminating, and what was
+necessary for binding books and the necessaries for the organ.[219]
+
+In some houses a rate was levied for the support of the scriptorium, but
+we have not met with any instance of this practice in English
+monasteries. At the great Benedictine Abbey of Fleury a rate was levied
+in 1103 on the officers and dependent priories for the support of the
+library; forty-three years later it was extended, and it remained in
+force until 1562.[220] Besides this impost every student in the abbey
+was bound to give two books to the library. At Corbie, in Picardy, a
+rate was levied to pay the salary of the librarian, and to cover part of
+the cost of bookbinding. Here also each novice, on the day of his
+profession, had to present a book to the library; at Corvey, in Northern
+Germany, the same rule was observed at the end of the eleventh century.
+As all the monasteries of an order were conducted much on the same
+lines, it is difficult to believe that similar rates were not levied by
+some of the larger houses in England.
+
+The libraries were also augmented by gifts and bequests, as well as by
+purchase and by transcription in the scriptorium. In most abbeys it was
+customary for the brethren to give or bequeath their books to their
+house. A long list of such benefactors to Ramsey Abbey is extant, and
+one of the brothers, Walter de Lilleford, prior of St. Ives, gave what
+was in those days a considerable library in itself.[221] Much longer
+still are the lists of presents given to Christ Church and St.
+Augustine’s, Canterbury. Dr. James has indexed nearly two hundred donors
+to Christ Church alone. In most cases the gifts are of one or a few
+books, but occasionally collections of respectable size were received,
+as when T. Sturey, senior, enriched the library with nearly sixty books,
+when Thomas à Becket left over seventy, and when Prior Henry Eastry left
+eighty volumes at his death. As many or more donors to St. Augustine’s
+are indexed. Here also some of the donations were fairly large: for
+example, Henry Belham and Henry Cokeryng gave nineteen books each, a
+prior twenty-seven, a certain John of London eighty-two, J. Mankael
+thirty-nine, Abbot Nicholaus sixteen, Michael de Northgate twenty-four,
+Abbot Poucyn sixteen, J. Preston twenty-three, a certain Abbot Thomas
+over a hundred, and T. Wyvelesberghe thirty-one. Some sixty persons are
+also indexed as donors to St. Martin’s Priory, Dover.[222]
+
+William de Carilef, bishop of Durham, endowed his church with books and
+bequeathed some more at his death (1095). John, bishop of Bath,
+bequeathed to the abbey church his whole library and his decorated
+copies of the Gospels (1160). Another bishop of Durham, Hugh Pudsey,
+bequeathed many books to his church (1195). Thomas de Marleberge (_d._
+1236), when he became prior of Evesham, gave a large collection of books
+in law, medicine, philosophy, poetry, theology, and grammar.[223] Simon
+Langham bequeathed seven chests of books to Westminster Abbey
+(1376).[224] William Slade (_d._ 1384) left to the Abbey of Buckfast, of
+which he was abbot, thirteen books of his own writing.[225] Cardinal
+Adam Easton (_d._ 1397) sent from Rome “six barrells of books” to his
+convent of Norwich, where he had been a monk.[226] One of these books, a
+fourteenth-century manuscript in an Italian hand, is now preserved in
+the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge: the inscription
+attesting this reads--“Liber ecclesie norwycen per magistrum Adam de
+Eston monachum dicti loci.” Nor did the poor priest forget to add his
+mite to the general hoard: “I beqweth to the monastery of Seynt Edmund
+forseid,” willed a priest named Place, “my book of the dowtes of Holy
+Scryptur, to ly and remayn in the cloister of the seid monastery as long
+as yt wyll ther indure.”[227] Such gifts were always highly valued, and
+in Lent the librarian was expected to remind the brethren of those who
+had given books, and to request that a mass should be said for
+them.[228]
+
+
+§ II
+
+Some miniatures in early manuscripts give us a good idea of the way
+books were stored in the Middle Ages. They are shown lying flat on
+sloping shelves which extend part-way round the room. Curtains are
+occasionally shown hanging in front of the shelves to protect the books
+from dust. Or a sloping shelf was fitted to serve as a readingdesk, and
+a second flat shelf ran beneath it to take books lying on their sides
+one above the other. In several miniatures lecterns of very curious
+design are often depicted; some of them stood on a cupboard or cupboards
+wherein books were stowed away.
+
+In the monasteries books were stored in various places,--in chests,
+cupboards, or recesses in the wall. When the collection was small, a
+chest served; a receptacle of this kind is illustrated at p. 50.
+Cassiodorus had the books of his monastery stored in presses, or
+armaria. The manuscripts of Abbot Simon of St. Albans were preserved in
+“the painted aumbry in the church.” An aumbry was a recess in the wall
+well lined inside with wood so that the damp of the masonry should not
+spoil the books. It was divided vertically and horizontally by shelves
+in such a way that it was possible to arrange the books separately one
+from another, and so to avoid injury from close packing, and delay in
+consulting them.[229] The same term was applied to a detached closet or
+cupboard. At Durham the monks distributed their books--keeping some in
+the spendimentum or cancellary, some near the refectory, and the bulk
+in the cloister. Two classes of books were in the cancellary: one stored
+in a large closet with folding doors, called an armariolum, and used by
+all the monks; the other kept in an inner room, and apparently reserved
+for special uses. The books assigned to the reader in the refectory were
+stored by the doorway leading to the infirmary, and not in the refectory
+itself, as we should expect: maybe this arrangement was exceptional, and
+was adopted for special reasons of convenience. Probably two places were
+reserved for books in the cloister. One case or chest contained the
+books of the novices, whose place of study was in that part of the
+cloister facing the treasury. The main store was on the north side of
+the cloister. “And over against the carrells against the church wall did
+stande sertaine great almeries of waynscott all full of bookes, wherein
+dyd lye as well the old auncyent written Doctors of the church as other
+prophane authors, with dyverse other holie mens wourks, so that every
+one dyd studye what Doctor pleased them best, havinge the librarie at
+all tymes to goe studie in besydes there carrells.”[230] Dr. J. W.
+Clark, the leading authority on early library fittings, has tried to
+show, from evidences of a similar arrangement at Westminster, that this
+part of the cloister formed a long room, with glazed windows and
+carrells on the one hand, bookcases on the other, and screens at each
+end shutting off the library and writing-place from the rest of the
+cloister.[231]
+
+Along the south wall of the cloister at Chester is a series of recesses
+which are believed to have been used for bookcases. Two recesses for
+aumbries are still to be seen in the cloister at Worcester: it is
+recorded that one book, the _Speculum Spiritualium_, was to be
+delivered “to ye cloyster awmery.” At Beaulieu the arched recesses in
+the south wall of the church may have been put to a similar use. These
+recesses are shown on the plan here reproduced; so also is the common
+aumbry in the wall of the south transept.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN SHOWING DISPOSITION OF BOOKS IN CISTERCIAN HOUSES]
+
+In large continental houses a bookroom was sometimes needed very early.
+One of the monasteries of Cassiodorus included a special room for the
+library, with at least nine presses in it.[232] At St. Gall, a special
+bookroom was planned, if not actually built, as early as the ninth
+century. According to the old drawing still preserved at St. Gall, this
+room was to be on the north side of the presbytery, symmetrically with
+the sacristy on the south side. It was in two stories. The ground floor
+was to be arranged as a writing-room,--_infra sedes scribentium_,--the
+furniture being a large table in the centre, and seven writing-desks
+against the walls. The upper story was the library.[233] In England we
+hear of bookrooms oftenest in the fifteenth century, They were a usual
+feature in later Cistercian houses. The plan just given shows the
+position of this room between the church and the chapter-house, and not
+far from the common claustral aumbry. At Whalley Abbey, also a
+Cistercian house, there was evidently a separate library room, because
+an inventory of the house’s goods taken in 1537 refers to the “litle
+Revestry next unto the lebrary.”[234] Kirkstall and Furness also had
+bookrooms. On each side of the massive arch of the Chapter House at
+Furness Abbey is a similar arch leading to a small square room, most
+likely used for books. The illustrations facing this show the position
+of these rooms on either side of the Chapter House doorway. An extant
+catalogue of another Cistercian house, that of Meaux in Yorkshire,
+clearly indicates the whereabouts of the conventual books. Some church
+books were before the great altar, others were in the choir, a few in
+the infirmary chapel, and in the common press and other presses of the
+church. The bulk of them was in the common aumbry, not apparently in the
+open cloister, but in a room off the cloister. Over the door, on a shelf
+or in a cupboard, were four Psalters; thirty-six books were on
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XV_
+
+FURNESS ABBEY: CLOISTERS
+
+FURNESS ABBEY: CHAPTER-HOUSE. INTERIOR]
+
+the top shelf on the other side of the room; the remainder, to the
+number of about 270, were on other shelves marked by letters of the
+alphabet.[235]
+
+At the Premonstratensian Abbey of Titchfield the books were stored in a
+small room, in four cases, each having eight shelves. We do not
+positively know that a separate room existed at the Benedictine house of
+Christ Church, Canterbury, before the fifteenth century, “yet,” as Dr.
+James says, “the form of Prior Eastry’s catalogue, with its division
+into Demonstrations and Distinctions, irresistibly suggests that the
+collection must in his time [1284-1331] have occupied a special room, of
+which the two Demonstrations represent the two sides. The Distinctions
+would be narrow vertical divisions of these, and each of them would have
+its numerous subdivisions into Gradus. As the best English equivalent of
+_Demonstratio_ I would suggest the word ‘Display,’ which fairly gives
+the idea of a wall-surface covered with books; and I figure the building
+to myself as an enlarged example of those Cistercian bookrooms with
+which Dr. J. W. Clark’s researches have familiarized us. It would thus
+be no place for study, such as the later libraries were, but merely a
+storeroom whence books were fetched to be read at leisure in the
+cloister.”[236] Between 1414 and 1443 a library was built over the
+Prior’s Chapel by Archbishop Chichele: it was about sixty-two feet long
+on the north side, fifty-four on the south side, and twenty-two feet
+broad. This was the room which Prior Selling fitted up with wainscot,
+and put books in for the benefit of the studious.[237] At St.
+Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, there was a bookroom in 1340, for the
+manuscript of the _Ayenbite of Inwyt_ contains a note that it belongs to
+the “bochouse.”[238] The form of the catalogue of _c._ 1497 also
+suggests that a bookroom was then in use.
+
+At Gloucester a special room was built, probably in the fourteenth
+century. Durham apparently did without a room until early in the
+fifteenth century. “There ys a lybrarie in the south angle of the
+lantren, whiche is nowe above the clocke, standinge betwixt the
+Chapter-House and the Te Deum wyndowe, being well replenished with ould
+written Docters and other histories and ecclesiasticall writers.”[239]
+To this room the books were transferred gradually from the cloister and
+chancellary: the words “in libraria,” or “Ponitur in libraria,” being
+written in the margin of the catalogue opposite to the book upon its
+removal.
+
+The Benedictine houses of Winchester, Worcester, Bury St. Edmunds,[240]
+and St. Albans also had special bookrooms.
+
+For the safe keeping of the conventual books the precentor was
+responsible.[241] As he had charge of the armarium or press for storing
+books, he was also sometimes styled “armarius.” He was required to keep
+clean all the boys’ and novices’ presses and other receptacles for
+books; when necessary he was to have these fittings repaired. To provide
+coverings for the books; to see that they were marked with their proper
+titles; to arrange them on the shelves in suitable order, so that they
+might be quickly found, were all duties within his province.[242] He had
+to keep them in repair: in some houses he was expected to examine all
+of them carefully several times a year, and to check, if possible, the
+ravages of bookworms and damp. If necessary, he could call in skilled
+labour to keep his library and books in order; but usually several
+brethren were trained in the necessary arts, as at Sponheim. The
+Abingdon regulations, which are in the usual form, forbade him to sell,
+give away, or pledge books. All the materials for the use of the scribes
+and the manuscripts for copying were to be provided by him.[243] He made
+the ink, and could dole it out not only to the brethren but to lay folk
+if they asked for it civilly.[244] He also controlled the work in the
+scriptorium: setting the scribes their tasks, preventing them from
+idling or talking; walking round the cloister when the bell sounded to
+collect the books which had been forgotten by careless monks.
+
+As a rule the monks so highly prized their books--saving them first, for
+example, in time of danger, as when the Lombards attacked Monte Cassino
+and the Huns St. Gall--that rules for the care of them would seem almost
+superfluous. Still, such rules were made. When reading, the monks of
+some houses were required to wrap handkerchiefs round the books, or to
+hold them with the sleeve of their robe. Coverings, perhaps washable,
+were put upon books much in use.[245] The Carthusian brethren were
+exhorted in their statutes to take all possible care to keep the books
+they were reading clean and free from dust.[246] Elsewhere we have
+referred to an “explicit” urging readers to have a care for the scribe’s
+writing: in another manuscript once belonging to Corbie, the kind reader
+is bidden to keep his fingers off the pages lest he should mar the
+writing on them--a man who knows nothing of the scribe’s business cannot
+realize how heavy it is, for though only three fingers hold the pen, the
+whole body toils.[247]
+
+
+§ III
+
+One of the precentor’s chief duties was to regulate lending books. At
+Abingdon he could only lend to outsiders upon a pledge of equal or
+greater value than the book required, and even so could only lend to
+churches near by and to persons of good standing. It was deemed
+preferable to confiscate the pledge than to proceed against a defaulting
+borrower. In some houses more than a pledge was demanded if the book
+were lent for transcription, the borrower being required to send a copy
+when he returned the manuscript. “Make haste to copy these quickly,”
+wrote St. Bernard’s secretary, “and send them to me; and, according to
+my bargain, cause a copy to be made for me. And both these which I have
+sent you, and the copies, as I have said, return them to me, and take
+care that I do not lose a single tittle.”[248] The extra copy was
+demanded, not so much for purposes of gain as to put a check upon
+borrowing, a practice which many abbots did not encourage, on account of
+the danger of loss. Books, like gloves, are soon lost. We can well
+understand how uncommonly easy it was to forget to return a coveted
+manuscript. To help borrowers to overcome the insidious temptation, the
+scribe sometimes wrote upon the manuscript the name of the monastery it
+belonged to, and threatened a defaulter with anathema. In some of the
+St. Albans’ books is the following note in Latin: “This book is St.
+Alban’s book: he who takes it from him or destroys the title be
+anathema.”[249] The prior and convent of Rochester threatened to
+pronounce sentence of damnation on anyone who stole or hid the Latin
+translation of Aristotle’s _Physics_, or even obliterated the
+title.[250] Apparently no fate was too bad for the thief who took the
+Vulgate Bible: let him die the death; let him be frizzled in a pan; the
+falling sickness and fever should rage in him; he should be broken on
+the wheel and hanged; Amen.[251] Two curious notes are to be found in a
+manuscript of the works of Augustine and Ambrose in the Bodleian
+Library. “This book belongs to St. Mary of Robert’s Bridge: whoever
+steals it, or sells it, or takes it away from this house in any way, or
+injures it, let him be anathema-maranatha.” Underneath, another hand has
+written: “I, John, bishop of Exeter, do not know where the said house
+is: I did not steal this book, but got it lawfully.”[252] In a beautiful
+manuscript of Chaucer’s _Troilus_, not perhaps a conventual book, occurs
+the following:--
+
+    “he that thys Boke rentt or stelle
+     God send hym sekenysse swart (?) of helle.”[253]
+
+All the same, losses were common. About 1290 William of Pershore, once a
+Benedictine monk, and at the time a Grey Friar, returned to his old
+order at Westminster, and took with him some books. A big dispute arose
+over this apostate, and one of the items of the subsequent settlement
+was that the Westminster monks should return the books.[254]
+
+A similar thing took place in Scotland (1331). A friar of Roxburgh
+forsook his grey habit for the Cistercian white by entering Kelso Abbey.
+He made his new associates envious with an account of the goods of the
+friaries at Roxburgh and Berwick. They persuaded him and two other
+apostate friars to rob these convents of the “Bibles, chalices, and
+other sacred books,” and, with the aid of night, the enterprise met with
+more success than they deserved.[255]
+
+The prior and convent of Ely traced some of their books to Paris. They
+wrote to Edward III (1332): “Because a robber has taken out of our
+church four books of great value, viz.--The Decretum, Decretals, the
+Bible and Concordance, of which the first three are now at Paris,
+arrested and detained under sequestration by the officer of the Bishop
+of Paris, whom our proctor has often prayed in form of law to deliver
+them, but he behaves so strangely that we shall find in him neither
+right, grace, nor favour:--We ask you to write to the Bishop of Paris to
+intermeddle favourably and tell his official to do right, so that we may
+get our things back.”[256] In 1396-7 William, prior of Newstead, and a
+brother canon, proceeded against John Ravensfield for the return of a
+book by Richard of Hampole, entitled _Pricke of Conscience_, “and now
+the parties aforesaid are agreed by the licence of the court, and the
+said John is in ‘misericordia’; he paid the amercement in the
+hall.”[257] Another record tells us of two monks of Christ Church,
+Canterbury, being sent into Cambridgeshire to recover a book.
+
+The risk of loss owing to the practice of lending books was great--how
+great may be judged from the fact that of the equal portions of the
+Peterhouse College library of 1418, 199 volumes of the chained portion
+remain, but only ten of all those assigned to the Fellows are left.[258]
+In spite of the risk, lending was extensively carried on. In one year
+(1343), for example, the unimportant priory of Hinton lent no fewer than
+twenty books to another monastery.[259] Then again, it was thought to be
+only common charity to lend books to poor students, and in 1212 a
+council at Paris actually forbade monks to refuse to lend books to the
+poor, and requested them to divide their libraries into two
+divisions--one for the use of the brothers, the other for lending.[260]
+Whether this ever became a practice in England is more than doubtful.
+But seculars of position or influence appear to have been able to borrow
+monastic books. For example, in 1320, the prior and convent of Ely
+acknowledge receiving ten books from the executors of a rector of
+Balsham, who had borrowed them.[261] Some years later, at an audit of
+books of Christ Church, Canterbury, seventeen manuscripts--thirteen of
+them on law--were noted as in the hands of seculars, among whom was
+Edward II.[262]
+
+Lending books to brethren in the monastery was conducted according to
+strict rules, of which those of Lanfranc, based on the Cluniac
+observances, afford a good example. Before the brethren went into
+chapter on the Monday after the first Sunday in Lent, the librarian laid
+out on a carpet in the chapter-house all the books which were not on
+loan. After the assembly of the brethren, the librarian read his
+register of the books lent to the monks. Each brother, on hearing his
+name, returned the book which had been entrusted to him. If he had not
+made good use of the book, he was expected to prostrate himself, confess
+his neglect, and beg forgiveness. When all books were returned, others
+were issued, and a new record made. In some monasteries the abbot would
+question the monks on the books they had read, to test their knowledge
+of them, and whenever the answers were unsatisfactory would lend the
+same books again instead of fresh ones. As a rule only one book was
+issued at a time, so that the monk had plenty of time to digest its
+contents. In Carthusian houses two books were lent at a time. Sick
+brethren were freely permitted to borrow books for their solace, but
+such books were returned to the library nightly, at lighting-up time.
+
+Among the Cluniacs it was the custom to take stock of the books given
+out to the monks once a year; while the Franciscans kept a register of
+their books, and every year it was read and corrected before the convent
+in assembly.[263]
+
+An excellent example of a stocktaking record made at Christ Church,
+Canterbury, has been preserved. The inspection took place in 1337. First
+are recorded the books missing from the two “demonstrations,” as
+recorded “in magnis tabulis,” _e.g._,
+
+     Primo: deficit liber Transfiguratus in Crucifixum, ad quem est in
+     nota Frater W. de Coventre.
+
+Nineteen books were missing from the two “demonstrations,” or displays.
+Nineteen service books were missing “in parvis tabulis.” No less than
+thirty-eight books, twenty-eight of them for service, either of the
+large or the small tables, were wanting: for these deceased brethren had
+been responsible.[264]
+
+The “large tables” are believed to be boards whereon the borrowers of
+books had their names and borrowings noted. “I find,” writes Dr. James,
+“in a St. Augustine’s manuscript a note written on the fly-leaf by a
+monk, of the books ‘pro quibus scribor in tabula’--‘for which I am down
+on the board.’”[265] Large tables were in use at Pembroke College,
+Cambridge; probably they were of a similar kind. “And let the said
+keeper,”--so the statute runs--“have ready large pieces of board
+(_tabulas magnas_), covered with wax and parchment, that the titles of
+the books may be written on the parchment, and the names of the Fellows
+who hold them on the wax beside it.”[266] Monastic catalogues were
+sometimes written on such boards. At Cluni, Mabillon and Martène found
+the catalogue inscribed on parchment-covered boards three feet and a
+half long and a foot and a half wide--great tablets which closed
+together like a book.
+
+Besides the example of an audit at Canterbury we have one belonging to
+Durham, a little later in date (1416). The list of books assigned to the
+Spendement was evidently read over, and a tick or point was put against
+every volume found in its place. On a second check certain books were
+accounted for, and notes of their whereabouts were added to the
+inventory. Some were found in the cloister, others were in the library;
+the prior of Finchale had a number; many had been sent to Oxford. In one
+case a book is noted as given to Bishop Kempe of London.[267]
+
+The catalogue was usually a simple inventory. Sometimes the entries were
+classified, as in the case of a catalogue of the York library of the
+Friars Eremites of the Augustinian order. The fifteenth-century
+catalogue of St. Augustine’s, Canterbury, is classified under sixteen
+headings, but it is probably incomplete.[268] As a rule the entries were
+only just sufficient to identify the books: all the treatises in a
+volume were not often recorded, but only the title of the first. This is
+an entry from a Durham catalogue:--
+
+    F. Legenda Sanctorum, sive Passionarum pro mensibus
+       Februaria et Marcii. II. fo., non surrexerunt.
+
+The letter F was employed as a distinctive mark. The note “II. fo., non
+surrexerunt” signifies that the second folio began with these words, and
+was used as the most convenient method of distinguishing two copies of
+the same book, for it would rarely happen that one scribe would begin
+the second sheet with the same word as another. In some houses the
+practice was extended to printed books in the sixteenth century; and
+consequently no fewer that nearly four hundred editions have been named
+in the catalogue of Syon monastery.[269] In some other catalogues the
+information given was fuller. The catalogue of Syon notes first the
+press-mark in a bold hand; then on the left side the donor’s name, and
+on the opposite side the words of the second folio; and beneath the
+description of the book.
+
+     GRAUNTE      P 1^{m}      indutu_m_ est
+
+  Biblia perpulcra et completa cum interpretacionibus.
+  ¶ Tabula sentencialis super eandem per totum. ¶ Item
+  alia tabula expositoria vocabulorum difficilium eiusdem
+  Biblie.
+
+     WOODE         P 2     osce 2º
+
+  Concordancie cum textu expresso.
+
+The catalogue of St. Augustine’s, already referred to, recorded the
+general title of the volume, or of the first treatise in it; the name of
+the donor; the other contents of the volume; the first words of the
+second leaf, and the press-mark. Where necessary, cross-references were
+supplied. The press-marks used for monastic books are generally of two
+kinds: press-marks properly so called, or class-marks. At St.
+Augustine’s, Canterbury, the distinctions or tiers were numbered, as D
+3; and the gradus or shelves of each distinction were numbered, as
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XVI_
+
+FACSIMILE OF THE LIBRARY CATALOGUE OF SYON MONASTERY]
+
+G 4. A similar method seems to have been adopted for St. Albans; in one
+book from that abbey is this mark: “de armariolo 4/A et quarto gradu
+liber quartus.”[270] But such a mark assigned a book to one particular
+place and fixed its relation to other books. Consequently, if any large
+accession were made to the library, the classification of the books in
+broad subject-divisions could only be maintained by the alteration of
+many press-marks, both on the books and in the catalogue. At Titchfield
+each class was marked with a letter of the alphabet, and the shelves
+bearing it were numbered: thus a book might be assigned to G 2, or class
+G, shelf 2.[271] This method of marking was more flexible. But at Syon
+Monastery the books were arranged quite independently of the presses and
+shelves; each volume receiving a different number, as well as a
+class-letter.
+
+The most elaborate example of monkish cataloguing comes from Dover
+Priory, a cell belonging to Canterbury. One John Whytefield compiled it
+in 1389. The note preceding the catalogue tells of unbounded enthusiasm
+for the library and a meticulous regard for order. No better proof of
+the care taken of books by most monks could be found. The catalogue is
+in three parts. First there is a brief inventory of the books as they
+are arranged on the shelves. This is a shelf-list designed for the use
+of the precentor; just the sort of record modern librarians regard as
+indispensable in the administration of their libraries. Secondly, our
+industrious monk has provided a catalogue,--a repetition of the
+shelf-list, but with all the contents of each volume set out. His chief
+aim in making this compilation is to show up fully the resources of his
+collection, and to lead studious brethren to read zealously and
+frequently. Lastly, an analytical index to the catalogue is supplied:
+it is in alphabetical order, and is intended to point out to the user
+the whereabouts in a volume of any individual treatise. A similar index,
+by the way, is appended to the catalogue of Syon monastery.[272] The
+library seems to have been spread over nine tiers (distinctions) of
+book-casing, each marked with a letter of the alphabet. A tier had seven
+shelves (_gradus_) marked by Roman numeral figures, the numbers
+beginning from the bottom of the tier. Each book bore a small Arabic
+figure which fixed its order on the shelf. The full press-mark of a book
+was therefore A. V. 4. Such marks were written inside the books and on
+their bindings. On the second, third, or fourth leaf of a book, or
+thereabouts, the title was written on the bottom margin, with the
+press-mark and the first words of that leaf. All these marks were copied
+in the inventory or shelf-list: first the tier letter, then the shelf
+number, afterwards the book number; followed by the title, the number of
+the leaf whence the identifying words were taken, then the identifying
+words, with the number of leaves in the volume, and finally the number
+of tracts it contains. Here are some entries:--
+
+                  A. v.
+
+  +-----------+-----------+------------+------------+----------+------------+
+  |   Ordo    |  Nomina   |    Loca    | Dicciones  |Summa     |  Numerus   |
+  |locacionis.|voluminum. |probacionum.|probatorie. |ffoliorum.|contentorum.|
+  +-----------+-----------+------------+------------+----------+------------+
+  |     1     |Psalterium |     6      |apprehendite|   105    |     1      |
+  |           |  vetus    |            |  disci     |          |            |
+  |           |  glosatum |            |            |          |            |
+  |     2     |Prima pars |     4      |cument que  |   195    |     2      |
+  |           |  psalterii|            |  il lait   |          |            |
+  |           |  glosata  |            |            |          |            |
+  |           |  gallice  |            |            |          |            |
+  |     3     |Glose super|            |nullas      |   104    |     2      |
+  |           |  spalterio|     6      |  habebunt  |          |            |
+  |           |           |            |  veri      |          |            |
+  +-----------+-----------+------------+------------+----------+------------+
+
+In the second part, or catalogue following the shelf-list, are set out
+the tier letter, shelf number, book number, short title; then the number
+of the folio on which each tract in a volume begins, and finally the
+first words of the tract itself.[273]
+
+Most books were bound by the monks themselves. The commonest materials
+used for ordinary manuscripts were wooden boards, covered with deerskin
+and calfskin, either coloured red or used in its natural tint, and
+parchment usually stained or painted red or purple. Charles the Great
+authorised the Abbot of St. Bertin to enjoy hunting rights so that the
+monks could get skins for binding. In mid-ninth century, Geoffroi
+Martel, Count of Anjou, commanded that the tithe of the roeskins
+captured in the island of Oléron should be used to bind the books in an
+abbey of his foundation. Few monastic bindings have been preserved,
+because many great collectors have had their manuscripts rebound.
+Several examples of Winchester work remain. Mr. Yates Thompson has a
+mid-twelfth century manuscript bound in the monastic style, the leather
+being stamped with cold irons of many curious rectangular shapes. The
+manuscript of the Winton Domesday has a binding with stamps exactly like
+those on Mr. Thompson’s book. “At Durham in the last half of the twelfth
+century there was an equally important school of binding, with some one
+hundred and fourteen different stamps. The binding for Hugh Pudsey’s
+Bible has nearly five hundred impressions.”[274] In Pembroke College
+library an excellent specimen of twelfth century stamped binding remains
+on MS. 147. Such stamps were small, and frequently of geometrical or
+floral design, always rudimentary; but animals of the quaintest
+form--grotesque birds and dragons--were also introduced. A hammer or
+mallet was employed to obtain an impression from the stamp. Sometimes
+the oak boards were not covered with skin but were painted.
+
+If a book was specially prized the binding was often rich. The covers of
+the Gospels of Lindau, a superb example of Carolingian art, bear nearly
+five hundred gems encrusted in gold.[275] Abbot Paul of St. Albans gave
+to his church two books adorned with gold and silver and gems. Abbot
+Godfrey of Malmesbury, partly to meet a heavy tax imposed by William
+Rufus, stripped twelve Gospels of their decorations. “Books are clothed
+with precious stones,” cried St. Jerome, “whilst Christ’s poor die in
+nakedness at the door.”[276] In spite of the many references to jewelled
+monastic bindings in medieval records, very few are extant.
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XVII_
+
+MEDIEVAL BINDING: MR. YATES THOMPSON’S HEGESIPPUS]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+CATHEDRAL AND CHURCH LIBRARIES
+
+
+§ I
+
+To the books of the monastery some human interest clings: we can at once
+conjure up a picture of the cloister and the scribe at his work; the
+handling of an old manuscript, the turning over of finely-written and
+quaintly-illuminated yellow pages, throws the mind flashing back
+centuries to the silent writer in his carrell. But the church library is
+not rich in associations. It was a small “working” collection: one part
+for the use of the clergy, the other part--consisting of a few chained
+books--for the use of the people. These chained books, which now suggest
+a scarcely conceivable restriction upon the circulation of
+literature--even theological literature--were, in fact, the sign of a
+glimmer of liberal thought in the church. During the fourteenth and
+fifteenth centuries, not only were monastic books issued to lay people
+more freely, but many more books were chained in places of worship than
+in the sixteenth century, when the proclamation for the “setting-up” of
+Bibles in churches was granted unwillingly.
+
+Some collections which later were distinctively church libraries were at
+first claustral. For convenience’ sake we shall treat all of them as
+church libraries. The amount of information on medieval church libraries
+is surprisingly extensive, albeit a great deal more must remain hidden
+still, for all our cathedral libraries have not been subjects of such
+loving scholarship as Canon Church has bestowed upon the ancient
+treasure-house at Wells. Still the material is extensive, and our
+difficulty in making a selection for such a compendious book as the
+present is complicated, because we often do not find it possible to say
+whether the books referred to in the available records are merely
+service books, or books of an ordinary character. To evade this
+difficulty we must ignore all material relating to unnamed books, which
+we cannot reasonably suppose to have been the nucleus of a more general
+collection, or an addition to it.
+
+Exeter Cathedral Library was a monastic hoard. It originated with Bishop
+Leofric, who got together over sixty books about sixteen years before
+the Conquest. His books were a curious collection: among copies of the
+classics and ecclesiastical works were books of night songs, summer and
+winter reading books, a precious book of blessings, and a “Mycel Englisc
+boc”--a large English book, on all sorts of things, wrought in verse.
+The last is the famous Exeter book, still preserved in the library. A
+small folio of 130 leaves of vellum, it is remarkable to the student of
+manuscripts for its bold, clear, and graceful calligraphy, and priceless
+to the student of literature as the only source of much of our small
+store of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Some other Leofrican books remain. In the
+library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, is an eleventh century
+copy of Bede’s history in Anglo-Saxon, which was given to Exeter by
+Leofric, although it is not mentioned in the list of his gifts in the
+Bodleian manuscript. The inscription in it reads: _Hunc librum dat
+leofricus episcopus ecclesie sancti petri apostoli in exonia ubi sedes
+episcopalis est ad utilitatem successorum suorum. Si quis illum
+abstulerit inde, subiaceat maledictioni. Fiat. Fiat. Fiat._[277] A
+manuscript of Bede on
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XVIII_
+
+ANCIENT BOOK-BOX IN EXETER CATHEDRAL]
+
+the Apocalypse, now at Lambeth Palace, seems almost certainly to have
+come from St. Mary’s Church, Crediton, and it bears the
+inscription:--“A: in nomine domini. Amen. Leofric_us_ Pater.”[278]
+Another book given by Leofric, a missal dating from 969, is preserved in
+the Bodleian Library.[279]
+
+Although the age of these books suggests that the collection has existed
+continuously since the eleventh century, after Leofric’s time no
+important reference to the library occurs until 1327, when an inventory
+of the books was drawn up. Then about 230 volumes (excluding service
+books) were in the possession of the Chapter.[280] In this same year a
+breviary and a missal were chained up in the choir for the use of the
+people.[281] Twelve months later John Grandisson arrived at Exeter to
+take charge of his diocese. A book-loving bishop, he was a benefactor to
+the library, maybe to a very praiseworthy extent; but a few words will
+record what is definitely known about this part of his work. In 1366 he
+gave two folio volumes, still extant. One contains Lessons from the
+Bible, and the homilies appointed to be read, and the other is the
+Legends of the Saints.[282] In his will he gave two other books, perhaps
+Pontificals of his own compilation, to his successors.[283] He himself
+owned an extensive library, which he divided principally between his
+chapter and the collegiate churches of Ottery, Crediton, and Boseham,
+and Exeter College, Oxford.[284] All St. Thomas Aquinas’ works he
+bequeathed to the Black Friars’ convent at Exeter. To Simon Islip,
+Archbishop of Canterbury, he gave a fine copy of St. Anselm’s letters,
+now by good fortune in the British Museum. A Hebrew Pentateuch once
+belonging to him is in the capitular library of Westminster: is it
+possible that the bishop was a Hebrew scholar?[285] Among the books of
+Windsor College was a volume, _De Legendis et Missis de B. V. Mariâ_,
+which had been given by him.
+
+A library room was built over the east cloister in 1412-13.[286]
+Probably the building was found necessary on account of a considerable
+accession of books, and we hazard a guess that Grandisson’s bequest,
+received in 1370, formed the bulk of the accretion. At all events, among
+the accounts for the building are charges for 191 chains for books not
+secured before. No fewer than 67 books were also sewed or bound on this
+same occasion, the master binder being paid £6 and his man 36s. 8d. Thus
+at the beginning of the fifteenth century--the age of library
+building--the capitular hoard at Exeter was furbished up, newly housed,
+and arranged. But the interest in the collection seems to have waned.
+Another chain was bought for sixteenpence in 1430-31 for a copy of
+_Rationale Divinorum_, which was given by one Rolder; but such gifts
+were few and far between. In 1506 the Chapter owned 363 volumes, but
+133 more than in 1327,[287] so that few additions besides Grandisson’s
+were made in nearly two centuries, or many books were lost.[288]
+According to this second inventory the books were arranged in eleven
+desks; eight books were chained opposite the west door; twenty-eight
+were not chained; seven were chained behind the treasurer’s stall (a
+Bible in three volumes, Lyra also in three, and a Concordance); and
+fourteen volumes of canon and civil law behind the succentor’s
+stall.[289] The Dean and Chapter were in a strangely generous mood at
+the end of this century. In 1566 they gave one of Leofric’s books to
+Archbishop Parker: it is now in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. The
+collection was despoiled of eighty-one of its finest books to enrich
+Bodley’s foundation at Oxford, 1602.[290] Although the book-lover does
+not like to see treasures torn from their associations, yet in this
+instance the alienation was fortunate. By 1752 only twenty volumes noted
+in the inventory of 1506 were left at Exeter.[291]
+
+Besides the Exeter Book, one other very ancient and valuable manuscript
+is preserved in the Cathedral: this is the part of the Domesday Book
+referring to Devon, Cornwall, and Somerset, which is probably not much
+later in date than the Exchequer record. Two ancient book-boxes are also
+to be found there. These are fixed in a sloping position by means of
+iron supports embedded in the pillars. The late Dr. J. W. Clark was led
+to believe them to be intended for books by finding a wooden bookboard
+nailed to the inside bottom of one of the boxes. For the protection of
+the book each box has a cover, which does not seem ever to have been
+fastened: a reader would raise the lid when he wanted to use the
+manuscript, and close it before he went away.[292] Erasmus seems to have
+seen similar boxes fixed to the pillars in the nave at Canterbury.[293]
+
+
+§ II
+
+When gifts or bequests were received by a church or monastery, it was a
+beautiful custom to lay them, or something to represent them, upon the
+altar: “a book, or turf, or, in fact, almost any portable object, was
+offered for property such as land; or a bough or twig of a tree, if the
+gift were a forest.” King Offa’s gift of churches to Worcester monastery
+in 780 was accompanied by a great book with golden clasps, with every
+probability a Bible.[294] A gift was made under similar circumstances in
+_c._ 1057, about the time Bishop Leofric was founding the library at
+Exeter, when Lady Godiva, the wife of another Leofric, restored some
+manors to Worcester, and with them gave a Bible in two parts. Before
+this, Bishop Werfrith, to whom we have referred before as a helper of
+King Alfred, had sent to Worcester the Anglo-Saxon version of Gregory’s
+_Cura Pastoralis_; the very copy of it is now in the Bodleian Library.
+
+Such were perhaps the beginnings of the library of Worcester Cathedral.
+We cannot but think that a collection of books was formed slowly and
+steadily here, as in other foundations of the same kind, although
+actual records are scanty and meagre. In over forty of the manuscripts
+now at Worcester are inscriptions on fly-leaves stating where they were
+procured: sometimes the price is given. The dates of these inscriptions
+run from about 1283 to 1462, or later.[295] “In 1464,” writes the Rev.
+J. K. Floyer, in his article entitled _A Thousand Years of a Cathedral
+Library_, “we first hear of a regular endowment for the acquisition of
+books. Bishop Carpenter made a library in the charnel house chantry, and
+endowed it with £10 for a librarian. The charnel house was near the
+north porch of the Cathedral, and stood on or near the site of the
+present Precentor’s house. It was a separate institution from the
+monastery, and had its own endowments and priests. Bishop Carpenter’s
+foundation was probably entirely separate from the collection of books
+kept for the use of the monks in the cloister.”[296] At the same time,
+the bishop made regulations for the use of the library. The keeper was
+to be a graduate in theology, and a good preacher. He was to live in the
+chantry, where a dwelling had been erected for him at the end of the
+library. Among other duties he had to take care of the books. The
+library was to be open to the public every week day for two hours before
+Nones (or nine), and for two hours after Nones. This alone was a most
+liberal regulation, for making which Bishop Carpenter deserves all
+honour. But he went still further. When asked to do so the keeper was to
+explain difficult passages of Scripture, and once a week was to deliver
+a public lecture in the library. The Bishop’s idea of a library is
+precisely that embodied in the modern town library: a collection of good
+books, for the free use of the public, with some personal help to the
+proper use of them when necessary. Three lists of the books were to be
+drawn up, one to be kept by the Bishop, the second by the sacrist, and
+the third by the keeper. Once a year stock was taken, and if a book were
+missing through the keeper’s neglect, he was to forfeit its value within
+a month, or in default was to pay forty-shillings more than the value of
+it, one half of the sum to go to the Bishop, the other half to the
+sacrist. Unfortunately these and other regulations were not observed
+with care, and within forty years the Bishop’s work was completely
+neglected and forgotten.
+
+At the Dissolution the Priory was deprived of much of its church plate,
+service books and vestments, and probably of many of its books. But the
+library there suffered a good deal less than those of other houses, and
+the Cathedral now has in its possession some respectable remains of its
+ancient collection of books.[297]
+
+
+§ III
+
+The history of an old library can only be traced intermittently, the
+facts playing hide and seek like a distant lantern carried over broken
+ground. Little is known of the early history of Hereford’s cathedral
+library. An ancient copy of the Gospels, said to have been bequeathed by
+the last Saxon bishop, Athelstan (1012), is one of the earliest gifts.
+In 1186 Bishop Robert Folliott gave “multa bona in terris et libris.”
+Bishop Hugh Folliott also left ornaments and books. Another bishop, R.
+de Maidstone, although “vir magnae literaturae, et in theologia
+nominatissimus,” only seems to have given the church two antiphonaries,
+some psalters, and a _Legenda_. Bishop Charleton (1369) left a Bible, a
+concordance, a glossary, Nicholas de Lyra, and five Books of Moses, all
+to be chained in the cathedral. Very shortly
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XIX_
+
+HEREFORD CATHEDRAL LIBRARY: CHAINED BOOKS]
+
+afterwards we hear of fittings, for in 1395 Walter of Ramsbury gave £10
+for making the desks. Probably a book-room, which was over the west
+cloister, was then put up. A long interval elapsed, during which little
+seems to have been done for the library. But between _c._ 1516-35 Bishop
+Booth and Dean Frowcester left many fine volumes. In 1589 the book-room
+was abandoned and the contents shifted to the Lady Chapel.
+
+A new library was built in 1897. Herein are to be seen what are almost
+certainly the original bookcases, albeit they have been taken to pieces
+and somewhat altered before being fitted together again. One of the
+bookcases still has all the old chains and fittings for the books, and
+it presents a very curious appearance. Every chain is from three to four
+feet long, with a ring at each end, and a swivel in the middle. One ring
+is strung on to an iron rod, which is secured at one end of the bookcase
+by metal work, with lock and key. For convenience in using the book on
+the reading slope which was attached to the case, the ring at the other
+end of the chain was fixed to the fore edge of the book-cover instead of
+to the back; when standing on the shelves the books therefore present
+their fore edges to the reader. The cases are roughly finished, but very
+solid in make.[298]
+
+
+§ IV
+
+At Old Sarum Church, Bishop Osmund (1078-99) collected, wrote, and bound
+books.[299] In his time, too, the chancellor used to superintend the
+schools and correct books: either books used in the school or service
+books.[300] The income from a virgate of land was assigned to
+correcting books towards the end of the twelfth century (1175-80).[301]
+The new Salisbury Cathedral was erected in the thirteenth century; but
+apparently a special library room was not used until shortly after 1444,
+when it was put up to cover the whole eastern cloister. This room was
+altered and reduced in size in 1758. About the time the room was
+completed one of the canons gave some books, on the inside covers of two
+of which is a note in a fifteenth century hand bidding they should be
+chained in the new library.[302] Nearly two hundred manuscripts, of
+various date from the ninth to the fourteenth century, are now in the
+library. Among them several notable volumes are to be found: a Psalter
+with curious illuminations; another Psalter, with the Gallican and
+Hebrew of Jerome’s translation in parallel columns, also illuminated;
+Chaucer’s translation of Boëthius; Geoffrey of Monmouth’s _History of
+the Kings of Britain_ of the twelfth century; a thirteenth century
+Lectionary, with golden and coloured initials; a Tonale according to
+Sarum use, bound with a fourteenth century Ordinal; and a fifteenth
+century Processional containing some notes on local customs.
+
+
+§ V
+
+Books were given to Lincoln Cathedral about 1150 by Hugh of Leicester;
+one of them bears the inscription, _Ex dono Hugonis Archidiaconi
+Leycestriae_. They may still be seen at Lincoln. Forty-two volumes and a
+map came into the charge of Hamo when he became chancellor in 1150.[303]
+During his chancellorship thirty-one volumes were added by gift, so
+making the total seventy-three volumes: Bishops Alexander and Chesney
+were among the benefactors. But here, as at
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XX_
+
+THE OLD LIBRARY, LINCOLN CATHEDRAL]
+
+Salisbury, not until the fifteenth century was a separate library room
+built. Two gifts “to the new library” by Bishop Repyngton--who also
+befriended Oxford University Library--and Chancellor Duffield in 1419
+and 1426, fix the date. It was put up over the north half of the eastern
+cloisters, relatively the same position as at Salisbury and Wells.
+Originally it had five bays, but in 1789 the two southernmost bays were
+pulled down: In this room the fine fifteenth century oaken roof, with
+its carved ornaments, has been preserved, but at Salisbury the roof is
+modern, with a plaster ceiling. Lincoln’s new library, designed by Wren
+and erected in 1674, is next to this old room. According to a 1450
+catalogue now preserved at Lincoln the library contained one hundred and
+seven works, more than seventy of which now remain. Among the most
+important manuscripts are a mid-fifteenth century copy of old English
+romances of great literary value, collected by Robert de Thornton,
+archdeacon of Bedford (_c._ 1430); and a contemporary copy of Magna
+Carta.
+
+
+§ VI
+
+In an inventory of St. Paul’s Cathedral, taken in 1245, mention is made
+of thirty-five volumes.[304] Before this, in Ralph of Diceto’s time, a
+binder of books was an officer of the church. As at Salisbury, the
+chancellor’s duties included taking charge of the school books. In 1283
+a writer of books was included among the ministers. The two offices were
+combined in the beginning of the next century. When Dean Ralph Baldock
+made a visitation of St. Paul’s treasury in 1295, he found thirteen
+Gospels adorned with precious metals and stones; some other parts of the
+Scriptures; and a commentary of Thomas Aquinas. In 1313 Baldock, who
+died Bishop of London, bequeathed fifteen volumes, chiefly theological
+books.[305] To Baldock’s time probably belongs the reference to twelve
+scribes, no doubt retained for business purposes as well as for
+book-making. They were bound by an oath to be faithful to the church and
+to write without fraud or malice. Æneas Sylvius tells us he saw a Latin
+translation of Thucydides in the sacristy of the cathedral (1435).[306]
+
+A library room was erected in the fifteenth century. “Ouer the East
+Quadrant of this Cloyster, was a fayre Librarie, builded at the costes
+and charges of Waltar Sherington, Chancellor of the Duchie of Lancaster,
+in the raigne of Henrie the 6 which hath beene well furnished with faire
+written books in Vellem.”[307] The catalogue of 1458 bears out Stow’s
+description of the library as well-furnished. Some one hundred and
+seventy volumes were in the Chapter’s possession; they were of the usual
+kind, grammatical books, Bibles and commentaries, works of the fathers;
+books on medicine by Galen, Hippocrates, Avicenna, and Egidius; Ralph de
+Diceto’s chronicles; and some works of Seneca, Cicero, Suetonius, and
+Virgil.[308] In 1486, however, only fifty-two volumes were found after
+the death of John Grimston the sacrist.[309] Leland gives a list of only
+twenty-one manuscripts, but it was not his habit to make full
+inventories. In Stow’s time, however, few books remained.[310] Three
+volumes only can be traced now--(1) a manuscript of Avicenna, (2) the
+Chronicle of Ralph de Diceto in the Lambeth Palace Library, and (3) the
+Miracles of the Virgin, in the Aberdeen University Library.[311]
+
+
+§ VII
+
+Although neither a monastic nor a collegiate church, Wells was already
+in the thirteenth century a place with some equipment for educational
+work. Besides the choristers’ school, a _schola grammaticalis_ of a
+higher grade was in existence. After 1240 the Chancellor’s duties
+included lecturing on theology. Not improbably, therefore, a collection
+of books was formed very early. And indeed the Dean and Chapter in 1291
+received from the Dean of Sarum books lent by the Chapter, and some
+others bequeathed to them. Hugo of St. Victor, _Speculum de
+Sacramentis_, and Bede, _De Temporibus_, were the books returned from
+Sarum; among those bequeathed were Augustine’s _Epistles_ and _De
+Civitate Dei_, Gregory the Great’s _Speculum_, and John Damascenus. We
+know nothing of the character and size of the library at this time,
+although it seems to have been preserved in a special room. In 1297, the
+Chapter ordered the two side doors of the choir screen in the aisles to
+be shut at night. One door near the library (_versus librarium_) and the
+Chapter was only to be open from the first stroke of matins until the
+proper choir door was opened at the third bell. At other times during
+the day it was always to be closed, so that people could not injure the
+books in the library, or overhear the conferences of the Chapter
+(_secreta capituli_). This library was most likely on the north side of
+the church, with the Chapter House beside it, in the north transept, as
+shown conjecturally in the plan given in Canon Church’s admirable
+_Chapters in the Early History of the Church of Wells_.[312] That so
+early, in a church neither monastic nor collegiate, a school was at
+work, and a library had been formed, is a specially significant fact in
+the study of our subject.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN SHOWING PROBABLE SITUATION OF LIBRARY OF WELLS
+CATHEDRAL IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.]
+
+In this position the library remained until the fifteenth century. Two
+notices occur of it, one in 1340 and another in 1406, in both cases in
+connection with an image of the Holy Saviour, “near the library.”
+
+But in the fifteenth century a new library was built
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXI_
+
+WELLS CATHEDRAL LIBRARY, OVER CLOISTER]
+
+over the eastern cloister. Bishop Nicholas of Bubwith, in his will of
+1424, bequeathed one thousand marks to be faithfully applied and
+disposed for the construction and new building of a certain library to
+be newly erected upon the eastern space of the cloister, situate between
+the south door of the church next the chamber of the escheator of the
+church and the gate which leads directly from the church by the cloister
+into the palace of the bishop.[313] The work was begun by his executors,
+but certain signs of break in the building suggest some delay in
+finishing it. This room is probably the only cathedral library built
+over a cloister which remains in its original completeness. It is 165
+feet by 12 feet; now only about two-thirds of it are devoted to the
+library. When this room was first fitted up as a library no one knows;
+but tradition fixes the date at 1472. The present fittings were put in
+during Bishop Creighton’s time (1670-72).
+
+Shortly after the date of Bubwith’s will Bishop Stafford (1425-43) gave
+ten books--not an inspiriting collection--but he desired to retain
+possession of them during his lifetime.[314] In 1452 Richard Browne
+(_alias_ Cordone), Archdeacon of Rochester, left to the library of
+Wells, Petrus de Crescentiis _De Agricultura_, and two other books,
+Jerome’s _Epistles_, and Lathbury _Super librum Trenorum_, which were to
+be kept in the church in wooden cases.[315] Were these cases to resemble
+the boxes still remaining in Exeter Cathedral? The same will ordered the
+_Decretales_ of Clement, which had been borrowed for copying, to be
+restored to this library; two other books were also given back; and the
+will further notes that there are several books belonging to the library
+in a certain great bag in the inner room of the treasury at Wells.[316]
+
+Leland only mentions forty-six books in the library in his time. “I went
+into the library, which whilome had been magnificently furnished with a
+considerable number of books by its bishops and canons, and I found
+great treasures of high antiquity.” Among the books he found were
+sermons by Gregory and Ælfric in Anglo-Saxon, Terence, and “Dantes
+translatus in carmen Latinum.” Very few books belonging to the old
+library before the Dissolution have survived. Some are in the British
+Museum, the Bodleian, and certain collegiate libraries; and several
+manuscripts remain in the hands of the Dean and Chapter. Among them are
+three manuscripts known as Liber albus I, Liber ruber II, and Liber
+albus III, which contain an extremely valuable series of documents.[317]
+
+
+§ VIII
+
+In the York fabric rolls appear from time to time expenses for writing,
+illuminating, and binding church books; but we know little or nothing
+about the Chapter library, if such existed. William de Feriby, a canon,
+bequeathed his books in 1379. Between 1418 and 1422, a library was built
+at the south-west corner of the south transept. The building is in two
+floors, and the upper appears to have been the book-room; it is still in
+existence. In the rolls are several references to the building.
+
+     1419. Et de 26_l._ 13_s._ 4_d._ de elemosina domini Thomae Haxey ad
+     cooperturam novi librarii cum plumbo.
+
+Haxey was a good friend to the cathedral; and he gave handsomely toward
+the library. His arms were put up in one of the new library windows.
+
+     1419. In sarracione iiij arborum datarum novo librario per Abbatem
+     de Selby, 6/8.
+
+     1419. Et Johanni Grene, joynor, pro joynacione tabularum pro
+     libraria et planacione et gropyng de waynscott, per annum, 17_s._
+     8_d._
+
+     In operacione cc ferri in boltes pro nova libraria per Johannem
+     Harpham, fabrum, 8s.[318]
+
+In 1418 John de Newton, the church treasurer, bequeathed to the Chapter
+a number of books, including Bibles, commentaries, and patristical and
+historical works, as well as Petrarch’s _De remediis utriusque
+fortunae_.[319] They were chained to the library desks, and were guarded
+with horn and studs, to protect them from the consequences of careless
+use by readers.
+
+     1421. Johanni Upton pro superscriptura librorum nuper magistri
+     Johannis Neuton thesaurarii istius ecclesiae legatorum librario,
+     2_s._ Thomae Hornar de Petergate pro hornyng et naillyng
+     superscriptorum librorum, 2_s._ 6_d._ Radulpho Lorymar de
+     Conyngstrete pro factura et emendacione xl cathenarum pro eisdem
+     libris annexis in librario predicto, 23_s._ 1_d._[320]
+
+From time to time a few other bequests were made: thus, Archdeacon
+Stephen Scrope bequeathed some books on canon law, after a beneficiary
+had had them in use during his life (1418). Robert Ragenhill, advocate
+of the court of York, enriched the church with a small collection
+(1430); and Robert Wolveden, treasurer of the church, left to the
+library his theological books (1432).[321]
+
+
+§ IX
+
+The Sacrist’s Roll of Lichfield Cathedral, under date 1345, contains an
+inventory of the books then in possession of the church. All of them
+were service books, excepting only a _De Gestis Anglorum_.[322]
+Thereafter we cannot discover a notice of the library until 1489, when
+Dean Thomas Heywood gave £40 towards building a home for the books. Dean
+Yotton assisted in the good work. By 1493 the building was finished. It
+stood on the north side of the Cathedral, west of the north door, or “ex
+parte boreali in cimeterio.”[323] The Dean and Chapter had it pulled
+down in 1758.
+
+Nearly all the books of the early collection perished during the Civil
+War; but the finest manuscript, known as St. Chad’s Gospels, was saved
+by the precentor. Among the other manuscripts in the possession of the
+Chapter are a fine vellum copy of Chaucer’s _Canterbury Tales_, with
+beautiful initials, and the _Taxatio Ecclesiastica_, a tithe book
+showing the value of church property in Edward I’s time.[324]
+
+
+§ X
+
+Many other churches, some of them small and unimportant, owned books,
+and received them as gifts or bequests. In the time of Richard II the
+Royal collegiate chapel of Windsor Castle had, besides service books,
+thirty-four volumes on different subjects chained in the church, among
+them a Bible and a Concordance, and two books of French romance, one of
+which was the _Liber de Rose_.[325]
+
+The library of St. Mary’s Church, Warwick, was first formed by the
+celebrated antiquary, John Rous. Before his time we hear only of one or
+two books. In 1407 there was a collection of fifty service books, and a
+_Catholicon_, the latter being perhaps the nucleus of a library.[326]
+“At my lorde’s auter,” that is, at the Earl of Warwick’s altar, were to
+be found among other goods and books, the Bible, the fourth book of the
+_Sentences_, _Pupilla Oculi_, a work by Reymond de Pennaforte, Isidore,
+and some canon law.[327] John Rous seems to have inherited the bookish
+tastes of his relative, William Rous. William had bequeathed his books
+to the Dean, charging him to allow John to read them when he came of age
+and had received priest’s orders.
+
+Among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum is a small volume written
+on parchment by Humphrey Wanley, which includes a copy of a curious
+inventory of vestments, plate, books, and other goods made in the time
+of John Rous, 1464. A portion of this inventory has been printed in
+_Notices of the Churches of Warwickshire_, i. 15-16. “It. v bokes beynge
+in the handes of Maister John Rous now priest whuche were Sir William
+Rous and bequath hem to the Dean and Chapitre of the forseide Chirche
+Collegiall under condicōn that the seid maister John beynge priest
+shulde have hem for his special edificacōn duryng his lief. And after
+his decees to remayne and to be for ever to the seide Dean and Chapitre
+as it appereth by endentures thereof made whereof one party leveth with
+the Dean and Chapitre. That is to say i book quem composuit ffrater
+Antoninus Rampologus de Janis 2 fo Chorinth 14. It. 1 book cald pars
+dextera et pars sinistra 2 fo non ð carere. It. 1 bible versefied cald
+patris in Aurora 2 fo huic opifex. It. 1 book of powles epistoles
+glosed 2 fo de Jhu qui dr Xtus. It. 1 book cald pharetra 2 fo hora est
+jam nos de sompno surgere. It. 1 quayer in the whuche is conteyned the
+exposicōn of the masse 2 fo cois offerim.”
+
+John also seems to have given books as well as a room to house
+them.[328] An old view of the church, taken before the great fire which
+destroyed the town in 1694, shows the south porch surmounted with his
+library, as then standing; but this room was destroyed in the fire, and
+it seems certain the books were burnt. The present library was founded
+in 1701, and includes no part of the original collection.[329]
+
+Bequests to churches of service books, such as that to the church of St.
+Mary, Castle-gate, York (1394), were numerous; they may be set apart
+with bequests of vestments, plate, and money. Some bequests have a
+different character. A chancellor of York, Thomas de Farnylaw, leaves
+books, bound and unbound, to the Vicar of Waghen; a volume of sermons
+and a “quire” to the church of Embleton; and a Bible and Concordance to
+be chained in the north porch of St. Nicholas’ Church, Newcastle, “for
+common use, for the good of the soul of his lord William of Middleton”
+(1378). A chaplain leaves service books, _Speculum Ecclesiae_, and the
+Gospels in English to Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate, York (1394). A
+Bristol merchant bequeaths two books on canon law to St. Mary Redcliffe
+Church, there to be preserved for the use of the vicar and chaplains
+(1416). In the same year a Canon of York enriches Beverley Church with
+all his books of canon and civil law. Books were also chained in the
+church of St. Mary of Oxford. Bishop Lyndwood of St. David’s bequeaths a
+copy of his digest of the synodal constitutions of the province of
+Canterbury for chaining in St. Stephen’s Chapel, “to serve as a standard
+for future editions” (1443). Richard Browne, or Cordone, who has left
+books to Wells, reserves for the parish church of Naas in Ireland a
+_Catholicon_ and other manuscripts (1452). To Boston Church a rector of
+Kirkby Ravensworth bequeaths several books, but one named John Bosbery
+was to have the use of them for life: among the gifts was
+_Polichronicon_ (1457). Canon Nicholas Holme leaves _Pupilla Oculi_ to
+the parish church of Redmarshall (1458). A chaplain bequeaths one book
+to St. Mary’s Church, Bolton, another to St. Wilfrid’s Church, Brensall
+in Craven, and a third to All Saints’ Church, Peseholme, York (1466).
+Sir Richard Willoughby orders church books and a _Crede mihi_ to be
+given to Woollaton Parish Church (1469). Robert Est, possibly a
+chantry-priest in York Minster, enriches the parish church of his native
+Lincoln village, Brigsley, with a copy of _Legends of the Saints_,
+_Speculum Christiani_, _Gesta Romanorum cum aliis fabulis Isopi et
+multis narrationibus_, and a Psalter (1474-75). To the church of St.
+Mary’s, Nottingham, the vicar leaves a _Golden Legend_, a
+_Polichronicon_, besides _Pupilla Oculi_, and a portiforium to Wragby
+Church, and a missal to Snenton Church (1476). Sir Thomas Lyttleton
+befriends King’s Norton Church by leaving it a Latin-English dictionary,
+and that of Halesowen in Worcestershire by leaving a _Catholicon_, the
+_Constitutiones Provinciales_ (possibly Lyndwood’s digest, the
+_Provinciale_), and the _Gesta Romanorum_ (1481). A man of Leicester was
+sued by the church wardens of the parish church of Welford, in the
+county of Leicester, on a charge of having taken away certain books
+belonging to the church and sold them (1490). The vicar of Ruddington
+bequeaths three books, “ad tenendum et ligandum cum cathena ferrea in
+quadam sede in capella B. M. de Rodington” (1491). Thomas Rotherham,
+benefactor of Cambridge University Library, gave to the church of
+Rochester ten pounds for building a library (1500). To Wetheringsett
+Church a chaplain of Bury carefully reserves “a book called Fasiculus
+Mors [_Fasciculus morum_], to lye in the chauncell, for priests to
+occupye ther tyme when it shall please them, praying them to have my
+soule in remembraunce as it shall please them of their charite”
+(1519).[330]
+
+A very little research would add considerably to our list; while, apart
+from records of gifts and bequests, are numberless references to books
+in churches. For example: in the churchwarden’s account book (_c._ 1525)
+of All Saints, Derby, occurs an entry beginning: “These be the bokes in
+our lady Chapell tyed with chenes yt were gyffen to Alhaloes church in
+Derby--
+
+     In primis one Boke called summa summarum.
+
+     Item A boke called Summa Raumundi [Summa poenitentia et matrimonio
+     of Reymond de Pennaforte of Barcelona].
+
+     Item Anoyer called pupilla occuli [Pupilla oculi, by J. de Burgo].
+
+     Item Anoyer called the Sexte [Liber Sextus Decretalium].
+
+     Item A boke called Hugucyon [see pp. 223-4].
+
+     Item A boke called Vitas Patrum.
+
+     Item Anoyer boke called pauls pistols.
+
+     Item A boke called Januensis super evangeliis dominicalibus
+     [Sermons of Jacobus de Voragine, Abp. of Genoa, on the Gospels for
+     the Sundays throughout the year].
+
+     Item a grette portuose [a large breviary].
+
+     Item Anoyer boke called Legenda Aurea [Legenda sanctorum aurea of
+     Jacobus de Voragine].”[331]
+
+This is a respectable list for such a church. Some sixty years before
+there were apparently only service books (1465).[332]
+
+From 1456 to 1475 charges occur in the accounts of St. Michael’s Church,
+Cornhill, for chains to fix psalters, and for writing.[333] At St.
+Peter’s upon Cornhill there would appear to have been a good library.
+“True it is,” writes Stow, “that a library there was pertaining to this
+Parrish Church, of olde time builded of stone, and of late repayred with
+bricke by the executors of Sir John Crosby Alderman, as his Armes on the
+south end doth witnes. This library hath beene of late time, to wit,
+within these fifty yeares, well furnished of bookes: John Leyland viewed
+and commended them, but now those bookes be gone, and the place is
+occupied by a schoolemaister.”[334] In 1483 the Church of St.
+Christopher-le-Stocks, London, seems to have had a collection only of
+service books; but five years later mention is made of “a grete
+librarie.” “On the south side of the vestrarie standeth a grete librarie
+with ii longe lecturnalles thereon to lay on the bookes.”[335] About the
+middle of the sixteenth century certain inhabitants of Rayleigh held a
+meeting one Sunday, after service, and, without the consent of the
+churchwardens, sold fifteen service books, and “four other manuscript
+volumes,” as well as some other church goods, for forty shillings.[336]
+
+But we might continue for a long time to bring together facts of this
+kind. Enough has been written to suggest the character and extent of the
+work done by the churches. Many of these small collections were for use
+in connexion with the schools; they were formed for the benefit of
+clergy and the increase of clergy. The few books chained up in the
+churches for the use of the people were displayed for various reasons.
+The _Catholicon_, a Latin grammar and a dictionary, was a large book,
+obtainable only at great cost, yet for reference purposes all students
+and scholars constantly needed it. Wealthy ecclesiastics and benefactors
+would therefore naturally leave such a book for chaining up in the
+church, which was then the real centre of communal life. The
+_Catholicon_ was chained up for reference in French churches, and the
+practice was imitated here, possibly in nearly all the large
+churches.[337] The _Medulla grammatice_, left to King’s Norton Church by
+Sir Thomas Lyttleton, was a book of similar character, and would be
+deposited in church for a like purpose. Books of canon law would also be
+useful for reference purposes when chained in the church. Some other
+shackled books were homiletical in character. Should we be accused of
+excess of imagination if we conjured up a picture of a little cluster of
+people standing by a clerk who reads to them a sermon or a passage of
+Holy Writ? The collection of tales, each with a moral, known as the
+_Gesta Romanorum_, would make especially attractive reading. Some books
+often found in churches and frequently mentioned in this book, as the
+_Summa Praedicantium_ of John de Bromyarde, _Pupilla Oculi_, by John de
+Burgo, and the _Speculum Christiani_, by John Walton, were manuals for
+the instruction of priests.
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXII_
+
+ST. MARY’S CHURCH, OXFORD: THE FIRST HOME OF THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: OXFORD
+
+“Ingenia hominum rem publicam fecerunt.”
+
+
+§ I
+
+Probably a few scribes plied their craft in Oxford in early days long
+before the students began to make a settlement, for the town had been a
+flourishing borough, one of the largest in England. But until the end of
+the twelfth century we hear nothing about books and their makers or
+users in Oxford. Then we find illuminators, bookbinders, parchmenters,
+and a scribe referred to in a document relating to the sale of land in
+Cat Street. This record is very significant, as it suggests the active
+employment of book-makers in the centre of Oxford’s student life. St.
+Mary’s Church was the hub. Cat Street, School Street running parallel
+with it from High Street to the north boundary, and Schydyard Street,
+the continuation of School Street on the southern side of High Street,
+alleys of the usual medieval narrowness and mean appearance, the
+buildings on either hand almost touching one another, and the way
+dark--were the haunts of masters and scholars and all those depending on
+them. Students, old and young, of high station and low, are crowded in
+lodging-houses, many of which are shabby, dirty, and disreputable. Hence
+they come forth to play their games or carry on their feuds. Some haunt
+taverns and worse places. Others eke out their means by begging at
+street corners. All get their teaching by gathering round masters whose
+rostrum is the church doorstep or the threshold of the lodging-house.
+Amid the manifold distractions of this queerly-ordered life the maker
+and seller of books earns what living he can; his chief patrons being
+indigent masters, who often must starve themselves to get books, and
+students so poor that pawning becomes a custom regulated by the
+University itself.
+
+Not till the University became firmly established as a corporate body
+could a common library be formed. The beginning was simple. The first
+books reserved for common use had their home in St. Mary’s Church: some
+lay in chests, and were lent in exchange for a suitable pledge; others
+were chained to desks so that students could readily refer to them.
+These books were almost certainly theological in character, and all were
+no doubt given by benefactors, now unknown. Such a gift was received
+early in the thirteenth century from Roger de L’Isle, Dean of York, who
+gave a Bible, divided into four parts for the convenience of copyists,
+and the Book of Exodus, glossed, but old and of little value.[338]
+Possibly some books remained in the church even after an independent
+library was founded, for as late as 1414 a copy of Nicholas de Lyra was
+chained in the chancel for public use, where it was inspected by the
+Chancellor and proctors every year.[339]
+
+To a “good clerk” who had gathered his learning at three
+Universities--the arts at Paris, canon law at Oxford, and theology at
+Cambridge--the University library appropriately owes its origin. Bishop
+Cobham left his books
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXIII_
+
+ILLUMINATOR OF ST. ALBANS
+
+DOCUMENT TRANSFERRING LAND IN OXFORD, BEARING THE NAMES OF SEVEN MEMBERS
+OF THE BOOK TRADE, C. 1180]
+
+and three hundred and fifty marks for this purpose in 1327. He had
+proposed to build a two-storied building, the lower chamber to be the
+Congregation House, and the upper a library; or perhaps the Congregation
+House was already standing, and he had the idea of adding another story,
+for use as an oratory and library. Therein his books would bide when he
+died.[340] Not till long after his death was the building completed. His
+books did not come to the University without much trouble. Bequests were
+elusive in the Middle Ages, for people sometimes dreamed of projects
+they could not realize while they lived, and sanguinely hoped their
+executors would win prayers for the dead by successfully stretching poor
+means to a good end. Cobham died in debt. His books were pawned to
+settle his estate and pay for his funeral. Adam de Brome redeemed the
+pledges, and handed them over, not to the University, but to his
+newly-founded college of Oriel.[341] In peace the books were enjoyed at
+Oriel until four years after de Brome’s death. The Fellows claimed them,
+it appears, not only because he redeemed them, but because, as
+impropriating rectors of the church, both building and library were
+theirs, they argued, by right. The University was equally persistent in
+its claim. At last, ten years after Cobham’s death, the Commissary,
+taking mean advantage of the small number of Fellows in residence in
+autumn, went to Oriel with “a multitude of others,” and brought the
+books away by force. Thereafter the University held them, but it took
+nearly seventy years to settle the dispute about them, and to decide the
+ownership of the Congregation House (1410).[342]
+
+Long before 1410 the “good clerk’s” books had been made of real service
+to students. Fittings were put up in the library room (1365). Then
+regulations for managing the library were drawn up (1367). The books
+were to be put in the chamber over the Congregation House, marshalled in
+convenient order and chained. There, at certain times, scholars were to
+have access to them. Now first appeared upon the scene a University
+librarian. The University’s means were slender, and £40 worth of the
+books were sold to provide a stipend for a chaplain-librarian: in place
+of these books others of less value were bought; probably some of
+Cobham’s books were finely illuminated, and the intention was to
+purchase less costly copies in their stead. The chaplain was to pray for
+the souls of Cobham and of University benefactors; and to have the
+charge of the bishop’s books, of the books in the chests, and of any
+books coming to the University afterwards.[343]
+
+We can easily imagine what the library was like. The chamber over the
+Congregation House is small, scarcely larger than the average class-room
+of to-day; lighted by seven windows on each side. Between some, if not
+all, of the windows bookcases would stand at right angles to the wall,
+forming little alcoves, fit for the quiet pursuit of knowledge. Learning
+itself was shackled. Chains from a bar running the length of each case
+secured the books, which could only be read on the slope fixed a few
+feet above the floor. In each alcove was a bench for readers to sit
+upon. A large and conspicuous board, with titles and names of
+benefactors written upon it in a fair hand, hung up in the room.[344]
+Here then would come the flower of Oxford scholarship to study, any time
+after eight in the morning. Every student is welcome if he does not
+enter in wet clothing, or bring in ink, or a knife, or dagger. We like
+to picture this small room, fitted with solid, rude furniture, monastic
+in its austerity of appearance; full of students working eagerly in
+their quest for knowledge--making extracts in pencil, or with styles on
+their tablets, amid a silence broken only by the crackle of vellum
+leaves, and the rattle of a chain.
+
+Such a picture would perhaps be overdrawn. Young Oxford was not always
+quiet, or whole-heartedly studious. The liberal regulations seem to have
+been liable to abuse. Students soiled and damaged the books. The little
+room was more than full: it was overcrowded with scholars, and with
+“throngs of visitors” who disturbed the readers. After 1412 only
+graduates and religious who had studied philosophy for eight years could
+enter the library, and while there they must be robed. Even such mature
+students had to make solemn oath, in the Chancellor’s presence, to use
+the books properly: make no erasures or blots, or otherwise spoil the
+precious writing.[345] Under these regulations the library was open from
+nine to eleven in the morning, and from one to four in the afternoon,
+Sundays and mass days excepted. Strangers of eminence and the Chancellor
+could pay a visit at any time by daylight. The chaplain, who was to be a
+man of parts, of proved morality and uprightness, now received 106s. 8d.
+a year. The Proctors were bound to pay this stipend half-yearly, with
+punctuality, or be fined the heavy sum of forty shillings: the chaplain,
+it is explained, must have no grievance to nurse--no ground for carrying
+out his duties in a slovenly or perfunctory manner. He, indeed, was an
+important officer. For health’s sake he must have a month’s holiday
+during the long vacation. As it was absurd for him to have fewer
+perquisites than those below him in station, every beneficed graduate,
+at graduation, was required to give him robes.[346] The finicking
+character of these regulations suggests that the University
+statute-maker had as great a dislike for “understandings” as Dr.
+Newman.
+
+Thus was established firmly, in the early years of the fifteenth
+century, a University Library, an important resort of students; the
+proper place, as the common rendezvous of members of the University, for
+publishing the Lollard doctrines condemned at London in 1411. No town in
+England was better supplied with libraries than Oxford, for besides the
+collections of the University, the monastic colleges and the convents,
+libraries were already formed at Merton, University, Oriel and New
+Colleges. Such progress in providing scholars’ armouries is remarkable,
+the greater part of it being accomplished during a period of great
+social and religious unrest--not the unrest of a wind-fretted surface,
+but of a grim and far-sweeping underswell--a period when pestilence,
+violent tempests and earthquakes, seemed bodeful of Divine displeasure;
+not a time surely when the studious life would be attractive, or when
+much care would be taken to establish libraries, unless indeed
+controversy made recourse to books more necessary or the signs of the
+times gave birth to a greater number of benefactors.[347]
+
+But the University library was to become the richest and most
+considerable in the town. Benefactors were well greeted. Besides praying
+for their souls--and some of them, like Bishop Reed, were pathetically
+anxious about the prayers--the University showed every reasonable sign
+of its gratitude: posted up donors’ names in the library itself;
+submitted each gift to congregation three days after receiving it, and
+within twelve days later had it chained
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXIV_
+
+DUKE HUMFREY AND ELEANOR OF GLOUCESTER JOINING THE CONFRATERNITY OF ST.
+ALBANS
+
+ANCIENT ROOF OF DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY, SHOWING THE ARMS OF THE
+UNIVERSITY AND OF SIR THOMAS BODLEY]
+
+up.[348] Many gifts of books were received, some from the highest in the
+land: from King Henry the Fourth and his warlike and ambitious
+sons--Henry V, Clarence, Bedford, and Gloucester; from Edmund, Earl of
+March; from prelates--Archbishop Arundel, Repyngton of Lincoln, Courtney
+of Norwich, and Molyneux of Chichester; from great Abbot Whethamstede of
+St. Albans; from wealthy Archdeacon Browne or Cordone; from rich
+citizens of London--Thomas Knolles the grocer and T. Grauntt; and from
+Henry VI’s physician, John Somersett. John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester,
+also promised books worth five hundred marks, but after his death they
+did not come to hand.[349]
+
+By far the most generous of friends was the Duke of Gloucester, whose
+first gift was made before 1413,[350] and his last when he died in 1447.
+His record as the helper and protector of Oxford, his patronage of
+learning, and of such exponents of it as Titus Livius of Forli, Leonardo
+Bruni, Lydgate and Capgrave, the fact that, notwithstanding his “staat
+and dignyte,”
+
+    “His courage never doth appall
+     To study in bokes of antiquitie,”
+
+earned for him the name of the “good” duke--an appellation to which the
+shady labyrinth of his career as a politician, as a persecutor of the
+Lollards, and as a licentious man, did not entitle him. But then
+Oxford--and its library--was most in need of such a friend as this
+English Gismondo Malatesta; not only on account of his generosity, but
+because his royal connexions enabled him to exert influence on the
+University’s behalf, both at home and abroad.
+
+Of the character of the Duke’s gifts in 1413 and in
+
+[Illustration: OLD VIEW OF DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY.]
+
+1430 we know nothing: in 1435 he gave books and money, but how many
+books or how much money is not recorded. Three years later the
+University sought another gift from him, and he forthwith sent no fewer
+than 120 volumes (1439).[351] The University’s gratitude was unbounded.
+On certain festivals during the Duke’s lifetime prayers were to be said
+for him, within ten days after he died a funeral service was to be
+celebrated, and on every anniversary of his death he and his consort
+were to be commemorated.[352] Their letters were fulsome: as a founder
+of libraries he was compared with Julius Cæsar--a compliment also paid
+him about the same time by Pier Candid Decembrio; Parliament was
+besought to thank him “hertyly, and also prey Godd to thanke hym in tyme
+commyng, wher goode dedys ben rewarded”;[353] as a prince he was most
+serene and illustrious, lord of glorious renown, son of a king, brother
+of a king, uncle of a king, “the very beams of the sun himself”; as a
+donor, as greatly and munificently liberal as the recipients were lowly
+and humble.[354]
+
+Congregation further marked its appreciation by decreeing a fresh set of
+library regulations. A new register, containing a list of the books
+already given, was to be made, and deposited in the chest “of five
+keys”; lists were also to be written in the statute books. No volume was
+to be sold, given away, exchanged, pledged, lent to be copied, or
+removed from the library--except when it needed repair, or when the Duke
+himself wanted to borrow it, as he could, though only under
+indenture.[355] All books for the study of the seven liberal arts--the
+_trivium_ and the _quadrivium_--and the three philosophies were to be
+kept in a chest called the “chest of the three philosophies and the
+seven sciences”; a name suggesting a talisman, like the golden fleece or
+the Holy Grail, for which one would exchange the world and all its ways.
+The librarian had charge of this wonderful chest. From it, by indenture,
+he could lend books--apparently these books were excepted from the
+general rule--to masters of arts lecturing in these subjects, or, if
+there were no lecturers, to principals of halls and masters. And,
+following older custom, a stationer set upon each book a price greater
+than its real value, to lead borrowers to take more care of it.[356]
+From a manuscript preserved in the library of Earl Fitzwilliam at
+Wentworth Woodhouse are taken the following curious lines indicating
+the character and arrangement of his books:--
+
+    “At Oxenford thys lord his bookis fele [many]
+     Hath eu’y clerk at werk. They of hem gete
+     Metaphisic; phisic these rather feele;
+     They natural, moral they rather trete;
+     Theologie here ye is with to mete;
+     Him liketh loke in boke historial.
+     In deskis XII hym selve as half a strete
+     Hath boked their librair uniu’al.”[357] [universal]
+
+A year later Gloucester sent 7 more books; then after a while 9 more
+(1440-41);[358] and a little later still his largest gift, amounting to
+135 volumes. These handsome accessions made the collection the finest
+academic library in England, not excepting the excellent library of 380
+volumes then at Peterhouse. It had a character of its own. The usual
+overwhelming mass of Bibles, of church books, of the Fathers and the
+Schoolmen does not depress us with its disproportion. The collection was
+strong in astronomy and medicine: Ptolemy, Albumazar, Rhazes, Serapion,
+Avicenna, Haly Abenragel, Zaæl, and others were all represented. Besides
+these, there was a fine selection of the classics--Plato, Aristotle,
+including the _Politica_ and _Ethica_, Æschines’ orations, Terence,
+Varro’s _De Originae linguae Latinae_, Cicero’s letters, Verrine and
+other orations, and “opera viginti duo Tullii in magno volumine,” Livy,
+Ovid, Seneca’s tragedies, Quintilian, Aulus Gellius, _Noctes Atticae_,
+the _Golden Ass_ of Apuleius, and Suetonius. But the most interesting
+items in the list of his books are the new translations of Plato, and of
+Aristotle, whose _Ethica_ was rendered by Leonardo Bruni; the Greek and
+Latin dictionary; and the works of Dante, Petrarch (_de Vita solitaria,
+de Rebus memorandis, de Remediis_
+
+[Illustration: _Plate XXV_
+
+DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY, OXFORD]
+
+_utriusque fortunae_), Boccaccio, and of Coluccio Salutati’s
+letters.[359]
+
+The library’s character might still further have been freshened had
+Gloucester’s bequest of his Latin books--the books, we may suppose, he
+himself prized too highly to part with during his lifetime--been carried
+into effect.[360]
+
+“Our right special Lord and mighty Prince the Duke of Gloucester, late
+passed out of this world,--whose soul God assoil for his high
+mercy,--not long before his decease, being in our said University among
+all the doctors and masters of the same assembled together, granted unto
+us all his Latin books, to the loving of God, increase of clergy and
+cunning men, to the good governance and prosperity of the realm of
+England without end ... the which gift oftentimes after, by our
+messengers, and also in his last testament, as we understand, he
+confirmed.” But alas! Gloucester’s bequest was even more elusive than
+Cobham’s. These books they could, “by no manner of labours, since he
+deceased, obtain.”[361] What followed is interesting. Letters asking for
+the books were sent to the king, to Mr. John Somersett, His Majesty’s
+physician, “lately come to influence,” to William of Waynflete, provost
+of the king’s pet project, Eton College, and much in favour; and to the
+king’s chamberlain (1447). As these appeals were unavailing, another
+letter was sent to the king in 1450, and several others to influential
+persons, some being to Gloucester’s executors; then, in the same year,
+the House of Lords was petitioned. All this wire-pulling failed to serve
+its end. The University became angry. An outspoken letter was sent to
+Master John Somersett, “lately come to influence”: “Our proctor, Mr.
+Luke, tells us of your efforts for us to obtain the books given by the
+late Duke of Gloucester, and of your intercession with the king in our
+cause: also that you propose to add, of your own gift, other books to
+his bequest.” All this is very good of you, the letter proceeds, in
+effect, “but how is it that, under these circumstances, the Duke’s
+books, which came into your custody, are not delivered to us, unless it
+be that some powerful influence is exerted to prevent it; for a
+steadfast and good man will not be made to swerve from the path of
+justice by interest or cupidity. Use your endeavours to get these books:
+so do us a good favour; and clear your character.” Three years later it
+was discovered the books were scattered and in private hands
+(1453),[362] or, as seems likely, at King’s College, Cambridge, and
+Eton.
+
+Now the library over the Congregation House was all too small. A
+Divinity School seems to have been first projected in 1423; building
+began about seven years later;[363] but the work proceeded very slowly,
+owing to want of money, which the authorities tried to raise in various
+ways, even by granting degrees on easy terms. When Gloucester’s books
+came to overcrowd the old library--and the books were chained so closely
+together that a student when reading one prevented the use of three or
+four books near to it--the idea was apparently first mooted of erecting
+a bigger room over the new school, where scholars might study far from
+the hum of men (_a strepitu saeculari_). The University sent an appeal
+to the Duke for help to carry out this scheme (1445), but he had then
+lost power and was in trouble, and does not seem to have responded
+favourably, albeit they suggested adroitly the new library should bear
+his name.[364] The building was
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXVI_
+
+LIBRARY OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD]
+
+finished forty years after his death. This ultimate success was due
+chiefly to the generosity of Cardinal Beaufort, the Duchess of Suffolk,
+and Cardinal Kempe--whose own library was magnificent.[365]
+
+By 1488, then, the University was in full enjoyment of the chamber known
+ever since as Duke Humfrey’s Library, the noblest storehouse of books
+then existing in England.[366] In the same year an old scholar, not
+known by name, gave 31 books, and in 1490 Dr. Litchfield, Archdeacon of
+Middlesex, presented 132 volumes and a sum of £200. These gifts mark the
+culminating point in the history of the first University library--a
+collection over a century and a half old, accumulated slowly by the
+forethought and generosity of the University’s friends, only, alas! in a
+few years’ time to be almost completely dispersed and destroyed.
+
+
+§ II
+
+Before speaking of the dispersion of the University collection it will
+be well to observe what had been done in the colleges, where libraries
+must have formed an important part of the collegiate economy. Books,
+indeed, were eagerly sought, carefully guarded and preserved; and
+wealthy Fellows--even Fellows not to be described as wealthy--often
+proved their affection for their college by giving manuscripts.
+
+The first house of the University, William of Durham’s Hall or
+University Hall (now University College), was founded between 1249 and
+1292, when its statutes were drawn up. In these statutes are the
+earliest regulations of the University for dealing with books in its
+possession.[367] It seems clear that the college enjoyed a
+library--perhaps of some importance,--with excellent regulations for its
+use, at the end of the thirteenth century. What is true of University
+College is true also of nearly all the other colleges. Although most of
+them were not rich foundations, one of the first efforts of a society
+was to collect books for common use. A few years after Merton’s
+inception (1264) the teacher of grammar was supplied with books out of
+the common purse, and directions were given for the care of books.[368]
+To Balliol, Bishop Gravesend of London bequeathed books (1336) some
+fifty years after the statutes were given by the founder’s wife.[369]
+Four years later Sir William de Felton presented to the college the
+advowson of the Church of Abboldesley, so that the number of scholars
+could be raised, each could have sufficient clothing, receive
+twelvepence a week, and possess in common books relating to the various
+Faculties.[370] The earliest reference to the library of Exeter College,
+or Stapledon Hall, occurs also about half a century after its
+foundation: in 1366 payment was made for copying a book called
+_Domyltone_--possibly one of John of Dumbleton’s works. Oriel College
+either had a library from its foundation, or the regulations of 1329
+were drawn up for Bishop Cobham’s books, which Adam de Brome had
+redeemed. In 1375 Oriel certainly had its own library of nearly one
+hundred volumes, more than half of them being on theology and
+philosophy, with some translations of Aristotle, but otherwise not a
+single classic work; a collection to be fairly considered as
+representative of the academic libraries of this period.[371] Queen’s
+College was one of those to which Simon de Bredon, the astronomer,
+bequeathed books in 1368, nearly thirty years after its
+foundation.[372] “Seint Marie College of Wynchestr,” or New College,
+made a better start than any house (1380). The founder, William of
+Wykeham, endowed it with no fewer than 240 or 243 volumes, of which 135
+or 138 were theology, 28 philosophy, 41 canon law, 36 civil law;
+somebody unnamed, but possibly the founder, presented 37 volumes of
+medicine and 15 chained books in the library; and Bishop Reed--also the
+good friend of Merton--gave 58 volumes of theology, 2 of philosophy, and
+3 of canon law.[373] Lincoln College had a collection of books at its
+foundation (1429); Dr. Gascoigne gave 6 manuscripts worth nearly three
+pounds apiece (1432); and Robert Flemming, a cousin of the founder,
+renowned for his travels and studies and collections in Italy, left a
+number of manuscripts, variously estimated at 25 and 38 in number, to
+his house. In 1474 this college had 135 manuscripts, stored in seven
+presses. Rules for the use of books were included in the first statutes
+of All Souls College, founded in 1438. At Magdalen the library had a
+magnificent start when William of Waynflete brought with him no fewer
+than 800 volumes on his visit in 1481; many of these were printed books.
+
+To tell the story of each of these early college libraries with
+continuity is not to our purpose, and is perhaps not feasible. So many
+details are lacking. We do not know whether all the libraries, once
+started, were constantly maintained; but it is reasonable to assume they
+were, as records--a few only--of purchases and donations are preserved.
+Usually gifts were made only to the college in which the donor felt
+special interest, but sometimes generous men were more catholic. Four
+colleges--University, Balliol, Merton, and Oriel--benefited under Bishop
+Stephen Gravesend’s will (1336); six--University, Balliol, Merton,
+Exeter, Oriel, and Queen’s--under the will of Simon de Bredon,
+astronomer and sometime Proctor of the University (1368): in both cases
+the testators distributed their gifts among all the secular colleges in
+existence at the time.[374] Dr. Thomas Gascoigne gave many books to
+Balliol, Oriel, Durham, and Lincoln Colleges (1432).[375] William Reed,
+Bishop of Chichester, also was the friend of more than one society, for
+New College, as we have seen, got 63 volumes from him, Exeter some
+others, and Merton 99.[376] Roger Whelpdale (_d._ 1423) bequeathed books
+to Balliol and Queen’s Colleges. Henry _VI_ gave 23 manuscripts to All
+Souls College (1440). Robert Twaytes gave books to Balliol in 1451: his
+example was followed by George Nevil, Bishop of Exeter and afterwards
+Archbishop of York (1455, 1475), Dr. Bole (1478), and John Waltham
+(1492). An old Fellow showed his gratitude to University College by
+bestowing 68 books, mostly Scriptural commentaries, on its library
+(1473). Some of the gifts were smaller.[377] A chancellor of the church
+of York bequeathed a single volume to Merton. Bishop Skirlaw--a good
+friend of the college in other ways--gave 6 books to University in 1404:
+they were to be chained in the library and never lent. Such gifts were
+received as gratefully as the larger donations; indeed, it was esteemed
+a feather in the cap of the Master that while he held office Skirlaw’s
+books were received. Never at any time were books more highly
+appreciated than in Oxford of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
+Sometimes gifts took the form of money for a curious purpose. For
+example, Robert Hesyl, a country rector, bequeathed the sum of 6s. 8d.
+“ad intitulandum nomina librorum in libraria collegii Lincoln:
+contentorum, supra dorsa eorum coöperienda cornu et clavis.”[378] But
+the colleges did not depend wholly on gifts, for records are preserved
+of purchases for Queen’s College in 1366-67;[379] All Souls College
+between 1449 and 1460; for Magdalen College between 1481 and 1539; for
+Merton College between 1322 and 1379; and for New College between 1462
+and 1481.
+
+The growth of the libraries made the provision of special bookrooms a
+necessity. A library on the ground floor of University College is
+referred to in the Bursar’s Roll (1391). At Merton the books were
+originally kept in a chest under three locks. A room was set apart quite
+early: books were chained up in it in 1284. In 1354 a carpenter was paid
+for fittings and “deskis.” Bishop Reed of Chichester erected a library
+building in 1377-79; Wyllyot and John Wendover contributed towards the
+cost, which amounted to £462. With the exception of the room thrown into
+the south library at its eastern end, of two large dormers, and of the
+glass in the west room, the original structure has been altered very
+little, and it is therefore one of the best examples of a medieval
+library in this country. When the old library of Exeter College was
+first used we do not know: it was possibly one of the tenements
+originally given to the college by Peter de Skelton and partly repaired
+by the founder. Money was disbursed for thatching it in 1375.[380]
+Nearly ten years later a new library was put up. Bishop Brantingham and
+John More, rector of St. Petrock’s, Exeter, contributed handsomely
+towards the cost; another Bishop of Exeter, Edmund Stafford,--in whose
+time the name of the house was changed from Stapledon Hall to Exeter
+College,--enlarged the building in 1404; and Bishops Grandisson,
+Brantingham, Stafford, and Lacy gave books.[381] In the library room
+some of the books were chained to desks, and some were kept in
+chests.[382] All this points to a flourishing library at Exeter;
+although, on occasions when their yearly expenses were heavier than
+usual, the Fellows were obliged to pawn books to one of the loan chests
+of the University, or even to their barber.[383]
+
+The monastic college of Durham enjoyed a “fayre library, well-desked and
+well flowred withe a timber Flowre over it,” built in 1417 and fitted in
+1431.[384] Another college belonging to the monks of Christ Church,
+Canterbury, also had a library, which had been replenished with books
+from the mother-house.[385] In 1431 a library building was begun at
+Balliol College by Mr. Thomas Chace, after he had resigned the office of
+Master. Bishop William Grey, besides enriching his college with
+manuscripts, also completed the home for them (_c._ 1477), on a window
+of which are still to be read his name and the name of Robert Abdy, the
+Master.
+
+    “His Deus adjecit; Deus his det gaudia celi;
+     Abdy perfecit opus hoc Gray presul et Ely.”[386]
+
+In another window, on the north side, was inscribed--
+
+    “Conditor ecce novi structus hujus fuit Abdy.
+     Praesul et huic Œdi Gray libros contulit Ely.”
+
+The first library of Oriel College, on the east side of the quadrangle,
+was not erected until about 1444; before that the books seem to have
+been kept in chests, although the collection was large for the
+time.[387] As early as 1388-89 payments were made for making desks for
+the library of Queen’s College.[388] In the case of New, Lincoln, All
+Souls, and Magdalen Colleges, library rooms were included when the
+college buildings were first erected. Magdalen’s library was copied from
+All Souls: the windows in it were “to be as good as or better than”
+those in the earlier foundation.
+
+
+§ III
+
+Towards the end of the fifteenth century the beginning of the sad end of
+all this good work may be traced. Some part of the collections
+disappeared gradually. In 1458 books were chained at Exeter College,
+because some of them had been taken away. When volumes became damaged
+and worn out, they were not replaced by others. Some were pledged, and
+although every effort was made to redeem them, as at Exeter College in
+1466, 1470, 1472 and 1473, yet it seems certain many were permanently
+alienated. Others were perhaps sold, or given away, as John Phylypp gave
+away two Exeter College manuscripts in 1468.[389] The University library
+was in similar case. When Erasmus saw the scanty remains of this
+collection he could have wept. “Before it had continued eighty years in
+its flourishing state,” writes Wood of the library, “[it] was rifled of
+its precious treasure by unreasonable persons. That several scholars
+would, upon small pledges given in, borrow books ... that were never
+restored. Polydore Virgil ... borrowed many after such a way; but at
+length being denied, did upon petition made to the king obtain his
+license for the taking out of any MS. for his use (in order, I suppose,
+for the collecting materials for his English History or Chronicle of
+England), which being imitated by others, the library thereby suffered
+very great loss.” Matters became still worse. Owing to the threatened
+suppression of the religious houses, the number of students at Oxford
+decreased enormously. In 1535, 108 men graduated, in the next year only
+44 did so; until the end of Henry VIII’s reign the average number
+graduating was 57, and in Edward’s reign the average was 33.[390]
+Naturally, therefore, some laxity crept into the administration of the
+University and the colleges. Active enemies of our literary treasures
+were not behindhand. In 1535 Dr. Layton, visitor of monasteries,
+descended upon Oxford. “We have sett Dunce [Duns Scotus] in Bocardo, and
+have utterly banisshede hym Oxforde for ever, with all his blinde
+glosses, and is nowe made a comon servant to evere man, faste nailede up
+upon postes in all comon howses of easment: id quod oculis meis vidi.
+And the seconde tyme we came to New Colege, affter we hade declarede
+your injunctions, we fownde all the gret quadrant court full of the
+leiffes of Dunce, the wynde blowyng them into evere corner. And ther we
+fownde one Mr. Grenefelde, a gentilman of Bukynghamshire, getheryng up
+part of the saide bowke leiffes (as he saide) therwith to make hym
+sewelles or blawnsherres to kepe the
+
+[Illustration: _Plate XXVII_
+
+MERTON COLLEGE LIBRARY]
+
+dere within the woode, therby to have the better cry with his
+howndes.”[391] A commission assembled at Oxford in 1550, and met many
+times at St. Mary’s Church. No documentary evidence of their treatment
+of libraries remains, but it was certainly most drastic. Any illuminated
+manuscript, or even a mathematical treatise illustrated with diagrams,
+was deemed unfit to survive, and was thrown out for sale or destruction.
+Some of the college libraries did not suffer severely. Most of Grey’s
+books survived in Balliol, although the miniatures were cut out.
+Queen’s, All Souls, and Merton came through the ordeal nearly unscathed.
+But Lincoln lost the books given by Gascoigne and the Italian
+importations of Flemming; Exeter College was purged. The University
+library itself was entirely dispersed. One of the commissioners, “by
+name Richard Coxe, Dean of Christ Church, shewed himself so zealous in
+purging this place of its rarities ... that ... savoured of
+superstition, that he left not one of those goodly MSS. given by the
+before mentioned benefactors. Of all which there were none restored in
+Q. Mary’s reign, when then an inquisition was made after them, but only
+one of the parts of Valerius Maximus, illustrated with the Commentaries
+of Dionysius de Burgo, an Augustine Fryer, and with the Tables of John
+Whethamsteed, Abbat of St. Alban’s. That some of the books so taken out
+by the Reformers were burnt, some sold away for Robin Hood’s
+pennyworths,[392] either to Booksellers, or to Glovers, to press their
+gloves, or Taylors to make measures, or to bookbinders to cover books
+bound by them, and some also kept by the Reformers for their own use.
+That the said library being thus deprived of its furniture was employed,
+as the schools were, for infamous uses. That in laying waste in that
+manner, and not in a possibility (as the academians thought) of
+restoring it to its former estate, they ordered certain persons in a
+Convocation (Reg. I. fol. 157ª) held Jan. 25, 1555-56 to sell the
+benches and desks therein; so that being stript stark naked (as I may
+say) continued so till Bodley restored it.”[393] The only cheerful
+reference to this period is that by Wood, who tells us some friendly
+people bought in a number of the manuscripts, and ultimately handed them
+over to the University after the library’s restoration.[394] But of all
+the books given by the Duke of Gloucester only three are now in the
+Bodleian, and only three others in Corpus Christi, Oriel, and Magdalen.
+The British Museum possesses nine; Cambridge one; private collectors
+two. Six are in France: two Latin--both Oxford books--and three French
+manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale, and one manuscript at the
+Bibliothèque Ste. Geneviève. The Ste. Geneviève book[395] is a
+magnificent Livy, once belonging to the famous Louvre Library. It bears
+the inscription: “Cest livre est à moy Homfrey, duc de Gloucestre, du
+don mon très chier cousin le conte de Warewic.”[396]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: CAMBRIDGE
+
+
+§ I
+
+As the libraries of Cambridge were mostly of later foundation than those
+at Oxford, and as the collections were of the same character, it is less
+necessary to describe them in detail, especially after having dealt
+fully with the collections of the sister university. Cambridge
+University does not seem to have owned books in common until the first
+quarter of the fifteenth century. Before that, in 1384, the books
+intended for use in the University were submitted to the Chancellor and
+Doctors, so that any containing heretical and objectionable opinions
+could be weeded out and burnt. In 1408-9 it was ordered that books
+suspected to contain Lollard doctrines should be examined by the
+authorities of both Universities; if approved by them and by the
+Archbishop of Canterbury, they could be delivered to the stationers for
+copying, but not before. And in 1480 keepers of chests were forbidden to
+receive as a pledge any book written _on paper_.[397] Certain
+regulations were also made with regard to the status of stationers and
+others engaged in book-making in the town. But there seems to have been
+no common library.
+
+About the time when Gloucester made his first gift of books to Oxford
+University a public library was possibly “founded” by John Croucher,
+who gave a copy of Chaucer’s translation of Boëthius’ _De Consolatione
+philosophiae_. Richard Holme, Warden of King’s Hall, who died in 1424,
+gave sixteen volumes. At this time the collection amounted to
+seventy-six volumes. Robert Fitzhugh, Bishop of London, now left two
+books, a _Textus moralis philosophiae_ and Codeton _Super quatuor libros
+Sententiarum_ (1435-6). By 1435 or 1440 it had increased to one hundred
+and twenty-two books: theology accounting for sixty-nine, natural and
+moral philosophy for seventeen, canon law for twenty-three, medicine for
+five, grammar for six, and logic and sophistry for one each. Besides
+Holme’s books there were in this library eight books given by John
+Aylemer, six given by Thomas Paxton, ten by James Matissale, five each
+by John Preston, John Water, Robert Alne (1440),[398] and John Tesdale:
+other benefactors gave one or two or three.[399]
+
+In 1423 one John Herrys or Harris gave ten pounds for the library,
+possibly for a building, as books do not seem to have been bought with
+it.[400] A common library is mentioned in 1438.[401] In the same year a
+grant was made by the king of the manor of Ruyslip and a place called
+Northwood for a library. The first room was erected between this year
+and 1457. After 1454 many entries occur in the University accounts for
+the roof of the new chapel and the library, for the general repairs of
+the same buildings, for the chaining and binding of books, and for their
+custody during a fire in the King’s College in 1457.[402] A sketch of
+the Schools quadrangle drawn about 1459 shows this library, _libraria
+nova_, above the Canon Law schools, on the west side.[403] Between the
+completion of this library
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXVIII_
+
+SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE, C. 1688]
+
+and 1470 the south side of the quadrangle was built, the school of civil
+law occupying the ground floor, and the Great Library or Common Library
+the first floor. The second extant catalogue of books (1473) relates to
+the books in this room: possibly the west room had been cleared for
+other purposes. Now the inventory proves the library to have been in
+possession of three hundred and thirty volumes, stored upon eight stalls
+or desks on the north side and upon nine stalls on the southern side,
+facing King’s College Chapel.[404] But in a few years the buildings were
+extended and the collection augmented munificently by Thomas Rotherham
+or Scot, then Chancellor of the University and Bishop of Lincoln,
+afterwards Archbishop of York. Rotherham completed the building begun on
+the east side of the quadrangle by erecting the library which occupies
+the whole of the first floor (1470-75). In this _libraria domini
+cancellarii_ his own books were stored. His generosity was recognised by
+the University in the fullest possible manner; special care was taken of
+his books, and his library came to be known as the private library, to
+which only a few privileged persons were admitted, while the great
+library remained in use as the public room.[405]
+
+The learned Bishop Tunstall gave some Greek books to the library in
+1529, just before he was translated to the see of Durham. Even then,
+however, the collection was on the down grade. Nine years later, owing
+to a decline in numbers at the University and a loss of revenue, some of
+the books, described as “useless,” were sold.[406] Then again, in 1547,
+occurs a more significant notice. A Grace was passed recommending the
+conversion of the great or common library into a school for the Regius
+Professor of Divinity, because “in its present state it is no use to
+anybody.”[407] Neglect and worse had laid this part of the library as
+waste as Duke Humfrey’s room at Oxford. Apparently then only the
+Chancellor’s library remained. More “old” books were removed from the
+collection in 1572-3. In this same year a catalogue was drawn up. Only
+one hundred and seventy-seven volumes were left: “moste parte of all
+theis bookes be of velam and parchment, but very sore cut and mangled
+for the lymned letters and pictures.”[408] Clearly sad havoc had been
+played with this library, which had started with so much promise.
+
+
+§ II
+
+The earliest collegiate libraries were Peterhouse, Pembroke Hall, Clare
+Hall, Trinity Hall, and Gonville. Peterhouse had the first library in
+Cambridge. Hugh of Balsham, Bishop of Ely, introduced into an
+Augustinian Hospital at Cambridge a number of scholars who were to live
+with the brethren. Before Hugh died the brethren and the scholars
+quarrelled, and the latter were removed to two hostels on the site of
+the present college (1281-84). He did not forget to provide his new
+foundation with books, among other properties. In the statutes of 1344
+are stringent provisions for the care of books, which prove that the
+society had a library worthy of some thought. Clare College was founded
+by the University as University Hall (1326), then refounded twelve years
+later by Lady Elizabeth de Clare as Clare Hall. In 1355 she bequeathed a
+few books. Pembroke College, founded in 1346, received a gift of ten
+books from the first Master, William Styband. The statutes of Trinity
+Hall, which was founded by Bishop William Bateman in 1350, partly to
+repair the losses of scholarly clergy during the Black Death, also
+contain a special section relating to the college books. It was not
+drawn up in anticipation of the formation of a library, for the founder
+himself gave seventy volumes on civil and canon law and theology,
+besides fourteen books for the chapel; forty-eight, including seven
+chapel books, were reserved for the Bishop’s own use during his
+life.[409] To Gonville College, founded as the Hall of the Annunciation
+in 1348, Archdeacon Stephen Scrope left a _Catholicon_ in 1418.[410]
+King’s Hall, later absorbed in Trinity College, some sixty years after
+its foundation, possessed a library of eighty-seven volumes (1394).
+Gifts of books were made to Corpus Christi College soon after its
+foundation in 1352, but a library is not referred to in the old
+statutes. Thomas de Eltisle, the first Master, gave several books, among
+them a very fine missal, “most excellently annotated throughout all the
+offices, and bound with a cover of white deer leather, and with red
+clasps.” At this time (1376) we find an inventory showing that the
+contents of the library were chiefly theological and law books.
+
+The intention of King Henry VI was to make the library of King’s College
+and that of Eton very good. In his great plan for the former, which was
+never carried out, Henry proposed to have in the west side of the court,
+“atte the ende toward the chirch,” “a librarie, conteynyng in
+lengthe .cx. fete, and in brede .xxiiij. fete, and under hit a large hous
+for redyng and disputacions, conteynyng in lengthe .xl. fete, and .ij.
+chambres under the same librarie, euery conteynyng .xxix. fete in lengthe
+and in brede .xxiiij. fete.”[411] But an apartment was set aside for
+books, and, as a charge was incurred for strewing it with rushes in
+expectation of a visit from the king, it was evidently a repository
+worth seeing.[412] Early in 1445 the king sent Richard Chester, sometime
+his envoy at the Papal court, to France and other countries, and to
+certain parts of England, in search of books and relics for his
+foundations. Within two years, however, a joint petition came from Eton
+and King’s College, stating that neither of these colleges “nowe late
+fownded and newe growyng” “were sufficiently supplied with books for
+divine service and for their libraries and studies, or with vestments
+and ornaments, ‘whiche thinges may not be had withoute great and
+diligente labour be longe processe and right besy inquisicion.’ They
+therefore begged that the king would order Chester to ‘take to hym suche
+men as shall be seen to hym expedient and profitable, and in especiall
+John Pye,’ the King’s ‘stacioner of London, and other suche as ben
+connyng and have undirstonding in such matiers,’ charging them all ‘to
+laboure effectually, inquere and diligently inserche in all place that
+ben under’ the King’s ‘obeysaunce, to gete knowleche where suche bokes,
+onourmentes, and other necessaries for’ the ‘saide colleges may be
+founden to selle.’ They were anxious that Richard Chester should have
+authority ‘to bye, take, and receive alle suche goodes afore eny other
+man ... satisfying to the owners of suche godes suche pris as thei may
+resonably accorde and agree. Soo that he may have the ferste choise of
+alle suche goodes afore eny other man, and in especiall of all maner
+bokes, ornementes, and other necessaries as nowe late were perteyning to
+the Duke of Gloucestre.’”[413] At King’s College many charges were
+incurred for books a year later, in 1448. By 1452 this foundation had
+174 or 175 books, on philosophy, theology, medicine, astrology,
+mathematics, canon law, grammar, and in classical literature.[414] The
+only volume now remaining of this collection once belonged to Duke
+Humfrey, and as the list contains a fair number of classical
+books--Aristotle, _Liber policie Platonis_, _Tullius in noua rethorica_,
+Seneca, Sallust, Ovid, Julius Cæsar, Plutarch--besides a book of Poggio
+Bracciolini, it seems likely that King’s College, and perhaps Eton,
+received some of the books promised by the Duke to Oxford University and
+begged for repeatedly and in vain by that University, after his
+death.[415]
+
+Likewise at Eton--which may be referred to appropriately here--the king
+desired to have a good library. “Item the Est pane in lengthe within the
+walles .ccxxx. fete in the myddel whereof directly agayns the entre of
+the cloistre a librarie conteynyng in lengthe .lij. fete and in
+brede .xxiiij. fete with .iij. chambres aboue on the oon side and .iiij. on
+the other side and benethe .ix. chambres euery of them in lengthe .xxvj.
+fete and in brede .xviij. fete with .v. utter toures and .v. ynner
+toures.”[416]
+
+A library room is referred to in 1445 or 1446; then “floryshid” glass
+was bought for the windows of it.[417] In 1484-85 it is again mentioned
+in connexion with repairs. A year later a lock and twelve keys for the
+library were paid for.[418] Then in 1517, we are told, “the fyrst stone
+was layd yn the fundacyon off the weste parte off the College, whereon
+ys bylded Mr. Provost’s logyn, the Gate, and the Lyberary.”[419] It
+would seem that these several references are to the vestry of the
+Chapel, in which the books were first kept, and then to the Election
+Hall, to which they were subsequently removed.[420] Henry VI seems to
+have given £200 “for to purvey them books to the pleasure of God.”[421]
+
+St. Catharine’s Hall, founded in 1473-75, in a few years enjoyed the
+use of 104 volumes, of which 85 were given by the founder, Dr. Robert
+Wodelarke. At Queens’ College a library was included in the first
+buildings; and some twenty-five years after the foundation in 1448, no
+fewer than 224 volumes were on the desks.[422]
+
+As at Oxford, these collections were augmented by the gifts of generous
+friends and loyal scholars. Peterhouse had many friends. Thomas Lisle,
+Bishop of Ely, gave a large Bible (1300).[423] In 1418 a welcome gift
+came from a former Master, John de Newton, who had reserved some
+theological books, Seneca, Valerius Maximus, and other books for his old
+house. At this time Peterhouse had 380 volumes: at Oxford the University
+library was no larger, although it was possibly richer, and in numbers
+only the library of New College can have beaten it. Sir Thomas Beaufort,
+Duke of Exeter, bequeathed a volume of sermons in 1427.[424] Later Dr.
+Thomas Lane gave some good books (1450). Then Dr. Roger Marshall
+presented a large number of volumes, some of which were to be placed _in
+libraria secretiori_, and in chains, if the Master and Fellows thought
+fit, while the remainder were to be chained _in apertiori libraria_,
+where they could not be borrowed, but were easily accessible (1472):
+this benefactor evidently fully appreciated Peterhouse’s division of its
+library into reference and lending sections. Less than a decade later
+Dr. John Warkworth, the Master, presented fifty-five manuscripts, among
+which was his own _Chronicle_. “Among the gifts made to the library in
+the fifteenth century are one or two which raise curious questions. One
+book comes from Bury and has the Bury mark. Another belonged to the
+canons of Hereford; another to Worcester; another to Durham (it is still
+identifiable in the Durham catalogue of 1391); and there are other
+instances of the kind. Such a phenomenon makes one very anxious to know
+how freely and under what conditions collegiate and monastic bodies were
+in the habit of parting with their books during the time before the
+Dissolution. Was there not very probably an extensive system of sale of
+duplicates? I prefer this notion,” writes Dr. James, “to the idea that
+they got rid of their books indiscriminately, because the study of
+monastic catalogues shows quite plainly that the number of duplicates in
+any considerable library was very large. On the other hand, it is clear
+that books often got out of the old libraries into the hands of quite
+unauthorised persons: so that there was probably both fair and foul play
+in this matter.”[425] To Pembroke College came gifts from successive
+Masters and from friends between the date of foundation and the year
+1484, when the College had received 158 volumes in this way.[426] One of
+the donors was Rotherham, the great friend of the public library. During
+the same period a number of books were also purchased. Corpus Christi
+received a like series of donations. The third Master, John Kynne, gave
+a Bible, which he had “bought at Northampton at the time (1380) when the
+Parliament was there, for the purpose of reading therefrom in the Hall
+at the time of dinner.” The fifth and sixth Masters, Drs. Billingford
+and Tytleshale, were benefactors to the library; and during the latter’s
+mastership one of the fellows, Thomas Markaunt the antiquary, bequeathed
+seventy-six volumes, then valued at over £100 (1439).[427] Later Dr.
+Cosyn presented books; and Dr. Nobys, the twelfth Master, left a large
+number of volumes, which were chained in the library.
+
+A vicar of St. Mary’s, Nottingham, named John Hurte, gave books to
+several colleges--to Clare Hall seven books, including Guido delle
+Colonne’s Troy book, Ptolemy _in Quadripartito_; to the College of God’s
+House, afterwards absorbed in Christ’s College, Egidius and a
+_Doctrinale_; to King’s College Isaac _de Urinis_; to the University
+Library three books; as well as an astronomical work to Gotham Chest
+(1476).[428]
+
+At Peterhouse in 1414 special provision was being made for the books in
+a long room on the first floor. The workman employed on the job was to
+receive, in addition to his wages, a gown if the College were pleased
+with his work. By 1431 a new library was necessary, and a contract was
+entered into for building it. Sixteen years later the work had so
+progressed that desks were being made. In 1450 the old desks were broken
+up, and locks and keys were bought for sixteen new cases. This library
+was on the west side of the quadrangle. A library for Clare Hall was
+built between 1420 and 1430. A little before this a new library was
+begun for King’s Hall, probably to replace a smaller room. For the books
+of Pembroke College a storey was added to the Hall about 1452. The early
+collection of Gonville Hall was kept in a strong-room; then in 1441 a
+special room was included in the buildings on the west side of the
+quadrangle. At Trinity Hall the books were stored in a room over the
+passage from one court to the other and at the east end of the chapel,
+and here they remained until after the Reformation. The early library
+room of Corpus Christi was in the Old Court, on the first floor next to
+the Master’s lodge. In Queens’, St. Catharine’s, Jesus, Christ’s, St.
+John’s and Magdalene a library formed a part of the original
+quadrangle.[429]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: THEIR ECONOMY
+
+
+Here it will be convenient to give some account of the regulations for
+the use of books in colleges, both at Oxford and Cambridge. The
+University libraries were for reference: the College libraries were for
+both reference and lending use, and the regulations are therefore
+different in essentials. By the statutes of University College (1292)
+one book of every kind that the college had was to be put in some common
+and safe place, so that the Fellows, and others with the consent of the
+Fellows, might have the use of it. Sometimes, especially in the colleges
+of early foundation, this common collection was kept in chests; usually
+the books were securely chained to desks. The common books were chained
+at New College (statutes, 1400) and at Lincoln College (1429). At
+Peterhouse, soon after 1418, some 220 volumes were preserved for
+reference, and 160 were distributed among the Fellows.[430] At All Souls
+College a number of books selected by the warden, vice-wardens, and
+deans, were chained, together with the books given on the express
+condition that they should be chained (statutes, 1443). This collection,
+then, was the college reference library; corresponding with the common
+aumbry of the monastery, but also indicative of the principle of all
+library organisation that, while it is desirable to lend books, it is
+also necessary to keep a number of them all together in one fixed place
+for reference.
+
+The _libri distribuendi_, or books for lending, were the special feature
+of the college library. At Merton the books were distributed by the
+warden and sub-warden under an adequate pledge (1276). Once a year,
+after the books had been inspected, each Fellow of Oriel could select a
+book on the subject he was reading up, and could keep it, if he chose,
+until the next distribution a year later, while if there were more books
+than Fellows, those over could be selected in the same way (statutes,
+1329). At Peterhouse, the Senior Dean distributed the books to scholars
+in the manner he saw fit; later it was ruled that all the books not
+chained might be circulated once every two years on a day to be fixed by
+the Master and Senior Dean (statutes, 1344, 1480). At New College
+students in civil and canon law could have two books for their special
+use during the time they devoted themselves to those faculties, if they
+did not own the books themselves. If books remained over, after this
+distribution, they were to be distributed annually in the usual way
+(statutes, 1400). Similarly the books were circulated at All Souls
+(statutes, 1443), at Magdalen (1459), at Exeter[431] and at Queen’s. At
+Lincoln College bachelors could only have logical and philosophical
+books distributed to them, and not theology (statutes, 1429).
+
+The procedure was the same as at the annual claustral distribution.
+Although these regulations suggest restrictions and little else, the
+students were as a rule fairly well provided with books. Even if they
+did not own a single volume of their own, they had the use of the
+public library of the University, and of the college common library. It
+is true the distribution or _electio librorum_ took place only once or
+twice a year, and then a student got only a few volumes. Yet we should
+not assume that he was obliged to confine his attention to this small
+dole alone, for it is but reasonable to suppose he could exchange his
+books with those selected by another student. The _electio librorum_ was
+a method of securing the safety of the books by distributing the
+responsibility for making good losses equally over the whole community.
+In the case of University College an Opponent in theology, a teacher of
+the Sentences, and a Regent who also taught, had the right to borrow
+freely any book he wanted if he would restore it, when he had done with
+it, to the Fellow who had chosen it at the distribution (statutes,
+1292).
+
+A register of loans was carefully maintained. The Fellows of All Souls
+were required to have a small indenture drawn up for each book borrowed,
+and such indenture was to be left with the warden or the vice-warden
+(statutes, 1443). At Pembroke College, Cambridge, the librarian or
+keeper was to prepare large tablets covered with wax and parchment: on
+the latter were to be written the titles of books, on the former the
+names of the borrowers; when each book was returned, the borrower’s name
+was pressed out. This was a monastic practice. Such records, even if
+trifling, were in turn the subject of an indenture if they were
+transferred from one person to another.[432]
+
+The rules drawn up to prevent loss were as stringent for college as for
+monastic libraries. No Fellow of University College could take away,
+sell, or pawn books belonging to his house without the consent of all
+the fellows (statutes, 1292). At Peterhouse scholars were bound by oath
+to similar effect (statutes, 1344). A statute of Magdalen is most
+insistent--a book could not be alienated, under any excuse whatever, nor
+lent outside the college, nor could it be lent in quires for copying to
+a member of the College or a stranger, either in the Hall or out of it,
+nor could it be taken out of the town, or even out of the Hall, either
+whole or in sheets, by the Master or any one else, but to the schools it
+could be taken when necessary and on condition that it was brought back
+to the college before nightfall (1459). A like injunction was given at
+Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Brasenose College.
+
+Lending outside a college was unusual, but was sometimes allowed, as in
+monasteries, under indenture, and upon deposit of a pledge of greater
+value than the book lent, and with the general consent of Fellows
+(University College statutes, 1292; All Souls statutes, 1443). Every
+book belonging to University College had a high value set upon it, so
+that a borrower should not be careless in his use of it (statutes,
+1292); and at Peterhouse the Master and two Deans were expected to set a
+value upon the books (special statute, 1480). Punishment for default was
+severe. Any Fellow of Oriel neglecting or refusing to restore his books,
+or to pay the value set upon them, forfeited his right of selecting for
+another year, and if he failed to make good the loss before the
+following Christmas, he was no longer a Fellow--_eo facto non socius
+ibidem existat_ (1441). If a Fellow of Peterhouse did not produce his
+book at the fresh selection, or appoint a deputy to bring it, he was
+liable to be put out of commons until he restored it (statute, 1480).
+
+Equal care was taken of the books which were not circulated. At Merton
+they were to be kept under three locks (1276). The deeds, books,
+muniments, and money of Stapeldon Hall or Exeter College were kept in a
+chest, of which one key was in the hands of the Rector, another of the
+Senior Scholar, and a third of the Chaplain (statutes, 1316). Three
+different locks, two large and one small, were used to secure the
+library door of New College: the Senior Dean and the Senior Bursar had
+the keys of the large locks, and each Fellow had a key of the small
+lock; all three locks were to be secured at night (statutes, 1400). An
+indenture was drawn up of all the books, charters, and muniments of
+Peterhouse in the presence of the greater number of the scholars: all
+the books were named and classified according to faculty. One part of
+the indenture was retained by the Master, the other part by the Deans.
+All these books and records were preserved in chests, each of which had
+two keys, one in the care of the Master, the other in the hands of the
+Senior Dean (statutes, 1344). Books being regarded as an inestimable
+treasure, which ought to be most religiously guarded, they could not be
+taken from Peterhouse, if chained up, except with the consent of the
+Master and all the Fellows in residence, who must be a majority of the
+whole Society; and books given on condition of being chained were not to
+be removed under any pretext, excepting only for repair. Even _libri
+distribuendi_ were not to be without the college at night, except by
+permission of the Master or a Dean, and then they could not be retained
+for six months in succession (statute, 1480).
+
+To detect missing books stock was taken, usually once a year: again, as
+in the monasteries. Once a year on a fixed day the books of Oriel were
+to be brought out and displayed for inspection before the Provost or his
+deputy and all the Fellows (statutes, 1329). The same ceremony took
+place at Trinity Hall twice a year; the books were to be laid out one by
+one, so that they could be seen by everybody (statutes, 1350); at
+Peterhouse the inspection was held only once in two years (statute,
+1480). At All Souls an inspection was held (statutes, 1443); at the
+Pembroke College inspection each book was exhibited in order to the
+Masters and Fellows. At Magdalen, as elsewhere, the inspection was
+thorough: the books were to be shown _realiter, visibiliter, et
+distincte_.
+
+The above rules embody the common practice of the colleges. Certain
+houses had unusual provisions. Every Fellow of Magdalen College was to
+close the book he had been reading before he left, and also shut the
+windows (statutes, 1459). With the beginning of the sixteenth century
+comes a faint hint of discrimination in selecting books. No book was to
+be brought into the library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, or
+chained there, if it were not of sufficient worth and importance (_nisi
+sit competentis pretii aut utilitas_) (unless it had been given with
+specific direction that it should be chained), but it was to go among
+the books for lending (statutes, 1517).[433]
+
+In certain of the colleges a book was read aloud during meals. It is
+noted that in 1284 the scholars of Merton were so noisy that the person
+appointed to read from Gregory’s _Moralia_ could not be properly
+heard.[434] Reading aloud was also enjoined at University Hall,
+Oxford.[435] This was, of course, a monastic practice.
+
+This brief description of the practice of the colleges in regard to
+books may be concluded fittingly with an account of the rules which
+Richard de Bury proposed to apply for the safety of his library when
+reposed within the walls of Durham Hall. These provisions are specially
+interesting as an example of the care with which a fussy bookworm
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXIX_
+
+LIBRARY OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD: EXTERIOR FROM MASTER’S
+GARDEN]
+
+attempted to safeguard his treasures, and because they permit free
+lending of books outside the Hall. Five of the scholars sojourning in
+the Hall were to be appointed by the Master to have charge of the books,
+“of which five persons three and not fewer” might lend any book or books
+for inspection and study. No book was to be allowed outside the walls of
+the house for copying. “Therefore, when any scholar, secular or
+religious, whom for this purpose we regard with equal favour, shall seek
+to borrow any book, let the keepers diligently consider if they have a
+duplicate of the said book, and if so, let them lend him the book,
+taking such pledge as in their judgment exceeds the value of the book
+delivered, and let a record be made forthwith of the pledge, and of the
+book lent, containing the names of the persons delivering the book and
+of the person who receives it, together with the day and year when the
+loan is made.” But if the book was not in duplicate, the keepers were
+forbidden to lend it to anybody not belonging to the Hall, “unless
+perhaps for inspection within the walls of the aforesaid house or Hall,
+but not to be carried beyond it.”
+
+A book could be lent to any of the scholars in the Hall by three of the
+keepers, on condition that the borrower’s name and the date on which he
+received the book were recorded. This book could not be transferred to
+another scholar except by permission of three keepers, and then the
+record must be altered.
+
+“Each keeper shall take an oath to observe all these regulations when
+they enter upon the charge of the books. And the recipients of any book
+or books shall thereupon swear that they will not use the book or books
+for any other purpose but that of inspection or study, and that they
+will not take or permit to be taken it or them beyond the town and
+suburbs of Oxford.
+
+“Moreover, every year the aforesaid keepers shall render an account to
+the Master of the House and two of his scholars whom he shall associate
+with himself, or if he shall not be at leisure, he shall appoint three
+inspectors, other than the keepers, who shall peruse the catalogue of
+books, and see that they have them all, either in the volumes themselves
+or at least as represented by deposits. And the more fitting season for
+rendering this account we believe to be from the first of July until the
+festival of the Translation of the Glorious Martyr S. Thomas next
+following.
+
+“We add this further provision, that anyone to whom a book has been
+lent, shall once a year exhibit it to the keepers, and shall, if he
+wishes it, see his pledge. Moreover, if it chances that a book is lost
+by death, theft, fraud, or carelessness, he who has lost it or his
+representative or executor shall pay the value of the book and receive
+back his deposit. But if in any wise any profit shall accrue to the
+keepers, it shall not be applied to any purpose but the repair and
+maintenance of the books.”[436]
+
+It will be seen that had De Bury’s aim been consummated, a small public
+lending library would have been founded in Oxford, from which at first
+only a few duplicates would be issued, but which might, in time, have
+become an important institution.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE USE OF BOOKS TOWARDS THE END OF THE MANUSCRIPT PERIOD
+
+
+§ I
+
+The cheapening of books has brought many pleasures, but has been the
+cause of our losing--or almost losing--one pleasant social custom,--the
+pastime of reciting tales by the fireside or at festivities, which was
+popular until the end of the manuscript age.
+
+    “Men lykyn jestis for to here
+     And romans rede in divers manere.”
+
+At their games and feasts and over their ale men were wont to hear tales
+and verses.[437] The tale-tellers were usually professional wayfaring
+entertainers: “japers and ‘mynstralles’ that sell ‘glee,’” as the scald
+sang his lays before King Hygelac and roused Beowulf to slay Grendel--
+
+    “Gestiours, that tellen tales
+     Bothe of weping and of game.”[438]
+
+Call hither, cries Sir Thopas, minstrels and gestours, “for to tellen
+tales”--
+
+    “Of romances that been royales,
+     Of popes and of cardinals,
+        And eek of love-lykinge.” (ll. 2035-40).
+
+Rhymers and poets had these entertainments in mind when they wrote--
+
+    “And red wher-so thou be, or elles songe,
+     That thou be understonde I god beseche,”
+
+cries Chaucer.[439] Note also the preliminary request for silence and
+attention at the beginning of _Sir Thopas_--
+
+    “Listeth, lordes, in good entent,
+     And I wol telle verrayment
+       Of mirthe and of solas [solace];
+     Al of a knyght was fair and gent [gallant]
+     In bataille and in tourneyment,
+       His name was Sir Thopas.”
+
+At the beginning of his metrical chronicle of England Robert Mannyng of
+Brunne begs the “Lordynges that be now here” to listen to the story of
+England, as he had found it and Englished it for the solace of those
+“lewed” men who knew not Latin or French.[440]
+
+References to these minstrels are common--
+
+    “I warne you furst at the beginninge,
+     That I will make no vain carpinge [talk]
+     Of dedes of armys ne of amours,
+     As dus mynstrelles and jestours,
+     That makys carpinge in many a place
+     Of _Octoviane_ and _Isembrase_,
+     And of many other jestes,
+     And namely, whan they come to festes;
+     Ne of the life of _Bevys of Hampton_,
+     That was a knight of gret renoun,
+     Ne of _Sir Gye of Warwyke_.”[441]
+
+The monks of Hyde Abbey or New Minster paid an annuity to a harper
+(1180). No less a sum than seventy shillings was paid to minstrels hired
+to sing and play the harp at the feast of the installation of an abbot
+of St. Augustine’s, Canterbury (1309). When the bishop of Winchester
+visited the cathedral priory of St. Swithin or Old Minster, a minstrel
+was hired to sing the song of Colbrond the Danish giant--a legend
+connected with Winchester--and the tale of Queen Emma delivered from the
+ploughshares (1338). Payments to minstrels were commonly made by monks:
+at Bicester Priory, for example (1431), and at Maxstoke, where _mimi_,
+_joculatores_, _jocatores_, _lusores_, and _citharistae_ were hired. A
+curious provision occurs in the statutes of New College, Oxford (1380).
+The founder gives his permission to the scholars, for their recreation
+on festival days in the winter, to light a fire in the hall after dinner
+and supper, where they could amuse themselves with songs and other
+entertainments of decent sort, and could recite poems, chronicles of
+kingdoms, the wonders of the world, and such like compositions, provided
+they befitted the clerical character. At Winchester College--where
+minstrels were often employed--and Magdalen College the same practice
+was followed. Commonly minstrels formed a regular part of the household
+of rich men.[442]
+
+This part of the subject is so interesting that we feel tempted to
+linger over it, but it is sufficient for our purpose to observe that
+minstrelsy, before and after the Conquest--indeed, up to nearly the end
+of the manuscript period--was the chief and almost the only means of
+circulating literature among seculars. This fact should be borne in mind
+when any comparison is made between the number of religious and
+scholastic books in circulation and the number of books of lighter
+character. Even books of the scholastic class were read aloud to
+students in class, and often to small audiences of older people; but
+this method had obvious disadvantages, and the necessity of studying
+them personally soon came to be recognised as imperative. Hence such
+books, and especially those which summarised the subject of study, were
+greatly multiplied. On the other hand, romances were better heard than
+read, and only enough copies of them were made to supply wealthy
+households and the minstrels and jesters whose business it was to learn
+and recite them. Rarely, therefore, did the ordinary layman of medieval
+England own many books. The large class to whom romances appealed seldom
+owned books at all, simply because the people of this class, even if
+wealthy and of noble rank, could not in ninety cases out of one hundred
+read at all, or could read so poorly that the pastime was irksome. Among
+the educated classes, the books needed were those with which a reader
+had made acquaintance at his university, or which were necessary for his
+special study and occupation. Yet it is uncommon to find private
+libraries; and with few exceptions they were ridiculously small. The
+vast majority of the books were owned in common by monastic or
+collegiate societies.
+
+Let us bring together the meagre records of three centuries, and some
+exceptions to the general rule which serve only to show up the general
+poverty of the land. Henry II, an ardent sportsman, a ruler almost
+completely immersed in affairs of State, made time for private reading
+and for working out knotty questions,[443] and very probably he had a
+library to his hand. King John received from the sacristan of Reading a
+small collection of books of the Bible and severe theology, perhaps as a
+diplomatic gift, perhaps as a subtle reminder that a little food for the
+spirit would improve his morals and ameliorate the lot of his subjects.
+Edward II borrowed at least two books, the _Miracles of St. Thomas_ and
+the _Lives of St. Thomas and St. Anselm_, from Christ Church,
+Canterbury.[444] Great Earl Simon had a _Digestum vetus_ from the same
+source. Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick (_d._ 1315), had a little
+hoard of romances, and some other books. Hugh le Despenser the elder
+enjoyed a “librarie of bookes” (_c._ 1321), how big or of what character
+we do not know. Archbishop Meopham (_d._ 1333) gave some books to Christ
+Church, Canterbury; and his successor, John Stratford, presented a few
+to the same house. Lady Elizabeth de Clare, foundress of Clare Hall,
+bequeathed to her foundation a tiny collection of service books and
+volumes on canon law (1355). William de Feriby, Archdeacon of Cleveland,
+left a small theological library (1378). One John Percyhay of Swinton in
+Rydal (1392), Sir Robert de Roos (1392), John de Clifford, treasurer of
+York Church (1392), Canon Bragge of York (1396), and Eleanor Bohun,
+Duchess of Gloucester (1399), all left Bibles; and small collections of
+books, much alike in character, consisting usually of psalters, books of
+religious offices, legends of the saints, Peter of Blois, Nicholas
+Trivet, the Brut chronicle, books of Decretals, and the Corpus Juris
+Civilis,--most of it sorry stuff, the last achievements of dogmatism on
+threadbare subjects. “Among all the church dignitaries whose wills are
+recorded in Bishop Stafford’s register at Exeter (1395-1419), the
+largest library mentioned is only of fourteen volumes. The sixty
+testators include a dean, two archdeacons, twenty canons or
+prebendaries, thirteen rectors, six vicars, and eighteen layfolk, mostly
+rich people. The whole sixty apparently possessed only two Bibles
+between them, and only one hundred and thirty-eight books altogether:
+or, omitting church service-books, only sixty; _i.e._ exactly one each
+on an average. Thirteen of the beneficed clergy were altogether
+bookless, though several of them possessed the _baselard_ or dagger
+which church councils had forbidden in vain for centuries past; four
+more had only their breviary. Of the laity fifteen were bookless, while
+three had service books, one of these being a knight who simply
+bequeathed them as part of the furniture of his private chapel.”[445]
+
+A few exceptions there were, as we have said. Not till the fifteenth
+century do we find that a few books were commonly in the possession of
+well-to-do and cultivated people; suggesting an advance in culture upon
+the previous age. But before 1400 several book collectors were sharp
+aberrations from the general rule. Richard de Gravesend, Bishop of
+London, owned nearly a hundred books, almost all theological, and each
+worth on an average more than a sovereign a volume, or in all about
+£1740 of our money. A certain Abbot Thomas of St. Augustine’s Abbey,
+Canterbury, gave to his house over one hundred volumes.[446] To the same
+monastery a certain John of London, probably a pupil of Friar Bacon,
+left a specialist’s library of about eighty books, no fewer than
+forty-six being on mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.[447] Simon
+Langham, too, bequeathed to Westminister Abbey ninety-one works, some
+very costly.[448] John de Newton, treasurer of York, left a good
+library, part of which he bequeathed to York Minster and part to
+Peterhouse (1418). A canon of York, Thomas Greenwood, died worth more
+than thirty pounds in books alone (1421). And Henry Bowet, Archbishop of
+York, left a collection of thirty-three volumes, nearly all of great
+price,--copies _de luxe_, finely illuminated and embellished, worth on
+an average a pound a volume (1423).
+
+But Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham, is at once the bibliomaniac’s
+ideal and enigma (1287-1345). All accounts agree in saying he collected
+a large number of books.
+
+What became of them we do not know. In the _Philobiblon_, of which he is
+the reputed author, he expressed his intention of founding a hall at
+Oxford, and of leaving his books to it. Durham College, however, was not
+completed until thirty-six years after his death. Among the Durham
+College documents is a catalogue of the books it owned at the beginning
+of the fifteenth century, and only the books sent to Oxford in 1315, and
+as many more are mentioned, so that his large library did not go to the
+college, but was probably dispersed.[449] De Bury, like Cobham, was a
+heavy debtor, and as he lay dying his servants stole all his moveable
+goods and left him naked on his bed save for an undershirt which a
+lackey had thrown over him.[450] His executors, as we know, were glad to
+resell to St. Albans Abbey the books he had bought from the monks there.
+
+De Bury has left us an account of his methods of collecting which throws
+some light upon the trade in books in his time. “Although from our youth
+upwards we had always delighted in holding social commune with learned
+men and lovers of books, yet when we prospered in the world, ... we
+obtained ampler facilities for visiting everywhere as we would, and of
+hunting as it were certain most choice preserves, libraries private as
+well as public, and of the regular as well as of the secular clergy....
+There was afforded to us, in consideration of the royal favour, easy
+access for the purpose of freely searching the retreats of books. In
+fact, the fame of our love of them had been soon winged abroad
+everywhere, and we were reported to burn with such desire for books, and
+especially old ones, that it was more easy for any man to gain our
+favour by means of books than of money. Wherefore, since supported by
+the goodness of the aforesaid prince of worthy memory, we were able to
+requite a man well or ill ... there flowed in, instead of presents and
+guerdons, and instead of gifts and jewels, soiled tracts and battered
+codices, gladsome alike to our eye and heart. Then the aumbries of the
+most famous monasteries were thrown open, cases were unlocked and
+caskets were undone, and volumes that had slumbered through long ages in
+their tombs wake up and are astonished, and those that had lain hidden
+in dark places are bathed in the ray of unwonted light. These long
+lifeless books, once most dainty, but now become corrupt and loathesome,
+covered with litters of mice and pierced with the gnawings of the worms,
+and who were once clothed in purple and fine linen, now lying in
+sackcloth and ashes, given up to oblivion, seemed to have become
+habitations of the moth.... Thus the sacred vessels of learning came
+into our control and stewardship; some by gift, others by purchase, and
+some lent to us for a season.”[451]
+
+If his words are true, monastic and other libraries must have been
+seriously despoiled to build up his own collection. He was bribed by St.
+Albans Abbey, and nobody need disbelieve him when he says he got many
+presents from other houses, for the merit of being open-handed was
+rewarded with more good mediation and favours than the giver’s cause
+deserved; indeed, De Bury himself seems to have made judicious use of
+bribes for his own advancement.[452] Usually gifts were in jewels or
+plate, but books were given to men known to love them; as when
+Whethamstede presented Humfrey of Gloucester and the Duke of Bedford
+with books they coveted.
+
+While acting as emissary for his “illustrious prince,” de Bury hunts his
+quarry in the narrow ways of Paris, and captures “inestimable books” by
+freely opening his purse, the coins of which are, to his mind, “mud and
+sand” compared with the treasures he gets. He blesses the friars and
+protects them, and they rout out books from the “universities and high
+schools of various provinces”; but how, whether rightfully or
+wrongfully, we do not know. He “does not disdain,” he tells us--in
+truth, he is surely overjoyed--to visit “their libraries and any other
+repositories of books”; nay, there he finds heaped up amid the utmost
+poverty the utmost riches of wisdom. He freely employs the booksellers,
+but the wiles of the collector are as notorious as the wiles of women,
+and his chief aim is to “captivate the affection of all” who can get him
+books;--not even forgetting “the rectors of schools and the instructors
+of rude boys,” although we cannot think he gets much from them. If he
+cannot buy books, he has copies made: about his person are scribes and
+correctors, illuminators and binders, and generally all who can usefully
+labour in the service of books; in large numbers--in no small multitude.
+And by these means he gets together more books than all the other
+English bishops put together: more than five waggon loads; a veritable
+hoard, overflowing into the hall of his house, and into his bedroom,
+where he steps over them to get to his couch. He was a man “of small
+learning,” says Murimuth; “passably literate,” writes Chambre; at the
+best, according to Petrarch, “of ardent temperament, not ignorant of
+literature, with a natural curiosity for out-of-the-way lore”: an
+antiquarian, not of the lovable kind, but unscrupulous, pedantic, and
+vain, indulging an inordinate taste for collecting and hoarding books,
+perhaps to satisfy a craving for shreds and patches of knowledge, but
+more likely to earn a reputation as a great clerk.[453] For De Bury was
+something of a humbug; the _Philobiblon_, if it is his work, reaches the
+utmost limit of affectation in the love of books.
+
+
+§ II
+
+The literature of the later part of the fourteenth century affords us
+glimpses of other readers who were not merely collectors. The author--or
+authors--of _Piers Plowman_ seems to have had within his reach a fair
+library. His reading was carelessly done for the most part, his
+references are vague and incorrect, and his quotations not always exact.
+But he was well read in the Scriptures, which he knew far better than
+any other book. From the Fathers he gathered much, perhaps by means of
+collections of extracts from their works. He used the _Golden Legend_,
+Huon de Meri’s allegorical poem of the fight between Jesus and the
+Antichrist, Peter Comestor’s _Bible History_, Rustebeuf’s _La Voie de
+Paradis_, Grosseteste’s religious allegory of _Le Chastel d’Amour_, the
+paraded learning of Vincent of Beauvais in _Speculum Historiale_, and
+other works--numerous and small signs of booklore, which are completely
+overshadowed by his illuminating comprehension of the popular side in
+the politics of his day. Gower, too, had at his disposal a little
+library of some account, including the Scriptures, theological writings
+and ecclesiastical histories, Aristotle, some of the classics, and a
+good deal of romance in prose and verse.
+
+But Chaucer was the ideal book-lover: knowing Dante, Boccaccio, and in
+some degree “Franceys Petrark, the laureat poete,” who “enlumined al
+Itaille of poetry,” Virgil, Cicero, Seneca, Ovid--his favourite
+author--and Boëthius; as well as Guido delle Colonne’s prose epic of
+the story of Troy, the poems of Guillaume de Machaut, the _Roman de la
+Rose_, and a work on the astrolabe by Messahala.[454] We have some
+excellent pictures of Chaucer’s habit of reading. When his day’s work is
+done he goes home and buries himself with his books--
+
+        “Domb as any stoon,
+    Thou sittest at another boke,
+    Til fully daswed is thy loke.”[455]
+
+In the _Parliament of Fowls_ he tells us that he read books often for
+instruction and pleasure, and the coming on of night alone would force
+him to put away his book. He would not have been a true reader had he
+not developed the habit of reading in bed.
+
+       “...Whan I saw I might not slepe,
+    Til now late, this other night,
+    Upon my bedde I sat upright
+    And bad oon reche me a book,
+    A romance, and he hit me took
+    To rede and dryve the night away;
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+        And in this boke were writen fables
+    That clerkes hadde, in olde tyme,
+    And other poets, put in ryme....”[456]
+
+So he found solace and delight, as countless thousands have done, in his
+Ovid. The world of books and of reading is apt to seem stuffy, the
+favoured home of the moody spirit, a lair to which a dirty and ragged
+Magliabechi retreats, a palace where a Beckford gloats solitary over his
+treasures--a world whence we often desire to escape, since we know we
+can return to it when we will. For if good books shelter us from the
+realities of life, life itself refreshes the student like cool rain
+upon the fevered brow. Chaucer was the bright spirit who let his books
+fill their proper place in his life. In books, he says--
+
+                “I me delyte,
+    And to hem give I feyth and ful credence,
+    And in myn heart have hem in reverence
+    So hertely that ther is game noon
+    That fro my bokes maketh me to goon.”
+
+Yet books are something much less than life: there is the open air,--the
+meadows bright with flowers,--the melody of birds,--
+
+       “...Whan that the month of May
+    Is comen, and that I hear the foules singe,
+    And that the flowers ’ginnen for to spring
+    Farwel my book....”[457]
+
+
+§ III
+
+By the end of the fourteenth century we find signs that books more often
+formed a part of well-to-do households, and that the formal reading and
+reciting entertainments were giving place gradually to the informal and
+personal use of books. Among many pieces of evidence that this was so,
+Chaucer himself furnishes us with two of the best, one in the _Wife of
+Bath’s Tale_, and the other in his _Troilus and Criseide_. The Wife took
+for her fifth husband, “God his soule blesse,” a clerk of Oxenford--
+
+    “He was, I trowe, a twenty winter old,
+     And I was fourty, if I shal seye sooth.”
+
+Joly Jankin, as the clerk was called,
+
+      “Hadde a book that gladly, night and day,
+    For his desport he wolde rede alway.
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXX_
+
+CARMELITE IN HIS STUDY]
+
+    He cleped [called] it Valerie and Theofraste,[458]
+    At whiche book he lough alwey ful faste.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    And every night and day was his custume,
+    When he had leyser and vacacioun
+    From other worldly occupacioun,
+    To reden on this book of wikked wyves.”[459]
+
+And having quickly taken measure of the Wife’s character, he could not
+refrain from reading to her stories which seemed to contain a lesson and
+to point a moral for her. She lost patience, and was “beten for a book,
+pardee.”
+
+    “Up-on a night Jankin, that was our syre,
+     Redde on his book, as he sat by the fyre.”
+
+And when his wife saw he would “never fyne” to read “this cursed book al
+night,” all suddenly she plucked three leaves out of it, “right as he
+radde,” and with her fist so took him on the cheek that he fell “bakward
+adoun” in the fire. Springing up like a mad lion he smote her on the
+head with his fist, and she lay upon the floor as she were dead.
+Whereupon he stood aghast, sorry for what he had done; and “with muchel
+care and wo” they made up their quarrel: our clerk, let us hope, winning
+peace, and his wife securing the mastery of their household affairs and
+the destruction of the “cursed book.”
+
+In _Troilus_ we are told that Uncle Pandarus comes into the paved
+parlour, where he finds his niece sitting with two other ladies--
+
+           “...And they three
+    Herden a mayden reden hem the geste
+    Of the Sege of Thebes....”
+
+“What are you reading?” cries Pandarus. “For Goddes love, what seith it?
+Tel it us. Is it of love?” Whereupon the niece returns him a saucy
+answer, and “with that they gonnen laughe,” and then she says--
+
+    “This romaunce is of Thebes, that we rede;
+     And we can herd how that King Laius deyde
+     Thurgh Edippus his sone, and al that dede;
+     And here we stenten [left off] at these lettres rede,
+     How the bisshop, as the book can telle,
+     Amphiorax, fil through the ground to helle.”[460]
+
+This picture of a little informal reading circle is not to be found in
+like perfection elsewhere in English medieval literature.[461]
+
+
+§ IV
+
+By the middle of the fifteenth century book-collecting was a more
+fashionable pastime. Had it not been so we should have been surprised.
+From 1365 to 1450 was an age of library building. Oxford University now
+had its library: in quick succession the colleges of Merton, William of
+Wykeham, Exeter, University, Durham, Balliol, Peterhouse, Lincoln, All
+Souls, Magdalen, Queens’ (Cambridge), Pembroke (Cambridge), and St.
+John’s (Cambridge) followed the example. Library rooms also had been put
+up in the cathedrals of Hereford, Exeter, York, Lincoln, Wells,
+Salisbury, St. Paul’s, and Lichfield. Moreover, in London had been
+established the first public library. Dick Whittington, of famous
+memory, and William Bury founded it between 1421 and 1426. The civic
+records tell us that “Upon the petition of John Coventry, John
+Carpenter, and William Grove, the executors of Richard Whittington and
+William Bury, the Custody of the New House, or Library, which they had
+built, with the Chamber under, was placed at their disposal by the Lord
+Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty.”[462] The foundation is described as “a
+certen house next unto the sam Chapel apperteynyng, called the library,
+all waies res’ved for students to resorte unto, w^{t} three chambres
+under nithe the saide library, which library being covered w^{t} slate
+is valued together w^{t} the chambres at xiijs. iiijd. yerely.... The
+saied library is a house appointed by the saied Maior and cominaltie for
+... resorte of all students for their education in Divine
+Scriptures.”[463] Stow, writing in 1598, spoke of it as “sometime a
+fayre and large library, furnished with books.... The armes of
+Whitington are placed on the one side in the stone worke, and two
+letters, to wit, W. and B., for William Bury, on the other side.”
+Wealthy citizens came forward with pecuniary aid then as they have ever
+done. William Chichele, sometime Sheriff, bequeathed “x^{li} to be
+bestowyed on books notable to be layde in the newe librarye at the
+gildehall at London for to be memoriall for John Hadle, sumtyme meyre,
+and for me there while they mowe laste.”[464] This was in 1425. Eighteen
+years later one of Whittington’s executors, named John Carpenter, made
+this direction in his will: “If any good or rare books shall be found
+amongst the said residue of my goods, which, by the discretion of the
+aforesaid Master William Lichfield and Reginald Pecock, may seem
+necessary to the common library at Guildhall, for the profit of the
+students there, and those discoursing to the common people, then I will
+and bequeath that those books be placed by my executors and chained in
+that library that the visitors and students thereof may be the sooner
+admonished to pray for my soul” (1442).[465] But this library, like so
+many others, did not survive the disastrous years of mid-sixteenth
+century.
+
+It would be singular if this progress in library making were not
+reflected in the habits of a considerable section of the people. The
+court and its entourage set the fashion. Henry VI was a lover of books
+and a collector. His uncle, John, Duke of Bedford, although much
+occupied with public affairs and mercilessly warring with France, got
+together a rich library, particularly noteworthy for finely illuminated
+books: the famous library of the Louvre was a part of his French booty.
+Of his brother Gloucester we have already spoken. Archbishop Kempe owned
+a library of theology, canon and civil law, and other books, worth more
+than £260. He also gave money towards the cost of Gloucester’s library
+at Oxford; as did also Cardinal Beaufort and the Duchess of Gloucester.
+Sir John Fastolf possessed a small number of books at Caistor (_c._
+1450). The collection was of some distinction, as the inventory will
+show: “In the Stewe hous; of Frenche books, the Bible, the Cronycles of
+France, the Cronicles of Titus Levius, a booke of Jullius Cesar, lez
+Propretez dez Choses [by Barth Glanville], Petrus de Crescentiis, liber
+Almagesti, liber Geomancie cum iiij aliis Astronomie, liber de Roy
+Artour, Romaunce la Rose, Cronicles d’Angleterre, Veges de larte
+Chevalerie, Instituts of Justien Emperer, Brute in ryme, liber Etiques,
+liber de Sentence Joseph, Problemate Aristotelis, Vice and Vertues,
+liber de Cronykes de Grant Bretagne in ryme, Meditacions Saynt
+Bernard.”[466] Perhaps this little hoard may be taken as a fair example
+of a wealthy gentleman’s library in the fifteenth century. A collection
+perhaps accurately representing the average prelatical library was that
+of Richard Browne, running to more than thirty books of the common
+medieval character (1452). A canon residentiary of York named William
+Duffield had a library of forty volumes, as fine as Archbishop Bowet’s
+collection, and valued at a higher figure (1452). Ralph Dreff, of
+Broadgates Hall, possessed no fewer than twenty-three volumes, a larger
+collection than Oxford students usually had. A vicar of Cookfield owned
+twenty-four books, some of them priced cheaply (1451).
+
+Some collections were pathetically small. A disreputable student of
+Oxford, John Brette, had among his “bits of things” a book and a
+pamphlet. Thomas Cooper, scholar of Brasenose Hall, enjoyed the use of
+six volumes. Another scholar, John Lassehowe, had a like number; and
+another, Simon Berynton, had fifteen books, worth sixpence (_c._ 1448)!
+A rector also had six, one of them Greek; a chaplain was equipped with
+six medical works; and James Hedyan, bachelor of canon and civil law,
+could employ his leisure in reading one of his little store of eight
+volumes. One Elizabeth Sywardby owned eight books, three being costly
+(1468).
+
+
+§ V
+
+More records of the same kind may be obtained from almost any collection
+of wills and inventories, the number of them increasing towards the end
+of the manuscript age. How far this change was due to the influence of
+Italy we do not fully know. Certainly before the end of Henry VI’s reign
+the first impulse of the Italian renascence--the impulse to gather up
+the materials of a more catholic and liberal knowledge--had been
+transmitted to England. Students left our shores to widen their studies
+in Italy. Public men in England corresponded with Italians, and fell
+into sympathy with their aims. Occasionally scholars came hither from
+Italy. Manuel Chrysoloras, one of the leading revivers of Greek studies
+in Italy, visited England in the service of Manuel Palaeologus, and
+possibly stayed at Christ Church monastery in 1408.[467] Poggio
+Bracciolini came to this country in 1418-23 at the invitation of
+Cardinal Beaufort: what he did while here we know far too little about,
+but this visit of Italy’s greatest book-collector and discoverer of
+Latin classical manuscripts cannot have been without some effect upon
+English students. For Poggio the visit was almost without result. He was
+in search of manuscripts, but apparently failed to get any with which he
+was unacquainted. He dismissed our libraries with the sharp criticism
+that they were full of trash, and described Englishmen as almost devoid
+of love for letters.[468] Æneas Sylvius also came here, and his visit
+likewise must have borne some fruit (1435).
+
+Much also was accomplished by correspondence. Among those in
+communication with Italians and acquainted with the course of their
+studies, were Bishop Bekington, one of the earliest _alumni_ of
+Wykeham’s foundation at Oxford, Adam de Molyneux, the correspondent of
+Æneas Sylvius, Thomas Chaundler, warden of New College, Archdeacon
+Bildstone, Archbishop Arundel, the benefactor of Oxford University
+Library and correspondent of Salutati, Cardinal Beaufort’s secretary,
+and Humfrey of Gloucester. Upon the last-named Italian influence was
+strong. Among the books he gave to Oxford were Petrarch, Dante, and
+Boccaccio, but probably the strongest evidence of this influence would
+be found in the books he retained for his own use. He sought a rendering
+of Aristotle’s _Politics_ from Bruni; of Cicero’s _Republic_ from
+Decembrio; of certain of Plutarch’s _Lives_ from Lapo da Castiglionchio;
+and had other works translated.[469]
+
+[Illustration: AUTOGRAPH OF DUKE HUMFREY OF GLOUCESTER.]
+
+But many English students were attracted to visit Italy for the express
+purpose of sitting under Italian teachers. As early as 1395, one Thomas
+of England, a brother of the Augustine order, went to Italy and
+purchased manuscripts, “books of the modern poets,” and translations and
+other early works of Leonardo Bruni.[470] Thomas was one of the first of
+a number of enlightened Englishmen who journeyed laboriously and in
+steady procession to Italy, this time not only to Rome, but to the
+northern towns, then, with Venice, “the common ports of humanity,”
+whither they were attracted by the fame of the bright galaxy of
+humanists--of Coluccio Salutati, collector of Latin manuscripts, Manuel
+Chrysoloras, Niccolo de’ Niccoli, grubbing Poggio Bracciolini, Pope
+Nicholas, sometime Cosimo de’ Medici’s librarian and the founder of the
+Vatican Library, Giovanni Aurispa, famous collector of Greek
+manuscripts in the East, the renowned Guarino da Verona, Palla degli
+Strozzi, would-be founder of a public library, Cosimo de’ Medici, whose
+princely collections are the chiefest treasures of the Laurentian
+Library, Francesco Filelfo, another importer of Greek books from
+Constantinople, and Vespasiano, the great bookseller.
+
+Sometimes these pilgrims to Italy were poor men, as were John Free, and
+the two Oxford men, Norton and Bulkeley, who went thither in
+1425-29.[471] But as a rule such a journey was only possible for wealthy
+men. An important pilgrim was Andrew Holes, who represented England at
+the Pope’s court in Florence.[472] In the eyes of Vespasiano, Holes was
+one of the most cultivated of Englishmen. He appears to have bought too
+many books to send by land, and so was obliged to wait for a ship to
+transport them. What became of these books?--did he collect for his own
+use?--or was he acting merely for Duke Humfrey or the king?--or did he
+leave them, as it is said, to his Church? Unfortunately these are
+questions which cannot be answered.
+
+Four other men, Tiptoft, Grey, Free, and Gunthorpe, all of Balliol
+College, where the influence of Duke Humfrey may fairly be suspected,
+journeyed to Italy. “Butcher” Tiptoft, an intimate of another
+enlightened community at Christ Church, visited Guarino, walked
+Florentine streets arm-in-arm with Vespasiano, thrilled Æneas Sylvius,
+then Pope, with a Latin oration, and returned to his own country with
+many books, some of which he intended to give to Oxford University--one
+of the best deeds of his unhappy and calamitous life.[473] While in
+Italy, William Grey, who sat under Guarino, and made Niccolò Perotti,
+well known as a grammarian, free of his princely establishment, was
+conspicuously industrious in accumulating books. If he could not obtain
+them in any other way he employed scribes to copy for him, and an artist
+of Florence to adorn them in a costly manner with miniatures and
+initials. In nearly six years he collected over two hundred volumes of
+manuscripts, some as old as the twelfth century; probably the finest
+library sent to England in that age. No fewer than 152 of his
+manuscripts are now in the Balliol College library, to which he gave his
+whole collection in 1478; unfortunately most of the miniatures are
+destroyed. To his patronage of learning and his book-collecting
+propensities Grey owed his friendship with Nicholas V, and his bishopric
+of Ely. Grey was also a good friend to Free or Phreas, a poor student,
+and aided him in Italy with money for his expenses of living and to
+obtain Greek manuscripts to translate.[474] Free and John Gunthorpe,
+Dean of Wells, went to Italy together: Free did not live to return, but
+Gunthorpe brought home manuscripts. He gave the bulk of them to Jesus
+College, where only one or two are left; some have found their way to
+other Cambridge Colleges.[475] Another Oxford scholar, Robert Flemming,
+was in Italy in 1450: here he became the friend of the great librarian
+of the Vatican, Platina; and got together a number of manuscripts,
+afterwards given to Lincoln College.
+
+
+§ VI
+
+The intercourse of all these scholars with Italians was carried on
+before mid-fifteenth century. Their chief interest was in Latin books,
+although a large number of Greek manuscripts had been brought to Italy
+by Angeli da Scarparia, Guarino, Giovanni Aurispa, and Filelfo. After
+the fall of Constantinople the Greek immigrants introduced books into
+Italy much more freely. George Hermonymus of Sparta, a Greek teacher and
+copyist of Greek manuscripts, visited England on a papal mission in
+1475, but whether he had any influence on our intellectual pursuits does
+not appear.[476] Certainly, however, English scholars soon appreciated
+this new literature.
+
+Letters sent to Pope Sixtus in 1484 by the king, refer to the skill of
+John Shirwood, bishop of Durham, in Latin and Greek.[477] Shirwood seems
+to have collected a respectable library. His Latin books were acquired
+by Bishop Foxe, and formed the nucleus of the library with which the
+latter endowed Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Some thirty volumes, a
+number of them printed, now remain at the College to bring him to mind:
+among them we find Pliny, Terence, Cicero, Livy, Suetonius, Plutarch,
+and Horace. Less fortunate has been the fate of his Greek books, which
+went to the collegiate church of Bishop Auckland. At the end of the
+fifteenth century this church owned about forty volumes. The only
+exceptions to its medieval character were Cicero’s _Letters_ and
+_Offices_, Silius Italicus, and Theodore Gaza’s Greek grammar.[478] But
+Leland tells us that Tunstall, who succeeded to the bishopric in 1530,
+found a store of Shirwood’s Greek manuscripts at this church. What
+became of them we do not know.[479]
+
+About this same time a certain Emmanuel of Constantinople seems to have
+been employed in England as a copyist. For Archbishop Neville he
+produced a Greek manuscript containing some _sermones judiciales_ of
+Demosthenes, and letters of Aeschines, Plato, and Chion (1468).[480] Dr.
+Montague James has shown that this manuscript of Emmanuel is by the same
+hand as the manuscripts known as the “Ferrar group,” which comprises “a
+Plato and Aristotle now at Durham, two psalters in Cambridge libraries,
+a psalter and part of a Suidas at Oxford, and the famous Leicester Codex
+of the Gospels.”[481] Dr. James believes the Plato and the Aristotle to
+have been transcribed for Neville by Emmanuel. In 1472 the archbishop’s
+household was broken up, and the “greete klerkys and famous doctors” of
+his entourage went to Cambridge. Among them, it is conjectured, was
+Emmanuel, and so it came to pass that three manuscripts in his writing
+have been at Cambridge; two psalters, as we have said, are there now,
+and in the beginning of the sixteenth century one of them, with the
+Leicester Codex, was certainly in the hands of the Grey Friars at
+Cambridge. This happy fruit of Dr. James’ research throws a welcome ray
+of light on the pursuit of Greek studies in the last quarter of the
+fifteenth century.[482]
+
+In view of all the hard things which have been said of the religious, it
+is significant to find them taking a leading part in bringing Greek
+studies to England. We cannot collate all the instances here, but a few
+may be brought together. Two Benedictines named William of Selling and
+William Hadley, some time warden of Canterbury College, Oxford, were in
+Italy studying and buying books for three years after 1464.[483] The
+former became distinguished for his aptitude in learning the ancient
+tongues, and consequently won the friendship of Angelo Poliziano. At
+least two other visits to Italy were made by him; the last being
+undertaken as an emissary of the king. On these occasions he got
+together as many Greek and Latin books as he could, and brought them--a
+large and precious store--to Canterbury.[484] For some reason the books
+were kept in the Prior’s lodging instead of in the monastic library, and
+here they perished through the carelessness of Layton’s myrmidons.[485]
+Among the books lost was possibly a copy of Cicero’s _Republic_. Only
+five manuscripts have been found which can be connected with Selling’s
+library: a fifteenth-century Greek Psalter, a copy of the Psalms in
+Hebrew and Latin, a Euripides, a Livy, and a magnificent Homer.[486]
+This Homer we have already referred to in an earlier chapter, when
+describing the work of Theodore of Tarsus. The signature Θεοδωρος has
+now been more plausibly explained. “The following note,” writes Dr.
+James, “which I found in Dr. Masters’s copy of Stanley’s _Catalogue_,
+preserved in [Corpus Christi] College Library, suggests another origin
+for this Homer. I have been unable to identify the document to which
+reference is made. It should obviously be a letter of an Italian
+humanist in the Harleian collection.... ‘Mem.: Humphrey Wanley,
+Librarian to the late Earl of Oxford, told Mr. Fran: Stanley, son of the
+author, a little before his death, that in looking over some papers in
+the papers in the Earl’s library, he found a Letter from a learned
+Italian to his Friend in England, wherein he told him there was then a
+very stately Homer just transcribed for Theodorus
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXXI_
+
+A SCRIBE (ST. MARK WRITING HIS GOSPEL)
+
+FROM THE BEDFORD HOURS]
+
+Gaza, of whose Illumination he gives him a very particular description,
+which answer’d so exactly in every part to that here set forth, that he
+[Wanley] was fully perswaded it was this very Book, and y^{t} the
+Θεοδωρος at the bottom of 1st page order’d to be placed there by Gaza as
+his own name, gave occasion to Abp. Parker to imagine it might have
+belonged to Theodore of Canterbury, which however Hody was of opinion
+could not be of that age.’ Th. Gaza,” continues Dr. James, “died in
+1478; the suggestion here made is quite compatible with the hypothesis
+that Sellinge was the means of conveying the Homer to England, and does
+supply a rather welcome interpretation of the Θεοδωρος inscription.”
+This reasonable hypothesis may be strengthened if we point out that Gaza
+was in Rome from 1464 to 1472, and Selling visited that city between
+1464 and 1467 and again in 1469. Selling may have got the manuscript
+from Gaza on one of these occasions.
+
+There is evidence of Greek studies at other monasteries,--at Westminster
+after 1465, when Millyng, an “able graecian,” became prior at Reading in
+1499 and 1500, and at Glastonbury during the time of Abbot Bere.[487]
+
+But Canterbury’s share was greatest. Selling seems to have taught Greek
+at Christ Church. In the monastic school there Thomas Linacre was
+instructed, and probably got the rudiments of Greek from Selling
+himself. Thence Linacre went to Oxford, where he pursued Greek under
+Cornelius Vitelli, an Italian visitor acting as prælector in New
+College.[488] In 1485-6 Linacre went with his old master to Italy--his
+_Sancta Mater Studiorum_--where Selling seems to have introduced him to
+Poliziano. Linacre perfected his Greek pursuits under Chalcondylas, and
+became acquainted with Aldo Manuzio the famous printer, and Hermolaus
+Barbarus. A little story is told of his meeting with Hermolaus. He was
+reading a copy of Plato’s _Phaedo_ in the Vatican Library when the great
+humanist came up to him and said “the youth had no claim, as he had
+himself, to the title Barbarus, if it were lawful to judge from his
+choice of a book”--an incident which led to a great friendship between
+the two. Grocyn and Latimer were with Linacre in Rome. The former was
+the first to carry on effectively the teaching of Greek begun at Oxford
+possibly by Vitelli; but he was nevertheless a conservative scholar,
+well read in the medieval schoolmen, as his library clearly proves. This
+library is of interest because one hundred and five of the one hundred
+and twenty-one books in it were printed. The manuscript age is well
+past, and the costliness of books, the chief obstacle to the
+dissemination of thought, was soon to give no cause for remark.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE BOOK TRADE
+
+
+Secular makers of books have plied their trade in Europe since classic
+times, but during the early age of monachism their numbers were very
+small and they must have come nigh extinction altogether. In and after
+the eleventh century they increased in numbers and importance; their
+ranks being recruited not only by seculars trained in the monastic
+schools, but by monks who for various reasons had been ejected from
+their order. These traders were divided into several classes:
+parchment-makers, scribes, rubrishers or illuminators, bookbinders, and
+stationers or booksellers. The stationer usually controlled the
+operations of the other craftsmen; he was the middleman. Scribes were
+either ordinary scriveners called _librarii_, or writers who drew up
+legal documents, known as _notarii_. But the _librarius_ and _notarius_
+often trenched upon each other’s work, and consequently a good deal of
+ill-feeling usually existed between them.
+
+Bookbinders, and booksellers or _stationarii_, probably first plied
+their trade most prosperously in England at Oxford and Cambridge. By
+about 1180 quite a number of such tradesmen were living in Oxford; a
+single document transferring property in Cat Street bears the names of
+three illuminators, a bookbinder, a scribe, and two parchmenters.[489]
+Half a century later a bookbinder is mentioned in a deed as a former
+owner of property in the parish of St. Peter’s in the East; another
+bookbinder is witness to the deed (_c._ 1232-40).[490] After this
+bookbinders and others of the craft are frequently mentioned. Towards
+the end of the thirteenth century Schydyerd Street and Cat Street, the
+centre of University life, were the homes of many people engaged in
+bookmaking and selling; the former street especially was frequented by
+parchment makers and sellers. In this street, too, “a tenement called
+Bokbynder’s is mentioned in a charter of 1363-4; and although
+bookbinding may not have been carried on there at that date, the fact of
+the name having been attached to the place seems sufficient to justify
+the assumption that a binder or guild of binders had formerly been
+established there. In Cat Street a Tenementum Bokbyndere, owned by Osney
+Abbey, was rented in 1402 by Henry the lymner, at a somewhat later date
+by Richard the parchment-seller, and in 1453 by All Souls’
+College.”[491]
+
+Stationers had transcripts made, bought, sold and hired out books and
+received them in pawn. They acted as agents when books and other goods
+were sold; in 1389, for example, a stationer received twenty pence for
+his services in buying two books, one costing £4 and the other five
+marks.[492] They attended the fair at St. Giles near Oxford to sell
+books. This was not their only interest, for they dealt in goods of many
+kinds. They were in fact general tradesmen: sellers, valuers, and
+agents; liable to be called upon to have a book copied, to buy or sell a
+book, to set a value upon a pledge, to make an inventory and valuation
+of a scholar’s goods and chattels after his death. Their office was such
+an important one for the well-being of the scholars that it was found
+convenient to extend to them the privileges and protection of the
+University, and in return to exact an oath of fairdealing from
+them.[493]
+
+Before the end of the thirteenth century the University’s privileges had
+been extended to _servientes_ known as parchment-makers, scribes, and
+illuminators; in 1290 the privileges were confirmed.[494] Certain
+stationers were then undoubtedly within the University as _servientes_,
+but in 1356 they are recorded positively as being so with parchmenters,
+illuminators, and writers: and again in 1459 “alle stacioners” and “alle
+bokebynders” enjoyed the privileges of the University, with “lympners,
+wryters, and pergemeners.”[495] These privileges took them out of the
+jurisdiction of the city, although they still had to pay taxes, which
+were collected by the University and paid over to the city treasurer.
+
+Stationers regarded as the University’s servants were sworn, as we have
+already indicated. The document giving the form of their oath is
+undated, but most likely the rules laid down were observed from the time
+the stationers were first attached to the University. The oath was
+strict. A part of their duties was the valuation of books and other
+articles which were pledged by scholars in return for money from the
+University chests. These chests or hutches were expressly founded by
+wealthy men for the assistance of poor scholars. By the end of the
+fifteenth century there were at Oxford twenty-four such chests, valued
+at two thousand marks; a large pawnbroking fund, but probably by no
+means too large.[496] Mr. Anstey, the editor of _Munimenta Academica_,
+has drawn a vivid picture of the inspection of one of these chests and
+of the business conducted round them, and we cannot do better than
+reproduce it. Master T. Parys, principal of St. Mary Hall, and Master
+Lowson are visiting the chest of W. de Seltone. We enter St. Mary’s
+Church with them, “and there we see ranged on either side several
+ponderous iron chests, eight or ten feet in length and about half that
+width, for they have to contain perhaps as many as a hundred or more
+large volumes, besides other valuables deposited as pledges by those who
+have borrowed from the chest. Each draws from beneath his cape a huge
+key, which one after the other are applied to the two locks; a system of
+bolts, which radiate from the centre of the lid and shoot into the iron
+sides in a dozen different places, slide back, and the lid is opened. At
+the top lies the register of the contents, containing the
+particulars;--dates, names, and amounts--of the loans granted. This they
+remove and begin to compare its statements with the contents of the
+chest. There are a large number of manuscript volumes, many of great
+value, beautifully illuminated and carefully kept, for each is almost
+the sole valuable possession perhaps of its owner! Then the money
+remaining in one corner of the chest is carefully counted and compared
+with the account in the register. If we look in we can see also here and
+there among the books other valuables of less peaceful character. There
+lie two or three daggers of more than ordinary workmanship, and by them
+a silver cup or two, and again more than one hood lined with minever. By
+this time a number of persons has collected around the chest, and the
+business begins. That man in an ordinary civilian’s dress who stands
+beside Master Parys is John More, the University stationer, and it is
+his office to fix the value of the pledges offered, and to take care
+that none are sold at less than their real value. It is a motley group
+that stands around; there are several
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXXII_
+
+A SCRIBE AT WORK]
+
+masters and bachelors, ... but the larger proportion is of boys or quite
+young men in every variety of coloured dress, blue and red, medley, and
+the like, but without any academical dress. Many of them are very
+scantily clothed, and all have their attention rivetted on the chest,
+each with curious eye watching for his pledge, his book or his cup,
+brought from some country village, perhaps an old treasure of his
+family, and now pledged in his extremity, for last term he could not pay
+the principal of his hall the rent of his miserable garret, nor the
+manciple for his battels, but now he is in funds again, and pulls from
+his leathern money-pouch at his girdle the coin which is to repossess
+him of his property.”[497] Naturally their duty as valuers of
+much-prized property invested the stationers with some importance. Their
+work was thought to be so laborious and anxious that about 1400 every
+new graduate was expected to give clothes to one of them; such method of
+rewarding services with livery or clothing being common in the middle
+ages.[498] The form of their oath was especially designed to make them
+protect the chests from loss. All monies received by them for the sale
+of pledges were to be paid into the chests within eight days. The sale
+of a pledge was not to be deferred longer than three weeks. Without
+special leave they could not themselves buy the pledges, directly or
+indirectly: a wholesome and no doubt very necessary provision. Pledges
+were not to be lent for more than ten days. All pledges were to be
+honestly appraised. When a pledge was sold, the buyer’s name was to be
+written in the stationer’s indenture. No stationer could refuse to sell
+a pledge; nor could he take it away from Oxford and sell it elsewhere.
+He was bound to mark all books exposed for sale, as pledges, in the
+usual way, by quoting the beginning of the second folio. All persons
+lending books, whether stationers or other people, were bound to lend
+perfect copies. This oath was sworn afresh every year.[499]
+
+Many stationers were not sworn. They speedily became serious competitors
+with the privileged traders. By 1373 their number had increased largely,
+and restrictions were imposed upon them. Books of great value were sold
+through their agency, and carried away from Oxford. Owners were cheated.
+All unsworn booksellers living within the jurisdiction of the University
+were forbidden, therefore, to sell any book, either their own property,
+or belonging to others, exceeding half a mark in value. If disobedient
+they were liable to suffer pain of imprisonment for the first offence, a
+fine of half a mark for the second--a curious example of graduated
+punishment--and a prohibition to ply their trade within the precincts of
+the University for the third.[500]
+
+At this time bookselling was a thriving trade. De Bury tells us: “We
+secured the acquaintance of stationers and scribes, not only within our
+own country, but of those spread over the realms of France, Germany and
+Italy, money flying forth in abundance to anticipate their demands: nor
+were they hindered by any distance, or by the fury of the seas, or by
+the lack of means for their expenses, from sending or bringing to us the
+books that we required.”[501]
+
+Records of various transactions are extant, of which the following may
+serve as examples. In 1445, a stationer and a lymner in his employ had a
+dispute, and as the two arbiters to whom the matter was referred failed
+to reach a settlement in due time, the Chancellor of the University
+stepped in and determined the quarrel. The judgment was as follows: the
+lymner, or illuminator, was to serve the stationer, _in liminando bene
+et fideliter libros suos_, for one year, and meantime was to work for
+nobody else. His wage was to be four marks ten shillings of good English
+money. The lymner in person was to fetch the materials from his master’s
+house, and to bring back the work when finished. He was to take care not
+to use the colours wastefully. The work was to be done well and
+faithfully, without fraud or deception. For the purpose of
+superintending the work the stationer could visit the place where the
+lymner wrought, at any convenient time.[502] The yearly wage for this
+lymner was nearly fifty pounds of our money.
+
+An inscription in one codex tells us it was pawned to a bookseller in
+1480 for thirty-eight shillings. Pawnbroking was an important part of a
+bookseller’s business. Lending books on hire was usual among both
+booksellers and tutors, for it was the exception, rather than the rule,
+for university students to own books, while in the college libraries
+there were sometimes not enough books to go round. For example, the
+statutes of St. Mary’s College, founded in 1446, forbade a scholar to
+occupy a book in the library above an hour, or at most two hours, so
+that others should not be hindered from the use of them.[503]
+
+At Cambridge the trade was not less flourishing. From time to time it
+was found necessary to determine whether the booksellers and the allied
+craftsmen were within the University’s jurisdiction or not. In 1276 it
+was desired to settle their position as between the regents and scholars
+of the University and the Archdeacon of Ely. Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of
+Ely, when called in as arbiter, decided that writers, illuminators, and
+stationers, who exercise offices peculiarly for the behoof of the
+scholars, were answerable to the Chancellor; but their wives to the
+Archdeacon. Nearly a century later, in 1353-54, we find Edward III
+issuing a writ commanding justices of the peace of the county of
+Cambridge to allow the Chancellor of the University the conusance and
+punishment of all trespasses and excesses, except mayheim and felony,
+committed by stationers, writers, bookbinders, and illuminators, as had
+been the custom. But the question was again in debate in 1393-94, when
+the Chancellor and scholars petitioned Parliament to declare and adjudge
+stationers and bookbinders scholars’ servants, as had been done in the
+case of Oxford. This petition does not seem to have been answered. But
+by the Barnwell Process of 1430, it was decided that “transcribers,
+illuminators, bookbinders, and stationers have been, and are wont and
+ought to be--as well by ancient usage from time immemorial undisturbedly
+exercised, as by concession of the Apostolic See--the persons belong and
+are subject to the ecclesiastical and spiritual jurisdiction of the
+Chancellor of the University for the time being.” Again in 1503 was it
+agreed, this time between the University and the Mayor and burgesses of
+Cambridge, that “stacioners, lymners, schryveners, parchment-makers,
+boke-bynders,” were common ministers and servants of the University and
+were to enjoy its privileges.[504]
+
+Fairs were so important a means of bringing together buyers and sellers
+that we should expect books to be sold at them. And in fact they were.
+The preamble of an Act of Parliament reads as follows: “Ther be meny
+feyers for the comen welle of your seid lege people as at Salusbury,
+Brystowe, Oxenforth, Cambrigge, Notyngham, Ely, Coventre, and at many
+other places, where lordes spirituall and temporall, abbotes, Prioures,
+Knyghtes, Squerys, Gentilmen, and your seid Comens of every Countrey,
+hath their comen resorte to by and purvey many thinges that be gode and
+profytable, as ornaments of holy church chaleis, bokes, vestmentes
+[etc.] ... also for howsold, as vytell for the tyme of Lent, and other
+Stuff, as Lynen Cloth, wolen Cloth, brasse, pewter, beddyng, osmonde,
+Iren, Flax and Wax and many other necessary thinges.”[505] The chief
+fairs for the sale of books were those of St. Giles at Oxford, at
+Stourbridge, Cambridge, and St. Bartholomew’s Fair in London.
+
+London, however, speedily asserted its right to be regarded as England’s
+publishing centre. The booksellers with illuminators and other allied
+craftsmen established themselves in a small colony in “Paternoster
+Rewe,” and they attended St. Bartholomew’s Fair to sell books. By 1403
+the Stationers’ Company, which had long been in existence, was
+chartered; its headquarters were in London, at a hall in Milk Street.
+This guild did not confine its attention to the book-trade; nor did the
+booksellers sell only books. Often, indeed, this was but a small part of
+general mercantile operations. For example, William Praat, a London
+mercer, obtained manuscripts for Caxton. Grocers also sold manuscripts,
+parchment, paper and ink. King John of France, while a prisoner in
+England in 1360, bought from three grocers of Lincoln four “quaires” of
+paper, a main of paper and a skin of parchment, and three “quaires” of
+paper. From a scribe of Lincoln named John he also bought books, some of
+which are now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.[506]
+
+We have a record of an interesting transaction which took place at the
+end of the manuscript period (1469). One William Ebesham wrote to his
+most worshipful and special master, Sir John Paston, asking, in a
+hesitating, cringing sort of way, for the payment of his little bill,
+which seems to have been a good deal overdue, as is the way with bills.
+All this service most lowly he recommends unto his good mastership,
+beseeching him most tenderly to see the writer somewhat rewarded for his
+labour in the “Grete Boke” which he wrote unto his said good mastership.
+And he winds up his letter with a request for alms in the shape of one
+of Sir John’s own gowns; and beseeches God to preserve his patron from
+all adversity, with which the writer declares himself to be somewhat
+acquainted. He heads his bill: Following appeareth, parcelly, divers and
+sundry manner of writings, which I William Ebesham have written for my
+good and worshipful master, Sir John Paston, and what money I have
+received, and what is unpaid. For writing a “litill booke of Pheesyk” he
+was paid twenty pence. Other writing he did for twopence a leaf.
+Hoccleve’s _de Regimine Principum_ he wrote for one penny a leaf, “which
+is right wele worth.” Evidently Ebesham did not find scrivening a too
+profitable occupation.[507]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE CHARACTER OF THE MEDIEVAL LIBRARY, AND THE EXTENT OF CIRCULATION OF
+BOOKS
+
+       “Some ther be that do defye
+        All that is newe, and ever do crye
+        The olde is better, away with the new
+        Because it is false, and the olde is true.
+        Let them this booke reade and beholde,
+        For it preferreth the learning most olde.”
+    _A Comparison betwene the old learnynge and the newe_ (1537).[508]
+
+
+§ I
+
+After a storm a fringe of weed and driftwood stretches a serried line
+along the sands, and now and then--too often on the flat shores of one
+of our northern estuaries, whence can be seen the white teeth of the sea
+biting at the shoals flanking the fairway--are mingled with the flotsam
+sodden relics of life aboard ship and driftwood of tell-tale shape,
+which silently point to a tragedy of the sea. Usually the daily paper
+completes the tale; but on some rare occasion these poor bits of drift
+remain the only evidence of the vain struggle, and from them we must
+piece together the narrative as best we can. And as the sea does not
+give up everything, nor all at once, some wreckage sinking, or
+perishing, or floating upon the water a long time before finding a
+well-concealed hiding-place upon some unfrequented shore, so the past
+yields but a fraction of its records, and that fraction slowly and
+grudgingly. So far this book has been a gathering of the flotsam of a
+past age: odd relics and scattered records, a sign here and a hint
+there; often unrelated, sometimes contradictory. In more skilful hands
+possibly a coherent story might be wrought out of these _pièces
+justificatives_; but the author is too well aware of the difficulty of
+arranging and selecting from the mass of material, remembers too well
+the tale of mistakes thankfully avoided, and is too apprehensive that
+other errors lurk undiscovered, to be confident that he has succeeded in
+his aim. Whether the story is worth telling is another matter. Surely it
+is. To be able to follow the history of the Middle Ages, to become
+acquainted with the people, their mode of life and customs and manners,
+is of profound interest and great utility; and it is by no means the
+least important part of such study to discover what books they had, how
+extensively the books were read, and what section of the people read
+them.
+
+Let us here sum up the information given in detail in the foregoing
+pages; adding thereto some other facts of interest. And first, what of
+the character of the medieval library?
+
+During the earlier centuries monastic libraries contained books which
+were deemed necessary for grammatical study in the claustral schools,
+and other books, chiefly the Fathers, as we have seen, which were
+regarded as proper literature for the monk. The books used in the
+cathedral schools were similar. Such schools and such libraries were for
+the glory of God and the increase of clergy and religious. At first,
+especially, the ideal of the monks was high, if narrow. It is epitomised
+in the untranslatable epigram--_Claustrum sine armario (est) quasi
+castrum sine armamentario_.[509] “The library is the monastery’s true
+treasure,” writes Thomas à Kempis;[510] “without which the monastery is
+like ... a well without water ... an unwatched tower.” Again: “Let not
+the toil and fatigue pain you. They who read the books formerly written
+beautifully by you will pray for you when you are dead. And if he who
+gives a cup of cold water shall not lack his guerdon, still less shall
+he who gives the living water of wisdom lose his reward in heaven.”[511]
+St. Bernard wrote in like terms. Books were their tools, “the silent
+preachers of the divine word,” or the weapons of their armoury. “Thence
+it is,” writes a sub-prior to his friend, “that we bring forth the
+sentences of the divine law, like sharp arrows, to attack the enemy.
+Thence we take the armour of righteousness, the helmet of salvation, the
+shield of faith, and the sword of the Spirit which is the Word of
+God.”[512] With such an end in view Reculfus of Soissons required his
+clergy to have a missal, a lectionary, the Gospels, a martyrology, an
+antiphonary, a psalter, a book of forty homilies of Gregory, and as many
+Christian books as they could get (879). With this end in view were
+chosen for reading in the Refectory at Durham (1395) such books as the
+Bible, homilies, Legends of the Saints, lives of Gregory, Martin,
+Nicholas, Dunstan, Augustine, Cuthbert, King Oswald, Aidan, Thomas of
+Canterbury, and other saints.[513] With this end in view the monastic
+libraries contained a very large proportion of Bibles, books of the
+Bible, and commentaries--a proportion suggesting the Scriptures were
+studied with a closeness and assiduity for which the monks have not
+always received due credit.[514] A great deal of room was given up to
+the works of the Fathers--their confessions, retractations, and letters,
+their polemics against heresies, their dogmatic and doctrinal treatises,
+and their sermons and ethical discourses. Of all these writings those of
+Hilary, Basil, Ambrose, Chrysostom, Jerome, and the great Augustine were
+most popular. John Cassian, Leo, Prosper, Cassiodorus, Gregory the
+Great, Aldhelm, Bede, Anselm, and Bernard, and the two encyclopædists,
+Martianus Capella and Isidore of Seville, were the church’s great
+teachers, and their works and the sacred poetry and hymns of Juvencus
+the Spanish priest, of Prudentius, of Sedulius, the author of a
+widely-read and influential poem on the life of Christ, and of
+Fortunatus, were nearly always well represented in the monastic
+catalogues, as may be seen on a cursory examination of those of Christ
+Church and St. Augustine’s, Canterbury, of Durham, of Glastonbury in
+1248, of Peterborough in 1400, and of Syon in the sixteenth century. In
+the earlier libraries the greater part of the books were Scriptural and
+theological; to these were added later a mass of books on canon and
+civil law; so that the monastic collection may be characterised as
+almost entirely special and fit for Christian service, as this service
+was conceived by the religious.
+
+And classical literature was received into the fold for a like purpose.
+From the earliest days of Christendom prejudice against the classics was
+widespread among Christians. Such books, it was urged, had no connexion
+with the Church or the Gospel; Ciceronianism was not the road to God;
+Plato and Aristotle could not show the way to happiness; Ovid, above
+all, was to be avoided.[515] In dreams the poets took the form of
+demons; they must be exorcised, for the soul did not profit by them. The
+precepts--and for these the Christian sought--in the poems were like
+serpents, born of the evil one; the characters, devils. Some Christians
+sighed as they thrust the tempting books away. Jerome frankly confesses
+he cared little for the homely Latin of the Psalms, and much for Plautus
+and Cicero. For a time he renounced them with other vanities of the
+world; yet when going through the catacombs at Rome, where the Apostles
+and Martyrs had their graves, a fine line of Virgil thrills him; and
+later he instructed boys at Bethlehem in Plautus, Terence, and Virgil,
+much to the horror of Rufinus. Even in the eleventh century this feeling
+existed. Lanfranc wrote to Dumnoaldus to say it was unbefitting he
+should study such books, but he confessed that although he now renounced
+them, he had read them a good deal in his youth. Somewhat later Herbert
+“Losinga,” abbot of Ramsey, had a dream which led him to cease reading
+and imitating Virgil and Ovid; but elsewhere he recommends his pupils to
+accept Ovid as a model in Latin verse, while he quotes the
+_Tristia_.[516] The rules of some orders, as those of Isidore, St.
+Francis, and St. Dominic, forbade the reading of the classics, save by
+permission. For their value in teaching grammar and as models of
+literary style, however, certain classic authors--especially Virgil,
+Ovid, Cicero, Horace, Juvenal, and Statius--were regarded as
+supplementary to the grammatical works of Donatus, Victorinus,
+Macrobius, and Priscian, and were studied by the religious throughout
+the Middle Ages. They were grammatical text-books, as indeed they are
+still; but then they were very little else. A man would call himself
+Virgil, not from inordinate vanity, but from a naive pride in his
+profession of grammarian: to his way of thinking the great poet was no
+more.[517] “As decade followed decade,” writes Mr. H. O. Taylor, “and
+century followed century, there was no falling off in the study of the
+_Æneid_. Virgil’s fame towered, his authority became absolute. But how?
+In what respect? As a supreme master of grammatical correctness and
+rhetorical excellence and of all learning. With increasing emptiness of
+soul, the grammarians--the ‘Virgils’--of the succeeding centuries put
+the great poet to ever baser uses.”[518]
+
+From time to time the use of the classics even for grammatical purposes
+was condemned, though unavailingly. They were necessary in the schools;
+evils, doubtless, but unavoidable. Then, again, some of the classics
+were looked upon as allegorical: from the sixth century to the
+Renascence the _Æneid_ was often interpreted in this way; and Virgil’s
+Fourth Eclogue was thought to be a prophecy of Christ’s coming. Ovid
+allegorised contained profound truths; his _Art of Love_, so treated,
+was not unfit for nuns.[519] Other writers, as Lucan, were appreciated
+for their didacticism; Juvenal, Cato and Seneca the younger as
+moralists. And some of the religious fell a prey to these evils,
+inasmuch as they assessed them at their true value as literature.
+
+The classics therefore were accepted. Anselm recommended Virgil. Horace,
+in his most amorous moods, was sung by the monks. Ovid, either adapted
+or in his natural state, was a great favourite. In an appendix we have
+scheduled the chief classics found in English monastic catalogues to
+indicate roughly the extent to which they were collected and used. A
+glance at Becker’s sheaf of catalogues will show us that Aristotle,
+Horace, Juvenal, Lucan, Persius, Plato, Pliny the elder, Porphyry,
+Sallust, Statius, Terence, and especially Cicero, Ovid, Seneca, and
+Virgil are well represented. But it must not be supposed that they were
+in monastic libraries in excessive numbers. On the contrary. An
+inspection of almost any catalogue of
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXXIII_
+
+ENGLISH ILLUMINATED WORK UNDER FRENCH INFLUENCE
+
+THIRTEENTH CENTURY
+
+FROM “TENISON PSALTER,” BRIT. MUS. ADD. MS. 24686, F. 12]
+
+such a library will prove that only a small proportion of it consisted
+of classical writings, especially in those catalogues compiled prior to
+the time when Aristotle’s works dominated the whole of medieval
+scholarship. The monastic library was throughout the Middle Ages the
+armoury of the religious against evil, and the few slight changes of
+character which it underwent at one time and another do not alter the
+fact that on the whole it was a fit and proper collection for its
+purpose.[520]
+
+
+§ II
+
+After the twelfth century broadening influences were at work. The
+education given in the cathedral and monastic schools was found to be
+too restricted; the monasteries, moreover, now began to refuse
+assistance to secular students.[521] To some extent the catechetic
+method of the theologians was forced to give place to the dialectic
+method, equally dogmatic, but more exciting and stimulating. Hence was
+compiled such a book as Peter Lombard’s _Sentences_ (1145-50), a
+cyclopædia of disputation, wherein theological questions were collected
+under heads, together with Scriptural passages and statements of the
+Fathers bearing on these questions. By the thirteenth century Lombard
+was the standard text-book of the schools: a work of such reputation
+that it was studied in preference to the Scriptures, as Bacon
+complained.
+
+A demand also arose for instruction in civil and canon law, which the
+existing schools did not supply. This broader learning was provided in
+the early universities, at first to the dislike of the Church, and
+sometimes to the annoyance of royal heads. Particular objection was
+taken to the study of law. An Italian named Vicario (Vacarius) lectured
+on Justinian at Oxford in 1149. Then he abridged the _Code_ and _Digest_
+for his students there. King Stephen forbade him to proceed with his
+lectures, and prohibited the use of treatises on foreign law, many
+manuscripts of which were consequently destroyed. But these measures
+were not very effectual. Within a short time civil law became recognised
+in the University as a proper subject of study. By 1275, when another
+Italian jurist named Francesco d’Accorso, a distinguished teacher at
+Bologna, came to Oxford to lecture, the study of civil law was pursued
+with the royal favour.[522]
+
+The searcher among old wills cannot fail to be struck with the number of
+law books in the small private libraries. Sometimes the whole of one of
+these little collections consists of law books; often there are more
+books of this kind than of any other. For example, of eighty books
+bequeathed by Prior Eastry to Christ Church, Canterbury, forty-three
+were on canon and civil law: of eighty-four books given to Trinity Hall,
+Cambridge, by the founder, exactly one-half were juridical. A wealthy
+canon of York left but half a dozen books, all on law. The books
+bequeathed to Peterborough Abbey by successive abbots were chiefly on
+law. Many other examples could be recited. There was a reason for this.
+Friar Bacon, writing in 1271, complained that jurists got all rewards
+and benefices, while students of theology and philosophy lacked the
+means of livelihood, could not obtain books, and were unable to pursue
+their scientific studies. Canonists, even, were only rewarded because of
+their previous knowledge of civil law: at Oxford three years had to be
+devoted to the study of civil law before a student could be admitted as
+bachelor of canon law. Consequently a man of parts, with a leaning
+towards theological and philosophical learning, took up the study of
+civil law, with the hope of more easily winning preferment.[523]
+“Compared with such [legal] lore,” writes Mr. Mullinger, “theological
+learning became but a sorry recommendation to ecclesiastical preferment;
+most of the Popes at Avignon had been distinguished by their attainments
+in a subject which so nearly concerned the temporal interests of the
+Church; and the civilian and the canonist alike looked down with
+contempt on the theologian, even as Hagar, to use the comparison of
+Holcot, despised her barren mistress.”[524] The most casual glance
+through some pages of monastic records will show how frequent and
+endless was the litigation in which the Church was engaged, and
+consequently how useful a knowledge of civil law would be.
+
+But these changes were trifling compared with the stimulus given to
+medieval learning by the influx of Greek books and of Arabic versions of
+them. In the second half of the eleventh century the works of Galen and
+Hippocrates were re-introduced into Italy from the Arabian empire by a
+North African named Constantine, who translated them at the famous
+monastery of Monte Cassino. These translations, with the numerous
+Arabian commentaries, and the conflict of the physicians of the new
+school with those of the old and famous school of Salerno, constitute
+the revival of medical studies which occurred at that time.[525] It
+would seem that this revival was felt quickly in England, as in the
+twelfth century four books by Galen and two by Hippocrates, with some
+Arabian works, were to be found in the monastic library of Durham; a
+number significant of the liberal feeling of the monks of this house,
+inasmuch as in all the catalogues transcribed by Becker appear only ten
+books by Galen and nine by Hippocrates.[526] Before 1150 the whole of
+the _Organon_ of Aristotle was known to scholars;[527] but not till
+about that time did the other works begin to be exported from Arabic
+Spain. Then Latin versions of Arabic translations of the _Physics_ and
+_Metaphysics_ were first made.
+
+Daniel of Morley (_fl._ 1170-90) brought into this country manuscripts
+of Aristotle, and commentaries upon him got in the Arab schools of
+Toledo, then the centre of Mohammedan learning. Michael the Scot (_c._
+1175-1234), “wondrous wizard, of dreaded fame,” was another agent of the
+Arab influence. He received his education perhaps at Oxford, certainly
+at Paris and Toledo. From manuscripts obtained at the last place he
+translated two abstracts of the _Historia animalium_, and some
+commentaries of Averroës on Aristotle (1215-30).[528] A third pilgrim
+from these islands, Alfred the Englishman, also made use of Arabic
+versions; and most likely both he and Michael brought home with them
+manuscripts from Toledo and Paris. Of the renderings made by these men
+and by some foreign workers in the same field, Friar Bacon speaks with
+the utmost contempt. Their writings were utterly false. They did not
+know the sciences they dealt with. The Jews, the Arabs, and the Greeks,
+who had good manuscripts, destroyed and corrupted them, rather than let
+them fall into the hands of unlettered and ignorant Christians.[529]
+Aristotle should be read in the original, he also says; it would be
+better if all translations were burnt. The criticism is acrid; but the
+men he contemns served scholarship well by quickening the interest in
+Greek books, and they succeeded so well because they gave to the
+schoolmen not only versions of Aristotle’s text, but commentaries and
+elucidations written by Arabs and Jews who had carefully studied the
+text, and could explain the meaning of obscure passages in it.[530]
+
+When these translations were coming to England, travellers were bringing
+Greek books directly from the East. A doctor of medicine named William
+returned to Paris from Constantinople in 1167, carrying with him “many
+precious Greek codices.”[531] About 1209 a Latin translation of
+Aristotle’s _Physics_ or _Metaphysics_ was made from a Greek manuscript
+brought straight from Constantinople. Some of these few importations
+were certainly destroyed at once, probably all were, for Aristotle was
+proscribed in Paris in the following year, and again in 1215, at the
+very time when Michael the Scot was procuring versions in another
+direction, at Toledo.[532] Not until mid-thirteenth century was the ban
+wholly removed.
+
+For a time, owing to the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders,
+intercourse between East and West had become far freer than it had been
+for centuries (1203-61). Certain Greek philosophers of learned mien came
+to England about 1202, but did not stay; and some Armenians, among them
+a bishop, visited St. Albans. Whether they or Nicholas the Greek, clerk
+to the abbot of that monastery, brought books with them we do not know;
+Nicholas, at any rate, seems to have assisted Grosseteste in his Greek
+studies.[533] John of Basingstoke, Grosseteste’s archdeacon, carried
+Greek manuscripts--many valuable manuscripts, we are told--from Athens,
+whither Grosseteste had sent him. The bishop himself imported books to
+this country, probably from Sicily and South Italy.[534] He had a copy
+of Suidas’ _Lexicon_, possibly the earliest copy brought to the West.
+The _Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs_ was also in Grosseteste’s
+possession: the manuscript was brought home by John of Basingstoke, and
+still exists in the Cambridge University Library.[535] These forged
+_Testaments_ were translated by Nicholas the Greek, and as no fewer than
+thirty-one copies of the Latin version still remain they must have had a
+good circulation.[536] Possibly the Greek Octateuch (Genesis to Ruth),
+now in the Bodleian Library, was imported into this country by
+Grosseteste or by somebody for him; at one time the manuscript was in
+the library of Christ Church, Canterbury.[537] Among other Greek books
+which Grosseteste used and translated, or had translated under his
+direction, were the Epistles of St. Ignatius, a Greek romance of
+Asenath, the Egyptian wife of the patriarch Joseph, and some writings of
+Dionysius the Areopagite. At Ramsey, where the bishop’s influence may be
+suspected, Prior Gregory (_fl._ 1290) owned a Græco-Latin psalter, still
+extant.[538] Possibly all the importations were of similar character,
+and the number of them cannot have been great or we should have heard
+more of them.
+
+Friar Bacon, writing about 1270, complains that he could not get all the
+books he wanted, nor were the versions of the books he had satisfactory.
+Parts of the Scriptures were untranslated, as, for example, two books of
+Maccabees, which he knew existed in Greek, and books of the Prophets
+referred to in the books of Kings and Chronicles; the chronology of the
+_Antiquities_ of Josephus was incorrectly rendered, and biblical history
+could not be usefully studied without a true version of this book. Books
+of the Hebrew and Greek expositors were almost wanting to the Latins:
+Origen, Basil, Gregory, Nazianzene, John of Damascus, Dionysius,
+Chrysostom, and others, both in Hebrew and Greek.[539] The scientific
+books of Aristotle, of Avicenna, of Seneca, and other ancients could
+only be had at great cost. Their principal works had not been translated
+into Latin. “The admirable books of Cicero _De Republica_ are not to be
+found anywhere, as far as I can hear, although I have made anxious
+inquiry for them in different parts of the world and by various
+messengers.”[540]
+
+The period during which the intellectual life of the Middle Ages was
+broadened by the introduction of new knowledge and ideas originally from
+Greek sources, began, as we have said, with the influx of translations
+from the Arabic. The movement culminated with the work of William of
+Moerbeke, Greek Secretary at the Council of Lyons (1274), who, between
+1270 and 1281, translated several of Aristotle’s works from the Greek,
+including the _Rhetorica_ and the _Politica_. Fortunately we have a
+record belonging to this time of a collection of books which shows
+admirably the character of the change. A certain John of London (_c._
+1270-1330), believed to have been Bacon’s pupil, probably became a monk
+of St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, and in due course bequeathed a
+library of books to his house. This collection amounted to nearly eighty
+books, of which twenty-three were on mathematics and astronomy, a like
+number on medicine, ten on philosophy, six on logic, four historical,
+three on grammar, one poetry, and the rest collections.[541] Such a
+collection is remarkable not only for its character, but on account of
+its size, which was very large for anybody to own privately in that age.
+
+
+§ III
+
+On one occasion, after spending much time in searching wills and in
+examining catalogues without finding a reference to an interesting
+book--to either an ancient or a medieval classic--the writer well
+remembers the little shock of pleasure he felt when, in a single
+half-hour, he noted _Piers Plowman_ in one brief unpromising will, and
+six English books among the relics of a mason. Nearly all the libraries
+of private persons and of academies are depressing in character. Rarely
+can be found a bright human book gleaming like a diamond in the dust.
+Score after score of decreta, decretales, Sextuses, and Clementines, and
+chestsful of the dreariest theological disquisition impress upon the
+weary searcher the fact that academic libraries were usually even more
+dryasdust than monastic collections, and he begins to understand how
+prosperous law may be as a calling, and to have an inkling of what is
+known, in classic phrase, as a good plain Scotch education.
+
+Between an academic library and a monastic collection there were
+differences of character and in the beauty and value of the manuscripts.
+As a general rule a large proportion of the monks’ books were more or
+less richly ornamented: they were the treasures as well as the tools of
+the community. The books of the colleges were usually for practical
+purposes: they were tools, treasured, doubtless, for their contents, not
+for the beauty of the writing or because they were decorated. The
+difference in character of the collections as a whole was one of
+proportion in the
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXXIV_
+
+FRESCO OF THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS
+
+BY T. GADDI
+
+CHURCH OF S. M. NOVELLA, FLORENCE]
+
+representation of the various classes of books. Generally speaking, the
+monastic collection comprised proportionately more theology and less
+canon and civil law than the academic library. In the subjects of the
+_trivium_ and the _quadrivium_, and in philosophy, a college was more
+strongly equipped than a monastery; on the other hand, a monastery
+frequently had a larger proportion of classical literature, and always
+more “light” or romance literature.
+
+Early university studies were in two parts, the _trivium_--grammar,
+rhetoric, and logic, and the _quadrivium_--music, astronomy, geometry,
+and arithmetic. These were the seven liberal arts. A fresco in a chapel
+in the Church of S. Maria Novella at Florence illustrates these arts. On
+the right of the cartoon is the figure of grammar; beneath is Priscian.
+For the study of this subject John Garland recommended Priscian and
+Donatus. Priscian was a leading text-book on the subject, and it was
+supported by a short manual compiled from Donatus. At Oxford extracts
+from these authors were thrown into the form of logical _quaestiones_ to
+afford subjects of argument at the disputations held once a week before
+the masters of grammar.[542] To these books should be added a
+dictionary, with some peculiar and quaint etymologies, by Papias the
+Lombard; grammatical works by John Garland; Bishop Hugutio’s
+etymological dictionary (_c._ 1192); a dreary hexameter poem by
+Alexander Gallus, the Breton Friar (_d._ 1240)--“the olde _Doctrinall_,
+with his diffuse and unperfite brevitie”; Eberhard’s similar poem (_c._
+1212), called _Graecismus_, because it includes a chapter on derivations
+from the Greek; and a very large book, the _Catholicon_ (_c._ 1286),
+partly a grammar and partly a dictionary, with copious quotations from
+Latin classics, which had been compiled with some skill and care by John
+Balbi, a Genoese Black Friar. Papias and Hugutio were sharply condemned
+by Friar Bacon, but they remained in use long after his time, and Balbi
+owed much to both of them. Many copies of the _Catholicon_ seem to have
+been made, although the transcription of so large a book was costly:
+even before it was printed (1460), copies for reference were sometimes
+chained up in English churches, and after it was printed this practice
+became more general, at any rate in France. By the fourteenth century
+Priscian was almost superseded by Alexander and Eberhard, whose
+versified grammars came into common use; a jingle, whether it be--
+
+    “‘_Ne facias_’ dicas ‘_oroque ne facias_.’
+     _Humane_, _dure_, _large_, _firme_que, _benigne_,
+     _Ignave_que, _probe_, vel _avare_ sive _severe_,
+     Inde _nove_, _plene_, vel _abunde_ sive _proterve_,
+     Dicis in _er_ vel in _e_, quamvis sint illa secundae,”
+
+in the fourteenth century, or
+
+    “Feminine is Linter, boat
+     Learn these neuters nine by rote,”
+
+in the twentieth century, seems to help the harassed student along the
+linguistic path. The reading of Virgil and Statius and some other
+writers put flesh upon these grammatical dry bones. But as the masters
+of grammar at Oxford were expected to be guardians of morals as well,
+they were expressly forbidden to read and expound to their pupils Ovid’s
+_Ars amandi_, the _Elegies_ of Pamphilus, and other indecent books.[543]
+
+Next to the figure of Grammar is Rhetoric, with Cicero seated beneath.
+Cicero, with Aristotle, Quintilian and Boëthius were the chief exponents
+of rhetoric; with Virgil, Ovid, Statius, and sometimes such a book as
+Guido delle Colonne’s epic of Troy, as examples of literary style. John
+Garland (_fl._ 1230) recommended Cicero’s _De Inventione_ (_Rhetorica_),
+_De Oratore_, the _Ad Herennium_ ascribed to Cicero, Quintilian’s
+_Institutes_ and the _Declamationes_ ascribed to him. The third figure
+is Logic, coupled with the figure of Aristotle. The _Categories_ and
+Porphyry’s _Isagoge_ were the books of greatest service in the study of
+this subject; with Boëthius’ translations and expositions of Aristotle
+and Porphyry. All the foregoing and Cicero’s _Topica_ are selected by
+John Garland. Later the _Summulae logicales_ of Peter the Spaniard
+(_fl._ 1276), William of Heytesbury’s _Sophismata_ (_c._ 1340), the
+_Summa logices_ of the great English schoolman, William of Ockham (_d.
+c._ 1349), and the _Quaestiones_ of William Brito (_d._ 1356) were the
+chief manuals of dialectic.
+
+The first figure in the representation of the _quadrivium_ is Music,
+with Tubal Cain beneath. In this subject, for which few books were
+necessary, Boëthius was the guide. With Astronomy is associated Ptolemy.
+The _Cosmographia_ and _Almagest_ of Ptolemy, and the works of some
+Arabian authors, with books of tables, were the student’s manuals. In
+our cartoon Geometry has Euclid for companion. Arithmetic is associated
+with Pythagoras in the picture: for this subject Boëthius was the
+text-book.[544]
+
+Besides the seven liberal arts, natural, metaphysical, and moral
+philosophy, or the three philosophies, were added in the thirteenth
+century. For these studies Aristotle and his commentators were the
+chief guides. The medical authorities of the middle ages have been
+catalogued for us by Chaucer in his description of a doctor of
+“phisyk”--
+
+    “Wel knew he the olde Esculapius
+     And Deiscorides, and eek Rufus,
+     Old Ypocras, Haly and Galien;
+     Serapion, Razis and Avicen;
+     Averrois, Damascien and Constantyn;
+     Bernard, and Gatesden, and Gilbertyn.”
+
+Of these names eight are included in Duke Humfrey’s gifts to Oxford in
+1439 and 1443; and ten of them are represented in the catalogue of
+Peterhouse Library in 1418. Besides the writers mentioned by Chaucer,
+works on fevers by Isaac the Arab, the _Antidotarium_ of Nicholas, and
+the _Isagoge_ of Johannicius were in general use.
+
+Next to theology--in which class the chief books were the same as in the
+claustral library, although liturgical books are more rarely found--the
+largest section of an academic collection was that of civil and canon
+law. It comprised the various digests, the works of Cinus of Pistoia and
+Azo; texts of decrees, decretals, _Liber Sextus Decretalium_, _Liber
+Clementinae_, with many commentaries, the _Constitutions_ of Ottobon and
+Otho, the book compiled by Henry of Susa, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia,
+called _Summa Ostiensis_, the _Rosarium_ of Archdeacon Guido de Baysio,
+and Durand’s _Speculum Judiciale_. The last three books are frequently
+met with, and were highly esteemed by medieval jurists.[545]
+
+In a previous chapter we have noted the somewhat fresher character of
+the library given to Oxford University by the Duke of Gloucester. We
+have two later records which may be referred to now to indicate the
+change wrought by the Renascence. A catalogue of William Grocyn’s books
+was drawn up soon after his death in 1519. This collection proves its
+owner to have been conservative in his tastes, as the medieval
+favourites are well represented. Of Greek books there are only
+Aristotle, Plutarch in a Latin translation, and a Greek and Latin
+Testament--a curiously small collection in view of his interest in
+Greek, and in view of the fact that many of the chief Greek authors had
+been printed before his death. It seems likely that his Greek books had
+been dispersed. But the change is apparent in the excellent series of
+Latin classics, which included Tacitus and Lucretius, and in the number
+of books by Italian writers, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Ficino, Filelfo,
+Lorenzo della Valle, Æneas Sylvius, and Perotti.
+
+Still more significant of the change are the references to the course of
+study in the statutes of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (1517). The
+approved prose writers are Cicero--an apology is offered for the use of
+barbarous words not known to Cicero--Sallust, Valerius Maximus,
+Suetonius, Pliny, Livy, and Quintilian. Virgil, Ovid, Lucan, Juvenal,
+Terence and Plautus are approved as poets. Suitable books to study
+during the vacations are the works of Lorenzo della Valle, Aulus
+Gellius, and Poliziano. In Greek the writings--most of them quite new to
+the age--of Isocrates, Lucian, Philostratus, Aristophanes, Theocritus,
+Euripides, Sophocles, Pindar, Hesiod, Demosthenes, Thucydides,
+Aristotle, and Plutarch are recommended. Such a list bears few
+resemblances to the academic library we have attempted to describe.[546]
+
+
+§ IV
+
+In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries romances began to creep into
+all libraries, save the academic, in which they are rarely found. As
+soon as romance literature took a firm hold upon public favour the monks
+added some of it to their collections. Probably romances were first
+bought to be copied and sold to augment the monastic income; and more
+perhaps were sold than preserved. Ascham avers that “in our fathers tyme
+nothing was red, but bookes of fayned cheualrie, wherein a man by
+redinge, shuld be led to none other ende, but onely to manslaughter and
+baudrye.... These bokes (as I haue heard say) were made the moste parte
+in Abbayes and Monasteries, a very lickely and fit fruite of suche an
+ydle and blynde kinde of lyuyne.”[547] Thomas Nashe, in his story of
+_The Unfortunate Traveller_, describes romances as “the fantasticall
+dreams of those exiled Abbie lubbers,” that is, the monks.[548] These
+writers were but echoing such charges as that in _Piers Plowman_, which
+declares that a friar was much better acquainted with the _Rimes of
+Robin Hood_ and _Randal Erle of Chester_ than with his Paternoster. A
+number of romances are indeed found in monastic catalogues. The library
+at Glastonbury included four romances (1248); that at Christ Church,
+Canterbury, contained a few in late thirteenth century. Guy de Beauchamp
+bequeathed romances to Bordesley Abbey (1315). In the first year of the
+fifteenth century Peterborough had some romances. At the end of the same
+century St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, had in its library of over
+eighteen hundred books only a few romances; while in Leicester Abbey,
+among a library of about three hundred and fifty books, we find only the
+Troy book, _Drian and Madok_, _Beves of Hamtoun_, all in French, _Gesta
+Alexandri Magni_, and one or two others. Edward III bought a book of
+romance from a nun of Amesbury in 1331--a work of such interest that he
+kept it in his room. There are plenty of other instances. But in no
+case have we found an excessive number of romances in monastic
+libraries, and the charges--if they can worthily be called charges--so
+often made against monks on this score fall to the ground.[549]
+
+The romances oftenest appearing in monastic catalogues and other records
+are the following: The Story of Troy, especially Joseph of Exeter’s
+Latin version, the great Arthurian cycle, the beautiful story of _Amis
+and Amiloun_, renowned all over Europe, _Joseph of Arimathea_,
+Charlemagne, Alexander, which was of the best of romances, _Guy of
+Warwick_, which was very popular, and the semi-historical _Richard Cœur
+de Lion_. But many others were in circulation. In _Cursor mundi_ a
+number of the popular stories of the day are mentioned--
+
+    “Men lykyn jestis for to here,
+     And romans rede in divers maneree,
+     Of _Alexandre_ the conquerour,
+     Of _Julius Cæsar_[550] the emperour,
+     Of Greece and _Troy_ the strong stryf,
+     Ther many a man lost his lyfe;
+     Of _Brut_,[551] that baron bold of hond,
+     The first conquerour of Englond,
+     Of _King Artour_ that was so ryche;
+     Was non in hys tyme so ilyche [alike, equal]:
+     Of wonders that among his knyghts felle,
+     And auntyrs [adventures] dedyn as men her telle
+     As _Gaweyn_, and othir full abylle,
+     Which that kept the round tabyll,
+     How _King Charles_ and Rowland fawght,
+     With Sarazins, nold thei be cawght;
+     Of _Tristram_ and Ysoude the swete,
+     How thei with love first gan mete,
+     Of _Kyng John_, and of _Isenbras_,
+     Of Ydoine and _Amadas_.”[552]
+
+Again, many “speak of men who read romances--
+
+    Of _Bevys_,[553] _Gy_, and _Gwayane_,
+    Of _Kyng Rychard_, and _Owayne_,
+    Of _Tristram_ and _Percyvayle_,
+    Of _Rowland Ris_,[554] and _Aglavaule_,
+    Of _Archeroun_, and of _Octavian_,
+    Of _Charles_, and of _Cassibelan_.
+    Of _Keveloke_,[555] _Horne_, and of _Wade_
+    In romances that ben of hem bimade,
+    That gestours dos of hem gestes,
+    At maungeres, and at great festes,
+    Her dedis ben in remembrance,
+    In many fair romance.”
+
+Popular romances of this kind had a great influence upon the lives of
+the people. The long lists of medieval theology and sophistry usually
+laid before us, and the great majority of the writings which have
+survived, sometimes lead us to believe the culture of the Middle Ages to
+have been of a more serious cast than it really was. The oral
+circulation of romance literature must have been enormous. The spun-out,
+dreary poems which now make such difficult reading are infinitely more
+entertaining when read aloud: the voice gives life and character to a
+humdrum narrative, and the gestour would know how to make the best of
+incidents which he knew from experience to be specially interesting to
+an audience. Such yarns would be most attractive to “lewd” or illiterate
+men--
+
+    “For lewdë men y undyrtoke
+     On Englyssh tunge to make thys boke:
+     For many ben of swyche manere
+     That talys and rymys wyl blethly[556] here,
+     Ye gamys and festys, and at the ale.”[557]
+
+[Illustration: _PLATE XXXV_
+
+ANCIENT VELLUM BOOK-MARKER WITH REVOLVING DISC
+
+FROM A DOUBLE-COLUMN CANTERBURY BIBLE; THE DISC CAN BE USED TO MARK
+COLUMN AND LINE. MS. 49 C.C. COLL. CAMB.]
+
+The need of multiplying manuscripts of these poems would not be greatly
+felt. The reciter would be obliged to learn them off by heart; he need
+not, and often did not, possess written versions of the poems he
+recited. And even literate men, as Bishop Grosseteste, preferred to
+listen to these gestours, rather than to read the narrative themselves.
+Therefore, any estimate we may form of the number of manuscripts of
+romances in existence at any time in the fourteenth century, for
+example, would give not the smallest idea of the extent to which these
+tales were known.
+
+
+§ V
+
+The medieval collector of books sometimes, and the monastic librarian
+nearly always, took care that his library was strong in hagiology and
+history. He felt the need of books which would tell him of the past
+history of his church and of the lives of her greatest teachers. When
+collected these books were an incentive to the more cultivated of the
+monks to begin the history of his country or his house, or to write or
+re-write the lives of saints. The fruit is preserved for us in a long
+line of monkish historians and hagiographers. As a rule the histories
+they wrote were of little value; but when they had brought the tale down
+to their own times they continued it with the help of records to their
+hand, narrated events within their own memory, and maintained the
+narrative in the form of annals. The method of annalising was simple. At
+the end of the incomplete manuscript a loose or easily detachable sheet
+was kept, whereon events of importance to the nation and the monastery
+and locality of the annalist were written in pencil from time to time
+during the year. At the end of the year the historian welded these
+jottings into a narrative. When this was done another leaf for notes was
+placed after the manuscript. The value of the work so accomplished is
+incalculable. Without these records it would now be impossible for us to
+realise what the Middle Ages were like. This service, added to the
+enormously greater service which monachism did for us in preserving
+ancient literature, will always breed kind thoughts of a system so
+repugnant to our modern view of human endeavour.
+
+
+§ VI
+
+What was the extent of circulation of books during the manuscript age?
+For the period before the Conquest we can only offer the merest
+conjecture, which does not help us materially. The rarity of the extant
+manuscripts of this age is no guide to the extent of their production.
+During the raids of the northmen the destruction and loss must have been
+very great indeed. After the Conquest the indifference and contempt with
+which the conquerors regarded everything Saxon must have been
+responsible for the destruction of nearly every manuscript written in
+the vernacular. But, on the other hand, we find suggestions of a greater
+production than is commonly credited to this period. Religious fervour
+to make books was not wanting, as some of our most beautiful
+relics--works exhibiting much painstaking and skilful and even loving
+labour, calligraphy, and decoration aflame with high endeavour--belong
+to the Hiberno-Saxon period and the days of Ethelwold. Nor after
+Alfred’s day was regard lacking for vernacular literature itself rather
+than for the glory of a faith: how else are we to explain the precious
+fragments of Anglo-Saxon manuscript which have been preserved for us,
+especially the Exeter book and the Vercelli book? That the production
+was considerable is suggested by the records we have. Think of the Irish
+manuscripts now scattered on the continent; of the library of York; of
+Bede’s workshop and the northern libraries; and of those in the south,
+at Canterbury, Malmesbury, and elsewhere. But the use of such
+manuscripts as were in existence was restricted to monks, wealthy
+ecclesiastics, and a few of the wealthy laity.
+
+After the Conquest the state of affairs was the same. The period of the
+greatest literary activity in the monasteries now began, and large
+claustral libraries were soon formed. The monks then had plenty of
+books; wealthy clergy also had small collections. An ecclesiastic or a
+layman who had done a monastery some service, or whose favour it was
+politic to cultivate, could borrow books from the monastic library,
+under certain strict conditions. Some people availed themselves of this
+privilege; but not at any time during the manuscript period to a great
+extent.[558]
+
+Outside this small circle the people were almost bookless: nearly the
+whole of the literary wealth of the Middle Ages belonged to the monks
+and the church. Books were extremely costly. The medieval book-buyer
+paid more for his book on an average than does the modern collector of
+first editions and editions _de luxe_, who pays in addition several
+guineas a volume for handsome bindings. The prices we have tabulated
+will fully bear out this statement. But even more striking evidence of
+the high value set upon books is the care taken in selling or
+bequeathing them. To-day a line or two in a wealthy man’s will disposes
+of all his books. He commonly throws them in with the “residue,”
+unmentioned. In the manuscript age a testator distributed his little
+hoard book by book. Often he not only bequeaths a volume to a friend,
+but determines its fate after his friend’s death. For example, a
+daughter is to have a copy of the _Golden Legend_, “and to occupye to
+hir
+
+[Illustration: RECORD OF SALE OF BOOK CAPTURED AT POITIERS (see p. 247)]
+
+owne use and at hir owne liberte durynge hir lyfe, and after hir decesse
+to remayne to the prioress and the convent of Halywelle for evermore,
+they to pray for the said John Burton and Johne his wife and alle
+crystene soyles (1460).”[559] A manuscript now in Worcester Cathedral
+Library bears an inscription telling us that, likewise, one Thomas
+Jolyffe left it to Dr. Isack, a monk of Worcester, for his lifetime, and
+after his death to Worcester Priory. A manuscript now in the British
+Museum was bought in 1473 at Oxford by Clement of Canterbury, monk and
+scholar, from a bookseller named Hunt for twenty shillings, _in the
+presence of Will. Westgate, monk_.[560] In a manuscript of the
+_Sentences_ is a note telling us that it was the property of Roger,
+archdeacon of Lincoln: he bought it from Geoffrey the chaplain, the
+brother of Henry, vicar of North Elkington, the witnesses being master
+Robert de Luda, clerk, Richard the almoner, the said Henry the vicar,
+his clerk, and others.[561] An instance of a different kind will
+suffice. When, after a good deal of rioting at Oxford, many of the more
+studious masters and scholars went to Stamford, the king threatened that
+if they did not return to Oxford they would lose their goods, and
+especially their books. The warning was disregarded, but the threatened
+forfeiture of their books was evidently thought to be a strong
+measure.[562]
+
+In his poems Chaucer endows two poor clerks with small libraries. His
+first portrait of an Oxford clerk is delightful--
+
+    “For him was lever have at his beddes heed [rather]
+     Twenty bokes, clad in blak or reed,
+     Of Aristotle and his philosophye,
+     Than robes riche, or fithele, or gay sautrye [fiddle, psaltery].
+     But al be that he was a philosophre,
+     Yet hadde he but litel gold in cofre;
+     But al that he mighte of his freendes hente [get],
+     On bokes and on lerninge he it spente,
+     And bisily gan for the soules preye
+     Of hem that yaf him wher-with to scoleye [gave, study].
+     Of studie took he most cure and most hede.
+     Noght o word spak he more than was nede,
+     And that was seyd in forme and reverence,
+     And short and quik, and ful of hy sentence [high].
+     Souninge in moral vertu was his speche [conducing to],
+     And gladly wolde he lerne, and gladly teche.”
+
+Almost equally pleasing is his picture of another who lived with a rich
+churl--
+
+    “A chambre hadde he in that hostelrye
+     Allone, with-outen any companye,
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     His Almageste and bokes grete and smale,
+     His astrelabie, longinge for his art,
+     His augrim-stones layen faire a-part
+     On shelves couched at his beddes heed.”
+
+Both descriptions have been used as evidence that books were not so
+scarce as supposed; that poor people could get books if they specially
+needed them. But are these pictures quite true? Has not the poet taken
+advantage of the licence allowed to his kind? The records preserved at
+Oxford do not corroborate him. Some of the students were very poor. It
+seems likely that a would-be clerk attached himself to a master or
+scholar as a servant in return for teaching in the “kunnyng of writyng”
+and perhaps other knowledge--
+
+     “This endenture bereth witnesse that I, John Swanne, þ^{e} sone of
+     John Swanne of Bridlington, in þ^{e} counte of Yorke, have putte me
+     servante unto William Osbarne, forto serve him undir þ^{e} foorme
+     of a servante for þ^{e} terme of iiii. yere, and þ^{e} seide
+     William Osbarne forto enfoorme þ^{e} seide John Swann in þ^{e}
+     kunnyng of writyng, and þ^{e} seide John Swann forto have þ^{e}
+     first yere of þ^{e} seide William Osbarne iijs. iiijd. in money,
+     and ij. peier [pairs] of hosen, and ij. scherts [shirts] and iiij.
+     peire schoon [pairs of shoes], and a gowne, and in þ^{e} secunde
+     yeere xiijs. iiijd., and in þ^{e} iij. yere xxs. and a gowne, and
+     in þ^{e} iiij. yeere xls. And in þ^{e} witnesse hereof, etc.”
+     (1456).[563]
+
+Mr. Anstey points out that a very large number, probably the majority of
+scholars, were not well provided for. They eked out their precarious
+allowances by begging, by learning handicrafts, and by “picking up the
+various doles at funerals and commemoration masses, where such needy
+miserables were always to be found.”[564] Such students would not be
+likely to have many or perhaps any books. “The stock of books possessed
+by the _younger_ scholars seems to have been almost _nil_. The
+inventories of goods, which we possess, in the case of non-graduates
+contain hardly any books. The fact is that they mostly could not afford
+to buy them.... The chief source of supplying books was by purchase from
+the University sworn stationers, who had to a great extent a monopoly,
+the object of which was to prevent the sale and removal from Oxford of
+valuable books. Of such books there were plainly very large numbers
+constantly changing hands; they were the pledges so continually
+deposited on borrowing from chests, and seem, from scattered hints, to
+have been a very fruitful source of litigation and dispute.”[565] Most
+of these books were in the hands of seniors. Truly enough many a poor
+clerk would as lief have twenty “bokes” to his name as anything else
+treble the value. But he would undergo much sharp self-denial and
+receive much “wher-with to scoleye” ere he got together so considerable
+a collection of “bokes grete and smale,” to say nothing of instruments.
+As such a large proportion of the scholars were poor, and unable to
+acquire books, nearly all the instruction given was oral. Well-to-do
+scholars would not find, therefore, books of very great service; and
+indeed they were as ill-equipped in this respect as their poorer
+brethren. The accounts of the La Fytes, two scholars whose expenses were
+paid by Edward I himself, contain records of the purchase of two copies
+of only the _Institutions_ of Quintilian (_c._ 1290).[566] Is not
+Chaucer describing his own room in both passages--the room he loved to
+seek after his day’s work at the desk? Here at the bedhead are his
+books, including the astronomical treatise of Ptolemy called _Almagest_.
+Beside them is the astrolabe, an instrument about which he wrote; and
+trimly arranged apart his augrim-stones, or counters for making
+calculations. Such an outfit we might expect him to have: just such a
+library, neither smaller nor larger.
+
+This supposition calls to mind another argument sometimes used to prove
+how easy it was to make a small collection of books. Chaucer’s poems
+display his acquaintance, more or less thoroughly, with many authors.
+Surely, it is urged, his library was a good one for the time: then how
+was it possible for a man of his means to own such? He was not wealthy.
+As a courtier and a public officer the calls upon his purse must have
+been heavy: little indeed could be left for books. The explanation is
+probably simple. Books were freely lent, more freely than nowadays; and
+Chaucer would be able to eke out his library in this way. Another point
+is important. Professor Lounsbury, who has spent years in an exhaustive
+study of Chaucer, points out a curious circumstance. “It must be
+confessed,” he says--a shade of disparagement lurks in the phrase--“it
+must be confessed that Chaucer’s quotations from writers exhibit a
+familiarity with prologues and first books and early chapters which
+contrasts ominously with the comparative infrequency with which he makes
+citations from the middle and latter parts of most of the works he
+mentions.”[567] Surely the implication is unjust. Stationers used to let
+out on hire parts of books or quires. Manuscript volumes were also often
+made up of parts of works by several authors. Books being scarce, it was
+preferable to make some volumes select miscellanies, little libraries in
+themselves. Hear Chaucer himself--
+
+    “And eek ther was som-tyme a clerk at Rome,
+     A cardinal, that highte Seinte Jerome,
+     That made a book agayn Jovinian;
+     In whiche book eek ther was Tertulan,
+     Crisippus, Trotula, and Helowys,
+     That was abbesse nat fer fro Parys;
+     And eek the Parables of Salomon,
+     Ovydes Art, and bokes many on,
+     And alle thise were bounden in o volume.”[568]
+
+In composite volumes often only the earlier parts of authors’ works were
+included. If Chaucer owned a few books of this kind, his familiarity
+with parts of authors--and oftenest with the earlier parts--is accounted
+for satisfactorily; so also is the range and variety of his reading.
+Examine the Christ Church Canterbury catalogue in Henry Eastry’s time,
+and note what a remarkable variety of subjects is comprised in what we
+nowadays consider rather a paltry number of books. There is another
+point worth bearing in mind. Speaking of Bishop Shirwood’s books, a
+writer in the _English Historical Review_ says: “Many of the books bear
+his mark, _Nota_, scattered over the margins, or a hand with a long
+pointing finger. These notes occur usually at the beginnings. In the
+days when chapters and sections were unknown and division into books
+rare, when headlines were not and pages sometimes had no signatures
+even, not to speak of numbers, a reader had to go solidly through a
+book, and could not lightly turn up a passage he wished for, by the aid
+of a reference. But except in Cicero and in Plutarch--which is read
+almost from beginning to end--the marks do not often go far. Shirwood
+was doubtless too busy to find much time for reading, and before he had
+made much way with a book a new purchase had come to arouse his
+interest.”[569]
+
+But to the general rule of scarcity of books some exceptions are known.
+When a book won a reputation, the cost of producing copies was not
+wholly restrictive of circulation. Copies of some works of the Fathers
+were produced in great numbers. The Bible, whole or in part, was copied
+with such industry that it became the commonest of manuscripts, as it
+now is the commonest of printed books. Peter Lombard’s _Sentences_
+became a famous book: the standard of the schools; everywhere to be
+found side by side with the Bible, everywhere discussed and commented
+upon. A twelfth century author of quite different character had a good
+hold upon the people; the number of copies of Geoffrey of Monmouth must
+have been considerable, for the British Museum now has thirty-five
+copies and Bodley’s Library sixteen. “Possibly, no work before the age
+of printed books attained such immediate and astonishing popularity ...
+translations, adaptations, and continuations of it formed one of the
+staple exercises of a host of medieval scribes.”[570] A glance at the
+monastic and academic library catalogues of later date than
+mid-thirteenth century will prove more clearly than a shelf full of
+books how enormous was the influence of Aristotle. If such a collocation
+as the Bible and Shakspere sums up the present-day Englishman’s ideals
+of spiritual sustenance and literary power, a similar collocation of the
+Bible and Aristotle would sum up, with a greater approach to truth, the
+ideals of the medieval schoolman. Popularity fell to _Piers Plowman_.
+Apart from the large currency given to it by ballad singers, many
+manuscripts were in existence, for even now forty-five of them, more or
+less complete, remain. As M. Jusserand aptly remarks: “This figure is
+the more remarkable when we consider that, contrary to works written in
+Latin or in French, Langland’s book was not copied and preserved outside
+his own country.”[571] Again, but a few years after the writing of the
+_Canterbury Tales_, a copy of it was bequeathed, among other books, by a
+clerk named Richard Sotheworth of East Hendred, Berks (1417).[572] The
+impression is left upon one’s mind that this work had found its way
+quickly and in many copies into country places.
+
+But as only a few books had a comparatively large circulation, these few
+had a disproportionately powerful influence. The Bible was paramount.
+Aristotle dominated the whole mental horizon of the schoolmen. Alfred of
+Beverley tells us that Geoffrey of Monmouth’s book “was so universally
+talked of that to confess ignorance of its stories was the mark of a
+clown.”[573] So great was the influence of _Piers Plowman_, that from it
+were taken watchwords at the great rising of the peasants.[574] The
+power of such works could not be wholly hemmed in by the barrier of
+manuscript: like a spring torrent it would burst forth and carry all
+before it. In the manuscript period a book of great originality and
+power, or a work which reproduced the thought of the time accurately and
+with spirit, ran no great risk of being passed over and forgotten; too
+little was produced for much that was good to be lost. It was copied
+once and again; became very slowly but very surely known to a few, then
+to many; and all the time waxed more and more influential in its
+teaching. The growth was slow, but then the lifetime was long. Now the
+chance of a good book going astray is much greater. What watcher of the
+great procession of modern books does not fear that something supremely
+fine and great has passed unobserved in the huge, motley crowd?
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A
+
+PRICES OF BOOKS AND MATERIALS FOR BOOKMAKING
+
+
+_Note._--Following is a selection from a large number of prices recorded
+in various places. In making the selection I have included books of
+various prices. An asterisk (*) before the reference signifies that
+additional prices will be found in the same place.
+
+_These prices must be multiplied at least ten times before the value set
+upon books in the Middle Ages can be compared with the value set upon
+them to-day._
+
+  ----------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------
+    DATE    |                   DESCRIPTION                       |   PRICE
+  ----------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------
+            |                   BIBLES                            |
+    1344    | Bible for Merton College                            |     £3
+            |                                   Rogers, i. 646    |
+   1354-74  | For redeeming a Bible  which lay in Langeton        |
+            |   chest (1354)                                      |     £3
+            | For a Bible pledged in Chichester chest (1357)      |     £3
+            | For a Bible redeemed from Chichester chest (1358)   |     £3
+            | For Bible pledged in Winton chest (1358)            |     £3
+            | To our barber for a Bible pledged to him in time    |
+            |   of John Dagenet                                   |  4 marks.
+            |                   _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, xlviii.    |
+   1376     | Bible, small                                        |    12 fr.
+            |                                      Robinson, 5    |
+  _c._ 1387 | Bible for New College                               | £2, 13s. 4d.
+            | Another                                             | £1, 6s. 8d.
+            | Another                                             | £1, 0s. 0d.
+            |                  _O. H. S._, 32, _Collect._, 220    |
+   15 c.    | Bible, 13 cent., 358 ff., double cols. of 53        |
+            |   lines, in good small hand                         |  5 marks.
+            |                                    James^{4}, 1   9 |
+   1423     | Pro j Biblia, cum ij signaculis deauratis           | £6, 13s. 4d.
+            |                          _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 76    |
+   1439     | Bible                                               | £3, 6s. 8d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+   1444     | Bible                                               | £2, 13s. 0d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+   1449     | Bible covered with red leather, and having          |
+            |   gilded clasps                                     | £6, 13s. 4d.
+            |                         _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 110    |
+   1452     | Bible                                               | £6, 13s. 4d.
+            |                         _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 132    |
+   1471     | Bible, in 5 vols.                                   |      £2
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+   1473     | Bible bought at Oxford. Now Brit. Mus. MS.          |
+            |   Burney 11                                         |     20s.
+            |                                       James, 515    |
+            |                   MISSALS                           |
+   1358     | Missal pledged in Burnel chest                      |   8s. 4d.
+            |                   _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, xlviii.    |
+  1383-4    | Abbot Litlington’s missal                           |£34, 14s. 7d.
+            |                                    Robinson, 7-8    |
+      1449  | Old Missal, de usu Ebor.                            |   26s. 8d.
+            |                         _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 110    |
+      1452  | Missal, de usu Ebor.                                | £4, 13s. 4d.
+            | Old Missal                                          |      10s.
+            |                      _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 132-33    |
+      1459  | A fair mass book                                    |      £10
+            |                                  Rogers, iv. 600    |
+      1468  | Missal                                              |      £4
+            |                         _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 163    |
+      1491  | Missal                                              |      40s.
+            |                      _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 161 n.    |
+      1509  | A new masboke couered with white lether and ij      |
+            |   longe claspes of latyn                            |       £4
+            | A little massebooke after the ffrenche use          |     3s. 4d.
+            |              _C. A. S._ (N.S.) 8vo ser., iii. 361   |
+            |                      BREVIARIES                     |
+      1370  | Portiforium                                         |      10s.
+            |                        _Cam. Soc._, Bury Wills, 1   |
+   1395     | Portiforium notatum                                 |     20s.
+            | Parvum portiforium                                  |   33s. 4d.
+            |                            _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 6   |
+   1400     | Portiforium de usu Sarum                            |   66s. 8d.
+            |                                       _Ibid._, 13   |
+   1449     | Great portiforium de usu Ebor.                      |£11, 3s. 6d.
+            | Great portiforium de usu Sarum                      |   53s. 4d.
+            |                                      _Ibid._, 110   |
+   1451     | Portiforium                                         |    6s. 8d.
+            |                                 _Mun. Acad._, 609   |
+   1452     | Portiforium de usu Sarum                            |   53s. 4d.
+            | Portiforium de usu Ebor.                            |   53s. 4d.
+            | Portiforium                                         |   13s. 4d.
+            |                       _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 132-33   |
+   1491     | Portiforium de Ebor.                                |   43s. 4d.
+            |                                    _Ibid._, 161n.   |
+   1518     |A little portuos lyinge to plegge in teamce street   |   53s. 4d.
+            |                              _Reliquary_, vii. 18   |
+            |                   PSALTERS                          |
+  Before    |                                                     |
+   1300     | Psalter, with glosses                               |     10s.
+            |                                  Warton, i. 188n.   |
+   1376     | Psalter, glossed                                    |    12 fr.
+            |                                       Robinson, 6   |
+  _c._ 1380 | Psalter, glossed                                    |   26s. 8d.
+            |                   _O. H. S._, 32, _Collect._, 226   |
+   1395     | Psalter, in large letters; price 6_s._ 8_d._        |
+            |    sold for                                         |   13s. 4d.
+            |                            _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 6   |
+   1447     | Psalter                                             |    3s. 8d.
+            |                                   Rogers, iv. 600   |
+   1449     | Psalter, glossed                                    |      11s.
+            |                          _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 110   |
+   1451     | Psalter, glossed                                    |    6s. 8d.
+            |                                 _Mun. Acad._, 609   |
+  1452      | Psalter, glossed                                    |   13s. 4d.
+            | Illuminated Psalter                                 |   13s. 4d.
+            | Small Psalter                                       |    6s. 8d.
+            |                      _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 132-33    |
+  1468      | Psalter                                             |    8s. 4d.
+            |                                     _Ibid._, 163    |
+_c._ 1470   | Psalter                                             |    6s. 8d.
+            |       _Paston Letters_, ed. Gairdner, vi. 175-77    |
+            |               ANTIPHONARIES                         |
+_c._ 1420-40| Antiphonary for S. Albans                           | £6s, 13s. 4d.
+            | Another                                             |     £6
+            |      _Ann. mon. S. Alb. a J. Amund._, ii. 256-71    |
+  1459      | 2 new great antiphons                               | £13, 6s. 8d.
+            |                                     Rogers, iv. 600 |
+  1491      | Antiphonary [with musical notation]                 |   33s. 4d.
+            |                         _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 161 n. |
+  1509      | A grete antyphoner in parchement with legent        |
+            |   couered with white lether with ij long claspes of |
+            |   latyn                                             |      £8
+            | An olde litle antyphoner withoute couer and         |
+            |   claspes                                           |    3s. 4d.
+            |               _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo ser., iii. 361 |
+            |                   PROCESSIONALS                     |
+  1449      | 20 new Processionals for All Souls College          | £5, 13s. 4d.
+            |                                     Rogers, iv. 600 |
+  1509      | A Processionall noted [with musical notation]       |
+            |   couered with Tawny lether and ij long claspes     |    26s. 8d.
+            | A processionall couered with Tawny lether with      |
+            |   oon claspe                                        |       5s.
+            |                         _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 361 |
+            |                 MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS                 |
+_c._ 690    | Land sufficient for 8 families exchanged for a book |
+            |   on cosmography, of admirable workmanship.         |
+            |                                    _Vitæ Abb._ § 15 |
+    1174    | Bede’s _Homilies_ and S. Austin’s Psalter exchanged |
+            |   for 12 measures of barley and a pall, on which    |
+            |   was embroidered in silver the history of          |
+            |   S. Birinus converting a Saxon king.               |
+            |                                     Warton, i. 186  |
+   Before   |                                                     |
+    1300    | Historia Scholastica [Peter Comestor], [Cf. 1452.]  |     £1
+            | Concordance                                         |    10s.
+            | Four greater prophets, with glosses                 |     5s.
+            |                                  *Warton, i. 188n.  |
+    1300    | Book of Decretals                                   |     3s.
+            |                          *Stevenson, _Hist. of Ely_ |
+    1306    | A school book                                       |     2d.
+            |                                  Rogers, i. 645-56  |
+    1322    | Liber gardanarum                                    | £3, 6s. 8d.
+            |                                     Rogers, i. 646  |
+    1357    | For book on Prophets and the third part of          |
+            |   Thomas Aquinas (tertia pars Summae), pledged      |
+            |   in Tykeford chest                                 |   13s. 4d.
+            |                      _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, xlviii. |
+  _c._ 1360 | La Bible Hystoriaus, ou Les Histories escolastres.  |
+            |   B.M. Reg. 19 D ii. Taken from King of             |
+            |   France at Poitiers; bought by Wm. Montagu,        |
+            |   for                                               | 100 marks.
+            |     Ordered to be sold by the Last will of his      |
+            |   Countess Elizabeth for                            |  40 livres.
+            |                                     Warton, i. 187  |
+    1376    | Dictionary in 3 volumes                             | 200 francs.
+            | Gospels glossed in 1 volume                         |  15 francs.
+            | N. de Lyra on the Gospels and the Epistles of Paul  | 37½ francs.
+            | Quodlibeta of Herveus Natalis Brito                 |   3 francs.
+            | Milleloquium Augustini [anthology of S. Augustine   |
+            |   by Bartholomew of Urbino]                         |  80 francs.
+            | Augustine, super psalterium abbreviatus cum         |
+            |   septem quaternis non ligatis                      |   1 franc.
+            | N. de Lyra, third part                              | 37½ francs.
+            | Small concordance                                   |   1 franc.
+            | Speculum  Historiale, first part, by Vincent of     |
+            |   Beauvais                                          |  50 francs.
+            | Augustine, de Civitate Dei                          |  12 francs.
+            | Lombard’s Sentences. [Cf. 1423, 1452.]              |   6 francs.
+            | Boëthius, de Consolatione philosophiae, cum aliis.  |  10 francs.
+            | Summa  Hostiensis [one  of the chief books on       |
+            |   canon law]. [Cf. 1380.]                           |  20 francs.
+    1376    | Cronica Martiniana, by Martinus Polonus; Bede,      |
+            |   de Gestis Anglorum; Life of S. Thomas, in         |
+            |   1 volume                                          | 10 francs.
+            | Anselm, de Similitudinibus                          |  2 francs.
+            |                                   *Robinson, 5-7    |
+    1378    | Wylliott’s book on natural philosophy               | £3, 6s. 8d.
+            |                                   Rogers, i. 646    |
+    1379    | 11 quires of Bacon’s Mathematics                    |   5s. 6d.
+            |                                   Rogers, i. 646    |
+  _c._ 1380 | Lectura T. Alquini super 410 sententiarum           |     10s.
+            | Evangelium Johannis et Apocalypsis glosatum         |     20s.
+            | Concordantiae Bibliae                               |      8s.
+            | Sermones veteres                                    |    3s. 4d.
+            | Sermones N. Gorham de communi sanctorum             |      5s.
+            | Liber Genesis glosatus                              |     20s.
+            | Legenda Aurea                                       |     20s.
+            | Augustine, de Civitate Dei                          |   53s. 4d.
+            | Haymo super epistolas Pauli                         |    100s.
+            | Evangelium Mathaei                                  |      2s.
+            |     “      Johannis glos.                           |    3s. 4d.
+            | Biblia versificata                                  |      5s.
+            | Quaternus sermonum                                  |    2s. 6d.
+            | Epistolae Sidonii, in quaterno                      |     12d.
+            | Albertus Magnus, de vegetabilibus et plantis cum    |
+            |   multis aliis                                      |   53s. 4d.
+            | Textus Metha[physi]cae                              |     10s.
+            | Commentator super libros caeli et mundi             |      5s.
+            | Liber de Anima, continens 3 libros cum aliis        |      3d.
+            | Textus naturalis philosophiae                       |     16s.
+            |              “                                      |   13s. 4d.
+            |              “                                      |   13s. 4d.
+            | Tractatus de Animalibus                             |      4s.
+            | Liber Decretalium non glosatus                      |    3s. 4d.
+            | Liber Decretalium                                   |   16s. 8d.
+            | Summa Hostiensis. [Cf. 1376.]                       |£4, 13s. 4d.
+            | Liber Sextus decretalium. [Cf. 1423, 1445,          |
+            |   1451.]                                            |     75s.
+            | Codex. [Cf. 1423.]                                  |    31s. 4d.
+            | Liber inforciatus. [Cf. 1423, 1445.]                |     20s.
+            | Digestum vetus. [Cf. 1423.]                         |      5s.
+            |               _O. H. S._, 32, _Collect._, 224-41    |
+    1389    | Problems of Aristotle for Exeter College            |      £4
+            | Boëthius, De Disciplina Scholarum, and De           |
+            |   Consolatione philosophiæ                          |   5 marks.
+            |                    _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, xxxvi.    |
+      1394  | Parchment for 4 choir books, and writing them       |£11, 13s. 3d.
+            |                       _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 130     |
+  _c._ 1394 | Writing, illuminating and other expenses of a       |
+            |   primer, given to the Lady Queen of Castile,       |
+            |   _i.e._ Constance, 2nd wife of John of Gaunt       | 63s. 6d.
+            |                      _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 401    |
+      1395  | Cronica Martiniana, cum aliis.                      |
+            |   Priced 3_s._ 4_d._, sold for [Cf. price in 1376]  | 3s. 4d.
+            | Libellus cum  causa  T. Cantuariensis, et aliis.    |
+            |   Priced 2_s._, sold for                            | 3s. 4d.
+            | Repertorium Willelmi Durand.                        |
+            |    Priced 6_s._ 8_d._, not sold                     | 6s. 8d.
+            | William de Mandagoto de Electionibus.  Priced       |
+            |   5_s._, sold for                                   | 6s. 8d.
+            | Constitutions  of Ottobonus, cum aliis.  Priced     |
+            |   18_d._, not sold                                  | 18d.
+            | Petrus de Formâ dictandi, quire. Priced 2_s._,      |
+            |   not sold [Cf. 1443]                               | 2s.
+            | Bernard, Meditationes, cum aliis 5_s._,             |
+            |   sold for                                          | 6s.
+            | Mandeville on paper, in French. 2_s._, not sold     | 2s.
+            | Quire, de Arte dictandi, with letters of Peter of   |
+            |   Blois. 2_s._, not sold                            | 2s.
+            | Textus Clementinarum [Decretals  of Clement]        |
+            |   12_d._, not sold                                  | 12d.
+            | Brut in French. 2_s._, not sold                     | 2s.
+            |                           _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 6    |
+      1397  | Vellum for 6 Processionals, and writing, noting     |
+            |   (notatio, musical notation), illuminating and     |
+            |    binding them                                     | 73s. 4d.
+            |               _Surtees Soc._, vii. xxvi.-vii. n.    |
+     15 c.  | Liber Scintillarum                                  | 2s.
+            | Augustine on John                                   | 10 marks.
+            |                      _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 403    |
+     15 c.  | For 39 quires parchment at vi_d._=xx_s._            |
+            |    vi_d._ (_sic_)                                   |   19s. 6d.
+            | For writing same at xx_d._ quire                    |     65s.
+            | For illuminating                                    |     12d.
+            | For binding                                         |    2s. 6d.
+            |                                            Summa    |  £4, 8s. 0d.
+            |                                   James^{3}, 105    |
+     15 c.  | 27 quires parchment at iii_d._                      |    6s. 9d.
+            | For writing same at 16_d._                          |     36s.
+            | Illumination                                        |      8d.
+            | Binding                                             |      2s.
+            |                                            Summa    |   45s. 5d.
+            |                                     _Ibid._, 128    |
+      15 c. |27 quires and 6 fo. parchment at iii_d._             |    6s. 9d.
+            |For writing same at 16_d._                           |     36s.
+            |Illumination                                         |      6d.
+            |Binding                                              |      2s.
+            |Total                                                |   45s. 3d.
+            |                                         _Ibid._, 133|
+      15 c. |33 quires parchment                                  |    8s. 3d.
+            |For writing same at 16_d._                           |     44s.
+            |Illumination                                         |     12d.
+            |Binding                                              |      2s.
+            |Total                                                |   55s. 3d.
+            |                                         _Ibid._, 169|
+      15 c. |29 quires parchment at iii_d._                       |    7s. 3d.
+            |For writing same at 16_d._                           |   38s. 8d.
+            |Illumination                                         |     12d.
+            |Binding                                              |      2s.
+            |Total                                                |   48s. 11d.
+            |                                         _Ibid._, 226|
+    15 c.   | Antonius Andreas, super Metaphysica, etc., 153ff.,  |
+            |  on paper                                           |   13s. 4d.
+            |                                       James^{3}, 290|
+     1400   |John of Meun’s Roman de la Rose, sold before         |
+            |  the palace gate at Paris                           | £33, 6s. 6d.
+            |                                       Warton, i. 187|
+     1400   |Tabula Martiniana                                    |   3s. 4d.
+            |Gradual, de usu Ebor.                                |     40s.
+            |Catholicon. [Cf. 1452.]                              | £4, 10s. 0d.
+            |                             *_Surtees Soc._, xlv. 13|
+     1414   |For mending one old mass book almost worn out;       |
+            |  for parchment and new writing in divers parts      |
+            |  and for the binding and new clasps, and a skin     |
+            |  to cover the book                                  |  11s. 2d.
+            |                           _Archæologia_, lvii. 208-9|
+   1420-40  |Three books given  to  the  Duke of Gloucester,      |
+            |  Cato glossed, and two books of Abbot Whethamstede’s|
+            |  own composition                                    |    £10
+            |Book of astronomy, given to the Duke of Bedford      | £3, 6s. 8d.
+            |Boëthius, de Consolatione philosophiae, glossed      |     £5
+            |Holkot, super Sapiéntiam Salomonis                   |  13s. 4d.
+            |Holkot, Sermons                                      | £3, 6s. 8d.
+            |Thos. Netter of Walden and Wm. Wodeford              |
+            |  against Wyclif. 2 vols.                            | £6, 13s. 4d.
+            |*_Ann. mon S. Alb. a J. Amund._ ii. 256, 259, 268-71.|
+   1420-40  |Alan de Lisle’s Anticlaudianus, cum quaestionibus    |
+            |  in eodem                                           |  13s. 4d.
+            | Unus parvus libellulus, cum metris et tabulis       |
+            |   diversis                                          |  13s. 4d.
+            | * _Ann. mon S. Alb. a J. Amund._ ii. 256,           |
+            |    259, 268-71.                                     |
+    1423    | Magister Sententiarum. [Cf. 1376, 1452.]            |     16s.
+            | Concordance                                         |     20s.
+            | Gregory’s Pastoral care                             |      4s.
+            | Anselm, Cur Deus homo. [Cf. 1451.]                  |     10s.
+            | Archdeacon Guido de Baysio’s Rosarium               |     40s.
+            | Liber Sextus Decretalium. [Cf. 1380, 1445, 1451.]   |     40s.
+            | Digestum Inforciatum. [Cf. 1380, 1445.]             |  13s. 4d.
+            | Digestum vetus. [Cf. 1380.]                         |  13_s._ 4_d._
+            | Codex. [Cf. 1380.]                                  |£1, 6_s._ 8_d._
+            |                          _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 76    |
+    1432    | Dr. Thomas Gascoigne gave 6 books to Lincoln        |
+            |   College, value                                    |  £17, 10s.
+            |               Clark, _Linc. Coll._ (Coll. Hist.)    |
+    1438    | Thomas Aquinas super primum Sententiarum            |     £1
+            | Thomas Aquinas in secundum Sententiarum             | £1, 6s. 8d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+    1441    | Tabula super Senecam et Boetium de Consolat. et     |
+            |   de disciplina scholarium                          |   1s. 8d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+    1442    | One part of Lyra                                    | £3, 6s. 8d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+    1443    | 27 volumes bought from John Paston’s Exors. for     |
+            |   King’s Hall, Cambridge.                           | £8, 17s. 4d.
+    1443    | For an old book, Postillae super Lucam              |      2s.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+    1443    | Petrus de formâ dictandi. [Cf. 1395.]               |    1s. 8d.
+            |                                _Mun. Acad._, 532    |
+    1445    | Book of philosophy, cum tractatibus Alberti         |   13s. 4d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+    1445    | Liber Sextus Decretalium, pledged for. [Cf. 1380,   |  £1, et ob.
+            |   1423, 1451.]                                      |
+            | Digestum Inforciatum, pledged  for. [Cf.  1380,     |    3s. 4d.
+            |   1423.]                                            |
+            |                              * _Mun. Acad._, 543    |
+   1449     | Cicero, Rhetoric                                    |  3s. 4d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+   1451     | Petrus de Palude [? in Sententiis]                  |    2s.
+            | Epistles of Seneca ad Lucilium                      |    2s.
+            | Gregory’s Sermons                                   |  6s. 8d.
+            | Plato, Timaeus                                      |    6d.
+            | Digestum vetus. [Cf. 1380, 1423]                    |    4s.
+            | Liber Sextus Decretalium, cum glossa cardinali.     |
+            |   [Cf. 1380, 1445, 1423.]                           |    5s.
+            | Codex. [Cf. 1423.]                                  |    4s.
+            | Bernardus Parmensis de Botone, Casus longus         |    5s.
+            | Martial                                             |    1s.
+            | Anselm, Cur Deus homo. [Cf. 1423.]                  |  2s. 4d.
+            | Decretals of Clement                                |  3s. 4d.
+            | Vetus liber Decretalium                             |  1s. 4d.
+            |                              * _Mun. Acad._, 609    |
+   1452     | Isidore, Etymologies; Bede, Historia                |
+            |    Ecclesiastica                                    |    30s.
+            | Augustine, de spiritu et anima, with                |
+            |    the Meditations of S. Bernard, and many          |
+            |    other contents                                   |    40s.
+            | Guillelmus Parisiensis de virtutibus                |    20s.
+            | Bartholomeus Anglicus [Bartholomew de Glanville]    |
+            |   de proprietatibus rerum                           |  6s. 8d.
+            | Pupilla oculi. [There were several books of this    |
+            |   title.]                                           |    20s.
+            | Catholicon. [Cf. 1400.]                             |     £4
+            | Polichronica                                        |    20s.
+            | Historia Scholastica. [Cf. bef. 1300.]              |     5s.
+            | Lombard’s Sentences. [Cf. 1376, 1423.]              |    16s.
+            |                     * _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 132-3    |
+   1453     | Book by Wyclif                                      |   7s. 6d.
+            | Book against Wyclif                                 |   3s. 6d.
+            | More’s book on Wyclif and other books               | £2, 2s. 0d.
+            |                                  Rogers, iv. 600    |
+   1455     | Nicolaus de Gorham super Psalterium, pledged        |
+            |   for                                               | £1, 6s. 8d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+   1455     | Gregory the Great’s Works, 157 leaves               | £3, 6s. 8d.
+            |                     _Library_ (N. S.), viii. 172    |
+   1456     | Avicenna, redeemed for                              | £1, 6s. 4d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+   1457     | Aegidius super Physica                              |   16s. 8d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+    1457    | Aristotle de animalibus                             |   5s. 6d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+    1459    | A Holy Legend                                       |    £10
+            |                                  Rogers, iv. 600    |
+    1462    | Aristotle, Rhetor. Polit., etc.                     |   8s. 5d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+    1462    | Map of the world, bought for New College            |     £5
+            |                                  Rogers, iv. 600    |
+    1467    | Cicero, de Officiis and Ambrosius super eodem       |     6s.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+  _c._ 1468 | S. Augustine’s Epistles                             | £1, 13s. 4d.
+            |                      _Library_ (N.S.), viii. 172    |
+    1468    | Richard Rolle’s Meditatio de passione domini        |     4d.
+            |                        *_Surtees Soc._, xlv. 163    |
+    1469    | Jerome’s Epistles                                   |     £1
+            |                                James^{10}, xxiv.    |
+    1469    | Vellum, writing, correcting, illuminating, and      |
+            |   binding a Lectionary in redskin, and cleaning     |
+            |   the book                                          |  64s. 3d.
+            |                       _Library_, ii. (1890), 243    |
+  _c._ 1470 | iij bokes of soffistre                              |   1s. 8d.
+            | A red boke with Hugucio and Papie                   |     £1
+            | A boke of Seynt Thomas de Veritatibus               |    10s.
+            | 1 boke of xij chapetyrs of Lyncoln,                 |
+            |   and a boke of Safistre                            |    10s.
+            | 1 premere (primer?)                                 |    2s.
+            |   * Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, vi. 175, 177        |
+    1472    | Thomas Aquinas, Tabula on works                     |   5s. 4d.
+            |                                James^{10}, xxv.     |
+    1481    | Alexander Aphrodisaeus, super libros de Anima       | £1, 13s. 4d.
+            |                               Rogers, iv. 600-1     |
+    1502    | Hugo de Vienna’s works in 7 volumes [printed]       |  £2, 6s. 4d.
+            |                               Rogers, iv. 600-1     |
+    1509    | A printed legende in paper de usu Saris coueryd     |
+            |  with white lether with ij short claspes of latyn   |    3s. 4d.
+            |            _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo ser., iii. 361    |
+    1509    | A graile couered with white lether with ij long     |
+            |   claspes                                           | £4, 6s. 8d.
+            | A graile couered with white lether having ij        |
+            |   longe claspes                                     |   53s.    4d.
+            | A prikesong boke in parchement                      |   13s. 4d.
+            |            _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo ser., iii. 361    |
+  _c._ 1525 | Cicero, de Officiis, bought by Thos. Linacre;       |
+            |   now B. M. Reg. 15 A vi.                           |      8d.
+            |                                       James, 519    |
+    1531    | 4 hymnaria for the quire at ⅓                       |         5s.
+            |                                 Rogers, i. 600-1    |
+    1538    | 1 Statutes of the Kingdom                           |     14s.
+            | Polydore Vergil’s history                           |    6s. 8d.
+            |                                 Rogers, i. 600-1    |
+    1539    | Giorgio della Valle [? Aristotle’s Poetics]         |     10s.
+            |                                Rogers, iv. 600-1    |
+    1540    | Map of the World                                    |    4s. 0d.
+            | Suidas in Greek [? printed ed. 1499]                | £1, 12s. 0d.
+            | Erasmus on New Testament                            |      9s.
+            |                                Rogers, iv. 600-1    |
+    1542    | Theophylact and Eustathius [? printed ed. 1542]     |  £2, 2s. 0d.
+            | Epiphanius                                          |      8s.
+            |                                Rogers, iv. 600-1    |
+            | Parchment for, writing, rubrishing and binding a    |
+            |   book called “Domyltone,” also rubrishing          |
+            |   Heytesbury’s Sophismata. [“Domyltone” was         |
+            |   perhaps one of John of Dumbleton’s books]         | 15s. 4½d.
+            |               _Hist. MSS._, 2nd Rept., App. 129;    |
+            |                       _Bibliographica_, iii. 148    |
+            |   _Note._--Many prices of books at Winchester       |
+            | College, temp. Henry VI will be found in            |
+            | _Archæol. Jour._ xv. (1858) 62-74.                  |
+            |                     WRITING                         |
+    1346    | For writing a Psalter with Kalendar                 |   5s. 6d.
+            | And a “placebo et dirige cum ympnario et            |
+            |   collectario”                                      |   4s. 3d.
+            |                        _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 165    |
+   1383-4   | For writing Abbot Litlington’s Missal during        |
+            |   two years                                         |     £4
+            |                                    Robinson, 7-8    |
+    1383-4  | Livery for the scribe                               |    20s.
+            | For writing notes (musical notation) in Abbot       |
+            |   Litlington’s Missal                               |   3s. 4d.
+            |                                    Robinson, 7-8    |
+     1393   | Writing 2 Graduals                                  | £4, 6s. 8d.
+            |                        _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 130    |
+     1397   | For writing a Legenda of 34 “quires”                |    72s.
+            |               _Surtees Soc._, vii. xxvi-xxvii n.    |
+      15c.  | Writing 25 quires at 16d.                           |  33s. 4d.
+            |                                   James^{3}, 234    |
+    ? 15 c. | Writing per quire.                                  |    16d.
+            |                      _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 398    |
+     1430   | N. de Lyra transcribed                              |  100 marks
+            |                                Warton, i. 187 n.    |
+     1467   | Item, for wrytynge of a quare and demi ... prise    |
+            |   the quayr, xx_d._                                 |   2s. 6d.
+            | Item, for wrytenge of a calendar                    |    12d.
+            | Item, for notynge (musical notation) of v.          |
+            |   quayres and ij leves, prise of the                |
+            |   quayr, viij[_d._]                                 |   3s. 7d.
+            |                 Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, v. 4    |
+     1469   | For writing a “litill booke of Pheesyk”             |     2d.
+            | For writing “the tretys of Werre in iiij books,     |
+            |   which conteyneth lx levis aftir ij_d._ a leaff”   |     10s.
+            | For writing “De Regimine Principum, which           |
+            |   conteyneth xlv^{ti} leves, aftir a peny a leef,   |
+            |   which is right wele worth”                        |   3s. 9d.
+            |              *Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, v. 2-4    |
+     1469   | For writing a Lectionary of 18 quires and 9 skins   |   28s. 4d.
+            |                       _Library_, ii. (1890) 243     |
+            |                   ILLUMINATING                      |
+     1374   | Church of Norwich paid for illuminating a           |
+            |   Graduale and Consuetudinary                       |  £22, 9s.
+            |                               Merryweather, 36n.    |
+    1383-4  | For illumination of the large letters in Abbot      |
+            |   Litlington’s Missal                               | £22, 0s. 3d.
+            |                                    Robinson, 7-8    |
+    1393    | Illuminating 2 graduals                             |  £2
+            |                  _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 130          |
+    1395    | Illuminating 3 graduals                             |  £2
+            |                  _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 130          |
+    1397    | Illuminating and binding Legenda of 34 “quires”     |  30s.
+            |         _Surtees Soc._, vii. xxvi-xxvii n.          |
+    1445    | Yearly wages of an illuminator at Oxford, four      |
+            |   marks, ten shillings                              |
+            |                           _Mun. Acad._, 551         |
+    1467    | Sir John Howard paid Thomas Lympnour of             |
+            |   Bury St. Edmunds for illuminating, and other      |
+            |   work                                              |
+            | For viij. hole vynets [or small miniatures]         |
+            |   prise the vynett, xij_d_                          |   8s.
+            | Item, for xxj. demi-vynets ... prise  the           |
+            |   demi-vynett, iiij_d._                             |    7s.
+            | Item, for Psalmes lettres xv^{c} and di’ ... the    |
+            |   prise of C. iiij_d._ [_I.e._, 1550 at 4_d._       |
+            |   a hundred]                                        |  5s. 2d.
+            | Item, for p’ms letters lxiij^{c} ... prise of a     |
+            |   C., j_d._                                         |  5s. 3d.
+            | Item, for floryshynge of capytalls, v^{c}           |    5d.
+            |           Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, v. 4          |
+    1469    | For rubrishing a book                               |  3s. 4d.
+            |           Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, v. 4          |
+    1469    | Illuminating a Lectionary                           |  13s. 6d.
+            |                  _Library_, ii. (1890) 243          |
+            |                    BINDING                          |
+    1383-4  | Binding Abbot Litlington’s Missal                   |    21s.
+            |                                    Robinson, 7-8    |
+    1384-5  | Covering a great Portiforium                        |  3s. 2d.
+            | Covering a book and making three silver clasps      |  5s. 8d.
+            |                                      Robinson, 8    |
+    1392    | Binding seven books                                 |  4s. 0d.
+            |                   _O. H. S_., 27, Boase, xlviii.    |
+    1395    | Binding large gradual (York Cathedral)              |   10s.
+            |                        _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 130    |
+   ? 15c.   | Binding (in white skin over wooden boards)          |    2s.
+            |                      _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 398    |
+    1412-13 | Stitching 67 books at 1½_d._ a book, with           |
+            |   13_d._ in addition                                | 9s. 5½d.
+            | Stitching covers of 52 books at 1_d._               |   4s. 4d.
+            |                     _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iv. 300-3    |
+     1428   | Binding Bible in 2 vols.                            |   5s. 3d.
+            |                                  Rogers, iv. 600    |
+     1467   | Item, for byndynge of the boke [a Psalter or        |
+            |   other liturgical book]                            |    12s.
+            |                 Gairdner, _Paston Letters_, v. 4    |
+     1469   | Binding a Lectionary in redskin, and correcting     |
+            |   the book                                          |   5s. 5d.
+            |                        _Library_, ii. (1890) 243    |
+            |   _Note._--For many prices for binding,             |
+            | repairing, and chaining books, see                  |
+            | Bibliographical Society’s Monograph 13,             |
+            | p. 18-19.                                           |
+  ----------+-----------------------------------------------------+-----------
+
+MATERIALS
+
+A very large number of prices of vellum and parchment might be quoted.
+These will suffice: (1301) vellum per skin, 1¼d.; (1312-13) 6 doz.
+parchment, 8s. 8d.; (1358-59) 2 doz. parchment, 6s.; (1359-60) 2½
+doz. parchment, 7s. 6d.; (1383-84) 13 doz. vellum, £4, 6s. 8d.; (1395)
+12 parchment skins, 5s. 0d.; (1397) vellum per dozen skins, 4s. 6d.;
+(1412-13) vellum cost a dozen skins 2s. 10d.; (1412-13) 9 skins of
+parchment 13½d., and 6 skins of parchment, 16d.; (1467) 3 quires of
+vellum, 5s.; 17 quires for a Lectionary, 10s. 6d.
+
+Skins for binding were sold in (1395) 1 deerskin, 3s. 2d.; (1397) 6
+deerskins for processionals, 13s. 4d; (1412-13) 97 calfskins @ 4d. a
+skin, 82 sheepskins @ 3d., 3 sheepskins for 5d., 12 redskins @ 6d.;
+(1469) 1 redskin, 5d.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B
+
+LIST OF CERTAIN CLASSIC AUTHORS FOUND IN MEDIEVAL CATALOGUES
+
+
+This list is brief, but it should be long enough to show clearly what
+Greek and Latin authors were read in the Middle Ages, and to indicate
+roughly their comparative popularity. A note has been made of only one
+copy of a work found at a particular place at a certain time; often
+there were duplicates, sometimes many copies: for example, consult
+Appendix C, under date _c._ 1170.
+
+The following abbreviations are used: August. Fr. York = Augustinian
+Friary, York; C. U. L. = Cambridge University Library; Cant. Coll. =
+Canterbury College, Oxford; Ch. Ch. C. = Christ Church, Canterbury;
+Durh. = Durham Priory; Lanthony = Lanthony Priory, nr. Gloucester; Ox.
+U. L. = Oxford University Library; S. Cath. H. = S. Catharine’s College;
+Rochester = S. Andrew’s Priory, Rochester; S. Aug. C. = S. Augustine’s
+Monastery, Canterbury; S. Mart. Dov. = S. Martin’s Priory, Dover. Other
+abbreviations are self-explanatory.
+
+     AESCHINES.--_Orations_ (1443, Ox. U. L.).
+
+     ARISTOTLE.--(8 cent., York; 1248, Glastonbury; 1315, Durh.; _c._
+     1387, New Coll.; 1418, Peterhouse). _Organon_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch.
+     C.; 1202, Rochester; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York;
+     _c._ 1385, Pembr. Coll.; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391 and 1395, Durh.;
+     1435 and 1473, C. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; _c._ 1497, S.
+     Aug. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Topica_ (bef. 13
+     cent., Reading; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1387, Exeter Coll.; 1448,
+     Hospital of S. Mary within Cripplegate, London). _De Sophisticis
+     elenchis_ (bef. 13 cent., Reading). _Natural sciences_ (1274,
+     Peterborough; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1435 and
+     1473, C. U. L.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C., _de nova translacione_;
+     1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Physica_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch.
+     C.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1391 and 1395, Durh.;
+     1435, C. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.;
+     1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.). _Meteorologica_ (1435 and
+     1473, C. U. L.). _Historia animalium_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C., _de
+     animalibus_; 1372, August. Fr. York, _de animalibus_; 1389, S.
+     Mart. Dov., _de natura animalium_; 1473, C. U. L.; 1520, Wm.
+     Grocyn, _de animalibus_). _De generatione animalium_ (_c._ 1300,
+     Ch. Ch. C.; 1443, Ox. U. L.). _De anima_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.;
+     1372, August. Fr. York; 1439, Ox. U. L.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.;
+     1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Metaphysica_ (_c._ 1300, Ch.
+     Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1473, C.
+     U. L.; 1487, Pembr. Coll.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant.
+     Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Ethica_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372,
+     August. Fr. York; 1387, Exeter Coll.; 1391, Durh.; 1428, Pembr.
+     Coll.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1473, C. U. L.;
+     1475, S. Cath. H.; 1487, Pembr. Coll.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1508,
+     Ch. Ch. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll., _noviter translatus_; _c._ 1526,
+     Syon). _Magna Moralia_ (1487, Pembr. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon).
+     _Politica_ (_c._ 1428, Pembr. Coll.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s
+     Coll. Camb.; 1487, Pembr. Coll.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1508, Ch.
+     Ch. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Rhetorica_ (_c._
+     1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1475, S. Cath. H.; 1487,
+     Pembr. Coll.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1524, Cant.
+     Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Problemata_ (1435 and 1473, C. U. L.;
+     1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Oeconomica_ (1372, August. Fr.
+     York).
+
+     CAESAR.--_Commentaries_ (1443, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.;
+     1520, Wm. Grocyn).
+
+     CICERO.--(8 cent., York; 1439, Ox. U. L., _Opera viginti duo in
+     magno volumine_; 1520, Wm. Grocyn, _Opera omnia_). _Epistolae_
+     (1480, Bp. Shirwood; 1498, Coll. of Bishop Auckland; 1524, Cant.
+     Coll.; 1439, Ox. U. L., 1520, Wm. Grocyn, and _c._ 1526, Syon, _ad
+     familiares_; 1439, Ox. U. L., _ad Quintum_). _Orationes_ (beg. 14
+     cent., Lanthony, _in Catilinam_; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1474, Bp.
+     Shirwood; 1478, Balliol Coll.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; 1520,
+     Wm. Grocyn; 1372, August. Fr. York, _Tullii invectivarum_; 1391,
+     Durh.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; and 1520, Wm. Grocyn, _Philippics_; 1439,
+     Ox. U. L., _in Verrem_). _De Senectute_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.;
+     1180, Whitby; 12 cent., Durh.; 1217-18, Evesham; 1248, Glastonbury;
+     _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse; _c._
+     1497, S. Aug. C.; _c._ 1526, Syon. Frequently found). _De Legibus_
+     (12 cent., Durh.). _De Officiis_ (1202, Rochester; beg. 14 cent.,
+     Lanthony; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1418,
+     Peterhouse; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1475, S. Cath. H.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug.
+     C.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _De Republica_ (_Somnium Scipionis_ (_c._
+     1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1418, Peterhouse;? 1482,
+     Leicester; _c._ 1526, Syon). _De Amicitia_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.;
+     1180, Whitby; 1195, Durh.; 1217-18, Evesham; 1248, Glastonbury;
+     beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr.
+     York; 1391, Durh.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; _c._ 1526, Syon--one of
+     the commonest of classic works in the M.A.). _Paradoxa_ (1217-18,
+     Evesham; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1391, Durh.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.;
+     _c._ 1526, Syon). _Tusculanae disputationes_ (beg. 14 cent.,
+     Lanthony; 1418, Peterhouse; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant.
+     Coll.; 1526, Syon). _De Inventione_ (_Rhetorica_) (_c._ 1170, Ch.
+     Ch. C.; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.;
+     1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1458, S. Paul’s; 1473,
+     C. U. L.;? 1482, Leicester; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant.
+     Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon, _nova rhetorica_). _De Oratore_ (1477, Bp.
+     Shirwood). _Topica_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.).
+     _De Natura Deorum_ (_c._ 1526, Syon). _De Finibus_ (1472, Bp.
+     Shirwood).
+
+     GELLIUS.--_Noctes Atticae_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1391, Durh.;
+     1439, Ox. U. L.; 1476, Bp. Shirwood; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526,
+     Syon).
+
+     “HOMER.”--(12 cent., Durh.; 1180, Whitby). _Iliad_ (_c._ 1526,
+     Syon).
+
+     HORACE.--(_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; bef. 13
+     cent., Reading; 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent.,
+     Lanthony; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1452, King’s
+     Coll. Camb.; _c._ 1480, Bp. Shirwood;? 1482, Leicester; _c._ 1497,
+     S. Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; _c._ 1526, Syon).
+     _Epistles_ (bef. 13 cent., Reading; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389,
+     S. Mart. Dov.).
+
+     JUVENAL.--_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1180, Whitby; 12 cent., Durh.; 12
+     or 13 cent., Bury; bef. 13 cent., Reading; 1217-18, Evesham; 1248,
+     Glastonbury; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391,
+     Durh.; 1487, Bp. Shirwood; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn;
+     _c._ 1526, Syon.
+
+     LIVY.--(1248, Glastonbury; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1443, Ox. U. L.;
+     1475, Bp. Shirwood; 1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526,
+     Syon, epitome by Florus).
+
+     LUCAN.--(8 cent., York; _c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.;
+     1202, Rochester; 1217-18, Evesham; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; beg. 14
+     cent., Lanthony; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1418,
+     Peterhouse; 1473, C. U. L.;? 1482, Leicester; _c._ 1497, S. Aug.
+     C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; _c._ 1526, Syon).
+
+     LUCRETIUS.--_De Rerum natura_ (1520, Wm. Grocyn).
+
+     MARTIAL.--(12 cent., Peterboro’; 14 cent., Ramsey; _c._ 1300, Ch.
+     Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York, _Epigrammata marcii valerii, libri
+     15_; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse; 1451, Henry Calder, vicar
+     of Cookfield; 1476, Bp. Shirwood).
+
+     OVID.--(_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; beg. 14 cent.,
+     Lanthony; 1202, Rochester, _Ovidius magnus_; 14 cent., Ramsey; _c._
+     1300, Ch. Ch. C.;? 1482, Leicester). _Ars amatoria_ (12 cent.,
+     Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham).
+     _Remedia Amoris_ (12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1438, T.
+     Cooper, a scholar of Oxford; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus
+     Coll., Rotherham). _Mendicamina faciei_ (_c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.).
+     _Metamorphoses_ (1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1443,
+     Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1470, Pembr. Coll.; 1473, C.
+     U. L.;? 1482, Leicester, _de mirabilibus mundi_; _c._ 1497, S.
+     Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Fasti_
+     (12 cent., Durh.; 1202, Rochester; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S.
+     Mart. Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1443, Ox. U. L.). _Tristia_ (_c._
+     1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S.
+     Mart. Dov.; 1418, Peterhouse; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Ibis_ (_c._
+     1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; _c._
+     1400, Meaux; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Heroides_ (1372, August. Fr.
+     York). _Ex Ponto_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372,
+     August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.).
+
+     PERSIUS--(_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1180, Whitby; 12 cent., Durh.;
+     1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; 1520,
+     Wm. Grocyn).
+
+     PLATO--(1180, Whitby; bef. 13 cent., Reading; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch.
+     C.; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1439, Ox. U. L.;? 1482, Leicester; _c._
+     1526, Syon). _Timaeus_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.;
+     1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.;
+     1372, August Fr. York; 1418, Peterhouse; 1451, Hy. Caldey, vicar of
+     Cookfield; 1478, Balliol Coll., new translation; _c._ 1497, S. Aug.
+     C.). _Republic_ (1443, Ox. U. L., new translation; 1452, King’s
+     Coll., Camb.; 1475, S. Cath. H.). _Euthyphro_ (1478, Balliol Coll.,
+     new translation).
+
+     PLAUTUS--12 or 13 cent., Bury [_James_^{1}, 27]; beg. 14 cent.,
+     Lanthony, _Aulularia_; 1481, Bp. Shirwood; 1520, Wm. Grocyn.
+
+     PLINY THE ELDER--(8 cent., York; 1126-71, Glastonbury, _de naturali
+     historia_; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C., _Prima pars
+     Plinii, et secunda pars_; 1418, Peterhouse, _Hist. nat._; 1439, Ox.
+     U. L., _Plinius de naturis rerum_; 1443, Ox. U. L., _Physica_;
+     1464, Bp. Shirwood; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon). Extracts,
+     _Medicina Plinii_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C., _Liber Plinii junioris
+     [sic] de diversis medicinis_).
+
+     PLINY THE YOUNGER.--_Letters_ (1443, Ox. U. L.).
+
+     PLUTARCH.--_Vitae_ (1480, Bp. Shirwood, printed, Latin; 1520, Wm.
+     Grocyn).
+
+     QUINTILIAN.--_Institutio oratoria_ (12 cent., Durh.; _c._ 1290, the
+     La Fytes, scholars at Oxford; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1326-35, S.
+     Albans; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1439,
+     Ox. U. L.; 1475, S. Cath. H.; 1478, Balliol Coll.; _c._ 1497, S.
+     Aug. C.)
+
+     SALLUST--(_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent. Durh.; 1202, Rochester;
+     1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1418,
+     Peterhouse). _Bella_ (12 cent., Bury; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb., _de
+     bello Cat._; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; _c._ 1526, Syon).
+     SENECA THE YOUNGER--_c._ 1170, Peterboro’; 1260-9, S. Albans; 12
+     cent., Durh.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1478, Balliol Coll.; 1520, Wm.
+     Grocyn). _Opera_ (_c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _De Beneficiis_ (_c._
+     1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1395, Durh.; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse).
+     _De Clementia_ (_c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1395, Durh.; 1418,
+     Peterhouse; 1458, S. Paul’s). _Epistolae morales_ (12 cent.,
+     Peterboro’; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; bef. 13 cent., Reading; 13 cent.,
+     Rievaulx; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1395,
+     Durh.; _c._ 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse; 1451, Hy. Caldey, vicar
+     of Cookfield; 1452, King’s Coll., Camb.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.).
+     _Naturales quaestiones_ (1418, Peterhouse; 1458, S. Paul’s).
+     _Tragædiae_ (1372, August. Fr. York; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s
+     Coll., Camb.; _c._ 1480, Bp. Shirwood). Innumerable.
+
+     STATIUS--(8 cent., York; 1180, Whitby; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; 1389,
+     S. Mart. Dov.; _c._ 1526, Syon). _Thebais_ (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.;
+     12 cent., Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1479, Bp. Shirwood). _Achilleis_
+     (_c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August Fr. York;
+     1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Silvae_ (1478
+     Bp. Shirwood).
+
+     SUETONIUS.--_De Vita Caesarum_ (12 or 13 cent., Bury; 1126-71,
+     Glastonbury; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; _c._
+     1400, Meaux; 1443, Ox. U. L.; 1458, S. Paul’s; 1476, Bp. Shirwood;
+     1508, New Coll.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon).
+
+     TACITUS.--_De Oratoribus_ (1520, Wm. Grocyn; 1526, Syon).
+
+     TERENCE--(12 cent., Durh.; 12 cent., Peterboro’; 12 or 13 cent.,
+     Bury; _c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1202, Rochester; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch.
+     C.; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1326-35, S. Albans;
+     1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391, Durh.; 1443, Ox.
+     U. L.; 1471, Bp. Shirwood; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus
+     Coll., Rotherham; _c._ 1530, Wells Cath.).
+
+     TROGUS, POMPEIUS--(8 cent., York; 1095, Durh.; 12 cent., Durh.;
+     1391, Durh.; 1443, Ox. U. L.; 1465, Bp. Shirwood).
+
+     VALERIUS MAXIMUS.--_Facta et dicta memorabilia_ (13 cent., Bury;
+     1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1420-40, S. Albans; 1452, King’s
+     Coll. Camb.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; _c._ 1526, Syon).
+
+     VARRO.--_De Lingua Latina_ (1443, Ox. U. L.; _c._ 1526, Syon).
+
+     VIRGIL--(8 cent., York; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; 12 cent., Durh.; _c._
+     1150, Lincoln Cath.; _c._ 1170, Ch. Ch. C., _Virgilius totus_; 14
+     cent., Ramsey; 1326-35, S. Albans;? 1482, Leicester; _c._ 1526,
+     Syon, _Opera_). _Bucolics_ (12 cent., Durh.; 1180, Whitby; bef. 13
+     cent., Reading; 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; 1372, August.
+     Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1452,
+     King’s Coll. Camb., _Virgilius in bucolicis cum ceteris_; 1458, S.
+     Paul’s; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Georgics_ (12 cent., Durh.; bef.
+     13 cent., Reading; 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; 1372,
+     August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; _c._ 1497, S. Aug. C.). _Aeneid_
+     (1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; _c._ 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372,
+     August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; _c._ 1497, S. Aug.
+     C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.).
+
+_NOTE._
+
+In compiling the above list use has been made of Bateson; Becker;
+Bradshaw; _C.A.S._; _Chron. Mon. de Melsa_, iii.; Dugdale, _Hist. of S.
+Paul’s_; _E.H.R._ iii.; James; James^{1}; James^{2}; James^{9};
+James^{10}; _Mun. Acad._; Robinson; _Sur. Soc._ vii.; _Archaeologia
+Cantiana_; _Fasciculus Ioanni Willis Clark dicatus_ (art. by Dr. M. R.
+James), and other works.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C
+
+LIST OF MEDIEVAL COLLECTIONS OF BOOKS
+
+
+     _Note._--This list aims (i) to bring together in brief form a
+     number of records which are better removed from the main text of
+     this book, and (ii) to present in chronological order facts
+     carefully selected to show the variety of medieval libraries, in
+     size and character.
+
+  ----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------
+    DATE    |               DESCRIPTION                 |       SOURCE
+  ----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------
+     778     | Alcuin’s library at York. Aristotle,     | Alcuin, _De Pont.
+             |   Virgil, Lucan, Statius, Cicero,        |   Eccle. Ebor._,
+             |   Aldhelm, Bede, etc.                    |   1535-61; Becker,
+             |                                          |   2.
+    10 c.    | Books given to Peterborough by           | Dugdale, i. 382.
+             |   Ethelwold. Bede _in Marcum_, _Liber    |
+             |   Miraculorum_, _Expositio Hebraeorum    |
+             |   nominum_, _De Literis Graecorum_, etc. |
+             |   About 20.                              |
+    10 c.    | King Athelstan gave some nine books to   | _B. M. Cott._, A 1.
+             |   S. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury:      |   viii. fo. 56^{b};
+             |   Persius, Isidore, Bede (?), etc.       |   James, lxix.
+   _c._ 1034 | “Many” books on theology and grammar     | _Chron. Abb. de E._
+             |   given to Evesham Abbey by Bp.          |   (Rolls S.), 83.
+             |   Aelfward.                              |
+     1045    | Two books bequeathed to Glastonbury      | Wm. of Malm., _De
+             |   by Bp. Brithwold.                      |   Ant. Glaston._,
+             |                                          |   Wharton, _Angl.
+             |                                          |   Sacra_ (1691), i.
+             |                                          |   578-83.
+   _c._ 1060 | At St. Peter’s Exeter books given by     | Dugdale, ii. 527.
+             |   Bp. Leofric; Exeter Book, Leofric      |
+             |   Missal, etc.                           |
+   1077-93   | Church books given to S. Albans by       | _Gesta ... S.
+             |   Abbot Paul.                            |   Albani_, i. 58.
+   1078-99   | Bp. Osmund collected and wrote books     | W. of Malm., _Gesta
+             |   for Old Sarum Church.                  |    Pont._, 183.
+   _c._ 1080 | Abbot Walter made many books for         | _Chron. Abb. de E._
+             |   Evesham.                               |   (Rolls S.), 97.
+     1095    | Bp. William de Carilef gave about 52     | _Surtees Soc._, vii.
+             |   books to Durham [not Lindisfarne, as   |   117-8; Becker, 172.
+             |   in Becker].                            |
+    12 c.    | Nearly 370 pieces at Durham Priory:      | _Surtees Soc._, vii.
+             |   Quintilian, Plato’s _Timaeus_,         |   1-10.
+             |   Sallust, Cicero (_de Legibus_, _de     |
+             |   Amic._, _de Senectute_), Terence,      |
+             |   Virgil, Ovid (_Epp._, _Tristia_, _Ars  |
+             |   amandi_, _Remedia amoris de Fastis_),  |
+             |   Lucan, Juvenal; grammar, rhetoric,     |
+             |   arithmetic, geometry, medicine; some   |
+             |   English books.                         |
+    12 c.    | At Burton-on-Trent Abbey, after 1175,    | B. M. Add. MS. 23944,
+             |   there were 78 vols. Incl. Augustine,   |   fo. 157;
+             |   Gregory, Bede, Anselm, etc.            |   _Zentralblatt_,
+             |                                          |   ix. 201-3.
+    12 c.    | Catalogue of 68 pieces belonging         | MS. Bodley, 163, f.
+             |   probably to one of the great           |   261; Becker, 216.
+             |   Southern abbeys.                       |
+     1104    | Abbot Peter gave many books to           | _Hist. et cart. mon.
+             |   Gloucester Abbey.                      |   Glouc._, i. xxiv.
+   1119-46   | Abbot Geoffrey gave church books to S.   | _Gesta ... S. Alb._,
+             |   Albans.                                |   i. 94.
+   1126-71   | At Glastonbury Abbot Henry had 54        | Adam de Domerham,
+             |   books transcribed, incl. Pliny’s       |   _Hist._, ed. Hearne
+             |   _Nat. Hist._, Suetonius _De Vita       |   (1727), ii. 317-18;
+             |   Caesarum_, _Gesta Britonum_, _Gesta_   |   Hearne, _Hist. and_
+             |   _Anglorum_.                            |   _Ant. of G._ (1722)
+             |                                          |   141-3.
+     1130    | Abbot Reginald acquired for church of    | _Chron. Abb. de E._
+             |   Evesham Ab. books and ornaments.       |   99.
+     1150    | Hugh of Leicester gave books to Lincoln  | _Girald. Cambrensis_
+             |   Cath. 42 vols. and map of world in     |   (Rolls Ser.), vii.
+             |   library now; 31 added soon after.      |   165.
+             |   Some parts of Bible given by Bp.       |
+             |   Alexander; 9 books given by Bp.        |
+             |   Chesney. Library included Augustine,   |
+             |   Gregory, Bede, Ambrose, Jerome,        |
+             |   Virgil, Vegetius (_de re Militari_).   |
+   _c._ 1170 | Over 223 volumes in Christ Church,       | James, 7.
+             |   Canterbury: catalogue, which is but a  |
+             |   fragment, contains books of grammar,   |
+             |   rhetoric, music, arithmetic, poetry,   |
+             |   logic, astronomy, geometry--Donatus    |
+             |   in Greek, Donatus in English,          |
+             |   Cicero’s Rhetoric, _de Senectute_,     |
+             |   _de Amicitia_ (2), Plato’s _Timaeus_,  |
+             |   Terence (5 volumes), Sallust (8        |
+             |   volumes), Virgil (8 volumes), Horace   |
+             |   (8), Lucan (5), Statius (6), Juvenal   |
+             |   (4) Persius (9), Cato (2), Ovid (5).   |
+   _c._ 1177 | Nearly 80 books in Peterboro’            | _Hist. Angl.
+             |   Abbey--Seneca, Terence, Martial.       |   Script. Varii_
+             |                                          |   [Sparke], 98-9;
+             |                                          |   Merryweather,
+             |                                          |   96-97; Becker,
+             |                                          |   238.
+   _c._ 1180 | 74 pieces in Whitby Abbey--42 theology,  | Becker, 226.
+             |   15 history: Cicero (_de  Amicitia_,    |
+             |   _de Senectute_), Homer, Juvenal,       |
+             |   Plato, Sedulius, Statius, Virgil?      |
+             |   (_Bucolica_), Persius, etc.            |
+     1184    | Bp. Bartholomew left books to church at  | _B.M. Cotton Roll._
+             |   Crediton and to another church.        |   II., 11 (at end).
+  12 or 13 c.| At Bury S. Edmunds Abbey there was       | James^{1}, 23.
+             |   a fair library at this period;         |
+             |   including average number of classics.  |
+     13 c.   | Before this Reading Abbey had 228        | _E. H. R._ (1888),
+             |   volumes--Seneca, Aristotle, Virgil,    |   117-23.
+             |   Juvenal; _Gesta R. Henrici secundi_,   |
+             |   _Ystoria Rading_, _Hist. Anglorum_.    |
+     13 c.   | At Lanthony there were 486 volumes,      | _B. M. Harl. MS._
+             |   including Plato, Plautus, Cicero,      |   460, ff. 3-11;
+             |   Sallust, Persius, Ovid, Lucan,         |   _Zentralblatt_,
+             |   Horace, Terence.                       |   ix. 207-22.
+     13 c.   | Prior John de Marcle gave 6 treatises    | _Chron. Abb. de E._
+             |   on law to Evesham Abbey.               |   (Rolls Ser.), xxii
+             |                                          |   n.
+     13 c.   | At Leominster church, a dependency of    | _E. H. R._ (1888),
+             |   Reading Abbey, 130 books: _Rotula      |   123-5.
+             |   cum vita sancti Guthlaci anglice       |
+             |   scripta_, _Medicinalis unus anglicis   |
+             |   litteris scriptus_, _Liber qui         |
+             |   appellatur landboc_.                   |
+     13 c.   | At Rievaulx there was a large library    | James^{9}, 45-56.
+             |   of the usual medieval character:       |
+             |   incl. Seneca, Justinian.               |
+   13 c.    | Flexley or Dene Abbey owned 79            | _Zentralblatt_, ix.
+            |   volumes: incl. three English books.     |   205-07.
+  _c._ 1200 | About 46 writers used as authorities by   | R. de Diceto, _Op._
+            |   Ralph of Diss for his _Abbreviationes_  |   _Hist._ i. 20.
+            |   _Chronicorum_.                          |
+   1202     | At S. Andrew’s Priory, Rochester, there   | _Archæologia
+            |   were about 280 volumes, many including  |   Cantiana_, iii.
+            |   several distinct treatises. Scriptures, |   47-64 (1860).
+            |   liturgical and devotional books,        |
+            |   Fathers, schoolmen, philosophical and   |
+            |   medical treatises, grammatical works:   |
+            |   Horace, Virgil, Sallust, Terence,       |
+            |   Persius, Lucan, Ovid, Aristotle’s       |
+            |   _Organon_, Cicero.                      |
+   1208     | Eight books presented to King John by     | _Sussex Archæol.
+            |   the sacristan of Reading, all scriptural|   Collections_, ii.
+            |   and theological.                        |   (1849), 134-5.
+   1222     | Peterborough receives 7 books, incl.      | Dugdale, i. 354.
+            |   2 Psalters, from Abbot R. de            |
+            |   Lyndesheye.                             |
+   1215     | At Glastonbury, 14 or 15 books were       | Adam de Domerham,
+            |   written for Prior Thomas: books of      |   _Hist._ ed. Hearne
+            |   the Bible, missals.                     |   (1727), ii. 441.
+  1217-18   | Prior Thos. de Marleberge gave a “large   | _Chron. Abb. de E._
+            |   collection”--including  law, medicine,  |   (Rolls Ser.), 267.
+            |   philosophy, poetry, theology, grammar;  |
+            |   Cicero (_de Amicitia_, _de Senectute_,  |
+            |   _Paradoxa_), Lucan, Juvenal--to Evesham |
+            |   Abbey.                                  |
+   1226     | At Peterborough a dozen books were        | Dugdale, i. 354.
+            |   left by Abbot Alex. de Holdernesse.     |
+   1245     | At Peterborough about 20 books, ordinary  | _Ibid._, i. 355.
+            |   in character, were left by Abbot Walter |
+            |   de St. Edmund.                          |
+  _c._ 1240 | Bp. Ralph of Maidstone gave service       |
+            |   books and a _Legend_ to Hereford        |
+            |   Cathedral.                              |
+   1245     | 35 vols. at St. Paul’s Cathedral; ordinary| _Archæologia_, I.
+            |   medieval character.                     |   496.
+  1247-48   | At Glastonbury there were nearly 500      | Joh. Glaston,
+            |   books. Incl. much theology, chronicles, |   _Chron._, ed.
+            |   classics. Aristotle, Livy, Sallust,     |   Hearne (1726), II.
+            |   Virgil, Cicero, Plato, Persius, Horace, |   423-44.
+            |   Juvenal.                                |
+       1249 | Peterborough receives 5 books from        | Dugdale, i. 356.
+            |   Abbot Wm. de Hotot.                     |
+       1253 | Richard de Wyche, Bp. of Chichester,      | _Sussex Archæol.
+            |   left a number of books to the           |   Coll._, i. (1848)
+            |   friars: chiefly  glossed books of       |   168-187.
+            |   the Bible, a glossed  psalter, the      |
+            |   _Sentences_, etc.                       |
+  _c._ 1255 | John of Basingstoke imports Greek MSS.    | Gasquet^{3}, 158-59;
+            |   from Athens.                            |   Stevenson, 224, 227.
+    1258-59 | Prior Jno. of Worcester gave a number     | _Chron. Abb. de E._
+            |   of books to Evesham Abbey. Grammar,     |   (Rolls Ser.), xxii
+            |   logic, physics, theology, canon and     |   n.
+            |   civil law.                              |
+       1259 | Master of Sherborne Hospital left         | _Surtees Soc._, ii. 6.
+            |   church books, and a _liber phisica_     |
+            |   to the Hospital.                        |
+    1260-90 | Many books, including Seneca, given to    | _Gesta ... S. Alb._,
+            |   S. Albans by Abbot Roger.               |   i. 483.
+       1262 | Peterborough receives 5 books from        | Dugdale, i. 356.
+            |   Abbot J. de Kaleto. Incl. .             |
+            |   _Testamentum_ xii _Patriarcharum_.      |
+       1266 | Roger de Thoris gave books to Grey        | Oliver, _Mon. D.
+            |   Friars’ Convent, Exeter.                |   Exon._ (1846),
+            |                                           |   322-33.
+       1274 | Abbot R. de Sutton left some 17 books     | Dugdale, i. 357
+            |   to Peterborough. Incl. psalters,        |
+            |   canon law, liber Naturalium             |
+            |   Aristotelis.                            |
+       1295 | Abbot R. de London leaves 10 books to     | Dugdale, i. 357.
+            |   Peterborough. Boëthius _de              |
+            |   Consolatione philosophiae_, _Nova       |
+            |   logica_, psalters, etc.                 |
+  1280-1303 | Bp. Richard of Gravesend. Over 100        | _Misc. of Philobiblon
+            |   volumes, worth about £100.              |   S._ 1856; Edwards,
+            |                                           |   i. 373.
+  1285-1331 | Library of about 1850 volumes now at      | James, 13-142.
+            |   Christ Ch., Canterbury. A fine          |
+            |   collection. Many classics. English      |
+            |   books: Genesis Anglice depicta,         |
+            |   Boëthius _de  Consolatione_,            |
+            |   Herbarius Anglice depictus, Chronica    |
+            |   vetustissima, Chronica Latine et        |
+            |   Anglice, etc.                           |
+  1287-1345 | Richard of Bury owned a large library.    | R. de B., _passim._
+        1290 | John of Taunton added 40 works to        | Joh. Glast. _Hist._,
+             |   Glastonbury Library. Ordinary.         |   ed. Hearne (1726),
+             |                                          |   ii. 251-52; A. de
+             |                                          |   Domerham, _Hist._,
+             |                                          |   ii. 574-75.
+        1295 | 13 Gospels and other parts of the        |
+             |   Scriptures, and a commentary of        |
+             |   Aquinas at S. Paul’s Cathedral.        |
+        1299 | Abbot W. de Wodeforde left 18 books to   | Dugdale, i. 358.
+             |   Peterborough. Liturgical, theological, |
+             |   and law.                               |
+   1299-1300 | Edward I. owned a few books; including   | Edwards, i. 391.
+             |   book of romance.                       |
+  Late 13 c. | Galfridus de Lawað, rector of the church | James^{10}, 158.
+             |   S. Magnus, London, had 49 books.       |
+             |   Canon law, grammar, logic, medicine,   |
+             |   theology.                              |
+       14 c. | More than 600 books and 170 service      | _Chron. Abb. Ram._,
+             |   books in Ramsey Abbey. Aristotle,      |   356 (Rolls Ser.).
+             |   Plato (_Timaeus_), Greek Psalters,     |
+             |   _Ars Loquendi Linguam Graecam_, Greek  |
+             |   and Latin Psalter; Virgil, Ovid,       |
+             |   Martial, Terence, Lucan, Prudentius,   |
+             |   Seneca; French Bible, three Hebrew     |
+             |   books, Hebrew Psalter, two parts of    |
+             |   Hebrew Bible, _Liber expositionum      |
+             |   dictionum Hebraicum_, glossary of      |
+             |   Hebrew Bible, _Expositio nominum       |
+             |   Hebraeorum_, _Interpretationes         |
+             |   Hebraicorum_, _Ars loquendi  et        |
+             |   intelligendi in Lingua Hebraica_.      |
+       14 c. | Small and unimportant collection at St.  | Oliver, _Mon. D.
+             |   Andrews Priory, Tywardreath.           |   Exon._, 36.
+       14 c. | Richard of Stowe gave to St. Peter’s,    | _B. M. Harl. MS._,
+             |   Gloucester, 7 vols., including         |   627, fo. 8 a.
+             |   Boëthius _de Consolatione P._          |
+       14 c. | John de Bruges wrote 33 books, ordinary  | Hearne, _Hist. and
+             |   in character, for Coventry Priory.     |   Ant. Glast._, App.
+             |   Incl. Palladius, _de Agricultura_.     |   291-93 (1722);
+             |                                          |   Dugdale, iii. 186.
+       14 c. | 23 books at Deeping Priory,              | Dugdale, iv. 167.
+             |   Lincolnshire: including _Gesta         |
+             |   Britonum_.                             |
+       14 c. | About 350 vols. at Peterboro’: including | Gunton, _Hist. of Ch.
+             |   Aristotle, Cicero, Virgil, Ovid,       |   of Peterboro’_
+             |   Seneca, Sallust; a good deal in French.|   (1686), 173-224.
+        1300 | Bp. Bek had a number of books which he   | _Surtees Soc._, vii.
+             |   refused to return to the Prior of      |   121-22.
+             |   Durham; included _Historia Anglorum_,  |
+             |   and _Liber qui vocatur Liber S.        |
+             |   Cuthberti, in quo secreta Domus        |
+             |   scribuntur_.                           |
+        1313 | 15 works, chiefly theological, beq. by   | _Hist. MSS._,  9th Rep.,
+             |   Bp. Baldock to St. Paul’s Cathedral.   |   Pt. i. 46a.
+        1315 | Church books and Bibles in Christ        | Dart, _Cath. of Cant._
+             |   Church, Canterbury (list).             |   (1726), App. vi.,
+             |                                          |    xv.-xvii.
+        1315 | Guy de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, left  | Todd, _Ill. of Lives of
+             |   books to Bordesley Abbey: French       |   Gower and Chaucer_
+             |   romances, etc.                         |   (1810), 161, 162;
+             |                                          |   Merryweather, 193-4;
+             |                                          |   Edwards, i. 375-6.
+        1315 | Some 40 volumes at Durham College,       | _O. H. S._, 32,
+             |   Oxford; sent from Durham. Chiefly      |   _Collect._ 36.
+             |   theology; Aristotle.                   |
+        1321 | Abbot Godfrey de Croyland left about     | Dugdale, i. 358-59.
+             |   a dozen books to Peterborough.         |
+             |   Theology, law, etc.                    |
+        1322 | Abbot Walter of Taunton gave 7 volumes   | Williams, 81.
+             |   to Glastonbury.                        |
+        1325 | A small collection of church books at    | _Surtees Soc._, ii. 22.
+             |   St. Edmund’s Hospital, Gateshead.      |
+        1327 | Abingdon Abbey had 100 Psalters, 100     | _Ibid._, vii. xxxiii.
+             |   Graduals, 40 Missals; 22 codices,      |
+             |   probably not church books.             |
+        1327 | About 230 volumes at Exeter. Civil and   | Oliver, _Lives of Bps. of
+             |   canon law, theology.                   |   E._, 301-10.
+        1327 | Bp. Cobham bequeathed his books and      | _Mun. Acad._, i. 227.
+             |   350 marks to found common library at   |
+             |   Oxford.                                |
+        1331 | Prior Henry Eastry bequeathed 80 books   | James, 143.
+             |   to Christ Church, Canterbury--26       |
+             |   theology, 29 canon law, 14 civil law,  |
+             |   11 church books.                       |
+        1335 | Abbot Adam de Sodbury gave 7 vols. to    | _Joh. Glaston. Hist._, ed.
+             |   Glastonbury.                           |   Hearne (1726), 265.
+        1335 | 4 books given and 32 sold to Richard of  | _Gesta ... S. Alb._, ii.
+             |   Bury from S. Albans Abbey.             |   200.
+     1335-49 |Books given to S. Albans by Abbot         | _Ibid._, ii. 363.
+             |  Michael.                                |
+      1336   |Bp. Stephen Gravesend bequeathed books    | Lyte, 181.
+             |  to four colleges, Merton, University,   |
+             |  Balliol, Oriel.                         |
+      1337   |93 books missing at Christ Church,        | James, 146.
+             |  Canterbury. Many books of offices;      |
+             |  includes _Brutus_ in French.            |
+      1338   |Abbot Adam de Botheby left about a        | Dugdale, i. 360.
+             |  dozen books on canon law, theology,     |
+             |  and liturgical books to Peterborough.   |
+      1343   |Hinton Priory lent about 23 books to      | Hunter, 17;
+             |  another house--Gospels, homilies, lives |   _Surtees Soc._,
+             |  of saints, etc.                         |   vii. xxxviii.
+    1345 (6) |Over 50 volumes in Lichfield Cathedral    | _W. Salt Arch. S._
+             |-all church books, except 2 martyrologies,|   vi., pt. 2,
+             | 4 quires of lives of saints, and         |   Sacrist’s roll,
+             | _De gestis Anglorum_. St. Chad’s Gospels.|   211.
+     1349-96 |Abbot Thomas’ study or library at St.     | _Gest a ... S.
+             |  Albans enlarged; many books added.      |   Alb ._, iii, 389;
+             |                                          |   cf.  ii. 399.
+      1350   |Trinity Hall, Cambridge, receives 84      | _C. A . S._ (1864),
+             |  vols. from founder, Dr. Bateman:        |   ii.  73-78; Clark,
+             |  Canon law (32), civil law (10), theology|   138 .
+             |   (28), chapel books (14).               |
+      1353   | Abbot de Morcote left some 11 books to   | Dugdale, i. 360.
+             |  Peterborough: Canon law, a _Catholicon_.|
+      1355   | Elizabeth de Clare bequeathed to Clare   | Edwards, i. 374.
+             |   Hall, a few books: including Hugutio.  |
+      1358   | John Trevaur, Bp. of St. Asaph. Chiefly  | B. M. Add. MS.
+             |   ecclesiastical books.                  |   25459, fo. 291.
+      1358   | Thomas de la Mare, wealthy canon of      | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   York, owned some six law books.        |   iv. 69.
+      1360   | Bp. Grandisson of Exeter appears to have |
+             |   owned a good library. He gave 4        |
+             |   books to Exeter; Aquinas’ works to     |
+             |   Black Friars of Exeter; 1 to Windsor   |
+             |   Chapel; remainder to his Chapter, to   |
+             |   the collegiate churches of Ottery,     |
+             |   Crediton, and Boseham, and Exeter      |
+             |   College, Oxford. His copy of Anselm’s  |
+             |   _Letters_ is now in Brit. Mus.         |
+      1361   | Peterborough received 7 books from       | Dugdale, i. 361.
+             |   Abbot Robt. Ramsey. Canon law.         |
+      1362   | A small collection, nearly all church    | _Surtees Soc._, xii.,
+             |   books, at Coldingham Priory.           |   App. xl.
+      1368   | Simon of Bredon bequeathed books to six  | _Hist. MSS._, 9th
+             |   Oxford Colleges.                       |   Rept., pt. i., 46.
+      1370   | A Chaplain (Adam de Stanton) left 4      | _Cam. Soc._, Bury
+             |   books, including one of romance.       |   wills (1850), 1.
+      1372   | At York the Friars Eremites of S.        | _Fasciculus J. W.
+             |   Augustine owned 646 books. Bibles      |   Clark dicatus_,
+             |   and glossed books of Bible, Greek      |   2-96.
+             |   Psalter, patristic and later church    |
+             |   writers (91), logic and philosophy     |
+             |   (100), astronomy and astrology (36),   |
+             |   civil law (14), canon law (35),        |
+             |   grammar and  Latin poets (50),         |
+             |   medicine (22), sermons (42),           |
+             |   arithmetic, music, geometry,           |
+             |   perspective.                           |
+      1374   | Archbp. W. Whittlesey bequeathed  his    | Hook, _Archbps._, iv.
+             |   library to Peterhouse.                 |   242-43.
+      1375   | Nearly 100 volumes at Oriel College,     | _O. H. S._ 5,
+             |   Oxford; half the collection theology   |   _Collect._, i. 66.
+             |   and philosophy; translations of        |
+      1376   | 116 books bequeathed to Westminster      | Robinson, 5-7.
+             |   Abbey by Simon Langham, Archbp.        |
+             |   of Canterbury. Valued at 1121 francs   |
+             |   and 14 shillings. Chiefly theology.    |
+             |   Aristotle.                             |
+   1377-1400 | In the Royal Chapel of Windsor Castle    | Dugdale, vi., pt. 3,
+             |   34 books were chained up, incl.        |   1362.
+             |   _Catholicon_, Hugutio, Legenda Aurea,  |
+             |   French romances, one “Romaunce de      |
+             |   two la Rose, et alius difficilis       |
+             |   materiae.” Also liturgical and         |
+             |   Scriptural books.                      |
+      1378   | Sir John de Foxle left a large missal    | _Archæol. Cantiana_,
+             |   and a few service books.               |   iii. 267; _Archæol.
+             |                                          |   Jour._, xv. (1858),
+             |                                          |   267.
+      1378   | Thos. de Farnylaw, Chancellor of York,   | _Surtees Soc._, iv.
+             |   left Bible and concordances to St.     |   102-03.
+             |   Nicholas’ Church, Newcastle; a book    |
+             |   of sermons to Embleton Church; other   |
+             |   books to Vicar of Waghen; others to    |
+             |   Merton and Balliol.                    |
+      1379   | Wm. de Feriby, canon of York, archd.     | _Ibid._, iv. 103-04.
+             |   of Cleveland. “Item lego ad novam      |
+             |   fabricam Ecclesiae Ebor. xx marcas et  |
+             |   omnes libros, qui fuerint domini mei   |
+             |   domini Willielmi de Melton.” Several   |
+             |   law books specifically mentioned.      |
+   _c._ 1380 | Bp. Reed left many manuscripts to        | _O. H. S._, 32,
+             |   Merton College.                        |   _Collect._ 214.
+      1387   | William of Wykeham furnished New         | _Ibid._, 223.
+             |   College with over 240 books--135       |
+             |   (138) theology, 28 philosophy, 41 canon|
+             |   law, 36 civil law.                     |
+   _c._ 1387 | 52 books added to New College by somebody| _Ibid._, 223.
+             |   unnamed: 37 medicine.                  |
+   _c._ 1387 | 63 books given to New College by Bp.     | _Ibid._, 223.
+             |   Reed: 58 theology, 2 philosophy, 3     |
+             |   canon law.                             |
+      1387   | Sir Simon Burley owned a few romances.   | B. M. Add. MS.
+             |                                          |   25459, fo. 206.
+      1387   | Hy. Whitefield left books and money to   | _O. H. S._, 27,
+             |   buy books for Exeter College, and      |   Boase, 7.
+             |   Burley on logic and Aristotle’s _Ethica|
+             |   and _Topica_ were bought and chained   |
+             |   up in library.                         |
+      1389   | 450 volumes at S. Martin’s Priory,       | James, xc. 407.
+             |  Dover--Bibles, theology, civil and canon|
+             |  law, logic, philosophy, rhetoric,       |
+             |  medicine, chronicles, romances (_le     |
+             |  Romonse du roy Charles_, _le Romonse de |
+             |  Athys_, _le Romonse de la Rose_, etc.), |
+             |  grammar, dictionaries. Plato, Aristotle,|
+             |  poetry, Horace, Statius, Ovid, Virgil,  |
+             |  Juvenal, Terence, Lucan.                |
+   1389-1435 | John, Duke of Bedford, bought portion of | Delisle, _Le Cabinet
+             |   French Royal Library.                  |   des manuscrits_.
+   _c._ 1390 | 14 books given to Evesham Abbey by       | _Chron. Abb. de E._
+             |   John de Brymesgrave, sacrist.          |   (Rolls Ser.),
+             |                                          |   xxii n.; Dugdale,
+             |                                          |   ii. 7 n.
+   _c._ 1390 | 96 books given to Evesham Abbey by       | _Chron. Abb. de E._
+             |   Prior Nich. Herford; not the Lollard   |   (Rolls Ser.),
+             |   of this name.                          |   xxii n.
+      1391   | Peterborough received 8 books, incl.     | Dugdale, i. 361.
+             |   _Catholicon_, from Abbot Henry de      |
+             |   Overton.                               |
+      1391   | 508 volumes in common case within        | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |  spendiment and in inner room of         |   vii. 10-39.
+             |  spendiment at Durham Priory--Bibles,    |
+             |  theology, logic, philosophy, medicine,  |
+             |  grammar, law. Seneca, Cicero,           |
+             |  Quintilian, Valerius Maximus, Palladius |
+             |  (_de Agricultura_), A. Gellius, Juvenal,|
+             |  Terence, Virgil, Ovid, Aristotle.       |
+      1391   | The Rector of Adell Church, Thos. de     | _Ibid._, iv. 156.
+             |   Halton, left 5 books of canon law.     |
+      1391   | John Percyhay of Swynton left small      | _Ibid._, iv. 164.
+             |   collection of books, incl. _Brut_ in   |
+             |   French.                                |
+      1392   | Robert de Roos, a soldier, left church   | _Ibid._, iv. 178.
+             |   books, and several volumes in French:  |
+             |   incl. _Roumans de Sydrach_ (a curious  |
+             |  medley of medieval mystery and science, |
+             |   in prose).                             |
+      1394   | King’s Hall, Cambridge, had a library of | Willis, _Arch.
+             |   87 volumes.                            |   Hist. of Camb._,
+             |                                          |   ii. 442.
+      1394   |John Hopton, a chaplain, left a few books,| _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   four mentioned: incl. Gospels in       |   iv. 196.
+             |   English. (? Wyclif’s).                 |
+      1394   | John de Pykering, rector of S. Mary’s,   | _Ibid._, iv. 194.
+             |   Castlegate, York, left small collection|
+             |   of church books.                       |
+      1395   | Thomas of England, an Augustinian,       | Gherardi, _Statuti
+             |   bought MSS. in Italy.                  |   della Univ. e
+             |                                          |   Studio
+             |                                          |   Fiorentino_,
+             |                                          |   364; Einstein,
+             |                                          |   15; Sandys, ii.
+             |                                          |   220.
+      1395   | 411 volumes in common library, for       | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   refectory, and in case of novices at   |   vii. 46-84.
+             |   Durham Priory. Theology, law, history; |
+             |   Seneca, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates. |
+      1395   | John de Scardeburgh, rector of Tichmarsh,| _Ibid._, xlv. 6.
+             |   left over 26 books: incl. _Brut_ in    |
+             |   French, Mannedevile “in paupiro” in    |
+             |   French.                                |
+   _c._ 1395 | 79 volumes at Hulne. Theology, history,  | _Ibid._, vii.
+             |   grammar, logic, law, church books.     |   131-35.
+      1396   | Walter de Bragge, canon of York, left    | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   small collection of theology and       |   iv. 207.
+             |   service books: incl. _Piers Plowman_   |
+             |   and _Catholicon_.                      |
+      1396   | Abbot Nich. Elmstow left liturgical and  | Dugdale, i. 361.
+             |   law books to Peterborough.             |
+      1397   | Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of             | B. M. Add. 25459,
+             |   Gloucester, left a collection of       |   fo. 212-16.
+             |   books, theological and French.         |
+      1399   | Eleanor of Gloucester, left about 15     | Nicolas,
+             |   mostly in French; richly bound.        |   _Testamenta
+             |                                          |   vetusta_, i.
+             |                                          |   146; Edwards, i.
+             |                                          |    385.
+14 and 15 c. | 158 titles given to Pembroke College,    | _C. A. S._, ii.
+             |   Cambridge, by various donors.          |   (8vo ser.)
+             |   Aristotle, Seneca, Aulus Gellius,      |   13-21;
+             |   Ovid.                                  |   James^{10},
+             |                                          |   xiii.-xvii.
+    15 c.    | Robert de Wycliff, rector of Hutton      | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   Rudby in Cleveland, left 5 books:      |   ii. 66; iv. 405.
+             |   incl. _Catholicon_.                    |
+    1400     | 326 volumes at Titchfield Abbey. 102     | Madan, 78-79.
+             |   liturgical volumes. Theology, canon    |
+             |   and civil law, English law, medicine,  |
+             |   grammar, logic and philosophy. 18      |
+             |   French books.                          |
+  _c._ 1400  | Meaux Abbey had nearly 350 books, not    | _Chron. mon. de
+             |   counting church books: incl.           |   Melsa_ (Rolls
+             |   _Historia Anglorum_, Martial, Seneca,  |   Ser.) iii.
+             |   Ovid, Plato, Suetonius, Cicero.        |   lxxxiii.
+    1400     | Thos. de Dalby, archdeacon of Richmond,  | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   left a few church books; Decretals,    |   xlv. 13.
+             |   _Catholicon_.                          |
+    1403     | John de Scarle, Lord Chancellor, left a  | _Ibid._, xlv. 22.
+             |   few books: Bible, missal, psalter,     |
+             |   breviary, _Speculum Sacerdotum_.       |
+    1404     | Bp. Skirlaw of Durham gave 6 books to    | _Ibid._, vii. 127;
+             |   University College, Oxford, where he   |   iv. 319.
+             |   had endowed Fellowships. Left 13       |
+             |   church books when he died.             |
+    1409     | Wessington sent 20 books--Bible,         | _Ibid._, vii.
+             |   commentaries, etc.--to Durham          |   39-41; cp.
+             |   College, Oxford; 19 books bought in    |   _O. H. S._, 32,
+             |   their stead.                           |   _Collect._
+             |                                          |   39-40.
+  _c._ 1410  | Robert Rygge, Chancellor of the          | _O. H. S._, 27,
+             |   University of Oxford, left books to    |   Boase, 11.
+             |   Exeter College, Oxford.                |
+        1411 | 34 books added to Christ Church,         | _Lit. Cant._ (Rolls
+             |   Canterbury, during time of Prior       |   Ser.), iii. 121; James,
+             |   Chillenden: all canon and civil law.   |   150-51.
+        1412 | Roger de Kyrkby, vicar of Gainford, left | _Surtees Soc._, ii. 54.
+             |   a few books: _Legenda Aurea_, _Gemma   |
+             |   Ecclesiae_, and others not named.      |
+        1413 | N. de Lyra chained in chancel of St.     | _Mun. Acad._, 270.
+             |   Mary’s Church, Oxford.                 |
+        1414 | Archbp. Arundel left many books:         | Hook, _Lives of Abps._,
+             |   “ornamenta oratorii” and books valued  |   iv. 527.
+             |   at over £352.                          |
+        1416 | Catalogue of Durham library bears this   | _Surtees Soc._, vii.
+             |   date, but it is either the foundation  |   85-116.
+             |   of the catalogue of 1391 or a copy of  |
+             |   it. This inventory has been used to    |
+             |   take stock.                            |
+        1416 | William de Waltham, canon of York, left  | _Surtees Soc._, xlv.
+             |   a collection of books, only a few of   |   57-59.
+             |   which are mentioned. Chiefly           |
+             |   law-books.                             |
+        1416 | St. Mary Redclyffe Church, Bristol, had  | Cox and Harvey, _Eng.
+             |   2 books of canon law.                  |   Ch. Furniture_, 331.
+        1418 | Stephen Scrope, Archdeacon of Richmond,  | _Surtees Soc._, iv. 385.
+             |   Chancellor of Cambridge University,    |
+             |   left a few books of canon law; also    |
+             |   _Catholicon_.                          |
+        1418 | John de Newton left books to Church of   | Hunter, _Notes of Wills
+             |   York, and to Peterhouse, Cambridge.    |   in Registers of York_,
+             |   Bibles, commentaries, theology: incl.  |   15; Edwards, i. 386.
+             |   Richd. Hampole, Petrarch’s _de         |
+             |   Remediis utriusque fortunae_, Seneca,  |
+             |   Valerius Maximus.                      |
+        1418 | 380 volumes now at Peterhouse. Theology  | James^{3}, 3-26; Mullinger,
+             |   (124), natural and moral philosophy    |   324; Clark, 139-41;
+             |   and metaphysics (53), canon and civil  |   cf. _Camb. Lit._, ii.
+             |   law (66), grammar and poetry (23),     |   362-67.
+             |   logic (20), medicine (18), astronomy   |
+             |   (13), alchemy, arithmetic, music,      |
+             |   geometry, rhetoric. Aristotle, Plato,  |
+             |   Cicero, Ovid, Lucan, Statius, Sallust, |
+             |   Quintilian, Seneca, Virgil, Petrarch’s |
+             |   _Epistles_.                            |
+        1419 | Wm. Cawod, canon of York, left 13        | _Surtees Soc._, iv.
+             |   books, uninteresting in character.     |   395-96.
+   1420-40   | 49 volumes added to S. Albans in Abbot   | _Ann. mon. S. Alb.
+             |   Whethamstede’s time: incl. some books  |   a J. Amund._, ii.
+             |   for the choir, and other books of the  |   268-71.
+             |   Abbot’s own compilation.               |
+   1420-60   | The library of Winchester College was a  | _Archæol. Jour._, xv.
+             |   large collection of liturgical books;  |   (1858), 62-74.
+             |   philosophy, chronicles, canon and      |
+             |   civil law, grammar.                    |
+     1421    | Thos. Greenwood, canon of York, left     | _Surtees Soc._, xlv.
+             |   books valued at £31, 4s. Canon and     |   64.
+             |   civil law.                             |
+     1422    | Roger Whelpdale, Bp. of Carlisle, left   | _Ibid._, xlv. 67.
+             |   a small number of books to Balliol     |
+             |   College, Oxford.                       |
+     1422    | 9 books sent from Durham to cell of      | _Ibid._, vii. 116.
+             |   Stamford, which was in control of      |
+             |   Durham.                                |
+     1423    | Henry Bowet, Archbp. of York, left 33    | _Ibid._, xlv. 76;
+             |   books, worth £33. Bible, theology,     |   _Historians of York_
+             |   law.                                   |   (Rolls Ser.), iii.
+             |                                          |   314.
+   _c._ 1424 | 10 volumes given to Wells Cathedral by   | _Hist. MSS._, 3rd
+             |   Bp. Stafford. Canon law, etc.          |   Rep., App. 363;
+             |                                          |   _Archæologia_, lvii.
+             |                                          |   208.
+   1424-40   | 122 volumes in Cambridge University      | _C. A. S. Comm._, ii.
+             |   Library. Theology (69), natural and    |   242-57; Bradshaw,
+             |   moral philosophy (17), canon law       |   19-34.
+             |   (23), medicine, logic, poetry,         |
+             |   grammar, history.                      |
+     1425    | Sheriff Wm. Chichele bequeathed £10 for  | _L. A. R._, x. 382.
+             |   books to Guildhall Library.            |
+     1430    | Robert Ragenhill, advocate of court of   | _Surtees Soc._, xlv.
+             |   York, left 5 law books and N. de Lyra  |   89.
+             |   to Church of York.                     |
+     1432    | George Darell de Seszay left 5 books:    | _Ibid._, xxx. 27, 28.
+             |   incl. Mandeville.                      |
+     1432    | John Raventhorpe, a chaplain, left       | _Ibid._, xxx. 28-29.
+             |   service books and grammatical books;   |
+             |   also  _Liber Angliae de Fabulis et     |
+             |   Narracionibus_.                        |
+     1432    | Robert Wolveden, treasurer of Church of  | _Ibid._, xlv. 91.
+             |   York, left theological books to        |
+             |   Church of York. Cato glossed and       |
+             |   _Golden Legend_ also left.             |
+       1432  | Dr. Thos. Gascoigne gave  6  books  to   | Clark, _Lincoln College_.
+             |   Lincoln College, valued £17, 10_s._    |
+       1432  | Robert Semer, sub-treasurer of Church of | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   York, left 5 books, unimportant.       |   xlv. 91 n.
+       1434  | J. de Manthorp, vicar of Hayton, left a  | _Ibid._, xxx. 36.
+             |   few church books.                      |
+       1435  | Æneas Sylvius saw Latin translation of   | Creighton,
+             |   Thucydides in S. Paul’s Cathedral.     |   _Papacy_, iii.
+             |                                          |   53 n.
+       1435  | T. Hebbeden, dean of Collegiate Church   | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   of  Auckland, left  a  few  books;  6  |   ii. 82.
+             |   mentioned, incl. Guido delle Colonne,  |
+             |   _Lancelot_ in French.                  |
+     1435-36 | Robert Fitzhugh, Bp. of London, left 13  | Simpson, W.S.,
+             | books, incl. Textus moralis philosophiae.|   _Registrum ...
+             |                                          |   Eccl. Cath. S.
+             |                                          |   Pauli_ (1873),
+             |                                          |   399.
+       1436  | Thomas Langley, Bp. of Durham, left over | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   40 books. Theology, civil and canon    |   vii. 119.
+             |   law, N. de Lyra.                       |
+       1438  | Thomas Cooper of Brasenose Hall left 6   | _Mun. Acad._, 515.
+             |   books:   incl.   Boëthius, book on     |
+             |   geometry, Ovid’s _Remedia Amoris_.     |
+       1439  | Thomas Markaunt,  presented to Corpus    | C. C. C. MS., 232;
+             |   Christi College, Cambridge, 76 books,  |   _C. A. S. Misc.
+             |   worth about £104.                      |   comm._, 4to
+             |                                          |   ser., No. 14,
+             |                                          |   pt. 1, 16-20.
+       1439  | Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, gave 129    | _Mun. Acad._,
+             |   books to Oxford University Library.    |   758-65.
+             |   See p. 140.                            |
+       1440  | 23 books given to All Souls’ College by  | B. M. Add. MS.,
+             |   Henry VI. Civil and canon law,         |   4608; Vickers,
+             |   theology, philosophy.                  |   _H. Duke of
+             |                                          |   Gloucester_,
+             |                                          |   404.
+       1440  | Robert Alne, an officer in the           | _Surtees Soc._,
+             | ecclesiastical court of York, left about |   xxx. 78-79.
+             | a dozen books. Canon law, etc.; Petrarch,|
+             |   _de Remediis utriusque fortunae_.      |
+       1441  | Andrew Holes, political agent of Henry   | Sandys, ii. 222.
+             |   VI, bought many manuscripts in Italy.  |
+       1443  | Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, gave 135    | _Mun. Acad._,
+             |   volumes to Oxford University Library.  |   765-72
+             |   See p. 142.                            |
+        1443 | John Carpenter bequeathed books to       | _L. A. R._, x.
+             |   Guildhall Library, London.             |   382.
+        1443 | John Brette,  student at Oxford, owned   | _Mun. Acad._, 531.
+             |   1 book, _de Formd dictandi_, and a     |
+             |   pamphlet, worth together 1_s._ 11_d._  |
+        1445 | Jas. Hedyan, Bachelor of canon and civil | _Ibid._, 544.
+             |   law, principal of Eagle Hall, Oxford,  |
+             |   owned 8 books of law.                  |
+        1447 | Reginald Mertherderwa, a rector, owned 6 | _Ibid._, 559-61.
+             |   books: grammar, book of civil law, etc.|
+        1448 | Ralph Dreff, of Broadgates Hall, Oxford, | _Ibid._, 582.
+             |   owned 23 books. Bible, law.            |
+        1448 | At the Hospital of S. Mary within        | B. M. Cott. Roll.,
+             |   Cripplegate, called Elsingspital,      |   xiii. 10;
+             |   London, there were 63 volumes. Bible,  |   Malcolm,
+             |   theology, canon law; Hippocrates,      |   _Londinium
+             |   Galen.                                 |   Redivivum_
+             |                                          |   (1807), i. 27;
+             |                                          |   _Vict. Hist. of
+             |                                          |   London_, i. 536.
+        1449 | Thomas Morton, canon of York, left a     | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   small number of church books.          |   xlv. 110.
+        1450 | 107 volumes at Lincoln Cathedral at this | Clark, III.
+             |   time.                                  |
+        1450 | Robert Hoskyn, rector, left a small      | _Mun. Acad._,
+             |   collection. Church books, canon law.   |   605-06.
+        1451 | Henry Caldey, vicar of Cookfield, left 25| _Ibid._, 609.
+             |   books. Theology, law. Seneca, _ad      |
+             |   Lucilium_, Martial, Plato. Value       |
+             |   £5, 0_s._ 6_d._                        |
+        1451 | John Moreton, chaplain, left 6 physical  | _Ibid._, 613.
+             |   books.                                 |
+        1452 | Richard Browne or Cordone, Archdeacon of | _Ibid._, 639-53.
+             |    Rochester, left more than 30 books.   |
+             |   Theology and law.                      |
+        1452 | Wm. Duffield, canon of York, left 40     | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |   volumes, worth £46, 16_s._ Theology,   |   xlv. 132-33.
+             |   law; _Catholicon_.                     |
+     1453    |King’s College, Cambridge, had a          | James^{2}, 72-83.
+             |  library of 174 volumes: philosophy,     |
+             |  theology, medicine, astrology,          |
+             |  mathematics, canon law, grammar,        |
+             |  classical and general literature,       |
+             |  inclu. Aristotle, Plato, Cicero,        |
+             |  Seneca, Sallust, Cæsar, Ovid, Virgil,   |
+             |  etc.                                    |
+     1454    |Richard Plane, rector, left a few church  | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |  books.                                  |   xxx. 180.
+     1454    |Cardinal John Kempe left books worth      | Hook, _Lives of Abps._, v. 267.
+             |  £263, 8_s._ 10_d._ Theology, canon and  |
+             |  civil law, etc.                         |
+     1454    |Wm. Brownyng, canon of Exeter, left       | _O. H. S._, 27,
+             |  books to be chained in library of       |   Boase, xxxvii. n.
+             |  Exeter College.                         |
+     1455    |John Lassehowe, a scholar, left six       | _Mun. Acad._, 663.
+             |   books: grammar, sermons, breviary.     |
+     1455    |Thomas Spray, chaplain, left 2 books:     | _Ibid._, 660.
+             |  _Liber Sermonum Magdalenae_, _Manipulus |
+             |  curatorum_.                             |
+     1457    |Thomas Aleby, rector of Kirkby in         | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |  Cleveland, left 6 church books.         |   xxx. 210.
+     1457    |John Edlyngton, rector of Kirkby          | _Ibid._, xxvi. 2, 3.
+             |  Ravensworth, left small collection.     |
+             |  Bible, liturgical books, _Legenda       |
+             |  Aurea_, _Polichronicon_, etc.           |
+     1457    |John Seggefyld, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln   | _Mun. Acad._, 666.
+             |  College, left two books, Boëthius _de   |
+             |  Consol. philos._ in English, one of     |
+             |  Richard Rolle’s works.                  |
+     1457    |Doctor Thos. Gascoigne, Chancellor of     | _Mun. Acad._, 671;
+             |  Oxford, left books and “quires”         |   Bateson, xxv.
+             |  written on paper to Syon Monastery,     |
+             |  Isleworth.                              |
+     1457    |John Baringham, treasurer of York, left a | _Surtees Soc._,
+             |  small number of liturgical books.       |   xxx. 203.
+   _c._ 1458 |John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, bought   | _O. H. S._, 36,
+             |  many manuscripts in Italy.              |   Anstey, ii. 354,
+             |                                          |   390.
+     1458   1| 71 books at S. Paul’s Cathedral.         | Dugdale, _Hist. of S.
+             |  Grammar (6), philosophy (5), classics   |   Paul’s_ (1818), 392-98.
+             |  (7), medicine (6), history (8), canon   |
+             |  law (21), remainder Bible commentaries, |
+             |  theology. Cicero, Virgil, Seneca,       |
+             |  Suetonius, Hippocrates, Galen.          |
+     1458    |Nicholas Holme, canon of the collegiate   | _Surtees Soc._, xxx. 219.
+             |Church of Ripon, left 15 books.           |
+             | Liturgical, Richard Rolle of Hampole, 1  |
+             |  book of medicine.                       |
+     1458    |Wm. Port gave books to New College,       | _O. H. S._ 32, _Collect._
+             |  Oxford.                                 |   232-33.
+     1463    | John Baret, lay officer in Bury Abbey, left| _Cam. Soc._, Bury Wills,
+             |  3 books, _Disce mori_, “book of ynglych |   35, 41, 246.
+             |  and latyn with diuerse maters of good   |
+             |  exortacons, wretyn in papir,” Lydgate’s |
+             |  _Story of Thebes_.                      |
+     1464    | Wm. Downham, chaplain of York, left a    | _Surtees Soc._, xxx. 268.
+             |  few books.                              |
+     1464    | St. Mary’s Church, Warwick, had 5        | _Notices of Churches of Warwickshire_, i. 15-16.
+             |   books. Bible versified, _Pharetra de   |
+             |   Auctoritatibus_, etc.                  |
+      1464   | Books bequeathed by John Rowe to Exeter  | _O. H. S._ 27, Boase.
+             |   College, Oxford; also Ralph Morewell.  |
+    1464-67  | William Selling, Benedictine monk,       | James, li.; Sandys, ii.
+             | collected Greek and Latin books in Italy.|   225.
+      1466   | John Fernell, chaplain, left a few       | _Surtees Soc._, xxx. 275.
+             |  grammatical and other books.            |
+      1466   | At Ewelme Almshouse, Oxford, were        | _Hist. M.S.S._, 8th Rept.,
+             |delivered  some liturgical books, 4 French|   pt. i. 629 a.
+             |   books, a “boke of English, in paper, of|
+             |   ye pilgrymage, translated by dom John  |
+             |   Lydgate out of frensh,” and other      |
+             |   books.                                 |
+      1468   | Elizabeth Sywardby left 8 books, several | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 163.
+             |   in English.                            |
+      1469   | Sir Richard Willoughby of Woollaton,     | _Ibid._, xlv. 171.
+             |   left to parish church of Woollaton     |
+             |   liturgical books and _Crede mihi_.     |
+      1469   | Sir Edward Bethum gave books for chaining| _Ibid._, vii. 126.
+             |   in church of Lytham Cell, Lancs.       |
+    1471-72  | Wm. Hawk, rector of Berwick in Elmet,    | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 220 n.
+             |   left 1 psalter.                        |
+    1472-73  | Queens’ College, Cambridge, had 224      | _C. A. S. Comm._, ii.
+             |   volumes in the library. Theology, law. |   (1864) 165-81.
+             |   Aristotle. _Catholicon._               |
+      1472   | John Hamundson, master of grammar        | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 198-99.
+             |   school attached to York Minster, left  |
+             |   book of Chronicles in English, Papias, |
+             |   a book called _Horsehede_.             |
+      1473   | Cambridge University Library comprised   | _C. A. S. Comm._, ii.
+             |   330 volumes. Lucan, Ovid, Aristotle,   |   (1864) 258-76.
+             |   Seneca, Cicero. Petrarch, _de Remediis_|
+      1473   | 68 books, mostly Scriptural commentaries,| Carr, _Univ. Coll._
+             |   given to University College, Oxford, by|   (1902), 68.
+             |   an old Fellow, Wm. Aspylon.            |
+    1470-75  | Thomas Rotherham gave many books to      | Willis, _Camb._, iii. 25.
+             |   the University Library, Cambridge.     |
+    1474-75  | Robert Est, possibly chantry-priest in   | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 159.
+             |   York Minster, left to parish church of |
+             |   Brigsley, Lincs., a small collection:  |
+             |   incl. _Legenda Sanctorum_, _liber de   |
+             |  Gestis Romanorum cum aliis fabulis Isopi|
+             |  et multis narrationibus_.               |
+    1475-76  | Thos. Worthington, vicar of Sherburn in  | _Ibid._, xlv. 220 n.
+             | Elmet, left 3 volumes to Balliol College,|
+             |   Oxford; unimportant.                   |
+    1475-76  | Robt. Echard, rector of East Bridgeford, | _Ibid._, xlv. 219.
+             |   left 10 books, several liturgical, the |
+             |  rest unimportant.                       |
+       1475  | 104 volumes in library at S. Catharine’s | _C. A. S._, i. (1840) 1-11.
+             |  College, Cambridge. Plato, Aristotle    |
+             |(_Ethica_ and _Politica_), Cicero, Petrarch,|
+             |_de Remediis_ (2 copies), Boccaccio, _de  |
+             |Casis virorum illustrium_, in English.    |
+      1476   | John Hurte, vicar of S. Mary’s,          | _Surtees Soc._, xiv.
+             |Nottingham, left 21 books. Liturgical books,|   220-22.
+             |   theology, astronomy, Guido delle       |
+             |   Colonne’s Troy book.                   |
+      1478   | Bp. William Grey gave 200 books to       | Coxe, _Cat. Cod. Oxon.-Balliol_;
+             |Balliol College, Oxford. Nearly all       |   Mullinger,
+             |were collected in Italy. Plato (_Timaeus_ |   _Hist. of Univ. of Camb._, 397.
+             |and _Euthyphro_, new translations), the   |
+             |Golden Verses of Pythagoras, Cicero,      |
+             |incl. some hitherto unknown speeches,     |
+             |Quintilian, Seneca. Petrarch’s _Letters_, |
+             | orations of Poggio Bracciolini, Leonardo |
+             | Bruni, and Guarino da Verona.            |
+      1479   | Thomas Pynchebek of York left 4 books:   | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 199n.
+             |   incl. Richard Rolle of Hampole.        |
+    1479-80  | Robt. Lythe, chaplain, left 6 books, and | _Ibid._, xlv. 199 and n.
+             |   John Burn, another chaplain,           |
+             |   5--unimportant.                        |
+    _c._ 1480| Bishop John Shirwood of Durham owned     | _E. H. R._, xxv. 455.
+             |   a good library, including a fair       |
+             |  collection of the classics, and Theodore|
+             |   Gaza’s Greek grammar.                  |
+      1481   | William of Waynflete gave 800 books to   | Warren, _Magd. Coll._,
+             |   Magdalen College, Oxford.              |   18.
+      1481   | Sir Thos. Lyttleton left a _Catholicon_, | _Library_, i. 411.
+             |   _Constitutiones Provinciales_, and     |
+             | _Gesta   Romanorum_ to Halesowen Church, |
+             |   Worcester.                             |
+      1482   | Dr. John Warkworth gave 55 books to      | James^{3}, 23-26.
+             |   Peterhouse. Terence, Statius: Liber    |
+             |   Cronic’ in Anglicis, Liber in Gallicis;|
+             |   much theology.                         |
+      1482   | At Leicester Abbey there were over 350   | Nichols, _Hist. of Leicester_
+             | books in the library. Bibles and         |   (1815), i. pt. 2,
+             |commentaries, medieval schoolmen, grammar,|   App. 102-08.
+             |sermons, Lucan, Ovid, Horace,             |
+             |Virgil, Cicero, Plato, French books,      |
+             |Mandevile, Gower; logic, astronomy,       |
+             |physics.                                  |
+      1483   | Robert Flemming left books, which he     | Einstein, 23.
+             |   had collected in Italy, to Lincoln     |
+             |   College, Oxford.                       |
+      1486   | Church of S. Christopher le Stocks,      | _Archæologia_, xlv. (1880)
+             |   London, had a collection of church     |   118.
+             |   books only.                            |
+      1486   | At this time only 52 volumes were in St. | Dugdale, _Hist. of S.
+             |   Paul’s Cathedral; chiefly liturgical.  |   Paul’s_, 399.
+      1486   |John Lese of Pontefract left 5 theological| _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 220-21 n.
+             |   books.                                 |
+      1488   | 31 books presented to Oxford University  |
+             |   Library by an old scholar.             |
+      1489   |128 volumes presented to Oxford University| _Mun. Acad._, 357.
+             |   Library by Dr. Litchfield, archdeacon  |
+             |  of Middlesex.                           |
+    1489-94  | John Auckland, Prior, presented to       | Rudd, _Codd. MSS.
+             |   Durham Priory, some 33 books; ordinary |   Eccles. Cath. Dun.
+             |   medieval character.                    |   Catal._, 1825, _passim_.
+      1491   | Richard Lovet, vicar of Ruddington, left | _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 221 n.
+             |   a few theological books.               |
+      1491   | Thomas Symson of York left 7 theological | _Ibid._, xlv. 160 n.
+             |   books.                                 |
+      1491   | Over 40 books given to All Souls College,| Robertson, _All Souls_
+             |   Oxford, by John Stokys, Warden.        |   (Coll. Hist.), 33.
+      1493   | Roger Drury left “ij Ingyshe bocks, called| _Cam. Soc._, Bury Wills,
+             |   Bochas, of Lydgat’s makyng.”           |   246.
+   _c._ 1497 | St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury,       | James, lvii. 173.
+             | contained  1837 books. Scriptures, theology,|
+             |   natural history, history, philosophy,     |
+             |   music, geometry, astronomy, medicine,     |
+             |   logic, grammar, poetry, alchemy, canon    |
+             |   law. Plato (_Timaeus_), Aristotle (a great|
+             |   deal: _Metaphysica_, _Physica_, _Rhetorica_, |
+             |   _Ethica_, _Politica_, new trans. of _Historia|
+             |   naturalium_), Terence, Cicero, Horace,    |
+             |   Virgil (_Aeneid_, _Georgics_, _Bucolics_),|
+             |   Ovid, Lucan, Seneca (incl. _Tragedies_),  |
+             |   Juvenal, Quintilian, Statius; French      |
+             |   books--_Charlemagne_, _Historia Britonum_,|
+             |   _Guy of Warwick_, _Lancelot_, _Perceval   |
+             |   of Galles_, _Holy Graal_, _Guillaume      |
+             |   le Maréchal_, etc.                        |
+      1498   | Collegiate Church of Auckland possessed     | _Surtees Soc._, ii. 101-03.
+             |   some 40 volumes. Bible, theological       |
+             |   and liturgical books, canon law;          |
+             |   Cicero’s _Letters_.                       |
+      1498   | John Gunthorpe, Dean of Wells, bequeathed   | James^{16}, 13.
+             |   to Jesus College, Cambridge,              |
+             |   some manuscripts collected in Italy.      |
+      1499   | William Holcombe left books to Exeter       | Oliver, _Mon. D. Exon._,
+             |   College and to friends: including         |   278.
+             |   Hugutio, _Gesta Alexandri_.               |
+      1500   | Archbp. Rotherham left to Jesus College,    | James^{13}, 5-8.
+             |   Rotherham, some hundred volumes.          |
+             |   Chiefly theology. Terence, Cicero’s       |
+             |   _Orations_, _ad Familiares_, Horace,      |
+             |  Sallust’s _Catilina_ and _Jugurtha_, Ovid’s|
+             |  _Metamorphoses_, _Ars amandi_, _Remedia    |
+             |Amoris_, etc., Petrarch (_de Vita solitaria_,|
+             |_de Remediis utriusque fortunae_).           |
+      1506   | 363 volumes in Exeter Cathedral.            | Oliver, 366-75.
+      1508   | 306 books repaired at Christ Church,        | James, 152.
+             |   Canterbury. Theological, homiletic        |
+             |   and law books. Livy, _Liber grecorum_.    |
+      1508   | Abp. Warham gave books to New College.      | _O. H. S._ 32, _Collect._
+             |                                             |   232-33.
+      1509   | Christ’s College, Cambridge, received 57    | _C. A. S._, iii. (N.S.,
+             |   liturgical books bequeathed by the        |   8vo), 361.
+             |   Lady Margaret.                            |
+    1519-20  | William Grocyn’s Library comprised 105      | Leland, ii. 317; _O. H. S._
+             |   printed books and 17 manuscripts.         |   16, _Collect._ 319-23.
+             |   Much theology; leading Latin classics.    |
+             |   Greek and Latin New Testament.            |
+             |   Petrarch, Boccaccio, Ficino, Filelfo,     |
+             |   Lorenzo della Valle, Aeneas Sylvius,      |
+             |   Perotti. _Adagia_ of Erasmus.             |
+      1519   | Robert Same, chaplain, bequeathed 1         | _Cam. Soc._, Bury Wills,
+             |   book to Wetheringsett Church.             |   253.
+      1524   | 292 books at Canterbury College, Oxford,    | James, 165.
+             |   theology, law, philosophy. Aristotle      |
+             |   (incl. _Ethica_ newly translated); Cicero,|
+             |   Horace, Virgil, Lucan; Boccaccio,         |
+             |   Lorenzo della Valle.                      |
+    1504-26  | At least 1421 volumes in Syon Monastery,    | Bateson, _passim_.
+             |   Isleworth. Of the rough classification    |
+             |   Miss Bateson wrote: “Generally speaking   |
+             |   A includes grammar and classics (77       |
+             |   volumes); B, medicine, astrology, a few   |
+             |   classics (55); C, philosophy (46); D,     |
+             |   commentaries on the Sentences (128);      |
+             |   E, Bibles and concordances (75); F-I,     |
+             |   commentaries on the Old and New           |
+             |   Testament (232); K, History (65); L,      |
+             |   dictionaries (58); M, Lives of the Saints |
+             |   (121); N, Fathers (88); O, devotional     |
+             |   tracts (98); P to S, chiefly sermons,     |
+             |   over 70 books in each class; T, canon     |
+             |   law (104); V, civil law (21),”--p. vii.   |
+             |   Of Latin Renascence literature there      |
+             |   are works by Coluccio Salutati, Leonardo  |
+             |   Bruni, Poggio, Bessarion, Platina,        |
+             |   Poliziano, Pico della Mirandola; and      |
+             |   translations from the Greek by Hermolaus  |
+             |   Barbarus, Gaza, Erasmus, and              |
+             |   others. Also Petrarch (_Psalmi poenitentiales_), |
+             |   Boccaccio (_de geneal. deor.              |
+             |   gent._), Savonarola (_de virtute fidei_), |
+             |   Reuchlin. This catalogue is of the        |
+             |   men’s library only: there was another     |
+             |   library for women. Many of the books      |
+             |   were printed; nearly 400 editions have    |
+             |   been identified.                          |
+  ----------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D
+
+LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS REFERRED TO FOR THIS BOOK
+
+
+  ADAMNAN              Adamnan. Vita S. Columbae. Ed., Reeves. 1874.
+
+  ALLEN                Allen, J. R. Celtic Art. 1904. Antiquary’s books.
+
+  ARCHÆOLOGIA          Archæologia, various volumes; especially vol. xliii.
+                         and vol. lvii. (Church, Rev. C. M., Library of Wells
+                         Cathedral).
+
+  ARCHDALL             Archdall, M. Monasticon Hibernicum. 2 vols. 1786.
+
+  *BATESON             Bateson, Mary, ed. Catalogue of the Library of Syon
+                         Monastery, Isleworth. 1898.
+
+  *BECKER              Becker, G. Catalogi Bibliothecarum antiqui. Bonn,
+                         1885.
+
+  *BIBLIO. SOC.        Bibliographical Society’s Transactions and Monographs.
+                         Especially Monogr. 10 and 13, Strickland
+                         Gibson, early Oxford bindings; and G. J. Gray,
+                         earlier Cambridge stationers.
+
+  BOTFIELD             Botfield, B. Notes on the Cathedral Libraries of
+                         England. 1849.
+
+  BRADLEY              Bradley, J. W. Dictionary of Miniaturists, Calligraphers,
+                         and Copyists. 3 vols. 1887-9.
+
+  BRADSHAW             Bradshaw, H. Collected papers. 1889.
+
+  BRADSHAW SOC.        Henry Bradshaw Society. Customary of the Benedictine
+                         Monasteries, Canterbury. 2 vols. 1902.
+
+  B. M. COTT. CLAUD., E. iv.
+
+  B. M. COTT. DOMIT., A. viii.
+
+  B. M. COTT. GALBA, C. iv.
+
+  B. M. COTT. NERO, D. vii.
+
+  B. M. REG. 2, E. ix.
+
+  B. M. REG. 13, D. iv.
+
+  BRYCE                Bryce, W. M. Scottish Grey Friars. 2 vols. 1909.
+
+  BURY                 Bury, J. B. Life of Saint Patrick. 1905.
+
+  CAMBRIDGE STAT.      Documents relating to the University and Colleges.
+                         3 vols. 1852.
+
+  C. A. S.             Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Publications and
+                         communications. Various volumes.
+
+  CAM. SOC.            Camden Society Publications. Various volumes.
+
+  CAMB. LIT.           Cambridge History of English Literature, vols. i.-iv.
+                         1907-9. Especially vol. i. ch. ii., Runes and MSS.,
+                         and ch. x., English Scholars of Paris and Franciscans
+                         of Oxford; vol. ii. ch. xv., English and Scottish
+                         Education; vol. iii. ch. i., Englishmen and the
+                         Classical Renascence; vol. iv. ch. xix., Foundation
+                         of Libraries. [And bibliographies to these chapters.]
+
+  *CLARK               Clark, J. W. Care of Books: Essay on the Development
+                         of Libraries and their Fittings. 1909. 2nd ed.
+
+  COOPER               Cooper, C. H. Annals of Cambridge. 5 vols. 1842-{53}, 1908.
+
+  DAVENPORT            Davenport, C. The Book: Its History and Development. 1907.
+
+  DELISLE              Delisle, L. Le Cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque
+                         Impériale. 1868-74.
+
+  D. C. B.             Dictionary of Christian Biography.
+
+  D. N. B.             Dictionary of National Biography.
+
+  *DUGDALE             Dugdale, Sir W. Monasticon Anglicanum. Ed.,
+                         Caley, Ellis, and Bandinel. 9 vols. 1817-30.
+
+  EDWARDS              Edwards, E. Memoirs of Libraries. 2 vols. 1859.
+
+  EDWARDS^{2}            Edwards, E. Free Town Libraries. 1869.
+
+  EDWARDS^{3}            Edwards, E. Libraries and Founders of Libraries.
+                         1864.
+
+  EINSTEIN             Einstein, L. Italian Renaissance in England. New
+                         York, 1892.
+
+  E. H. R.             English Historical Review.
+
+  FLOYER               Floyer, Rev. J. K. Catalogue of MSS. preserved in
+                         the Chapter House of Worcester Cathedral. 1906.
+
+  FLOYER              Floyer, Rev. J. K. Thousand Years of a Cathedral
+                         Library. _Reliquary_, Jan. 1901.
+
+  GASQUET              Gasquet, F. A. English Monastic Life. 1905.
+                         Antiquary’s Books.
+
+  GASQUET^{2}            Gasquet, F. A. Eve of the Reformation. 1909.
+
+  GASQUET^{3}            Gasquet, F. A. Last Abbot of Glastonbury, etc. 1908.
+
+  GASQUET^{4}            Gasquet, F. A. Old English Bible and other Essays.
+                         1897.
+
+  *GOTTLIEB            Gottlieb, T. Ueber Mittelalterliche Bibliotheken.
+                         Leipzig, 1890.
+
+  GRACE B.             Grace Books Δ and I. Proctor’s Accounts and Other
+                         Records of the University of Cambridge. Ed.,
+                         Leathes and Bateson. 1897.
+
+  HADDAN               Haddan, A. W. Remains. 1876.
+
+  HARDY                Hardy, Sir T. D. Descriptive Catalogue of MSS.
+                         relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland.
+                         4 vols. Rolls Series.
+
+  HEALY                Healy, J. Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars.
+                         4th ed. 1902.
+
+  HIST. MSS.           Historical MSS. Commission Reports.
+
+  HUNTER               Hunter, J. English Monastic Libraries. 1831.
+
+  HYDE                 Hyde, D. Literary History of Ireland. 1899. Library
+                         of Literary History.
+
+  *JAMES               James, M. R. Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and
+                         Dover. 1903.
+
+  *JAMES^{1}             James, M. R. Abbey of St. Edmund at Bury. 1895.
+
+  JAMES^{2}              James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of King’s College. 1895.
+
+  *JAMES^{3}             James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Peterhouse. 1899.
+
+  JAMES^{4}              James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western
+                         MSS. in the Library of Emmanuel College.
+
+  JAMES^{5}              James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western
+                         MSS. in the Library of Christ’s College. 1905.
+
+  JAMES^{6}              James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Trinity Hall. 1907.
+
+  JAMES^{7}              James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western
+                         MSS. in the Library of Clare College. 1905.
+
+  JAMES^{8}              James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Gonville and Caius College. 2 vols.
+                         1907-8.
+
+  JAMES^{9}              James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Jesus College. 1895.
+
+  JAMES^{10}           James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Pembroke College, Cambridge. 1905.
+
+  JAMES^{11}           James, M. R. The Western MSS. in the Library of
+                         Trinity College: Descriptive Catalogue. 4 vols.
+                         1900-04.
+
+  JAMES^{12}           James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western
+                         MSS. in the Library of Queens’ College, Cambridge.
+                         1905.
+
+  JAMES^{13}           James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Sidney Sussex College. 1895.
+
+  JAMES^{14}           James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Eton College. 1895.
+
+  JAMES^{15}           James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Fitzwilliam Museum. 1895.
+
+  JAMES^{16}           James, M. R. Archbishop Parker’s MSS. 1899.
+
+  JAMES^{17}           James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Part I. 1909.
+
+  JAMES^{18}           James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts
+                         in the College Library of Magdalene College,
+                         Cambridge. 1909.
+
+  JOYCE                Joyce, P. W. Social History of Ancient Ireland.
+                         2 vols.
+
+  LECOY DE LA MARCHE   Lecoy de la Marche, A. Les Manuscrits et la Miniature.
+                         [1884.] Bibliothèque de l’Enseignement des
+                         Beaux-Arts.
+
+  LELAND               Leland, J. Collectanea. 6 vols. 1715.
+
+  LELAND^{2}             Leland, J. Itinerary. Ed., Smith. 1907-8.
+
+  LELAND^{3}              Leland, J. De Scriptoribus Britannicis. 1709.
+
+  LIBRARY               The Library, vols. i.-x. New series, vols. i.-x.
+
+  L. A. R.              Library Association Record, vol. i. to date.
+
+  LYTE                  Lyte, H. C. Maxwell. History of the University of
+                          Oxford to 1530. 1886.
+
+  MACLEAN               Maclean, M. Literature of the Celts. 1902.
+
+  MACRAY                Macray, W. D. Annals of the Bodleian Library. 1890.
+
+  MADAN                 Madan, F. Books in Manuscript. 1893. Books
+                          about Books.
+
+  *MAITLAND             Maitland, S. R. The Dark Ages. 1844.
+
+  MERRYWEATHER          Merryweather, F. S. Bibliomania in the Middle Ages.
+                          1849.
+
+  *MON. FR.             Monumenta Franciscana. Ed., Brewer. 1858. Rolls
+                          series.
+
+  *MUN. ACAD.           Munimenta academica. Ed., Anstey. 2 vols. 1858.
+                          Rolls series.
+
+  MULLINGER             Mullinger, J. B. University of Cambridge to 1535.
+                          1873.
+
+  OXFORD STAT.          Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford. 3 vols. 1853.
+
+  O. H. S., 27, BOASE   Oxford Historical Society, vol. xxvii. Boase, C. W.
+                          Registrum Collegii Exoniensis.
+
+  O. H. S., 35, 36,     O. H. S. Anstey, H. Epistolae academicae. 2 vols. ANSTEY 1898.
+
+  O. H. S., 5, 16       O. H. S. Collectanea. Series 1-3. 1885, 1890, and 32, COLLECT. 1896.
+
+  O. H. S., 20, LITTLE  O. H. S. Little, A. G. Grey Friars in Oxford. 1892.
+
+  PIETAS                Pietas Oxoniensis in Memory of Sir Thomas Bodley. 1902.
+
+  PUTNAM                Putnam, G. Books and their Makers in the Middle
+                          Ages. 2 vols. 1896-7.
+
+  RASHDALL              Rashdall, H. Universities of Europe in the Middle
+                          Ages. 2 vols. 1895.
+
+  R. DE B.              Richard of Bury. Philobiblon. Ed., Thomas. 1888.
+
+  ROBINSON              Robinson, J. A., and James, M. R. The MSS. of
+                          Westminster Abbey. 1909.
+
+  ROGERS                Rogers, J. E. T. History of Agriculture and Prices.
+                          6 vols. 1866-87.
+
+  ROUVEYRE              Rouveyre, Edouard. Connaissances nécessaires à un
+                          bibliophile. 10 vols. 1899.
+
+  R. H. S.              Royal Historical Society. Transactions.
+
+  *SANDYS               Sandys, J. E. History of Classical Scholarship.
+                          Vols. i. (2nd ed., 1906) and ii.
+
+  S. H. R.              Scottish Historical Review.
+
+  STEVENSON             Stevenson, F. S. Robert Grosseteste. 1899.
+
+  STOKES (G. T.)        Stokes, G. T. Ireland and the Celtic Church. 1886.
+
+  STOKES (M.)           Stokes, Margt. Early Christian Art in Ireland. 1887.
+
+  STOKES (M.)^{2}     Stokes, M. Six Months in the Apennines. 1892.
+
+  STOKES (M.)^{3}         Stokes, M. Three Months in the Forests of France.
+                          1895.
+
+  STOKES (W.)         Stokes, W., ed. Tripartite Life. 2 vols. 1887.
+                        Rolls series.
+
+  STOW                Stow, J. Survey of London. Ed., C. L. Kingsford.
+                        2 Vols. 1908.
+
+  *SURTEES SOC.        Surtees Society Publications. Various volumes;
+                        especially vol. vii., Catalogi veteres librorum.
+                        1840.
+
+  TAYLOR              Taylor, H. O. Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages.
+                        New York, 1901.
+
+  THOMPSON            Thompson, Sir E. M. Greek and Latin Palæography.
+                        3rd ed. 1906.
+
+  WARTON              Warton, T. History of English Poetry. 4 vols. 1871.
+
+  WATTENBACH          Wattenbach, W. Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter.
+                        3rd ed. Leipzig, 1896.
+
+  WILLIAMS            Williams, J. W. Somerset Medieval Libraries.
+
+  WORDSWORTH          Wordsworth, C., and Littlehales, H. Old Service
+                        Books of the English Church. Antiquary’s Books.
+
+  ZENTRALBLATT        Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen. Various volumes.
+
+NOTE.--_Books marked with an asterisk * are important._
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Abdy, Robert, 150-151
+
+Abingdon Abbey, 33, 39, 41, 78, 87, 88, 97, 98, 269
+
+Abyssinian libraries, 18
+
+Academic libraries, 133 _seqq._;
+  Cambridge, 155 _seqq._;
+  Character of books in, 222 _seqq._;
+  economy, 165 _seqq._;
+  Oxford, 133 _seqq._
+
+Acca, Bp., 34
+
+Adam de Brome, 135
+
+Aelfric, 44, 85
+
+Aelfric, Abp., 44
+
+Aelfward, Abbot, 44, 263
+
+Aeneas Silvius, 120, 277
+
+Aethelwold, 40-41, 263
+
+Aidan, St., 30
+
+Aileran, 8
+
+Albinus, 25, 28
+
+Alcuin, 9, 10, 35-36, 78, 80, 263
+
+Aldfrith of Northumbria, 9, 31
+
+Aldhelm, 8, 28-29, 31
+
+Aleby, Thomas, 279
+
+Alfred the Great, 37-39
+
+All Souls College, 147, 149, 151, 153, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 186, 277, 283
+
+Alne, Robert, 156, 277
+
+Annalists, monastic, 231-232
+
+Anselm, 83, 214
+
+Antiphonaries, value of, 246
+
+Antiphonary of Bangor, 11
+
+Arabian works imported, 217-218
+
+Aristotle, works introduced, 53, 217-222;
+  influence, 240
+
+Armagh, Book of, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20
+
+Armagh monastery, 4, 9, 12
+
+_Armaria_, 91
+
+_Armarius_, 96-97
+
+Arnoul of Metz, Gospels of, 20
+
+Arundel, Abp., 139, 190, 275
+
+Asser, 38
+
+Assicus, Bp., 20, 21
+
+Astronomical text-books, 225
+
+Athelney monastery, 39
+
+Athelstan, King, 263
+
+Audit of books in monasteries, 102-103
+
+Augustine, St., 14, 24
+
+Augustine, Irish Monk, 8
+
+Aumbries, 91, 92
+
+Austin Friars’ libraries, 55, 56, 67-68, 103, 271
+
+
+Bacon, Friar, 178, 216, 218-219, 220-221
+
+Baldock, Ralph, 119-120, 269
+
+Bale, John, 66-67
+
+Balliol College, 54, 146, 148, 150, 153, 186, 192, 193, 281, 282
+
+Balsham, Hugh of, 158
+
+Bangor monastery, 7
+
+Baret, John, 280
+
+Baringham, John, 279
+
+Barking nunnery, 33
+
+Basil the Great, 2
+
+Basingstoke, John of, 219-220, 267
+
+Bateman, Bp. William, 158-159, 270
+
+Battle Abbey, 62
+
+Beauchamp, Guy de, 177, 269
+
+Beaufort, Card., 188, 190
+
+Beaufort, Sir Thomas, 162
+
+Beaulieu Abbey, 93
+
+Becket, Thomas à, 89
+
+Beckford Cell, 47
+
+Bede, 26 _n._, 27, 32-33;
+  his library, 33 _n._;
+  _Ecclesiastical History_, MSS., 15, 110;
+  _Apocalypse_ MS., 110-111
+
+Bedford, Duke of. _See_ John of Lancaster
+
+Bedyll, Thomas, 68
+
+Bek, Bp., 269
+
+Bekynton, Bp., 123 _n._, 190
+
+Benedict Biscop, 31-32, 33, 86
+
+Benedictines, use of books among, 23-24, 49, 63
+
+_Benedictional_ of Abp. Robert, 42
+
+_Benedictional_ of Ethelwold, 42, 43
+
+Bethum, Sir Edward, 280
+
+Beverley Minster, 128
+
+Bible, Latin, correcting text, 58;
+  circulation, 239;
+  prices of, 243-244
+
+Biblical literature in monasteries, 210-212
+
+Bicchieri, Guala, Card., 86-87
+
+Bicester Priory, 175
+
+Binding, 107-108;
+  prices, 256-257
+
+Birkenhead Priory, 73, 74
+
+Bishop Auckland Church, 194, 277, 283
+
+Black Death, 138, 138 _n._, 159
+
+Black Friars’ books, 55
+
+Bobio, 8, 10, 87
+
+Bodleian Library, 113
+
+Bohun, Eleanor, of Gloucester, 177
+
+Bolton, S. Mary’s Church, 129
+
+Boniface, 34
+
+Book-boxes, 113-114, 123
+
+Bookrooms, in colleges, 149-151, 164, 186;
+  in churches, 112, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122-123, 124, 126, 128, 130, 186;
+  in monasteries, 12, 63, 93-96
+
+Books, care of, 97-98;
+  extent of circulation, 232-241;
+  destruction and dispersal, 59 _seqq._, 152-154, 157-158;
+  prices of, 243 _seqq._
+
+Booksellers, 199 _seqq._
+
+Book-trade in Oxford, 133 _seqq._, 199 _seqq._;
+  Cambridge, 155, 205 _seqq._;
+  London, 207
+
+Bordesley Abbey, 67, 67 _n._
+
+Boston Church, 129
+
+Boston, John, 59
+
+Bowet, Abp., 123 _n._, 178, 189, 276
+
+Bragge, Canon, 177, 274
+
+Brantingham, Bp., 149, 150 _n._
+
+Brasenose College, 168
+
+Bredon, Simon de, 146, 271
+
+Brensall-in-Craven, S. Wilfrid’s, 129
+
+Breviaries, prices of, 244-245
+
+Brigsley Church, 129
+
+Bristol, S. Mary Redcliffe, 128, 275
+
+Browne (Cordone), Archdeacon, 123, 129, 139, 189, 278
+
+Brownyng, William, 279
+
+Bubwith, Nicholas of, 123
+
+Buckfast Abbey, 90
+
+Burley, Sir S., 272
+
+Burton-on-Trent Abbey, 264
+
+Bury, R. de, 50, 58, 60-61, 170-172, 178 _seqq._, 267, 269
+
+Bury St. Edmunds Abbey, 44, 49, 59, 61, 63, 68 _n._, 69, 71, 84, 86, 88, 90, 96, 162, 265
+
+
+Caedmon, 30
+
+_Calami_, 85
+
+Caldey, Henry, 278
+
+Calligraphy. _See_ Writing
+
+Cambridge, book-trade, 155, 205 _seqq._;
+  college libraries, 158 _seqq._;
+  University Library, 70, 155 _seqq._, 164, 276, 281.
+  _See_ also names of Colleges
+
+Cambuskenneth monastery, 57
+
+Candida Casa, 7
+
+Canterbury (Christ Church), 46, 46 _n._, 49, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71, 76, 80, 89, 95, 100, 101, 102, 150, 177, 190, 196-197, 220, 239, 265, 267, 269, 270, 275, 284
+
+Canterbury (S. Augustine’s), 9, 14, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 40, 47, 49, 69, 70, 71, 83, 88, 89, 95, 96 _n._, 103, 104, 175, 178, 263, 283
+
+Canterbury College, Oxford, 138 _n._, 150, 195, 284
+
+_Capsae_, 19 _n._
+
+Carilef, William de, 90, 264
+
+Carmelite Friars’ libraries, 54, 55
+
+Carpenter, Bp. John, 115
+
+Carpenter, John, 187, 278
+
+Carrells, 75-77, 92
+
+Cathach Psalter. _See_ Columba’s Psalter
+
+Catalogues of monastic books, 103-107
+
+Cathedral libraries, 109 _seqq._
+
+_Catholicon_, 132, 224
+
+Cawod, William, 275
+
+Ceadda (Chad), 30
+
+Cedd, 30
+
+Chace, Thomas, 150
+
+Chad, St., 30;
+  Gospels of, 14
+
+Chained books, 109, 112, 117
+
+Charles the Great, 35, 107
+
+Charleton, Bp., 116
+
+Chaucer, Geoffrey, 85, 174, 182-184, 240
+
+Chaundler, Thomas, 190
+
+Chertsey Abbey, 33
+
+Chester, Richard, 160
+
+Chester, S. Werburgh’s, 61, 76, 92
+
+Chesterton Church, 87, 87 _n._
+
+Chests for books, 91
+
+Chichele, Abp. Henry, 95
+
+Chichele, William, 187, 276
+
+Christ Church, Oxford, 151 _n._
+
+Christ’s College, Cambridge, 164, 284
+
+Church, Canon C. M., 110, 121, 124 _n._
+
+Church libraries, 109 _seqq._
+
+Ciaran, St., 13, 22
+
+Circulation of books, extent, 232-241
+
+Clare College, 138 _n._, 158, 164
+
+Clare, Elizabeth, 158, 177, 270
+
+Clark, Dr. J. W., 92, 95, 113
+
+Classical literature in monasteries, 212-215, 258 _seqq._
+
+Clement, 10, 11
+
+Clergy and books, 177-178
+
+Clifford, J. de, 177
+
+Clonard, 5
+
+Cluni Abbey, 103
+
+Cobham, Bp., 134-136, 269
+
+Cockersand Abbey, 73
+
+_Codex Exoniensis_, 87, 110, 113
+
+_Codex Vercellensis_, 87, 87 _n._
+
+Coldingham, 34, 271
+
+College libraries, 145 _seqq._, 158 _seqq._
+
+Columba, St., 5, 6, 17;
+  Psalter, 6, 16, 17, 21
+
+Columban, St., 7
+
+_Coopertoria librorum_, 19 _n._
+
+Corbie, 78, 89
+
+Corpus Christi College, Camb., 70, 110, 113, 138 _n._, 159, 163, 164, 277
+
+Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 70, 151 _n._, 154, 170, 227
+
+_Correctoria_, 58, 85
+
+Corvey, 89
+
+Coventry Priory, 268
+
+Cronan, St., 21, 22
+
+Croucher, John, 156
+
+Crowland, 33, 37
+
+Culross, 56
+
+Cumdachs, 4, 12, 19, 19 _n._
+
+Cummian, St., 8
+
+Cupboards for books, 91
+
+Cuthbert, Abbot, 80
+
+Cuthbert, St., 31
+
+
+Dalby, T. de, 274
+
+Daniel, Bp. of Winchester, 34
+
+Darell, G., 276
+
+Deeping Priory, 268
+
+Derby, All Saints, 130
+
+Despenser, Hugh le, elder, 177
+
+Dicuil, 11
+
+Dimma’s Book, 21, 22
+
+Domnach Airgrid (S. Patrick’s Gospels), 17, 20
+
+Donatus, 11
+
+Dover, S. Martin’s Priory, 70, 71, 90, 105, 106, 272
+
+Downham, W., 280
+
+Dreff, Ralph, 189, 278
+
+Drury, Roger, 283
+
+Duffield, Canon W., 189, 278
+
+Dungal, 10, 11
+
+Dunstan, 40, 41, 41 _n._
+
+Durham, Book of (Lindisfarne Gospels), 15, 17
+
+Durham Hall, Oxford, 54, 148, 150, 170, 179, 269, 274
+
+Durham Priory, 63, 73, 75, 80, 91, 103, 107, 162, 211, 217, 264, 269, 273, 275, 276, 283
+
+Durrow, Book of, 16, 20
+
+
+Eastern monachism, 1-3
+
+Easton, Card., 90
+
+Eastry Prior, 70, 89, 95, 216, 269
+
+Ebesham, W., 207-208
+
+Ecgberht, 9
+
+Echard, R., 281
+
+Edlyngton, J., 279
+
+Edward II., 176
+
+Eleanor of Gloucester, 274
+
+_Electio librorum_, 166 _n._, 167
+
+Eltisle, T. de, 159
+
+Ely Priory (cathedral), 33, 86, 88, 101
+
+Embleton Church, 128, 271
+
+Emmanuel of Constantinople, 194-195
+
+English monastic libraries, 23 _seqq._
+
+English scholars in Ireland, 8, 9
+
+Erghome, John, 56
+
+Erigena, or Scotus, John, 11, 39
+
+Ernulf of Rochester, 47
+
+Est, R., 129, 281
+
+Ethelwold, 40, 41, 263
+
+Eton College, 144, 159-160, 161
+
+Evesham Abbey, 33, 44, 47, 76, 88, 90, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 272
+
+Exeter Book, 87, 110, 113
+
+Exeter Cathedral, 44, 110-114, 186, 263, 269, 284
+
+Exeter College, Oxford, 87, 111-112, 113 _n._, 146, 148, 149-150, 151, 166, 166 _n._, 168, 186, 272, 274, 279, 280, 284
+
+Exeter, Grey Friars, 54, 267
+
+_Explicitus_, 81-82
+
+
+Fairs, selling books at, 200, 206-207
+
+Farnylaw, T. de, 128, 271
+
+Fastolf, Sir J., 188
+
+Felton, Sir W. de, 146
+
+Feriby, W. de, 124 _n._, 177, 272
+
+Fernell, J., 280
+
+Fiacc, 4, 13 _n._
+
+Finnian of Moville, 5, 6, 17
+
+Fitzhugh, Bp. R., 156, 277
+
+Fitzralph, Abp., 57
+
+Flemming, Robert, 147, 153, 193, 282
+
+Fleury Abbey, 88
+
+Flexley Abbey, 266
+
+Floyer, Rev. J. K., 115
+
+Foxe, Bp., 194
+
+Foxle, Sir J. de, 271
+
+Francis, St., 52-53
+
+Franciscan libraries, 52 _seqq._
+
+Free, John. 64, 192, 193
+
+Friars, bibliographical work, 58-59;
+  as book-collectors, 57-58;
+  correction of texts, 58;
+  libraries, 52 _seqq._
+
+Furness Abbey, 94
+
+
+Gascoigne, Dr. T., 54, 147, 148, 153, 277, 279
+
+Gateshead, S. Edmund’s Hospital, 269
+
+Gaul, Irish missionaries in, 7-8, 10
+
+Gaul, monachism in, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8
+
+Geoffrey of Monmouth, 240
+
+Gerbert of Bobio, 78, 87
+
+Germanus of Auxerre, 3
+
+Gildas, 9
+
+Glastonbury Abbey, 34, 39, 41, 45 _n._, 48, 63, 64, 263, 264, 266, 268, 269
+
+Gloucester Abbey, 34, 48, 63, 76, 96, 264, 268
+
+Gloucester, Duke of. _See_ Humfrey of Gloucester
+
+Golden Book of Edgar, 42
+
+Gonville and Caius College, 158, 159, 164
+
+Gower, John, 182
+
+Grammatical text-books, 223-224
+
+Grandisson, Bp., 111, 111 _n._, 112, 113, 150, 270
+
+Gravesend, Bp. R. de, 146, 178, 267
+
+Gravesend, Bp. S. de, 270
+
+Greek books imported, 194-198, 217-222;
+  in monasteries, 26, 64
+
+Greek, knowledge of, in monasteries, 7, 10, 11, 195-198, 217-222
+
+Greeks in England, 194-195, 219-220
+
+Greenwood, T., 178, 276
+
+Gregory the Great’s books, 24
+
+Grey Friars’ libraries, 52 _seqq._
+
+Grey, Bp. William, 150, 153, 192-193, 282
+
+Grimbald, 38
+
+Grocyn, William, 198, 226-227, 284
+
+Grosseteste, Robert, 53, 54, 57, 86, 220
+
+Gunthorpe, Dean, 123 _n._, 192-193, 284
+
+
+Hadley, Wm., 195
+
+Hadrian, 26, 28, 29
+
+Halesowen Church, 129
+
+Halton, T. de, 273
+
+Hamo, Chancellor, 118
+
+Hamundson, John, 281
+
+Harris, J., 156
+
+Hawk, W., 281
+
+Healy, Dr. John, 5
+
+Hebbeden, T., 277
+
+Hebrew books in Friars’ libraries, 54, 56;
+  in Ramsey Abbey, 268
+
+Hedyan, J., 278
+
+Henry II., 176
+
+Henry VI., 148, 159-160
+
+Hereford Cathedral, 116-117, 162, 186, 266
+
+Herrys, John, 156
+
+Hiberno-Saxon writing, 15, 46
+
+Hild, 30, 31
+
+Hinton Priory, 101, 270
+
+Holcombe, W., 284
+
+Holes, Andrew, 192 _n._, 277
+
+Holme, Canon N., 129, 280
+
+Holme, Richard, 156
+
+Hopton, J., 273
+
+Hoskyn, Robert, 278
+
+Hugh of Balsham, 158
+
+Hugh of Leicester, 118, 264
+
+Hulne, 273
+
+Humfrey of Gloucester, 139-143, 144, 154, 160, 181, 190-191, 191 _n._, 192, 277
+
+Hurte, John, 164, 281
+
+Hyde Abbey. _See_ Winchester (New Minster)
+
+
+Iceland, Irish in, 7
+
+Illuminating, prices for, 255-256
+
+Illumination, Irish, 15;
+  Winchester, 42
+
+Illuminators, 79, 199 _seqq._
+
+Iona, 5, 7, 9, 30, 31
+
+Ireland, English scholars in, 8, 9
+
+Irish illumination, 15
+
+Irish manuscripts on the Continent, 8 _n._, 11, 11 _n._
+
+Irish missal, satchel of, 19
+
+Irish missionaries, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
+
+Irish monasteries, use of books in, 1 _seqq._
+
+Irish satchels, 17, 18, 19
+
+Irish scribes, 12, 12 _n._
+
+Irish writing, 13-15
+
+Italian influence in England, 189 _seqq._
+
+Italian scholars, 191
+
+
+James, Dr. M. R., 46, 47, 49, 67, 70, 71, 89, 95, 102, 163, 195, 196
+
+Jarrow, 31, 33, 37
+
+Jerome, St., 2
+
+Jesus College, 164, 284
+
+John, King, 176, 266
+
+John of Beverley, 30
+
+John of Corvey, 38
+
+John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, 139, 181, 188, 272
+
+John of London, 89, 178, 221-222
+
+John Scotus Erigena, 11, 39
+
+
+Kells, Book of, 14, 15, 16, 20
+
+Kelso Abbey, 99
+
+Kempe, John, Card., 103, 145, 188, 279
+
+King’s College, Camb., 144, 156, 159-161, 279
+
+King’s Hall, Camb. _See_ Trinity College
+
+King’s Norton Church, 129
+
+Kirkstall Abbey, 94
+
+Kyrkby, R. de, 275
+
+
+Lacy, Bp., 150
+
+Lane, Dr. T., 162
+
+Lanfranc, 45, 46, 47, 85, 101, 213
+
+Langham, Simon, 90, 178, 271
+
+Langley, Bp. T., 277
+
+Lanthony Priory, 68, 265
+
+Lassehowe, J., 279
+
+Lastingham, 30, 37
+
+_Laudian Acts_, 26 _n._, 27
+
+Law books in Middle Ages, 215-217, 226-227
+
+Layton, Dr., 152
+
+Leather, 107, cost of, 257
+
+Leicester Abbey, 282
+
+_Leicester Codex_, 195
+
+Leland, John, 69, 131
+
+Lending monastic books, 98, 101
+
+Leofric, Bp., 44, 110-111, 113, 263
+
+Leofric Missal, 111
+
+Leominster church, 265
+
+Lérins, 3, 31
+
+Lese, J., 283
+
+Librarian, University, 136, 137
+
+Librarians, monastic, 12, 96-97
+
+_Librarii_, 199
+
+_Libri distribuendi_, 166, 169
+
+Lichfield Cathedral, 126, 186, 270
+
+Linacre, Thomas, 197-198
+
+Lincoln Cathedral, 118-119, 186, 264, 278
+
+Lincoln  College, 54, 147, 148, 149, 151, 153, 165, 166, 186, 193, 277
+
+Lindau, Gospels of, 21, 108
+
+Lindisfarne, 30, 31, 33, 37
+
+Lindisfarne Gospels (Book of Durham), 15, 17
+
+Litchfield, Dr., 145, 283
+
+Logical text-books, 225
+
+Lombard’s _Sentences_, 215, 239-240
+
+London book-trade, 207
+
+London, Friars’ libraries, 55-56
+
+London, Guildhall Library, 186-187, 276, 278
+
+London, S. Christopher-le-Stocks, 131, 282
+
+London, S. Mary’s Hospital, Cripplegate, 278
+
+London, St. Michael’s, Cornhill, 131
+
+London, S. Peter’s, Cornhill, 131, 131 _n._
+
+London, S. Paul’s, 119-120, 186, 266, 268, 269, 280, 282
+
+London, S. Stephen Magnus, 268
+
+Longarad legend, 6, 7 _n._, 12, 18 “Losinga,” Herbert, 86, 213
+
+Lovet, Richard, 283
+
+Lowe, Prior, 55
+
+Lytham Cell, 280
+
+Lythe, R., 282
+
+Lyttleton, Sir T., 129, 282
+
+
+MacRegol, Gospels of, 14, 15
+
+Magdalen College, Oxford, 147, 149, 151, 154, 166, 168, 170, 175, 186, 282
+
+Magdalene College, Cambridge, 164
+
+Malmesbury Abbey, 29, 33, 66, 108
+
+Manthorp, J. de, 277
+
+Mare, Thomas de la, 270
+
+Mare, William de la, 58
+
+Marisco, Adam de, 53, 57, 85, 86
+
+Markaunt, Thomas, 163, 163 _n._, 277
+
+Marleberge, T. de, 90, 266
+
+Marmoutier, 2, 3
+
+Marshall, Dr. R., 162
+
+Meaux Abbey, 63, 94, 274
+
+_Medulla grammatice_, 132
+
+Melrose Abbey, 31, 34, 37
+
+Mendicants’ libraries, 52 _seqq._
+
+Mertherderwa, R., 278
+
+Merton College, 138, 146, 148, 149, 153, 166, 168, 170, 272
+
+Michelham Priory, 62
+
+Millyng, Thomas, 197
+
+Minstrels, 173 _seqq._
+
+Missals, prices of, 244
+
+Molaise’s Gospels, 21
+
+Moling, Book of St., 21
+
+Molyneux, Adam de, 139, 190
+
+Monachism, Eastern, 1
+
+Monachism in England, progress, 48;
+  decline, 59-60;
+  dissolution, 65 _seqq._
+
+Monachism in Ireland, 1 _seqq._
+
+Monastic libraries, English, 45 _seqq._;
+  economy, 73 _seqq._;
+  decline and dispersal, 59 _seqq._, 100;
+  saving books, 69 _seqq._;
+  catalogues, 102-107
+
+Monastic libraries, Irish, 5 _seqq._
+
+Monte Cassino, 97, 217
+
+Montford, Simon of, 176-177
+
+Moreton, J., 278
+
+Morley, Daniel of, 218
+
+Morton, T., 278
+
+Neville, Abp., 195
+
+Newcastle, S. Nicholas’ Church, 128, 271
+
+New College, 69, 138, 138 _n._, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 165, 166, 169, 175, 186, 197, 272, 280, 284
+
+Newstead Priory (Notts), 100
+
+Newton, J. de, 125, 162, 178, 275
+
+Nicholas of Bubwith, Bp., 123
+
+Nicholas the Greek, 219-220
+
+Northumbria, learning in, 30, 31, 37
+
+Norwich Priory, 62, 90
+
+_Notarii_, 199
+
+Nottingham, S. Mary’s Church, 129
+
+
+Ordericus Vitalis, 80
+
+Oriel College, 54, 135, 138, 146, 148, 151, 154, 166, 168, 169, 271
+
+Osmund, Bp., 117, 263
+
+Oswald of Northumbria, 9, 30, 31
+
+Oxford, academic libraries, 133 _seqq._
+
+Oxford, book-trade, 133, 199 _seqq._
+
+Oxford, decrease of students at, 152
+
+Oxford, Ewelme Almshouse, 280
+
+Oxford, Friars’ libraries, 53, 54, 58, 75
+
+Oxford, monastic libraries, 51
+
+Oxford, St. Mary’s Church, 129, 133, 134, 153, 275
+
+Oxford scholars’ libraries, 189, 236-237
+
+Oxford University library, 133 _seqq._, 151-154, 186, 269, 283
+
+Oxford. _See_ also under Names of Colleges
+
+
+Pachomius, St., 2
+
+Palladius, 3
+
+Parchment, 84;
+  cost of, 257
+
+Parker Abp., 26, 70, 113
+
+Paternoster Row, 207
+
+Patrick, St., 3, 4, 5, 17;
+  Gospels of (Domnach Airgrid), 17, 20
+
+Pembroke College, Cambridge, 69, 103, 107, 158, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 186, 274
+
+_Pennae_, 85
+
+Percyhay, John, 177, 273
+
+Peter of Gloucester, Abbot, 48, 264
+
+Peterborough Abbey, 33, 37, 48, 216, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273
+
+Peterhouse College, 100, 158, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167-168, 169, 186, 271, 275
+
+_Philobiblon_, 179
+
+_Piers Plowman_, 182, 240
+
+Pius II. (Æneas Sylvius), 120, 277
+
+Plane, Richard, 279
+
+Plegmund, Abp., 38, 38 _n._
+
+Poggio Bracciolini, 190, 191
+
+_Polaires_, 9, 13, 13 _n._
+
+Precentor’s duties, 80, 96, 97, 98
+
+Prices of books, 243 _seqq._
+
+Processionals, value of, 246
+
+Psalters, value of, 245-246
+
+Pudsey, Hugh, 90, 107
+
+Pynchebek, Thomas, 282
+
+
+Queen’s College, Oxford, 146, 148, 149, 151, 153, 166
+
+Queens’ College, Cambridge, 162, 164, 186, 281
+
+
+Ragenhill, R., 125, 276
+
+Ralph de Diceto, 119, 266
+
+Ralph of Maidstone, 116, 266
+
+Ramsey Abbey, 54, 63, 68, 89, 220, 268
+
+Raventhorpe, J., 276
+
+Rayleigh, 131
+
+Reading Abbey, 64, 176, 265, 266
+
+Reading aloud, 173 _seqq._
+
+Redmarshall Church, 129
+
+Reed, Bp., 148, 149, 272
+
+_Registrum librorum Angliae_, 58-59
+
+Reichenau, monastery of, 8 _n._
+
+Repyngton, Bp., 139
+
+Rhetoric, books of, 224-225
+
+Richard de Bury, 50, 58, 60-61, 170-172, 178 _seqq._, 267, 269
+
+Richard de Wyche, bequests to friars, 54-55
+
+Richard of Stowe, 268
+
+Rievaulx, 265
+
+Rochester Priory, 47, 99, 130, 266
+
+Romance literature, 227-231
+
+Roos, Sir R. de, 177, 273
+
+Rotherham, Jesus College, 284
+
+Rotherham, Thomas, 130, 157, 163, 281, 284
+
+Rous, John, 127, 128 _n._
+
+Ruddington Church, 130
+
+Runes, 13
+
+Rygge, R., 274
+
+
+St. Albans Abbey and library, 44, 49 _seqq._, 63, 73, 78, 88, 91, 96, 98, 105, 108, 179, 219, 263, 264, 267, 269, 270, 276
+
+St. Albans’ chroniclers, 50
+
+St. Catherine’s Hall, 161, 164, 281
+
+St. Gall, 8, 8 _n._, 10, 21, 73, 94, 97
+
+St. John’s College, Cambridge, 151 _n._, 164, 186
+
+Salisbury Cathedral, 117-118, 186, 263
+
+Same, Robert, 284
+
+Satchels, book, 6, 17, 18, 19
+
+Scardeburgh, J. de, 273
+
+Scarle, J. de, 274
+
+Scot, Michael, 53, 218
+
+Scotland, monachism in, 5, 7
+
+Scotland, Friars’ libraries, 56-57
+
+Scotus Erigena, John, 11, 39
+
+Scribes, 199 _seqq._;
+  monkish, 73 _seqq._;
+  Irish, 12, 12 _n._;
+  tools, 85
+
+Scriptorium, 50, 51, 73-77, 80, 82, 88
+
+Scrope, Archd. S., 125, 159, 275
+
+Sedulius, 11
+
+Seggefyld, J., 279
+
+Selling, William of, 26, 64, 66, 66 _n._, 76, 95, 195-197, 280
+
+Semer, R., 277
+
+Servatus Lupus, 85, 87
+
+Sherborne Hospital, 267
+
+Skirwood, Bp., 194, 282
+
+Shrines for books, 4, 12, 19, 19 _n._
+
+Signs used for books, 82-83
+
+Simon, Abbot, 50, 91
+
+Skirlaw, Bp., 123 _n._, 148, 274
+
+Smart, William, 69
+
+Somersett, John, 139, 143
+
+Spray, T., 279
+
+Stafford, Bp. E. de, 150
+
+Stafford, Bp. J. de, 123, 123 _n._, 276
+
+Stamford Cell, 276
+
+Stationers, 199 _seqq._
+
+Stationers Co., 207
+
+Stirling, Friars’ library, 56
+
+Stokys, J., 283
+
+Stow, John, 70
+
+Stowe Missal, 20
+
+Stratford, Abp. J., 177
+
+Symson, Thomas, 283
+
+Syon monastic library, 63, 83, 90 _n._, 104, 105, 106, 285
+
+Sywardby, Elizabeth, 280
+
+
+Talbot, R., 69
+
+_Textus Roffensis_, 47
+
+Theodore, 8, 26, 26 _n._, 28, 31
+
+Theological books in monasteries, 210-212
+
+Thomas, Abbot, 178
+
+Thomas of England, 191, 273
+
+Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, 274
+
+Thompson, Mr. Yates, 107
+
+Thoris, R. de, 54, 267
+
+Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester, 139, 192, 279
+
+Titchfield Abbey, 95, 105, 274
+
+Tobias, Bp., 28
+
+Trevaur, Bp., 270
+
+Trinity College (King’s Hall), Cambridge, 159, 164, 273
+
+Trinity College, Oxford, 150 _n._
+
+Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 138 _n._, 158, 164, 169, 216, 270
+
+Twyne, Brian, 70
+
+Twyne, John, 69
+
+Tynemouth, 37
+
+Tywardreath Priory, 268
+
+
+University College, Oxford, 138, 145-146, 148, 149, 165, 167, 168, 170, 186, 274, 281
+
+University Hall, Cambridge. _See_ Clare College
+
+University libraries. _See_ Oxford and Cambridge
+
+
+Vellum, 84;
+  cost of, 257
+
+Vercelli Book, 87, 87 _n._
+
+Vicario, 216
+
+Vitelli, Cornelius, 197
+
+
+Wallets, book, 17, 18, 19
+
+Walter of Evesham, 47, 264
+
+Waltham, William de, 275
+
+Warham, Abp., 284
+
+Warkworth, J., 162, 282
+
+Warwick, S. Mary’s Church, 127, 280
+
+Wax tablets, 9, 13, 13 _n._, 18, 83, 84
+
+Wearmouth, 31, 33, 37
+
+Wells Cathedral, 110, 121-124, 186, 276
+
+Werfrith, Bp., 37, 38, 114
+
+Westminster Abbey, 64, 71, 88, 90, 99, 112, 271
+
+Wetheringsett Church, 130, 284
+
+Whalley Abbey, 94
+
+Whelpdale, Roger, 148, 276
+
+Whethamstede, Abbot, 49, 51-52, 139, 153, 181
+
+Whitby Abbey, 30, 37, 48, 88, 265
+
+White Friars’ libraries, 54, 55
+
+Whitherne (Candida Casa), 7
+
+Whittington, Richard, 55, 186-187
+
+Whittlesey, Abp., 271
+
+Wigmore Abbey, 62
+
+Wilfrid, St., 31
+
+William of Waynflete, 143, 147, 282
+
+William of Wykeham, 147, 272
+
+Willibrord, St., 9
+
+Willoughby, Sir R., 129, 280
+
+Wimborne nunnery, 33
+
+Winchelsey, Dr. T., 56
+
+Winchester College, 175, 276
+
+Winchester (Hyde Abbey, New Minster), 38, 42, 86, 174
+
+Winchester (S. Swithin’s, Old Minster), 42, 88, 96, 175
+
+Winchester illumination, 42
+
+Windsor Collegiate Church, 126, 271
+
+Wodelarke, Dr. R., 162
+
+Wolveden, R., 125, 276
+
+Woollaton Church, 129
+
+Worcester College, 51
+
+Worcester Priory (Cathedral), 76, 92, 96, 114-116, 162, 234
+
+Worthington, T., 281
+
+Writing: Irish, 13;
+  Hiberno-Saxon, 15, 46;
+  payments for, 254-255
+
+Writing-rooms, 50, 51, 73-77, 80, 82, 88
+
+Wyche, R. de, 54-55, 267
+
+Wymondham Abbey, 62
+
+
+York Abbey and Cathedral, 33, 35, 36, 124-125, 186, 263
+
+York, All Saints, Peseholme, 129
+
+York, Austin Friars’ library, 56, 67, 68, 103, 271
+
+York, Holy Trinity, Goodramgate, 128
+
+York, S. Mary’s, Castlegate, 128, 273
+
+            _Printed by MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED, Edinburgh_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A SELECTION OF BOOKS
+
+PUBLISHED BY METHUEN
+
+AND COMPANY LIMITED
+
+36 ESSEX STREET
+
+LONDON W.C.
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  General Literature                                                   1
+    Ancient Cities                                                    15
+    Antiquary’s Books                                                 15
+    Arden Shakespeare                                                 15
+    Classics of Art                                                   16
+    “Complete” Series                                                 16
+    Connoisseur’s Library                                             16
+    Handbooks of English Church History                               17
+    Illustrated Pocket Library of Plain and Coloured Books            17
+    Leaders of Religion                                               18
+    Library of Devotion                                               18
+    Little Books on Art                                               19
+    Little Galleries                                                  19
+    Little Guides                                                     19
+    Little Library                                                    20
+    Little Quarto Shakespeare                                         21
+    Miniature Library                                                 21
+    New Library of Medicine                                           21
+    New Library of Music                                              22
+    Oxford Biographies                                                22
+    Romantic History                                                  22
+    Handbooks of Theology                                             22
+    Westminster Commentaries                                          23
+
+  Fiction                                                             23
+    Books for Boys and Girls                                          28
+    Novels of Alexandre Dumas                                         29
+    Methuen’s Sixpenny Books                                          29
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A SELECTION OF
+
+MESSRS. METHUEN’S
+
+PUBLICATIONS
+
+     In this Catalogue the order is according to authors. An asterisk
+     denotes that the book is in the press.
+
+     Colonial Editions are published of all Messrs. METHUEN’S Novels
+     issued at a price above 2_s._ 6_d._, and similar editions are
+     published of some works of General Literature. Colonial editions
+     are only for circulation in the British Colonies and India.
+
+     All books marked net are not subject to discount, and cannot be
+     bought at less than the published price. Books not marked net are
+     subject to the discount which the bookseller allows.
+
+     Messrs. METHUEN’S books are kept in stock by all good booksellers.
+     If there is any difficulty in seeing copies, Messrs. Methuen will
+     be very glad to have early information, and specimen copies of any
+     books will be sent on receipt of the published price _plus_ postage
+     for net books, and of the published price for ordinary books.
+
+     This Catalogue contains only a selection of the more important
+     books published by Messrs. Methuen. A complete and illustrated
+     catalogue of their publications may be obtained on application.
+
+
+     =Addleshaw (Percy).= SIR PHILIP SIDNEY. Illustrated. _Second Edition.
+     Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Adeney (W. F.)=, M.A. See Bennett (W.H.).
+
+
+     =Ady (Cecilia M.).= A HISTORY OF MILAN UNDER THE SFORZA. Illustrated.
+     _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Aldis (Janet).= THE QUEEN OF LETTER WRITERS, MARQUISE DE SÉVIGNÉ,
+     DAME DE BOURBILLY, 1626-96. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo.
+     12s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Allen (M.).= A HISTORY OF VERONA. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d.
+     net._
+
+
+     =Amherst (Lady).= A SKETCH OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST
+     TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY. Illustrated. _A New and Cheaper Issue.
+     Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Andrewes (Amy G.).= THE STORY OF BAYARD. Edited by A. G. ANDREWES,
+     _Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._
+
+
+     =Andrewes (Bishop).= PRECES PRIVATAE. Translated and edited, with
+     Notes, by F. E. BRIGHTMAN, M.A., of Pusey House, Oxford. _Cr. 8vo.
+     6s._
+
+
+     =Anon.= THE WESTMINSTER PROBLEMS BOOK. Prose and Verse. Compiled from
+     _The Saturday Westminster Gazette_ Competitions, 1904-1907. _Cr.
+     8vo. 3s. 6d. net._
+
+     VENICE AND HER TREASURES. Illustrated. _Round corners. Fcap. 8vo.
+     5s. net._
+
+
+     =Aristotle.= THE ETHICS OF. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes,
+     by JOHN BURNET, M.A. _Cheaper issue. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+     =Atkinson (C. T.)=, M.A., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, sometime
+     Demy of Magdalen College. A HISTORY OF GERMANY, from 1715-1815.
+     Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Atkinson (T. D.).= ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. Illustrated. _Fcap. 8vo.
+     3s. 6d. net._
+
+     A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. Illustrated.
+     _Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Atteridge (A. H.).= NAPOLEON’S BROTHERS. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo.
+     18s. net._
+
+
+     =Aves (Ernest).= CO-OPERATIVE INDUSTRY. _Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._
+
+
+     =Bagot (Richard).= THE LAKES OF NORTHERN ITALY. Illustrated. _Fcap.
+     8vo. 5s. net._
+
+
+     =Bain (R. Nisbet).= THE LAST KING OF POLAND AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES.
+     Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Balfour (Graham).= THE LIFE OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. Illustrated.
+     _Fifth Edition in one Volume. Cr. 8vo. Buckram, 6s._
+
+
+     =Baring (The Hon. Maurice).= RUSSIAN ESSAYS AND STORIES. _Second Ed.
+     Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._
+
+     LANDMARKS IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.
+     net._
+
+
+     =Baring-Gould (S.).= THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. Illustrated.
+     _Second Edition. Wide Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d._
+
+     THE TRAGEDY OF THE CÆSARS: A STUDY OF THE CHARACTERS OF THE CÆSARS
+     OF THE JULIAN AND CLAUDIAN HOUSES. Illustrated. _Seventh Edition.
+     Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+     A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo.
+     Buckram. 6s._ Also _Medium 8vo. 6d._
+
+     OLD ENGLISH FAIRY TALES. Illustrated. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo.
+     Buckram. 6s._
+
+     THE VICAR OF MORWENSTOW. Revised Edition. With a Portrait. _Third
+     Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._
+
+     OLD COUNTRY LIFE. Illustrated. _Fifth Edition. Large Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     A GARLAND OF COUNTRY SONG: English Folk Songs with their
+     Traditional Melodies. Collected and arranged by S. BARING-GOULD and
+     H. F. SHEPPARD. _Demy 4to. 6s._
+
+     SONGS OF THE WEST: Folk Songs of Devon and Cornwall. Collected from
+     the Mouths of the People. By S. BARING-GOULD, M.A., and H.
+     FLEETWOOD SHEPPARD, M.A. New and Revised Edition, under the musical
+     editorship of CECIL J. SHARP. _Large Imperial 8vo. 5s. net._
+
+     STRANGE SURVIVALS: SOME CHAPTERS IN THE HISTORY OF MAN.
+     Illustrated. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._
+
+     YORKSHIRE ODDITIES: INCIDENTS AND STRANGE EVENTS. _Fifth Edition.
+     Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._
+
+     A BOOK OF CORNWALL. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     A BOOK OF DARTMOOR. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     A BOOK OF DEVON. Illustrated. _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     A BOOK OF NORTH WALES. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     A BOOK OF SOUTH WALES. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     A BOOK OF BRITTANY. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     A BOOK OF THE RHINE: From Cleve to Mainz. Illustrated. _Second
+     Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     A BOOK OF THE RIVIERA. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     A BOOK OF THE PYRENEES. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+
+     =Barker (E.)=, M.A., (Late) Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. THE
+     POLITICAL THOUGHT OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Baron (R. R. N.)=, M.A. FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION. _Fourth Edition.
+     Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Key, 3s. net._
+
+
+     =Bartholomew (J. G.)=, F.R.S.E. See Robertson (C. G.).
+
+
+     =Bastable (C. F.)=, LL.D. THE COMMERCE OF NATIONS. _Fifth Edition.
+     Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._
+
+
+     =Bastian (H. Charlton)=, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE.
+     Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Batson (Mrs. Stephen).= A CONCISE HANDBOOK OF GARDEN FLOWERS. _Fcap.
+     8vo. 3s. 6d. net._
+
+     THE SUMMER GARDEN OF PLEASURE. Illustrated. _Wide Demy 8vo. 15s.
+     net._
+
+
+     =Beckett (Arthur).= THE SPIRIT OF THE DOWNS: Impressions and
+     Reminiscences of the Sussex Downs. Illustrated. _Second Edition.
+     Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Beckford (Peter).= THOUGHTS ON HUNTING. Edited by J. OTHO PAGET.
+     Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 6s._
+
+
+     =Begbie (Harold).= MASTER WORKERS. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.
+     net._
+
+
+     =Behmen (Jacob).= DIALOGUES ON THE SUPERSENSUAL LIFE. Edited by
+     BERNARD HOLLAND. _Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d._
+
+
+     =Bell (Mrs. Arthur G.).= THE SKIRTS OF THE GREAT CITY. Illustrated.
+     _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+
+     =Belloc (H.)=, M.P. PARIS. Illustrated. _Second Edition, Revised. Cr.
+     8vo. 6s._
+
+     HILLS AND THE SEA. _Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._
+
+     ON NOTHING AND KINDRED SUBJECTS. _Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._
+
+     ON EVERYTHING. _Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._
+
+     MARIE ANTOINETTE. Illustrated. _Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 15s. net._
+
+     THE PYRENEES. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Bellot (H. H. L.)=, M.A. See Jones (L. A. A).
+
+
+     =Bennett (Joseph).= FORTY YEARS OF MUSIC, 1865-1905. Illustrated.
+     _Demy 8vo. 16s. net._
+
+
+     =Bennett (W. H.)=, M.A. A PRIMER OF THE BIBLE. _Fifth Edition. Cr.
+     8vo. 2s. 6d._
+
+
+     =Bennett (W. H.)= and =Adeney, (W. F.)=. A BIBLICAL INTRODUCTION. With
+     a concise Bibliography. _Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d._
+
+
+     =Benson (Archbishop).= GOD’S BOARD. Communion Addresses. _Second
+     Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Benson (R. M.).= THE WAY OF HOLINESS. An Exposition of Psalm cxix.
+     Analytical and Devotional. _Cr. 8vo. 5s._
+
+
+     *=Bensusan (Samuel L.).= HOME LIFE IN SPAIN. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo.
+     10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Berry (W. Grinton)=, M.A. FRANCE SINCE WATERLOO. Illustrated. _Cr.
+     8vo. 6s._
+
+
+     =Betham-Edwards (Miss).= HOME LIFE IN FRANCE. Illustrated. _Fifth
+     Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+
+     =Bindley (T. Herbert)=, B.D. THE OECUMENICAL DOCUMENTS OF THE FAITH.
+     With Introductions and Notes. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. net._
+
+
+     =Binyon (Laurence).= See Blake (William).
+
+
+     =Blake (William).= ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOOK OF JOB. With General
+     Introduction by LAURENCE BINYON. Illustrated. _Quarto. 21s. net._
+
+
+     =Body (George)=, D.D. THE SOUL’S PILGRIMAGE: Devotional Readings from
+     the Published and Unpublished writings of George Body, D.D.
+     Selected and arranged by J. H. BURN, D.D., F.R.S.E. _Demy 16mo. 2s.
+     6d._
+
+
+     =Boulting (W.).= TASSO AND HIS TIMES. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s.
+     6d. net._
+
+
+     =Bovill (W. B. Forster).= HUNGARY AND THE HUNGARIANS. Illustrated.
+     _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Bowden (E. M.).= THE IMITATION OF BUDDHA: Being Quotations from
+     Buddhist Literature for each Day in the Year. _Sixth Edition. Cr.
+     16mo. 2s. 6d._
+
+
+     =Brabant (F. G.)=, M.A. RAMBLES IN SUSSEX. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo.
+     6s._
+
+
+     =Bradley (A. G.).= ROUND ABOUT WILTSHIRE. Illustrated. _Second
+     Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     THE ROMANCE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy
+     8vo. 7s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Braid (James)=, Open Champion, 1901, 1905 and 1906. ADVANCED GOLF.
+     Illustrated. _Sixth Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Braid (James) and Others.= GREAT GOLFERS IN THE MAKING. Edited by
+     HENRY LEACH. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Brailsford (H. N.).= MACEDONIA: ITS RACES AND THEIR FUTURE.
+     Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Brodrick (Mary)= and =Morton (A. Anderson)=. A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF
+     EGYPTIAN ARCHÆOLOGY. A Handbook for Students and Travellers.
+     Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d._
+
+
+     =Brown (J. Wood)=, M.A. THE BUILDERS OF FLORENCE. Illustrated. _Demy
+     4to. 18s. net._
+
+
+     =Browning (Robert).= PARACELSUS. Edited with Introduction, Notes, and
+     Bibliography by MARGARET L. LEE and KATHARINE B. LOCOCK. _Fcap.
+     8vo. 3s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Buckton (A. M.).= EAGER HEART: A Mystery Play. _Ninth Edition. Cr.
+     8vo. 1s. net._
+
+
+     =Budge (E. A. Wallis).= THE GODS OF THE EGYPTIANS. Illustrated. _Two
+     Volumes. Royal 8vo. £3 3s. net._
+
+
+     =Bull (Paul)=, Army Chaplain. GOD AND OUR SOLDIERS. _Second Edition.
+     Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+
+     =Bulley (Miss).= See Dilke (Lady).
+
+
+     =Burns (Robert)=, THE POEMS. Edited by ANDREW LANG and W. A. CRAIGIE.
+     With Portrait. _Third Edition. Wide Demy 8vo. gilt top. 6s._
+
+     =Bussell (F. W.)=, D.D. CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS (The
+     Bampton Lectures of 1905). _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Butler (Sir William)=, Lieut.-General, G.C.B. THE LIGHT OF THE WEST.
+     With some other Wayside Thoughts, 1865-1908. _Cr. 8vo. 5s. net._
+
+
+     =Butlin (F. M.).= AMONG THE DANES. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.
+     net._
+
+
+     =Cain (Georges)=, Curator of the Carnavalet Museum, Paris. WALKS IN
+     PARIS. Translated by A. R. ALLINSON, M.A. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo.
+     7s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Cameron (Mary Lovett).= OLD ETRURIA AND MODERN TUSCANY. Illustrated.
+     _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. net._
+
+
+     =Carden (Robert W.).= THE CITY OF GENOA. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s.
+     6d. net._
+
+
+     =Carlyle (Thomas).= THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. Edited by C. R. L.
+     FLETCHER, Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. _Three Volumes. Cr.
+     8vo. 18s._
+
+     THE LETTERS AND SPEECHES OF OLIVER CROMWELL. With an Introduction
+     by C. H. FIRTH, M.A., and Notes and Appendices by Mrs. S. C. LOMAS.
+     _Three Volumes. Demy 8vo. 18s. net._
+
+
+     =Celano (Brother Thomas of).= THE LIVES OF FRANCIS OF ASSISI.
+     Translated by A. G. FERRERS HOWELL. Illustrated. _Cr. 8vo. 5s.
+     net._
+
+
+     =Chambers (Mrs. Lambert).= Lawn Tennis for Ladies. Illustrated.
+     _Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Chandler (Arthur)=, Bishop of Bloemfontein. ARA CŒLI: AN ESSAY IN
+     MYSTICAL THEOLOGY. _Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Chesterfield (Lord).= THE LETTERS OF THE EARL OF CHESTERFIELD TO HIS
+     SON. Edited, with an Introduction by C. STRACHEY, with Notes by A.
+     CALTHROP. _Two Volumes. Cr. 8vo. 12s._
+
+
+     =Chesterton (G.K.).= CHARLES DICKENS. With two Portraits in
+     Photogravure. _Seventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+     ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. _Sixth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._
+
+     TREMENDOUS TRIFLES. _Fourth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._
+
+
+     =Clausen (George)=, A.R.A., R.W.S. SIX LECTURES ON PAINTING.
+     Illustrated. _Third Edition. Large Post. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net._
+
+     AIMS AND IDEALS IN ART. Eight Lectures delivered to the Students of
+     the Royal Academy of Arts. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Large
+     Post. 8vo. 5s. net._
+
+
+     =Clutton-Brock (A.)= SHELLEY: THE MAN AND THE POET. Illustrated.
+     _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Cobb (W. F.)=, M.A. THE BOOK OF PSALMS: with an Introduction and
+     Notes. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Cockshott (Winifred)=, St. Hilda’s Hall, Oxford. THE PILGRIM
+     FATHERS, THEIR CHURCH AND COLONY. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.
+     net._
+
+
+     =Collingwood (W. G.)=, M.A. THE LIFE OF JOHN RUSKIN. With Portrait.
+     _Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Colvill (Helen H.).= ST. TERESA OF SPAIN. Illustrated. _Second
+     Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     * =Condamine (Robert de la).= THE UPPER GARDEN. _Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net._
+
+
+     =Conrad (Joseph).= THE MIRROR OF THE SEA: Memories and Impressions.
+     _Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s._
+
+
+     =Coolidge (W. A. B.)=, M.A. THE ALPS. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.
+     net._
+
+
+     =Cooper (C. S.)=, F.R.H.S. See Westell (W. P.)
+
+
+     =Coulton (G. G.)=. CHAUCER AND HIS ENGLAND. Illustrated. _Second
+     Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Cowper (William).= THE POEMS. Edited with an Introduction and Notes
+     by J. C. BAILEY, M.A. Illustrated. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net._
+
+
+     =Crane (Walter)=, R.W.S. AN ARTIST’S REMINISCENCES. Illustrated.
+     _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 18s. net._
+
+
+     INDIA IMPRESSIONS. Illustrated. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.
+     net._
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+
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+     DEVOTIONS FOR EVERY DAY IN THE WEEK AND THE GREAT FESTIVALS.
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+     MILLET. N. Peacock.
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+     MINIATURES. C. Davenport.
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+     OUR LADY IN ART. Mrs. H. Jenner.
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+     RAPHAEL. A. R. Dryhurst. _Second Edition._
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+     REMBRANDT. Mrs. E. A. Sharp.
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+     TURNER. F. Tyrrell-Gill.
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+     VANDYCK. M. G. Smallwood.
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+     VELASQUEZ. W. Wilberforce and A. R. Gilbert.
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+The Little Galleries.
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+  A LITTLE GALLERY OF REYNOLDS.
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+The Little Guides.
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+The main features of these Guides are (1) a handy and charming form; (2)
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+     CAMBRIDGE AND ITS COLLEGES. A. H. Thompson. _Third Edition,
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+     ENGLISH LAKES, THE. F. G. Brabant.
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+     MALVERN COUNTRY, THE. B. C. A. Windle.
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+     NORTH WALES. A. T. Story.
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+     OXFORD AND ITS COLLEGES. J. Wells. _Ninth Edition._
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+     SHAKESPEARE’S COUNTRY. B. C. A. Windle. _Third Edition._
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+     ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL. G. Clinch.
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+     WESTMINSTER ABBEY. G. E. Troutbeck. _Second Edition._
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. E. S. Roscoe.
+
+     CHESHIRE. W. M. Gallichan.
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+     CORNWALL. A. L. Salmon.
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+     DERBYSHIRE. J. C. Cox.
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+     DEVON. S. Baring-Gould. _Second Edition._
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+     DORSET. F. R. Heath. _Second Edition._
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+     ESSEX. J. C. Cox.
+
+     HAMPSHIRE. J. C. Cox.
+
+     HERTFORDSHIRE. H. W. Tompkins.
+
+     KENT. G. Clinch.
+
+     KERRY. C. P. Crane.
+
+     MIDDLESEX. J. B. Firth.
+
+     MONMOUTHSHIRE. G. W. Wade and J. H. Wade.
+
+     NORFOLK. W. A. Dutt. _Second Edition, Revised._
+
+     NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. W. Dry.
+
+     *NORTHUMBERLAND. J. E. Morris.
+
+     NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. L. Guilford.
+
+     OXFORDSHIRE. F. G. Brabant.
+
+     SOMERSET. G. W. and J. H. Wade.
+
+     *STAFFORDSHIRE. C. E. Masefield.
+
+     SUFFOLK. W. A. Dutt.
+
+     SURREY. F. A. H. Lambert.
+
+     SUSSEX. F. G. Brabant. _Third Edition._
+
+     *WILTSHIRE. F. R. Heath.
+
+     YORKSHIRE, THE EAST RIDING. J. E. Morris.
+
+     YORKSHIRE, THE NORTH RIDING. J. E. Morris.
+
+            *       *       *       *       *
+
+     BRITTANY. S. Baring-Gould.
+
+     NORMANDY. C. Scudamore.
+
+     ROME. C. G. Ellaby.
+
+     SICILY. F. H. Jackson.
+
+
+The Little Library.
+
+With Introductions, Notes, and Photogravure Frontispieces.
+
+_Small Pott 8vo. Gilt top. Each Volume, cloth, 1s. 6d. net; leather, 2s.
+6d. net._
+
+
+     =Anon.= A LITTLE BOOK OF ENGLISH LYRICS. _Second Edition._
+
+
+     =Austen (Jane).= PRIDE AND PREJUDICE. _Two Volumes._
+
+     NORTHANGER ABBEY.
+
+
+     =Bacon (Francis).= THE ESSAYS OF LORD BACON.
+
+
+     =Barham (R. H.).= THE INGOLDSBY LEGENDS. _Two Volumes._
+
+
+     =Barnet (Mrs. P. A.).= A LITTLE BOOK OF ENGLISH PROSE.
+
+
+     =Beckford (William).= THE HISTORY OF THE CALIPH VATHEK.
+
+
+     =Blake (William).= SELECTIONS FROM WILLIAM BLAKE.
+
+
+     =Borrow (George).= LAVENGRO. _Two Volumes._
+
+     THE ROMANY RYE.
+
+
+     =Browning (Robert).= SELECTIONS FROM THE EARLY POEMS OF ROBERT
+     BROWNING.
+
+
+     =Canning (George).= SELECTIONS FROM THE ANTI-JACOBIN: with GEORGE
+     CANNING’S additional Poems.
+
+
+     =Cowley (Abraham).= THE ESSAYS OF ABRAHAM COWLEY.
+
+
+     =Crabbe (George).= SELECTIONS FROM GEORGE CRABBE.
+
+
+     =Craik (Mrs.).= JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN. _Two Volumes._
+
+
+     =Crashaw (Richard).= THE ENGLISH POEMS OF RICHARD CRASHAW.
+
+
+     =Dante (Alighieri).= THE INFERNO OF DANTE. Translated by H. F. CARY.
+
+     THE PURGATORIO OF DANTE. Translated by H. F. CARY.
+
+     THE PARADISO OF DANTE. Translated by H. F. CARY.
+
+
+     =Darley (George).= SELECTIONS FROM THE POEMS OF GEORGE DARLEY.
+
+
+     =Deane (A. C.).= A LITTLE BOOK OF LIGHT VERSE.
+
+
+     =Dickens (Charles).= CHRISTMAS BOOKS. _Two Volumes._
+
+
+     =Ferrier (Susan).= MARRIAGE. _Two Volumes._
+
+     THE INHERITANCE. _Two Volumes._
+
+
+     =Gaskell (Mrs.).= CRANFORD.
+
+
+     =Hawthorne (Nathaniel).= THE SCARLET LETTER.
+
+
+     =Henderson (T. F.).= A LITTLE BOOK OF SCOTTISH VERSE.
+
+
+     =Keats (John).= POEMS.
+
+
+     =Kinglake (A. W.).= EOTHEN. _Second Edition._
+
+
+     =Lamb (Charles).= ELIA, AND THE LAST ESSAYS OF ELIA.
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+
+     =Locker (F.).= LONDON LYRICS.
+
+
+     =Longfellow (H. W.).= SELECTIONS FROM LONGFELLOW.
+
+
+     =Marvell (Andrew).= THE POEMS OF ANDREW MARVELL.
+
+
+     =Milton (John).= THE MINOR POEMS OF JOHN MILTON.
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+
+     =Moir (D. M.).= MANSIE WAUCH.
+
+
+     =Nichols (J. B. B.).= A LITTLE BOOK OF ENGLISH SONNETS.
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+     =Smith (Horace and James).= REJECTED ADDRESSES.
+
+
+     =Sterne (Laurence).= A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY.
+
+
+     =Tennyson (Alfred, Lord).= THE EARLY POEMS OF ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON.
+
+     IN MEMORIAM.
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+     MAUD.
+
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+     =Thackeray (W. M.).= VANITY FAIR. _Three Volumes._
+
+     PENDENNIS. _Three Volumes._
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+     ESMOND.
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+
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+
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+     =Waterhouse (Elizabeth).= A LITTLE BOOK OF LIFE AND DEATH.
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+       *       *       *       *       *
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+     THE ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN PAMPHILE.
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+     I KNOW A MAIDEN.
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+     CASTING OF NETS.
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+     CHEAP JACK ZITA.
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+     THE BROOM SQUIRE.
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+     IN THE ROAR OF THE SEA.
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+     NOÉMI.
+
+     A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. Illustrated.
+
+     LITTLE TU’PENNY.
+
+     WINEFRED.
+
+     THE FROBISHERS.
+
+     THE QUEEN OF LOVE.
+
+     ARMINELL.
+
+     BLADYS OF THE STEWPONEY.
+
+
+     =Barr (Robert).= JENNIE BAXTER.
+
+     IN THE MIDST OF ALARMS.
+
+     THE COUNTESS TEKLA.
+
+     THE MUTABLE MANY.
+
+
+     =Benson (E. F.).= DODO.
+
+     THE VINTAGE.
+
+
+     =Brontë (Charlotte).= SHIRLEY.
+
+
+     =Brownell (C. L).= THE HEART OF JAPAN.
+
+
+     =Burton (J. Bloundelle).= ACROSS THE SALT SEAS.
+
+
+     =Caffyn (Mrs.).= ANNE MAULEVERER.
+
+
+     =Capes (Bernard).= THE LAKE OF WINE.
+
+
+     =Clifford (Mrs. W. K.).= A FLASH OF SUMMER.
+
+     MRS. KEITH’S CRIME.
+
+
+     =Corbett (Julian).= A BUSINESS IN GREAT WATERS.
+
+
+     =Croker (Mrs. B. M.).= ANGEL.
+
+     A STATE SECRET.
+
+     PEGGY OF THE BARTONS.
+
+     JOHANNA.
+
+
+     =Dante (Alighieri).= THE DIVINE COMEDY (Cary).
+
+
+     =Doyle (A. Conan).= ROUND THE RED LAMP.
+
+
+     =Duncan (Sara Jeannette).= A VOYAGE OF CONSOLATION.
+
+     THOSE DELIGHTFUL AMERICANS.
+
+
+     =Eliot (George).= THE MILL ON THE FLOSS.
+
+
+     =Findlater (Jane H.).= THE GREEN GRAVES OF BALGOWRIE.
+
+
+     =Gallon (Tom).= RICKERBY’S FOLLY.
+
+
+     =Gaskell (Mrs.).= CRANFORD.
+
+     MARY BARTON.
+
+     NORTH AND SOUTH.
+
+
+     =Gerard (Dorothea).= HOLY MATRIMONY.
+
+     THE CONQUEST OF LONDON.
+
+     MADE OF MONEY.
+
+
+     =Gissing (G.).= THE TOWN TRAVELLER.
+
+     THE CROWN OF LIFE.
+
+
+     =Glanville (Ernest).= THE INCA’S TREASURE.
+
+     THE KLOOF BRIDE.
+
+
+     =Gleig (Charles).= BUNTER’S CRUISE.
+
+
+     =Grimm (The Brothers).= GRIMM’S FAIRY TALES.
+
+
+     =Hope (Anthony).= A MAN OF MARK.
+
+     A CHANGE OF AIR.
+
+     THE CHRONICLES OF COUNT ANTONIO.
+
+     PHROSO.
+
+     THE DOLLY DIALOGUES.
+
+
+     =Hornung (E. W.).= DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES.
+
+
+     =Ingraham (J. H.).= THE THRONE OF DAVID.
+
+
+     =Le Queux (W.).= THE HUNCHBACK OF WESTMINSTER.
+
+
+     =Levett-Yeats (S. K.).= THE TRAITOR’S WAY.
+
+     ORRAIN.
+
+
+     =Linton (E. Lynn).= THE TRUE HISTORY OF JOSHUA DAVIDSON.
+
+
+     =Lyall (Edna).= DERRICK VAUGHAN.
+
+
+     =Malet (Lucas).= THE CARISSIMA.
+
+     A COUNSEL OF PERFECTION.
+
+
+     =Mann (Mrs. M. E.).= MRS. PETER HOWARD.
+
+     A LOST ESTATE.
+
+     THE CEDAR STAR.
+
+     ONE ANOTHER’S BURDENS.
+
+     THE PATTEN EXPERIMENT.
+
+     A WINTER’S TALE.
+
+
+     =Marchmont (A. W.).= MISER HOADLEY’S SECRET.
+
+     A MOMENT’S ERROR.
+
+
+     =Marryat (Captain).= PETER SIMPLE.
+
+     JACOB FAITHFUL.
+
+
+     =March (Richard).= A METAMORPHOSIS.
+
+     THE TWICKENHAM PEERAGE.
+
+     THE GODDESS.
+
+     THE JOSS.
+
+
+     =Mason (A. E. W.).= CLEMENTINA.
+
+
+     =Mathers (Helen).= HONEY.
+
+     GRIFF OF GRIFFITHSCOURT.
+
+     SAM’S SWEETHEART.
+
+     THE FERRYMAN.
+
+
+     =Meade (Mrs. L. T.).= DRIFT.
+
+
+     =Miller (Esther).= LIVING LIES.
+
+
+     =Mitford (Bertram).= THE SIGN OF THE SPIDER.
+
+
+     =Montresor (F. F.).= THE ALIEN.
+
+
+     =Morrison (Arthur).= THE HOLE IN THE WALL.
+
+
+     =Nesbit (E.).= THE RED HOUSE.
+
+
+     =Norris (W. E.).= HIS GRACE.
+
+     GILES INGILBY.
+
+     THE CREDIT OF THE COUNTY.
+
+     LORD LEONARD THE LUCKLESS.
+
+     MATTHEW AUSTEN.
+
+     CLARISSA FURIOSA.
+
+
+     =Oliphant (Mrs.).= THE LADY’S WALK.
+
+     SIR ROBERT’S FORTUNE.
+
+     THE PRODIGALS.
+
+     THE TWO MARYS.
+
+
+     =Oppenheim (E. P.).= MASTER OF MEN.
+
+
+     =Parker (Gilbert).= THE POMP OF THE LAVILETTES.
+
+     WHEN VALMOND CAME TO PONTIAC.
+
+     THE TRAIL OF THE SWORD.
+
+
+     =Pemberton (Max).= THE FOOTSTEPS OF A THRONE.
+
+     I CROWN THEE KING.
+
+
+     =Phillpotts (Eden).= THE HUMAN BOY.
+
+     CHILDREN OF THE MIST.
+
+     THE POACHER’S WIFE.
+
+     THE RIVER.
+
+
+     =‘Q’ (A. T. Quiller Couch).= THE WHITE WOLF.
+
+
+     =Ridge (W. Pett).= A SON OF THE STATE.
+
+     LOST PROPERTY.
+
+     GEORGE and THE GENERAL.
+
+     ERB.
+
+
+     =Russell (W. Clark).= ABANDONED.
+
+     A MARRIAGE AT SEA.
+
+     MY DANISH SWEETHEART.
+
+     HIS ISLAND PRINCESS.
+
+
+     =Sergeant (Adeline).= THE MASTER OF BEECHWOOD.
+
+     BALBARA’S MONEY.
+
+     THE YELLOW DIAMOND.
+
+     THE LOVE THAT OVERCAME.
+
+
+     =Sidgwick (Mrs. Alfred).= THE KINSMAN.
+
+
+     =Surtees (R. S.).= HANDLEY CROSS.
+
+     MR. SPONGE’S SPORTING TOUR.
+
+     ASK MAMMA.
+
+
+     =Walford (Mrs. L. B.).= MR. SMITH.
+
+     COUSINS.
+
+     THE BABY’S GRANDMOTHER.
+
+     TROUBLESOME DAUGHTERS.
+
+
+     =Wallace (General Lew).= BEN-HUR.
+
+     THE FAIR GOD.
+
+
+     =Watson (H. B. Marriott).= THE ADVENTURERS.
+
+     *CAPTAIN FORTUNE.
+
+
+     =Weekes (A. B.).= PRISONERS OF WAR.
+
+
+     =Wells (H. G.).= THE SEA LADY.
+
+
+     =White (Percy).= A PASSIONATE PILGRIM.
+
+                              PRINTED BY
+
+                   WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+
+                          LONDON AND BECCLES.
+
+
+Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
+
+not of sufficent worth and importance=> not of sufficient worth and
+importance {pg 170}
+
+and made Nìccolò Perotti=> and made Niccolò Perotti {pg 192}
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+ [1] Healy, 46.
+
+ [2] Healy, 50.
+
+ [3] Sandys, i. 245.
+
+ [4] On the connection between Eastern and Celtic monachism, see Stokes
+ (G.T.).
+
+ [5] Stokes (W.), _T. L._, i. 30; ii. 446.
+
+ [6] _Ib._ ii. 421; ii 475.
+
+ [7] _D. N. B._, xliv. 39; Stokes (W.), _T. L._, i. 191.
+
+ [8] _Abgitorium, abgatorium; elementa, elimenta._ Stokes (W.), _T.
+ L._, i. cliii.; also i. 111, 113, 139, 191, 308, 320, 322, 326, 327,
+ 328.
+
+ [9] In 536, fifty monks from the Continent landed at
+ Cork.--Montalembert, ii. 248n. Migrations from Gaul were frequent
+ about this time.
+
+ [10] Bury, 217; cp. 220.
+
+ [11] Joyce, i. 478.
+
+ [12] Adamnan, lib. ii. c. 29, iii. c. 15 and c. 23.
+
+ [13] Dr. Skene says the Psalter incident “bears the stamp of spurious
+ tradition”; so does the Longarad story; but it is curious how often
+ sacred books play a part in these tales.
+
+ [14] Henderson, _Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland_, 5-6.
+
+ [15] Moore, _Hist. of Ireland_, i. 266.
+
+ [16] Healy, 379; Stokes (M.)^{2}, 118. Ergo quotidie jejunandum est,
+ sicut quotidie orandum est, quotidie laborandum, quotidie est legendum.
+
+ [17] A ninth century catalogue of St. Gall mentions thirty-one
+ volumes and pamphlets in the Irish tongue--Prof. Pflugk-Harttung,
+ in _R. H. S._ (N. S.), v. 92. Becker names only thirty, p. 43. At
+ Reichenau, a monastery near St. Gall, also famous for its library,
+ there were “Irish education, manuscripts, and occasionally also Irish
+ monks.” “One of the most ancient monuments of the German tongue, the
+ vocabulary of St. Gall, dating from about 780, is written in the Irish
+ character.”
+
+ [18] _D.C.B._ _sub nom._
+
+ [19] Stokes (G. T.), 221.
+
+ [20] _Ib._ 220.
+
+ [21] Haddan, 267.
+
+ [22] Hyde, 221.
+
+ [23] Joyce, _Short Hist. of I._, 165.
+
+ [24] Bede, _H. E._, iii. 27; Healy, 101; Stokes (G. T.), 230.
+
+ [25] _Camb. Lit._, i. 66.
+
+ [26] Healy, 272.
+
+ [27] Alcuin, _Willibrord_, c. 4.
+
+ [28] See full account, _R. H. S._ (N. S.), v. 75.
+
+ [29] Sandys, i. 480.
+
+ [30] _R. H. S._ (N. S.), v. 90.
+
+ [31] Sandys, i. 480; Stokes (M.)^{2}, 210.
+
+ [32]
+
+    “Sancte Columba tibi Scotto tuus incola Dungal
+     Tradidit hunc librum, quo fratrum corda beentur.
+     Qui leges ergo Deus pretium sit muneris, oro.”--Healy, 392.
+
+
+
+ [33] Stokes (M.)^{2}, 206-7, 247.
+
+ [34] Sandys, i. 463.
+
+ [35] Moore, _Hist. of I._, i. 299; _Boll. Iul._ _t._ vii. 222.
+
+ [36] The following, among others, are still on the Continent: Gospels
+ of Willibrord (Bibl. Nat. Lat. 9389, 739), Gospel of St. John (Cod. 60
+ St. Gall _c._ 750-800); Book of Fragments (No. 1395, St. Gall, _c._
+ 750-800); The Golden Gospels (Royal library, Stockholm, 871); Gospels
+ of St. Arnoul, Metz (Nuremberg Museum, 7th c.).--Cp. Maclean, 207-8;
+ Hyde, 267.
+
+ [37] Adamnan, 365n.
+
+ [38] Hyde, 220; Stokes (M.), 10, “Connachtach, an Abbot of Iona
+ who died in 802, is called in the Irish annals ‘a scribe most
+ choice.’”--Trenholme, _Iona_, 32.
+
+ [39] _Tech-screptra; domus scripturarum._
+
+ [40] _Leabhar coimedach._ Adamnan, 359, note m.
+
+ [41] Joyce, i. 483.
+
+ [42] At vero hoc audiens Colcius tempus et horam _in tabula_
+ describens.--Adamnan, 66. Columba is said to have blessed one hundred
+ pólaires or tablets (_Leabhar Breac_, fo. 16-60; Stokes (M.), 51).
+ The boy Benen, who followed Patrick, bore tablets on his back
+ (_folaire_, corrupt for _pólaire_).--Stokes (W.), _T. L._, 47. Patrick
+ gave to Fiacc a case containing a tablet. _Ib._ 344. An example of
+ a waxed tablet, with a case for it, is in the Museum of the Royal
+ Irish Academy. The case is a wooden cover, divided into hollowed-out
+ compartments for holding the styles. This specimen dates from the
+ thirteenth or fourteenth century. Slates and pencils were also in use
+ for temporary purposes.--Joyce, i. 483.
+
+ [43] See Thompson, 236, where Irish calligraphy is fully dealt with;
+ _Camb. Lit._, i. 13.
+
+ [44] _Trans. R. I. Acad._, vol. xviii. 1838.
+
+ [45] Stokes (W.), _T. L._, 75. The terms used for satchels are
+ _sacculi_ (Lat.), and _tiag_, or _tiag liubhair_ or _teig liubair_
+ (Ir.). There has been some confusion between _pólaire_ and _tiag_, the
+ former being regarded as a leather case for a single book, the latter
+ a satchel for several books. This distinction is made in connection
+ with the ancient Irish life of Columba, which is therefore made to
+ read that the saint used to make _cases_ and _satchels_ for books
+ (_pólaire ocus tiaga_), _v._ Adamnan, 115. Cf. Petrie, _Round Towers_,
+ 336-7. But the late Dr. Whitley Stokes makes _pólaire_ or _pōlire_,
+ or the corruption _folaire_, derive from _pugillares_ = writing
+ tablets.--Stokes (W.), _T. L._, cliii. and 655. This interpretation
+ of the word gives us the much more likely reading that Columba made
+ _tablets_, and _satchels_ for books.
+
+ [46] Stokes (M.), 50.
+
+ [47] Curzon, _Monasteries of the Levant_, 66.
+
+ [48] Mr. Allen, in his admirable volume on _Celtic Art_, p. 208,
+ in this series, says cumdachs were peculiar to Ireland. But they
+ were made and used elsewhere, and were variously known as _capsae_,
+ _librorum coopertoria_ (_e.g._ ... librorumque coopertoria; quædam
+ horum nuda, quædam vero alia auro atque argento gemmisque pretiosis
+ circumtecta.--_Acta SS._, _Aug._ iii. 659c), and _thecae_. Some of
+ these cases were no doubt as beautifully decorated as the Irish
+ cumdachs. William of Malmesbury asserts that twenty pounds and sixty
+ marks of gold were used to make the coopertoria librorum Evangelii for
+ King Ina’s chapel. At the Abbey of St. Riquier was an “Evangelium auro
+ Scriptum unum, cum capsa argentea gemmis et lapidibus fabricata. Aliae
+ capsae evangeliorum duae ex auro et argento paratae.”--Maitland, 212.
+ In 1295 St. Paul’s Cathedral possessed a copy of the Gospels in a case
+ (capsa) adorned with gilding and relics.--Putnam, i. 105-6.
+
+ [49] _Leborchometa chethrochori_, and _bibliothecae
+ quadratae_.--Stokes (W.), _T. L._, 96 and 313.
+
+ [50] Stokes (M.), 90.
+
+ [51] Stokes (M.), 92-3.
+
+ [52] See _La Bibliofilia_, xi. 165.
+
+ [53] _Acta SS. Ap._, iii. 581c.
+
+ [54] Healy, 524.
+
+ [55] Other instances are cited in Adamnan, book ii., chap. 8.
+
+ [56] _Hist. mon. S. Augustini, Cant._, 96-99, “Et haec sunt primitiae
+ librorum totius ecclesiae Anglicanae,” 99.
+
+ [57] _H. E._, i. 29.
+
+ [58] Stanley, _Hist. Mem. of C._ (1868), 42.
+
+ [59] _Hist. mon. S. Aug._, xxv.
+
+ [60] B. M. Reg. I. E. vi. may be a part of the Gregorian Bible, or the
+ second copy of the Gospels mentioned above, if this second copy is not
+ Corpus Christi, Camb. 286. Corpus C. 286 is a seventh century book,
+ certainly from St. Augustine’s; it was probably brought to England in
+ the time of Theodore, and though it may be one of the books referred
+ to above, is, therefore, not Augustinian. The Psalter bearing the
+ silver images is “most likely” Cott. Vesp. A. 1, an eighth century
+ manuscript; it is, therefore, not Augustinian, although it may be a
+ copy of the original Psalter given by Gregory.--James, lxvi.
+
+ [61] Known as Codex E, or the Laudian Acts (Laud. Gr. 35). Bede refers
+ to a Greek manuscript of the Acts in his _Retractationes_; possibly
+ this is the actual copy. The last page of the book bears the signature
+ “Theodore”; did Archbishop Theodore bring the volume to England? “It
+ is at least safe to say that the presence of such a book in England
+ in Bede’s time can hardly be entirely independent of the influence of
+ Theodore or of Abbot Hadrian.”--James (M. R.), xxiii.
+
+ [62] _H. E._, iv. 2, _tr._ Sellar.
+
+ [63] _Ib._ v. 20.
+
+ [64] _Ib._ v. 23.
+
+ [65] This copy was still at Malmesbury in the twelfth century.--W. of
+ Malmesbury, _Ang. Sacr._, ii. 21.
+
+ [66] Sandys, i. 466; _Camb. Eng. Lit._, i. 75.
+
+ [67] _Camb. Eng. Lit._, i. 45.
+
+ [68] These foundations were regarded as one house, the inmates being
+ bound together by “a common and perpetual affection and intimacy.”
+
+ [69] “Innumerabilem librorum omnis generis copiam apportavit.”--_Vitae
+ Abbatum_, § 4.
+
+ [70] “Copiosissima et nobilissima bibliotheca.”--_Ib._ § 11.
+
+ [71] Lanciani, _Anc. Rome_, 201.
+
+ [72] Ceolfrid, Benedict Biscop’s successor, added a number of books
+ to the library, among them three copies of the Vulgate, and one of
+ the older version. One copy of the Vulgate Ceolfrid took with him to
+ Rome (716) to give to the Pope. He died on the way. The codex did not
+ go to Rome; now, it is in the Laurentian Library, Florence, where it
+ is known as the Codex Amiatinus. The writing is Italian, or at any
+ rate foreign, so it must have been imported, or written at Jarrow by
+ foreign scribes. This volume is the chief authority for the text of
+ Jerome’s translation of the Scriptures.
+
+ [73] _H. E._, v. 24.
+
+ [74] Bede frequently quotes Cicero, Virgil, and Horace; usually
+ selecting some telling phrase, _e.g._ “caeco carpitur igni” (_H.
+ E._ ii. 12). In his _De Natura rerum_ he owes a good deal to Pliny
+ and Isidore. In his commentaries on the Scriptures he displays
+ an extent of reading which we have no space to give any idea of.
+ His chronologies were based on Jerome’s edition of Eusebius, on
+ Augustine and Isidore. In his _H. E._ he uses “Pliny, Solinus,
+ Orosius, Eutropius, Marcellinus Comes, Gildas, probably the _Historia
+ Brittonum_, a _Passion of St. Alban_, and the _Life of Germanus of
+ Auxerre_ by Constantius”; while he refers to lives of St. Fursa, St.
+ Ethelburg, and to Adamnan’s work on the Holy Places. Cf. Sandys, i.
+ 468; _Camb. Lit._, i. 80-81. Bede also got first-hand knowledge:
+ the Lindisfarne records provided him with material on Cuthbert;
+ information came to him from Canterbury about Southern affairs and
+ from Lastingham about Mercian affairs. Nothelm got material from the
+ archives at Rome for him.
+
+ [75] Tr. in Morley, _Eng. Writers_, ii. 160.
+
+ [76] Tr. in West, _Alcuin_, 34-35.
+
+ [77] Tr. in _King’s Letters_, ed. Steele (1903), 1. Cf. Bodl. _MS.
+ Hatton_, 20; _Cott. MS. Otho_ B 2; Corpus C. C., Camb. MS. 12.
+
+ [78] _MS. Cott. Tib._ B xi.--a copy of Alfred’s version of the _Cura_,
+ or what is left of it--has been connected with Archbishop Plegmund,
+ the evidence being a Saxon inscription on the manuscript. Wanley,
+ however, doubted the conclusiveness of this evidence, which, together
+ with most of the text, was lost in the fire of 1731.--James, xxiii-iv.
+
+ [79] Sandys, i. 484.
+
+ [80] Hunt, _Hist. of Eng. Church_, i. 326.
+
+ [81] Strutt, _Saxon Antiq._, i. 105, pl. xviii. The picture is in a
+ large volume containing part of a grammar and certain other pieces
+ used at Glastonbury.--_MS. Auct._ F. iv. 32. Over the picture is the
+ inscription: _Pictura et scriptura hujus paginae subtus visa est de
+ propria manu Sci. Dunstani._
+
+ [82] Stubbs, _Mem. of Dunstan_, cx.-cxii.
+
+ [83] _Chron. Mon. de Abingdon_, ii. 263.
+
+ [84] _Ibid._, ii. 265.
+
+ [85] _Archaeologia_, xxiv. 19.
+
+ [86] _B. M. Cott. Vesp._, A. viii., written 966.
+
+ [87] Hook, _Archbishops_, i. 453 (1st ed.).
+
+ [88] _Chron. Abb. de E._, 83.
+
+ [89] James^{1}, 5-6.
+
+ [90] Most old English poems are preserved in unique manuscripts,
+ sometimes not complete, but in fragments; two fragments, for example,
+ were found in the bindings of other books.--Warton, ii. 7. In 1248,
+ only four books in English were at Glastonbury, and they are described
+ as old and useless.--John of G., 435; Ritson, i. 43. About fifty
+ years later only seventeen such books were in the big library at
+ Canterbury.--James (M. R.), 51. A striking illustration of the disuse
+ of the vernacular among the religious is found in an Anglo-Saxon
+ Gregory’s _Pastoral Care_, which is copiously glossed in Latin, in
+ two or three hands. This manuscript, now in Corpus Christi College,
+ Cambridge, No. 12, came from Worcester Priory.--James^{17}, 33.
+
+ [91] Becker, 199, 257.
+
+ [92] In an eleventh century manuscript in Trinity College Library,
+ Cambridge (MS. B. 16, 44), is an inscription, perhaps by Lanfranc
+ himself, recording that he brought it from Bec and gave it to Christ
+ Church.
+
+ [93] At the end of the manuscript of Cassian is written: “Hucusque ego
+ Lanfrancus correxi.”--_Hist. Litt. de la France_, vii. 117. At the end
+ of the Ambrose (_Hexaemeron_) the note reads, “Lanfrancus ego correxi.”
+
+ [94] James (M. R.), xxx.
+
+ [95] _Chron. Abb. de Evesham_, 97.
+
+ [96] Library of Ste. Geneviève, Paris, MS. E. l. 17, in 40, fol. 61.
+ The note reads: Quia autem apud Bequefort victualium copia erat,
+ scriptores etiam ibi habebantur quorum opera ad nos in Normaniam
+ mittebantur.--_Library_, v. 2 (1893).
+
+ [97] Stevenson, _Grosseteste_, 149.
+
+ [98] _Gesta R. Angl._, lib. v.; _Camb. Lit._, i. 159-60.
+
+ [99] _Surtees S._, lxix. 341.
+
+ [100] Merryweather, 96-7.
+
+ [101] Joh. Glaston, _Chronica_, ed. Hearne (1726), ii. 423-44;
+ Merryweather, 140.
+
+ [102] Librariam fecit optimum pulcherrimum et copiosum.--Holmes,
+ _Wells and Glastonbury_, 229.
+
+ [103] _MS. Twyne_, Bodl. L., 8, 272.
+
+ [104] James, and James^{1}.
+
+ [105] In the fine MS. Cott. Claud. E. iv. (_Gesta Abbatum_) is a
+ series of portrait miniatures of the abbots, and in most cases they
+ are represented as reading or carrying books, or with books about them.
+
+ [106] Fecit etiam scribi libros plurimos, quos longum esset enarrare.
+
+ [107] Some of the books were restored, others were resold to the abbey.
+
+ [108] A lot of forty-nine, with prices attached, is given in _Annales
+ a J. Amund._, ii. 268 _et seq._
+
+ [109] Gloucester House, now Worcester College.
+
+ [110] Dugdale, iv. 405.
+
+ [111] For St. Albans see _Gesta Abbatum_, i. 58, 70, 94, 106, 179,
+ 184; ii. 200, 306, 363; iii. 389, 393.
+
+ [112] _Mon. Fr._, ii. lviii.
+
+ [113] Bryce, i. 440 n., 29.
+
+ [114] Clark, 62.
+
+ [115] These works would be Latin translations based upon Arabic
+ versions. _Opus Majus_, iii. 66; _Camb. Lit._, i. 199; Gasquet^{3},
+ 156.
+
+ [116] Close roll, 10 Hen. III, m. 6 (3rd Sep.); Trivet,
+ _Annales_, 243; _Mon. Fr._, i. 185; Stevenson, 76; _O. H. S._, Little,
+ 57.
+
+ [117] Wood, _Hist. Ant. U. Ox._ (1792), i. 329.
+
+ [118] There is an imperfect catalogue of their library in Leland, iii.
+ 57.
+
+ [119] Leland^{3}, 286.
+
+ [120] Oliver, _Mon. Dioc. Exon._, 332, 333.
+
+ [121] _Sussex Archaeol. Collections_, i. (1848), 168-187.
+
+ [122] _Mon. Fr._, ii. 18.
+
+ [123] _Cal. of Pap. Letters_, iv. 42-43.
+
+ [124] Leland, iii. 53.
+
+ [125] _Camb. Mod. Hist._, i., 597.
+
+ [126] For date see Stow (Kingsford’s ed.), i. 108; i. 318; _Mon. Fr._
+ i. 519.
+
+ [127] Stow, i. 318.
+
+ [128] _Camb. Mod. Hist._, i. 591
+
+ [129] The catalogue is edited by Dr. M. R. James in _Fasciculus Ioanni
+ Willis Clark dicatus_, 2-96.
+
+ [130] Bryce, i. 369.
+
+ [131] _Mon. Fr._, i. 391.
+
+ [132] _Ibid._ i. 366.
+
+ [133] But see _O. H. S._, Little, 56; _Mon. Fr._, ii. 91--Libri
+ fratrum decedentium....
+
+ [134] _Mon. Fr._, i. 114.
+
+ [135] _Bodl. MS. Twyne_, xxiii. 488; _O. H. S._, Little, 60.
+
+ [136] R. Armachanus, _Defensorium Curatorum_; cf. Wyclif’ English
+ _Works_, ed. Matthew, 128, 221.
+
+ [137] _R. de B._, Thomas’ ed. 203.
+
+ [138] Stevenson, 87.
+
+ [139] Gasquet^{3}, 140, _q.v._ for full description of these
+ _Correctoria_.
+
+ [140] _MS. Bodl._ Tanner, 165.
+
+ [141] _Camb. Mod. Hist._, i. 592; James, xlix.
+
+ [142] _Hist. et Cart. Mon. Glouc._, iii. lxxiv.
+
+ [143] _R. de B._, _c. v._ 183.
+
+ [144] Whitaker, _Hist. of Craven_, (1805), 330; another computus,
+ discovered later, does not refer to books (ed. 1878).
+
+ [145] Morris, _Chester during Plantagenet and Tudor Reigns_, 128-129.
+
+ [146] James, M. R.^{1}, 109-110.
+
+ [147] Bateson, _Med. Eng._, 339.
+
+ [148] Gasquet^{4}, 49.
+
+ [149] _E. H. R._, xxv. 122.
+
+ [150] Bateson, vii.
+
+ [151] _Synesius de laude Calvitii_, MS. Bodl. 80.
+
+ [152] Gasquet^{2}, 36-37.
+
+ [153] Sandys., ii. 225; and see _post_, p. 195.
+
+ [154] Gasquet^{2}, 37; Rashdall and Rait, _New Coll._ (1901), 251.
+
+ [155] A few volumes escaped: a copy of Basil’s Commentary on
+ Isaiah, presumably in Greek, and some others. “Among them must in
+ all probability be reckoned the first copy of Homer whose presence
+ can be definitely traced in England since the days of Theodore of
+ Tarsus.”--_Camb. Mod. Hist._, i. 598. Cp. James, li.
+
+ [156] Aubrey, _Lett. of Em. Per. from the Bod._, i. 278.
+
+ [157] _Laboryouse Journey and Serche of Johann Leylande for Englandes
+ Antiquitees_, by Bale, 1549. Cf. Strype, _Parker_ (1711), 528.
+
+ [158] Accounts of John Scudamore (kings receiver), detailing proceeds
+ of sale of goods from Bordesley Abbey, and other monasteries.--_Cam.
+ Soc._, xxvi. 269, 271, 275.
+
+ [159] _Fasciculus I. W. Clark dicatus_, 16, and cf. 96.
+
+ [160] _Fasciculus I. W. Clark dicatus_, 16, 17.
+
+ [161] _C. A. S. 8vo. Publ._, No. 33 (1900), Dr. James on MSS. in the
+ Library of Lambeth Palace, pp. 1, 2, 6.
+
+ [162] See Dr. James’ view of the dispersion of Bury Abbey
+ Library.--James^{1}, 9-10.
+
+ [163] Monasticon, Dugdale, ii. 586-587.
+
+ [164] _Ath. Ox._ (1721), 82, 83.
+
+ [165] James (M. R.), lxxxi.
+
+ [166] Leland, _Itinerary_ (1907), i. xxxviii.
+
+ [167] James (M. R.)^{1}, 11.
+
+ [168] _Notes and Q._, 2. i. 485; James (M. R.), lvii, lxxxii.
+
+ [169] Strype, _Parker_ (1711), 528.
+
+ [170] James (M. R.), _Sources of Archbishop Parker’s MSS_. (Camb.
+ Antiq. Soc.).
+
+ [171] James (M. R.), 505-534.
+
+ [172] James (M. R.)^{1}, 42; _ibid._ xciv. But later Dr. James was
+ less certain of some of his identifications. See James (M. R.)^{10},
+ viii.
+
+ [173] Robinson.
+
+ [174] See also Macray’s _Annals of the Bodleian_.
+
+ [175] Maitland, 404-405.
+
+ [176] _Stat. selecta Cap. Gen. O. Cisterc._, A.D. 1278, Martène, iv.
+ 1462; Maitland, 406.
+
+ [177] _O. H. S._, Little, 55.
+
+ [178] _Surtees Soc._, xv., Durham Rites, 70-71.
+
+ [179] _Chron. abb. de Evesham_, 301.
+
+ [180] James (M. R.), li.; Cox, _Canterbury_, 199.
+
+ [181] Windle, _Chester_, 171-172; _Library_, ii. 285.
+
+ [182] Géraud, _Essai sur les livres_, 181.
+
+ [183] Sandys, i. 266.
+
+ [184] Cp. Du Cange, _Gloss_. art. _Scriptores_; citation from Const.
+ of Carthusians.
+
+ [185] Maitland, 56.
+
+ [186] _Chron. mon. de Abingd_., ii. 371.
+
+ [187] _Gesta abb. m. S. Albani_, i. 57-58.
+
+ [188] From the Porkington MS.; this treatise has been printed in
+ _Early English Miscellanies_, ed. J. O. Halliwell, for the Warton
+ Club (1855), p. 72. Other treatises are in Mrs. Merrifield’s _Arts of
+ Painting_ (1849).
+
+ [189] Madan, 37.
+
+ [190] Pez, _Thesaurus_, i. xx.
+
+ [191] Bede, _Works_, ed. Plummer, xx.
+
+ [192] _O. V._, pars II. lib. iv.
+
+ [193] Hardy, iii. xiii.
+
+ [194] _Surtees Soc._, vii. xxv.
+
+ [195] Lecoq de la Marche, 103.
+
+ [196] In a MS. of Joh. Andreas, _Super Decretales_, Peterhouse,
+ Camb.--James^{3}, 29.
+
+ [197] MS. on surgery, Peterhouse, Camb.--James^{3}, 137.
+
+ [198] Du Cange, _Gloss._, art., _Scriptorium_.
+
+ [199] Martène, _De Ant. Mon. Ritibus_, v. c. 18, § 4.
+
+ [200] _E. H. R._, xxv. 121.
+
+ [201] Thompson, pp. 19 ff., 322.
+
+ [202] _Customary of St. A._ (H. Brads. Soc.), i. 401. These tablets
+ were called _ceratae tabellae_, _tabellae cerae_, or simply _cerae_.
+ The name of a book, _caudex_, _codex_, was first given to these
+ tabellae when they were strung together to form a square “book.”--_V.
+ Antiquary_, xii. 277.
+
+ [203] James^{1}, 7; _ibid._^{17}, 3.
+
+ [204] _Works_, ed. Skeat, i. 379.
+
+ [205] _Mon. Fr._, i. 359.
+
+ [206] _Epp._, 8. 69; Sandys, i. 487-488.
+
+ [207] James (M. R.)^{10}.
+
+ [208] Stevenson, _Suppl. to Bentham’s Ch. of Ely_.
+
+ [209] Warton, i. 213.
+
+ [210] _Mon. Fr._, i. 206.
+
+ [211] _O. H. S._, Little, 135; best account of Adam in this book.
+
+ [212] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo ser. vii. 187 (1909). The story of the
+ connexion between Chesterton and Vercelli is most interesting. A
+ list of the books is in Lampugnani, _Sulla Vita di Guala Bicchieri,
+ Vercelli_ (1842), 125 _et seq._; but I have not been able to see the
+ book. See further Bekynton’s _Correspondence_, ii. 344 (Rolls Ser.);
+ and Kennedy, _Poems of Cynewulf_ (1910), 6.
+
+ [213] _O. H. S._, 27 Boase, xxxvii n.
+
+ [214] Sandys, i. 486-489, _q.v._ for other interesting facts about
+ this abbot.
+
+ [215] _Gesta Abbatum_, i. 57.
+
+ [216] _Chron. mon. de Abingd._, ii. 153. A list of the precentor’s
+ rents, applied to expenses of the writing-room and the organ, will be
+ found in ii. 328.
+
+ [217] _H. Mon. S. A._, 392.
+
+ [218] Stewart, _Ely Cath._, 280; _Surtees Soc._, lxix. 15-20;
+ Robinson, I.
+
+ [219] _Chron. abb. de Evesham_, 208-210.
+
+ [220] Full document in Edwards, i. 283.
+
+ [221] _Chron. abb. Rameseiensis_, 356.
+
+ [222] James, 535-544.
+
+ [223] _Chron. abb. de Evesham_, 267.
+
+ [224] Robinson, 4.
+
+ [225] _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, 19.
+
+ [226] Rymer, _Foedera_, viii. 501; cf. James^{17}, 153.
+
+ [227] Cam. Soc., _Bury Wills_ (1850), 105. Many of the gifts to Syon
+ monastery came from priests.--Bateson, xxiii-xxvii. Cf. also lists of
+ donors in James (M. R.), 535 _et seq._
+
+ [228] Cf. James (M. R.), lxxii n.
+
+ [229] _Customary of Barnwell_ (Harl. MS. 3061).
+
+ [230] _Surtees Soc._ xv., Durham Rites, 70-71. The library would be
+ that built by Wessington in 1446.
+
+ [231] But see Robinson, 3.
+
+ [232] Sandys, i. 266.
+
+ [233] _Archæol. Jour._ (1848), v. 85.
+
+ [234] _Lancs. and Ches. Hist. Soc._, xix. 106.
+
+ [235] _Chron. mon. de Melsa_, iii. lxxxiii.
+
+ [236] James (M. R.), xliv.
+
+ [237] _Anglia Sacra_, i. 145-6; James (M. R.), l-li.
+
+ [238] MS. Arundel 57, Brit. Mus. See James (M. R.), lxxvii. “This
+ boc is dan Michelis of Northgate, y-write an englis of his ozene
+ hand. thet hatte: Ayenbyte of Inwyt. And is of the bochouse of Saynt
+ Austines of Canterberi. mid the letters _CC_.” “Ymende, thet this boc
+ is volveld ine the eve of the holy apostles Symon an Judas, of ane
+ brother of the cloystre of Sauynt Austin of Canterberi, ine the yeare
+ of oure lhordes beringe (birth) 1340.”
+
+ [239] _Surtees Soc._, xv., Durham Rites, 26.
+
+ [240] _C._ 1429-45. Most likely over the cloister. The books seem
+ to have been arranged flat on sloping desks, to which they were
+ chained.--James (M. R.)^{1}, 41.
+
+ [241] _Chron. mon. de Abingd._, ii. 373.
+
+ [242] Hardy, iii. xiii.
+
+ [243] _Chron. mon. de Abingd._, ii. 371; _Customary of St. August._,
+ _Cant._ (H. Brads. Soc.), introd.
+
+ [244] _Customary of St. August._, i. 96; ii. 36.
+
+ [245] _Panni, camisiae librorum._
+
+ [246] _Stat. ant. ord. Carthus._, _c._ xvi. § 9.
+
+ [247] MS. Lat. 12296, Bibl. Nat., Paris.
+
+ [248] _Bibl. Cluniacensis_, lib. i.; Maitland, 440.
+
+ [249] James (M. R.)^{10}, 171.
+
+ [250] B. M. MS. Reg. 12 G. ii.; Warton, i. 182.
+
+ [251] Harl. MS. 2798.
+
+ [252] See anathema in Trin. Coll. Camb. MS. B. S. 17.
+
+ [253] James^{17}, 126.
+
+ [254] _Mon. Fr._, ii. 41.
+
+ [255] Bryce, i. 27.
+
+ [256] _Hist. MSS._, 6th Rept. 296_b_.
+
+ [257] _Records of the Borough of Nottingham_, i. 335.
+
+ [258] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. 397.
+
+ [259] See particularly James (M. R.), xlv-xlvi, 146-149.
+
+ [260] Delisle, _Bibl. de l’École des chartes_, iii^{e} ser. i. 225.
+
+ [261] _Hist. MSS._ 6th Rept. 296_a_.
+
+ [262] _Literae Cantuarienses_, ii. 146.
+
+ [263] _Mon. Fr._, ii. 91.
+
+ [264] _Literae Cantuarienses_, ii. 146; James (M. R.), 146.
+
+ [265] James (M. R.), xlv, 502-503; Camb. Univ. Lib. MS., Ff. 4. 40,
+ last fol.
+
+ [266] Clark, 133.
+
+ [267] _Surtees Soc._, vii. 85.
+
+ [268] See also Bateson, vi-vii.
+
+ [269] Bateson, vii.
+
+ [270] Pemb. Coll., Camb., MS. 180.
+
+ [271] Madan, 7, 8.
+
+ [272] Bateson, 202. Ut scilicet prima particula de numero et
+ perfecta voluminum cognicione loci precentorem informet, secunda
+ ad solicitam leccionis frequenciam ffratres studiosos provocet, et
+ tercia de singulorum tractatuum repercione festina scolaribus itinera
+ manifestet.--James, 407.
+
+ [273] James (M. R.), 410. For further information on monastic
+ catalogues consult _Surtees Soc._, vii; Becker; James (M. R.);
+ Bateson; _Zentralblatt_; Gottlieb.
+
+ [274] Bateson, _Med. Eng._, 86.
+
+ [275] Now in Mr. Pierpont Morgan’s library. Illustrated in _La
+ Bibliofilia_, xi. 169.
+
+ [276] Cf. _Register of S. Osmund_, ii. 127. Textus unus aureus magnus
+ continens saphiros xx., et smaragdos [emeralds] vi., et thopasios
+ viii., et alemandinas [? carbuncle or ruby] xviii., et gernettas
+ [garnets] viii., et perlas xii. Also i. 276; ii. 43. Jerome, _Ad
+ Eustoch_, Ep. 18.
+
+ [277] _MS._, 41; James^{17}, 81.
+
+ [278] _C. A. S._, 8vo. publ. No. 33 (1900), 25.
+
+ [279] _MS. Bodl._, Auct. D. 2. 16 fo. 1ª; Dugdale, ii. 527; _Oxford
+ Philol. Soc. Trans._, 1881-83, p. 2.
+
+ [280] Full inventory in Oliver, _Lives of the Bps._, 301-310.
+
+ [281] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo. ser. iv. 311.
+
+ [282] Ego I. de G. Exon., do Eccle. Exon librum istum cum pari suo,
+ in festo Annuntiationis Dominice. Manu mea, anno consecrationis mee
+ xxxix.--Oliver, _Lives of the Bps._, 85.
+
+ [283] Lego eisdem libros meos episcopales, majorem et minorem, quos
+ ego compilavi.--_Ibid._ 86.
+
+ [284] In 1329 he wrote to Richard de Ratforde from Chudleigh:
+ “Regraciamur vobis quod Librum Sermonum Beati Augustini pro nobis,
+ prout Magister Ricardus filius Radulphi, ex parte nostra, vos rogavit,
+ retinuistis, nobisque et condiciones ejusdem significastis et precium.
+ Et, quia ipsum Librum habere volumus, lx solidos sterlingorum Magistro
+ Johanni de Sovenaisshe [Sevenashe], Magistro Scolarum nostre Civitatis
+ Exoniensis, pro ipso Libro tradi fecimus, ut nobis eundem, quamcicius
+ nuncii securitas affuerit, transmittatis. Libros, eciam, Theologicos
+ Originales, veteres saltem et raros, ac Sermones antiquos, eciam sine
+ Divisionibus Thematum, pro nostris usibus exploretis; scribentes nobis
+ condiciones et precium eorundem.”--_O.H.S._, 27 Boase, 2.
+
+ [285] Robinson, 63.
+
+ [286] Building accounts in _C. A. S._ (N.S.), 8vo. ser. iv. 296.
+
+ [287] Oliver, 366-375.
+
+ [288] Between 1385 and 1425 the bishops giving books to Exeter
+ College, Oxford.
+
+ [289] Oliver, 359, 360, 366-375.
+
+ [290] List in Oliver, _Lives_, 376; _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iv. 306 (8vo.
+ ser.).
+
+ [291] Oliver, 376.
+
+ [292] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iv. 312.
+
+ [293] I have to thank my friend Mr. Tapley Soper, F.R.Hist.S., for his
+ willing help in sending me information about this library.
+
+ Our account of church libraries will appear inadequate if it is not
+ borne in mind that we do not propose to go beyond the manuscript age.
+ An excellent account of modern church libraries is given in _English
+ Church Furniture_, in this series. Also see Clark, 257.
+
+ [294] _Reliquary_, vii. 11 (Floyer).
+
+ [295] _Reliquary_, vii. 14 (Floyer).
+
+ [296] _Ibid._, 17.
+
+ [297] The best account of Worcester Cathedral Library is in
+ _Reliquary_, vii. 11, by the Rev. J. K. Floyer, M.A.
+
+ [298] Havergal, _Fasti Heref._ (1869), 181-182.
+
+ [299] W. of Malmesbury, _Gesta Pont._, 184.
+
+ [300] _Register of St. Osmund_, i. 8, 214.
+
+ [301] _Register of St. Osmund_, i. 224.
+
+ [302] Cox and Harvey, _English Church Furniture_, 331.
+
+ [303]See list in Giraldus Cambrensis, vii. 165-166.
+
+ [304] _Archaeologia_, l. 496.
+
+ [305] _Hist. MSS., 9th Rept._, App. 46a.
+
+ [306] _Ep._, 126; Creighton, _Papacy_, iii. 53n.
+
+ [307] Stow, i. 328.
+
+ [308] Dugdale, _Hist. of St. Paul’s_, 392-398.
+
+ [309] _Ibid._, 399.
+
+ [310] Stow, i. 328.
+
+ [311] _Ibid._, ii. 346; Simpson, _Reg. S. Pauli_, 13, 78, 133, 173,
+ 227.
+
+ [312] Pp. 1, 325-327.
+
+ [313] In the fifteenth century the bishops of Wells were good friends
+ of learning: Skirlaw gave books to University College, Oxford; Bowet
+ left a large library; Stafford gave books; Bekynton was the companion
+ of the most cultivated men of his time. Dean Gunthorpe is well known
+ as a pilgrim to Italy, who returned laden with manuscripts (see p.
+ 192).
+
+ [314] _Hist. MSS. Rept._ 3, App. 363a.
+
+ [315] _Mun. Acad._, 649.
+
+ [316] _Mun. Acad._, 652-653.
+
+ [317] _L. A. R._, viii. 372; Canon Church’s account of the library, in
+ _Archaeologia_, lvii. pt. 2, is very full and interesting.
+
+ [318] _Surtees Soc._, xxxv. 36-40.
+
+ [319] Hunter, _Notes of Wills in Registers of York_, 15.
+
+ [320] _Surtees Soc._, xxxv., 45-46.
+
+ [321] _Ibid._, iv. 385; xlv. 89, 91.
+
+ [322] _W. Salt Arch. Soc._, vi. pt. 2, 211.
+
+ [323] _Capit. Acts_, v. 3.
+
+ [324] Harwood, _Hist. and Antiq. of the Ch.... of Lichfield_ (1806),
+ 109.
+
+ [325] _Vict. County Hist. of Berkshire_, ii. 109.
+
+ [326] _Vict. Hist. Warwickshire_, ii. 127 b.
+
+ [327] _Ibid._, ii. 128 a.
+
+ [328] Johannes Rous, capellanus Cantariae de Guy-Cliffe, qui
+ super porticum australem librariam construxit, et libris
+ ornavit.--_Gentleman’s Magazine_ (N.S.), xxv. 37. The chapel of Guy’s
+ Cliffe was erected by Richard Beauchamp for the repose of the soul of
+ his “ancestor,” Guy of Warwick, the hero of romance.
+
+ [329] Mr. W. T. Carter of the Warwick Public Library, has kindly given
+ me much information about St. Mary’s Church library.
+
+ [330] _Arch. Inst. City of York_ (1846), 10-11; _Surtees Soc._, iv.
+ 102-103, 196; xlv. 57-59, 159, 171, 220-222, 221n.; xxvi. 2-3; xxx.
+ 219, 275; Cox and Harvey, _English Church Furniture_, 331; _Mun.
+ Acad._, 648-649; _Library_, i. 411; Cam. Soc., _Bury Wills_, 253.
+
+ [331] Cox, J. C., and Hope, W. H. St. John, _Chronicles of the Colleg.
+ Ch. of All Saints, Derby_ (1881), 175-177.
+
+ [332] _Ibid._, 157.
+
+ [333] _Library_, i. 417.
+
+ [334] Stow, i. 194. Leland, iv. 48, has a note of four MSS. “in
+ bibliotheca Petrina Londini.” Possibly this library was formed by
+ Rector Hugh Damlet, who was a learned man, and gave several books to
+ Pembroke College, Cambridge.--James^{10}, 184.
+
+ [335] _Archaeologia_, xlv. 118, 120.
+
+ [336] _R. H. S._, vi. 205.
+
+ [337] Sandys, i. 606; Le Clerc, _Hist. Litt._ (2nd ed.), 430.
+
+ [338] N. Bishop’s Collectanea, now at Cambridge; Wood, _Hist. and
+ Antiq. U. of O._, ed. Gutch, 1796^{2}, vol. ii. pt. 2, 910.
+
+ [339] _Mun. Acad._, 270.
+
+ [340] Clark, 144; _Pietas O._, 5; Lyte, 97; Oriel document.
+
+ [341] _O. H. S._ 5 _Collect._, i. 62-65.
+
+ [342] _Univ. Arch. W. P. G._, 4-6.
+
+ [343] _Mun. Acad._, 226-228.
+
+ [344] _Ibid._, 267.
+
+ [345] _Mun. Acad._, 265.
+
+ [346] _Ibid._, 261 _et seq._
+
+ [347] After the Black Death, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, possibly Corpus
+ Christi, Cambridge, Canterbury College and New College, Oxford, were
+ founded, and University (Clare) Hall, Cambridge, was enlarged, partly,
+ at any rate, to repair the ravages the plague had made among the
+ clergy.--_Camb. Lit._, ii. 354; cf. _Hist. MSS._, 5th Rep., 450.
+
+ [348] _Mun. Acad._, 267.
+
+ [349] _Ibid._, 266; _O. H. S._ 35-36, Ansley, 222, 229, 279, 313, 373,
+ 382, 397.
+
+ [350] _Mun. Acad._, 266.
+
+ [351] The indenture in which the books are catalogued mentions nine
+ books received before: possibly these were the gift of 1435.--_Mun.
+ Acad._, 758; _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 177.
+
+ [352] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 184-90.
+
+ [353] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 184.
+
+ [354] _Mun. Acad._, 758.
+
+ [355] _O. H. S._ 35, Ansley, 246.
+
+ [356] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 187-89; _Mun. Acad._, 326-29.
+
+ [357] _Athenæum_, Nov. 17, ’88, p. 664; Hulton, _Clerk of Oxford in
+ Fiction_, 35.
+
+ [358] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 197, 204.
+
+ [359] See lists of Gloucester’s books in _Mun. Acad._, 758-65; _O. H.
+ S._, Anstey, 179, 183, 232.
+
+ [360] He also owned some French manuscripts: what he gave to Oxford
+ formed part of a much larger private library.
+
+ [361] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 294-95.
+
+ [362] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 285-86, 300-1, 318.
+
+ [363] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 9, 46.
+
+ [364] _O. H. S._ 35, Anstey, 245-46.
+
+ [365] _O. H. S._ 35-36, Anstey, 326, 439.
+
+ [366] The plan resembled that of the old library built by Adam de
+ Brome. For notes on the architectural history of this library, see
+ _Pietas O._
+
+ [367] _Mun. Acad._, 58, 59; cf. Smith, _Annals of U.C._, 37-39.
+
+ [368] _Commiss. Docts., Oxford_, i., Statutes, p. 24.
+
+ [369] Lyte, 181.
+
+ [370] Paravicini, _Ball. Coll._, 169, 173.
+
+ [371] _O. H. S._ 5, _Collect._, i. 66.
+
+ [372] _Hist. MSS._, ix. 1, 46.
+
+ [373] _O. H. S._ 32, _Collect._, iii. 225; cf. _Hist. MSS._ 2nd Rep.,
+ App. 135a; Walcott, _W. of Wykeham_, 285.
+
+ [374] _Hist. MSS._ 9th Rep., i. 46; _Reg. Abp. Whittlesey_, fo. 122,
+ cited by Lyte, 181.
+
+ [375] Rogers, _Agric. and Prices_, iv. 599-600.
+
+ [376] _O. H. S._ 32, _Collect._, 223, 214-15.
+
+ [377] See the gifts to Exeter College, _O. H. S._ 27, Boase, _passim_.
+
+ [378] _Mun. Acad._, ii. 706.
+
+ [379] _Hist. MSS._ 2nd Rep., 140a.
+
+ [380] _Hist. MSS._ App. 2nd Rep., 129; _O. H. S._ 27, Boase, xlvii.
+
+ [381] Brantingham gave £20 towards the building; More, £10. Account
+ of building expenses, amounting to £57, 13s. 5½d., is given in _O. H.
+ S._, 27, Boase, 345; see p. liii.
+
+ [382] _O. H. S._ 27, Boase, xlviii. In 1392 “iiii_s_ pro ligacione
+ septem librorum et I_d_ pro cervisia in eisdem
+ ligatoribus, VI_d_ erario pro labore suo circa eosdem
+ libros, et II_d_ Johanni Lokyer pro impositione
+ eorundem librorum in descis.”
+
+ [383] _Ibid._, xlviii.
+
+ [384] The building, which is still standing as a part of Trinity
+ College, cost £42; fittings, £6, 16s. 8d. Blakiston, _Trin. Coll._, 26.
+
+ [385] James, xlvii.
+
+ [386] Cf. Willis, _Arch. Hist. Camb._, ii. 410.
+
+ [387] Willis, iii. 410.
+
+ [388] _Hist. MSS._ 2nd Rep., 141a
+
+ [389] _O. H. S._ 27, Boase; _O. H. S._ 5, _Collect._, 62. At C. C.,
+ Christ Church, and St. John’s Colleges the least useful books could be
+ sold if the libraries became too large.--Oxford Stat.
+
+ [390] _Camb. Lit._, iii. 50.
+
+ [391] _Cam. Soc._, xxvi. 71.
+
+ [392] _I.e._ for practically nothing, a mere song.
+
+ [393] Wood (Gutch), 918-19.
+
+ [394] With Bodley’s noble work this book has no concern. The story has
+ been told briefly in Mr. Nicholson’s _Pietas Oxoniensis_, and with
+ more detail in Dr. Macray’s _Annals of the Bodleian_.
+
+ [395] _MS. français_, I. 1.
+
+ [396] Delisle, _Le Cabinet des MSS._, i. 152.
+
+ [397] Cooper, i. 128, 152, 224.
+
+ [398] _Surtees Soc._, xxx. 78-79.
+
+ [399] Bradshaw, 19-34; Willis, iii. 404.
+
+ [400] Cooper, i. 170; _Rotuli Parl._, iv. 321.
+
+ [401] Willis, _Arch. Hist. Camb._, iii. 11.
+
+ [402] _Ibid._, iii. 12.
+
+ [403] _Ibid._, iii. 5.
+
+ [404] Bradshaw, 35-53; _C. A. S. Comm._, ii. 258.
+
+ [405] Willis, iii. 25.
+
+ [406] Mullinger, ii. 50.
+
+ [407] Willis, iii. 25.
+
+ [408] _Ibid._, iii. 25-26n.
+
+ [409] _C. A. S. Comm._, ii. 73; Willis, iii. 402.
+
+ [410] _Surtees Soc._, iv. 385.
+
+ [411] Willis, i. 370.
+
+ [412] Willis, i. 537.
+
+ [413] Lyte, _Eton_, 28-29.
+
+ [414] James^{2}, 72-83.
+
+ [415] James^{2}, 70-71; and see p. 144.
+
+ [416] Willis, i. 356.
+
+ [417] Lyte, _Eton_, 37; Willis, i. 393.
+
+ [418] Willis, i. 414.
+
+ [419] Lyte, _Eton_, 101.
+
+ [420] James^{14}, viii.
+
+ [421] Lyte, _Eton_, 29.
+
+ [422] _C. A. S. Comm._, ii. 165.
+
+ [423] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. (8vo. ser.) 398.
+
+ [424] _Ibid._, 399.
+
+ [425] _C. A. S._ (N.S.), iii. (8vo. ser.), 399.
+
+ [426] James (M. R.)^{10}, xiii.-xvii.; _C. A. S._, ii. (8vo. ser.
+ 1864), 13-21.
+
+ [427] MS. 232, in the library, contains his will, a list of his books
+ with their prices, another catalogue, and a register of the borrowers
+ of the books from 1440 to 1516.
+
+ [428] _Surtees Soc._, xlv. 220-22.
+
+ [429] Willis, i. 200, 226; iii. 411.
+
+ [430] Clark, 140.
+
+ [431] In winter 1382 “vii_d._ _ob_ pro ligatura cuiusdam textus
+ philosophie de eleccione Johannis Mattecote.” Winter 1405, “i_d._
+ _ob_ pro pergameno empto pro novo registro faciendo pro eleccione
+ librorum”; winter 1457, “iiii_d._ More stacionario pro labore
+ suo duobus diebus appreciando libros collegii qui traduntur in
+ eleccionibus sociorum.” Autumn 1488, “ii_s._ i_d._ pro redempcione
+ librorum quondam eleccionis domini Ricardi Symon.”--_O. H. S._ 27,
+ _Boase_, xlix.
+
+ [432] P.R.O., _Anc. Deeds_, c. 1782.
+
+ [433] See further, _Documents relating to the University and Colleges
+ of Cambridge_ (3v. 1852); _Statutes of the College of Oxford_ (3v.
+ 1853), especially i. 54, 97; ii. 60, 89; and _Mun. Acad._ Cf. Willis,
+ _Camb._, iii. 387.
+
+ [434] Lyte, 81.
+
+ [435] _Ibid._, 84.
+
+ [436] _R. de B._, ed. Thomas, pp. 246-48.
+
+ [437] _Piers Plowman._
+
+ [438] _Hous of Fame_, l. 1198.
+
+ [439] _Troilus_, Bk. v. ll. 1797-98.
+
+ [440] Furnivall’s ed., _Rolls S._, pt. 1, p. 1.
+
+ [441] MS. _Reg._ 17, C. viii. f. 2; cited in Skeat’s Chaucer, v. 194.
+
+ [442] Warton, 96-99; Rashdall and Rait, _New Coll._, 60.
+
+ [443] Stubbs, _Lect. on Med. Hist._, 137.
+
+ [444] James (M. R.), 148.
+
+ [445] Coulton, _Chaucer and his England_, 99.
+
+ [446] James (M. R.), lxxii.; this number is probably correct, but
+ owing to confusion between three Abbots of this name it is not
+ certainly right.
+
+ [447] _Ibid._, lxxiv.
+
+ [448] Robinson, 4-7.
+
+ [449] _O. H. S._, 32, _Collect._ 36-40; also 9.
+
+ [450] Blakiston, _Trin. Coll._ 5, 7; A. de Murimuth, 171.
+
+ [451] R. de B., 197-199.
+
+ [452] “R. de Bury ... qui ipsum episcopatum et omnia sua beneficia
+ prius habita per preces magnatum et ambitionis vitium adquisivit,
+ et ideo toto tempore suo inopia laboravit et prodigus exstitit in
+ expensis.”--Murimuth, 171.
+
+ [453] “Volens tamen magnus clericus reputari.”--Murimuth, 171.
+
+ [454] Skeat’s Chaucer, vi. 381.
+
+ [455] _Hous of Fame_, Works, iii. bk. ii. l. 656-58.
+
+ [456] _Book of the Duchesse_, 44.
+
+ [457] _Legend of Good Women_, prol. 30ff.
+
+ [458] Valerie: possibly _Epistola Valerii ad Rufinum de uxore non
+ ducenda_, attributed to Walter Mapes; it is a short treatise of about
+ eight folios; it is printed in _Cam. Soc._ xvi. 77. Theofraste:
+ _Aureolus liber de Nuptiis_, by one Theophrastus.
+
+ [459] Ll. 669-85.
+
+ [460] _Troilus_, ii. 81-105.
+
+ [461] It seems to be Chaucer’s own; only about a third of the poem
+ comes from Boccaccio’s _Filostrato_. Chaucer had a copy of _Thebais_
+ of Statius.--_Troilus_, v. l. 1484.
+
+ [462] _Letter-book_ K, fo. 39, July 4, 1426.
+
+ [463] From schedule of the possessions of the Guildhall College, July
+ 24, 1549.--_L. A. R._, x. 381.
+
+ [464] Chichele Register, pt. 1, fo. 392b, Lamb. Pal.; _L. A. R._, x.
+ 382.
+
+ [465] _Conf. of Librarians_ (1877), 216; _L. A. R._, x. 382.
+
+ [466] _Hist. MSS., 8th Rept._, pt. 1, 268a.
+
+ [467] Gasquet^{2}, 20; Sandys, ii. 220; Legrand, _Bibliographie
+ Hellénique_, i. (1885) xxiv., where the date is 1405-6.
+
+ [468] _Epp._ (ed. Tonelli, 1832-61), i. 43, 70, 74.
+
+ [469] “Cest livre est a moy Homfrey Duc de Glocestre, lequel je fis
+ translater de Grec en Latin par un de mes secretaires, Antoyne de
+ Beccariane de Verone.”--Cam. Soc. 1843, Ellis, _Letters_, 357.
+
+ [470] Gherardi, _Statuti della Univ. e Studio Fiorentino_, 364;
+ Sandys, ii. 220; Einstein, 15.
+
+ [471] _O.H.S._, 35, Anstey, 17, 45.
+
+ [472] “Messer Andrea Ols” in Italian authority; identified by Dr.
+ Sandys.
+
+ [473] _O.H.S._, 36, Anstey, ii. 389-91; Sandys, ii. 221-26; Einstein,
+ 26.
+
+ [474] _MS._ 587 _Bodl._
+
+ [475] Leland^{3}, 463; Leland, iii. 13; Einstein, 23, 54-5; _C.A.S._,
+ 8vo ser., No. 32 (1899), 13.
+
+ [476] _E. H. R._, xxv. 449.
+
+ [477] Rymer, _Foedera_, xii. 214, 216; _E. H. R._, xxv. 450.
+
+ [478] Now _MS._ li. 4, 16, at Cambridge University Library.
+
+ [479] On Shirwood’s books see _E. H. R._, xxv. 449-53.
+
+ [480] Leiden, _Voss. MSS. Graec._, 56.
+
+ [481] On this group see Harris, Jas. Rendel, _The Leicester Codex._
+
+ [482] _E. H. R._, xxv. 446-7; James.
+
+ [483] _Literae Cant._ (Rolls Ser.), iii. 239; cf. Campbell, _Matls for
+ Hist. of H. VII._, ii. 85, 114, 224.
+
+ [484] Leland^{3}, 482. The Obit in _Christ Church MS._ D. 12 refers to
+ Selling as “Sacrae Theologiae Doctor. Hic in divinis agendis multum
+ devotus et lingua Graeca et Latina valde eruditus.”--Gasquet^{2}, 24.
+
+ [485] Gasquet^{2}, 24; James, li.
+
+ [486] Homer and Euripides are in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge;
+ the others are in Trinity College, Cambridge.--James^{16}, 9;
+ Gasquet^{2}, 30.
+
+ [487] Gasquet^{2}, 37.
+
+ [488] The point is disputed; cf. Einstein, 32; Lyte, 386; _Camb.
+ Lit._, iii. 5, 6; Rashdall and Rait, _New. Coll._, 93; Dr. Sandys does
+ not mention Vitelli.
+
+ [489] Rashdall, ii. 343.
+
+ [490] _Biblio. Soc. Monogr._ x. (S. Gibson), 43-6.
+
+ [491] _Ibid._, p. 1; _O.H.S._, 29; Madan, 267, contains long list of
+ references.
+
+ [492] _O. H. S._, 27, Boase, xxxvi.
+
+ [493] Cf. _Grace B._ Δ ix, xlii, xliii.; _O.H.S._, 29, Madan, _Early
+ Oxf. Press_, 266; _Mun. Acad._, 532, 544, 579.
+
+ [494] _Mun. Acad._, 52.
+
+ [495] _Ibid._, 174, 346.
+
+ [496] _Ibid._, xxxviii.
+
+ [497] _Mun. Acad._, xl.-xlii.
+
+ [498] _Ibid._, 253.
+
+ [499] _Mun. Acad._, 383-7.
+
+ [500] _Ibid._, 233-4.
+
+ [501] R. de B., 205.
+
+ [502] _Mun. Acad._, 550.
+
+ [503] Bodl. MS. Rawlinson, 34, fo. 21, _Stat. Coll. S. Mariae pro
+ Oseney: De Libraria_.
+
+ [504] Cooper, i. 57, 104, 141, 262; cf. _Biblio. Soc. Monogr._ 13, p.
+ 1-6.
+
+ [505] 3 H. vii., cap. 9, 10, _Stat. of the Realm_, ii. 518.
+
+ [506] _Donnée des comptes des Roys de France, au 14^{e} siècle_
+ (1852), 227; Putnam, i. 312; _Library_, v. 3-4.
+
+ [507] Gairdner, _Paston letters_, v. 1-4, where the whole bill is
+ transcribed.
+
+ [508] Cited in _Gasquet_^{2}, 17.
+
+ [509] Martène, _Thesaurus_, i. 511.
+
+ [510] _Opera_, fo. 1523. Fo. xlvii. 7, _Doctrinale juvenum_, c. v.
+
+ [511] _Ibid._, c. iv.
+
+ [512] Maitland, 200.
+
+ [513] _Surtees Soc._, vii. 80.
+
+ [514] V. Catalogues in _Becker_; James (M. R.); Bateson; _Surtees
+ Soc._, vii.; etc.
+
+ [515] Sandys, i. 638; and see Jerome, _Ep._ xxii., ed. 1734, i. 114.
+
+ [516] Sandys i. 618.
+
+ [517] Comparetti, _Vergil in the M. A._, 77.
+
+ [518] Taylor, _Classical Heritage_, 37.
+
+ [519] Sandys, i. 638-39; see what is said about use of Ovid at
+ Canterbury.
+
+ [520] On the use of classics in the Middle Ages see Sandys, i. 630
+ (Plautus and Terence), 631 (Lucretius), 633 (Catullus and Virgil), 635
+ (Horace), 638 (Ovid), 641 (Lucan), 642 (Statius), 643 (Martial), 644
+ (Juvenal), 645 (Persius), 648 (Cicero), 653 (Seneca), 654 (Pliny), 655
+ (Quintilian), etc.
+
+ [521] Rashdall, i. 42.
+
+ [522] Lyte, 88-89; Einstein, 180.
+
+ [523] Bacon, _Op. ined_., 84, 148.
+
+ [524] Mullinger, 211.
+
+ [525] Rashdall, i. 77-8.
+
+ [526] Becker, 244.
+
+ [527] Cf. Becker, index.
+
+ [528] On Michael, see Bacon, _Op. maj._, 36, 37; Dante, _Inferno_, xx.
+ 116; Boccaccio, 8 day, 9 novel; Scott, _Lay_, II. xi.; Brown, _Life
+ and Legend of M. S._ (1897).
+
+ [529] Bacon, _Op. ined., Comp. stud._, 472 (Rolls Series).
+
+ [530] In Peterhouse Library, Cambridge, is a manuscript of Aristotle’s
+ _Metaphysica_, with Latin translations from the Arabic and the Greek
+ in parallel columns: the one being called the old translation, the
+ other the new. The manuscript is of the thirteenth or fourteenth
+ century.--James^{3}, 43.
+
+ [531] Gasquet^{3}, 143-44; see other instances, _Camb. Mod. Hist._, i.
+ 588.
+
+ [532] Jourdain, _Recherches ... traductions Latines d’A._, 187;
+ Gasquet^{3}, 148.
+
+ [533] Paris, _Chron. Maj._, iv. 232-3; cp. Bacon, _Op. ined._, 91, 434.
+
+ [534] Stevenson, 224, 227; _Camb. Mod. Hist._, i. 586; James, lxxxvi.
+
+ [535] MS. Ff. i. 24; Paris, _C.M._ iv. 232; cf. v. 285.
+
+ [536] Sandys, i. 576.
+
+ [537] Now Canon. gr. 35 Bodleian; James, lxxxvi. This may be the
+ _Liber grecorum_ in the list of books repaired in 1508.--James,
+ lxxxvi., 163.
+
+ [538] James^{16}, 10.
+
+ [539] _Op. Maj._, 46.
+
+ [540] _Op. Tertium_, p. 55, 56.
+
+ [541] James (M. R.), lxxiv.
+
+ [542] _Mun. Acad._, 86, 430, 444; cf. Lyte, 235. Donatus came to
+ be regarded as a synonymous term for grammar. In _Piers Plowman_ a
+ grammatical lesson or text-book is called “Donet.” A Greek grammar was
+ called a “Donatus Graecorum.”
+
+ [543] _Mun. Acad._, 441.
+
+ [544] In the right-hand doorway of the west front of Chartres
+ Cathedral are figures of the Seven Arts, Grammar being associated
+ with Priscian, Logic with Aristotle, Rhetoric with Cicero, Music with
+ Pythagoras, Arithmetic with Nicomachus, Geometry with Euclid, and
+ Astronomy with Ptolemy. Cf. Marriage, _Sculp. of Chartres Cath._,
+ 71-73 (1909).
+
+ [545] On medieval studies see further _Mun. Acad._, 34, 242-43, 285,
+ 412-13; Sandys, i. 670.
+
+ [546] _Oxford Stat._, _c._ 21.
+
+ [547] _Toxophilus_, Arber’s ed., p. 19.
+
+ [548] _Camb. Eng. Lit._, iii. 364.
+
+ [549] Cf. Warton, ii. 95.
+
+ [550] By Jehan de Tuim, _c._ 1240.
+
+ [551] Wace or Layamon.
+
+ [552] _Amadas et Idoine_, an anonymous Norman French poem of the
+ twelfth century.
+
+ [553] Sir Beves of Hamtoun (Fr. 13 cent., Eng. 14 cent.).
+
+ [554] Character in romance of _Tristrem_, by Thomas the Rymer.
+
+ [555] _Haveloke._ For other metrical catalogues see first and second
+ prologues to _Richard Cœur de Lion_.--Ritson, _Anc,. Eng. Metr.
+ Romances_, i. 55.
+
+ [556] Gladly, blithely.
+
+ [557] From beginning of _Handlyng Synne_, by Robert Mannying of Brunne.
+
+ [558] Bateson x.; Gasquet^{4}, 30-31; James (M.R.), 148.
+
+ [559] Written at the end of the manuscript, which is in the Douce
+ collection.--Warton, i. 182-83.
+
+ [560] MS. Burney, 11; James (M.R.), 515.
+
+ [561] _B.M. MS. Reg._, 9 B ix. 1.
+
+ [562] Lyte, 135.
+
+ [563] _Mun. Acad._, 665. Cf. p. 661.
+
+ [564] _Mun. Acad._, ci.
+
+ [565] _Mun. Acad._, lxxvii.
+
+ [566] _Lyte_, 93.
+
+ [567] Lounsbury, _Studies in Chaucer_, ii. 265.
+
+ [568] _Wife of Bath’s Prologue_, ll. 673-81.
+
+ [569] _E. H. R._, xxv. 453.
+
+ [570] _Camb. Lit._, i. 262.
+
+ [571] _Piers Plowman_, 186.
+
+ [572] “Quendam libru’ meu’ de Cant^{rbury} Tales.”--_N. & Q._, 11 ser.
+ ii. 26.
+
+ [573] _Camb. Lit._, i. 262.
+
+ [574] Jusserand, _Piers_, 13.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Old English Libraries, by Ernest Savage
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old English Libraries, by Ernest Savage
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Old English Libraries
+       The Making, Collection, and Use of Books during the Middle Ages
+
+Author: Ernest Savage
+
+Release Date: December 28, 2014 [EBook #1615]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD ENGLISH LIBRARIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images available at The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" />
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="border: 2px black solid;;margin:auto auto;max-width:50%;
+padding:1%;">
+<tr><td><p>Every attempt has been made to replicate the original as printed.</p>
+<p>Some typographical errors have been corrected;
+<a href="#transcrib">a list follows the text</a>.</p>
+<p><span class="nonvis">In certain versions of this etext, in certain browsers,
+clicking on this symbol <img class="enlargeimage" src="images/enlarge-image.jpg" alt="" title="" height="14" width="18" />
+will bring up a larger version of the illustration.</span></p>
+<p class="nind"><a href="#CONTENTS">Contents.</a><br />
+<a href="#LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS_IN_THE_TEXT">List of Illustrations in the text</a><br />
+<a href="#LIST_OF_PLATES">List of Plates</a></p>
+<p class="nind"><a href="#INDEX">Index</a>:
+<a href="#A">A</a>,
+<a href="#B">B</a>,
+<a href="#C">C</a>,
+<a href="#D">D</a>,
+<a href="#E">E</a>,
+<a href="#F">F</a>,
+<a href="#G">G</a>,
+<a href="#H">H</a>,
+<a href="#I-i">I</a>,
+<a href="#J">J</a>,
+<a href="#K">K</a>,
+<a href="#L">L</a>,
+<a href="#M">M</a>,
+<a href="#N">N</a>,
+<a href="#O">O</a>,
+<a href="#P">P</a>,
+<a href="#Q">Q</a>,
+<a href="#R">R</a>,
+<a href="#S">S</a>,
+<a href="#T">T</a>,
+<a href="#U">U</a>,
+<a href="#V-i">V</a>,
+<a href="#W">W</a>,
+<a href="#Y">Y</a>.<br />
+<a href="#FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a></p>
+<p class="c">(etext transcriber's note)</p></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="nindspc">THE ANTIQUARY’S BOOKS<br />
+GENERAL EDITOR: J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="cb">OLD ENGLISH LIBRARIES
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="front" id="front"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_004_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_004_sml.jpg" width="242" height="314" alt="ABBOT WHETHAMSTEDE" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">ABBOT WHETHAMSTEDE</span>
+</div>
+
+<h1>OLD ENGLISH<br />
+LIBRARIES</h1>
+
+<p class="c">THE MAKING, COLLECTION, AND USE OF BOOKS<br />
+DURING THE MIDDLE AGES<br />
+<br />
+BY<br />
+ERNEST A. SAVAGE<br /><br />
+<br /><small>
+WITH FIFTY-TWO ILLUSTRATIONS<br /></small>
+<br />
+METHUEN &amp; CO. LTD.<br />
+36 ESSEX STREET W.C.<br />
+LONDON</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>First Published in 1911</i></p>
+
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">W</span>ITH the arrangement and equipment of libraries this essay has little to
+do: the ground being already covered adequately by Dr. Clark in his
+admirable monograph on <i>The Care of Books</i>. Herein is described the
+making, use, and circulation of books considered as a means of literary
+culture. It seemed possible to throw a useful sidelight on literary
+history, and to introduce some human interest into the study of
+bibliography, if the place held by books in the life of the Middle Ages
+could be indicated. Such, at all events, was my aim, but I am far from
+sure of my success in carrying it out; and I offer this book merely as a
+discursive and popular treatment of a subject which seems to me of great
+interest.</p>
+
+<p>The book has suffered from one unhappy circumstance. It was planned in
+collaboration with my friend Mr. James Hutt, M.A., but unfortunately,
+owing to a breakdown of health, Mr. Hutt was only able to help me in the
+composition of the chapter on the Libraries of Oxford, which is chiefly
+his work. Had it been possible for Mr. Hutt to share all the labour with
+me, this book would have been put before the public with more
+confidence.</p>
+
+<p>More footnote references appear in this volume than in most of the
+series of “Antiquary’s Books.” One consideration specially urged me to
+take this course. The subject has been treated briefly, and it seemed
+essential to cite as many authorities as possible, so that readers who
+were in the mood might obtain further information by following them up.</p>
+
+<p>In a book covering a long period and touching national and local history
+at many points, I cannot hope to have escaped errors; and I shall be
+grateful if readers will bring them to my notice.</p>
+
+<p>I need hardly say I am especially indebted to the splendid work
+accomplished by Dr. Montague Rhodes James, the Provost of King’s
+College, in editing <i>The Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and Dover</i>, and
+in compiling the great series of descriptive catalogues of manuscripts
+in Cambridge and other colleges. I have long marvelled at Dr. James’
+patient research; at his steady perseverance in an aim which, even when
+attained&mdash;as it now has been&mdash;could only win him the admiration and
+esteem of a few scholars and lovers of old books.</p>
+
+<p>I have to thank Mr. Hutt for much general help, and for reading all the
+proof slips. To Canon C. M. Church, M.A., of Wells, I am indebted for
+his kindness in answering inquiries, for lending me the illustration of
+the exterior of Wells Cathedral Library, and for permitting me to
+reproduce a plan from his book entitled <i>Chapters in the Early History
+of the Church of Wells</i>. The Historic Society of Lancashire and
+Cheshire have kindly allowed me to reproduce a part of their plan of
+Birkenhead Priory. Illustrations were also kindly lent by the Clarendon
+Press, the Cambridge University Press, Mr. John Murray, Mr. Fisher
+Unwin, the Editor of <i>The Connoisseur</i>, and Mr. G. Coffey, of the Royal
+Irish Academy. A small portion of the first chapter has appeared in <i>The
+Library</i>, and is reprinted by kind permission of the editors. Mr. C. W.
+Sutton, M.A., City Librarian of Manchester, has been in every way kind
+and patient in helping me. So too has Mr. Strickland Gibson, M.A., of
+the Bodleian Library, especially in connexion with the chapter on Oxford
+Libraries. Thanks are due also to the Deans of Hereford, Lincoln, and
+Durham, to Mr. Tapley-Soper, City Librarian of Exeter, and to Mr. W. T.
+Carter, Public Librarian of Warwick; also to my brother, V. M. Savage,
+for his drawings. The general editor of this series, the Rev. J. Charles
+Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., gave me much help by reading the manuscript and
+proofs; and I am grateful to him for many courtesies and suggestions.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+ERNEST A. SAVAGE<br />
+</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+
+<tr><td><small>CHAP.</small></td>
+<td align="right" class="rt" ><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">The Use of Books in Early Irish Monasteries</span> </td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_001">1</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">The English Monks and their Books</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_023">23</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Libraries of the Great Abbeys&mdash;Book-Lovers among the Mendicants&mdash;Dispersal of Monkish Libraries</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_045">45</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Book Making and Collecting in the Religious Houses</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_073">73</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">V.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Cathedral and Church Libraries</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Academic Libraries: Oxford</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_133">133</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Academic Libraries: Cambridge</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_155">155</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">VIII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Academic Libraries: their Economy</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_165">165</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">IX.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">The Use of Books towards the End of the Manuscript Period</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_173">173</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">X.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">The Book Trade</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_199">199</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">XI.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">The Character of the Medieval Library, and the Extent of Circulation of Books</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_209">209</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A</a>. Prices of Books and Materials for Book-Making</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_243">243</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B</a>. List of certain Classic Authors found in Medieval Catalogues</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_258">258</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#APPENDIX_C">Appendix C</a>. List of Medieval Collections of Books</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_263">263</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#APPENDIX_D">Appendix D</a>. List of the Principal Reference Works</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_286">286</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS_IN_THE_TEXT" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS_IN_THE_TEXT"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td class="rt" align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Writing in the Book of Kells</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_014">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; From <span class="smcap">Thompson’s</span> <i>Greek and Latin Palæography</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Writing in Book of Armagh</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_015">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; From <span class="smcap">Thompson’s</span> <i>Greek and Latin Palæography</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Writing in Græco-Latin Acts, probably used by Bede</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_027">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; From MS. Bodl. Laud. Gr. 35, f. 63</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Writing in Benedictional of St. Ethelwold</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_043">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; From <i>Archæologia</i>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Plan of Scriptorium, Birkenhead Priory</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_074">74</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Redrawn from <i>Trans. of the Lancashire and Cheshire Historic Society</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ancient Stall, or Carrell, in Bishop’s Cannings Church, Wilts</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_077">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; From <span class="smcap">Cox and Harvey’s</span> <i>English Church Furniture</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Tablet Case and Waxed Tablet</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_084">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; From <span class="smcap">Coffey’s</span> <i>Celtic Antiquities in the Museum of the R.I.A.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Plan showing Disposition of Books in Cistercian Houses</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_093">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Redrawn from <span class="smcap">Gasquet’s</span> <i>English Monastic Life</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Plan showing probable Situation of Library of Wells Cathedral in the Thirteenth Century</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Redrawn from Canon <span class="smcap">Church’s</span> <i>Chapters in the History of Wells Cathedral</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bereblock View of Duke Humfrey’s Library</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_140">140</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; From MS. Bodl. 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Autograph of Duke Humfrey of Gloucester</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_191">191</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; From MS. Harl. 1705. f. 96<i>a</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Record of Sale of Book captured at Poitiers</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_234">234</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; From MS. Reg. 19, D ii. opposite f. 1</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_PLATES" id="LIST_OF_PLATES"></a>LIST OF PLATES</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Abbot Whethamstede</span></td>
+<td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#front"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Cott. Nero, D vii. f. 27<i>a</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt"><small>PLATE</small></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td align="right" class="rt"><small>FACING PAGE</small></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_1">I.</a></td><td> (<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Ancient Satchel of Irish Missal, Corpus Christi College, Oxford</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_012">12</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">By permission of the Governing Body</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="margn">(<i>b</i>)</span> <span class="smcap">Cover of Stowe Missal</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_012">12</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Museum of Royal Irish Academy, Dublin (<small>A.D.</small> 1023-1052)</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_2">II.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Illuminated Page of Book of Kells</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_014">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <span class="smcap">Westwood’s</span> <i>Facsimiles</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_3">III.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">The Shrine of the Cathach Psalter, Eleventh Century</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_016">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <i>The Connoisseur</i>, by permission of the Editor</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_4">IV.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Cumdach of St. Molaise’s Gospels: Front and Bottom</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_020">20</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <span class="smcap">Coffey’s</span> <i>Celtic Antiquities in Museum of Royal Irish Academy</i>,<br /> by permission of the Council</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_5">V.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Benedictional of St. Ethelwold: Nativity of St. John the Baptist</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_042">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <i>Archæologia</i>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_6">VI.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Benedictional of St. Ethelwold: The Ascension</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_044">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <i>Archæologia</i>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_7">VII.</a></td><td> (<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Abbot Roger de Northone with his Books</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_048">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Cott. Nero, D vii. f. 18<i>b</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="margn">(<i>b</i>)</span> <span class="smcap">Abbot Garin with his Books</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_048">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Cott. Claud., E iv. pt. i., f. 125<i>a</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_8">VIII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Abbot Simon of St. Albans at his Book-Chest</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_050">50</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Cott. Claud., E iv. pt. i. f. 124</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_9">IX.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Grey Friars, London (Christ’s Hospital): Old Hall and Whittington’s Library</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_054">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From Trollope’s <i>History of Christ’s Hospital</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_10">X.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Grey Friars Catalogue of Conventual Libraries</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_058">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Bodl. Tanner, 165, f. 119</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_11">XI.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Twelfth Century Illumination from Bury St. Edmund’s Abbey</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_064">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. 2, f. 281<i>b</i>, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,<br />
+by permission of the Master and Fellows</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_12">XII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Westminster Illumination, Thirteenth Century</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_068">68</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Reg. 2 A xii. f. 14, Brit. Mus.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_13">XIII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">The Cloisters, Gloucester, showing Carrells</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_076">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <span class="smcap">Murray’s</span> <i>Cathedrals</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_14">XIV.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">A Scribe and His Tools, From a Very Ancient MS.</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_082">82</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Harl. 2820, f. 120</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_15">XV.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Furness Abbey: Cloisters and Chapter House</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_094">94</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_16">XVI.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Facsimile of Library Catalogue of Syon Monastery</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <span class="smcap">Bateson’s</span> <i>Catalogue of Syon Monastery</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_17">XVII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Medieval Binding: Mr. Yates Thompson’s Hegesippus</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_108">108</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <span class="smcap">Bateson’s</span> <i>Mediæval England</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_18">XVIII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Ancient Book-Box in Exeter Cathedral</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_110">110</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Photo by <span class="smcap">Heath &amp; Bradnee</span>, Exeter</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_19">XIX.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Chained Books, Hereford Cathedral Library</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_116">116</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">By permission of the Dean of Hereford</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_20">XX.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Old Library, Lincoln Cathedral</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_118">118</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Photo by <span class="smcap">G. Hadleigh</span>, Lincoln. By permission of the Dean of Lincoln</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_21">XXI.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Wells Cathedral: Library Over Cloister</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Photo by <span class="smcap">T. W. Phillips</span>, Wells</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_22">XXII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">St. Mary’s Church, Oxford: First Home of University Library</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_132">132</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Photo by <span class="smcap">H. W. Taunt</span>, Oxford</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_23">XXIII.</a></td><td> (<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Illuminator of St. Albans</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Cott. Nero, D iii. f. 105</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="margn">(<i>b</i>)</span> <span class="smcap">Document bearing the Names of Members
+of the Book-Trade</span>, <i>c.</i> 1180</td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <span class="smcap">Barnard’s</span> <i>Companion to English History</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_24">XXIV.</a></td><td> (<i>a</i>) <span class="smcap">Duke Humfrey and Eleanor of Gloucester
+joining the Confraternity of St. Albans</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_138">138</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Cott. Nero, D vii. f. 154<i>a</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="margn">(<i>b</i>) </span><span class="smcap">Ancient Roof of Duke Humfrey’s Library</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_138">138</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Photo by <span class="smcap">Jas. Hutt</span>, M.A.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_25">XXV.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Duke Humfrey’s Library, Oxford</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_142">142</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Photo by <span class="smcap">H. W. Taunt</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_26">XXVI.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_144">144</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Photo by <span class="smcap">H. W. Taunt</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_27">XXVII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Merton College Library, Oxford</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_152">152</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Photo by <span class="smcap">H. W. Taunt</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_28">XXVIII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Public Schools and Library of the University, Cambridge</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_156">156</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <span class="smcap">Loggan’s</span> <i>Cantab. Illus.</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_29">XXIX.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford,
+from Master’s Garden</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_170">170</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Photo by <span class="smcap">H. W. Taunt</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_30">XXX.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Carmelite in his Study</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_184">184</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Reg. 14 E i. f. 3, Brit. Mus.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_31">XXXI.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">A Scribe (St. Mark writing his Gospel), from
+the Bedford Hours</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_196">196</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From Add. MS. 18850, f. 24, Brit. Mus.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_32">XXXII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">A Scribe at work, from Eadwine’s Psalter</span>,
+<i>c.</i> 1150</td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_202">202</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From <span class="smcap">Bateson’s</span> <i>Mediæval England</i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_33">XXXIII.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">English Illuminated Work under French Influence,
+from Tenison Psalter</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_214">214</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. Add. 24686, f. 12, Brit. Mus.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_34">XXXIV.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Fresco of the Seven Liberal Arts, by T. Gaddi, Church of S. M. Novella, Florence</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_222">222</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">Photo by <span class="smcap">Alinari</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="right" class="rt" valign="top"><a href="#PLT_35">XXXV.</a></td><td> <span class="smcap">Ancient Vellum Book-Marker</span></td><td align="right" class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_230">230</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" class="c" align="center">From MS. 49, Corpus Christi College, Camb.,<br />
+by permission of the Master and Fellows</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_001" id="page_001"></a>{1}</span></p>
+
+<h1>OLD ENGLISH LIBRARIES</h1>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<br /><br />
+INTRODUCTORY&mdash;THE USE OF BOOKS IN EARLY IRISH MONASTERIES</h2>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“What tyme þat abbeies were first ordeyned<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">and monkis were first gadered to gydre.”<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">&mdash;Inscribed in MS. of <i>Life of Barlaam and Josaphat</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i12">Peterhouse, Camb.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<h3>§I</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>O people of modern times early monachism must seem an unbeautiful and
+even offensive life. True piety was exceptional, fanaticism the rule.
+Ideals which were surely false impelled men to lead a life of idleness
+and savage austerity,&mdash;to sink very near the level of beasts, as did the
+Nitrian hermits when they murdered Hypatia in Alexandria. But this view
+does not give the whole truth. To shut out a wicked and sensual world,
+with its manifold temptations, seemed the only possible way to live
+purely. To get far beyond the influence of a barbaric society, utterly
+antagonistic to peaceful religious observance, was clearly the surest
+means of achieving personal holiness. Monachism was a system designed
+for these ends. Throughout the Middle Ages it was the refuge&mdash;the only
+refuge&mdash;for the man who desired to flee from sin. Such, at any rate, was
+the truly religious man’s view. And if monkish retreats sheltered some
+ignorant fanatics, they also attracted many<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_002" id="page_002"></a>{2}</span> representatives of the
+culture and learning of the time. This was bound to be so. At all times
+solitude has been pleasant to the student and thinker, or to the moody
+lover of books.</p>
+
+<p>By great good fortune, then, the studious occupations which did so much
+to soften monkish austerities in the Middle Ages, were recognised early
+as needful to the system. Even the ascetics by the Red Sea and in Nitria
+did not deprive themselves of all literary solace, although the more
+fanatical would abjure it, and many would be too poor to have it. The
+Rule of Pachomius, founder of the settlements of Tabenna, required the
+brethren’s books to be kept in a cupboard and regulated lending them.
+These libraries are referred to in Benedict’s own Rule. We hear of St.
+Pachomius destroying a copy of Origen, because the teaching in it was
+obnoxious; of Abba Bischoi writing an ascetic work, a copy of which is
+extant; of anchorites under St. Macarius of Alexandria transcribing
+books; and of St. Jerome collecting a library <i>summo studio et labore</i>,
+copying manuscripts and studying Hebrew at his hermitage even after a
+formal renunciation of the classics, and then again, at the end of his
+life, bringing together another library at Bethlehem monastery, and
+instructing boys in grammar and in classic authors. Basil the Great,
+when founding eremitical settlements on the river Iris in Pontus, spent
+some time in making selections from Origen. St. Melania the younger
+wrote books which were noted for their beauty and accuracy. And when
+Athanasius introduced Eastern monachism into Italy, and St. Martin of
+Tours and John Cassian carried it farther afield into Gaul, the same
+work went on. In the cells and caves of Martin’s community at Marmoutier
+the younger monks occupied their time in writing and sacred study, and
+the older monks in prayer.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Sulpicius Severus<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_003" id="page_003"></a>{3}</span> (<i>c.</i> 353-425), the
+ecclesiastical historian, preferred retirement, literary study, and the
+friendship and teaching of St. Martin to worldly pursuits. At the famous
+island community of Lérins, in South Gaul, were instructed some of the
+most celebrated scholars of the West, among them St. Hilary. “Such were
+their piety and learning that all the cities round about strove
+emulously to have monks from Lérins for their bishops.”<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Another
+centre of studious occupation was the monastery of Germanus of Auxerre;
+while near Vienne was a community where St. Avitus (<i>c.</i> 525) could earn
+the high reputation for holiness and learning which won him a
+metropolitan see. Many other facts and incidents prove the literary
+pursuits of the Gallic ascetics; as, for example, the reputation the
+nuns of Arles in the sixth century won for their writing; and the
+curious story of Apollinaris Sidonius driving after a monk who was
+carrying a manuscript to Britain, stopping him, and there and then
+dictating to secretaries a copy of the precious book which had so nearly
+escaped him.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ II</h3>
+
+<p>Monachism of this Eastern type came from Gaul to Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> St. Patrick
+received his sacred education at Marmoutier; under Germanus at Auxerre;
+and possibly at Lérins. His companions on his mission to Ireland, and
+the missionaries who followed him, nearly all came from the same
+centres. Naturally, therefore, the same practices would be observed, not
+only in regard to religious discipline and organisation, but in regard
+to instruction and study. Even the mysterious Palladius, Patrick’s
+forerunner, is said<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_004" id="page_004"></a>{4}</span> to have left books in Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> But the earliest
+important references to that use of books which distinguishes the
+educated missionary from the mere fanatical recluse are in connexion
+with Patrick. Pope Sixtus is said to have given him books in plenty to
+take with him to Ireland. Later he is supposed to have visited Rome,
+whence he brought books home to Armagh.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> He gave copies of parts of
+the Scriptures to Irish chieftains. To one Fiacc he gave a case
+containing a bell, a crosier, tablets, and a meinister, which, according
+to Dr. Lanigan, may have been a cumdach enclosing the Gospels and the
+vessels for the sacred ministry, or, according to Dr. Whitley Stokes,
+simply a credence-table.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> He sometimes gave a missal (<i>lebar nuird</i>).
+He had books at Tara. On one occasion his books were dropped into the
+water and were “drowned.” Presumably the books he distributed came from
+the Gallic schools, although his followers no doubt began transcribing
+as opportunity offered and as material came to hand. Patrick himself
+wrote alphabets, sometimes called the “elements”; most likely the
+elements or the A B C of the Christian doctrine, corresponding with the
+“primer.”<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>This was the dawn of letters for Ireland. By disseminating the
+Scriptures and these primers, Patrick and his followers, and the train
+of missionaries who came afterwards,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> secured the knowledge and use of
+the Roman alphabet. The way was clear for the free introduction of
+schools and books and learning. “St. Patrick did not do for the Scots
+what Wulfilas did for the Goths, and the Slavonic apostles for the
+Slavs; he did not translate the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_005" id="page_005"></a>{5}</span> sacred books of his religion into Irish
+and found a national church literature.... What Patrick, on the other
+hand, and his fellow-workers did was to diffuse a knowledge of Latin in
+Ireland. To the circumstance that he adopted this line of policy, and
+did not attempt to create a national ecclesiastical language, must be
+ascribed the rise of the schools of learning which distinguished Ireland
+in the sixth and seventh centuries.”<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mainly owing to the labours of Dr. John Healy, we now know a good deal
+about the somewhat slow growth of the Irish schools to fame; but for our
+purpose it will do to learn something of them in their heyday, when at
+last we hear certainly of that free use of books which must have been
+common for some time. From the sixth to the eighth century Ireland
+enjoyed an eminent place in the world of learning; and the lives and
+works of her scholars imply book-culture of good character. St. Columba
+was famed for his studious occupations. Educated first by Finnian of
+Moville, then by another tutor of the same name at the famous school of
+Clonard, he journeyed to other centres for further instruction after his
+ordination. From youth he loved books and studies. He is represented as
+reading out of doors at the moment when the murderer of a young girl is
+struck dead. In later life he realized the importance of monastic
+records. He had annals compiled, and bards preserved and arranged them
+in the monastic chests. At Iona the brethren of his settlement passed
+their time in reading and transcribing, as well as in manual labour.
+Very careful were they to copy correctly. Baithen, a monk on Iona, got
+one of his fellows to look over a Psalter which he had just finished
+writing, but only a single error was discovered.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Columba himself
+became proficient in copying and illuminating. He could<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_006" id="page_006"></a>{6}</span> not spend an
+hour without study, or prayer, or writing, or some other holy
+occupation.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> He transcribed, we are told, over three hundred copies
+of the Gospels or the Psalter&mdash;a magnification of a saint’s powers by a
+devout biographer, but significant as it testifies to Columba’s love of
+studious labours, and shows how highly these ascetics thought of work of
+this kind. On two occasions, being a man as well as a saint, he broke
+into violence when crossed in his love of books. One story tells how he
+visited a holy and learned recluse named Longarad, whose much-prized
+books he wished to see. Being denied, he became wroth and cursed
+Longarad. “May the books be of no use to you,” he cried, “nor to any one
+after you, since you withhold them.” So far the tale is not improbable,
+but a little embroidery completes a legend. The books became
+unintelligible, so the story continues, the moment Longarad died. At the
+same instant the satchels in all the Irish schools and in Columba’s cell
+slipped off their hooks on to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>A quarrel about a book, we are told, changed his career. He borrowed a
+Psalter from Finnian of Moville, and made a copy of it, working secretly
+at night. Finnian heard of the piracy, and, as owner of the original,
+claimed the copy. Columba refused to let him have it. Then Diarmid, King
+of Meath, was asked to arbitrate. Arguing that as every calf belonged to
+its cow, so every copy of a book belonged to the owner of the original,
+he decided in Finnian’s favour. Columba thought the award unjust, and
+said so. A little later, after another dispute with Diarmid on a
+question of monastic immunity, he called together his tribesmen and
+partisans, and offered battle. Diarmid was defeated. For some reason,
+not quite clear, these quarrels led to Columba’s voluntary exile (<i>c.</i>
+563). He sailed from Ireland,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_007" id="page_007"></a>{7}</span> and landed upon the silver strand of
+Iona, and to the end of his days his work lay almost entirely amid the
+heather-covered uplands and plains of this little island home.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> Iona
+became a renowned centre of missionary work, quite over-shadowing in
+importance the earlier “Scottish” settlement of Whitherne or Candida
+Casa. Pilgrims went thither from Ireland and England to receive
+instruction, and returned to carry on pioneer work in their own
+homeland. Thence went forth missionaries to carry the Christian message
+throughout Scotland and northern England. Perhaps, too, here was planned
+the expedition to far-off Iceland. “Before Iceland was peopled by the
+Northmen there were in the country those men whom the Northmen called
+Papar. They were Christian men, and the people believed that they came
+from the West, because Irish books and bells and crosiers were found
+after them, and still more things by which one might know that they were
+west-men, <i>i.e.</i> Irish.”<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>Not only to the far north, but to the Continent, did the Irish press
+their energetic way. In Gaul their chief missionary was Columban (<i>c.</i>
+543-615), who had been educated at Bangor, then famous for the learning
+of its brethren. His works display an extensive acquaintance with
+Christian and Latin literature. Both the Greek and Hebrew languages may
+have been known to him, though this seems improbable and
+inconceivable.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> In his Rule he provides for teaching in schools,
+copying manuscripts, and for daily reading.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_008" id="page_008"></a>{8}</span></p>
+
+<p>The monasteries of Luxeuil, Bobio, and St. Gall, founded by him and his
+companions on their mission in Gaul and Italy, became the homes of the
+most famous conventual libraries in the world&mdash;a result surely traceable
+to the example set by the Irish ascetics, and to the tradition they
+established.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>Other Irish monks are better known for their literary attainments than
+for missionary enterprise. St. Cummian, in a letter written about 634,
+displays much knowledge of theological literature, and a good deal of
+knowledge of a general kind.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Another monk named Augustine (<i>c.</i> 650)
+quotes from Eusebius and Jerome in a work affording many other evidences
+of learning.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> Aileran (<i>c.</i> 660), abbot of Clonard, wrote a religious
+work which proves his acquaintance with Jerome, Philo, Cassian, Origen,
+and Augustine.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<p>An Englishman supplies valuable evidence of the state of Irish learning.
+Aldhelm’s (<i>c.</i> 656-709) works prove him to have had access in England
+to a good library; while in one learned letter he compares English
+schools favourably with the Irish, and declares Theodore and Hadrian
+would put Irish scholars in the shade. Yet he is on his mettle when
+communicating with Irish friends or pupils; he clearly reserves for them
+the flowers of his eloquence.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> The Irish schools were indeed
+successful rivals of the English schools, and Irish scholars could use
+libraries as good, or nearly as good, as that at Aldhelm’s disposal. At
+this time the attraction which Ireland and Iona had for English students
+was extraordinary.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_009" id="page_009"></a>{9}</span> English crowded the Irish schools, although the
+Canterbury school was not full.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> The city of Armagh was divided into
+three sections, one being called Trian-Saxon, the Saxon’s third, from
+the great number of Saxon students living there.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 664 many English, both high and low in rank, left their native land
+for Ireland, where they sought instruction in sacred studies, or an
+opportunity to lead a more ascetic life. Some devoted themselves
+faithfully to a monkish career. Others applied themselves to study only,
+and for that purpose journeyed from one master’s cell to another. The
+Irish welcomed all comers. All received without charge daily food:
+barley or oaten bread and water, or sometimes milk&mdash;<i>cibus sit vilis et
+vespertinus</i>&mdash;a plain meal, once a day, in the afternoon. Books were
+supplied, or what is more likely, waxed tablets folded in book form.
+Teaching was as free as the open air in which it was carried on.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
+
+<p>Among the English at one time or another taking advantage of Irish
+hospitality were Gildas (<i>c.</i> 540), first native historian of
+England;<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Ecgberht, presbyter, a Northumbrian of noble birth;
+Ethelhun, brother of Ethelwin, bishop of Lindsay; Oswald, king of
+Northumbria; Aldfrith, another Northumbrian king, who was educated
+either in Ireland or Iona; Alcuin, who received instruction at
+Clonmacnoise;<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> one named Wictberht, “notable ... for his learning and
+knowledge, for he had lived many years as a stranger and pilgrim in
+Ireland”; and St. Willibrord, who at the age of twenty journeyed to
+Ireland for purposes of study, because he had heard that learning
+flourished in that country.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_010" id="page_010"></a>{10}</span></p>
+
+<h3>§ III</h3>
+
+<p>Most of the references we have made above belong to the sixth and
+seventh centuries, usually regarded as the best age of Irish monachism.
+But the Irish enjoyed their reputation unimpaired for a long time. Just
+before and after the Northmen descended on their land in 795, we find
+them making their mark abroad, not so much as missionaries but as
+scholars and teachers.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>A few instances will suffice. “<i>The Acts of Charles</i>, written by a monk
+of St. Gallen late in the ninth century, tells us of ‘two Scots from
+Ireland,’ who ‘lighted with the British merchants on the coast of Gaul,’
+and cried to the crowd, ‘If any man desireth wisdom, let him come unto
+us and receive it, for we have it for sale.’ They were soon invited to
+the court of Charles. One of them, Clement, partly filled the place of
+Alcuin as head of the palace school.”<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> His reputation soon became
+widespread, and the abbot of Fulda sent several of his most capable
+monks to him to learn grammar.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> His companion, Dungal, went on to
+Italy. He enjoyed a full share of the learning of his time; was a
+student of Cicero and Macrobius; knew Virgil well; and had some
+Greek.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> A few fine books were bequeathed by him to the Irish
+monastery of Bobio, where copies were written and distributed through
+Italy. According to the learned Muratori, in one of these manuscripts is
+an inscription proving Dungal’s ownership.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> One<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_011" id="page_011"></a>{11}</span> of the books so
+bequeathed was the famous Antiphonary of Bangor, now in the Ambrosian
+library at Milan.</p>
+
+<p>Clement and Dungal were not the only Irishmen of note on the Continent.
+One, Dicuil, was an exponent of geography. He founded his treatise (<i>c.</i>
+825) on Cæsar, Pliny, and Solinus; he quotes and names many other
+writers, including fourteen Greek; and generally impresses us with his
+earnest studentship. An Irish monk named Donatus wandered to Italy and
+became bishop of Fiesole (<i>c.</i> 829); he, too, was a scholar acquainted
+with Virgil, a teacher of grammar and prosody, and a lecturer on the
+saints.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> Sedulius, the commentator, an Irish monk of Liége, copied
+Greek psalters, wrote Latin verses, knew Cicero’s letters, the works of
+Valerius Maximus, Vegetius, Origen, and Jerome; was well acquainted with
+mythology and history, and perhaps had some Hebrew.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> Another
+Irishman, John the Scot (Joannes Scotus Erigena), became the most
+eminent scholar of his time: he alone, among all the learned men Charles
+the Bald had about him, was able to translate from Greek (<i>c.</i> 858-860).
+Well might Eric of Auxerre, writing to Charles, express his astonishment
+at this train of philosophers from Ireland, that barbarous land on the
+confines of the world.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> All these wanderers, and many more, must have
+been responsible for the dissemination of the books produced by Irish
+hands; and, in fact, many manuscripts of Celtic origin and early in
+date, are still on the Continent, or have been found there and brought
+to Ireland.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_012" id="page_012"></a>{12}</span></p>
+
+<p>In some respects the evidence of book-culture in Ireland in these early
+centuries is inconsistent. The jealous guard Longarad kept over his
+books, the quarrel over Columba’s Psalter, and the great esteem in which
+scribes were held,<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> suggest a scarcity of books. The practice of
+enshrining them in cumdachs, or book-covers, points to a like
+conclusion. On the other hand, Bede tells us the Irish could lend
+foreign students books, so plentiful were they. His statement is
+corroborated by the number of scribes whose deaths have been recorded by
+the annalists; the <i>Four Masters</i>, for example, note sixty-one eminent
+scribes before the year 900, forty of whom belong to the eighth
+century.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> In some of the monasteries a special room for books was
+provided. The <i>Annals of Tigernach</i> refer to the house of
+manuscripts.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> An apartment of this kind is particularly mentioned as
+being saved from the flames when Armagh monastery was burned (1020).
+Another fact suggesting an abundance of books was the appointment of a
+librarian, which sometimes took place.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> Although a special book-room
+and officer are only to be met with much later than the best age of
+Irish monachism, yet we may reasonably assume them to be the natural
+culmination of an old and established practice of making and using
+books.</p>
+
+<p>Such statements, however, are not necessarily contradictory. Manuscripts
+over which the cleverest scribes and illuminators had spent much time
+and pains would be jealously preserved in cases or shrines; still, when
+we remember how many precious fruits of the past must have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_013" id="page_013"></a>{13}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_1" id="PLT_1"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_031_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_031_sml.jpg" width="423" height="250" alt="PLATE I
+
+ANCIENT SATCHEL OF IRISH MISSAL
+
+COVER OF THE STOWE MISSAL" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE I<br />
+ANCIENT SATCHEL OF IRISH MISSAL
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">COVER OF THE STOWE MISSAL</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">perished, the number of beautiful Irish manuscripts extant goes to prove
+that books even of this character could not have been extraordinarily
+rare. “Workaday” copies of books would be made as well, in comparatively
+large numbers, and would no doubt be used very freely. Besides books
+properly so called, the religious used waxed tablets of wood, which were
+sometimes called books. St. Ciaran, for example, wrote on staves, which
+are called in one place his tablets, and in two other places the whole
+collection of his staves is called a book.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> Such tablets were indeed
+books in which the fugitive pieces of the time were written.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>
+Considering all things, Bede was without doubt quite correct in saying
+the Irish had enough books to lend to foreign students.</p>
+
+<h3>§ IV</h3>
+
+<p>Our account of the work accomplished by the Irish monks would be
+incomplete without reference to their writing, illuminating, and
+book-economy, the relics of which are so finely rare.</p>
+
+<p>The old Irish runes gave place slowly to the Roman alphabet, which came
+into use, as we have already observed, after St. Patrick’s mission. This
+new writing was in two forms&mdash;round and pointed&mdash;but both were derived
+from the Roman half-uncial style. The clear and beautifully-shaped<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_014" id="page_014"></a>{14}</span>
+Irish round hand is closely akin to the half-uncial character of fifth
+and sixth century Latin writings found on the Continent. The Book of
+Kells, written probably at the end of the seventh century, is the finest
+example of the ornamental Irish round hand. St. Chad’s Gospels, now at
+Lichfield, written about the same time, is a manuscript of like
+character, but not so good. A later manuscript, the Gospels of MacRegol,
+which dates from the beginning of the ninth century, shows marked
+deterioration in the writing.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_034_lg.png">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_034_sml.png" width="232" height="148" alt="BOOK OF KELLS, SEVENTH CENTURY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">BOOK OF KELLS, SEVENTH CENTURY</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Irish pointed style, used for quicker writing, is but a modified,
+pointed variety of the round hand, the letters being laterally
+compressed. This hand appears in some pages of the Book of Kells, but
+the best example is in the Book of Armagh.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+<p>Although the Roman alphabet was introduced by Augustine at the
+Canterbury school, it wholly failed to have any effect on the native
+hand from that source. On the other hand, when, in the seventh century,
+Northumbria<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_015" id="page_015"></a>{15}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_2" id="PLT_2"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_035_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_035_sml.jpg" width="251" height="326" alt="PLATE II
+
+ILLUMINATED PAGE OF THE BOOK OF KELLS" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE II<br />
+
+ILLUMINATED PAGE OF THE BOOK OF KELLS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">was converted by Irish missionaries, the new Christians copied the Irish
+writing, so well, indeed, that the earliest specimens extant can hardly
+be distinguished from the beautiful penmanship of the Irish. The Book of
+Durham, generally called the Lindisfarne Gospels, of about 700, is an
+exquisite Northumbrian example of the Irish round hand, in the
+characteristic broad, heavy-stroke letters. Another good specimen of
+this style is the eighth century manuscript of Bede’s Ecclesiastical
+History, in Cambridge University Library.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 119px;">
+<a href="images/ill_037_lg.png">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_037_sml.png" width="119" height="84" alt="BOOK OF ARMAGH, BEFORE A.D. 844" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">BOOK OF ARMAGH, BEFORE A.D. 844</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Irish illumination is as characteristic as the writing. Pictures and
+drawings of the human figure are not so common as in the work of other
+schools, and when they do appear are not often good. Still, some of
+them, as the scenes from the life of Christ in the Book of Kells, are
+quite unlike the illuminations of any other school; while the portraits
+of the Evangelists in the same book, in the Book of MacRegol, and in the
+Lindisfarne Gospels, are singularly interesting. Floral work is also
+rare. But in geometrical ornament, beautifully symmetrical&mdash;diagonal
+patterns, zigzags, waves, lozenges, divergent spirals, intertwisted and
+interwoven ribbon and cord work&mdash;and in grotesque zoological
+forms,&mdash;lizards, snakes, hounds, birds, and dragons’ heads,&mdash;the Irish
+school attained their highest artistic development. Their art is
+striking, not for originality, not for its beauty, which is nevertheless
+great, but for painstaking. Knowing but one style of making a book
+beautiful, they lavished much time and loving care to achieve their end.
+The detail is extraordinarily minute and complicated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_016" id="page_016"></a>{16}</span> “I have counted,”
+writes Professor Westwood, “[with a magnifying glass] in a small space
+scarcely three-quarters of an inch in length by less than half an inch
+in width, in the Book of Armagh, no less than 158 interlacements of a
+slender ribbon pattern formed of white lines edged with black ones.”
+But, this intricacy notwithstanding, the designs as a whole are usually
+bold and effective. In the best kind of Irish illumination gold and
+silver are not used, but the colours are varied and brilliant, and are
+employed with taste and discretion; while the occasional staining of a
+leaf of vellum with a fine purple sometimes adds beauty and much
+distinction to an excellent design.</p>
+
+<p>Of intricate geometrical ornament and grotesque figures, the
+illumination representing the symbols of the Four Evangelists (fo. 290)
+of the Book of Kells is perhaps the best example. Of divergent spirals
+and interlaced ribbon work the frontispiece of St. Jerome’s Epistle in
+the Book of Durrow affords notable examples. Two of the peculiar
+features of Irish decoration&mdash;the rows of red dots round a design and
+the dragon’s head&mdash;appear in the earliest, or nearly the earliest, Irish
+manuscript extant, namely, the Cathach Psalter, now in the Museum of the
+Royal Irish Academy. Whether the essential and peculiar features of this
+ornamentation are purely indigenous, as Professor Westwood contends, or
+whether they are of Gallo-Roman origin, as Fleury argues, is a moot
+point, calling for complicated discussion which would be out of place
+here.</p>
+
+<p>The amount of illumination in the existing manuscripts varies, but the
+pages chosen for illuminating are nearly always the same. In the Book of
+Kells the illuminations consist of three portraits of the Evangelists,
+three scenes from the life of Christ, three combined symbols of the four
+Evangelists, eight pages of the Eusebian canons, and many<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_017" id="page_017"></a>{17}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_3" id="PLT_3"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_039_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_039_sml.jpg" width="365" height="276" alt="PLATE III
+
+THE SHRINE OF THE CATHACH PSALTER
+
+ELEVENTH CENTURY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE III<br />
+
+THE SHRINE OF THE CATHACH PSALTER<br />
+
+<small>ELEVENTH CENTURY</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">initials. The Book of Durham contains four portraits of the Evangelists,
+six initial pages, one ornamental page before each Gospel, and before
+St. Jerome’s Epistle, and eight pages of the Eusebian canons. The Book
+of Durrow has sixteen illuminated pages: four of the symbols of the
+Evangelists, six pages of initials, one ornamental page at the
+frontispiece, one before the letter of St. Jerome, and one before each
+Gospel.</p>
+
+<p>The oldest Irish manuscript in existence is probably the Domnach
+Airgrid, or manuscript of the Silver Shrine, also called St. Patrick’s
+Gospels. Dr. Petrie believed the Domnach to be the identical reliquary
+given by St. Patrick to St. Mac Cairthinn, when the latter was put in
+charge of the see of Clogher, in the fifth century. “As a manuscript
+copy of the Gospels apparently of that early age is found with it, there
+is every reason to believe it to be that identical one for which the box
+was originally made.”<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> But both case and manuscript are now held to
+be somewhat later in date. Another very early manuscript is the sixth
+century fragment of fifty-eight leaves of a Latin Psalter, styled the
+Cathach or “Battler.” For centuries this fragment has been preserved in
+a beautiful case as a relic of Columba; as, indeed, the actual cause of
+the dispute between Columba and Finnian of Moville.</p>
+
+<h3>§ V</h3>
+
+<p>Two features of book-economy, although not peculiar to Ireland, are
+rarely met with outside that country. The religious used satchels or
+wallets to carry their books about with them. We are told Patrick once
+met a party of clerics and gillies with books in their girdles; and he
+gave them the hide he had sat and slept on for twenty years to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_018" id="page_018"></a>{18}</span> make a
+wallet.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> Columba is said to have made satchels, and to have blessed
+them. When these satchels were not carried they were hung upon pegs set
+in the wall of the cell or the church or the tower where they were
+preserved.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> We have already noted the legend which tells how all the
+satchels in Ireland slipped off their pegs when Longarad died. A modern
+writer visiting the Abyssinian convent of Souriani has seen a room
+which, when we remember the connection between Egyptian and Celtic
+monachism, we cannot help thinking must closely resemble an ancient
+Irish cell.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> In the room the disposition of the manuscripts was very
+original. “A wooden shelf was carried in the Egyptian style round the
+walls, at the height of the top of the door.... Underneath the shelf
+various long wooden pegs projected from the wall; they were each about a
+foot and a half long, and on them hung the Abyssinian manuscripts, of
+which this curious library was entirely composed. The books of Abyssinia
+are ... enclosed in a case tied up with leathern thongs; to this case is
+attached a strap for the convenience of carrying the volume over the
+shoulders, and by these straps the books were hung to the wooden pegs,
+three or four on a peg, or more if the books were small; their usual
+size was that of a small, very thick quarto. The appearance of the room,
+fitted up in this style, together with the presence of long staves, such
+as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_019" id="page_019"></a>{19}</span> monks of all the Oriental churches lean upon at the time of
+prayer, resembled less a library than a barrack or guardroom, where the
+soldiers had hung their knapsacks and cartridge boxes against the wall.”
+The few old Irish satchels remaining are black with age, and the
+characteristic decoration of diagonal lines and interlaced markings is
+nearly worn away. Two of them are preserved in England and Ireland:
+those of the Book of Armagh, in Trinity College, Dublin, and of the
+Irish Missal in Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The wallet at Oxford
+looks much like a modern schoolboy’s satchel; leather straps are fixed
+to it, by which it was slung round the neck. The Armagh wallet is made
+of one piece of leather, folded to form a case a foot long, a little
+more than a foot broad, and two and a half inches thick. The Book of
+Armagh does not fit it properly. Interlaced work and zoömorphs decorate
+the leather. Remains of rough straps are still attached to the sides.</p>
+
+<p>The second special feature of Irish book-economy was the preservation of
+manuscripts in cumdachs or rectangular boxes, made just large enough for
+the books they were intended to enshrine. As in the case of the wallet,
+the cumdach was not peculiar to Ireland, although the finest examples
+which have come down to us were made in that country.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> They are
+referred to several times in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_020" id="page_020"></a>{20}</span> early Irish annals. Bishop Assicus is said
+to have made quadrangular book-covers in honour of Patrick.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> In the
+<i>Annals of the Four Masters</i> is recorded, under the year 937, a
+reference to the cumdach of the Book of Armagh, or the Canon of Patrick.
+“Canoin Phadraig was covered by Donchadh, son of Flann, king of
+Ireland.” In 1006 the <i>Annals</i> note that the Book of Kells&mdash;“the Great
+Gospel of Columb Cille was stolen at night from the western erdomh of
+the Great Church of Ceannanus. This was the principal relic of the
+western world, on account of its singular cover; and it was found after
+twenty nights and two months, its gold having been stolen off it, and a
+sod over it.”<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> These cumdachs are now lost; so also is the jewelled
+case of the Gospels of St. Arnoul at Metz, and that belonging to the
+Book of Durrow.</p>
+
+<p>By good hap, several cumdachs of the greatest interest are still
+preserved for our inspection. One of them, the Silver Shrine of the
+so-called St. Patrick’s Gospels, is a very peculiar case. It consists of
+three covers. The first, or inner, is of yew, and was perhaps made in
+the sixth or seventh century. The second, of copper, silver-plated, is
+of later make. The third, or outermost, is of silver, and was probably
+made in the fourteenth century. The cumdach of the Stowe Missal (1023)
+is a much more beautiful example. It is of oak, covered with plates of
+silver. The lower or more ancient side bears a cross within a
+rectangular frame. In the centre of the cross is a crystal set in an
+oval mount. The decoration of the four panels consists of metal plates,
+the ornament being a chequer-work of squares and triangles. The lid has
+a similar cross and frame, but the cross is set with pearls and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_021" id="page_021"></a>{21}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_4" id="PLT_4"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_045a_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_045a_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE IV
+
+CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE’S GOSPELS: BOTTOM
+
+CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE’S GOSPELS: FRONT" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE IV<br />
+
+CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE’S GOSPELS: BOTTOM</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_045b_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_045b_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE IV
+
+CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE’S GOSPELS: BOTTOM
+
+CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE’S GOSPELS: FRONT" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">CUMDACH OF ST. MOLAISE’S GOSPELS: FRONT</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">metal bosses, a crystal in the centre, and a large jewel at the end of
+each arm. The panels consist of silver-gilt plates embellished with
+figures of saints. The sides, which are decorated with enamelled bosses
+and open-work designs, are imperfect. On the box are inscriptions in
+Irish, such as the following: “Pray for Dunchad, descendant of Taccan,
+of the family of Cluain, who made this”; “A blessing of God on every
+soul according to its merit”; “Pray for Donchadh, son of Brian, for the
+king of Ireland”; “And for Macc Raith, descendant of Donnchad, for the
+king of Cashel.”<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> Other cumdachs are those in the Royal Irish Academy
+for Molaise’s Gospels (<i>c.</i> 1001-25), for Columba’s Psalter (1084), and
+those in Trinity College, Dublin, for Dimma’s book (1150) and for the
+Book of St. Moling. There are also the cumdachs for Cairnech’s Calendar
+and that of Caillen; both of late date. The library of St. Gall
+possesses still another silver cumdach, which is probably Irish.</p>
+
+<p>These are the earliest relics we have of what was undoubtedly an old and
+established method of enshrining books, going back as far as Patrick’s
+time, if it be correct that Bishop Assicus made them, or if the first
+case of the Silver Shrine is as old as it is believed to be. The
+beautiful lower cover of the Gospels of Lindau, now in Mr. Pierpont
+Morgan’s treasure-house, proves that at least as early as the seventh
+century the Irish lavished as much art on the outside of their
+manuscripts as upon the inside.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> It is natural to make a beautiful
+covering for a book which is both beautiful and sacred. All the volumes
+upon which the Irish artist exercised his talent were invested with
+sacred attributes. Chroniclers would have us believe they were sometimes
+miraculously produced. In the life of Cronan<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> is a story telling how
+an expert scribe named<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_022" id="page_022"></a>{22}</span> Dimma copied the four Gospels. Dimma could only
+devote a day to the task, whereupon Cronan bade him begin at once and
+continue until sunset. But the sun did not set for forty days, and by
+that time the copy was finished. The manuscript written for Cronan is
+possibly the book of Dimma, which bears the inscription: “It is
+finished. A prayer for Dimma, who wrote it for God, and a blessing.”<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was believed such books could not be injured. St. Ciaran’s copy of
+the Gospels fell into a lake, but was uninjured. St. Cronan’s copy fell
+into Loch Cre, and remained under water forty days without injury. Even
+fire could not harm St. Cainnech’s case of books.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> Nor is it
+surprising they should be looked upon as sacred. The scribes and
+illuminators who took such loving care to make their work perfect, and
+the craftsmen who wrought beautiful shrines for the books so made, were
+animated with the feeling and spirit which impels men to erect beautiful
+churches to testify to the glory of their Creator. As Dimma says, they
+“wrote them for God.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_023" id="page_023"></a>{23}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<br /><br />
+THE ENGLISH MONKS AND THEIR BOOKS</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“There are delightful libraries, more aromatic than stores of
+spicery; there are luxuriant parks of all manner of volumes; there
+are Academic meads shaken by the tramp of scholars; there are
+lounges of Athens; walks of the Peripatetics; peaks of Parnassus;
+and porches of the Stoics. There is seen the surveyor of all arts
+and sciences Aristotle, to whom belongs all that is most excellent
+in doctrine, so far as relates to this passing sublunary world;
+there Ptolemy measures epicycles and eccentric apogees and the
+nodes of the planets by figures and numbers....”</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+Richard De Bury, <i>Philobiblon</i>, Thomas’ ed. 200<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<h3>§I</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>HE Benedictine order established monastic study on a regular plan.
+Benedict’s forty-eighth rule is clear in its directions. “Idleness is
+hurtful to the soul. At certain times, therefore, the brethren must work
+with their hands, and at others give themselves up to holy reading.”
+From Easter to the first of October the monks were required to work at
+manual labour from prime until the fourth hour. From the fourth hour
+until nearly the sixth hour they were to read. After their meal at the
+sixth hour they were to lie on their beds, and those who cared to do so
+might read, but not aloud. After nones work must be resumed until
+evening. From October the first until the beginning of Lent they were to
+read until the ninth hour. At the ninth hour they were to take their
+meal and then read spiritual works or the Psalms. Throughout Lent they
+were required to read until the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_024" id="page_024"></a>{24}</span> third hour, then work until the tenth.
+Every monk was to have a book from the library, and to read it through
+during Lent. On Sundays reading was their duty throughout the day,
+except in the case of those having special tasks. During reading hours
+two senior brethren were expected to go the rounds to see that the monks
+were actually reading, and not lounging nor gossiping. But the brethren
+were not allowed to have a book or tablets or a pen of their own.</p>
+
+<p>Benedict’s inclusion of these directions was of capital importance in
+the advance of monkish learning. Being milder and more flexible,
+communal instead of eremitical, and so altogether more humane and
+attractive, his Rule gradually took the place of existing orders. And as
+the change came about, ill-regulated theological study gave way to
+superior methods of learning, solely due to the better organisation and
+greater liberality of the Benedictine order.</p>
+
+<p>Benedictinism came to England with Augustine (597). The Rule, however,
+does not seem to have been strictly or consistently observed for a long
+time. But the studious labours of the monks remained just as important a
+part of their lives as they would have been had the monasteries closely
+followed Benedict’s directions. Especially would this be the case in the
+seventh century, and afterwards, during the time continental monachism
+was in rivalry with the Celtic missionaries.</p>
+
+<h3>§ II</h3>
+
+<p>From the first we hear of books in connexion with Canterbury. Gregory
+the Great gave to Augustine, either just before his English mission, or
+sent to him soon afterward, nine volumes, which were put in St.
+Augustine’s monastery<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_025" id="page_025"></a>{25}</span>&mdash;the monastery of SS. Peter and Paul, beyond the
+walls. Being for church purposes, the books were very beautiful and
+valuable. There was the Gregorian Bible in two volumes, with some of its
+leaves coloured rose and purple, which gave a wonderful reflection when
+held to the light; the Psalter of Augustine; a copy of the Gospels
+called the Text of St. Mildred, upon which a countryman in Thanet swore
+falsely and, it is said, lost his sight; as well as another copy of the
+Gospels; a Psalter, with plain silver images of Christ and the four
+Evangelists on the cover; two martyrologies, one adorned with a silver
+figure of Christ, the other enriched with silver-gilt and precious
+stones; and an Exposition of the Gospels and Epistles, also enriched
+with gems.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> Some of these books were kept above the altar. Bede also
+records the gift by Gregory to Augustine of “many manuscripts,” and his
+authority is unimpeachable, as he derived his knowledge of Canterbury
+affairs from written records and information supplied by Albinus, first
+English abbot of Augustine’s house.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> This monastery “was thus the
+mother-school, the mother-university of England, ... at a time when
+Cambridge was a desolate fen, and Oxford a tangled forest in a wide
+waste of waters. They remind us that English power and English religion
+have, as from the very first, so ever since, gone along with knowledge,
+with learning, and especially with that learning and that knowledge
+which those old manuscripts give&mdash;the knowledge and learning of the
+Gospel.”<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> Few books would be treasured more carefully and treated
+with greater reverence by English churchmen and book lovers than these
+“first books of the English church,” if any of them could be found. They
+are<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_026" id="page_026"></a>{26}</span> referred to as existing when William Thorne wrote his chronicle
+(<i>c.</i> 1397),<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> and Leland tells us he saw and admired them; but after
+his time nearly all trace of them is lost.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+<p>No further hint of books occurs until Theodore became Archbishop more
+than seventy years later. Theodore, who had been educated both at Tarsus
+and Athens, where he became a good Greek and Latin scholar, well versed
+in secular and divine literature, began a school at Canterbury for the
+study of Greek, and provided it with some Greek books. None of these
+books has been traced with certainty. Some may have existed in
+Archbishop Parker’s time. “The Rev. Father Matthew,” says Lambarde, in
+his <i>Perambulation of Kent</i>, ... “showed me, not long since, the Psalter
+of David, and sundry homilies in Greek, Homer also, and some other Greek
+authors, beautifully written on thick paper with the name of this
+Theodore prefixed in the front, to whose library he reasonably thought
+(being led thereto by show of great antiquity) that they sometime
+belonged.” The manuscript of Homer, now in Corpus Christi Library,
+Cambridge, did not belong to Theodore, but to Prior Selling, of whom we
+shall hear later. But possibly the famous Graeco-Latin copy of the Acts,
+now in the Bodleian Library, belonged either to Theodore or to his
+companion, Hadrian.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_027" id="page_027"></a>{27}</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_053_lg.png">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_053_sml.png" width="362" height="241" alt="FROM THE GRÆCO-LATIN COPY OF THE ACTS, PROBABLY USED BY
+BEDE" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">FROM THE GRÆCO-LATIN COPY OF THE ACTS, PROBABLY USED BY
+BEDE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_028" id="page_028"></a>{28}</span></p>
+
+<p>Theodore, with Hadrian’s help, not only started the Canterbury School,
+but encouraged similar foundations in other English monasteries. In
+southern England, however, Canterbury remained the centre of learning,
+and many ecclesiastics were attracted to it in consequence. Bede amply
+proves its efficiency as a school. And forasmuch as both Theodore and
+Hadrian were “fully instructed both in sacred and in secular letters,
+they gathered a crowd of disciples, and rivers of wholesome knowledge
+daily flowed from them to water the hearts of their hearers; and,
+together with the books of Holy Scripture, they also taught them the
+metrical art, astronomy, and ecclesiastical arithmetic. A testimony
+whereof is, that there are still living at this day some of their
+scholars, who are as well versed in the Greek and Latin tongues as in
+their own, in which they were born.”<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> Elsewhere he mentions some of
+these scholars by name. Albinus, already referred to as the first
+English abbot of St. Augustine’s, “was so well instructed in literary
+studies, that he had no small knowledge of the Greek tongue, and knew
+the Latin as well as the English, which was his native language.”<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> “A
+most learned man” was another disciple, Tobias, bishop of Rochester,
+who, besides having a great knowledge of letters, both ecclesiastical
+and general, learned the Greek and Latin tongues “to such perfection,
+that they were as well known and familiar to him as his native
+language.”<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+<p>Canterbury’s most notable scholar was Aldhelm, the first bishop of
+Sherborne. In him were united the learning of the Canterbury and the
+Irish monks, for he studied first under Maildulf, the Irish monk and
+scholar<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_029" id="page_029"></a>{29}</span> who founded and gave his name to Malmesbury, and then under
+Hadrian. When he went to be consecrated an incident befell him which at
+once shows his zeal for learning, and casts a welcome ray of light on
+the importation of books. While at Canterbury he heard of the arrival of
+ships at Dover, and thither he journeyed to see whether they had brought
+anything in his way. He found on board plenty of books, among them one
+containing the complete Testaments. He offered to buy it, but his price
+was too low; although, afterwards, when it was believed his prayers had
+delivered the owner from a storm, he secured it on his own terms.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+
+<p>Aldhelm at length became abbot of Malmesbury (<i>c.</i> 675), and under him
+it grew to much greater eminence, and attracted a large number of
+students. Here, in the solitude of the forest tract, he passed his time
+in singing merry ballads to win the ear of the people for his more
+serious words, playing the harp, in teaching, and in reading the
+considerable library he had at hand. Bede describes him as a man “of
+marvellous learning both in liberal and ecclesiastical studies.” Judging
+by his writings he was in these respects in the forefront of his
+contemporaries, although his learning was heavy and pretentious. From
+them also it is perfectly evident he could make use not only of the
+Bible, but of lives of the saints, of Isidore, of the <i>Recognitions of
+Clement</i>, of the <i>Acts of Sylvester</i>, of writings by Sulpicius Severus,
+Athanasius, Gregory, Eusebius, and Jerome, as well as of Terence,
+Virgil, Horace, Juvenal, Persius, and Prosper, and some other
+authors.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_030" id="page_030"></a>{30}</span></p>
+
+<h3>§ III</h3>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Northumbria had become one of the leading centres of learning
+in Europe, almost entirely through the labours and influence of Irish
+missionaries. St. Aidan, an ascetic of Iona who journeyed to Northumbria
+at King Oswald’s request, founded Lindisfarne, which became the monastic
+and episcopal capital of that kingdom. Aidan required all his pupils,
+whether religious or laymen, to read the Scriptures, or to learn the
+Psalms. The education of boys was a part of his system. Wherever a
+monastery was founded it became a school wherein taught the monks who
+had followed him from Scotland. Cedd, the founder and abbot of
+Lastingham, was Aidan’s pupil, so was his brother, the great bishop
+Ceadda (Chad), who succeeded him in his abbacy. At Lindisfarne was
+wrought by Eadfrith (<i>d.</i> 721) the beautiful manuscript of the Gospels
+now preserved in the British Museum, and a little later the fine cover
+for it. Lastingham, founded on the desolate moorland of North Yorkshire,
+“among steep and distant mountains, which looked more like
+lurking-places for robbers and dens of wild beasts, than dwellings of
+men,” upheld the traditions of the Columban houses for piety,
+asceticism, and studious occupations. Thither repaired one Owini, not to
+live idle, but to labour, and as he was less capable of studying, he
+applied himself earnestly to manual work, the while better-instructed
+monks were indoors reading.</p>
+
+<p>In many directions do we observe traces of Aidan’s good work. Hild, the
+foundress of Whitby Abbey, was for a short time his pupil. Her monastery
+was famous for having educated five bishops, among them John of
+Beverley, and for giving birth, in Caedmon, to the father of English
+poetry. “Religious poetry, sung to the harp as it passed from hand<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_031" id="page_031"></a>{31}</span> to
+hand, must have flourished in the monastery of the abbess Hild, and the
+kernel of Bede’s story concerning the birth of our earliest poet must be
+that the brethren and sisters on that bleak northern shore spoke ‘to
+each other in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs.’&nbsp;”<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> Of Melrose, an
+offshoot of Aidan’s foundation, the sainted Cuthbert was an inmate. At
+Lindisfarne, where “he speedily learned the Psalms and some other
+books,” the great Wilfrid was a novice. Of his studies, indeed, we know
+little: he seems to have sought prelatical power rather than learning.
+But he and his followers were responsible for the conversion of the
+Northumbrian church from Columban to Roman usages, and the introduction
+of Benedictinism into the monasteries; and consequently for bringing the
+studies of the monks into line with the rules of Benedict’s order.</p>
+
+<p>Such progress would have been impossible had not the rulers of
+Northumbria from Oswald to Aldfrith been friendly to Christianity.
+Aldfrith had been educated at Iona, and was a man of studious
+disposition. His predecessor had advanced Northumbria’s reputation
+enormously by giving Benedict Biscop (629-90) sites for his monasteries
+of Wearmouth and Jarrow.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> We know enough of this Benedict to wish we
+knew very much more. He suggests to us enthusiasm for his cause, and
+energy and foresight in labouring for it. Naturally, Aldhelm’s writings
+have gained him far more attention in literary histories than the
+Northumbrian has received. But the influence of Benedict, a man of much
+learning, wide-travelled, was at least as great and as far-reaching.
+Lérins, the great centre of monachism in Gaul, and Canterbury under
+Theodore, had been his schools. On six occasions he flitted back and
+forth to Rome, and to go<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_032" id="page_032"></a>{32}</span> to Rome, in those days, was a liberal
+education, both in worldly and spiritual affairs. Not a little of his
+influence was the direct outcome of his book-collecting. From all his
+journeys to Rome he is said to have returned laden with books. He
+certainly came back from his fourth journey with a great number of books
+of all kinds.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> He also obtained books at Vienne. His sixth and last
+journey to Rome was wholly devoted to collecting books, classical as
+well as theological. When he died he left instructions for the
+preservation of the most noble and rich library he had gathered
+together.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> “If we consider how difficult, fatiguing, ... even
+dangerous a journey between the British Islands and Italy must have been
+in those days of anarchy and barbarism, we can appreciate the intensity
+of Benedict’s passion for beautiful and costly volumes.”<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> The library
+he formed was worthy of the labour, we cannot doubt: possibly was the
+best then in Britain. It served as the model for the still more famous
+collection at York. The scholarship of Bede, who used it in writing his
+works, proclaims its value for literary purposes.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> Bede tells us he
+always applied himself to Scriptural study, and in the intervals of
+observing monastic discipline and singing daily in the church, he took
+pleasure in learning, or teaching, or writing.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> The picture of Bede
+in his solitary monastery, leading a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_033" id="page_033"></a>{33}</span> placid life among Benedict’s
+books, poring over the beautifully-wrought pages with the scholar’s
+tense calm to find the material in the Fathers and the historians, and
+to seek the apt quotation from the classics, must always flash to the
+mind at the mere mention of his name.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> Every fact in connexion with
+his work testifies to the excellent equipment of his monastery for
+writing ecclesiastical history, and to the cordial way in which the
+religious co-operated for the advancement of learning and research.</p>
+
+<h3>§ IV</h3>
+
+<p>Canterbury, Malmesbury, Lindisfarne, Wearmouth and Jarrow, and York were
+like mountain-peaks tipped with gold by the first rays of the rising
+sun, while all below remains dark. Yet while not indicative of
+widespread means of instruction, the existence of these centres, and the
+character of the work done in them, suggests that at other places the
+same sort of work, on a smaller and less influential scale, soon began.
+At Lichfield, on the moorland at Ripon, in “the dwelling-place in the
+meadows” at Peterborough, in the desolate fenland at Crowland and at
+Ely, on the banks of the Thames at Abingdon, and of the Avon at Evesham,
+in the nunneries of Barking and Wimborne, at Chertsey,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_034" id="page_034"></a>{34}</span> Glastonbury,
+Gloucester, in the far north at Melrose, and even perhaps at Coldingham,
+Christianity was speeding its message, and learning&mdash;such as it was,
+primitive and pretentious&mdash;caught pale reflections from more famous
+places. Now and again definite facts are met with hinting at a spreading
+enlightenment. Acca, abbot and bishop of Hexham, for example “gave all
+diligence, as he does to this day,” wrote Bede, “to procure relics of
+the blessed Apostles and martyrs of Christ.... Besides which, he
+industriously gathered the histories of their martyrdom, together with
+other ecclesiastical writings, and erected there a large and noble
+library.” Of this library, unfortunately, there is not a wrack left
+behind. A tiny school was carried on at a monastery near Exeter, where
+Boniface was first instructed. At the monastery of Nursling he was
+taught grammar, history, poetry, rhetoric, and the Scriptures; there
+also manuscripts were copied. Books were produced under Abbess Eadburh
+of Minster, a learned woman who corresponded with Boniface and taught
+the metric art. Boniface’s letters throw interesting light on our
+subject. Eadburh sent him books, money, and other gifts. He also wrote
+home asking his old friend Bishop Daniel of Winchester for a fine
+manuscript of the six major prophets, which had been written in a large
+and clear hand by Winbert: no such book, he explains, can be had abroad,
+and his eyes are no longer strong enough to read with ease the small
+character of ordinary manuscripts. In another letter written to Ecgberht
+of York is recorded an exchange of books, and a request for a copy of
+the commentaries of Bede.</p>
+
+<p>A decree of the Council held at Cloveshoe in 747, pointing out the want
+of instruction among the religious, and ordering all bishops, abbots,
+and abbesses to promote and encourage learning, whether it means that
+monkish education was on the wane or that it was not making such<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_035" id="page_035"></a>{35}</span> quick
+progress as was desired, at any rate does not mean that England was in a
+bad way in this respect, or that she lagged behind the Continent. On the
+contrary, England and Ireland were renowned homes of learning in Western
+Europe. Perhaps a few centres on the mainland could show libraries as
+good as those here; but certainly no country had such scholars.
+England’s pre-eminence was recognized by Charles the Great when he
+invited Alcuin to his court (781).</p>
+
+<p>Alcuin was brought up at York from childhood. In company with Albert,
+who taught the arts and grammar at this northern school, Alcuin visited
+Gaul and Rome to scrape together a few more books. On returning later he
+was entrusted with the care of the library: a task for which he was well
+fitted, if enthusiasm, breaking into rime, be a qualification:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Small is the space which contains the gifts of heavenly Wisdom<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Which you, reader, rejoice piously here to receive;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Better than richest gifts of the Kings, this treasure of Wisdom,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Light, for the seeker of this, shines on the road to the Day.”<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">York could not retain Alcuin long. Fortunately, just when dissensions
+among the English kings, and the Danish raids began to harass England,
+and to threaten the coming decline of her learning, he was invited to
+take charge of a school established by Charles the Great. Charles had
+undertaken the task of reviving literary study, well-nigh extinguished
+through the neglect of his ancestors; and he bade all his subjects to
+cultivate the arts. As far as he could he accomplished the task,
+principally owing to the aid of the English scholar and of willing
+helpers from Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>Alcuin was soon at the head of St. Martin’s of Tours<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_036" id="page_036"></a>{36}</span> where he was
+responsible for the great activity of the scribes in his day. He
+persuaded Charles to send a number of copyists to York. “I, your
+Flavius,” he writes, “according to your exhortation and wise desire,
+have been busy under the roof of St. Martin, in dispensing to some the
+honey of the Holy Scriptures. Others I strive to inebriate with the old
+wine of ancient studies; these I nourish with the fruit of grammatical
+knowledge; in the eyes of these again I seek to make bright the courses
+of the stars.... But I have need of the most excellent books of
+scholastic learning, which I had procured in my own country, either by
+the devoted care of my master, or by my own labours. I therefore beseech
+your majesty ... to permit me to send certain of our household to bring
+over into France the flowers of Britain, that the garden of Paradise may
+not be confined to York, but may send some of its scions to Tours.” What
+the “flowers of Britain” were at this time Alcuin has told us in Latin
+verse. At York, “where he sowed the seeds of knowledge in the morning of
+his life,” thou shall find, he rimes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">“The volumes that contain<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All the ancient fathers who remain;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There all the Latin writers make their home<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With those that glorious Greece transferred to Rome,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Hebrews draw from their celestial stream,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Africa is bright with learning’s beam.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Then, after including in his metrical catalogue the names of forty
+writers, he proceeds:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“There shalt thou find, O reader, many more<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Famed for their style, the masters of old lore,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Whose many volumes singly to rehearse<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Were far too tedious for our present verse.”<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">A goodly store indeed in such an age.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_037" id="page_037"></a>{37}</span></p>
+
+<h3>§ V</h3>
+
+<p>Sunlight and shadow follow one another rapidly across England’s early
+history. The migration of York’s renowned scholar took place six years
+before the Viking irruptions began, and about twelve years before a
+heavy blow was struck at Northumbrian learning by the ravaging and
+destruction of the monasteries of Lindisfarne, and Wearmouth and Jarrow.
+After this there was but little peace for England. Kent was often
+attacked. In 838 the marauders fell upon East Anglia. Between 837 and
+845 they made various fierce attacks upon Wessex. In 851 the pillage of
+Canterbury and London was a severe blow to the English. About fifteen
+years later, at the hands of the Danes, Melrose, Tynemouth, Whitby, and
+Lastingham shared Wearmouth’s fate. Of York and its library we hear no
+more. Peterborough and its large collection of sacred books perished at
+the hands of the same raiders as those who burnt Crowland (870). So bad
+grew affairs that Alfred the Great, writing to Bishop Werfrith, bewailed
+the small number of people south of the Humber who understood the
+English of their service, or could translate from Latin into English.
+Even beyond the Humber there were not many; not one could he remember
+south of the Thames when he began to reign. And he bethought himself of
+the wise men, both church and lay folk, formerly living in England, and
+how zealous they were in teaching and learning, and how men came from
+abroad in search of wisdom and instruction. Apparently some decline from
+this standard had been noticeable before ruin completely overtook the
+monasteries. He remembered how, before the land had been ravaged and
+burnt, “its churches stood filled with treasures and books,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_038" id="page_038"></a>{38}</span> and with a
+multitude of His servants, but they had very little knowledge of the
+books, and could not understand them, for they were not written in their
+own language.... When I remembered all this, I much marvelled that the
+good and wise men who were formerly all over England, and had perfectly
+learnt all these books, did not wish to translate them into their own
+tongues.” By way of remedying this omission, he translated <i>Cura
+Pastoralis</i> into English. “I will send a copy to every bishopric in my
+kingdom; and on each there is a clasp worth 50 mancus. And I command in
+God’s name that no man take the clasp from the book or the book from the
+minster; it is uncertain how long there may be such learned bishops as
+now are, thanks be to God, nearly everywhere.”<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p>
+
+<p>This letter, written in 890, marks the revival of interest in letters
+under Alfred. In adding to his own knowledge, and in promoting education
+among his people, he was assiduous and determined. During the leisure of
+one period of eight months, Asser seems to have read to him all the
+congenial books at hand, Alfred’s custom being to read aloud or to
+listen to others reading. Asser was a Welsh bishop, brought to Wessex to
+help the king in his work. For the same purpose Archbishop Plegmund<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>
+and Bishop Werfrith were brought from Mercia. Other scholars came from
+abroad. One named Grimbald, a monk from St. Bertin, came to take charge
+of the abbey of Hyde, Winchester, which Alfred had planned. John, of
+Old-Saxony, a learned monk of the flourishing Westphalian Abbey of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_039" id="page_039"></a>{39}</span>
+Corvey&mdash;where a library existed in this century,<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>&mdash;was made by Alfred
+abbot of Athelney monastery and school. Perhaps John, called the Scot or
+Erigena, also came, but we do not know certainly. Alfred also introduced
+teachers, both English and foreign, into his monasteries, his aim being
+to provide the means of educating every freeborn and well-to-do youth.
+During the whole of the latter part of his reign the copying of
+manuscripts went on, though with only moderate activity.</p>
+
+<p>That Alfred, amid the cares of a troublesome kingship, could find time
+to devote to this work, and realised the importance of vernacular
+literature, is one of the chief signs of his greatness. What he did had
+a lasting influence upon our literature. He tapped the wellspring of
+English prose. Mainly owing to his initiative, from his day till the
+Conquest all the literature of importance was in the vernacular, and the
+impulse so given to the language as a literary vehicle was strong enough
+to preserve it from extinction during the Norman domination, when it was
+superseded as the court and official language. But, so far as the making
+and circulation of books is concerned, the “revival” under Alfred did
+not prosper. The necessary machinery was almost entirely wanting. The
+monastic schools, the great&mdash;the only&mdash;means of disseminating the
+learning of the time, were few in number and not very influential. For
+Athelney, a small monastery, Alfred had difficulty in finding monks at
+all: he had to get them from abroad; while the rule in this house does
+not seem to have been wholly satisfactory. At the time of his death
+(<i>c.</i> 901) monachism was in a bad way. Fifty years later its plight
+would seem to have been worse. Only two houses, Abingdon and
+Glastonbury, could be really called monastic. “In the middle of the
+tenth century the Rule of St.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_040" id="page_040"></a>{40}</span> Benedict, the standard of monasticism in
+Western Christendom, was, according to virtually contemporary authority,
+completely unknown in England. This will not appear strange if we
+consider that it was never very generally or strictly carried out here,
+that the Danish invasions had broken the continuity of monastic life,
+and that not many years earlier the very existence of the Rule had been
+forgotten in not a few continental monasteries.”<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> Although England
+always responded to the slightest effort to affect her culture, as the
+long deer grass waves an answer to every breath of the wind, yet the
+surprising eminence of some of the churchmen in the latter half of the
+century and the excellence of their work cannot be accounted for if the
+influence of Alfred’s reign had utterly died out. But it had not. Only
+the machinery was defective. The driving power remained, latent but
+ready for action. One indication of a surviving interest in these
+matters at this time is the gift of some nine books to St. Augustine’s
+Abbey by King Athelstan&mdash;an interesting little collection including
+Isidore <i>de Natura Rerum</i>, Persius, Donatus, Alcuin, Sedulius, and
+possibly a work by Bede. The machinery, however, was soon to be
+improved. Dunstan, Oswald, Edgar, and Ethelwold set matters right by
+reforming and extending the monastic system, and by making it the means
+of encouraging education and learning.</p>
+
+<p>The leaders were Dunstan and Ethelwold. In youth the former was renowned
+for his eagerness in studying, and for the wealth and knowledge he
+acquired. He was a “lover of ballads and music,” “a hard student, an
+indefatigable worker, busy at books”; spending his leisure in reading
+sacred authors, and in correcting manuscripts, sometimes at daybreak. He
+was also very skilful at working in metal<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_041" id="page_041"></a>{41}</span> and at drawing and
+illuminating. Maybe the picture of him kneeling before the Saviour which
+is preserved in the Bodleian Library is by his own hand; this, however,
+is not certain.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> But some relics of his literary work were preserved
+at Glastonbury until the Reformation&mdash;passages transcribed from Frank
+and Roman law books, a pamphlet on grammar, a mass of Biblical
+quotations, a collection of canons drawn from Dunstan’s Irish teachers,
+a book on the Apocalypse, and other works.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> He entirely reformed
+Glastonbury and made it a flourishing school, where the Scriptures,
+ecclesiastical writings, and grammar were taught.</p>
+
+<p>Ethelwold was a Glastonbury scholar and assistant to Dunstan.
+Glastonbury, and Abingdon, where he became Abbot, and Winchester, to
+which see he was consecrated, were the centres whence, during the sixty
+years succeeding Edgar’s accession, some forty monasteries were founded
+or restored. Winchester became pre-eminent. Ethelwold himself was a
+teacher of grammar. It was his delight to teach boys and young men, and
+to help them in their translations; hence it came to pass that many of
+his pupils became abbots and bishops.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> A curious story is told in
+illustration of his studious disposition. One night, when reading after
+prolonged watching, sleep overcame him, and as he slept the candle fell
+on the page and remained burning there until a brother came along and
+snatched it up, when the book by a miracle was found to be
+uninjured.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> A vignette of pure and true medievalism: the long and
+solitary watching, the saintly pursuit of divine wisdom, the wide-open
+book, with the bold and beautiful text, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_042" id="page_042"></a>{42}</span> quaint decoration,
+wrought by loving hands, and the inevitable miracle,&mdash;the suggestion of
+a Divine Providence watching over and protecting all that is sacred.</p>
+
+<p>Some beautiful examples of work of this period have been preserved.
+“Winchester” work is a familiar and expressive term in illumination, and
+nobody will ask why this is so if they have seen a manuscript executed
+there towards the end of the tenth century. The Benedictional and Missal
+of Archbishop Robert, which is certainly English, and most likely an
+example of New Minster work, is illuminated with miniatures, foliated
+and architectural borders, and capitals and letters of gold, in virile
+workmanship. A still finer example&mdash;the finest example of Old Minster
+craft&mdash;is the Benedictional of Ethelwold, now in the Duke of
+Devonshire’s library. The versified dedication, inscribed in letters of
+gold, tells us, in substance&mdash;“The Great Æthelwold ... illustrious,
+venerable and mild ... commanded a certain monk subject to him to write
+the present book: he ordered also to be made in it many arches elegantly
+decorated and filled up with various ornamented pictures expressed in
+divers beautiful colours, and gold.”<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> Godeman, abbot of Thorney, was
+the scribe, but the illuminator is unknown. Each full page has nineteen
+lines of writing, with letters nearly a quarter of an inch long.
+Alternate lines in gold, red, and black occur once or twice in the same
+page. There are thirty miniatures and thirteen fully illuminated pages,
+some of these having framed borders, foliated, others columns and
+arches. The figures are remarkably well drawn, the drapery being
+especially good. The whole is in a fine state of preservation,
+especially the gold ornaments; the gold used was leaf upon size,
+afterwards well burnished. Of the rival craftsmanship at New Minster we
+have a splendid example in the Golden Book of Edgar, so called<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_043" id="page_043"></a>{43}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_5" id="PLT_5"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_069_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_069_sml.jpg" width="263" height="314" alt="PLATE V
+
+NATIVITY OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST, BENEDICTIONAL OF ETHELWOLD" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE V<br />
+
+NATIVITY OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST, BENEDICTIONAL OF ETHELWOLD</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_071_lg.png">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_071_sml.png" width="360" height="233" alt="WRITING IN THE BENEDICTIONAL OF ETHELWOLD" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">WRITING IN THE BENEDICTIONAL OF ETHELWOLD</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_044" id="page_044"></a>{44}</span></p>
+
+<p class="nind">on account of its raised gold text.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> Work of this grand character is
+the best testimony to the noble spirit of monachism in the days of
+Ethelwold.</p>
+
+<p>One of Ethelwold’s pupils was Ælfric, who became Archbishop of
+Canterbury in 995. He was responsible for the canon requiring every
+priest, before ordination, to have the Psalter, the Epistles, the
+Gospels, a Missal, the Book of Hymns, the Manual, the Calendar, the
+Passional, the Penitential, and the Lectionary. On his death he
+bequeathed all his books to St. Albans.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another pupil of the same name is still more famous. This scholar’s
+grammar, with its translated passages, his glossary&mdash;the oldest
+Latin-English dictionary&mdash;and his conversation-manual of questions and
+answers, with interlinear translations, suggest that he must have done
+much to make the study of Latin easier and more congenial; while his
+homilies display his art in making knowledge popular, and prove him to
+be the greatest master of English prose before the Conquest.</p>
+
+<p>Several other interesting and suggestive facts belonging to this period
+have been preserved for us. Abbot Ælfward, for example, gave to his
+abbey of Evesham many sacred books and books on grammar (<i>c.</i> 1035):
+here, at any rate, progress was real.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> At a manor of the abbey of
+Bury St. Edmunds were thirty volumes, exclusive of church books
+(1044-65).<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> Bishop Leofric also obtained over sixty books for Exeter
+Cathedral about sixteen years before the Conquest, a collection to which
+we must refer later.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_045" id="page_045"></a>{45}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_6" id="PLT_6"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_073_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_073_sml.jpg" width="252" height="320" alt="PLATE VI
+
+MINIATURE OF THE ASCENSION IN THE BENEDICTIONAL OF ETHELWOLD" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE VI<br />
+
+MINIATURE OF THE ASCENSION IN THE BENEDICTIONAL OF ETHELWOLD</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<br /><br />
+LIBRARIES OF THE GREAT ABBEYS&mdash;BOOK-LOVERS AMONG THE MENDICANTS&mdash;DISPERSAL OF MONKISH LIBRARIES</h2>
+
+<h3>§I</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>HE Conquest wrought both good and evil to literature&mdash;evil because the
+Normans thought books written in the vernacular unworthy of
+preservation;<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> good because the change brought to the country settled
+government, and to the church an opportunity for reformation. Lanfranc
+was the moving spirit of reform, both in church administration and in
+the learning of its members. While still in Normandy he had built up a
+reputation for the monastic school at Bec, and probably had a share in
+collecting the excellent library that we know the monastery possessed in
+the twelfth century.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> When he was appointed to the see of Canterbury
+he continued to work for the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_046" id="page_046"></a>{46}</span> ends, although his primacy can have
+left him little leisure. A fresh beginning had to be made in Canterbury.
+In 1067 a fire destroyed the city, including the cathedral and almost
+the whole of the monastic buildings; and in this disaster many “sacred
+and profane books” were burned. It was Lanfranc’s task to repair this
+loss. He brought books with him,<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> and introduced some changes and
+more method in the making and use of them. In the customary of the
+Benedictine order which he drew up to correspond with the best monastic
+practice, he included minute instructions about lending and reading
+books. He was also responsible in the main for the substitution of the
+continental Roman handwriting for the beautiful Hiberno-Saxon hand. In
+another respect his influence was more beneficial. Both at Bec and in
+England he aimed to turn out accurate texts of patristic books, and the
+better to achieve this end he himself corrected manuscripts. In the
+abbey of St. Martin de Sécz at one time there was a copy of the first
+ten <i>Conferences</i> of Cassian with his corrections; and in the library of
+Mans is a St. Ambrose which was overlooked by him.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> Happily he was in
+a position to lend texts to monks for transcribing, and his help in this
+direction was sought by Abbot Paul of St. Albans. Recent research by Dr.
+Montagu James suggests that Lanfranc’s work for the Canterbury library
+was a good deal more practical and influential than has been usually
+believed. Among the survivors of the Canterbury collections at Trinity
+College, Cambridge, and elsewhere, “are some scores of volumes
+undoubtedly from Christ Church, all of one epoch,” the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_047" id="page_047"></a>{47}</span> eleventh and
+twelfth centuries, and all written in hands modelled on an Italian
+style. “Another distinguishing mark,” writes Dr. James, “in these
+volumes is the employment of a peculiar purple in the decorative
+initials and headings.... The nearest approaches I find to it in England
+are in certain manuscripts which were once at St. Augustine’s Abbey, and
+in others which belonged to Rochester. It can be shown that books did
+occasionally pass from Christ Church to St. Augustine’s, and it can also
+be shown that certain of the Rochester books were written at Christ
+Church.” All these books, therefore, Dr. James believes, were given by
+Lanfranc or produced under his direction.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lanfranc also encouraged original composition, for Osbern, monk of
+Canterbury, compiled his lives of St. Dunstan, St. Alphege, and St. Odo
+under his eye.</p>
+
+<p>In this work of bookmaking and collecting Lanfranc was supported or his
+example was followed by other monks from Normandy: by Abbot Walter of
+Evesham, who made many books;<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> by Ernulf of Rochester, who compiled
+the <i>Textus Roffensis</i>; and by many others. At this time grew up the
+practice of using English houses to supply books for Norman abbeys; this
+partly explains the number of manuscripts of English workmanship now
+abroad. A manuscript preserved in Paris contains a note by a canon of
+Ste-Barbe-en-Auge referring to Beckford in Gloucestershire, an English
+cell of his house, whence books were sent to Normandy.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p>
+
+<p>From Lanfranc to the close of the thirteenth century, was the
+summer-time of the English religious houses. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_048" id="page_048"></a>{48}</span> Cluniac or reformed
+Benedictines settled here about 1077. In 1105 the Austin Canons first
+planted a house in this country. The White Monks, another reformed
+Benedictine order, entered England in 1128, and in the course of four
+and twenty years founded fifty houses. Soon after, in 1139, the English
+Gilbertines were established, then came the White Canons, and in 1180
+the Carthusian monks. The land was peppered with houses. In less than a
+century and a half, from the Conquest to about 1200, it is estimated
+that no fewer than 430 houses were founded, making, with 130 founded
+before the Conquest, 560 in all.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> Many were wealthy: some were
+powerful, because they owned much property, and popular because, like
+Malmesbury, they were “distinguished for their ‘delightful hospitality’
+to guests who, arriving every hour, consume more than the inmates
+themselves.”<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> The Cluniacs could almost be called a fashionable
+order.</p>
+
+<p>During this prosperous age some of the great houses did their best work
+in writing and study. Thus to pick out one or two facts from a string of
+them. In 1104 Abbot Peter of Gloucester gave many books to the abbey
+library. In 1180 the refounded abbey of Whitby owned a fair library of
+theological, historical, and classical books.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> About the same time
+Abbot Benedict ordered the transcription of sixty volumes, containing
+one hundred titles, for his library at Peterborough.<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> By 1244, in
+spite of losses in the fire of 1184, Glastonbury had a library of some
+four hundred volumes, historical books consorting with romances, Bibles
+and patristical works almost crowding out some forlorn classics.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a>
+Nearly half a century later<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_049" id="page_049"></a>{49}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_7" id="PLT_7"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_079a_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_079a_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE VII
+
+ABBOT ROGER DE NORTHONE WITH HIS BOOKS
+
+ABBOT GARIN WITH HIS BOOKS" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE VII<br />
+
+ABBOT ROGER DE NORTHONE WITH HIS BOOKS</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_079b_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_079b_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE VII
+
+ABBOT ROGER DE NORTHONE WITH HIS BOOKS
+
+ABBOT GARIN WITH HIS BOOKS" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">ABBOT GARIN WITH HIS BOOKS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Abbot John of Taunton added to Glastonbury forty volumes, a notable gift
+in those days of costly books, while Adam of Domerham tells us he also
+made a fine, handsome, and spacious library.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> In 1277 a general
+chapter of the Benedictines ordered the monks, according to their
+capabilities, to study, write, correct, illuminate, and bind books,
+rather than to labour in the field.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p>
+
+<p>To such facts as these should be added the record of the Canterbury,
+Dover, and Bury libraries, the histories of which have been so admirably
+written by Dr. M. R. James.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> Of the library of St. Albans Abbey we
+have not such a fine series of catalogues. Yet no abbey could have a
+nobler record. From Paul (1077) to Whethamstede (<i>d.</i> 1465) nearly all
+its abbots were book-lovers.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> Paul built a writing-room, and put in
+the aumbries twenty-eight fine books (<i>volumina notabilia</i>), and eight
+Psalters, a Collectarium, books of the Epistles and Gospels for the
+year, two copies of the Gospels adorned with gold and silver and
+precious stones, without speaking of ordinals, customaries, missals,
+troparies, collectaria, and other books. Here, as everywhere, the
+library began with church books: later, easier circumstances made the
+stream of knowledge broader, if shallower. The next abbot also added
+some books. Geoffrey, the sixteenth abbot, was the author of a miracle
+play, an industrious scribe, and the donor of some books finely
+illuminated and bound. His successor, at one time the conventual
+archivist, loved books equally well, and got together a fair collection.
+Great Abbot Robert had many books written&mdash;“too many<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_050" id="page_050"></a>{50}</span> to be
+mentioned.”<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Simon, the next abbot (1167), a learned and good-living
+man who encouraged others to learn, was especially fond of books, and
+had many fine manuscripts written for the painted aumbry in the church.
+He repaired and improved the scriptorium. He also made a provision
+whereby each succeeding abbot should have at work one special scribe,
+called the historiographer, an innovation to which we owe the matchless
+series of chronicles of Roger of Wendover, Matthew Paris, William
+Rishanger, and John of Trokelowe. In a Cottonian manuscript is a
+portrait of Abbot Simon at his book-trunk, a picture interesting because
+it illustrates his predominant taste for books, as well as one
+method&mdash;then the usual method&mdash;of storing them.</p>
+
+<p>John, worthy follower of Simon, was a man of learning, who added many
+noble and useful books to St. Albans’ store. William of Trompington
+(1214) distinguished himself by giving to the abbey books he had taken
+from his prior. Abbot Roger was a better man, and gave many books and
+pieces; but John <small>III</small> and <small>IV</small> and Hugh are barren rocks in our fertile
+valley, for apparently they did nothing for the library. Richard of
+Wallingford did worse than nothing. He bribed Richard de Bury with four
+volumes, and sold to him thirty-two books for fifty pounds of silver,
+retaining one-half of this sum for himself, and devoting the other
+moiety to Epicurus&mdash;“a deed,” cries the chronicler, “infamous to all who
+agreed to it, so to make the only nourishment of the soul serve the
+belly, and upon any account to apply spiritual dainties to the demands
+of the flesh.”<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> Abbot Michael de Mentmore, who had been educated at
+Oxford, and became schoolmaster at St. Albans, encouraged the
+educational work of the abbey by making<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_051" id="page_051"></a>{51}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_8" id="PLT_8"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_083_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_083_sml.jpg" width="247" height="299" alt="PLATE VIII
+
+ABBOT SIMON OF ST. ALBANS AT HIS BOOK CHEST" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE VIII<br />
+
+ABBOT SIMON OF ST. ALBANS AT HIS BOOK CHEST</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">studies for the scholars. As he also ordered the morning mass to be
+celebrated directly after prime, or six o’clock, instead of at tierce,
+or about nine, to allow the students more time, it is safe to assume he
+was more zealous than popular. He also gave books which cost him more
+than £100. His successor, Thomas, enlarged his own study, and bought
+many books for it; and, with the assistance of Thomas of Walsingham,
+then precentor and master of the scriptorium, he built a writing-room at
+his own expense.</p>
+
+<p>But Whethamstede was St. Albans’ greatest book-loving abbot. An ardent
+book-lover, especially fond of finely-illuminated volumes, he indulged
+his passion for manuscripts, and for conventual buildings, vestments,
+and property, until he got the abbey into debt, and was led to resign.
+After the death of his successor, Whethamstede was re-elected. In his
+time no fewer than eighty-seven volumes were transcribed.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> In
+1452-53 he built a new library at a cost of more than £150. Another
+library was erected for the College of the Black Monks at Oxford, for
+£60.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> It was described as a “new erection of a library joyning on
+the south-side of the chapel, containing on each side five or more
+divisions, as it may be partly seen to this day by the windows thereof,
+to which he gave good quantity of his own study, and especially those of
+his own composition, which were not a few, and to deter plagiaries and
+others from abusing of them, prefixt these verses in the front of every
+one of the same books, as he did also to those that he gave to the
+publick library of the University:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Fratribus Oxoniae datur in munus liber iste<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Per patrem pecorum prothomartyris Angligenarum;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Quem, si quis rapiat raptim, titulumve retractet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Vel Judae laqueum, vel furcas sentiat; Amen<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_052" id="page_052"></a>{52}</span></p>
+
+<p>“In other books which he gave to the said library these:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Discior ut docti fieret nova regia plebi<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Culta magisque Deae datur hic liber ara Minervae,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">His qui Diis dictis libant holocausta ministris<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Et circa bibulam sitiunt prae nectare limpham<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Estque librique loci, idem dator, actor et unus.”<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>This, in brief, is the story of St. Albans’ tribute to learning. In most
+monasteries the same kind of work went on, in a more circumscribed
+fashion, and without the same distinction of finish, which could
+probably only be attained at the big places where expert scribes and
+illuminators could be well trained.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ II</h3>
+
+<p>Fortunately, just when the great houses had attained the summit of their
+prosperity, and were beginning the slow decline to dissolution, learning
+and book-culture were freshly encouraged by the coming of the Friars.</p>
+
+<p>The Black Friars settled at Canterbury and in London, near the Old
+Temple in Holborn, in 1221. The Grey Friars were at London, Oxford, and
+Cambridge in 1224, and by 1256 they were in forty-nine different
+localities.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> It is strange how the latter order, founded by a man
+who forbade a novice to own a Psalter, came to be as earnest in buying
+books as the Benedictines were in copying them. St. Francis’ ideal,
+however, was impossible. The peripatetic nature of their calling, and
+their duty of tending the sick, compelled many friars to learn foreign
+languages, and to acquire some medical knowledge. Books were,
+therefore,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_053" id="page_053"></a>{53}</span> useful to them, if not essential; as indeed St. Francis
+ultimately recognized. However, they could not own books themselves, but
+only in common with other members of the convent. If a friar was
+promoted to a bishopric, he had to renounce the use of the books he had
+had as a friar; and Clement <small>IV</small> forbade the consecration of a bishop
+until he had returned the books to his friary. When a book was given to
+a friar&mdash;and this often happened&mdash;he was in duty bound to hand it to his
+Superior. But if the friar was a man of parts the gift was devoted to
+acquiring books for his studies, or to giving him other necessary
+assistance; the duty, it was held, which the Superior owed him.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> But
+these principles do not seem to have been strictly observed. In little
+more than thirty years after St. Francis’ death it was found necessary
+to draw up rules forbidding the brethren to own books except by leave
+from the chief officer of the order, or to keep any books which were not
+regarded as the property of the whole order, or to write books, or have
+them written for sale.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p>
+
+<p>By the end of the thirteenth century the Mendicants of Oxford were
+fairly well provided with books. Michael Scot came to Oxford, at the
+time of the greatest literary activity of the brethren, and introduced
+to them the physical and metaphysical works of Aristotle (1230).<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>
+Adam de Marisco seems to have been responsible for the first
+considerable additions to the collection. From his brother, Bishop
+Richard, he had already received a library; possibly this, with his own
+books, came into possession of the convent. Then out of love for him,
+Grosseteste left his writings or his library&mdash;it is not clear which&mdash;to
+the Grey Friars.<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_054" id="page_054"></a>{54}</span> This gift may have formed part&mdash;it is not
+certain&mdash;of the two valuable hoards existing in the fifteenth century in
+the same friary, one the convent library, open only to graduates, the
+other the Schools library, for seculars living among the brethren for
+the sake of the teaching they could get. In these collections were many
+Hebrew books, which had been bought upon the banishment of the Jews from
+England (1290).<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> Such books were not often found in the abbeys,
+although some got to Ramsey, where Grosseteste’s influence may be
+suspected.</p>
+
+<p>The White Friars also had a library at Oxford, wherein they garnered the
+works of every famous writer of their order. They are praised for taking
+more care of their books than the brethren of other colours.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> In
+later times, at any rate, some cause for the complaint against the Grey
+Friars existed. They appear to have sold many manuscripts to Dr. Thomas
+Gascoigne (<i>c.</i> 1433). He ultimately gave them to the libraries of
+Lincoln, Durham, Balliol, and Oriel Colleges. As the friars’ mode of
+life grew easier and the love of learning less keen, they got rid of
+many more books. In Leland’s time the library had melted away. After
+much difficulty he was allowed to see the book-room, but he found in it
+nothing but dust and dirt, cobwebs and moths, and some books not worth a
+threepenny piece.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p>
+
+<p>Roger de Thoris, afterwards Dean of Exeter, presented a library to the
+Grey Friars of his city in 1266.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> What became of it we do not know.
+About the same time, in 1253 to be exact, the will of Richard de Wyche,
+Bishop of Chichester, is notable for its bequests to the friars; thus he
+left books to various friaries of the Grey Brethren&mdash;at<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_055" id="page_055"></a>{55}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_9" id="PLT_9"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_089_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_089_sml.jpg" width="405" height="255" alt="PLATE IX
+
+GREY FRIARS, LONDON: THE OLD HALL AND WHITTINGTON’S LIBRARY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE IX<br />
+
+GREY FRIARS, LONDON: THE OLD HALL AND WHITTINGTON’S LIBRARY</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Chichester his glossed Psalter, at Lewes the Gospels of St. Luke and St.
+John, at Winchelsea the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark, at
+Canterbury Isaiah glossed, at London the Epistles of St. Paul glossed,
+and at Winchester the twelve Prophets glossed; as well as some volumes
+to the Black Friars&mdash;at Arundel the <i>Book of Sentences</i>, at Canterbury
+Hosea glossed, at London the Books of Job, the Acts, the Apocalypse,
+with the canonical epistles, and at Winchester the <i>Summa</i> of William of
+Auxerre.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> Such friendliness for the Mendicants was far from common
+among the secular clergy. Besides the southern places mentioned in this
+bequest, friaries in the east, at Norwich and Ipswich, and in the west,
+at Hereford and Bristol, had goodly libraries.</p>
+
+<p>The friary collections in London seem to have been important, especially
+that given to the Grey Friars in 1225,<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> just when they had settled
+near Newgate. The Austin Friars may have owned a library before 1364,
+when two of their number left the London house, taking with them books
+and other goods.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> Early in the fifteenth century a library was built
+and a large addition was made to the books of this house by Prior Lowe,
+a friar afterwards occupying the sees of St. Asaph and of
+Rochester.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> At this time the friars of London were specially
+fortunate. The White Friars enjoyed a good library, to which Thomas
+Walden, a learned brother of the order, presented many foreign
+manuscripts of some age and rarity.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> The Grey Friars’ library was
+founded or refounded by Dick Whittington (1421).<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> The room “was in
+length one hundred twentie nine foote, and in breadth<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_056" id="page_056"></a>{56}</span> thirtie one: all
+seeled with Wainscot, having twentie eight desks, and eight double
+setles of Wainscot. Which in the next yeare following was altogither
+finished in building, and within three yeares after, furnished with
+Bookes, to the charges of” over £556, “whereof Richard Whittington bare
+foure hundred pound, the rest was borne by Doctor Thomas Winchelsey, a
+Frier there.”<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> On this occasion one hundred marks were paid for
+transcribing the works of Nicholas de Lyra, a Grey Friar highly esteemed
+for his knowledge of Hebrew, and “the greatest exponent of the literal
+sense of Scripture whom the medieval world can show.”<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p>
+
+<p>Of few of the friary libraries have we definite knowledge of their size
+and character. But in the case of the Austin Friars of York, a catalogue
+of their library is extant. The collection was a notable one. The
+inventory was made in 1372, and the items in it, forming the bulk of the
+whole, with some later additions, amounted to 646. One member of the
+society named John Erghome was a remarkable man. He was a doctor of
+Oxford, where he had studied logic, natural philosophy, and theology.
+More than 220 books were his contribution to this splendid library, and
+he it was who added the Psalter and Canticles in Greek and a Hebrew
+book,&mdash;rarities indeed at that date. Classical literature is fairly well
+represented in the collection as a whole, but theology, and especially
+logic and philosophy, make up the bulk.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a></p>
+
+<p>In Scotland, too, the Grey Friars were busy library-making. We find the
+convent at Stirling buying five dozen parchments (1502). Fifty pounds
+were paid for books sent to them this year by the Cistercians of
+Culross,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_057" id="page_057"></a>{57}</span> and to the Austin Canons of Cambuskenneth in the following
+year about half as much was paid; and similar records appear in the
+accounts.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p>
+
+<p>Other interesting testimony to the bookcraft and collecting habits of
+the friars is not wanting. Adam de Marisco writes to the Friar Warden of
+Cambridge asking for vellum for scribes.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> Or he expresses the hope
+that Richard of Cornwall may be prevailed upon to stay in England, but
+if he goes he will be supplied with books and everything necessary for
+his departure.<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> From this letter, it was evidently usual for friars
+to seek and obtain permission to carry away books with them when going
+abroad, or going from one custody to another.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> Then again Adam
+writes asking Grosseteste to send Aristotle’s <i>Ethics</i> to the Grey
+Friars’ convent in London.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> In getting books the friars were
+sometimes unscrupulous. A royal writ was issued commanding the Warden of
+the Grey Friars at Oxford and another friar, Walter de Chatton, to
+return two books worth forty shillings which they were keeping from the
+rightful owner (1330).<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> More striking testimony to the
+book-collecting habits of the friars is the complaint to the Pope of
+their buying so many books that the monks and clergy had difficulty in
+obtaining them. In every convent, it was urged, was a grand and noble
+library, and every friar of eminence in the University had a fine
+collection of books.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> Archbishop Fitzralph, who made this statement,
+detested the friars, and was besides prone to exaggerate; but he was not
+wholly wrong in this<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_058" id="page_058"></a>{58}</span> instance, as De Bury tells a similar tale.
+“Whenever it happened,” he says, “that we turned aside to the cities and
+places where the mendicants ... had their convents, we did not disdain
+to visit their libraries ...; there we found heaped up amid the utmost
+poverty the utmost riches of wisdom. These men are as ants.... They have
+added more in this brief [eleventh] hour to the stock of the sacred
+books than all the other vine-dressers.”<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> Instead of declaiming
+against the hawks, De Bury trained them to prey for him, and was well
+rewarded for his pains. Nor is it beyond the bounds of probability that
+he enriched his own collection at the expense of the Grey Friars’
+library at Oxford.<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a></p>
+
+<p>The friars were not merely collectors. The scholarship of Bacon and
+other brethren does not concern us. But their correction of the texts of
+Scripture, and their bibliographical work, are germane to our subject.
+In mid-thirteenth century some Black Friars of Paris laboured to correct
+the text of the Latin Bible; and to enable copyists to restore the true
+text when transcribing, they drew up manuals, called <i>Correctoria</i>. One
+such manual, now known as the <i>Correctorium Vaticanum</i>, was prepared by
+William de la Mare, a Grey brother of Oxford, in the course of forty
+years’ labour; and it is “a work which before all others laid down sound
+principles of true scientific criticism upon which to base a correction
+of the Vulgate text.”<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another special work of the Grey brethren, the <i>Registrum Librorum
+Angliae</i><a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> was less important, although it more clearly illustrates
+their high regard for books. Some time in the fourteenth century, by
+seeking information from about one hundred and sixty monasteries, some
+friars drew<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_059" id="page_059"></a>{59}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_10" id="PLT_10"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_095_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_095_sml.jpg" width="249" height="311" alt="PLATE X
+
+THE GREY FRIARS’ CATALOGUE OF CONVENTUAL LIBRARIES
+
+BODL. MS. TANNER 165, F. 119" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE X<br />
+
+THE GREY FRIARS’ CATALOGUE OF CONVENTUAL LIBRARIES
+<br />
+<small>BODL. MS. TANNER 165, F. 119</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">up a list of libraries under the heads of the seven custodies or
+wardenships of their order in England, and catalogued the writings of
+some eighty-five authors represented in these collections. In this way
+was formed a combined bibliography and co-operative catalogue. Of this
+catalogue we are able to reproduce a page on which are indexed five
+authors, with numerical references to the libraries containing each
+work. Early in the fifteenth century a monk of Bury St. Edmunds, John
+Boston by name&mdash;possibly the librarian of that house&mdash;expanded the
+register by increasing to nearly seven hundred the number of authors,
+and by adding a score of names to the list of libraries. He also
+provided a short biographical sketch of each author “drawn from the best
+sources at his disposal; so that the book in its completed form might
+claim to be called a dictionary of literature.”<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ III</h3>
+
+<p>We would fain fill in the outline we have given, for the friars and
+their book-loving ways are interesting. But enough has been written to
+show the origin and growth of libraries among the religious both of the
+abbeys and the friaries. Of the later days of monachism it is not so
+pleasant to write. The story has been well told many times, but no two
+writers, even in a broad and general way, let alone in detail, have read
+the facts alike. On the one hand it is urged that monachism became
+degenerate, both in reverence for spiritual affairs and in love of
+learning. Many monks, we are told, came to find more enjoyment in easy
+living than in ascetic and religious observances. Apart from the savage
+onslaughts in <i>Piers Plowman</i>, and the yarns of Layton and Legh, now
+quite discredited, we<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_060" id="page_060"></a>{60}</span> have the most credible evidence in Chaucer’s
+gentle satire:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“A monk ther was, a fair for the maistrye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">An out-rydere, that lovede venerye; <span style="margin-left: 3em;">[hunting]</span><br /></span>
+<span class="i1">A manly man, to been an abbot able,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Ful many a deyntee hors hadde he in stable:<br /></span>
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">. . . . . . . . . .</span><br />
+<span class="i1">He was a lord ful fat and in good point <span style="margin-left: .51em;">[well-equipped]</span><br /></span>
+<span class="i1">His eyen stepe, and rollinge in his heed.” <span style="margin-left: .51em;">[eyes bright]</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">The friars, too, were sometimes “merye and wantoun,” and</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“knew the tavernes wel in every toun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And everich hostiler or gay tappestere.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">And an indictment of some force might be based on the fact that the
+general chapter of the Benedictine order at Coventry in 1516 found it
+necessary to make regulations against immoderate and illicit eating and
+drinking, and against hunting and hawking.<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a></p>
+
+<p>No doubt also many a monk would argue with himself:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“What sholde he studie, and make him-selven wood <span style="margin-left: 2em;">[mad]</span><br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Upon a book in cloistre alwey to poure<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Or swinken with his handes, and laboure <span style="margin-left: 6em;">[toil]</span><br /></span>
+<span class="i1">As Austin bit?” <span style="margin-left: 9em;">[As St. Augustine bids]</span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">De Bury declaimed against the monks’ neglect of books. “Now slothful
+Thersites,” he cries, “handles the arms of Achilles and the choice
+trappings of war-horses are spread upon lazy asses, winking owls lord it
+in the eagle’s nest, and the cowardly kite sits upon the perch of the
+hawk.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Liber Bacchus is ever loved,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And is into their bellies shoved,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">By day and by night.<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Liber Codex is neglected,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And with scornful hand rejected<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Far out of their sight.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_061" id="page_061"></a>{61}</span></p>
+
+<p>“And as if the simple monastic folk of modern times were deceived by a
+confusion of names, while Liber Pater is preferred to Liber Patrum, the
+study of the monks nowadays is in the emptying of cups and not the
+emending of books; to which they do not hesitate to add the wanton music
+of Timotheus, jealous of chastity, and thus the song of the merrymaker
+and not the chant of the mourner is become the office of the monks.
+Flocks and fleeces, crops and granaries, leeks and potherbs, drink and
+goblets, are nowadays the reading and study of the monks, except a few
+elect ones, in whom lingers not the image but some slight vestige of the
+fathers that preceded them.”<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> Specific instances of neglect and
+worse are recorded. We have already mentioned the giving and selling of
+books by the monks of St. Albans to Richard de Bury. From the account
+books of Bolton Abbey it would appear that three books only were bought
+during forty years of the fourteenth century.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> At St. Werburgh’s,
+Chester, discipline was very lax. Two monks robbed the abbot of a book
+valued at £20, and of property valued at £100 or more, and stole from
+two of their brethren books and money (1409). About four years later one
+of the thieves was elected abbot, and his respect for learning may be
+gauged from the fact that in 1422 he was charged with not having
+maintained a scholar at Oxford or Cambridge for twelve years, although
+it was his duty to do so by the rules of his order.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p>
+
+<p>At Bury books were going astray in the first half of the fifteenth
+century. Abbot William Curteys (1429-45) issued an ordinance in which he
+declares books given out<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_062" id="page_062"></a>{62}</span> by the precentor to the brethren for purposes
+of study had been lent, pledged, and even stolen by them. Some of them
+he had recovered, and he hoped to secure more, but the process of
+recovery had been expensive and troublesome, both to himself and the
+people he found in possession of the books. He therefore sternly forbade
+the brethren to alienate books, and decrees certain punishments if his
+order was disobeyed. Brethren studying at the University seem to have
+been not immune from such faults.<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> The prior of Michelham sold
+books, papers, horses, and timber for his own personal profit (1478). A
+visitation of Wigmore showed that books were not “studied in the
+cloister because the seats were uncomfortable.”<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> Bishop Goldwell’s
+visitation of his diocese of Norwich in 1492 showed that at Norwich
+Priory no scholars were sent to study at Oxford, and at Wymondham Abbey
+the monks “refused to apply themselves to their books.” At Battle Abbey,
+in 1530, the one time fine library was in a sad state of neglect; no
+doubt books had been parted with. And as the last years of the
+monasteries coincided with a renewed interest among seculars in learning
+and with a revival of book-collecting, the monks of all houses must have
+been sorely tempted to sell books which laymen coveted, as the monks of
+Mount Athos have been bartering away their libraries ever since the
+seventeenth century.</p>
+
+<p>But among so many houses some were bound to be ill-conducted. And it is
+important to remember that irregularities would be recorded oftener than
+more favourable facts. What had been usual would go unnoted; what was
+strange, and a departure from the highest standard of monachism, would
+be observed with regret by friends and dwelt on with spite by enemies.
+Although human<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_063" id="page_063"></a>{63}</span> memory is apt to register evil acts with more assiduity
+and fidelity than good, yet a contrary view of the last state of
+monachism may be argued with as much reason and with the support of
+equally reliable evidence. The great majority of the houses were not
+under lax control. The general organisation was not defective; nor was
+every monk a “lorel, a loller, and a ‘spille-tyme.’&nbsp;” Setting aside the
+question of general conduct, with which we have little to do, plenty of
+evidence may be collected to show that the work of the earlier periods
+was not only continued in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but
+that some of the monks enjoyed special distinction among their
+contemporaries. Writing was encouraged by directions of chapters in
+1343, 1388, and 1444.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> The early part of the fifteenth century was
+an age of library building, in the monasteries, as at the Universities.
+Special rooms for books were put up at Gloucester, Christ Church
+(Canterbury), Durham, Bury St. Edmunds, and other houses. Large and
+growing monastic libraries were in existence&mdash;at St. Albans and
+Peterborough, two at Canterbury of nearly two thousand volumes each, two
+thousand volumes at Bury, a thousand and more at Durham, six hundred at
+Ramsey, three hundred and fifty at Meaux. When John Leland crossed the
+threshold of the library at Glastonbury he stood stock still for a
+moment, awestruck and bewildered at the sight of books of the greatest
+antiquity. In 1482, the abbess of Syon monastery, Isleworth, entered
+into a regular contract for writing and binding books.<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> Some forty
+years later this abbey had at least fourteen hundred and twenty-one
+printed and manuscript volumes in its library.<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> More facts of
+similar character will be noted in the next chapter. Here we will
+content ourselves with noting a few of the most conspicuous instances of
+monkish<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_064" id="page_064"></a>{64}</span> scholarship in these later days. At Glastonbury, Abbot John
+Selwood was familiar with John Free’s work; indeed, presents a monk with
+one of that scholar’s translations from the Greek.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> His successor,
+Bere, was a pilgrim to Italy, and was in correspondence with Erasmus,
+who desired him to examine his translation of the New Testament from the
+Greek. A monk of Westminster, who became abbot of his house in 1465, was
+a diligent student, noted for his knowledge of Greek.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> At Christ
+Church, Canterbury, Prior Selling was particularly zealous on behalf of
+the library, and was one of the first to import Greek books into England
+in any considerable quantity.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> Two manuscripts now in the library of
+Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and one in New College, were transcribed
+by a Greek living at Reading Abbey (1497-1500).<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> These few
+references to the study of Greek are especially significant, as the
+revival of Greek studies had only just begun.</p>
+
+<h3>§ IV</h3>
+
+<p>The whole truth about the later days of the monasteries will never be
+known. Many of the original sources of our knowledge are tainted with
+partisanship and religious rancour and flagrant dishonesty. What does
+seem to be true is that in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
+monastic influence grew slowly weaker, although the system may not have
+been degenerate in itself. The cause is to be found in the very
+prosperity of monachism, which brought to the religious houses wealth
+and all its responsibilities. Wealth always imposes fetters, as every
+rich man, from Seneca downwards, has declared with unctuous lamentation.
+But<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_065" id="page_065"></a>{65}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_11" id="PLT_11"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_103_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_103_sml.jpg" width="299" height="239" alt="PLATE XI
+
+TWELFTH CENTURY ILLUMINATION FROM BURY ST. EDMUNDS ABBEY
+
+THE MINIATURE IS ON SPECIAL VELLUM STUCK ON TO THE LEAF. MS. 2 FO. 281
+B. C.C. COLL. CAMB." /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XI<br />
+
+TWELFTH CENTURY ILLUMINATION FROM BURY ST. EDMUNDS ABBEY<br />
+
+<small>THE MINIATURE IS ON SPECIAL VELLUM STUCK ON TO THE LEAF. MS. 2 FO. 281
+B. C.C. COLL. CAMB.</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">what first strikes the student who compares early English monachism with
+the later is, that whereas the monks of the first period were most
+concerned with their monastic duties, their religious observances, and
+their scribing and illuminating, the monks of the later period, and
+especially during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, were immersed
+in business, in the management of their wealth, the control of large
+estates. The possession of wealth led in one direction to excessive
+display, and to purchasing land and building beyond their means; a
+course which monks might easily persuade themselves was progressive and
+exemplary of true religious fervour, but which attracted to them envious
+eyes. Heavy subsidies to the Crown and the Pope oppressed them. Then
+again, many houses indulged in unwise and excessive almsgiving, which
+the monks might well believe to be right, but which brought them only
+the interested friendship of the needy. And in the management of their
+estates much litigation obstinately pursued caused internal dissension,
+was costly, and gained them only bitter enemies. Had the monasteries
+been allowed to exist, probably these evils would have cured themselves.
+But, owing to these evils,&mdash;to the decline of monastic influence of
+which they were the cause,&mdash;the Dissolution, once decided upon, could be
+carried out with terrible swiftness and completeness; no influence nor
+power which the religious could wield was able to delay or avert the
+blow struck by the king. Within a few years over one thousand houses
+were closed and their lands and property confiscated.</p>
+
+<p>In the hastiness of the overthrow some conventual books were destroyed,
+or stolen, or sold off at low prices. In a few places damage was done
+even before the actual dissolution. At Christ Church, Canterbury, for
+example, the drunken servants of a royal commission carelessly brought
+about a fire, almost entirely destroying the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_066" id="page_066"></a>{66}</span> library of Prior
+Selling,<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> which he probably designed to add to the collection of his
+monastery. But when the houses were suppressed, we are told, “whole
+libraries were destroyed, or made waste paper of, or consumed for the
+vilest uses. The splendid and magnificent Abbey of Malmesbury, which
+possessed some of the finest manuscripts in the kingdom, was ransacked,
+and its treasures either sold or burnt to serve the commonest purposes
+of life. An antiquary who travelled through that town, many years after
+the Dissolution, relates that he saw broken windows patched up with
+remnants of the most valuable manuscripts on vellum, and that the bakers
+had not even then consumed the stores they had accumulated, in heating
+their ovens.”<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> John Bale tells us the loss of the libraries had not
+mattered so much, “beynge so many in nombre, and in so desolate places
+for the more parte, yf the chiefe monumentes and most notable workes of
+our excellent wryters had been reserved. If there had been in every
+shyre of Englande but one solempne lybrary to the preservacyon of those
+noble workes, and preferrement of good lernynges in oure posteryte, it
+had bene yet sumwhat. But to destroye all without consyderacyon, is and
+wyll be unto Englande for ever, a most horryble infamy amonge the grave
+senyours of other nacyons. A great nombre of them whych purchased these
+superstycyouse mansyons reserved of those lybrary bokes, some to serve
+theyr jakes, some to scoure theyr candlestycks, and some to rubbe theyr
+bootes. Some they sold to the grossers and sopesellers, and some they
+sent over see to the bokebynders, not in small nombre, but at<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_067" id="page_067"></a>{67}</span> tymes
+whole shyppes full, to the wonderynge of the foren nacyons. Yea, the
+unyversytees of this realme are not all clere in this detestable
+fact.... I know a merchant man which shall at thys tyme be namelesse,
+that boughte the contentes of two noble lybraryes for xl shyllynges
+pryce, a shame it is to be spoken. Thys stuffe hath he occupyed in the
+stede of graye paper by the space of more than these x years, and yet he
+hath store ynough for many yeares to come.”<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> To some extent Bale’s
+account of the contemptuous treatment of books is confirmed by records
+of sales: as, for example, the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>Item, sold to Robert Doryngton, old boke, and a cofer in the library</td><td align="right">ijs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Item, old bokes in the vestry, sold to the same Robert</td><td align="right">viiid.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Item, sold to Robert Whytgreve, a missale</td><td align="right">viijd.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fyrst, sold to Mr. Whytgreve, a masse boke</td><td align="right">xijd.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Item, old bokes in the quyer</td><td align="right">vjd.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Item, a fryers masse boke, solde to Marke Wyrley</td><td align="right">iiijd.</td><td rowspan="6" valign="bottom"><a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Bale’s statement is sadly borne out by the fate of the library of the
+Austin Friars of York. At one time this friary owned between six and
+seven hundred books. Now but five are known to remain.<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> “It is
+hardly open to doubt,” writes Dr. James, “that nine-tenths of the books
+have ceased to exist. To be sure, it is no news to us that thousands,
+perhaps hundreds of thousands, of manuscripts were destroyed in the
+first half of the sixteenth century; but the truth comes heavily home
+when we are confronted with the actual figures of the loss sustained in
+one small corner of the field. We may fairly reckon that what<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_068" id="page_068"></a>{68}</span> happened
+in the case of the Austin Friars at York happened to many another house
+situated like it, in a populous centre, and thus enjoying good
+opportunities for acquiring books.”<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a></p>
+
+<p>But the loss may be&mdash;and has been&mdash;exaggerated. In some instances a good
+part of a library was preserved. The Prior of Lanthony, a house in the
+outskirts of Gloucester, saved the books of his little community. From
+him they passed into the hands of one Theyer; later, possibly through
+Archbishop Bancroft, they found an ultimate resting-place in Lambeth
+Palace. During this interval many of them were perhaps lost or sold, but
+to-day some one hundred and thirty are known certainly to have come from
+Lanthony, or may be credited to that place on reasonably safe
+evidence.<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a></p>
+
+<p>Then again Henry’s myrmidons&mdash;to use the classic word&mdash;would be unlikely
+to carry their vandalism too far. To do so, in view of the great value
+of books, would bring them no profit. Knowing their character, may we
+not reasonably assume that they sold as many books as they could to make
+illicit gains?<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> Sometimes they fell in love with their finds, as was
+natural. “Please it you to understand,” writes Thomas Bedyll, one of
+Henry VIII’s commissioners, “that in the reding of the muniments and
+charters of the house of Ramesey, I found a charter of King Edgar,
+writen in a very antiq Romane hand, hard to be red at the first sight,
+and light inowghe after that a man found out vj or vij words and after
+compar letter to letter. I am suer ye wold delight to see the same for
+the straingnes and antiquite thereof.... I have seen also there a
+chartor of King Edward writen affor the Conquest.”<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_069" id="page_069"></a>{69}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_12" id="PLT_12"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_109_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_109_sml.jpg" width="177" height="272" alt="PLATE XII
+
+“WESTMINSTER” ILLUMINATION
+
+THIRTEENTH CENTURY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XII<br />
+
+“WESTMINSTER” ILLUMINATION<br />
+
+<small>THIRTEENTH CENTURY</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>John Leland was one of those who saved books. Already he had been
+commissioned to examine the libraries of cathedrals, abbeys, priories,
+colleges, and other places wherein the records of antiquity were kept,
+when, observing with dismay the threatened loss of monastic treasures,
+he asked Cromwell to extend the commission to collecting books for the
+king’s library. The Germans, he says, perceiving our “desidiousness” and
+negligence, were daily sending young scholars hither, who spoiled the
+books, and cut them out of libraries, and returned home and put them
+abroad as monuments of their own country.<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p>
+
+<p>His request was granted in part, and he tells us he sent to London for
+the royal library the choicest volumes in St. Augustine’s Abbey; but
+very few of these books now remain.<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> He had, he said, “conservid
+many good autors, the which otherwise had beene like to have perischid
+to no smaul incommodite of good letters, of the whiche parte remayne yn
+the moste magnificent libraries of yowr royal Palacis. Parte also
+remayne yn my custodye. Wherby I truste right shortely so to describe
+your most noble reaulme, and to publische the Majeste and the excellent
+actes of yowr progenitors.”<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a></p>
+
+<p>Robert Talbot, rector of Haversham, Berkshire (<i>d.</i> 1558), collected
+monastic manuscripts: the choicest of them he left to New College. A
+portreeve of Ipswich, named William Smart, came into possession of some
+hundred volumes from Bury Abbey library. In 1599 he gave them to
+Pembroke College, where they are now.<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> John Twyne, (<i>d.</i> 1581),
+schoolmaster and mayor of Canterbury, certainly once owned the
+fifteenth-century catalogue of the St. Augustine’s Abbey library, and
+seems to have possessed many manuscripts. Both catalogue and manuscripts
+were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_070" id="page_070"></a>{70}</span> transferred to Dr. John Dee, the famous alchemist. The catalogue,
+with some other books belonging to the doctor, got to the library of
+Trinity College, Dublin. But the manuscripts passed into the hands of
+Brian Twyne, John’s grandson, who bequeathed them to Corpus Christi
+College, Oxford; they are still there.<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> John Stow, whose gatherings
+form part of the Harleian collection, saved some books which once
+reposed in claustral aumbries, mainly owing to the protection and help
+of Archbishop Parker.</p>
+
+<p>Archbishop Parker himself was assiduous in garnering books. “I have
+within my house, in wages,” he writes to Lord Burleigh, in 1573,
+“drawers and cutters, painters, limners, writers and bookbinders.”
+Again, “I toy out my time, partly with copying of books.” He made a
+strenuous endeavour to recover as many of the monks’ books as possible,
+using money and influence to this end; and accumulated an unusually
+large library, quite priceless in character.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> Most of his choice
+books were presented to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and
+twenty-five of them to Cambridge University Library (1574). Dr. Montagu
+James, the leading authority on the provenance of Western manuscripts,
+has discovered or made suggestions as to the origin of nearly two
+hundred out of about three hundred and eighty.<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> Forty-seven are
+traced to Christ Church, Canterbury; twenty-six to St. Augustine’s
+Abbey. Later Dr. James extended his work to identifying the manuscripts
+which were once in the Canterbury abbeys and in the priory of St. Martin
+at Dover. From the fragmentary Christ Church catalogue of 1170, Dr.
+James has identified two, and possibly six, manuscripts; from Henry
+Eastry’s catalogue (14 cent.) of Christ Church books, he has identified<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_071" id="page_071"></a>{71}</span>
+either certainly or with much probability about one hundred and eighty;
+from the catalogue of St. Augustine’s Abbey library (<i>c.</i> 1497) over one
+hundred and seventy-five; as well as twenty from the Dover catalogue
+(1389). In addition, Dr. James has identified about one hundred and
+fifty manuscripts still extant which are certainly or probably
+attributable to Christ Church monastic library, but which are not in the
+catalogues handed down to us; and over sixty which are likewise
+attributable to St. Augustine’s monastery.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> There are therefore
+about five hundred and seventy Canterbury manuscripts now remaining to
+us.</p>
+
+<p>By making a similarly thorough investigation Dr. James has traced about
+three hundred and twenty-two manuscripts from Bury St. Edmunds.<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> Of
+the Westminster Abbey manuscripts it is difficult to say how many are
+extant, as the common medieval press marks are absent from the books of
+this house. But the presence of eleven manuscripts in the British
+Museum; two in Lambeth Palace; one at Sion College; three at the
+Bodleian, and five more in Oxford colleges; two at the Cambridge
+University Library, and two more in the colleges there; one at the
+Chetham Library, Manchester; and two at Trinity College, Dublin, well
+illustrate how the monastic books have been scattered since the
+Dissolution.<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> To these special examinations Dr. James has gradually
+added vastly to our knowledge of the provenance of manuscripts by his
+masterly series of catalogues of the ancient treasures of the Cambridge
+colleges, and he has proved to us that a considerable number of monastic
+books still survive.<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> Much more work of the same kind remains to be
+done; other labourers are<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_072" id="page_072"></a>{72}</span> needed; but the men of parts who are able and
+content to labour at a task without remuneration and with small thanks
+are few and far between; while fewer still are the publishers who can be
+persuaded to produce the results of these researches.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_073" id="page_073"></a>{73}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<br /><br />
+BOOK-MAKING AND COLLECTING IN THE RELIGIOUS HOUSES</h2>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“For if hevene be on this erthe . and ese to any soule,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">It is in cloistere or in scole . be many skilles I fynde;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">For in cloistre cometh no man . to chide ne to fighte,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">But alle is buxomnesse there and bokes . to rede and to lerne.”<br /></span>
+<span class="i12"><i>Piers Plowman</i>, B. x. 300<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<h3>§I</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">B</span>EFORE leaving the subject of monastic libraries, it is desirable to say
+something about their economy.</p>
+
+<p>They were built up partly by importing books, partly by bequests from
+wealthy ecclesiastics, but largely&mdash;and in some cases wholly&mdash;by the
+labours of scribes. The scene of the scribe’s craft was the scriptorium
+or writing-room, which was usually a screened-off portion of the
+cloister, or a room beside the church and below the library, as at St.
+Gall, or a chamber over the chapter-house, as at St. Albans under Abbot
+Paul, at Cockersand Abbey and Birkenhead Priory. As a rule the monk was
+not allowed to write outside the scriptorium, although in some houses he
+could read elsewhere&mdash;as at Durham, where a desk to support books was
+fitted in the window of each dormitory cubicle. But brothers whose work
+was highly valued were allowed a small writing-room or scriptoriolum.
+Nicholas, Bernard’s secretary, had a room on the right of the cloister
+with its<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_074" id="page_074"></a>{74}</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_116_lg.png">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_116_sml.png" width="387" height="259" alt="PLAN OF SCRIPTORIUM, BIRKENHEAD PRIORY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLAN OF SCRIPTORIUM, BIRKENHEAD PRIORY</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_075" id="page_075"></a>{75}</span></p>
+
+<p class="nind">door opening
+into the novices’ room&mdash;a cell, he says, “not to be despised; for it is
+... pleasant to look upon, and comfortable for retirement. It is filled
+with most choice and divine books ... is assigned to me for reading, and
+writing, and composing, and meditating, and praying, and adoring the
+Lord of Majesty.”<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> Perhaps Nicholas’s room was like that shown in
+one manuscript, where we see a monk seated on a stool before a
+reading-stand of odd shape. The table, which is the top of a hexagonal
+receptacle for parchment and writing materials, or books, can be moved
+up and down on the screw. Above the screw is a bookrest; at the foot a
+pedestal, with the ink-bottle upon it. Apparently the room also contains
+cupboards for storing books. Nicholas, however, was favoured, for in the
+same passage he refers to the older monks reading the “books of divine
+eloquence in the cloister.” In Cistercian monasteries certain monks were
+so favoured, although they were not allowed to use their studies during
+the time the monks were supposed to be in the cloister.<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> At Oxford,
+after mid-fourteenth century, every student friar had set apart for him
+a place fitted with a combined desk and bookcase, or studium, of the
+kind commonly depicted in medieval illuminations. Grants of timber for
+making these studia are recorded: to the Black Friars of Oxford, for
+example, of seven oaks to repair their studies.<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a></p>
+
+<p>The arrangements in the cloister are carefully described in the Durham
+Rites. At Durham “in the north syde of the cloister, from the corner
+over against the church dour to the corner over againste the Dortor
+dour, was all fynely glased, from the hight to the sole within a litle<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_076" id="page_076"></a>{76}</span>
+of the grownd into the cloister garth. And in every wyndowe iij pewes or
+carrells, where every one of the old Monks had his carrell, severall by
+himselfe, that, when they had dyned, they dyd resorte to that place of
+Cloister and there studyed upon there books, every one in his carrell,
+all the after nonne, unto evensong time. This was there exercise every
+daie. All there pewes or carrells was all fynely wainscotted and verie
+close, all but the forepart, which had carved wourke that gave light in
+at ther carrell doures of wainscott. And in every carrell was a deske to
+lye there books on. And the carrells was no greater then from one
+stanchell of the wyndowe to another.”<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> There were carrells at
+Evesham in the fourteenth century.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> In 1485 Prior Selling
+constructed in the south walk at Christ Church, Canterbury, “the new
+framed contrivances called carrells” for the comfort of the monks at
+study.<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> Such recesses are to be found at Worcester and Gloucester;
+remains of some exist at the south end of the west walk of the cloisters
+at Chester, and others were in the destroyed south walk.<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> At
+Gloucester Cathedral, which was formerly the Benedictine Abbey of St.
+Peter, are twenty beautiful carrells in the south cloister. They project
+below the ten main windows, two in each, and are arched, with
+battlemented tops or cornices. Except for the small double window which
+lights them, they look like recesses for statuary.</p>
+
+<p>The Carthusian Rule records that few monks of the order could not
+write.<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> But this was by no means invariably the case. In early
+monastic times writing was usually the occupation of the weaker
+brethren: for example,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_077" id="page_077"></a>{77}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_13" id="PLT_13"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_119_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_119_sml.jpg" width="233" height="320" alt="PLATE XIII
+
+THE CLOISTERS, GLOUCESTER, SHEWING CARRELLS" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XIII<br />
+
+THE CLOISTERS, GLOUCESTER, SHEWING CARRELLS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_078" id="page_078"></a>{78}</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_121_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_121_sml.jpg" width="241" height="372" alt="ANCIENT STALL, OR CARRELL, IN BISHOPS CANNINGS CHURCH,
+WILTS" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">ANCIENT STALL, OR CARRELL, IN BISHOPS CANNINGS CHURCH,
+WILTS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ferreolus, in his rules (<i>c</i>. 550), deems reading and copying fit
+occupations for monks too weak for severer work.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> Later, in some
+monasteries, less labour in the field and more writing was done. At
+Tours, Alcuin took the monks away from field labour, telling them study
+and writing were far nobler pursuits.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> But it was not commonly the
+case to find in monasteries “ech man a scriveyn able.”</p>
+
+<p>When books were not otherwise obtainable, or not obtainable quickly
+enough, it was the practice to hire scribes from outside the house.
+Abbot Gerbert, in a letter to the abbot of Tours, mentions that he had
+been paying scribes in Rome and various parts of Italy, in Belgium, and
+Germany, to make copies of books for his library “at great
+expense.”<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> At Abingdon hired scribes were sometimes employed, and
+the rule was for the abbot to find the food, and the armarius, or
+librarian, to pay for the labour.<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> This was commonly done when
+libraries were first formed. When Abbot Paul began to collect a library
+at St. Albans none of his brethren could write well enough to suit him,
+and he was obliged to fill his writing-room with hired scribes. He
+supplied them with daily rations out of the brethren’s and cellarer’s
+alms-food; such provision was always handy, and the scribes were not
+retarded by leaving their work.<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> Sometimes scribes were employed
+merely to save the monks trouble. At Corbie, in the fourteenth century,
+the religious neglected to work in the writing-room themselves, but
+allowed benefactors to engage professional scribes in Paris to swell the
+number of books. The Gilbertine order forbade hired scribes altogether,
+perhaps wisely.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_079" id="page_079"></a>{79}</span></p>
+
+<p>The scribe’s method of work was simple. First he took a metal stylus or
+a pencil and drew perpendicular lines in the side margins of his
+parchment, and horizontal lines at equal distances from top to bottom of
+the page. Then the task of copying was straightforward. If the book was
+to be embellished he left spaces for the illuminator to fill in. When
+the illuminator took the book over, he carefully sketched in his designs
+for the capitals and miniatures, and then worked over them in colour,
+applying one colour to a number of sketches at a time. Anybody who is
+curious as to medieval methods of illuminating should read a little
+fifteenth-century treatise which describes “the crafte of lymnynge of
+bokys.” “Who so kane wyesly considere the nature of his colours, and
+kyndely make his commixtions with naturalle proporcions, and mentalle
+indagacions connectynge fro dyvers recepcions by resone of theyre
+naturys, he schalle make curius colourys.” Thereafter follow recipes to
+“temper vermelone to wryte therewith”; “to temper asure, roset, ceruse,
+rede lede,” and other pigments; “to make asure to schyne bryȝt,” “to
+make letterys of gold,” “blewe lethyre,” and “whyte lethyre”; with other
+curious information.<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p>
+
+<p>In monasteries where the rule was strict the scribe wrought at his task
+for six hours daily.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> All work was done by daylight, artificial
+light not being allowed. Lewis, a monk of Wessobrunn in Bavaria, in a
+copy of Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel, speaks of writing when he was
+stiff with cold, and of finishing by the light of night what he could
+not copy by day.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> Such diligence was not usual.</p>
+
+<p>In summer-time work in the cloister may well have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_080" id="page_080"></a>{80}</span> been pleasant; in
+winter quite the contrary, even when the cloister and carrells were
+screened, as at Durham and Christ Church, Canterbury. Imagine the poor
+scribe rubbing his hands to restore the sluggish circulation, and being
+at last compelled to forgo his labour because they were too numbed to
+write. Cuthbert, the eighth-century abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow,
+writes to a correspondent telling him he had not been able to send all
+Bede’s works which were required, because the cold weather of the
+preceding winter had paralysed the scribes’ hands.<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> Again, Ordericus
+Vitalis winds up the fourth book of his ecclesiastical history by
+saying&mdash;<i>nunc hyemali frigore rigens</i>&mdash;he must break his narrative here,
+and take up other occupations for the winter.<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> Jacob, abbot of
+Brabant (1276), built scriptoria, or possibly carrells, round the
+calefactory, or warming-room, where the common fire was kept burning,
+and the lot of the scribe was made somewhat easier to bear.</p>
+
+<p>A scribe could only write what the abbot or precentor set him. When his
+portion had been given out he could not change it for another.<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> If
+he were set to copy Virgil or Ovid or some lives of the saints the task
+would conceivably be pleasant. But such was seldom the scribe’s fortune.
+The continual transcription of Psalters and Missals and other service
+books must have been infinitely wearisome, at any rate, to the less
+devout members of the community. In some large and enterprising houses a
+scribe copied only a fragment of a book. Several brethren worked upon
+the same book at once, each beginning upon a skin at the point where
+another scribe was to leave off.<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> Or the book to be transcribed was
+dictated to the scribes, as at Tours under Alcuin. Both methods had the
+advantage of “publishing” a book quickly, but the work was as<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_081" id="page_081"></a>{81}</span>
+mechanical as is that of the compositor to-day. Under Abbot Trithemius
+of Sponheim, subdivision of labour was carried to its extreme limit. One
+monk cut the parchment, another polished it, the third ruled the lines
+to guide the scribe. After the scribe had finished his copying, another
+monk corrected, still another punctuated. In decorating, one artist
+rubricated, another painted the miniatures. Then the bookbinder collated
+the leaves and bound them in wooden covers. Even in the case of waxed
+tablets, one monk prepared the boards, another spread the wax. The whole
+process was designed to expedite production.</p>
+
+<p>When a manuscript was fully written the scribe wrote his colophon or
+“explicit,” a short form of the phrase “explicitus est liber.” Sometimes
+the scribe plays upon words, thus: “Explicit iste liber; sit scriptor
+crimine liber”; or he exultantly praises: “Deo gratias. Ego, in Dei
+nomine, Warembertus scripsi. Deo gratias”; or he is modest: “Nomen
+scriptoris non pono, quia ipsum laudare nolo”;<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> or he feels
+querulous: “Be careful with your fingers; don’t put them on my writing.
+You do not know what it is to write. It is excessive drudgery: it crooks
+your back, dims your sight, twists your stomach and sides. Pray then, my
+brother, you who read this book, pray for poor Raoul, God’s servant, who
+has copied it entirely with his own hand in the cloister of St. Aignan.”
+Another inscription, in a manuscript at Worcester Cathedral, suggests
+that books were not read: why, argues this monk, write them?&mdash;nobody is
+profited; books are for the edification of readers, not of scribes. Note
+also the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Finito libro sit laus et gloria Christo<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Vinum scriptori debetur de meliori<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Hic liber est scriptus qui scripsit sit benedictus. Amen.<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_082" id="page_082"></a>{82}</span></p>
+
+<p>And this:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">Here endþ þe firste boke of all maner sores þe<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">whyche fallen moste commune and withe þe grace of gode I<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">will writte þe ij Boke þe whyche ys cleped the Antitodarie<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Explicit quod scripcit Thomas Rosse.<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>To a poor Raoul of mechanical ability the rule of silence must have been
+very irksome; the student would be grateful for it. Alcuin forbade
+gossip to prevent mistakes in copying. Among the Cluniacs the rule was
+strictly enforced in the church, refectory, cloister, and dormitory. A
+chapter of the Cistercian order (1134) enjoined silence in all rooms
+where the brethren were in the habit of writing.<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> The better to
+maintain silence nobody was permitted to enter the scriptorium save the
+abbot, the prior and sub-prior, and the precentor. When necessary it was
+permissible to speak in a low voice in the ear. But among the Cluniacs
+whispering was avoided as far as possible. Watch the monks communicating
+with the librarian. One wants a Missal, and he pretends, as the children
+say, to turn over leaves, thereby making the general sign for a book;
+then he makes the sign of the Cross to indicate that he wants a Missal
+book. Another wants the Gospels, and he makes the sign of the Cross on
+the forehead. This brother wants a pagan book, and, after making the
+general sign, he scratches his ear with his finger as an itching dog
+would with his feet; infidel writers were not unfairly compared with
+such creatures.<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> If such sign-language were really maintained, it
+must have been extensively supplemented as the library grew in size, for
+although striking the thumb and little<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_083" id="page_083"></a>{83}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_14" id="PLT_14"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_127_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_127_sml.jpg" width="241" height="312" alt="PLATE XIV
+
+A SCRIBE AND HIS TOOLS" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XIV<br />
+
+A SCRIBE AND HIS TOOLS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">finger together would describe an Antiphonary, or making the sign of the
+Cross and kissing the finger would indicate a Gradual, yet some
+additions to the signs for a pagan book and a tract were necessary to
+signify what particular tract or book was wanted. But probably if this
+rule was observed at all&mdash;and we do not think it likely&mdash;the signs were
+used only for church books, and most often in church. In nearly every
+monastery the rule of silence was made. In the Brigittine house of Syon
+“silence after some convenience is to be kepte in the lybrary, whyls any
+suster is there alone in recordyng of her redynge.”<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> But it was at
+all times difficult to enforce, as the monks, in experience and habits,
+were but children.</p>
+
+<p>For notes, exercises, brief letters, bills, first drafts, daily services
+of the church, the names of officiating brethren,&mdash;for all temporary
+purposes waxed tablets were used. They were in common use from classic
+times: some Greek and many Latin tablets are still preserved;<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> they
+were much used in ancient Ireland, as we have seen; and they continued
+to be of service until the late Middle Ages. Anselm habitually wrote his
+first drafts upon them. At St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, the monks
+were supplied with tablets, for a novice’s outfit included, after
+profession, a stylus, tablets, and a knife.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> The writing was
+scratched on the wax with a stylus, a sharp instrument of bone or metal.
+The other end of it was usually flattened for pressing out an incorrect
+letter; among the Romans the term “vetere stylum” became common in the
+sense of correcting a work.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_084" id="page_084"></a>{84}</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_130_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_130_sml.jpg" width="186" height="233" alt="TABLET CASE AND WAXED TABLET" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">TABLET CASE AND WAXED TABLET</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>For all permanent purposes “bōc-fel,” or book-skin, was used; either
+vellum or “parchëmyn smothe, whyte and scribable.” Vellum and parchment
+were interchangeable terms in medieval times; but parchment was commonly
+used. In early monastic days it was prepared by the monks themselves,
+being rubbed smooth with pumice-stone; later it was bought from
+manufacturers ready-made. It was not so expensive as vellum: the average
+price being two shillings per dozen skins as compared with eight
+shillings per dozen skins of vellum. For a Bible presented to Bury St.
+Edmunds Abbey, finest Irish (or Scottish) vellum was procured (<i>c.</i>
+1121-48). This special material was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_085" id="page_085"></a>{85}</span> used for the paintings, which seem
+to have been pasted down on the leaves of inferior vellum. This
+manuscript is now in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a></p>
+
+<p>The pens used for writing were either made of reeds (<i>calami</i>) or of
+quills (<i>pennae</i>). The quill was introduced after the reed, and largely,
+though not entirely, superseded it. Other implements of the expert
+scribe were a pencil, compasses, scissors, an awl, a knife for erasures,
+a ruler, and a weight to keep down the vellum.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous passages might be dug out of old records warning scribes
+against errors in transcribing. Ælfric, in the preface to his homilies,
+adjures the copyist, by our Lord Jesus Christ and by His glorious
+coming, to transcribe correctly. Chaucer, in a well-known verse,
+expresses his wish that Adam the scrivener shall copy <i>Boëthius</i> and
+<i>Troilus</i> “trewe” and not write it “newe.”<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> In copying, however,
+especially when it is mechanically done, it is almost as difficult to
+write “trewe” as it is to write “newe”: the imp of the perverse makes
+his home at the elbow of the scribe, ever ready to profit by drowsiness
+or trifling inattention. But, as a rule, monkish scribes were
+exceedingly careful, and their work was invariably corrected by another
+hand. More than this: they endeavoured to get accurate texts to copy.
+Lanfranc’s care in this respect, and the Grey Friars’ work in compiling
+<i>correctoria</i>, have already been noted. Reculfus expected his clergy to
+have books corrected and pointed by those in the “holy mother church”;
+Adam de Marisco sent a manuscript to be corrected in Paris, begging to
+have it back as soon as done;<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> and Servatus Lupus, the great abbot
+of Ferrières, frequently borrowed from his friends books which he might
+collate with his own copies, and rectify errors and insert
+omissions.<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_086" id="page_086"></a>{86}</span></p>
+
+<p>Before work could be started in the writing-room, books for copying had
+to be obtained. Usually a few books were bought or borrowed; then
+several copies were made of each, the superfluous volumes being sold or
+exchanged for fresh manuscripts to transcribe. Benedict Biscop, as we
+have seen, obtained his books from Rome and Vienne. Cuthwin, bishop of
+the East Angles (<i>c.</i> 750) was of those who went to Rome, and brought
+back with him a life of St. Paul, “full of pictures.” Herbert “Losinga,”
+abbot of Ramsey and afterwards bishop of Norwich, was a zealous
+book-collector;&mdash;asks for a Josephus on loan from a brother abbot, a
+request not granted because the binding needed repair; and sends abroad
+for a copy of Suetonius. Robert Grosseteste got a rare book, Basil’s
+<i>Hexaemeron</i>, from Bury St. Edmunds in exchange for a MS. of
+<i>Postillae</i>.<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> At Ely, in the fourteenth century, when the scribes
+there were very active, the precentor was always on the look-out for
+“copy.” On one occasion he was paid 6s. 7d. for going to Balsham to
+inquire for books (1329).<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> Abbot Henry of Hyde Abbey exchanged a
+volume containing Terence, Boëthius, Suetonius, and Claudian for four
+Missals, the <i>Legend of St. Christopher</i>, and Gregory’s <i>Pastoral
+Care</i>.<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> On one occasion Adam de Marisco tries to get from a brother
+of Nottingham the <i>Moralia</i> of St. Gregory, and Rabanus Maurus. He sends
+from Oxford to an abbot at Vercelli an exposition of the Angelic
+Salutation, and begs for the abbot’s writings in exchange.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> Adam had
+studied at Vercelli,<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a>&mdash;a new Italian centre with a close English
+connexion. About 1217 Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, afterwards bishop of
+Vercelli, was granted the church of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_087" id="page_087"></a>{87}</span> Chesterton, near Cambridge, and
+when he died ten years later he left all his estate, including the
+church, and a number of books which had been collected at Chesterton or
+in England, to Vercelli Abbey. Among the gifts were two service books in
+English, and the famous Codex Vercellensis, which is only less valuable
+than the Exeter Book as a first source of Anglo-Saxon poetry. The
+Vercelli Book is in Italy to this day.<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a></p>
+
+<p>In some abbeys the purchase of books, and the copying of them for sale,
+became just as much a business as the manufacture of Chartreuse. In 1446
+Exeter College, Oxford, paid ten shillings and a penny for twelve quires
+and two skins of parchment bought at Abingdon to send to the monastery
+of Plympton in Devonshire, where a book was being written for the
+College.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> A part&mdash;and by no means a negligible part&mdash;of the income
+of Carthusian houses came from copying books. Two continental abbots,
+Abbot Gerbert of Bobio and Servatus Lupus of Ferrières, were book-makers
+and sellers on a commercial scale. Lupus, in particular, betrays the
+commercial spirit by refusing to give more than he was obliged in return
+for what he received. He will not send a book to a monk at Sens because
+his messenger must go afoot and the way was perilous: let us hope he
+thought more of the messenger than of the manuscript. On another
+occasion he refuses to lend a book because it is too large to be hidden
+in the vest or wallet, and, besides, its beauty might tempt robbers to
+steal it. These were good excuses to cover his general unwillingness to
+lend. For the loan of one manuscript he<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_088" id="page_088"></a>{88}</span> was so bothered that he thought
+of putting it away in a secure place, lest he should lose it
+altogether.<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p>
+
+<p>As a rule the expenses of the writing-room formed a part of the general
+expenses of the house, but sometimes particular portions of the monastic
+income and endowments were available to meet them. To St. Albans certain
+tithes were assigned by a Norman leader for making books (<i>c.</i>
+1080).<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> The precentor of Abingdon obtained tithes worth thirty
+shillings for buying parchment.<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury,
+got three marks from the rentals of Milton Church for making books
+(1144).<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> The monks of Ely (1160), of Westminster (<i>c.</i> 1159), of the
+cathedral convent of St. Swithin’s, Winchester (1171), of Bury St.
+Edmunds, and of Whitby, received tithes and rents for a like
+purpose.<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> The prior of Evesham received the tithes of Bengworth to
+pay for parchment and for the maintenance of scribes; while the
+precentor was to receive five shillings annually from the manor of
+Hampton, and ten shillings and eightpence from the tithes of Stoke and
+Alcester for buying ink, colours for illuminating, and what was
+necessary for binding books and the necessaries for the organ.<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a></p>
+
+<p>In some houses a rate was levied for the support of the scriptorium, but
+we have not met with any instance of this practice in English
+monasteries. At the great Benedictine Abbey of Fleury a rate was levied
+in 1103 on the officers and dependent priories for the support of the
+library; forty-three years later it was extended, and it remained in
+force<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_089" id="page_089"></a>{89}</span> until 1562.<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> Besides this impost every student in the abbey
+was bound to give two books to the library. At Corbie, in Picardy, a
+rate was levied to pay the salary of the librarian, and to cover part of
+the cost of bookbinding. Here also each novice, on the day of his
+profession, had to present a book to the library; at Corvey, in Northern
+Germany, the same rule was observed at the end of the eleventh century.
+As all the monasteries of an order were conducted much on the same
+lines, it is difficult to believe that similar rates were not levied by
+some of the larger houses in England.</p>
+
+<p>The libraries were also augmented by gifts and bequests, as well as by
+purchase and by transcription in the scriptorium. In most abbeys it was
+customary for the brethren to give or bequeath their books to their
+house. A long list of such benefactors to Ramsey Abbey is extant, and
+one of the brothers, Walter de Lilleford, prior of St. Ives, gave what
+was in those days a considerable library in itself.<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> Much longer
+still are the lists of presents given to Christ Church and St.
+Augustine’s, Canterbury. Dr. James has indexed nearly two hundred donors
+to Christ Church alone. In most cases the gifts are of one or a few
+books, but occasionally collections of respectable size were received,
+as when T. Sturey, senior, enriched the library with nearly sixty books,
+when Thomas à Becket left over seventy, and when Prior Henry Eastry left
+eighty volumes at his death. As many or more donors to St. Augustine’s
+are indexed. Here also some of the donations were fairly large: for
+example, Henry Belham and Henry Cokeryng gave nineteen books each, a
+prior twenty-seven, a certain John of London eighty-two, J. Mankael
+thirty-nine, Abbot Nicholaus sixteen, Michael de Northgate twenty-four,
+Abbot Poucyn sixteen,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_090" id="page_090"></a>{90}</span> J. Preston twenty-three, a certain Abbot Thomas
+over a hundred, and T. Wyvelesberghe thirty-one. Some sixty persons are
+also indexed as donors to St. Martin’s Priory, Dover.<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a></p>
+
+<p>William de Carilef, bishop of Durham, endowed his church with books and
+bequeathed some more at his death (1095). John, bishop of Bath,
+bequeathed to the abbey church his whole library and his decorated
+copies of the Gospels (1160). Another bishop of Durham, Hugh Pudsey,
+bequeathed many books to his church (1195). Thomas de Marleberge (<i>d.</i>
+1236), when he became prior of Evesham, gave a large collection of books
+in law, medicine, philosophy, poetry, theology, and grammar.<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> Simon
+Langham bequeathed seven chests of books to Westminster Abbey
+(1376).<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> William Slade (<i>d.</i> 1384) left to the Abbey of Buckfast, of
+which he was abbot, thirteen books of his own writing.<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> Cardinal
+Adam Easton (<i>d.</i> 1397) sent from Rome “six barrells of books” to his
+convent of Norwich, where he had been a monk.<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> One of these books, a
+fourteenth-century manuscript in an Italian hand, is now preserved in
+the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge: the inscription
+attesting this reads&mdash;“Liber ecclesie norwycen per magistrum Adam de
+Eston monachum dicti loci.” Nor did the poor priest forget to add his
+mite to the general hoard: “I beqweth to the monastery of Seynt Edmund
+forseid,” willed a priest named Place, “my book of the dowtes of Holy
+Scryptur, to ly and remayn in the cloister of the seid monastery as long
+as yt wyll ther indure.”<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> Such gifts were always highly valued, and
+in Lent the librarian was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_091" id="page_091"></a>{91}</span> expected to remind the brethren of those who
+had given books, and to request that a mass should be said for
+them.<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ II</h3>
+
+<p>Some miniatures in early manuscripts give us a good idea of the way
+books were stored in the Middle Ages. They are shown lying flat on
+sloping shelves which extend part-way round the room. Curtains are
+occasionally shown hanging in front of the shelves to protect the books
+from dust. Or a sloping shelf was fitted to serve as a readingdesk, and
+a second flat shelf ran beneath it to take books lying on their sides
+one above the other. In several miniatures lecterns of very curious
+design are often depicted; some of them stood on a cupboard or cupboards
+wherein books were stowed away.</p>
+
+<p>In the monasteries books were stored in various places,&mdash;in chests,
+cupboards, or recesses in the wall. When the collection was small, a
+chest served; a receptacle of this kind is illustrated at p. 50.
+Cassiodorus had the books of his monastery stored in presses, or
+armaria. The manuscripts of Abbot Simon of St. Albans were preserved in
+“the painted aumbry in the church.” An aumbry was a recess in the wall
+well lined inside with wood so that the damp of the masonry should not
+spoil the books. It was divided vertically and horizontally by shelves
+in such a way that it was possible to arrange the books separately one
+from another, and so to avoid injury from close packing, and delay in
+consulting them.<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> The same term was applied to a detached closet or
+cupboard. At Durham the monks distributed their books&mdash;keeping some in
+the spendimentum or cancellary, some near the refectory, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_092" id="page_092"></a>{92}</span> the bulk
+in the cloister. Two classes of books were in the cancellary: one stored
+in a large closet with folding doors, called an armariolum, and used by
+all the monks; the other kept in an inner room, and apparently reserved
+for special uses. The books assigned to the reader in the refectory were
+stored by the doorway leading to the infirmary, and not in the refectory
+itself, as we should expect: maybe this arrangement was exceptional, and
+was adopted for special reasons of convenience. Probably two places were
+reserved for books in the cloister. One case or chest contained the
+books of the novices, whose place of study was in that part of the
+cloister facing the treasury. The main store was on the north side of
+the cloister. “And over against the carrells against the church wall did
+stande sertaine great almeries of waynscott all full of bookes, wherein
+dyd lye as well the old auncyent written Doctors of the church as other
+prophane authors, with dyverse other holie mens wourks, so that every
+one dyd studye what Doctor pleased them best, havinge the librarie at
+all tymes to goe studie in besydes there carrells.”<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> Dr. J. W.
+Clark, the leading authority on early library fittings, has tried to
+show, from evidences of a similar arrangement at Westminster, that this
+part of the cloister formed a long room, with glazed windows and
+carrells on the one hand, bookcases on the other, and screens at each
+end shutting off the library and writing-place from the rest of the
+cloister.<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a></p>
+
+<p>Along the south wall of the cloister at Chester is a series of recesses
+which are believed to have been used for bookcases. Two recesses for
+aumbries are still to be seen in the cloister at Worcester: it is
+recorded that one book,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_093" id="page_093"></a>{93}</span> the <i>Speculum Spiritualium</i>, was to be
+delivered “to ye cloyster awmery.” At Beaulieu the arched recesses in
+the south wall of the church may have been put to a similar use. These
+recesses are shown on the plan here reproduced; so also is the common
+aumbry in the wall of the south transept.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_139_lg.png">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_139_sml.png" width="238" height="252" alt="PLAN SHOWING DISPOSITION OF BOOKS IN CISTERCIAN HOUSES" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLAN SHOWING DISPOSITION OF BOOKS IN CISTERCIAN HOUSES</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In large continental houses a bookroom was sometimes needed very early.
+One of the monasteries of Cassiodorus included a special room for the
+library, with at least nine<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_094" id="page_094"></a>{94}</span> presses in it.<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> At St. Gall, a special
+bookroom was planned, if not actually built, as early as the ninth
+century. According to the old drawing still preserved at St. Gall, this
+room was to be on the north side of the presbytery, symmetrically with
+the sacristy on the south side. It was in two stories. The ground floor
+was to be arranged as a writing-room,&mdash;<i>infra sedes scribentium</i>,&mdash;the
+furniture being a large table in the centre, and seven writing-desks
+against the walls. The upper story was the library.<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> In England we
+hear of bookrooms oftenest in the fifteenth century, They were a usual
+feature in later Cistercian houses. The plan just given shows the
+position of this room between the church and the chapter-house, and not
+far from the common claustral aumbry. At Whalley Abbey, also a
+Cistercian house, there was evidently a separate library room, because
+an inventory of the house’s goods taken in 1537 refers to the “litle
+Revestry next unto the lebrary.”<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> Kirkstall and Furness also had
+bookrooms. On each side of the massive arch of the Chapter House at
+Furness Abbey is a similar arch leading to a small square room, most
+likely used for books. The illustrations facing this show the position
+of these rooms on either side of the Chapter House doorway. An extant
+catalogue of another Cistercian house, that of Meaux in Yorkshire,
+clearly indicates the whereabouts of the conventual books. Some church
+books were before the great altar, others were in the choir, a few in
+the infirmary chapel, and in the common press and other presses of the
+church. The bulk of them was in the common aumbry, not apparently in the
+open cloister, but in a room off the cloister. Over the door, on a shelf
+or in a cupboard, were four Psalters; thirty-six books were on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_095" id="page_095"></a>{95}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_15" id="PLT_15"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_141a_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_141a_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE XV
+
+FURNESS ABBEY: CLOISTERS
+
+FURNESS ABBEY: CHAPTER-HOUSE. INTERIOR" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XV<br />
+
+FURNESS ABBEY: CLOISTERS</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_141b_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_141b_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE XV
+
+FURNESS ABBEY: CLOISTERS
+
+FURNESS ABBEY: CHAPTER-HOUSE. INTERIOR" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">FURNESS ABBEY: CHAPTER-HOUSE. INTERIOR</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">the top shelf on the other side of the room; the remainder, to the
+number of about 270, were on other shelves marked by letters of the
+alphabet.<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a></p>
+
+<p>At the Premonstratensian Abbey of Titchfield the books were stored in a
+small room, in four cases, each having eight shelves. We do not
+positively know that a separate room existed at the Benedictine house of
+Christ Church, Canterbury, before the fifteenth century, “yet,” as Dr.
+James says, “the form of Prior Eastry’s catalogue, with its division
+into Demonstrations and Distinctions, irresistibly suggests that the
+collection must in his time [1284-1331] have occupied a special room, of
+which the two Demonstrations represent the two sides. The Distinctions
+would be narrow vertical divisions of these, and each of them would have
+its numerous subdivisions into Gradus. As the best English equivalent of
+<i>Demonstratio</i> I would suggest the word ‘Display,’ which fairly gives
+the idea of a wall-surface covered with books; and I figure the building
+to myself as an enlarged example of those Cistercian bookrooms with
+which Dr. J. W. Clark’s researches have familiarized us. It would thus
+be no place for study, such as the later libraries were, but merely a
+storeroom whence books were fetched to be read at leisure in the
+cloister.”<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> Between 1414 and 1443 a library was built over the
+Prior’s Chapel by Archbishop Chichele: it was about sixty-two feet long
+on the north side, fifty-four on the south side, and twenty-two feet
+broad. This was the room which Prior Selling fitted up with wainscot,
+and put books in for the benefit of the studious.<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> At St.
+Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, there was a bookroom in 1340, for the
+manuscript of the <i>Ayenbite of Inwyt</i> contains a note that it belongs to
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_096" id="page_096"></a>{96}</span> “bochouse.”<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> The form of the catalogue of <i>c.</i> 1497 also
+suggests that a bookroom was then in use.</p>
+
+<p>At Gloucester a special room was built, probably in the fourteenth
+century. Durham apparently did without a room until early in the
+fifteenth century. “There ys a lybrarie in the south angle of the
+lantren, whiche is nowe above the clocke, standinge betwixt the
+Chapter-House and the Te Deum wyndowe, being well replenished with ould
+written Docters and other histories and ecclesiasticall writers.”<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a>
+To this room the books were transferred gradually from the cloister and
+chancellary: the words “in libraria,” or “Ponitur in libraria,” being
+written in the margin of the catalogue opposite to the book upon its
+removal.</p>
+
+<p>The Benedictine houses of Winchester, Worcester, Bury St. Edmunds,<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a>
+and St. Albans also had special bookrooms.</p>
+
+<p>For the safe keeping of the conventual books the precentor was
+responsible.<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> As he had charge of the armarium or press for storing
+books, he was also sometimes styled “armarius.” He was required to keep
+clean all the boys’ and novices’ presses and other receptacles for
+books; when necessary he was to have these fittings repaired. To provide
+coverings for the books; to see that they were marked with their proper
+titles; to arrange them on the shelves in suitable order, so that they
+might be quickly found, were all duties within his province.<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> He had
+to keep them in repair: in some houses he was expected to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_097" id="page_097"></a>{97}</span> examine all
+of them carefully several times a year, and to check, if possible, the
+ravages of bookworms and damp. If necessary, he could call in skilled
+labour to keep his library and books in order; but usually several
+brethren were trained in the necessary arts, as at Sponheim. The
+Abingdon regulations, which are in the usual form, forbade him to sell,
+give away, or pledge books. All the materials for the use of the scribes
+and the manuscripts for copying were to be provided by him.<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> He made
+the ink, and could dole it out not only to the brethren but to lay folk
+if they asked for it civilly.<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> He also controlled the work in the
+scriptorium: setting the scribes their tasks, preventing them from
+idling or talking; walking round the cloister when the bell sounded to
+collect the books which had been forgotten by careless monks.</p>
+
+<p>As a rule the monks so highly prized their books&mdash;saving them first, for
+example, in time of danger, as when the Lombards attacked Monte Cassino
+and the Huns St. Gall&mdash;that rules for the care of them would seem almost
+superfluous. Still, such rules were made. When reading, the monks of
+some houses were required to wrap handkerchiefs round the books, or to
+hold them with the sleeve of their robe. Coverings, perhaps washable,
+were put upon books much in use.<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> The Carthusian brethren were
+exhorted in their statutes to take all possible care to keep the books
+they were reading clean and free from dust.<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> Elsewhere we have
+referred to an “explicit” urging readers to have a care for the scribe’s
+writing: in another manuscript once belonging to Corbie, the kind reader
+is bidden to keep his fingers off the pages lest he should mar the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_098" id="page_098"></a>{98}</span>
+writing on them&mdash;a man who knows nothing of the scribe’s business cannot
+realize how heavy it is, for though only three fingers hold the pen, the
+whole body toils.<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ III</h3>
+
+<p>One of the precentor’s chief duties was to regulate lending books. At
+Abingdon he could only lend to outsiders upon a pledge of equal or
+greater value than the book required, and even so could only lend to
+churches near by and to persons of good standing. It was deemed
+preferable to confiscate the pledge than to proceed against a defaulting
+borrower. In some houses more than a pledge was demanded if the book
+were lent for transcription, the borrower being required to send a copy
+when he returned the manuscript. “Make haste to copy these quickly,”
+wrote St. Bernard’s secretary, “and send them to me; and, according to
+my bargain, cause a copy to be made for me. And both these which I have
+sent you, and the copies, as I have said, return them to me, and take
+care that I do not lose a single tittle.”<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> The extra copy was
+demanded, not so much for purposes of gain as to put a check upon
+borrowing, a practice which many abbots did not encourage, on account of
+the danger of loss. Books, like gloves, are soon lost. We can well
+understand how uncommonly easy it was to forget to return a coveted
+manuscript. To help borrowers to overcome the insidious temptation, the
+scribe sometimes wrote upon the manuscript the name of the monastery it
+belonged to, and threatened a defaulter with anathema. In some of the
+St. Albans’ books is the following note in Latin: “This book is St.
+Alban’s book: he who takes it from him or destroys the title be
+anathema.”<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_099" id="page_099"></a>{99}</span> The prior and convent of Rochester threatened to
+pronounce sentence of damnation on anyone who stole or hid the Latin
+translation of Aristotle’s <i>Physics</i>, or even obliterated the
+title.<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> Apparently no fate was too bad for the thief who took the
+Vulgate Bible: let him die the death; let him be frizzled in a pan; the
+falling sickness and fever should rage in him; he should be broken on
+the wheel and hanged; Amen.<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> Two curious notes are to be found in a
+manuscript of the works of Augustine and Ambrose in the Bodleian
+Library. “This book belongs to St. Mary of Robert’s Bridge: whoever
+steals it, or sells it, or takes it away from this house in any way, or
+injures it, let him be anathema-maranatha.” Underneath, another hand has
+written: “I, John, bishop of Exeter, do not know where the said house
+is: I did not steal this book, but got it lawfully.”<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> In a beautiful
+manuscript of Chaucer’s <i>Troilus</i>, not perhaps a conventual book, occurs
+the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“he that thys Boke rentt or stelle<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">God send hym sekenysse swart (?) of helle.”<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">All the same, losses were common. About 1290 William of Pershore, once a
+Benedictine monk, and at the time a Grey Friar, returned to his old
+order at Westminster, and took with him some books. A big dispute arose
+over this apostate, and one of the items of the subsequent settlement
+was that the Westminster monks should return the books.<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a></p>
+
+<p>A similar thing took place in Scotland (1331). A friar of Roxburgh
+forsook his grey habit for the Cistercian white by entering Kelso Abbey.
+He made his new associates<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_100" id="page_100"></a>{100}</span> envious with an account of the goods of the
+friaries at Roxburgh and Berwick. They persuaded him and two other
+apostate friars to rob these convents of the “Bibles, chalices, and
+other sacred books,” and, with the aid of night, the enterprise met with
+more success than they deserved.<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a></p>
+
+<p>The prior and convent of Ely traced some of their books to Paris. They
+wrote to Edward <small>III</small> (1332): “Because a robber has taken out of our
+church four books of great value, viz.&mdash;The Decretum, Decretals, the
+Bible and Concordance, of which the first three are now at Paris,
+arrested and detained under sequestration by the officer of the Bishop
+of Paris, whom our proctor has often prayed in form of law to deliver
+them, but he behaves so strangely that we shall find in him neither
+right, grace, nor favour:&mdash;We ask you to write to the Bishop of Paris to
+intermeddle favourably and tell his official to do right, so that we may
+get our things back.”<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> In 1396-7 William, prior of Newstead, and a
+brother canon, proceeded against John Ravensfield for the return of a
+book by Richard of Hampole, entitled <i>Pricke of Conscience</i>, “and now
+the parties aforesaid are agreed by the licence of the court, and the
+said John is in ‘misericordia’; he paid the amercement in the
+hall.”<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> Another record tells us of two monks of Christ Church,
+Canterbury, being sent into Cambridgeshire to recover a book.</p>
+
+<p>The risk of loss owing to the practice of lending books was great&mdash;how
+great may be judged from the fact that of the equal portions of the
+Peterhouse College library of 1418, 199 volumes of the chained portion
+remain, but only ten of all those assigned to the Fellows are left.<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a>
+In spite of the risk, lending was extensively carried on.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_101" id="page_101"></a>{101}</span> In one year
+(1343), for example, the unimportant priory of Hinton lent no fewer than
+twenty books to another monastery.<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> Then again, it was thought to be
+only common charity to lend books to poor students, and in 1212 a
+council at Paris actually forbade monks to refuse to lend books to the
+poor, and requested them to divide their libraries into two
+divisions&mdash;one for the use of the brothers, the other for lending.<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a>
+Whether this ever became a practice in England is more than doubtful.
+But seculars of position or influence appear to have been able to borrow
+monastic books. For example, in 1320, the prior and convent of Ely
+acknowledge receiving ten books from the executors of a rector of
+Balsham, who had borrowed them.<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> Some years later, at an audit of
+books of Christ Church, Canterbury, seventeen manuscripts&mdash;thirteen of
+them on law&mdash;were noted as in the hands of seculars, among whom was
+Edward <small>II</small>.<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a></p>
+
+<p>Lending books to brethren in the monastery was conducted according to
+strict rules, of which those of Lanfranc, based on the Cluniac
+observances, afford a good example. Before the brethren went into
+chapter on the Monday after the first Sunday in Lent, the librarian laid
+out on a carpet in the chapter-house all the books which were not on
+loan. After the assembly of the brethren, the librarian read his
+register of the books lent to the monks. Each brother, on hearing his
+name, returned the book which had been entrusted to him. If he had not
+made good use of the book, he was expected to prostrate himself, confess
+his neglect, and beg forgiveness. When all books were returned, others
+were issued, and a new record made. In some monasteries the abbot would
+question the monks on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_102" id="page_102"></a>{102}</span> the books they had read, to test their knowledge
+of them, and whenever the answers were unsatisfactory would lend the
+same books again instead of fresh ones. As a rule only one book was
+issued at a time, so that the monk had plenty of time to digest its
+contents. In Carthusian houses two books were lent at a time. Sick
+brethren were freely permitted to borrow books for their solace, but
+such books were returned to the library nightly, at lighting-up time.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Cluniacs it was the custom to take stock of the books given
+out to the monks once a year; while the Franciscans kept a register of
+their books, and every year it was read and corrected before the convent
+in assembly.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a></p>
+
+<p>An excellent example of a stocktaking record made at Christ Church,
+Canterbury, has been preserved. The inspection took place in 1337. First
+are recorded the books missing from the two “demonstrations,” as
+recorded “in magnis tabulis,” <i>e.g.</i>,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Primo: deficit liber Transfiguratus in Crucifixum, ad quem est in
+nota Frater W. de Coventre.</p></div>
+
+<p class="nind">Nineteen books were missing from the two “demonstrations,” or displays.
+Nineteen service books were missing “in parvis tabulis.” No less than
+thirty-eight books, twenty-eight of them for service, either of the
+large or the small tables, were wanting: for these deceased brethren had
+been responsible.<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a></p>
+
+<p>The “large tables” are believed to be boards whereon the borrowers of
+books had their names and borrowings noted. “I find,” writes Dr. James,
+“in a St. Augustine’s manuscript a note written on the fly-leaf by a
+monk, of the books ‘pro quibus scribor in tabula’&mdash;‘for which I am down
+on the board.’&nbsp;”<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> Large tables were in use at<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_103" id="page_103"></a>{103}</span> Pembroke College,
+Cambridge; probably they were of a similar kind. “And let the said
+keeper,”&mdash;so the statute runs&mdash;“have ready large pieces of board
+(<i>tabulas magnas</i>), covered with wax and parchment, that the titles of
+the books may be written on the parchment, and the names of the Fellows
+who hold them on the wax beside it.”<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> Monastic catalogues were
+sometimes written on such boards. At Cluni, Mabillon and Martène found
+the catalogue inscribed on parchment-covered boards three feet and a
+half long and a foot and a half wide&mdash;great tablets which closed
+together like a book.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the example of an audit at Canterbury we have one belonging to
+Durham, a little later in date (1416). The list of books assigned to the
+Spendement was evidently read over, and a tick or point was put against
+every volume found in its place. On a second check certain books were
+accounted for, and notes of their whereabouts were added to the
+inventory. Some were found in the cloister, others were in the library;
+the prior of Finchale had a number; many had been sent to Oxford. In one
+case a book is noted as given to Bishop Kempe of London.<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a></p>
+
+<p>The catalogue was usually a simple inventory. Sometimes the entries were
+classified, as in the case of a catalogue of the York library of the
+Friars Eremites of the Augustinian order. The fifteenth-century
+catalogue of St. Augustine’s, Canterbury, is classified under sixteen
+headings, but it is probably incomplete.<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> As a rule the entries were
+only just sufficient to identify the books: all the treatises in a
+volume were not often recorded, but only the title of the first. This is
+an entry from a Durham catalogue:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">F. Legenda Sanctorum, sive Passionarum pro mensibus<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Februaria et Marcii. <small>II.</small> fo., non surrexerunt.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_104" id="page_104"></a>{104}</span></p>
+
+<p>The letter F was employed as a distinctive mark. The note “<span class="smcap">II.</span> fo., non
+surrexerunt” signifies that the second folio began with these words, and
+was used as the most convenient method of distinguishing two copies of
+the same book, for it would rarely happen that one scribe would begin
+the second sheet with the same word as another. In some houses the
+practice was extended to printed books in the sixteenth century; and
+consequently no fewer that nearly four hundred editions have been named
+in the catalogue of Syon monastery.<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> In some other catalogues the
+information given was fuller. The catalogue of Syon notes first the
+press-mark in a bold hand; then on the left side the donor’s name, and
+on the opposite side the words of the second folio; and beneath the
+description of the book.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="font-size:90%;">
+<tr><td align="left">Graunte</td><td align="center">P 1<sup>m</sup></td><td align="right" class="rt">indutu<i>m</i> est</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="center" class="c"><p>Biblia perpulcra et completa cum interpretacionibus.<br />
+¶ Tabula sentencialis super eandem per totum. ¶ Item<br />
+alia tabula expositoria vocabulorum difficilium eiusdem<br />
+Biblie.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Woode</td><td align="center">P 2</td><td align="right" class="rt">osce 2º</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c" colspan="3"><p>Concordancie cum textu expresso.</p></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="nind">The catalogue of St. Augustine’s, already referred to, recorded the
+general title of the volume, or of the first treatise in it; the name of
+the donor; the other contents of the volume; the first words of the
+second leaf, and the press-mark. Where necessary, cross-references were
+supplied. The press-marks used for monastic books are generally of two
+kinds: press-marks properly so called, or class-marks. At St.
+Augustine’s, Canterbury, the distinctions or tiers were numbered, as D
+3; and the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_105" id="page_105"></a>{105}</span>gradus or shelves of each distinction were numbered, as</p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_16" id="PLT_16"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_153_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_153_sml.jpg" width="259" height="239" alt="PLATE XVI
+
+FACSIMILE OF THE LIBRARY CATALOGUE OF SYON MONASTERY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XVI<br />
+
+FACSIMILE OF THE LIBRARY CATALOGUE OF SYON MONASTERY</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>G 4. A similar method seems to have been adopted for St. Albans; in one
+book from that abbey is this mark: “de armariolo 4/A et quarto gradu
+liber quartus.”<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> But such a mark assigned a book to one particular
+place and fixed its relation to other books. Consequently, if any large
+accession were made to the library, the classification of the books in
+broad subject-divisions could only be maintained by the alteration of
+many press-marks, both on the books and in the catalogue. At Titchfield
+each class was marked with a letter of the alphabet, and the shelves
+bearing it were numbered: thus a book might be assigned to G 2, or class
+G, shelf 2.<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> This method of marking was more flexible. But at Syon
+Monastery the books were arranged quite independently of the presses and
+shelves; each volume receiving a different number, as well as a
+class-letter.</p>
+
+<p>The most elaborate example of monkish cataloguing comes from Dover
+Priory, a cell belonging to Canterbury. One John Whytefield compiled it
+in 1389. The note preceding the catalogue tells of unbounded enthusiasm
+for the library and a meticulous regard for order. No better proof of
+the care taken of books by most monks could be found. The catalogue is
+in three parts. First there is a brief inventory of the books as they
+are arranged on the shelves. This is a shelf-list designed for the use
+of the precentor; just the sort of record modern librarians regard as
+indispensable in the administration of their libraries. Secondly, our
+industrious monk has provided a catalogue,&mdash;a repetition of the
+shelf-list, but with all the contents of each volume set out. His chief
+aim in making this compilation is to show up fully the resources of his
+collection, and to lead studious brethren to read zealously and
+frequently. Lastly, an analytical index to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_106" id="page_106"></a>{106}</span> catalogue is supplied:
+it is in alphabetical order, and is intended to point out to the user
+the whereabouts in a volume of any individual treatise. A similar index,
+by the way, is appended to the catalogue of Syon monastery.<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a> The
+library seems to have been spread over nine tiers (distinctions) of
+book-casing, each marked with a letter of the alphabet. A tier had seven
+shelves (<i>gradus</i>) marked by Roman numeral figures, the numbers
+beginning from the bottom of the tier. Each book bore a small Arabic
+figure which fixed its order on the shelf. The full press-mark of a book
+was therefore <span class="smcap">A. v. 4</span>. Such marks were written inside the books and on
+their bindings. On the second, third, or fourth leaf of a book, or
+thereabouts, the title was written on the bottom margin, with the
+press-mark and the first words of that leaf. All these marks were copied
+in the inventory or shelf-list: first the tier letter, then the shelf
+number, afterwards the book number; followed by the title, the number of
+the leaf whence the identifying words were taken, then the identifying
+words, with the number of leaves in the volume, and finally the number
+of tracts it contains. Here are some entries:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td style="border: none !important;">&nbsp;</td><td align="center" style="border: none !important;">A. v.</td><td colspan="4" style="border:none;">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Ordo<br /> locacionis.</td>
+<td align="center"> Nomina<br /> voluminum.</td>
+<td align="center"> Loca<br /> probacionum.</td>
+<td align="center"> Dicciones<br /> probatorie.</td>
+<td align="center">Summa<br /> ffoliorum.</td>
+<td align="center"> Numerus<br /> contentorum.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1</td><td align="left">Psalterium vetus glosatum</td><td align="center"> 6</td><td align="left">apprehendite disci</td><td align="center"> 105</td><td align="center"> 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">2</td><td align="left">Prima pars psalterii glosata gallice</td><td align="center"> 4</td><td align="left">cument que il lait</td><td align="center"> 195</td><td align="center"> 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">3</td><td align="left">Glose super spalterio</td><td align="center"> 6</td><td align="left">nullas habebunt veri</td><td align="center"> 104</td><td align="center"> 2</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_107" id="page_107"></a>{107}</span></p>
+
+<p class="nind">In the second part, or catalogue following the shelf-list, are set out
+the tier letter, shelf number, book number, short title; then the number
+of the folio on which each tract in a volume begins, and finally the
+first words of the tract itself.<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a></p>
+
+<p>Most books were bound by the monks themselves. The commonest materials
+used for ordinary manuscripts were wooden boards, covered with deerskin
+and calfskin, either coloured red or used in its natural tint, and
+parchment usually stained or painted red or purple. Charles the Great
+authorised the Abbot of St. Bertin to enjoy hunting rights so that the
+monks could get skins for binding. In mid-ninth century, Geoffroi
+Martel, Count of Anjou, commanded that the tithe of the roeskins
+captured in the island of Oléron should be used to bind the books in an
+abbey of his foundation. Few monastic bindings have been preserved,
+because many great collectors have had their manuscripts rebound.
+Several examples of Winchester work remain. Mr. Yates Thompson has a
+mid-twelfth century manuscript bound in the monastic style, the leather
+being stamped with cold irons of many curious rectangular shapes. The
+manuscript of the Winton Domesday has a binding with stamps exactly like
+those on Mr. Thompson’s book. “At Durham in the last half of the twelfth
+century there was an equally important school of binding, with some one
+hundred and fourteen different stamps. The binding for Hugh Pudsey’s
+Bible has nearly five hundred impressions.”<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> In Pembroke College
+library an excellent specimen of twelfth century stamped binding remains
+on MS. 147. Such stamps were small, and frequently of geometrical or
+floral design, always rudimentary; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_108" id="page_108"></a>{108}</span> animals of the quaintest
+form&mdash;grotesque birds and dragons&mdash;were also introduced. A hammer or
+mallet was employed to obtain an impression from the stamp. Sometimes
+the oak boards were not covered with skin but were painted.</p>
+
+<p>If a book was specially prized the binding was often rich. The covers of
+the Gospels of Lindau, a superb example of Carolingian art, bear nearly
+five hundred gems encrusted in gold.<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a> Abbot Paul of St. Albans gave
+to his church two books adorned with gold and silver and gems. Abbot
+Godfrey of Malmesbury, partly to meet a heavy tax imposed by William
+Rufus, stripped twelve Gospels of their decorations. “Books are clothed
+with precious stones,” cried St. Jerome, “whilst Christ’s poor die in
+nakedness at the door.”<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> In spite of the many references to jewelled
+monastic bindings in medieval records, very few are extant.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_109" id="page_109"></a>{109}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_17" id="PLT_17"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_159_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_159_sml.jpg" width="221" height="261" alt="PLATE XVII
+
+MEDIEVAL BINDING: MR. YATES THOMPSON’S HEGESIPPUS" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XVII<br />
+
+MEDIEVAL BINDING: MR. YATES THOMPSON’S HEGESIPPUS</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<br /><br />
+CATHEDRAL AND CHURCH LIBRARIES</h2>
+
+<h3>§I</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>O the books of the monastery some human interest clings: we can at once
+conjure up a picture of the cloister and the scribe at his work; the
+handling of an old manuscript, the turning over of finely-written and
+quaintly-illuminated yellow pages, throws the mind flashing back
+centuries to the silent writer in his carrell. But the church library is
+not rich in associations. It was a small “working” collection: one part
+for the use of the clergy, the other part&mdash;consisting of a few chained
+books&mdash;for the use of the people. These chained books, which now suggest
+a scarcely conceivable restriction upon the circulation of
+literature&mdash;even theological literature&mdash;were, in fact, the sign of a
+glimmer of liberal thought in the church. During the fourteenth and
+fifteenth centuries, not only were monastic books issued to lay people
+more freely, but many more books were chained in places of worship than
+in the sixteenth century, when the proclamation for the “setting-up” of
+Bibles in churches was granted unwillingly.</p>
+
+<p>Some collections which later were distinctively church libraries were at
+first claustral. For convenience’ sake we shall treat all of them as
+church libraries. The amount of information on medieval church libraries
+is surprisingly extensive, albeit a great deal more must remain hidden<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_110" id="page_110"></a>{110}</span>
+still, for all our cathedral libraries have not been subjects of such
+loving scholarship as Canon Church has bestowed upon the ancient
+treasure-house at Wells. Still the material is extensive, and our
+difficulty in making a selection for such a compendious book as the
+present is complicated, because we often do not find it possible to say
+whether the books referred to in the available records are merely
+service books, or books of an ordinary character. To evade this
+difficulty we must ignore all material relating to unnamed books, which
+we cannot reasonably suppose to have been the nucleus of a more general
+collection, or an addition to it.</p>
+
+<p>Exeter Cathedral Library was a monastic hoard. It originated with Bishop
+Leofric, who got together over sixty books about sixteen years before
+the Conquest. His books were a curious collection: among copies of the
+classics and ecclesiastical works were books of night songs, summer and
+winter reading books, a precious book of blessings, and a “Mycel Englisc
+boc”&mdash;a large English book, on all sorts of things, wrought in verse.
+The last is the famous Exeter book, still preserved in the library. A
+small folio of 130 leaves of vellum, it is remarkable to the student of
+manuscripts for its bold, clear, and graceful calligraphy, and priceless
+to the student of literature as the only source of much of our small
+store of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Some other Leofrican books remain. In the
+library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, is an eleventh century
+copy of Bede’s history in Anglo-Saxon, which was given to Exeter by
+Leofric, although it is not mentioned in the list of his gifts in the
+Bodleian manuscript. The inscription in it reads: <i>Hunc librum dat
+leofricus episcopus ecclesie sancti petri apostoli in exonia ubi sedes
+episcopalis est ad utilitatem successorum suorum. Si quis illum
+abstulerit inde, subiaceat maledictioni. Fiat. Fiat. Fiat.</i><a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> A
+manuscript of Bede on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_111" id="page_111"></a>{111}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_18" id="PLT_18"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_163_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_163_sml.jpg" width="239" height="307" alt="PLATE XVIII
+
+ANCIENT BOOK-BOX IN EXETER CATHEDRAL" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XVIII<br />
+
+ANCIENT BOOK-BOX IN EXETER CATHEDRAL</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">the Apocalypse, now at Lambeth Palace, seems almost certainly to have
+come from St. Mary’s Church, Crediton, and it bears the
+inscription:&mdash;“A: in nomine domini. Amen. Leofric<i>us</i> Pater.”<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a>
+Another book given by Leofric, a missal dating from 969, is preserved in
+the Bodleian Library.<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a></p>
+
+<p>Although the age of these books suggests that the collection has existed
+continuously since the eleventh century, after Leofric’s time no
+important reference to the library occurs until 1327, when an inventory
+of the books was drawn up. Then about 230 volumes (excluding service
+books) were in the possession of the Chapter.<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> In this same year a
+breviary and a missal were chained up in the choir for the use of the
+people.<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> Twelve months later John Grandisson arrived at Exeter to
+take charge of his diocese. A book-loving bishop, he was a benefactor to
+the library, maybe to a very praiseworthy extent; but a few words will
+record what is definitely known about this part of his work. In 1366 he
+gave two folio volumes, still extant. One contains Lessons from the
+Bible, and the homilies appointed to be read, and the other is the
+Legends of the Saints.<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> In his will he gave two other books, perhaps
+Pontificals of his own compilation, to his successors.<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a> He himself
+owned an extensive library, which he divided principally between his
+chapter and the collegiate churches of Ottery, Crediton, and Boseham,
+and Exeter<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_112" id="page_112"></a>{112}</span> College, Oxford.<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> All St. Thomas Aquinas’ works he
+bequeathed to the Black Friars’ convent at Exeter. To Simon Islip,
+Archbishop of Canterbury, he gave a fine copy of St. Anselm’s letters,
+now by good fortune in the British Museum. A Hebrew Pentateuch once
+belonging to him is in the capitular library of Westminster: is it
+possible that the bishop was a Hebrew scholar?<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> Among the books of
+Windsor College was a volume, <i>De Legendis et Missis de B. V. Mariâ</i>,
+which had been given by him.</p>
+
+<p>A library room was built over the east cloister in 1412-13.<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a>
+Probably the building was found necessary on account of a considerable
+accession of books, and we hazard a guess that Grandisson’s bequest,
+received in 1370, formed the bulk of the accretion. At all events, among
+the accounts for the building are charges for 191 chains for books not
+secured before. No fewer than 67 books were also sewed or bound on this
+same occasion, the master binder being paid £6 and his man 36s. 8d. Thus
+at the beginning of the fifteenth century&mdash;the age of library
+building&mdash;the capitular hoard at Exeter was furbished up, newly housed,
+and arranged. But the interest in the collection seems to have waned.
+Another chain was bought for sixteenpence in 1430-31 for a copy of
+<i>Rationale Divinorum</i>, which was given by one Rolder; but such gifts
+were few and far between. In 1506 the Chapter owned<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_113" id="page_113"></a>{113}</span> 363 volumes, but
+133 more than in 1327,<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a> so that few additions besides Grandisson’s
+were made in nearly two centuries, or many books were lost.<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a>
+According to this second inventory the books were arranged in eleven
+desks; eight books were chained opposite the west door; twenty-eight
+were not chained; seven were chained behind the treasurer’s stall (a
+Bible in three volumes, Lyra also in three, and a Concordance); and
+fourteen volumes of canon and civil law behind the succentor’s
+stall.<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> The Dean and Chapter were in a strangely generous mood at
+the end of this century. In 1566 they gave one of Leofric’s books to
+Archbishop Parker: it is now in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. The
+collection was despoiled of eighty-one of its finest books to enrich
+Bodley’s foundation at Oxford, 1602.<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a> Although the book-lover does
+not like to see treasures torn from their associations, yet in this
+instance the alienation was fortunate. By 1752 only twenty volumes noted
+in the inventory of 1506 were left at Exeter.<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a></p>
+
+<p>Besides the Exeter Book, one other very ancient and valuable manuscript
+is preserved in the Cathedral: this is the part of the Domesday Book
+referring to Devon, Cornwall, and Somerset, which is probably not much
+later in date than the Exchequer record. Two ancient book-boxes are also
+to be found there. These are fixed in a sloping position by means of
+iron supports embedded in the pillars. The late Dr. J. W. Clark was led
+to believe them to be intended for books by finding a wooden bookboard
+nailed to the inside bottom of one of the boxes. For the protection<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_114" id="page_114"></a>{114}</span> of
+the book each box has a cover, which does not seem ever to have been
+fastened: a reader would raise the lid when he wanted to use the
+manuscript, and close it before he went away.<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a> Erasmus seems to have
+seen similar boxes fixed to the pillars in the nave at Canterbury.<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ II</h3>
+
+<p>When gifts or bequests were received by a church or monastery, it was a
+beautiful custom to lay them, or something to represent them, upon the
+altar: “a book, or turf, or, in fact, almost any portable object, was
+offered for property such as land; or a bough or twig of a tree, if the
+gift were a forest.” King Offa’s gift of churches to Worcester monastery
+in 780 was accompanied by a great book with golden clasps, with every
+probability a Bible.<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> A gift was made under similar circumstances in
+<i>c.</i> 1057, about the time Bishop Leofric was founding the library at
+Exeter, when Lady Godiva, the wife of another Leofric, restored some
+manors to Worcester, and with them gave a Bible in two parts. Before
+this, Bishop Werfrith, to whom we have referred before as a helper of
+King Alfred, had sent to Worcester the Anglo-Saxon version of Gregory’s
+<i>Cura Pastoralis</i>; the very copy of it is now in the Bodleian Library.</p>
+
+<p>Such were perhaps the beginnings of the library of Worcester Cathedral.
+We cannot but think that a collection of books was formed slowly and
+steadily here, as in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_115" id="page_115"></a>{115}</span> other foundations of the same kind, although
+actual records are scanty and meagre. In over forty of the manuscripts
+now at Worcester are inscriptions on fly-leaves stating where they were
+procured: sometimes the price is given. The dates of these inscriptions
+run from about 1283 to 1462, or later.<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> “In 1464,” writes the Rev.
+J. K. Floyer, in his article entitled <i>A Thousand Years of a Cathedral
+Library</i>, “we first hear of a regular endowment for the acquisition of
+books. Bishop Carpenter made a library in the charnel house chantry, and
+endowed it with £10 for a librarian. The charnel house was near the
+north porch of the Cathedral, and stood on or near the site of the
+present Precentor’s house. It was a separate institution from the
+monastery, and had its own endowments and priests. Bishop Carpenter’s
+foundation was probably entirely separate from the collection of books
+kept for the use of the monks in the cloister.”<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> At the same time,
+the bishop made regulations for the use of the library. The keeper was
+to be a graduate in theology, and a good preacher. He was to live in the
+chantry, where a dwelling had been erected for him at the end of the
+library. Among other duties he had to take care of the books. The
+library was to be open to the public every week day for two hours before
+Nones (or nine), and for two hours after Nones. This alone was a most
+liberal regulation, for making which Bishop Carpenter deserves all
+honour. But he went still further. When asked to do so the keeper was to
+explain difficult passages of Scripture, and once a week was to deliver
+a public lecture in the library. The Bishop’s idea of a library is
+precisely that embodied in the modern town library: a collection of good
+books, for the free use of the public, with some personal help to the
+proper use of them when<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_116" id="page_116"></a>{116}</span> necessary. Three lists of the books were to be
+drawn up, one to be kept by the Bishop, the second by the sacrist, and
+the third by the keeper. Once a year stock was taken, and if a book were
+missing through the keeper’s neglect, he was to forfeit its value within
+a month, or in default was to pay forty-shillings more than the value of
+it, one half of the sum to go to the Bishop, the other half to the
+sacrist. Unfortunately these and other regulations were not observed
+with care, and within forty years the Bishop’s work was completely
+neglected and forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>At the Dissolution the Priory was deprived of much of its church plate,
+service books and vestments, and probably of many of its books. But the
+library there suffered a good deal less than those of other houses, and
+the Cathedral now has in its possession some respectable remains of its
+ancient collection of books.<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ III</h3>
+
+<p>The history of an old library can only be traced intermittently, the
+facts playing hide and seek like a distant lantern carried over broken
+ground. Little is known of the early history of Hereford’s cathedral
+library. An ancient copy of the Gospels, said to have been bequeathed by
+the last Saxon bishop, Athelstan (1012), is one of the earliest gifts.
+In 1186 Bishop Robert Folliott gave “multa bona in terris et libris.”
+Bishop Hugh Folliott also left ornaments and books. Another bishop, R.
+de Maidstone, although “vir magnae literaturae, et in theologia
+nominatissimus,” only seems to have given the church two antiphonaries,
+some psalters, and a <i>Legenda</i>. Bishop Charleton (1369) left a Bible, a
+concordance, a glossary, Nicholas de Lyra, and five Books of Moses, all
+to be chained in the cathedral. Very shortly<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_117" id="page_117"></a>{117}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_19" id="PLT_19"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_173_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_173_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE XIX
+
+HEREFORD CATHEDRAL LIBRARY: CHAINED BOOKS" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XIX<br />
+
+HEREFORD CATHEDRAL LIBRARY: CHAINED BOOKS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">afterwards we hear of fittings, for in 1395 Walter of Ramsbury gave £10
+for making the desks. Probably a book-room, which was over the west
+cloister, was then put up. A long interval elapsed, during which little
+seems to have been done for the library. But between <i>c.</i> 1516-35 Bishop
+Booth and Dean Frowcester left many fine volumes. In 1589 the book-room
+was abandoned and the contents shifted to the Lady Chapel.</p>
+
+<p>A new library was built in 1897. Herein are to be seen what are almost
+certainly the original bookcases, albeit they have been taken to pieces
+and somewhat altered before being fitted together again. One of the
+bookcases still has all the old chains and fittings for the books, and
+it presents a very curious appearance. Every chain is from three to four
+feet long, with a ring at each end, and a swivel in the middle. One ring
+is strung on to an iron rod, which is secured at one end of the bookcase
+by metal work, with lock and key. For convenience in using the book on
+the reading slope which was attached to the case, the ring at the other
+end of the chain was fixed to the fore edge of the book-cover instead of
+to the back; when standing on the shelves the books therefore present
+their fore edges to the reader. The cases are roughly finished, but very
+solid in make.<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ IV</h3>
+
+<p>At Old Sarum Church, Bishop Osmund (1078-99) collected, wrote, and bound
+books.<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a> In his time, too, the chancellor used to superintend the
+schools and correct books: either books used in the school or service
+books.<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a> The income from a virgate of land was assigned to
+correcting<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_118" id="page_118"></a>{118}</span> books towards the end of the twelfth century (1175-80).<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a>
+The new Salisbury Cathedral was erected in the thirteenth century; but
+apparently a special library room was not used until shortly after 1444,
+when it was put up to cover the whole eastern cloister. This room was
+altered and reduced in size in 1758. About the time the room was
+completed one of the canons gave some books, on the inside covers of two
+of which is a note in a fifteenth century hand bidding they should be
+chained in the new library.<a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a> Nearly two hundred manuscripts, of
+various date from the ninth to the fourteenth century, are now in the
+library. Among them several notable volumes are to be found: a Psalter
+with curious illuminations; another Psalter, with the Gallican and
+Hebrew of Jerome’s translation in parallel columns, also illuminated;
+Chaucer’s translation of Boëthius; Geoffrey of Monmouth’s <i>History of
+the Kings of Britain</i> of the twelfth century; a thirteenth century
+Lectionary, with golden and coloured initials; a Tonale according to
+Sarum use, bound with a fourteenth century Ordinal; and a fifteenth
+century Processional containing some notes on local customs.</p>
+
+<h3>§ V</h3>
+
+<p>Books were given to Lincoln Cathedral about 1150 by Hugh of Leicester;
+one of them bears the inscription, <i>Ex dono Hugonis Archidiaconi
+Leycestriae</i>. They may still be seen at Lincoln. Forty-two volumes and a
+map came into the charge of Hamo when he became chancellor in 1150.<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a>
+During his chancellorship thirty-one volumes were added by gift, so
+making the total seventy-three volumes: Bishops Alexander and Chesney
+were among the benefactors. But here, as at<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_119" id="page_119"></a>{119}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_20" id="PLT_20"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_175_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_175_sml.jpg" width="328" height="231" alt="PLATE XX
+
+THE OLD LIBRARY, LINCOLN CATHEDRAL" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XX<br />
+
+THE OLD LIBRARY, LINCOLN CATHEDRAL</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Salisbury, not until the fifteenth century was a separate library room
+built. Two gifts “to the new library” by Bishop Repyngton&mdash;who also
+befriended Oxford University Library&mdash;and Chancellor Duffield in 1419
+and 1426, fix the date. It was put up over the north half of the eastern
+cloisters, relatively the same position as at Salisbury and Wells.
+Originally it had five bays, but in 1789 the two southernmost bays were
+pulled down: In this room the fine fifteenth century oaken roof, with
+its carved ornaments, has been preserved, but at Salisbury the roof is
+modern, with a plaster ceiling. Lincoln’s new library, designed by Wren
+and erected in 1674, is next to this old room. According to a 1450
+catalogue now preserved at Lincoln the library contained one hundred and
+seven works, more than seventy of which now remain. Among the most
+important manuscripts are a mid-fifteenth century copy of old English
+romances of great literary value, collected by Robert de Thornton,
+archdeacon of Bedford (<i>c.</i> 1430); and a contemporary copy of Magna
+Carta.</p>
+
+<h3>§ VI</h3>
+
+<p>In an inventory of St. Paul’s Cathedral, taken in 1245, mention is made
+of thirty-five volumes.<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a> Before this, in Ralph of Diceto’s time, a
+binder of books was an officer of the church. As at Salisbury, the
+chancellor’s duties included taking charge of the school books. In 1283
+a writer of books was included among the ministers. The two offices were
+combined in the beginning of the next century. When Dean Ralph Baldock
+made a visitation of St. Paul’s treasury in 1295, he found thirteen
+Gospels adorned with precious metals and stones; some other parts of the
+Scriptures; and a commentary of Thomas<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_120" id="page_120"></a>{120}</span> Aquinas. In 1313 Baldock, who
+died Bishop of London, bequeathed fifteen volumes, chiefly theological
+books.<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a> To Baldock’s time probably belongs the reference to twelve
+scribes, no doubt retained for business purposes as well as for
+book-making. They were bound by an oath to be faithful to the church and
+to write without fraud or malice. Æneas Sylvius tells us he saw a Latin
+translation of Thucydides in the sacristy of the cathedral (1435).<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a></p>
+
+<p>A library room was erected in the fifteenth century. “Ouer the East
+Quadrant of this Cloyster, was a fayre Librarie, builded at the costes
+and charges of Waltar Sherington, Chancellor of the Duchie of Lancaster,
+in the raigne of Henrie the 6 which hath beene well furnished with faire
+written books in Vellem.”<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a> The catalogue of 1458 bears out Stow’s
+description of the library as well-furnished. Some one hundred and
+seventy volumes were in the Chapter’s possession; they were of the usual
+kind, grammatical books, Bibles and commentaries, works of the fathers;
+books on medicine by Galen, Hippocrates, Avicenna, and Egidius; Ralph de
+Diceto’s chronicles; and some works of Seneca, Cicero, Suetonius, and
+Virgil.<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a> In 1486, however, only fifty-two volumes were found after
+the death of John Grimston the sacrist.<a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a> Leland gives a list of only
+twenty-one manuscripts, but it was not his habit to make full
+inventories. In Stow’s time, however, few books remained.<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a> Three
+volumes only can be traced now&mdash;(1) a manuscript of Avicenna, (2) the
+Chronicle of Ralph de Diceto in the Lambeth Palace Library, and (3) the
+Miracles of the Virgin, in the Aberdeen University Library.<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_121" id="page_121"></a>{121}</span></p>
+
+<h3>§ VII</h3>
+
+<p>Although neither a monastic nor a collegiate church, Wells was already
+in the thirteenth century a place with some equipment for educational
+work. Besides the choristers’ school, a <i>schola grammaticalis</i> of a
+higher grade was in existence. After 1240 the Chancellor’s duties
+included lecturing on theology. Not improbably, therefore, a collection
+of books was formed very early. And indeed the Dean and Chapter in 1291
+received from the Dean of Sarum books lent by the Chapter, and some
+others bequeathed to them. Hugo of St. Victor, <i>Speculum de
+Sacramentis</i>, and Bede, <i>De Temporibus</i>, were the books returned from
+Sarum; among those bequeathed were Augustine’s <i>Epistles</i> and <i>De
+Civitate Dei</i>, Gregory the Great’s <i>Speculum</i>, and John Damascenus. We
+know nothing of the character and size of the library at this time,
+although it seems to have been preserved in a special room. In 1297, the
+Chapter ordered the two side doors of the choir screen in the aisles to
+be shut at night. One door near the library (<i>versus librarium</i>) and the
+Chapter was only to be open from the first stroke of matins until the
+proper choir door was opened at the third bell. At other times during
+the day it was always to be closed, so that people could not injure the
+books in the library, or overhear the conferences of the Chapter
+(<i>secreta capituli</i>). This library was most likely on the north side of
+the church, with the Chapter House beside it, in the north transept, as
+shown conjecturally in the plan given in Canon Church’s admirable
+<i>Chapters in the Early History of the Church of Wells</i>.<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a> That so
+early, in a church neither monastic nor collegiate, a school was at
+work, and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_122" id="page_122"></a>{122}</span> library had been formed, is a specially significant fact in
+the study of our subject.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_180_lg.png">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_180_sml.png" width="306" height="249" alt="PLAN SHOWING PROBABLE SITUATION OF LIBRARY OF WELLS
+CATHEDRAL IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY." /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLAN SHOWING PROBABLE SITUATION OF LIBRARY OF WELLS
+CATHEDRAL IN<br />
+THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In this position the library remained until the fifteenth century. Two
+notices occur of it, one in 1340 and another in 1406, in both cases in
+connection with an image of the Holy Saviour, “near the library.”</p>
+
+<p>But in the fifteenth century a new library was built<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_123" id="page_123"></a>{123}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_21" id="PLT_21"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_181_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_181_sml.jpg" width="283" height="234" alt="PLATE XXI
+
+WELLS CATHEDRAL LIBRARY, OVER CLOISTER" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXI<br />
+
+WELLS CATHEDRAL LIBRARY, OVER CLOISTER</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">over the eastern cloister. Bishop Nicholas of Bubwith, in his will of
+1424, bequeathed one thousand marks to be faithfully applied and
+disposed for the construction and new building of a certain library to
+be newly erected upon the eastern space of the cloister, situate between
+the south door of the church next the chamber of the escheator of the
+church and the gate which leads directly from the church by the cloister
+into the palace of the bishop.<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a> The work was begun by his executors,
+but certain signs of break in the building suggest some delay in
+finishing it. This room is probably the only cathedral library built
+over a cloister which remains in its original completeness. It is 165
+feet by 12 feet; now only about two-thirds of it are devoted to the
+library. When this room was first fitted up as a library no one knows;
+but tradition fixes the date at 1472. The present fittings were put in
+during Bishop Creighton’s time (1670-72).</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the date of Bubwith’s will Bishop Stafford (1425-43) gave
+ten books&mdash;not an inspiriting collection&mdash;but he desired to retain
+possession of them during his lifetime.<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a> In 1452 Richard Browne
+(<i>alias</i> Cordone), Archdeacon of Rochester, left to the library of
+Wells, Petrus de Crescentiis <i>De Agricultura</i>, and two other books,
+Jerome’s <i>Epistles</i>, and Lathbury <i>Super librum Trenorum</i>, which were to
+be kept in the church in wooden cases.<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a> Were these cases to resemble
+the boxes still remaining in Exeter Cathedral? The same will ordered the
+<i>Decretales</i> of Clement, which had been borrowed for copying, to be
+restored to this library; two other books were also given back;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_124" id="page_124"></a>{124}</span> and the
+will further notes that there are several books belonging to the library
+in a certain great bag in the inner room of the treasury at Wells.<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a></p>
+
+<p>Leland only mentions forty-six books in the library in his time. “I went
+into the library, which whilome had been magnificently furnished with a
+considerable number of books by its bishops and canons, and I found
+great treasures of high antiquity.” Among the books he found were
+sermons by Gregory and Ælfric in Anglo-Saxon, Terence, and “Dantes
+translatus in carmen Latinum.” Very few books belonging to the old
+library before the Dissolution have survived. Some are in the British
+Museum, the Bodleian, and certain collegiate libraries; and several
+manuscripts remain in the hands of the Dean and Chapter. Among them are
+three manuscripts known as Liber albus I, Liber ruber II, and Liber
+albus III, which contain an extremely valuable series of documents.<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ VIII</h3>
+
+<p>In the York fabric rolls appear from time to time expenses for writing,
+illuminating, and binding church books; but we know little or nothing
+about the Chapter library, if such existed. William de Feriby, a canon,
+bequeathed his books in 1379. Between 1418 and 1422, a library was built
+at the south-west corner of the south transept. The building is in two
+floors, and the upper appears to have been the book-room; it is still in
+existence. In the rolls are several references to the building.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">1419. Et de 26<i>l.</i> 13<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> de elemosina domini Thomae Haxey ad
+cooperturam novi librarii cum plumbo.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_125" id="page_125"></a>{125}</span></p>
+
+<p>Haxey was a good friend to the cathedral; and he gave handsomely toward
+the library. His arms were put up in one of the new library windows.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">1419. In sarracione iiij arborum datarum novo librario per Abbatem
+de Selby, 6/8.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">1419. Et Johanni Grene, joynor, pro joynacione tabularum pro
+libraria et planacione et gropyng de waynscott, per annum, 17<i>s.</i>
+8<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>In operacione cc ferri in boltes pro nova libraria per Johannem
+Harpham, fabrum, 8s.<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>In 1418 John de Newton, the church treasurer, bequeathed to the Chapter
+a number of books, including Bibles, commentaries, and patristical and
+historical works, as well as Petrarch’s <i>De remediis utriusque
+fortunae</i>.<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a> They were chained to the library desks, and were guarded
+with horn and studs, to protect them from the consequences of careless
+use by readers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">1421. Johanni Upton pro superscriptura librorum nuper magistri
+Johannis Neuton thesaurarii istius ecclesiae legatorum librario,
+2<i>s.</i> Thomae Hornar de Petergate pro hornyng et naillyng
+superscriptorum librorum, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Radulpho Lorymar de
+Conyngstrete pro factura et emendacione xl cathenarum pro eisdem
+libris annexis in librario predicto, 23<i>s.</i> 1<i>d.</i><a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>From time to time a few other bequests were made: thus, Archdeacon
+Stephen Scrope bequeathed some books on canon law, after a beneficiary
+had had them in use during his life (1418). Robert Ragenhill, advocate
+of the court of York, enriched the church with a small collection
+(1430); and Robert Wolveden, treasurer of the church, left to the
+library his theological books (1432).<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_126" id="page_126"></a>{126}</span></p>
+
+<h3>§ IX</h3>
+
+<p>The Sacrist’s Roll of Lichfield Cathedral, under date 1345, contains an
+inventory of the books then in possession of the church. All of them
+were service books, excepting only a <i>De Gestis Anglorum</i>.<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a>
+Thereafter we cannot discover a notice of the library until 1489, when
+Dean Thomas Heywood gave £40 towards building a home for the books. Dean
+Yotton assisted in the good work. By 1493 the building was finished. It
+stood on the north side of the Cathedral, west of the north door, or “ex
+parte boreali in cimeterio.”<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a> The Dean and Chapter had it pulled
+down in 1758.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all the books of the early collection perished during the Civil
+War; but the finest manuscript, known as St. Chad’s Gospels, was saved
+by the precentor. Among the other manuscripts in the possession of the
+Chapter are a fine vellum copy of Chaucer’s <i>Canterbury Tales</i>, with
+beautiful initials, and the <i>Taxatio Ecclesiastica</i>, a tithe book
+showing the value of church property in Edward I’s time.<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ X</h3>
+
+<p>Many other churches, some of them small and unimportant, owned books,
+and received them as gifts or bequests. In the time of Richard II the
+Royal collegiate chapel of Windsor Castle had, besides service books,
+thirty-four volumes on different subjects chained in the church, among
+them a Bible and a Concordance, and two books of French romance, one of
+which was the <i>Liber de Rose</i>.<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_127" id="page_127"></a>{127}</span></p>
+
+<p>The library of St. Mary’s Church, Warwick, was first formed by the
+celebrated antiquary, John Rous. Before his time we hear only of one or
+two books. In 1407 there was a collection of fifty service books, and a
+<i>Catholicon</i>, the latter being perhaps the nucleus of a library.<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a>
+“At my lorde’s auter,” that is, at the Earl of Warwick’s altar, were to
+be found among other goods and books, the Bible, the fourth book of the
+<i>Sentences</i>, <i>Pupilla Oculi</i>, a work by Reymond de Pennaforte, Isidore,
+and some canon law.<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a> John Rous seems to have inherited the bookish
+tastes of his relative, William Rous. William had bequeathed his books
+to the Dean, charging him to allow John to read them when he came of age
+and had received priest’s orders.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum is a small volume written
+on parchment by Humphrey Wanley, which includes a copy of a curious
+inventory of vestments, plate, books, and other goods made in the time
+of John Rous, 1464. A portion of this inventory has been printed in
+<i>Notices of the Churches of Warwickshire</i>, i. 15-16. “It. v bokes beynge
+in the handes of Maister John Rous now priest whuche were Sir William
+Rous and bequath hem to the Dean and Chapitre of the forseide Chirche
+Collegiall under condicōn that the seid maister John beynge priest
+shulde have hem for his special edificacōn duryng his lief. And after
+his decees to remayne and to be for ever to the seide Dean and Chapitre
+as it appereth by endentures thereof made whereof one party leveth with
+the Dean and Chapitre. That is to say i book quem composuit ffrater
+Antoninus Rampologus de Janis 2 fo Chorinth 14. It. 1 book cald pars
+dextera et pars sinistra 2 fo non ð carere. It. 1 bible versefied cald
+patris in Aurora 2 fo huic opifex. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_128" id="page_128"></a>{128}</span>It. 1 book of powles epistoles
+glosed 2 fo de Jhu qui dr Xtus. It. 1 book cald pharetra 2 fo hora est
+jam nos de sompno surgere. It. 1 quayer in the whuche is conteyned the
+exposicōn of the masse 2 fo cois offerim.”</p>
+
+<p>John also seems to have given books as well as a room to house
+them.<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a> An old view of the church, taken before the great fire which
+destroyed the town in 1694, shows the south porch surmounted with his
+library, as then standing; but this room was destroyed in the fire, and
+it seems certain the books were burnt. The present library was founded
+in 1701, and includes no part of the original collection.<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a></p>
+
+<p>Bequests to churches of service books, such as that to the church of St.
+Mary, Castle-gate, York (1394), were numerous; they may be set apart
+with bequests of vestments, plate, and money. Some bequests have a
+different character. A chancellor of York, Thomas de Farnylaw, leaves
+books, bound and unbound, to the Vicar of Waghen; a volume of sermons
+and a “quire” to the church of Embleton; and a Bible and Concordance to
+be chained in the north porch of St. Nicholas’ Church, Newcastle, “for
+common use, for the good of the soul of his lord William of Middleton”
+(1378). A chaplain leaves service books, <i>Speculum Ecclesiae</i>, and the
+Gospels in English to Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate, York (1394). A
+Bristol merchant bequeaths two books on canon law to St. Mary Redcliffe
+Church, there to be preserved for the use of the vicar and chaplains
+(1416). In the same year a Canon of York enriches Beverley Church with
+all his books of canon<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_129" id="page_129"></a>{129}</span> and civil law. Books were also chained in the
+church of St. Mary of Oxford. Bishop Lyndwood of St. David’s bequeaths a
+copy of his digest of the synodal constitutions of the province of
+Canterbury for chaining in St. Stephen’s Chapel, “to serve as a standard
+for future editions” (1443). Richard Browne, or Cordone, who has left
+books to Wells, reserves for the parish church of Naas in Ireland a
+<i>Catholicon</i> and other manuscripts (1452). To Boston Church a rector of
+Kirkby Ravensworth bequeaths several books, but one named John Bosbery
+was to have the use of them for life: among the gifts was
+<i>Polichronicon</i> (1457). Canon Nicholas Holme leaves <i>Pupilla Oculi</i> to
+the parish church of Redmarshall (1458). A chaplain bequeaths one book
+to St. Mary’s Church, Bolton, another to St. Wilfrid’s Church, Brensall
+in Craven, and a third to All Saints’ Church, Peseholme, York (1466).
+Sir Richard Willoughby orders church books and a <i>Crede mihi</i> to be
+given to Woollaton Parish Church (1469). Robert Est, possibly a
+chantry-priest in York Minster, enriches the parish church of his native
+Lincoln village, Brigsley, with a copy of <i>Legends of the Saints</i>,
+<i>Speculum Christiani</i>, <i>Gesta Romanorum cum aliis fabulis Isopi et
+multis narrationibus</i>, and a Psalter (1474-75). To the church of St.
+Mary’s, Nottingham, the vicar leaves a <i>Golden Legend</i>, a
+<i>Polichronicon</i>, besides <i>Pupilla Oculi</i>, and a portiforium to Wragby
+Church, and a missal to Snenton Church (1476). Sir Thomas Lyttleton
+befriends King’s Norton Church by leaving it a Latin-English dictionary,
+and that of Halesowen in Worcestershire by leaving a <i>Catholicon</i>, the
+<i>Constitutiones Provinciales</i> (possibly Lyndwood’s digest, the
+<i>Provinciale</i>), and the <i>Gesta Romanorum</i> (1481). A man of Leicester was
+sued by the church wardens of the parish church of Welford, in the
+county of Leicester, on a charge of having taken away certain books
+belonging to the church and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_130" id="page_130"></a>{130}</span> sold them (1490). The vicar of Ruddington
+bequeaths three books, “ad tenendum et ligandum cum cathena ferrea in
+quadam sede in capella B. M. de Rodington” (1491). Thomas Rotherham,
+benefactor of Cambridge University Library, gave to the church of
+Rochester ten pounds for building a library (1500). To Wetheringsett
+Church a chaplain of Bury carefully reserves “a book called Fasiculus
+Mors [<i>Fasciculus morum</i>], to lye in the chauncell, for priests to
+occupye ther tyme when it shall please them, praying them to have my
+soule in remembraunce as it shall please them of their charite”
+(1519).<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a></p>
+
+<p>A very little research would add considerably to our list; while, apart
+from records of gifts and bequests, are numberless references to books
+in churches. For example: in the churchwarden’s account book (<i>c.</i> 1525)
+of All Saints, Derby, occurs an entry beginning: “These be the bokes in
+our lady Chapell tyed with chenes yt were gyffen to Alhaloes church in
+Derby&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang">In primis one Boke called summa summarum.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Item A boke called Summa Raumundi [Summa poenitentia et matrimonio
+of Reymond de Pennaforte of Barcelona].</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Item Anoyer called pupilla occuli [Pupilla oculi, by J. de Burgo].</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Item Anoyer called the Sexte [Liber Sextus Decretalium].</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Item A boke called Hugucyon [see pp. 223-4].</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Item A boke called Vitas Patrum.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Item Anoyer boke called pauls pistols.</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Item A boke called Januensis super evangeliis dominicalibus
+[Sermons of Jacobus de Voragine, Abp. of Genoa, on the Gospels for
+the Sundays throughout the year].</p>
+
+<p class="hang">Item a grette portuose [a large breviary].<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_131" id="page_131"></a>{131}</span></p>
+
+<p class="hang">Item Anoyer boke called Legenda Aurea [Legenda sanctorum aurea of
+Jacobus de Voragine].”<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>This is a respectable list for such a church. Some sixty years before
+there were apparently only service books (1465).<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a></p>
+
+<p>From 1456 to 1475 charges occur in the accounts of St. Michael’s Church,
+Cornhill, for chains to fix psalters, and for writing.<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a> At St.
+Peter’s upon Cornhill there would appear to have been a good library.
+“True it is,” writes Stow, “that a library there was pertaining to this
+Parrish Church, of olde time builded of stone, and of late repayred with
+bricke by the executors of Sir John Crosby Alderman, as his Armes on the
+south end doth witnes. This library hath beene of late time, to wit,
+within these fifty yeares, well furnished of bookes: John Leyland viewed
+and commended them, but now those bookes be gone, and the place is
+occupied by a schoolemaister.”<a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a> In 1483 the Church of St.
+Christopher-le-Stocks, London, seems to have had a collection only of
+service books; but five years later mention is made of “a grete
+librarie.” “On the south side of the vestrarie standeth a grete librarie
+with ii longe lecturnalles thereon to lay on the bookes.”<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a> About the
+middle of the sixteenth century certain inhabitants of Rayleigh held a
+meeting one Sunday, after service, and, without the consent of the
+churchwardens, sold fifteen service books, and “four other manuscript
+volumes,” as well as some other church goods, for forty shillings.<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a></p>
+
+<p>But we might continue for a long time to bring together<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_132" id="page_132"></a>{132}</span> facts of this
+kind. Enough has been written to suggest the character and extent of the
+work done by the churches. Many of these small collections were for use
+in connexion with the schools; they were formed for the benefit of
+clergy and the increase of clergy. The few books chained up in the
+churches for the use of the people were displayed for various reasons.
+The <i>Catholicon</i>, a Latin grammar and a dictionary, was a large book,
+obtainable only at great cost, yet for reference purposes all students
+and scholars constantly needed it. Wealthy ecclesiastics and benefactors
+would therefore naturally leave such a book for chaining up in the
+church, which was then the real centre of communal life. The
+<i>Catholicon</i> was chained up for reference in French churches, and the
+practice was imitated here, possibly in nearly all the large
+churches.<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> The <i>Medulla grammatice</i>, left to King’s Norton Church by
+Sir Thomas Lyttleton, was a book of similar character, and would be
+deposited in church for a like purpose. Books of canon law would also be
+useful for reference purposes when chained in the church. Some other
+shackled books were homiletical in character. Should we be accused of
+excess of imagination if we conjured up a picture of a little cluster of
+people standing by a clerk who reads to them a sermon or a passage of
+Holy Writ? The collection of tales, each with a moral, known as the
+<i>Gesta Romanorum</i>, would make especially attractive reading. Some books
+often found in churches and frequently mentioned in this book, as the
+<i>Summa Praedicantium</i> of John de Bromyarde, <i>Pupilla Oculi</i>, by John de
+Burgo, and the <i>Speculum Christiani</i>, by John Walton, were manuals for
+the instruction of priests.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_133" id="page_133"></a>{133}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_22" id="PLT_22"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_193_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_193_sml.jpg" width="445" height="332" alt="PLATE XXII
+
+ST. MARY’S CHURCH, OXFORD: THE FIRST HOME OF THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXII<br />
+
+ST. MARY’S CHURCH, OXFORD: THE FIRST HOME OF THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY</span>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<br /><br />
+ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: OXFORD</h2>
+
+<p class="c">“Ingenia hominum rem publicam fecerunt.”</p>
+
+<h3>§I</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">P</span>ROBABLY a few scribes plied their craft in Oxford in early days long
+before the students began to make a settlement, for the town had been a
+flourishing borough, one of the largest in England. But until the end of
+the twelfth century we hear nothing about books and their makers or
+users in Oxford. Then we find illuminators, bookbinders, parchmenters,
+and a scribe referred to in a document relating to the sale of land in
+Cat Street. This record is very significant, as it suggests the active
+employment of book-makers in the centre of Oxford’s student life. St.
+Mary’s Church was the hub. Cat Street, School Street running parallel
+with it from High Street to the north boundary, and Schydyard Street,
+the continuation of School Street on the southern side of High Street,
+alleys of the usual medieval narrowness and mean appearance, the
+buildings on either hand almost touching one another, and the way
+dark&mdash;were the haunts of masters and scholars and all those depending on
+them. Students, old and young, of high station and low, are crowded in
+lodging-houses, many of which are shabby, dirty, and disreputable. Hence
+they come forth to play their games or carry on their feuds. Some haunt
+taverns and worse<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_134" id="page_134"></a>{134}</span> places. Others eke out their means by begging at
+street corners. All get their teaching by gathering round masters whose
+rostrum is the church doorstep or the threshold of the lodging-house.
+Amid the manifold distractions of this queerly-ordered life the maker
+and seller of books earns what living he can; his chief patrons being
+indigent masters, who often must starve themselves to get books, and
+students so poor that pawning becomes a custom regulated by the
+University itself.</p>
+
+<p>Not till the University became firmly established as a corporate body
+could a common library be formed. The beginning was simple. The first
+books reserved for common use had their home in St. Mary’s Church: some
+lay in chests, and were lent in exchange for a suitable pledge; others
+were chained to desks so that students could readily refer to them.
+These books were almost certainly theological in character, and all were
+no doubt given by benefactors, now unknown. Such a gift was received
+early in the thirteenth century from Roger de L’Isle, Dean of York, who
+gave a Bible, divided into four parts for the convenience of copyists,
+and the Book of Exodus, glossed, but old and of little value.<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a>
+Possibly some books remained in the church even after an independent
+library was founded, for as late as 1414 a copy of Nicholas de Lyra was
+chained in the chancel for public use, where it was inspected by the
+Chancellor and proctors every year.<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a></p>
+
+<p>To a “good clerk” who had gathered his learning at three
+Universities&mdash;the arts at Paris, canon law at Oxford, and theology at
+Cambridge&mdash;the University library appropriately owes its origin. Bishop
+Cobham left his books<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_135" id="page_135"></a>{135}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_23" id="PLT_23"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_197a_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_197a_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE XXIII
+
+ILLUMINATOR OF ST. ALBANS
+
+DOCUMENT TRANSFERRING LAND IN OXFORD, BEARING THE NAMES OF SEVEN MEMBERS
+OF THE BOOK TRADE, C. 1180" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXIII<br />
+
+ILLUMINATOR OF ST. ALBANS</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_197b_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_197b_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE XXIII
+
+ILLUMINATOR OF ST. ALBANS
+
+DOCUMENT TRANSFERRING LAND IN OXFORD, BEARING THE NAMES OF SEVEN MEMBERS
+OF THE BOOK TRADE, C. 1180" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">DOCUMENT TRANSFERRING LAND IN OXFORD,<br />
+BEARING THE NAMES OF SEVEN MEMBERS<br />
+OF THE BOOK TRADE, C. 1180</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">and three hundred and fifty marks for this purpose in 1327. He had
+proposed to build a two-storied building, the lower chamber to be the
+Congregation House, and the upper a library; or perhaps the Congregation
+House was already standing, and he had the idea of adding another story,
+for use as an oratory and library. Therein his books would bide when he
+died.<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a> Not till long after his death was the building completed. His
+books did not come to the University without much trouble. Bequests were
+elusive in the Middle Ages, for people sometimes dreamed of projects
+they could not realize while they lived, and sanguinely hoped their
+executors would win prayers for the dead by successfully stretching poor
+means to a good end. Cobham died in debt. His books were pawned to
+settle his estate and pay for his funeral. Adam de Brome redeemed the
+pledges, and handed them over, not to the University, but to his
+newly-founded college of Oriel.<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a> In peace the books were enjoyed at
+Oriel until four years after de Brome’s death. The Fellows claimed them,
+it appears, not only because he redeemed them, but because, as
+impropriating rectors of the church, both building and library were
+theirs, they argued, by right. The University was equally persistent in
+its claim. At last, ten years after Cobham’s death, the Commissary,
+taking mean advantage of the small number of Fellows in residence in
+autumn, went to Oriel with “a multitude of others,” and brought the
+books away by force. Thereafter the University held them, but it took
+nearly seventy years to settle the dispute about them, and to decide the
+ownership of the Congregation House (1410).<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a></p>
+
+<p>Long before 1410 the “good clerk’s” books had been made of real service
+to students. Fittings were put up in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_136" id="page_136"></a>{136}</span> the library room (1365). Then
+regulations for managing the library were drawn up (1367). The books
+were to be put in the chamber over the Congregation House, marshalled in
+convenient order and chained. There, at certain times, scholars were to
+have access to them. Now first appeared upon the scene a University
+librarian. The University’s means were slender, and £40 worth of the
+books were sold to provide a stipend for a chaplain-librarian: in place
+of these books others of less value were bought; probably some of
+Cobham’s books were finely illuminated, and the intention was to
+purchase less costly copies in their stead. The chaplain was to pray for
+the souls of Cobham and of University benefactors; and to have the
+charge of the bishop’s books, of the books in the chests, and of any
+books coming to the University afterwards.<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a></p>
+
+<p>We can easily imagine what the library was like. The chamber over the
+Congregation House is small, scarcely larger than the average class-room
+of to-day; lighted by seven windows on each side. Between some, if not
+all, of the windows bookcases would stand at right angles to the wall,
+forming little alcoves, fit for the quiet pursuit of knowledge. Learning
+itself was shackled. Chains from a bar running the length of each case
+secured the books, which could only be read on the slope fixed a few
+feet above the floor. In each alcove was a bench for readers to sit
+upon. A large and conspicuous board, with titles and names of
+benefactors written upon it in a fair hand, hung up in the room.<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a>
+Here then would come the flower of Oxford scholarship to study, any time
+after eight in the morning. Every student is welcome if he does not
+enter in wet clothing, or bring in ink, or a knife, or dagger. We like
+to picture this small room, fitted with solid, rude furniture, monastic
+in its austerity of appearance; full of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_137" id="page_137"></a>{137}</span> students working eagerly in
+their quest for knowledge&mdash;making extracts in pencil, or with styles on
+their tablets, amid a silence broken only by the crackle of vellum
+leaves, and the rattle of a chain.</p>
+
+<p>Such a picture would perhaps be overdrawn. Young Oxford was not always
+quiet, or whole-heartedly studious. The liberal regulations seem to have
+been liable to abuse. Students soiled and damaged the books. The little
+room was more than full: it was overcrowded with scholars, and with
+“throngs of visitors” who disturbed the readers. After 1412 only
+graduates and religious who had studied philosophy for eight years could
+enter the library, and while there they must be robed. Even such mature
+students had to make solemn oath, in the Chancellor’s presence, to use
+the books properly: make no erasures or blots, or otherwise spoil the
+precious writing.<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a> Under these regulations the library was open from
+nine to eleven in the morning, and from one to four in the afternoon,
+Sundays and mass days excepted. Strangers of eminence and the Chancellor
+could pay a visit at any time by daylight. The chaplain, who was to be a
+man of parts, of proved morality and uprightness, now received 106s. 8d.
+a year. The Proctors were bound to pay this stipend half-yearly, with
+punctuality, or be fined the heavy sum of forty shillings: the chaplain,
+it is explained, must have no grievance to nurse&mdash;no ground for carrying
+out his duties in a slovenly or perfunctory manner. He, indeed, was an
+important officer. For health’s sake he must have a month’s holiday
+during the long vacation. As it was absurd for him to have fewer
+perquisites than those below him in station, every beneficed graduate,
+at graduation, was required to give him robes.<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a> The finicking
+character of these regulations suggests that the University
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_138" id="page_138"></a>{138}</span>statute-maker had as great a dislike for “understandings” as Dr.
+Newman.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was established firmly, in the early years of the fifteenth
+century, a University Library, an important resort of students; the
+proper place, as the common rendezvous of members of the University, for
+publishing the Lollard doctrines condemned at London in 1411. No town in
+England was better supplied with libraries than Oxford, for besides the
+collections of the University, the monastic colleges and the convents,
+libraries were already formed at Merton, University, Oriel and New
+Colleges. Such progress in providing scholars’ armouries is remarkable,
+the greater part of it being accomplished during a period of great
+social and religious unrest&mdash;not the unrest of a wind-fretted surface,
+but of a grim and far-sweeping underswell&mdash;a period when pestilence,
+violent tempests and earthquakes, seemed bodeful of Divine displeasure;
+not a time surely when the studious life would be attractive, or when
+much care would be taken to establish libraries, unless indeed
+controversy made recourse to books more necessary or the signs of the
+times gave birth to a greater number of benefactors.<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a></p>
+
+<p>But the University library was to become the richest and most
+considerable in the town. Benefactors were well greeted. Besides praying
+for their souls&mdash;and some of them, like Bishop Reed, were pathetically
+anxious about the prayers&mdash;the University showed every reasonable sign
+of its gratitude: posted up donors’ names in the library itself;
+submitted each gift to congregation three days after receiving it, and
+within twelve days later had it chained<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_139" id="page_139"></a>{139}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_24" id="PLT_24"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_203a_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_203a_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE XXIV
+
+DUKE HUMFREY AND ELEANOR OF GLOUCESTER JOINING THE CONFRATERNITY OF ST.
+ALBANS
+
+ANCIENT ROOF OF DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY, SHOWING THE ARMS OF THE
+UNIVERSITY AND OF SIR THOMAS BODLEY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXIV<br />
+
+DUKE HUMFREY AND ELEANOR OF GLOUCESTER<br /> JOINING THE CONFRATERNITY OF ST.
+ALBANS</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_203b_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_203b_sml.jpg" alt="PLATE XXIV
+
+DUKE HUMFREY AND ELEANOR OF GLOUCESTER JOINING THE CONFRATERNITY OF ST.
+ALBANS
+
+ANCIENT ROOF OF DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY, SHOWING THE ARMS OF THE
+UNIVERSITY AND OF SIR THOMAS BODLEY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">ANCIENT ROOF OF DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY,<br />
+SHOWING THE ARMS OF THE
+UNIVERSITY AND<br />
+OF SIR THOMAS BODLEY</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">up.<a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a> Many gifts of books were received, some from the highest in the
+land: from King Henry the Fourth and his warlike and ambitious
+sons&mdash;Henry <small>V</small>, Clarence, Bedford, and Gloucester; from Edmund, Earl of
+March; from prelates&mdash;Archbishop Arundel, Repyngton of Lincoln, Courtney
+of Norwich, and Molyneux of Chichester; from great Abbot Whethamstede of
+St. Albans; from wealthy Archdeacon Browne or Cordone; from rich
+citizens of London&mdash;Thomas Knolles the grocer and T. Grauntt; and from
+Henry <small>VI</small>’s physician, John Somersett. John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester,
+also promised books worth five hundred marks, but after his death they
+did not come to hand.<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a></p>
+
+<p>By far the most generous of friends was the Duke of Gloucester, whose
+first gift was made before 1413,<a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a> and his last when he died in 1447.
+His record as the helper and protector of Oxford, his patronage of
+learning, and of such exponents of it as Titus Livius of Forli, Leonardo
+Bruni, Lydgate and Capgrave, the fact that, notwithstanding his “staat
+and dignyte,”</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“His courage never doth appall<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">To study in bokes of antiquitie,”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">earned for him the name of the “good” duke&mdash;an appellation to which the
+shady labyrinth of his career as a politician, as a persecutor of the
+Lollards, and as a licentious man, did not entitle him. But then
+Oxford&mdash;and its library&mdash;was most in need of such a friend as this
+English Gismondo Malatesta; not only on account of his generosity, but
+because his royal connexions enabled him to exert influence on the
+University’s behalf, both at home and abroad.</p>
+
+<p>Of the character of the Duke’s gifts in 1413 and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_140" id="page_140"></a>{140}</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_206_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_206_sml.jpg" width="236" height="190" alt="OLD VIEW OF DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY." /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">OLD VIEW OF DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>1430 we know nothing: in 1435 he gave books and money, but how many
+books or how much money is not recorded. Three years later the
+University sought another gift from him, and he forthwith sent no fewer
+than 120 volumes (1439).<a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a> The University’s gratitude was unbounded.
+On certain festivals during the Duke’s lifetime prayers were to be said
+for him, within ten days after he died a funeral service was to be
+celebrated, and on every anniversary of his death he and his consort
+were to be commemorated.<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a> Their letters were fulsome: as a founder
+of libraries he was compared with Julius Cæsar&mdash;a compliment also paid
+him<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_141" id="page_141"></a>{141}</span> about the same time by Pier Candid Decembrio; Parliament was
+besought to thank him “hertyly, and also prey Godd to thanke hym in tyme
+commyng, wher goode dedys ben rewarded”;<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a> as a prince he was most
+serene and illustrious, lord of glorious renown, son of a king, brother
+of a king, uncle of a king, “the very beams of the sun himself”; as a
+donor, as greatly and munificently liberal as the recipients were lowly
+and humble.<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a></p>
+
+<p>Congregation further marked its appreciation by decreeing a fresh set of
+library regulations. A new register, containing a list of the books
+already given, was to be made, and deposited in the chest “of five
+keys”; lists were also to be written in the statute books. No volume was
+to be sold, given away, exchanged, pledged, lent to be copied, or
+removed from the library&mdash;except when it needed repair, or when the Duke
+himself wanted to borrow it, as he could, though only under
+indenture.<a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a> All books for the study of the seven liberal arts&mdash;the
+<i>trivium</i> and the <i>quadrivium</i>&mdash;and the three philosophies were to be
+kept in a chest called the “chest of the three philosophies and the
+seven sciences”; a name suggesting a talisman, like the golden fleece or
+the Holy Grail, for which one would exchange the world and all its ways.
+The librarian had charge of this wonderful chest. From it, by indenture,
+he could lend books&mdash;apparently these books were excepted from the
+general rule&mdash;to masters of arts lecturing in these subjects, or, if
+there were no lecturers, to principals of halls and masters. And,
+following older custom, a stationer set upon each book a price greater
+than its real value, to lead borrowers to take more care of it.<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a>
+From a manuscript preserved in the library of Earl Fitzwilliam at
+Wentworth<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_142" id="page_142"></a>{142}</span> Woodhouse are taken the following curious lines indicating
+the character and arrangement of his books:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“At Oxenford thys lord his bookis fele [many]<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Hath eu’y clerk at werk. They of hem gete<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Metaphisic; phisic these rather feele;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">They natural, moral they rather trete;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Theologie here ye is with to mete;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Him liketh loke in boke historial.<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">In deskis <small>XII</small> hym selve as half a strete<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Hath boked their librair uniu’al.”<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a> [universal]<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A year later Gloucester sent 7 more books; then after a while 9 more
+(1440-41);<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> and a little later still his largest gift, amounting to
+135 volumes. These handsome accessions made the collection the finest
+academic library in England, not excepting the excellent library of 380
+volumes then at Peterhouse. It had a character of its own. The usual
+overwhelming mass of Bibles, of church books, of the Fathers and the
+Schoolmen does not depress us with its disproportion. The collection was
+strong in astronomy and medicine: Ptolemy, Albumazar, Rhazes, Serapion,
+Avicenna, Haly Abenragel, Zaæl, and others were all represented. Besides
+these, there was a fine selection of the classics&mdash;Plato, Aristotle,
+including the <i>Politica</i> and <i>Ethica</i>, Æschines’ orations, Terence,
+Varro’s <i>De Originae linguae Latinae</i>, Cicero’s letters, Verrine and
+other orations, and “opera viginti duo Tullii in magno volumine,” Livy,
+Ovid, Seneca’s tragedies, Quintilian, Aulus Gellius, <i>Noctes Atticae</i>,
+the <i>Golden Ass</i> of Apuleius, and Suetonius. But the most interesting
+items in the list of his books are the new translations of Plato, and of
+Aristotle, whose <i>Ethica</i> was rendered by Leonardo Bruni; the Greek and
+Latin dictionary; and the works of Dante, Petrarch (<i>de Vita solitaria,
+de Rebus memorandis, de Remediis</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_143" id="page_143"></a>{143}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_25" id="PLT_25"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_209_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_209_sml.jpg" width="320" height="233" alt="PLATE XXV
+
+DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY, OXFORD" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXV<br />
+
+DUKE HUMFREY’S LIBRARY, OXFORD</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>utriusque fortunae</i>), Boccaccio, and of Coluccio Salutati’s
+letters.<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a></p>
+
+<p>The library’s character might still further have been freshened had
+Gloucester’s bequest of his Latin books&mdash;the books, we may suppose, he
+himself prized too highly to part with during his lifetime&mdash;been carried
+into effect.<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a></p>
+
+<p>“Our right special Lord and mighty Prince the Duke of Gloucester, late
+passed out of this world,&mdash;whose soul God assoil for his high
+mercy,&mdash;not long before his decease, being in our said University among
+all the doctors and masters of the same assembled together, granted unto
+us all his Latin books, to the loving of God, increase of clergy and
+cunning men, to the good governance and prosperity of the realm of
+England without end ... the which gift oftentimes after, by our
+messengers, and also in his last testament, as we understand, he
+confirmed.” But alas! Gloucester’s bequest was even more elusive than
+Cobham’s. These books they could, “by no manner of labours, since he
+deceased, obtain.”<a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> What followed is interesting. Letters asking for
+the books were sent to the king, to Mr. John Somersett, His Majesty’s
+physician, “lately come to influence,” to William of Waynflete, provost
+of the king’s pet project, Eton College, and much in favour; and to the
+king’s chamberlain (1447). As these appeals were unavailing, another
+letter was sent to the king in 1450, and several others to influential
+persons, some being to Gloucester’s executors; then, in the same year,
+the House of Lords was petitioned. All this wire-pulling failed to serve
+its end. The University became angry. An outspoken letter was sent to
+Master John Somersett, “lately come to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_144" id="page_144"></a>{144}</span> influence”: “Our proctor, Mr.
+Luke, tells us of your efforts for us to obtain the books given by the
+late Duke of Gloucester, and of your intercession with the king in our
+cause: also that you propose to add, of your own gift, other books to
+his bequest.” All this is very good of you, the letter proceeds, in
+effect, “but how is it that, under these circumstances, the Duke’s
+books, which came into your custody, are not delivered to us, unless it
+be that some powerful influence is exerted to prevent it; for a
+steadfast and good man will not be made to swerve from the path of
+justice by interest or cupidity. Use your endeavours to get these books:
+so do us a good favour; and clear your character.” Three years later it
+was discovered the books were scattered and in private hands
+(1453),<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a> or, as seems likely, at King’s College, Cambridge, and
+Eton.</p>
+
+<p>Now the library over the Congregation House was all too small. A
+Divinity School seems to have been first projected in 1423; building
+began about seven years later;<a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a> but the work proceeded very slowly,
+owing to want of money, which the authorities tried to raise in various
+ways, even by granting degrees on easy terms. When Gloucester’s books
+came to overcrowd the old library&mdash;and the books were chained so closely
+together that a student when reading one prevented the use of three or
+four books near to it&mdash;the idea was apparently first mooted of erecting
+a bigger room over the new school, where scholars might study far from
+the hum of men (<i>a strepitu saeculari</i>). The University sent an appeal
+to the Duke for help to carry out this scheme (1445), but he had then
+lost power and was in trouble, and does not seem to have responded
+favourably, albeit they suggested adroitly the new library should bear
+his name.<a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> The building was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_145" id="page_145"></a>{145}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_26" id="PLT_26"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_213_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_213_sml.jpg" width="314" height="230" alt="PLATE XXVI
+
+LIBRARY OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXVI<br />
+
+LIBRARY OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">finished forty years after his death. This ultimate success was due
+chiefly to the generosity of Cardinal Beaufort, the Duchess of Suffolk,
+and Cardinal Kempe&mdash;whose own library was magnificent.<a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a></p>
+
+<p>By 1488, then, the University was in full enjoyment of the chamber known
+ever since as Duke Humfrey’s Library, the noblest storehouse of books
+then existing in England.<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a> In the same year an old scholar, not
+known by name, gave 31 books, and in 1490 Dr. Litchfield, Archdeacon of
+Middlesex, presented 132 volumes and a sum of £200. These gifts mark the
+culminating point in the history of the first University library&mdash;a
+collection over a century and a half old, accumulated slowly by the
+forethought and generosity of the University’s friends, only, alas! in a
+few years’ time to be almost completely dispersed and destroyed.</p>
+
+<h3>§ II</h3>
+
+<p>Before speaking of the dispersion of the University collection it will
+be well to observe what had been done in the colleges, where libraries
+must have formed an important part of the collegiate economy. Books,
+indeed, were eagerly sought, carefully guarded and preserved; and
+wealthy Fellows&mdash;even Fellows not to be described as wealthy&mdash;often
+proved their affection for their college by giving manuscripts.</p>
+
+<p>The first house of the University, William of Durham’s Hall or
+University Hall (now University College), was founded between 1249 and
+1292, when its statutes were drawn up. In these statutes are the
+earliest regulations of the University for dealing with books in its
+possession.<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> It seems<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_146" id="page_146"></a>{146}</span> clear that the college enjoyed a
+library&mdash;perhaps of some importance,&mdash;with excellent regulations for its
+use, at the end of the thirteenth century. What is true of University
+College is true also of nearly all the other colleges. Although most of
+them were not rich foundations, one of the first efforts of a society
+was to collect books for common use. A few years after Merton’s
+inception (1264) the teacher of grammar was supplied with books out of
+the common purse, and directions were given for the care of books.<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a>
+To Balliol, Bishop Gravesend of London bequeathed books (1336) some
+fifty years after the statutes were given by the founder’s wife.<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a>
+Four years later Sir William de Felton presented to the college the
+advowson of the Church of Abboldesley, so that the number of scholars
+could be raised, each could have sufficient clothing, receive
+twelvepence a week, and possess in common books relating to the various
+Faculties.<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a> The earliest reference to the library of Exeter College,
+or Stapledon Hall, occurs also about half a century after its
+foundation: in 1366 payment was made for copying a book called
+<i>Domyltone</i>&mdash;possibly one of John of Dumbleton’s works. Oriel College
+either had a library from its foundation, or the regulations of 1329
+were drawn up for Bishop Cobham’s books, which Adam de Brome had
+redeemed. In 1375 Oriel certainly had its own library of nearly one
+hundred volumes, more than half of them being on theology and
+philosophy, with some translations of Aristotle, but otherwise not a
+single classic work; a collection to be fairly considered as
+representative of the academic libraries of this period.<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a> Queen’s
+College was one of those to which Simon de Bredon, the astronomer,
+bequeathed books in 1368, nearly thirty<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_147" id="page_147"></a>{147}</span> years after its
+foundation.<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a> “Seint Marie College of Wynchestr,” or New College,
+made a better start than any house (1380). The founder, William of
+Wykeham, endowed it with no fewer than 240 or 243 volumes, of which 135
+or 138 were theology, 28 philosophy, 41 canon law, 36 civil law;
+somebody unnamed, but possibly the founder, presented 37 volumes of
+medicine and 15 chained books in the library; and Bishop Reed&mdash;also the
+good friend of Merton&mdash;gave 58 volumes of theology, 2 of philosophy, and
+3 of canon law.<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a> Lincoln College had a collection of books at its
+foundation (1429); Dr. Gascoigne gave 6 manuscripts worth nearly three
+pounds apiece (1432); and Robert Flemming, a cousin of the founder,
+renowned for his travels and studies and collections in Italy, left a
+number of manuscripts, variously estimated at 25 and 38 in number, to
+his house. In 1474 this college had 135 manuscripts, stored in seven
+presses. Rules for the use of books were included in the first statutes
+of All Souls College, founded in 1438. At Magdalen the library had a
+magnificent start when William of Waynflete brought with him no fewer
+than 800 volumes on his visit in 1481; many of these were printed books.</p>
+
+<p>To tell the story of each of these early college libraries with
+continuity is not to our purpose, and is perhaps not feasible. So many
+details are lacking. We do not know whether all the libraries, once
+started, were constantly maintained; but it is reasonable to assume they
+were, as records&mdash;a few only&mdash;of purchases and donations are preserved.
+Usually gifts were made only to the college in which the donor felt
+special interest, but sometimes generous<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_148" id="page_148"></a>{148}</span> men were more catholic. Four
+colleges&mdash;University, Balliol, Merton, and Oriel&mdash;benefited under Bishop
+Stephen Gravesend’s will (1336); six&mdash;University, Balliol, Merton,
+Exeter, Oriel, and Queen’s&mdash;under the will of Simon de Bredon,
+astronomer and sometime Proctor of the University (1368): in both cases
+the testators distributed their gifts among all the secular colleges in
+existence at the time.<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a> Dr. Thomas Gascoigne gave many books to
+Balliol, Oriel, Durham, and Lincoln Colleges (1432).<a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a> William Reed,
+Bishop of Chichester, also was the friend of more than one society, for
+New College, as we have seen, got 63 volumes from him, Exeter some
+others, and Merton 99.<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a> Roger Whelpdale (<i>d.</i> 1423) bequeathed books
+to Balliol and Queen’s Colleges. Henry <i>VI</i> gave 23 manuscripts to All
+Souls College (1440). Robert Twaytes gave books to Balliol in 1451: his
+example was followed by George Nevil, Bishop of Exeter and afterwards
+Archbishop of York (1455, 1475), Dr. Bole (1478), and John Waltham
+(1492). An old Fellow showed his gratitude to University College by
+bestowing 68 books, mostly Scriptural commentaries, on its library
+(1473). Some of the gifts were smaller.<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> A chancellor of the church
+of York bequeathed a single volume to Merton. Bishop Skirlaw&mdash;a good
+friend of the college in other ways&mdash;gave 6 books to University in 1404:
+they were to be chained in the library and never lent. Such gifts were
+received as gratefully as the larger donations; indeed, it was esteemed
+a feather in the cap of the Master that while he held office Skirlaw’s
+books were received. Never at any time were books more highly
+appreciated than in Oxford of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_149" id="page_149"></a>{149}</span> fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
+Sometimes gifts took the form of money for a curious purpose. For
+example, Robert Hesyl, a country rector, bequeathed the sum of 6s. 8d.
+“ad intitulandum nomina librorum in libraria collegii Lincoln:
+contentorum, supra dorsa eorum coöperienda cornu et clavis.”<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a> But
+the colleges did not depend wholly on gifts, for records are preserved
+of purchases for Queen’s College in 1366-67;<a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a> All Souls College
+between 1449 and 1460; for Magdalen College between 1481 and 1539; for
+Merton College between 1322 and 1379; and for New College between 1462
+and 1481.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of the libraries made the provision of special bookrooms a
+necessity. A library on the ground floor of University College is
+referred to in the Bursar’s Roll (1391). At Merton the books were
+originally kept in a chest under three locks. A room was set apart quite
+early: books were chained up in it in 1284. In 1354 a carpenter was paid
+for fittings and “deskis.” Bishop Reed of Chichester erected a library
+building in 1377-79; Wyllyot and John Wendover contributed towards the
+cost, which amounted to £462. With the exception of the room thrown into
+the south library at its eastern end, of two large dormers, and of the
+glass in the west room, the original structure has been altered very
+little, and it is therefore one of the best examples of a medieval
+library in this country. When the old library of Exeter College was
+first used we do not know: it was possibly one of the tenements
+originally given to the college by Peter de Skelton and partly repaired
+by the founder. Money was disbursed for thatching it in 1375.<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a>
+Nearly ten years later a new library was put up. Bishop Brantingham and
+John More, rector of St. Petrock’s, Exeter, contributed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_150" id="page_150"></a>{150}</span> handsomely
+towards the cost; another Bishop of Exeter, Edmund Stafford,&mdash;in whose
+time the name of the house was changed from Stapledon Hall to Exeter
+College,&mdash;enlarged the building in 1404; and Bishops Grandisson,
+Brantingham, Stafford, and Lacy gave books.<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a> In the library room
+some of the books were chained to desks, and some were kept in
+chests.<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> All this points to a flourishing library at Exeter;
+although, on occasions when their yearly expenses were heavier than
+usual, the Fellows were obliged to pawn books to one of the loan chests
+of the University, or even to their barber.<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a></p>
+
+<p>The monastic college of Durham enjoyed a “fayre library, well-desked and
+well flowred withe a timber Flowre over it,” built in 1417 and fitted in
+1431.<a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a> Another college belonging to the monks of Christ Church,
+Canterbury, also had a library, which had been replenished with books
+from the mother-house.<a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a> In 1431 a library building was begun at
+Balliol College by Mr. Thomas Chace, after he had resigned the office of
+Master. Bishop William Grey, besides enriching his college with
+manuscripts, also completed the home for them (<i>c.</i> 1477), on a window
+of which are still to be read his name and the name of Robert Abdy, the
+Master.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“His Deus adjecit; Deus his det gaudia celi;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Abdy perfecit opus hoc Gray presul et Ely.”<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_151" id="page_151"></a>{151}</span></p>
+
+<p class="nind">In another window, on the north side, was inscribed&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Conditor ecce novi structus hujus fuit Abdy.<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Praesul et huic Œdi Gray libros contulit Ely.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first library of Oriel College, on the east side of the quadrangle,
+was not erected until about 1444; before that the books seem to have
+been kept in chests, although the collection was large for the
+time.<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a> As early as 1388-89 payments were made for making desks for
+the library of Queen’s College.<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a> In the case of New, Lincoln, All
+Souls, and Magdalen Colleges, library rooms were included when the
+college buildings were first erected. Magdalen’s library was copied from
+All Souls: the windows in it were “to be as good as or better than”
+those in the earlier foundation.</p>
+
+<h3>§ III</h3>
+
+<p>Towards the end of the fifteenth century the beginning of the sad end of
+all this good work may be traced. Some part of the collections
+disappeared gradually. In 1458 books were chained at Exeter College,
+because some of them had been taken away. When volumes became damaged
+and worn out, they were not replaced by others. Some were pledged, and
+although every effort was made to redeem them, as at Exeter College in
+1466, 1470, 1472 and 1473, yet it seems certain many were permanently
+alienated. Others were perhaps sold, or given away, as John Phylypp gave
+away two Exeter College manuscripts in 1468.<a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a> The University library
+was in similar case. When Erasmus saw the scanty remains of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_152" id="page_152"></a>{152}</span> this
+collection he could have wept. “Before it had continued eighty years in
+its flourishing state,” writes Wood of the library, “[it] was rifled of
+its precious treasure by unreasonable persons. That several scholars
+would, upon small pledges given in, borrow books ... that were never
+restored. Polydore Virgil ... borrowed many after such a way; but at
+length being denied, did upon petition made to the king obtain his
+license for the taking out of any MS. for his use (in order, I suppose,
+for the collecting materials for his English History or Chronicle of
+England), which being imitated by others, the library thereby suffered
+very great loss.” Matters became still worse. Owing to the threatened
+suppression of the religious houses, the number of students at Oxford
+decreased enormously. In 1535, 108 men graduated, in the next year only
+44 did so; until the end of Henry VIII’s reign the average number
+graduating was 57, and in Edward’s reign the average was 33.<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a>
+Naturally, therefore, some laxity crept into the administration of the
+University and the colleges. Active enemies of our literary treasures
+were not behindhand. In 1535 Dr. Layton, visitor of monasteries,
+descended upon Oxford. “We have sett Dunce [Duns Scotus] in Bocardo, and
+have utterly banisshede hym Oxforde for ever, with all his blinde
+glosses, and is nowe made a comon servant to evere man, faste nailede up
+upon postes in all comon howses of easment: id quod oculis meis vidi.
+And the seconde tyme we came to New Colege, affter we hade declarede
+your injunctions, we fownde all the gret quadrant court full of the
+leiffes of Dunce, the wynde blowyng them into evere corner. And ther we
+fownde one Mr. Grenefelde, a gentilman of Bukynghamshire, getheryng up
+part of the saide bowke leiffes (as he saide) therwith to make hym
+sewelles or blawnsherres to kepe the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_153" id="page_153"></a>{153}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_27" id="PLT_27"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_223_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_223_sml.jpg" width="309" height="230" alt="XXVII
+MERTON COLLEGE LIBRARY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">XXVII<br />
+
+MERTON COLLEGE LIBRARY</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">dere within the woode, therby to have the better cry with his
+howndes.”<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a> A commission assembled at Oxford in 1550, and met many
+times at St. Mary’s Church. No documentary evidence of their treatment
+of libraries remains, but it was certainly most drastic. Any illuminated
+manuscript, or even a mathematical treatise illustrated with diagrams,
+was deemed unfit to survive, and was thrown out for sale or destruction.
+Some of the college libraries did not suffer severely. Most of Grey’s
+books survived in Balliol, although the miniatures were cut out.
+Queen’s, All Souls, and Merton came through the ordeal nearly unscathed.
+But Lincoln lost the books given by Gascoigne and the Italian
+importations of Flemming; Exeter College was purged. The University
+library itself was entirely dispersed. One of the commissioners, “by
+name Richard Coxe, Dean of Christ Church, shewed himself so zealous in
+purging this place of its rarities ... that ... savoured of
+superstition, that he left not one of those goodly MSS. given by the
+before mentioned benefactors. Of all which there were none restored in
+Q. Mary’s reign, when then an inquisition was made after them, but only
+one of the parts of Valerius Maximus, illustrated with the Commentaries
+of Dionysius de Burgo, an Augustine Fryer, and with the Tables of John
+Whethamsteed, Abbat of St. Alban’s. That some of the books so taken out
+by the Reformers were burnt, some sold away for Robin Hood’s
+pennyworths,<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a> either to Booksellers, or to Glovers, to press their
+gloves, or Taylors to make measures, or to bookbinders to cover books
+bound by them, and some also kept by the Reformers for their own use.
+That the said library being thus deprived of its furniture was employed,
+as the schools were, for infamous uses. That in laying waste in that
+manner, and not in a possibility (as the academians<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_154" id="page_154"></a>{154}</span> thought) of
+restoring it to its former estate, they ordered certain persons in a
+Convocation (Reg. I. fol. 157ª) held Jan. 25, 1555-56 to sell the
+benches and desks therein; so that being stript stark naked (as I may
+say) continued so till Bodley restored it.”<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a> The only cheerful
+reference to this period is that by Wood, who tells us some friendly
+people bought in a number of the manuscripts, and ultimately handed them
+over to the University after the library’s restoration.<a name="FNanchor_394_394" id="FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a> But of all
+the books given by the Duke of Gloucester only three are now in the
+Bodleian, and only three others in Corpus Christi, Oriel, and Magdalen.
+The British Museum possesses nine; Cambridge one; private collectors
+two. Six are in France: two Latin&mdash;both Oxford books&mdash;and three French
+manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale, and one manuscript at the
+Bibliothèque Ste. Geneviève. The Ste. Geneviève book<a name="FNanchor_395_395" id="FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a> is a
+magnificent Livy, once belonging to the famous Louvre Library. It bears
+the inscription: “Cest livre est à moy Homfrey, duc de Gloucestre, du
+don mon très chier cousin le conte de Warewic.”<a name="FNanchor_396_396" id="FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_155" id="page_155"></a>{155}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII<br /><br />
+ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: CAMBRIDGE</h2>
+
+<h3>§I</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">A</span>S the libraries of Cambridge were mostly of later foundation than those
+at Oxford, and as the collections were of the same character, it is less
+necessary to describe them in detail, especially after having dealt
+fully with the collections of the sister university. Cambridge
+University does not seem to have owned books in common until the first
+quarter of the fifteenth century. Before that, in 1384, the books
+intended for use in the University were submitted to the Chancellor and
+Doctors, so that any containing heretical and objectionable opinions
+could be weeded out and burnt. In 1408-9 it was ordered that books
+suspected to contain Lollard doctrines should be examined by the
+authorities of both Universities; if approved by them and by the
+Archbishop of Canterbury, they could be delivered to the stationers for
+copying, but not before. And in 1480 keepers of chests were forbidden to
+receive as a pledge any book written <i>on paper</i>.<a name="FNanchor_397_397" id="FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a> Certain
+regulations were also made with regard to the status of stationers and
+others engaged in book-making in the town. But there seems to have been
+no common library.</p>
+
+<p>About the time when Gloucester made his first gift of books to Oxford
+University a public library was possibly<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_156" id="page_156"></a>{156}</span> “founded” by John Croucher,
+who gave a copy of Chaucer’s translation of Boëthius’ <i>De Consolatione
+philosophiae</i>. Richard Holme, Warden of King’s Hall, who died in 1424,
+gave sixteen volumes. At this time the collection amounted to
+seventy-six volumes. Robert Fitzhugh, Bishop of London, now left two
+books, a <i>Textus moralis philosophiae</i> and Codeton <i>Super quatuor libros
+Sententiarum</i> (1435-6). By 1435 or 1440 it had increased to one hundred
+and twenty-two books: theology accounting for sixty-nine, natural and
+moral philosophy for seventeen, canon law for twenty-three, medicine for
+five, grammar for six, and logic and sophistry for one each. Besides
+Holme’s books there were in this library eight books given by John
+Aylemer, six given by Thomas Paxton, ten by James Matissale, five each
+by John Preston, John Water, Robert Alne (1440),<a name="FNanchor_398_398" id="FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> and John Tesdale:
+other benefactors gave one or two or three.<a name="FNanchor_399_399" id="FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1423 one John Herrys or Harris gave ten pounds for the library,
+possibly for a building, as books do not seem to have been bought with
+it.<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a> A common library is mentioned in 1438.<a name="FNanchor_401_401" id="FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a> In the same year a
+grant was made by the king of the manor of Ruyslip and a place called
+Northwood for a library. The first room was erected between this year
+and 1457. After 1454 many entries occur in the University accounts for
+the roof of the new chapel and the library, for the general repairs of
+the same buildings, for the chaining and binding of books, and for their
+custody during a fire in the King’s College in 1457.<a name="FNanchor_402_402" id="FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a> A sketch of
+the Schools quadrangle drawn about 1459 shows this library, <i>libraria
+nova</i>, above the Canon Law schools, on the west side.<a name="FNanchor_403_403" id="FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a> Between the
+completion of this library<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_157" id="page_157"></a>{157}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_28" id="PLT_28"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_229_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_229_sml.jpg" width="285" height="233" alt="PLATE XXVIII
+
+SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE, C. 1688" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXVIII<br />
+
+SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE, C. 1688</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">and 1470 the south side of the quadrangle was built, the school of civil
+law occupying the ground floor, and the Great Library or Common Library
+the first floor. The second extant catalogue of books (1473) relates to
+the books in this room: possibly the west room had been cleared for
+other purposes. Now the inventory proves the library to have been in
+possession of three hundred and thirty volumes, stored upon eight stalls
+or desks on the north side and upon nine stalls on the southern side,
+facing King’s College Chapel.<a name="FNanchor_404_404" id="FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> But in a few years the buildings were
+extended and the collection augmented munificently by Thomas Rotherham
+or Scot, then Chancellor of the University and Bishop of Lincoln,
+afterwards Archbishop of York. Rotherham completed the building begun on
+the east side of the quadrangle by erecting the library which occupies
+the whole of the first floor (1470-75). In this <i>libraria domini
+cancellarii</i> his own books were stored. His generosity was recognised by
+the University in the fullest possible manner; special care was taken of
+his books, and his library came to be known as the private library, to
+which only a few privileged persons were admitted, while the great
+library remained in use as the public room.<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a></p>
+
+<p>The learned Bishop Tunstall gave some Greek books to the library in
+1529, just before he was translated to the see of Durham. Even then,
+however, the collection was on the down grade. Nine years later, owing
+to a decline in numbers at the University and a loss of revenue, some of
+the books, described as “useless,” were sold.<a name="FNanchor_406_406" id="FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> Then again, in 1547,
+occurs a more significant notice. A Grace was passed recommending the
+conversion of the great or common library into a school for the Regius<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_158" id="page_158"></a>{158}</span>
+Professor of Divinity, because “in its present state it is no use to
+anybody.”<a name="FNanchor_407_407" id="FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a> Neglect and worse had laid this part of the library as
+waste as Duke Humfrey’s room at Oxford. Apparently then only the
+Chancellor’s library remained. More “old” books were removed from the
+collection in 1572-3. In this same year a catalogue was drawn up. Only
+one hundred and seventy-seven volumes were left: “moste parte of all
+theis bookes be of velam and parchment, but very sore cut and mangled
+for the lymned letters and pictures.”<a name="FNanchor_408_408" id="FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a> Clearly sad havoc had been
+played with this library, which had started with so much promise.</p>
+
+<h3>§ II</h3>
+
+<p>The earliest collegiate libraries were Peterhouse, Pembroke Hall, Clare
+Hall, Trinity Hall, and Gonville. Peterhouse had the first library in
+Cambridge. Hugh of Balsham, Bishop of Ely, introduced into an
+Augustinian Hospital at Cambridge a number of scholars who were to live
+with the brethren. Before Hugh died the brethren and the scholars
+quarrelled, and the latter were removed to two hostels on the site of
+the present college (1281-84). He did not forget to provide his new
+foundation with books, among other properties. In the statutes of 1344
+are stringent provisions for the care of books, which prove that the
+society had a library worthy of some thought. Clare College was founded
+by the University as University Hall (1326), then refounded twelve years
+later by Lady Elizabeth de Clare as Clare Hall. In 1355 she bequeathed a
+few books. Pembroke College, founded in 1346, received a gift of ten
+books from the first Master, William Styband. The statutes of Trinity
+Hall, which was founded by Bishop William Bateman in 1350, partly to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_159" id="page_159"></a>{159}</span>
+repair the losses of scholarly clergy during the Black Death, also
+contain a special section relating to the college books. It was not
+drawn up in anticipation of the formation of a library, for the founder
+himself gave seventy volumes on civil and canon law and theology,
+besides fourteen books for the chapel; forty-eight, including seven
+chapel books, were reserved for the Bishop’s own use during his
+life.<a name="FNanchor_409_409" id="FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a> To Gonville College, founded as the Hall of the Annunciation
+in 1348, Archdeacon Stephen Scrope left a <i>Catholicon</i> in 1418.<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a>
+King’s Hall, later absorbed in Trinity College, some sixty years after
+its foundation, possessed a library of eighty-seven volumes (1394).
+Gifts of books were made to Corpus Christi College soon after its
+foundation in 1352, but a library is not referred to in the old
+statutes. Thomas de Eltisle, the first Master, gave several books, among
+them a very fine missal, “most excellently annotated throughout all the
+offices, and bound with a cover of white deer leather, and with red
+clasps.” At this time (1376) we find an inventory showing that the
+contents of the library were chiefly theological and law books.</p>
+
+<p>The intention of King Henry VI was to make the library of King’s College
+and that of Eton very good. In his great plan for the former, which was
+never carried out, Henry proposed to have in the west side of the court,
+“atte the ende toward the chirch,” “a librarie, conteynyng in
+lengthe .cx. fete, and in brede .xxiiij. fete, and under hit a large hous
+for redyng and disputacions, conteynyng in lengthe .xl. fete, and .ij.
+chambres under the same librarie, euery conteynyng .xxix. fete in lengthe
+and in brede .xxiiij. fete.”<a name="FNanchor_411_411" id="FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a> But an apartment was set aside for
+books, and, as a charge was incurred for strewing it<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_160" id="page_160"></a>{160}</span> with rushes in
+expectation of a visit from the king, it was evidently a repository
+worth seeing.<a name="FNanchor_412_412" id="FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a> Early in 1445 the king sent Richard Chester, sometime
+his envoy at the Papal court, to France and other countries, and to
+certain parts of England, in search of books and relics for his
+foundations. Within two years, however, a joint petition came from Eton
+and King’s College, stating that neither of these colleges “nowe late
+fownded and newe growyng” “were sufficiently supplied with books for
+divine service and for their libraries and studies, or with vestments
+and ornaments, ‘whiche thinges may not be had withoute great and
+diligente labour be longe processe and right besy inquisicion.’ They
+therefore begged that the king would order Chester to ‘take to hym suche
+men as shall be seen to hym expedient and profitable, and in especiall
+John Pye,’ the King’s ‘stacioner of London, and other suche as ben
+connyng and have undirstonding in such matiers,’ charging them all ‘to
+laboure effectually, inquere and diligently inserche in all place that
+ben under’ the King’s ‘obeysaunce, to gete knowleche where suche bokes,
+onourmentes, and other necessaries for’ the ‘saide colleges may be
+founden to selle.’ They were anxious that Richard Chester should have
+authority ‘to bye, take, and receive alle suche goodes afore eny other
+man ... satisfying to the owners of suche godes suche pris as thei may
+resonably accorde and agree. Soo that he may have the ferste choise of
+alle suche goodes afore eny other man, and in especiall of all maner
+bokes, ornementes, and other necessaries as nowe late were perteyning to
+the Duke of Gloucestre.’&nbsp;”<a name="FNanchor_413_413" id="FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a> At King’s College many charges were
+incurred for books a year later, in 1448. By 1452 this foundation had
+174 or 175 books, on philosophy, theology, medicine, astrology,
+mathematics, canon law, grammar, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_161" id="page_161"></a>{161}</span> in classical literature.<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a> The
+only volume now remaining of this collection once belonged to Duke
+Humfrey, and as the list contains a fair number of classical
+books&mdash;Aristotle, <i>Liber policie Platonis</i>, <i>Tullius in noua rethorica</i>,
+Seneca, Sallust, Ovid, Julius Cæsar, Plutarch&mdash;besides a book of Poggio
+Bracciolini, it seems likely that King’s College, and perhaps Eton,
+received some of the books promised by the Duke to Oxford University and
+begged for repeatedly and in vain by that University, after his
+death.<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a></p>
+
+<p>Likewise at Eton&mdash;which may be referred to appropriately here&mdash;the king
+desired to have a good library. “Item the Est pane in lengthe within the
+walles .ccxxx. fete in the myddel whereof directly agayns the entre of
+the cloistre a librarie conteynyng in lengthe .lij. fete and in
+brede .xxiiij. fete with .iij. chambres aboue on the oon side and .iiij. on
+the other side and benethe .ix. chambres euery of them in lengthe .xxvj.
+fete and in brede .xviij. fete with .v. utter toures and .v. ynner
+toures.”<a name="FNanchor_416_416" id="FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a></p>
+
+<p>A library room is referred to in 1445 or 1446; then “floryshid” glass
+was bought for the windows of it.<a name="FNanchor_417_417" id="FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> In 1484-85 it is again mentioned
+in connexion with repairs. A year later a lock and twelve keys for the
+library were paid for.<a name="FNanchor_418_418" id="FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a> Then in 1517, we are told, “the fyrst stone
+was layd yn the fundacyon off the weste parte off the College, whereon
+ys bylded Mr. Provost’s logyn, the Gate, and the Lyberary.”<a name="FNanchor_419_419" id="FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a> It
+would seem that these several references are to the vestry of the
+Chapel, in which the books were first kept, and then to the Election
+Hall, to which they were subsequently removed.<a name="FNanchor_420_420" id="FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a> Henry <small>VI</small> seems to
+have given £200 “for to purvey them books to the pleasure of God.”<a name="FNanchor_421_421" id="FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_162" id="page_162"></a>{162}</span>St. Catharine’s Hall, founded in 1473-75, in a few years enjoyed the
+use of 104 volumes, of which 85 were given by the founder, Dr. Robert
+Wodelarke. At Queens’ College a library was included in the first
+buildings; and some twenty-five years after the foundation in 1448, no
+fewer than 224 volumes were on the desks.<a name="FNanchor_422_422" id="FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a></p>
+
+<p>As at Oxford, these collections were augmented by the gifts of generous
+friends and loyal scholars. Peterhouse had many friends. Thomas Lisle,
+Bishop of Ely, gave a large Bible (1300).<a name="FNanchor_423_423" id="FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a> In 1418 a welcome gift
+came from a former Master, John de Newton, who had reserved some
+theological books, Seneca, Valerius Maximus, and other books for his old
+house. At this time Peterhouse had 380 volumes: at Oxford the University
+library was no larger, although it was possibly richer, and in numbers
+only the library of New College can have beaten it. Sir Thomas Beaufort,
+Duke of Exeter, bequeathed a volume of sermons in 1427.<a name="FNanchor_424_424" id="FNanchor_424_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a> Later Dr.
+Thomas Lane gave some good books (1450). Then Dr. Roger Marshall
+presented a large number of volumes, some of which were to be placed <i>in
+libraria secretiori</i>, and in chains, if the Master and Fellows thought
+fit, while the remainder were to be chained <i>in apertiori libraria</i>,
+where they could not be borrowed, but were easily accessible (1472):
+this benefactor evidently fully appreciated Peterhouse’s division of its
+library into reference and lending sections. Less than a decade later
+Dr. John Warkworth, the Master, presented fifty-five manuscripts, among
+which was his own <i>Chronicle</i>. “Among the gifts made to the library in
+the fifteenth century are one or two which raise curious questions. One
+book comes from Bury and has the Bury mark. Another belonged to the
+canons of Hereford; another to Worcester; another to Durham (it is still
+identifiable in the Durham catalogue of 1391); and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_163" id="page_163"></a>{163}</span> there are other
+instances of the kind. Such a phenomenon makes one very anxious to know
+how freely and under what conditions collegiate and monastic bodies were
+in the habit of parting with their books during the time before the
+Dissolution. Was there not very probably an extensive system of sale of
+duplicates? I prefer this notion,” writes Dr. James, “to the idea that
+they got rid of their books indiscriminately, because the study of
+monastic catalogues shows quite plainly that the number of duplicates in
+any considerable library was very large. On the other hand, it is clear
+that books often got out of the old libraries into the hands of quite
+unauthorised persons: so that there was probably both fair and foul play
+in this matter.”<a name="FNanchor_425_425" id="FNanchor_425_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a> To Pembroke College came gifts from successive
+Masters and from friends between the date of foundation and the year
+1484, when the College had received 158 volumes in this way.<a name="FNanchor_426_426" id="FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a> One of
+the donors was Rotherham, the great friend of the public library. During
+the same period a number of books were also purchased. Corpus Christi
+received a like series of donations. The third Master, John Kynne, gave
+a Bible, which he had “bought at Northampton at the time (1380) when the
+Parliament was there, for the purpose of reading therefrom in the Hall
+at the time of dinner.” The fifth and sixth Masters, Drs. Billingford
+and Tytleshale, were benefactors to the library; and during the latter’s
+mastership one of the fellows, Thomas Markaunt the antiquary, bequeathed
+seventy-six volumes, then valued at over £100 (1439).<a name="FNanchor_427_427" id="FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a> Later Dr.
+Cosyn presented books; and Dr. Nobys, the twelfth Master, left a large
+number of volumes, which were chained in the library.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_164" id="page_164"></a>{164}</span></p>
+
+<p>A vicar of St. Mary’s, Nottingham, named John Hurte, gave books to
+several colleges&mdash;to Clare Hall seven books, including Guido delle
+Colonne’s Troy book, Ptolemy <i>in Quadripartito</i>; to the College of God’s
+House, afterwards absorbed in Christ’s College, Egidius and a
+<i>Doctrinale</i>; to King’s College Isaac <i>de Urinis</i>; to the University
+Library three books; as well as an astronomical work to Gotham Chest
+(1476).<a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a></p>
+
+<p>At Peterhouse in 1414 special provision was being made for the books in
+a long room on the first floor. The workman employed on the job was to
+receive, in addition to his wages, a gown if the College were pleased
+with his work. By 1431 a new library was necessary, and a contract was
+entered into for building it. Sixteen years later the work had so
+progressed that desks were being made. In 1450 the old desks were broken
+up, and locks and keys were bought for sixteen new cases. This library
+was on the west side of the quadrangle. A library for Clare Hall was
+built between 1420 and 1430. A little before this a new library was
+begun for King’s Hall, probably to replace a smaller room. For the books
+of Pembroke College a storey was added to the Hall about 1452. The early
+collection of Gonville Hall was kept in a strong-room; then in 1441 a
+special room was included in the buildings on the west side of the
+quadrangle. At Trinity Hall the books were stored in a room over the
+passage from one court to the other and at the east end of the chapel,
+and here they remained until after the Reformation. The early library
+room of Corpus Christi was in the Old Court, on the first floor next to
+the Master’s lodge. In Queens’, St. Catharine’s, Jesus, Christ’s, St.
+John’s and Magdalene a library formed a part of the original
+quadrangle.<a name="FNanchor_429_429" id="FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_165" id="page_165"></a>{165}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII<br /><br />
+ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: THEIR ECONOMY</h2>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">H</span>ERE it will be convenient to give some account of the regulations for
+the use of books in colleges, both at Oxford and Cambridge. The
+University libraries were for reference: the College libraries were for
+both reference and lending use, and the regulations are therefore
+different in essentials. By the statutes of University College (1292)
+one book of every kind that the college had was to be put in some common
+and safe place, so that the Fellows, and others with the consent of the
+Fellows, might have the use of it. Sometimes, especially in the colleges
+of early foundation, this common collection was kept in chests; usually
+the books were securely chained to desks. The common books were chained
+at New College (statutes, 1400) and at Lincoln College (1429). At
+Peterhouse, soon after 1418, some 220 volumes were preserved for
+reference, and 160 were distributed among the Fellows.<a name="FNanchor_430_430" id="FNanchor_430_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a> At All Souls
+College a number of books selected by the warden, vice-wardens, and
+deans, were chained, together with the books given on the express
+condition that they should be chained (statutes, 1443). This collection,
+then, was the college reference library; corresponding with the common
+aumbry of the monastery, but also indicative of the principle of all
+library organisation that, while it is desirable to lend books, it is
+also necessary to keep a number of them all together in one fixed place
+for reference.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_166" id="page_166"></a>{166}</span></p>
+
+<p>The <i>libri distribuendi</i>, or books for lending, were the special feature
+of the college library. At Merton the books were distributed by the
+warden and sub-warden under an adequate pledge (1276). Once a year,
+after the books had been inspected, each Fellow of Oriel could select a
+book on the subject he was reading up, and could keep it, if he chose,
+until the next distribution a year later, while if there were more books
+than Fellows, those over could be selected in the same way (statutes,
+1329). At Peterhouse, the Senior Dean distributed the books to scholars
+in the manner he saw fit; later it was ruled that all the books not
+chained might be circulated once every two years on a day to be fixed by
+the Master and Senior Dean (statutes, 1344, 1480). At New College
+students in civil and canon law could have two books for their special
+use during the time they devoted themselves to those faculties, if they
+did not own the books themselves. If books remained over, after this
+distribution, they were to be distributed annually in the usual way
+(statutes, 1400). Similarly the books were circulated at All Souls
+(statutes, 1443), at Magdalen (1459), at Exeter<a name="FNanchor_431_431" id="FNanchor_431_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a> and at Queen’s. At
+Lincoln College bachelors could only have logical and philosophical
+books distributed to them, and not theology (statutes, 1429).</p>
+
+<p>The procedure was the same as at the annual claustral distribution.
+Although these regulations suggest restrictions and little else, the
+students were as a rule fairly well provided with books. Even if they
+did not own a single volume of their own, they had the use of the
+public<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_167" id="page_167"></a>{167}</span> library of the University, and of the college common library. It
+is true the distribution or <i>electio librorum</i> took place only once or
+twice a year, and then a student got only a few volumes. Yet we should
+not assume that he was obliged to confine his attention to this small
+dole alone, for it is but reasonable to suppose he could exchange his
+books with those selected by another student. The <i>electio librorum</i> was
+a method of securing the safety of the books by distributing the
+responsibility for making good losses equally over the whole community.
+In the case of University College an Opponent in theology, a teacher of
+the Sentences, and a Regent who also taught, had the right to borrow
+freely any book he wanted if he would restore it, when he had done with
+it, to the Fellow who had chosen it at the distribution (statutes,
+1292).</p>
+
+<p>A register of loans was carefully maintained. The Fellows of All Souls
+were required to have a small indenture drawn up for each book borrowed,
+and such indenture was to be left with the warden or the vice-warden
+(statutes, 1443). At Pembroke College, Cambridge, the librarian or
+keeper was to prepare large tablets covered with wax and parchment: on
+the latter were to be written the titles of books, on the former the
+names of the borrowers; when each book was returned, the borrower’s name
+was pressed out. This was a monastic practice. Such records, even if
+trifling, were in turn the subject of an indenture if they were
+transferred from one person to another.<a name="FNanchor_432_432" id="FNanchor_432_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a></p>
+
+<p>The rules drawn up to prevent loss were as stringent for college as for
+monastic libraries. No Fellow of University College could take away,
+sell, or pawn books belonging to his house without the consent of all
+the fellows (statutes, 1292). At Peterhouse scholars were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_168" id="page_168"></a>{168}</span> bound by oath
+to similar effect (statutes, 1344). A statute of Magdalen is most
+insistent&mdash;a book could not be alienated, under any excuse whatever, nor
+lent outside the college, nor could it be lent in quires for copying to
+a member of the College or a stranger, either in the Hall or out of it,
+nor could it be taken out of the town, or even out of the Hall, either
+whole or in sheets, by the Master or any one else, but to the schools it
+could be taken when necessary and on condition that it was brought back
+to the college before nightfall (1459). A like injunction was given at
+Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Brasenose College.</p>
+
+<p>Lending outside a college was unusual, but was sometimes allowed, as in
+monasteries, under indenture, and upon deposit of a pledge of greater
+value than the book lent, and with the general consent of Fellows
+(University College statutes, 1292; All Souls statutes, 1443). Every
+book belonging to University College had a high value set upon it, so
+that a borrower should not be careless in his use of it (statutes,
+1292); and at Peterhouse the Master and two Deans were expected to set a
+value upon the books (special statute, 1480). Punishment for default was
+severe. Any Fellow of Oriel neglecting or refusing to restore his books,
+or to pay the value set upon them, forfeited his right of selecting for
+another year, and if he failed to make good the loss before the
+following Christmas, he was no longer a Fellow&mdash;<i>eo facto non socius
+ibidem existat</i> (1441). If a Fellow of Peterhouse did not produce his
+book at the fresh selection, or appoint a deputy to bring it, he was
+liable to be put out of commons until he restored it (statute, 1480).</p>
+
+<p>Equal care was taken of the books which were not circulated. At Merton
+they were to be kept under three locks (1276). The deeds, books,
+muniments, and money of Stapeldon Hall or Exeter College were kept in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_169" id="page_169"></a>{169}</span>
+chest, of which one key was in the hands of the Rector, another of the
+Senior Scholar, and a third of the Chaplain (statutes, 1316). Three
+different locks, two large and one small, were used to secure the
+library door of New College: the Senior Dean and the Senior Bursar had
+the keys of the large locks, and each Fellow had a key of the small
+lock; all three locks were to be secured at night (statutes, 1400). An
+indenture was drawn up of all the books, charters, and muniments of
+Peterhouse in the presence of the greater number of the scholars: all
+the books were named and classified according to faculty. One part of
+the indenture was retained by the Master, the other part by the Deans.
+All these books and records were preserved in chests, each of which had
+two keys, one in the care of the Master, the other in the hands of the
+Senior Dean (statutes, 1344). Books being regarded as an inestimable
+treasure, which ought to be most religiously guarded, they could not be
+taken from Peterhouse, if chained up, except with the consent of the
+Master and all the Fellows in residence, who must be a majority of the
+whole Society; and books given on condition of being chained were not to
+be removed under any pretext, excepting only for repair. Even <i>libri
+distribuendi</i> were not to be without the college at night, except by
+permission of the Master or a Dean, and then they could not be retained
+for six months in succession (statute, 1480).</p>
+
+<p>To detect missing books stock was taken, usually once a year: again, as
+in the monasteries. Once a year on a fixed day the books of Oriel were
+to be brought out and displayed for inspection before the Provost or his
+deputy and all the Fellows (statutes, 1329). The same ceremony took
+place at Trinity Hall twice a year; the books were to be laid out one by
+one, so that they could be seen by everybody (statutes, 1350); at
+Peterhouse the inspection<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_170" id="page_170"></a>{170}</span> was held only once in two years (statute,
+1480). At All Souls an inspection was held (statutes, 1443); at the
+Pembroke College inspection each book was exhibited in order to the
+Masters and Fellows. At Magdalen, as elsewhere, the inspection was
+thorough: the books were to be shown <i>realiter, visibiliter, et
+distincte</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The above rules embody the common practice of the colleges. Certain
+houses had unusual provisions. Every Fellow of Magdalen College was to
+close the book he had been reading before he left, and also shut the
+windows (statutes, 1459). With the beginning of the sixteenth century
+comes a faint hint of discrimination in selecting books. No book was to
+be brought into the library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, or
+chained there, if it were not of sufficient worth and importance (<i>nisi
+sit competentis pretii aut utilitas</i>) (unless it had been given with
+specific direction that it should be chained), but it was to go among
+the books for lending (statutes, 1517).<a name="FNanchor_433_433" id="FNanchor_433_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a></p>
+
+<p>In certain of the colleges a book was read aloud during meals. It is
+noted that in 1284 the scholars of Merton were so noisy that the person
+appointed to read from Gregory’s <i>Moralia</i> could not be properly
+heard.<a name="FNanchor_434_434" id="FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a> Reading aloud was also enjoined at University Hall,
+Oxford.<a name="FNanchor_435_435" id="FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a> This was, of course, a monastic practice.</p>
+
+<p>This brief description of the practice of the colleges in regard to
+books may be concluded fittingly with an account of the rules which
+Richard de Bury proposed to apply for the safety of his library when
+reposed within the walls of Durham Hall. These provisions are specially
+interesting as an example of the care with which a fussy bookworm<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_171" id="page_171"></a>{171}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_29" id="PLT_29"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_245_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_245_sml.jpg" width="307" height="231" alt="PLATE XXIX
+
+LIBRARY OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD: EXTERIOR FROM MASTER’S
+GARDEN" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXIX<br />
+
+LIBRARY OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD: EXTERIOR FROM MASTER’S
+GARDEN</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">attempted to safeguard his treasures, and because they permit free
+lending of books outside the Hall. Five of the scholars sojourning in
+the Hall were to be appointed by the Master to have charge of the books,
+“of which five persons three and not fewer” might lend any book or books
+for inspection and study. No book was to be allowed outside the walls of
+the house for copying. “Therefore, when any scholar, secular or
+religious, whom for this purpose we regard with equal favour, shall seek
+to borrow any book, let the keepers diligently consider if they have a
+duplicate of the said book, and if so, let them lend him the book,
+taking such pledge as in their judgment exceeds the value of the book
+delivered, and let a record be made forthwith of the pledge, and of the
+book lent, containing the names of the persons delivering the book and
+of the person who receives it, together with the day and year when the
+loan is made.” But if the book was not in duplicate, the keepers were
+forbidden to lend it to anybody not belonging to the Hall, “unless
+perhaps for inspection within the walls of the aforesaid house or Hall,
+but not to be carried beyond it.”</p>
+
+<p>A book could be lent to any of the scholars in the Hall by three of the
+keepers, on condition that the borrower’s name and the date on which he
+received the book were recorded. This book could not be transferred to
+another scholar except by permission of three keepers, and then the
+record must be altered.</p>
+
+<p>“Each keeper shall take an oath to observe all these regulations when
+they enter upon the charge of the books. And the recipients of any book
+or books shall thereupon swear that they will not use the book or books
+for any other purpose but that of inspection or study, and that they
+will not take or permit to be taken it or them beyond the town and
+suburbs of Oxford.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_172" id="page_172"></a>{172}</span></p>
+
+<p>“Moreover, every year the aforesaid keepers shall render an account to
+the Master of the House and two of his scholars whom he shall associate
+with himself, or if he shall not be at leisure, he shall appoint three
+inspectors, other than the keepers, who shall peruse the catalogue of
+books, and see that they have them all, either in the volumes themselves
+or at least as represented by deposits. And the more fitting season for
+rendering this account we believe to be from the first of July until the
+festival of the Translation of the Glorious Martyr S. Thomas next
+following.</p>
+
+<p>“We add this further provision, that anyone to whom a book has been
+lent, shall once a year exhibit it to the keepers, and shall, if he
+wishes it, see his pledge. Moreover, if it chances that a book is lost
+by death, theft, fraud, or carelessness, he who has lost it or his
+representative or executor shall pay the value of the book and receive
+back his deposit. But if in any wise any profit shall accrue to the
+keepers, it shall not be applied to any purpose but the repair and
+maintenance of the books.”<a name="FNanchor_436_436" id="FNanchor_436_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a></p>
+
+<p>It will be seen that had De Bury’s aim been consummated, a small public
+lending library would have been founded in Oxford, from which at first
+only a few duplicates would be issued, but which might, in time, have
+become an important institution.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_173" id="page_173"></a>{173}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX<br /><br />
+THE USE OF BOOKS TOWARDS THE END OF THE MANUSCRIPT PERIOD</h2>
+
+<h3>§I</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>HE cheapening of books has brought many pleasures, but has been the
+cause of our losing&mdash;or almost losing&mdash;one pleasant social custom,&mdash;the
+pastime of reciting tales by the fireside or at festivities, which was
+popular until the end of the manuscript age.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Men lykyn jestis for to here<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And romans rede in divers manere.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">At their games and feasts and over their ale men were wont to hear tales
+and verses.<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a> The tale-tellers were usually professional wayfaring
+entertainers: “japers and ‘mynstralles’ that sell ‘glee,’&nbsp;” as the scald
+sang his lays before King Hygelac and roused Beowulf to slay Grendel&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Gestiours, that tellen tales<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Bothe of weping and of game.”<a name="FNanchor_438_438" id="FNanchor_438_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">Call hither, cries Sir Thopas, minstrels and gestours, “for to tellen
+tales”&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Of romances that been royales,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of popes and of cardinals,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">And eek of love-lykinge.” (ll. 2035-40).<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_174" id="page_174"></a>{174}</span></p>
+
+<p class="nind">Rhymers and poets had these entertainments in mind when they wrote&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“And red wher-so thou be, or elles songe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">That thou be understonde I god beseche,”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">cries Chaucer.<a name="FNanchor_439_439" id="FNanchor_439_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a> Note also the preliminary request for silence and
+attention at the beginning of <i>Sir Thopas</i>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Listeth, lordes, in good entent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And I wol telle verrayment<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of mirthe and of solas [solace];<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Al of a knyght was fair and gent [gallant]<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">In bataille and in tourneyment,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">His name was Sir Thopas.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the beginning of his metrical chronicle of England Robert Mannyng of
+Brunne begs the “Lordynges that be now here” to listen to the story of
+England, as he had found it and Englished it for the solace of those
+“lewed” men who knew not Latin or French.<a name="FNanchor_440_440" id="FNanchor_440_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a></p>
+
+<p>References to these minstrels are common&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“I warne you furst at the beginninge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">That I will make no vain carpinge [talk]<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of dedes of armys ne of amours,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">As dus mynstrelles and jestours,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">That makys carpinge in many a place<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of <i>Octoviane</i> and <i>Isembrase</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And of many other jestes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And namely, whan they come to festes;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Ne of the life of <i>Bevys of Hampton</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">That was a knight of gret renoun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Ne of <i>Sir Gye of Warwyke</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_441_441" id="FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The monks of Hyde Abbey or New Minster paid an annuity to a harper
+(1180). No less a sum than seventy shillings was paid to minstrels hired
+to sing and play the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_175" id="page_175"></a>{175}</span> harp at the feast of the installation of an abbot
+of St. Augustine’s, Canterbury (1309). When the bishop of Winchester
+visited the cathedral priory of St. Swithin or Old Minster, a minstrel
+was hired to sing the song of Colbrond the Danish giant&mdash;a legend
+connected with Winchester&mdash;and the tale of Queen Emma delivered from the
+ploughshares (1338). Payments to minstrels were commonly made by monks:
+at Bicester Priory, for example (1431), and at Maxstoke, where <i>mimi</i>,
+<i>joculatores</i>, <i>jocatores</i>, <i>lusores</i>, and <i>citharistae</i> were hired. A
+curious provision occurs in the statutes of New College, Oxford (1380).
+The founder gives his permission to the scholars, for their recreation
+on festival days in the winter, to light a fire in the hall after dinner
+and supper, where they could amuse themselves with songs and other
+entertainments of decent sort, and could recite poems, chronicles of
+kingdoms, the wonders of the world, and such like compositions, provided
+they befitted the clerical character. At Winchester College&mdash;where
+minstrels were often employed&mdash;and Magdalen College the same practice
+was followed. Commonly minstrels formed a regular part of the household
+of rich men.<a name="FNanchor_442_442" id="FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a></p>
+
+<p>This part of the subject is so interesting that we feel tempted to
+linger over it, but it is sufficient for our purpose to observe that
+minstrelsy, before and after the Conquest&mdash;indeed, up to nearly the end
+of the manuscript period&mdash;was the chief and almost the only means of
+circulating literature among seculars. This fact should be borne in mind
+when any comparison is made between the number of religious and
+scholastic books in circulation and the number of books of lighter
+character. Even books of the scholastic class were read aloud to
+students in class, and often to small audiences of older people; but
+this method had obvious disadvantages, and the necessity of studying<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_176" id="page_176"></a>{176}</span>
+them personally soon came to be recognised as imperative. Hence such
+books, and especially those which summarised the subject of study, were
+greatly multiplied. On the other hand, romances were better heard than
+read, and only enough copies of them were made to supply wealthy
+households and the minstrels and jesters whose business it was to learn
+and recite them. Rarely, therefore, did the ordinary layman of medieval
+England own many books. The large class to whom romances appealed seldom
+owned books at all, simply because the people of this class, even if
+wealthy and of noble rank, could not in ninety cases out of one hundred
+read at all, or could read so poorly that the pastime was irksome. Among
+the educated classes, the books needed were those with which a reader
+had made acquaintance at his university, or which were necessary for his
+special study and occupation. Yet it is uncommon to find private
+libraries; and with few exceptions they were ridiculously small. The
+vast majority of the books were owned in common by monastic or
+collegiate societies.</p>
+
+<p>Let us bring together the meagre records of three centuries, and some
+exceptions to the general rule which serve only to show up the general
+poverty of the land. Henry <small>II</small>, an ardent sportsman, a ruler almost
+completely immersed in affairs of State, made time for private reading
+and for working out knotty questions,<a name="FNanchor_443_443" id="FNanchor_443_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a> and very probably he had a
+library to his hand. King John received from the sacristan of Reading a
+small collection of books of the Bible and severe theology, perhaps as a
+diplomatic gift, perhaps as a subtle reminder that a little food for the
+spirit would improve his morals and ameliorate the lot of his subjects.
+Edward <small>II</small> borrowed at least two books, the <i>Miracles of St. Thomas</i> and
+the <i>Lives of St. Thomas and St. Anselm</i>, from Christ Church,
+Canterbury.<a name="FNanchor_444_444" id="FNanchor_444_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a> Great Earl<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_177" id="page_177"></a>{177}</span> Simon had a <i>Digestum vetus</i> from the same
+source. Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick (<i>d.</i> 1315), had a little
+hoard of romances, and some other books. Hugh le Despenser the elder
+enjoyed a “librarie of bookes” (<i>c.</i> 1321), how big or of what character
+we do not know. Archbishop Meopham (<i>d.</i> 1333) gave some books to Christ
+Church, Canterbury; and his successor, John Stratford, presented a few
+to the same house. Lady Elizabeth de Clare, foundress of Clare Hall,
+bequeathed to her foundation a tiny collection of service books and
+volumes on canon law (1355). William de Feriby, Archdeacon of Cleveland,
+left a small theological library (1378). One John Percyhay of Swinton in
+Rydal (1392), Sir Robert de Roos (1392), John de Clifford, treasurer of
+York Church (1392), Canon Bragge of York (1396), and Eleanor Bohun,
+Duchess of Gloucester (1399), all left Bibles; and small collections of
+books, much alike in character, consisting usually of psalters, books of
+religious offices, legends of the saints, Peter of Blois, Nicholas
+Trivet, the Brut chronicle, books of Decretals, and the Corpus Juris
+Civilis,&mdash;most of it sorry stuff, the last achievements of dogmatism on
+threadbare subjects. “Among all the church dignitaries whose wills are
+recorded in Bishop Stafford’s register at Exeter (1395-1419), the
+largest library mentioned is only of fourteen volumes. The sixty
+testators include a dean, two archdeacons, twenty canons or
+prebendaries, thirteen rectors, six vicars, and eighteen layfolk, mostly
+rich people. The whole sixty apparently possessed only two Bibles
+between them, and only one hundred and thirty-eight books altogether:
+or, omitting church service-books, only sixty; <i>i.e.</i> exactly one each
+on an average. Thirteen of the beneficed clergy were altogether
+bookless, though several of them possessed the <i>baselard</i> or dagger
+which church councils had forbidden in vain for centuries past;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_178" id="page_178"></a>{178}</span> four
+more had only their breviary. Of the laity fifteen were bookless, while
+three had service books, one of these being a knight who simply
+bequeathed them as part of the furniture of his private chapel.”<a name="FNanchor_445_445" id="FNanchor_445_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a></p>
+
+<p>A few exceptions there were, as we have said. Not till the fifteenth
+century do we find that a few books were commonly in the possession of
+well-to-do and cultivated people; suggesting an advance in culture upon
+the previous age. But before 1400 several book collectors were sharp
+aberrations from the general rule. Richard de Gravesend, Bishop of
+London, owned nearly a hundred books, almost all theological, and each
+worth on an average more than a sovereign a volume, or in all about
+£1740 of our money. A certain Abbot Thomas of St. Augustine’s Abbey,
+Canterbury, gave to his house over one hundred volumes.<a name="FNanchor_446_446" id="FNanchor_446_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a> To the same
+monastery a certain John of London, probably a pupil of Friar Bacon,
+left a specialist’s library of about eighty books, no fewer than
+forty-six being on mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.<a name="FNanchor_447_447" id="FNanchor_447_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a> Simon
+Langham, too, bequeathed to Westminister Abbey ninety-one works, some
+very costly.<a name="FNanchor_448_448" id="FNanchor_448_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a> John de Newton, treasurer of York, left a good
+library, part of which he bequeathed to York Minster and part to
+Peterhouse (1418). A canon of York, Thomas Greenwood, died worth more
+than thirty pounds in books alone (1421). And Henry Bowet, Archbishop of
+York, left a collection of thirty-three volumes, nearly all of great
+price,&mdash;copies <i>de luxe</i>, finely illuminated and embellished, worth on
+an average a pound a volume (1423).</p>
+
+<p>But Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham, is at once the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_179" id="page_179"></a>{179}</span> bibliomaniac’s
+ideal and enigma (1287-1345). All accounts agree in saying he collected
+a large number of books.</p>
+
+<p>What became of them we do not know. In the <i>Philobiblon</i>, of which he is
+the reputed author, he expressed his intention of founding a hall at
+Oxford, and of leaving his books to it. Durham College, however, was not
+completed until thirty-six years after his death. Among the Durham
+College documents is a catalogue of the books it owned at the beginning
+of the fifteenth century, and only the books sent to Oxford in 1315, and
+as many more are mentioned, so that his large library did not go to the
+college, but was probably dispersed.<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a> De Bury, like Cobham, was a
+heavy debtor, and as he lay dying his servants stole all his moveable
+goods and left him naked on his bed save for an undershirt which a
+lackey had thrown over him.<a name="FNanchor_450_450" id="FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a> His executors, as we know, were glad to
+resell to St. Albans Abbey the books he had bought from the monks there.</p>
+
+<p>De Bury has left us an account of his methods of collecting which throws
+some light upon the trade in books in his time. “Although from our youth
+upwards we had always delighted in holding social commune with learned
+men and lovers of books, yet when we prospered in the world, ... we
+obtained ampler facilities for visiting everywhere as we would, and of
+hunting as it were certain most choice preserves, libraries private as
+well as public, and of the regular as well as of the secular clergy....
+There was afforded to us, in consideration of the royal favour, easy
+access for the purpose of freely searching the retreats of books. In
+fact, the fame of our love of them had been soon winged abroad
+everywhere, and we were reported to burn with such desire for books, and
+especially old ones,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_180" id="page_180"></a>{180}</span> that it was more easy for any man to gain our
+favour by means of books than of money. Wherefore, since supported by
+the goodness of the aforesaid prince of worthy memory, we were able to
+requite a man well or ill ... there flowed in, instead of presents and
+guerdons, and instead of gifts and jewels, soiled tracts and battered
+codices, gladsome alike to our eye and heart. Then the aumbries of the
+most famous monasteries were thrown open, cases were unlocked and
+caskets were undone, and volumes that had slumbered through long ages in
+their tombs wake up and are astonished, and those that had lain hidden
+in dark places are bathed in the ray of unwonted light. These long
+lifeless books, once most dainty, but now become corrupt and loathesome,
+covered with litters of mice and pierced with the gnawings of the worms,
+and who were once clothed in purple and fine linen, now lying in
+sackcloth and ashes, given up to oblivion, seemed to have become
+habitations of the moth.... Thus the sacred vessels of learning came
+into our control and stewardship; some by gift, others by purchase, and
+some lent to us for a season.”<a name="FNanchor_451_451" id="FNanchor_451_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a></p>
+
+<p>If his words are true, monastic and other libraries must have been
+seriously despoiled to build up his own collection. He was bribed by St.
+Albans Abbey, and nobody need disbelieve him when he says he got many
+presents from other houses, for the merit of being open-handed was
+rewarded with more good mediation and favours than the giver’s cause
+deserved; indeed, De Bury himself seems to have made judicious use of
+bribes for his own advancement.<a name="FNanchor_452_452" id="FNanchor_452_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a> Usually gifts were in jewels or
+plate, but books were given to men known to love them; as when<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_181" id="page_181"></a>{181}</span>
+Whethamstede presented Humfrey of Gloucester and the Duke of Bedford
+with books they coveted.</p>
+
+<p>While acting as emissary for his “illustrious prince,” de Bury hunts his
+quarry in the narrow ways of Paris, and captures “inestimable books” by
+freely opening his purse, the coins of which are, to his mind, “mud and
+sand” compared with the treasures he gets. He blesses the friars and
+protects them, and they rout out books from the “universities and high
+schools of various provinces”; but how, whether rightfully or
+wrongfully, we do not know. He “does not disdain,” he tells us&mdash;in
+truth, he is surely overjoyed&mdash;to visit “their libraries and any other
+repositories of books”; nay, there he finds heaped up amid the utmost
+poverty the utmost riches of wisdom. He freely employs the booksellers,
+but the wiles of the collector are as notorious as the wiles of women,
+and his chief aim is to “captivate the affection of all” who can get him
+books;&mdash;not even forgetting “the rectors of schools and the instructors
+of rude boys,” although we cannot think he gets much from them. If he
+cannot buy books, he has copies made: about his person are scribes and
+correctors, illuminators and binders, and generally all who can usefully
+labour in the service of books; in large numbers&mdash;in no small multitude.
+And by these means he gets together more books than all the other
+English bishops put together: more than five waggon loads; a veritable
+hoard, overflowing into the hall of his house, and into his bedroom,
+where he steps over them to get to his couch. He was a man “of small
+learning,” says Murimuth; “passably literate,” writes Chambre; at the
+best, according to Petrarch, “of ardent temperament, not ignorant of
+literature, with a natural curiosity for out-of-the-way lore”: an
+antiquarian, not of the lovable kind, but unscrupulous, pedantic, and
+vain, indulging an inordinate taste for collecting and hoarding books,
+perhaps to satisfy a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_182" id="page_182"></a>{182}</span> craving for shreds and patches of knowledge, but
+more likely to earn a reputation as a great clerk.<a name="FNanchor_453_453" id="FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a> For De Bury was
+something of a humbug; the <i>Philobiblon</i>, if it is his work, reaches the
+utmost limit of affectation in the love of books.</p>
+
+<h3>§ II</h3>
+
+<p>The literature of the later part of the fourteenth century affords us
+glimpses of other readers who were not merely collectors. The author&mdash;or
+authors&mdash;of <i>Piers Plowman</i> seems to have had within his reach a fair
+library. His reading was carelessly done for the most part, his
+references are vague and incorrect, and his quotations not always exact.
+But he was well read in the Scriptures, which he knew far better than
+any other book. From the Fathers he gathered much, perhaps by means of
+collections of extracts from their works. He used the <i>Golden Legend</i>,
+Huon de Meri’s allegorical poem of the fight between Jesus and the
+Antichrist, Peter Comestor’s <i>Bible History</i>, Rustebeuf’s <i>La Voie de
+Paradis</i>, Grosseteste’s religious allegory of <i>Le Chastel d’Amour</i>, the
+paraded learning of Vincent of Beauvais in <i>Speculum Historiale</i>, and
+other works&mdash;numerous and small signs of booklore, which are completely
+overshadowed by his illuminating comprehension of the popular side in
+the politics of his day. Gower, too, had at his disposal a little
+library of some account, including the Scriptures, theological writings
+and ecclesiastical histories, Aristotle, some of the classics, and a
+good deal of romance in prose and verse.</p>
+
+<p>But Chaucer was the ideal book-lover: knowing Dante, Boccaccio, and in
+some degree “Franceys Petrark, the laureat poete,” who “enlumined al
+Itaille of poetry,” Virgil, Cicero, Seneca, Ovid&mdash;his favourite
+author&mdash;and Boëthius;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_183" id="page_183"></a>{183}</span> as well as Guido delle Colonne’s prose epic of
+the story of Troy, the poems of Guillaume de Machaut, the <i>Roman de la
+Rose</i>, and a work on the astrolabe by Messahala.<a name="FNanchor_454_454" id="FNanchor_454_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a> We have some
+excellent pictures of Chaucer’s habit of reading. When his day’s work is
+done he goes home and buries himself with his books&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">“Domb as any stoon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thou sittest at another boke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Til fully daswed is thy loke.”<a name="FNanchor_455_455" id="FNanchor_455_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_455_455" class="fnanchor">[455]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">In the <i>Parliament of Fowls</i> he tells us that he read books often for
+instruction and pleasure, and the coming on of night alone would force
+him to put away his book. He would not have been a true reader had he
+not developed the habit of reading in bed.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">“...Whan I saw I might not slepe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Til now late, this other night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Upon my bedde I sat upright<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bad oon reche me a book,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A romance, and he hit me took<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To rede and dryve the night away;<br /></span>
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">. . . . . . . . . .</span><br />
+<span class="i2">And in this boke were writen fables<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That clerkes hadde, in olde tyme,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And other poets, put in ryme....”<a name="FNanchor_456_456" id="FNanchor_456_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_456_456" class="fnanchor">[456]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">So he found solace and delight, as countless thousands have done, in his
+Ovid. The world of books and of reading is apt to seem stuffy, the
+favoured home of the moody spirit, a lair to which a dirty and ragged
+Magliabechi retreats, a palace where a Beckford gloats solitary over his
+treasures&mdash;a world whence we often desire to escape, since we know we
+can return to it when we will. For if good books shelter us from the
+realities of life, life<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_184" id="page_184"></a>{184}</span> itself refreshes the student like cool rain
+upon the fevered brow. Chaucer was the bright spirit who let his books
+fill their proper place in his life. In books, he says&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i7">“I me delyte,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And to hem give I feyth and ful credence,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And in myn heart have hem in reverence<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So hertely that ther is game noon<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That fro my bokes maketh me to goon.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">Yet books are something much less than life: there is the open air,&mdash;the
+meadows bright with flowers,&mdash;the melody of birds,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">“...Whan that the month of May<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is comen, and that I hear the foules singe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And that the flowers ’ginnen for to spring<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Farwel my book....”<a name="FNanchor_457_457" id="FNanchor_457_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_457_457" class="fnanchor">[457]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<h3>§ III</h3>
+
+<p>By the end of the fourteenth century we find signs that books more often
+formed a part of well-to-do households, and that the formal reading and
+reciting entertainments were giving place gradually to the informal and
+personal use of books. Among many pieces of evidence that this was so,
+Chaucer himself furnishes us with two of the best, one in the <i>Wife of
+Bath’s Tale</i>, and the other in his <i>Troilus and Criseide</i>. The Wife took
+for her fifth husband, “God his soule blesse,” a clerk of Oxenford&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“He was, I trowe, a twenty winter old,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And I was fourty, if I shal seye sooth.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">Joly Jankin, as the clerk was called,</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">“Hadde a book that gladly, night and day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For his desport he wolde rede alway.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_185" id="page_185"></a>{185}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_30" id="PLT_30"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_261_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_261_sml.jpg" width="233" height="256" alt="PLATE XXX
+
+CARMELITE IN HIS STUDY" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXX<br />
+
+CARMELITE IN HIS STUDY</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He cleped [called] it Valerie and Theofraste,<a name="FNanchor_458_458" id="FNanchor_458_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_458_458" class="fnanchor">[458]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At whiche book he lough alwey ful faste.<br /></span>
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">. . . . . . . . . .</span><br />
+<span class="i0">And every night and day was his custume,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When he had leyser and vacacioun<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">From other worldly occupacioun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To reden on this book of wikked wyves.”<a name="FNanchor_459_459" id="FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">And having quickly taken measure of the Wife’s character, he could not
+refrain from reading to her stories which seemed to contain a lesson and
+to point a moral for her. She lost patience, and was “beten for a book,
+pardee.”</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Up-on a night Jankin, that was our syre,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Redde on his book, as he sat by the fyre.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">And when his wife saw he would “never fyne” to read “this cursed book al
+night,” all suddenly she plucked three leaves out of it, “right as he
+radde,” and with her fist so took him on the cheek that he fell “bakward
+adoun” in the fire. Springing up like a mad lion he smote her on the
+head with his fist, and she lay upon the floor as she were dead.
+Whereupon he stood aghast, sorry for what he had done; and “with muchel
+care and wo” they made up their quarrel: our clerk, let us hope, winning
+peace, and his wife securing the mastery of their household affairs and
+the destruction of the “cursed book.”</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Troilus</i> we are told that Uncle Pandarus comes into the paved
+parlour, where he finds his niece sitting with two other ladies&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">“...And they three<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Herden a mayden reden hem the geste<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the Sege of Thebes....”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_186" id="page_186"></a>{186}</span></p>
+
+<p>“What are you reading?” cries Pandarus. “For Goddes love, what seith it?
+Tel it us. Is it of love?” Whereupon the niece returns him a saucy
+answer, and “with that they gonnen laughe,” and then she says&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“This romaunce is of Thebes, that we rede;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And we can herd how that King Laius deyde<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Thurgh Edippus his sone, and al that dede;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And here we stenten [left off] at these lettres rede,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">How the bisshop, as the book can telle,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Amphiorax, fil through the ground to helle.”<a name="FNanchor_460_460" id="FNanchor_460_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">This picture of a little informal reading circle is not to be found in
+like perfection elsewhere in English medieval literature.<a name="FNanchor_461_461" id="FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ IV</h3>
+
+<p>By the middle of the fifteenth century book-collecting was a more
+fashionable pastime. Had it not been so we should have been surprised.
+From 1365 to 1450 was an age of library building. Oxford University now
+had its library: in quick succession the colleges of Merton, William of
+Wykeham, Exeter, University, Durham, Balliol, Peterhouse, Lincoln, All
+Souls, Magdalen, Queens’ (Cambridge), Pembroke (Cambridge), and St.
+John’s (Cambridge) followed the example. Library rooms also had been put
+up in the cathedrals of Hereford, Exeter, York, Lincoln, Wells,
+Salisbury, St. Paul’s, and Lichfield. Moreover, in London had been
+established the first public library. Dick Whittington, of famous
+memory, and William Bury founded it between 1421 and 1426. The civic
+records tell us that “Upon the petition of John<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_187" id="page_187"></a>{187}</span> Coventry, John
+Carpenter, and William Grove, the executors of Richard Whittington and
+William Bury, the Custody of the New House, or Library, which they had
+built, with the Chamber under, was placed at their disposal by the Lord
+Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty.”<a name="FNanchor_462_462" id="FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a> The foundation is described as “a
+certen house next unto the sam Chapel apperteynyng, called the library,
+all waies res’ved for students to resorte unto, w<sup>t</sup> three chambres
+under nithe the saide library, which library being covered w<sup>t</sup> slate
+is valued together w<sup>t</sup> the chambres at xiijs. iiijd. yerely.... The
+saied library is a house appointed by the saied Maior and cominaltie for
+... resorte of all students for their education in Divine
+Scriptures.”<a name="FNanchor_463_463" id="FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a> Stow, writing in 1598, spoke of it as “sometime a
+fayre and large library, furnished with books.... The armes of
+Whitington are placed on the one side in the stone worke, and two
+letters, to wit, W. and B., for William Bury, on the other side.”
+Wealthy citizens came forward with pecuniary aid then as they have ever
+done. William Chichele, sometime Sheriff, bequeathed “x<sup>li</sup> to be
+bestowyed on books notable to be layde in the newe librarye at the
+gildehall at London for to be memoriall for John Hadle, sumtyme meyre,
+and for me there while they mowe laste.”<a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a> This was in 1425. Eighteen
+years later one of Whittington’s executors, named John Carpenter, made
+this direction in his will: “If any good or rare books shall be found
+amongst the said residue of my goods, which, by the discretion of the
+aforesaid Master William Lichfield and Reginald Pecock, may seem
+necessary to the common library at Guildhall, for the profit of the
+students there, and those discoursing to the common people, then I<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_188" id="page_188"></a>{188}</span> will
+and bequeath that those books be placed by my executors and chained in
+that library that the visitors and students thereof may be the sooner
+admonished to pray for my soul” (1442).<a name="FNanchor_465_465" id="FNanchor_465_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_465_465" class="fnanchor">[465]</a> But this library, like so
+many others, did not survive the disastrous years of mid-sixteenth
+century.</p>
+
+<p>It would be singular if this progress in library making were not
+reflected in the habits of a considerable section of the people. The
+court and its entourage set the fashion. Henry <small>VI</small> was a lover of books
+and a collector. His uncle, John, Duke of Bedford, although much
+occupied with public affairs and mercilessly warring with France, got
+together a rich library, particularly noteworthy for finely illuminated
+books: the famous library of the Louvre was a part of his French booty.
+Of his brother Gloucester we have already spoken. Archbishop Kempe owned
+a library of theology, canon and civil law, and other books, worth more
+than £260. He also gave money towards the cost of Gloucester’s library
+at Oxford; as did also Cardinal Beaufort and the Duchess of Gloucester.
+Sir John Fastolf possessed a small number of books at Caistor (<i>c.</i>
+1450). The collection was of some distinction, as the inventory will
+show: “In the Stewe hous; of Frenche books, the Bible, the Cronycles of
+France, the Cronicles of Titus Levius, a booke of Jullius Cesar, lez
+Propretez dez Choses [by Barth Glanville], Petrus de Crescentiis, liber
+Almagesti, liber Geomancie cum iiij aliis Astronomie, liber de Roy
+Artour, Romaunce la Rose, Cronicles d’Angleterre, Veges de larte
+Chevalerie, Instituts of Justien Emperer, Brute in ryme, liber Etiques,
+liber de Sentence Joseph, Problemate Aristotelis, Vice and Vertues,
+liber de Cronykes de Grant Bretagne in ryme, Meditacions Saynt
+Bernard.”<a name="FNanchor_466_466" id="FNanchor_466_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a> Perhaps this little hoard may be taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_189" id="page_189"></a>{189}</span> as a fair example
+of a wealthy gentleman’s library in the fifteenth century. A collection
+perhaps accurately representing the average prelatical library was that
+of Richard Browne, running to more than thirty books of the common
+medieval character (1452). A canon residentiary of York named William
+Duffield had a library of forty volumes, as fine as Archbishop Bowet’s
+collection, and valued at a higher figure (1452). Ralph Dreff, of
+Broadgates Hall, possessed no fewer than twenty-three volumes, a larger
+collection than Oxford students usually had. A vicar of Cookfield owned
+twenty-four books, some of them priced cheaply (1451).</p>
+
+<p>Some collections were pathetically small. A disreputable student of
+Oxford, John Brette, had among his “bits of things” a book and a
+pamphlet. Thomas Cooper, scholar of Brasenose Hall, enjoyed the use of
+six volumes. Another scholar, John Lassehowe, had a like number; and
+another, Simon Berynton, had fifteen books, worth sixpence (<i>c.</i> 1448)!
+A rector also had six, one of them Greek; a chaplain was equipped with
+six medical works; and James Hedyan, bachelor of canon and civil law,
+could employ his leisure in reading one of his little store of eight
+volumes. One Elizabeth Sywardby owned eight books, three being costly
+(1468).</p>
+
+<h3>§ V</h3>
+
+<p>More records of the same kind may be obtained from almost any collection
+of wills and inventories, the number of them increasing towards the end
+of the manuscript age. How far this change was due to the influence of
+Italy we do not fully know. Certainly before the end of Henry <small>VI</small>’s reign
+the first impulse of the Italian renascence&mdash;the impulse to gather up
+the materials of a more catholic and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_190" id="page_190"></a>{190}</span> liberal knowledge&mdash;had been
+transmitted to England. Students left our shores to widen their studies
+in Italy. Public men in England corresponded with Italians, and fell
+into sympathy with their aims. Occasionally scholars came hither from
+Italy. Manuel Chrysoloras, one of the leading revivers of Greek studies
+in Italy, visited England in the service of Manuel Palaeologus, and
+possibly stayed at Christ Church monastery in 1408.<a name="FNanchor_467_467" id="FNanchor_467_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_467_467" class="fnanchor">[467]</a> Poggio
+Bracciolini came to this country in 1418-23 at the invitation of
+Cardinal Beaufort: what he did while here we know far too little about,
+but this visit of Italy’s greatest book-collector and discoverer of
+Latin classical manuscripts cannot have been without some effect upon
+English students. For Poggio the visit was almost without result. He was
+in search of manuscripts, but apparently failed to get any with which he
+was unacquainted. He dismissed our libraries with the sharp criticism
+that they were full of trash, and described Englishmen as almost devoid
+of love for letters.<a name="FNanchor_468_468" id="FNanchor_468_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_468_468" class="fnanchor">[468]</a> Æneas Sylvius also came here, and his visit
+likewise must have borne some fruit (1435).</p>
+
+<p>Much also was accomplished by correspondence. Among those in
+communication with Italians and acquainted with the course of their
+studies, were Bishop Bekington, one of the earliest <i>alumni</i> of
+Wykeham’s foundation at Oxford, Adam de Molyneux, the correspondent of
+Æneas Sylvius, Thomas Chaundler, warden of New College, Archdeacon
+Bildstone, Archbishop Arundel, the benefactor of Oxford University
+Library and correspondent of Salutati, Cardinal Beaufort’s secretary,
+and Humfrey of Gloucester. Upon the last-named Italian influence was
+strong. Among the books he gave to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_191" id="page_191"></a>{191}</span> Oxford were Petrarch, Dante, and
+Boccaccio, but probably the strongest evidence of this influence would
+be found in the books he retained for his own use. He sought a rendering
+of Aristotle’s <i>Politics</i> from Bruni; of Cicero’s <i>Republic</i> from
+Decembrio; of certain of Plutarch’s <i>Lives</i> from Lapo da Castiglionchio;
+and had other works translated.<a name="FNanchor_469_469" id="FNanchor_469_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_269_lg.png">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_269_sml.png" width="245" height="56" alt="AUTOGRAPH OF DUKE HUMFREY OF GLOUCESTER." /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">AUTOGRAPH OF DUKE HUMFREY OF GLOUCESTER.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>But many English students were attracted to visit Italy for the express
+purpose of sitting under Italian teachers. As early as 1395, one Thomas
+of England, a brother of the Augustine order, went to Italy and
+purchased manuscripts, “books of the modern poets,” and translations and
+other early works of Leonardo Bruni.<a name="FNanchor_470_470" id="FNanchor_470_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a> Thomas was one of the first of
+a number of enlightened Englishmen who journeyed laboriously and in
+steady procession to Italy, this time not only to Rome, but to the
+northern towns, then, with Venice, “the common ports of humanity,”
+whither they were attracted by the fame of the bright galaxy of
+humanists&mdash;of Coluccio Salutati, collector of Latin manuscripts, Manuel
+Chrysoloras, Niccolo de’ Niccoli, grubbing Poggio Bracciolini, Pope
+Nicholas, sometime Cosimo de’ Medici’s librarian and the founder of the
+Vatican Library, Giovanni Aurispa, famous collector of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_192" id="page_192"></a>{192}</span> Greek
+manuscripts in the East, the renowned Guarino da Verona, Palla degli
+Strozzi, would-be founder of a public library, Cosimo de’ Medici, whose
+princely collections are the chiefest treasures of the Laurentian
+Library, Francesco Filelfo, another importer of Greek books from
+Constantinople, and Vespasiano, the great bookseller.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes these pilgrims to Italy were poor men, as were John Free, and
+the two Oxford men, Norton and Bulkeley, who went thither in
+1425-29.<a name="FNanchor_471_471" id="FNanchor_471_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a> But as a rule such a journey was only possible for wealthy
+men. An important pilgrim was Andrew Holes, who represented England at
+the Pope’s court in Florence.<a name="FNanchor_472_472" id="FNanchor_472_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a> In the eyes of Vespasiano, Holes was
+one of the most cultivated of Englishmen. He appears to have bought too
+many books to send by land, and so was obliged to wait for a ship to
+transport them. What became of these books?&mdash;did he collect for his own
+use?&mdash;or was he acting merely for Duke Humfrey or the king?&mdash;or did he
+leave them, as it is said, to his Church? Unfortunately these are
+questions which cannot be answered.</p>
+
+<p>Four other men, Tiptoft, Grey, Free, and Gunthorpe, all of Balliol
+College, where the influence of Duke Humfrey may fairly be suspected,
+journeyed to Italy. “Butcher” Tiptoft, an intimate of another
+enlightened community at Christ Church, visited Guarino, walked
+Florentine streets arm-in-arm with Vespasiano, thrilled Æneas Sylvius,
+then Pope, with a Latin oration, and returned to his own country with
+many books, some of which he intended to give to Oxford University&mdash;one
+of the best deeds of his unhappy and calamitous life.<a name="FNanchor_473_473" id="FNanchor_473_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a> While in
+Italy, William Grey, who sat under Guarino, and made Niccolò Perotti,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_193" id="page_193"></a>{193}</span>
+well known as a grammarian, free of his princely establishment, was
+conspicuously industrious in accumulating books. If he could not obtain
+them in any other way he employed scribes to copy for him, and an artist
+of Florence to adorn them in a costly manner with miniatures and
+initials. In nearly six years he collected over two hundred volumes of
+manuscripts, some as old as the twelfth century; probably the finest
+library sent to England in that age. No fewer than 152 of his
+manuscripts are now in the Balliol College library, to which he gave his
+whole collection in 1478; unfortunately most of the miniatures are
+destroyed. To his patronage of learning and his book-collecting
+propensities Grey owed his friendship with Nicholas <small>V</small>, and his bishopric
+of Ely. Grey was also a good friend to Free or Phreas, a poor student,
+and aided him in Italy with money for his expenses of living and to
+obtain Greek manuscripts to translate.<a name="FNanchor_474_474" id="FNanchor_474_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_474_474" class="fnanchor">[474]</a> Free and John Gunthorpe,
+Dean of Wells, went to Italy together: Free did not live to return, but
+Gunthorpe brought home manuscripts. He gave the bulk of them to Jesus
+College, where only one or two are left; some have found their way to
+other Cambridge Colleges.<a name="FNanchor_475_475" id="FNanchor_475_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_475_475" class="fnanchor">[475]</a> Another Oxford scholar, Robert Flemming,
+was in Italy in 1450: here he became the friend of the great librarian
+of the Vatican, Platina; and got together a number of manuscripts,
+afterwards given to Lincoln College.</p>
+
+<h3>§ VI</h3>
+
+<p>The intercourse of all these scholars with Italians was carried on
+before mid-fifteenth century. Their chief interest<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_194" id="page_194"></a>{194}</span> was in Latin books,
+although a large number of Greek manuscripts had been brought to Italy
+by Angeli da Scarparia, Guarino, Giovanni Aurispa, and Filelfo. After
+the fall of Constantinople the Greek immigrants introduced books into
+Italy much more freely. George Hermonymus of Sparta, a Greek teacher and
+copyist of Greek manuscripts, visited England on a papal mission in
+1475, but whether he had any influence on our intellectual pursuits does
+not appear.<a name="FNanchor_476_476" id="FNanchor_476_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_476_476" class="fnanchor">[476]</a> Certainly, however, English scholars soon appreciated
+this new literature.</p>
+
+<p>Letters sent to Pope Sixtus in 1484 by the king, refer to the skill of
+John Shirwood, bishop of Durham, in Latin and Greek.<a name="FNanchor_477_477" id="FNanchor_477_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a> Shirwood seems
+to have collected a respectable library. His Latin books were acquired
+by Bishop Foxe, and formed the nucleus of the library with which the
+latter endowed Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Some thirty volumes, a
+number of them printed, now remain at the College to bring him to mind:
+among them we find Pliny, Terence, Cicero, Livy, Suetonius, Plutarch,
+and Horace. Less fortunate has been the fate of his Greek books, which
+went to the collegiate church of Bishop Auckland. At the end of the
+fifteenth century this church owned about forty volumes. The only
+exceptions to its medieval character were Cicero’s <i>Letters</i> and
+<i>Offices</i>, Silius Italicus, and Theodore Gaza’s Greek grammar.<a name="FNanchor_478_478" id="FNanchor_478_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_478_478" class="fnanchor">[478]</a> But
+Leland tells us that Tunstall, who succeeded to the bishopric in 1530,
+found a store of Shirwood’s Greek manuscripts at this church. What
+became of them we do not know.<a name="FNanchor_479_479" id="FNanchor_479_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_479_479" class="fnanchor">[479]</a></p>
+
+<p>About this same time a certain Emmanuel of Constantinople seems to have
+been employed in England as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_195" id="page_195"></a>{195}</span> copyist. For Archbishop Neville he
+produced a Greek manuscript containing some <i>sermones judiciales</i> of
+Demosthenes, and letters of Aeschines, Plato, and Chion (1468).<a name="FNanchor_480_480" id="FNanchor_480_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_480_480" class="fnanchor">[480]</a> Dr.
+Montague James has shown that this manuscript of Emmanuel is by the same
+hand as the manuscripts known as the “Ferrar group,” which comprises “a
+Plato and Aristotle now at Durham, two psalters in Cambridge libraries,
+a psalter and part of a Suidas at Oxford, and the famous Leicester Codex
+of the Gospels.”<a name="FNanchor_481_481" id="FNanchor_481_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_481_481" class="fnanchor">[481]</a> Dr. James believes the Plato and the Aristotle to
+have been transcribed for Neville by Emmanuel. In 1472 the archbishop’s
+household was broken up, and the “greete klerkys and famous doctors” of
+his entourage went to Cambridge. Among them, it is conjectured, was
+Emmanuel, and so it came to pass that three manuscripts in his writing
+have been at Cambridge; two psalters, as we have said, are there now,
+and in the beginning of the sixteenth century one of them, with the
+Leicester Codex, was certainly in the hands of the Grey Friars at
+Cambridge. This happy fruit of Dr. James’ research throws a welcome ray
+of light on the pursuit of Greek studies in the last quarter of the
+fifteenth century.<a name="FNanchor_482_482" id="FNanchor_482_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a></p>
+
+<p>In view of all the hard things which have been said of the religious, it
+is significant to find them taking a leading part in bringing Greek
+studies to England. We cannot collate all the instances here, but a few
+may be brought together. Two Benedictines named William of Selling and
+William Hadley, some time warden of Canterbury College, Oxford, were in
+Italy studying and buying books for three years after 1464.<a name="FNanchor_483_483" id="FNanchor_483_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_483_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a> The
+former became distinguished for his aptitude in learning the ancient
+tongues, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_196" id="page_196"></a>{196}</span> consequently won the friendship of Angelo Poliziano. At
+least two other visits to Italy were made by him; the last being
+undertaken as an emissary of the king. On these occasions he got
+together as many Greek and Latin books as he could, and brought them&mdash;a
+large and precious store&mdash;to Canterbury.<a name="FNanchor_484_484" id="FNanchor_484_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_484_484" class="fnanchor">[484]</a> For some reason the books
+were kept in the Prior’s lodging instead of in the monastic library, and
+here they perished through the carelessness of Layton’s myrmidons.<a name="FNanchor_485_485" id="FNanchor_485_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_485_485" class="fnanchor">[485]</a>
+Among the books lost was possibly a copy of Cicero’s <i>Republic</i>. Only
+five manuscripts have been found which can be connected with Selling’s
+library: a fifteenth-century Greek Psalter, a copy of the Psalms in
+Hebrew and Latin, a Euripides, a Livy, and a magnificent Homer.<a name="FNanchor_486_486" id="FNanchor_486_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_486_486" class="fnanchor">[486]</a>
+This Homer we have already referred to in an earlier chapter, when
+describing the work of Theodore of Tarsus. The signature Θεοδωρος has
+now been more plausibly explained. “The following note,” writes Dr.
+James, “which I found in Dr. Masters’s copy of Stanley’s <i>Catalogue</i>,
+preserved in [Corpus Christi] College Library, suggests another origin
+for this Homer. I have been unable to identify the document to which
+reference is made. It should obviously be a letter of an Italian
+humanist in the Harleian collection.... ‘Mem.: Humphrey Wanley,
+Librarian to the late Earl of Oxford, told Mr. Fran: Stanley, son of the
+author, a little before his death, that in looking over some papers in
+the papers in the Earl’s library, he found a Letter from a learned
+Italian to his Friend in England, wherein he told him there was then a
+very stately Homer just transcribed for Theodorus<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_197" id="page_197"></a>{197}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_31" id="PLT_31"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_275_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_275_sml.jpg" width="178" height="297" alt="PLATE XXXI
+
+A SCRIBE (ST. MARK WRITING HIS GOSPEL)
+
+FROM THE BEDFORD HOURS" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXI<br />
+
+A SCRIBE (ST. MARK WRITING HIS GOSPEL)<br />
+
+<small>FROM THE BEDFORD HOURS</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Gaza, of whose Illumination he gives him a very particular description,
+which answer’d so exactly in every part to that here set forth, that he
+[Wanley] was fully perswaded it was this very Book, and y<sup>t</sup> the
+Θεοδωρος at the bottom of 1st page order’d to be placed there by Gaza as
+his own name, gave occasion to Abp. Parker to imagine it might have
+belonged to Theodore of Canterbury, which however Hody was of opinion
+could not be of that age.’ Th. Gaza,” continues Dr. James, “died in
+1478; the suggestion here made is quite compatible with the hypothesis
+that Sellinge was the means of conveying the Homer to England, and does
+supply a rather welcome interpretation of the Θεοδωρος inscription.”
+This reasonable hypothesis may be strengthened if we point out that Gaza
+was in Rome from 1464 to 1472, and Selling visited that city between
+1464 and 1467 and again in 1469. Selling may have got the manuscript
+from Gaza on one of these occasions.</p>
+
+<p>There is evidence of Greek studies at other monasteries,&mdash;at Westminster
+after 1465, when Millyng, an “able graecian,” became prior at Reading in
+1499 and 1500, and at Glastonbury during the time of Abbot Bere.<a name="FNanchor_487_487" id="FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a></p>
+
+<p>But Canterbury’s share was greatest. Selling seems to have taught Greek
+at Christ Church. In the monastic school there Thomas Linacre was
+instructed, and probably got the rudiments of Greek from Selling
+himself. Thence Linacre went to Oxford, where he pursued Greek under
+Cornelius Vitelli, an Italian visitor acting as prælector in New
+College.<a name="FNanchor_488_488" id="FNanchor_488_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a> In 1485-6 Linacre went with his old master to Italy&mdash;his
+<i>Sancta Mater Studiorum</i>&mdash;where Selling seems to have introduced him to
+Poliziano. Linacre perfected his Greek pursuits under Chalcondylas, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_198" id="page_198"></a>{198}</span>
+became acquainted with Aldo Manuzio the famous printer, and Hermolaus
+Barbarus. A little story is told of his meeting with Hermolaus. He was
+reading a copy of Plato’s <i>Phaedo</i> in the Vatican Library when the great
+humanist came up to him and said “the youth had no claim, as he had
+himself, to the title Barbarus, if it were lawful to judge from his
+choice of a book”&mdash;an incident which led to a great friendship between
+the two. Grocyn and Latimer were with Linacre in Rome. The former was
+the first to carry on effectively the teaching of Greek begun at Oxford
+possibly by Vitelli; but he was nevertheless a conservative scholar,
+well read in the medieval schoolmen, as his library clearly proves. This
+library is of interest because one hundred and five of the one hundred
+and twenty-one books in it were printed. The manuscript age is well
+past, and the costliness of books, the chief obstacle to the
+dissemination of thought, was soon to give no cause for remark.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_199" id="page_199"></a>{199}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X<br /><br />
+THE BOOK TRADE</h2>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">S</span>ECULAR makers of books have plied their trade in Europe since classic
+times, but during the early age of monachism their numbers were very
+small and they must have come nigh extinction altogether. In and after
+the eleventh century they increased in numbers and importance; their
+ranks being recruited not only by seculars trained in the monastic
+schools, but by monks who for various reasons had been ejected from
+their order. These traders were divided into several classes:
+parchment-makers, scribes, rubrishers or illuminators, bookbinders, and
+stationers or booksellers. The stationer usually controlled the
+operations of the other craftsmen; he was the middleman. Scribes were
+either ordinary scriveners called <i>librarii</i>, or writers who drew up
+legal documents, known as <i>notarii</i>. But the <i>librarius</i> and <i>notarius</i>
+often trenched upon each other’s work, and consequently a good deal of
+ill-feeling usually existed between them.</p>
+
+<p>Bookbinders, and booksellers or <i>stationarii</i>, probably first plied
+their trade most prosperously in England at Oxford and Cambridge. By
+about 1180 quite a number of such tradesmen were living in Oxford; a
+single document transferring property in Cat Street bears the names of
+three illuminators, a bookbinder, a scribe, and two parchmenters.<a name="FNanchor_489_489" id="FNanchor_489_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a>
+Half a century later a bookbinder is mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_200" id="page_200"></a>{200}</span> in a deed as a former
+owner of property in the parish of St. Peter’s in the East; another
+bookbinder is witness to the deed (<i>c.</i> 1232-40).<a name="FNanchor_490_490" id="FNanchor_490_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a> After this
+bookbinders and others of the craft are frequently mentioned. Towards
+the end of the thirteenth century Schydyerd Street and Cat Street, the
+centre of University life, were the homes of many people engaged in
+bookmaking and selling; the former street especially was frequented by
+parchment makers and sellers. In this street, too, “a tenement called
+Bokbynder’s is mentioned in a charter of 1363-4; and although
+bookbinding may not have been carried on there at that date, the fact of
+the name having been attached to the place seems sufficient to justify
+the assumption that a binder or guild of binders had formerly been
+established there. In Cat Street a Tenementum Bokbyndere, owned by Osney
+Abbey, was rented in 1402 by Henry the lymner, at a somewhat later date
+by Richard the parchment-seller, and in 1453 by All Souls’
+College.”<a name="FNanchor_491_491" id="FNanchor_491_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a></p>
+
+<p>Stationers had transcripts made, bought, sold and hired out books and
+received them in pawn. They acted as agents when books and other goods
+were sold; in 1389, for example, a stationer received twenty pence for
+his services in buying two books, one costing £4 and the other five
+marks.<a name="FNanchor_492_492" id="FNanchor_492_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_492_492" class="fnanchor">[492]</a> They attended the fair at St. Giles near Oxford to sell
+books. This was not their only interest, for they dealt in goods of many
+kinds. They were in fact general tradesmen: sellers, valuers, and
+agents; liable to be called upon to have a book copied, to buy or sell a
+book, to set a value upon a pledge, to make an inventory and valuation
+of a scholar’s goods and chattels after his death. Their office was such
+an important one for the well-being of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_201" id="page_201"></a>{201}</span> the scholars that it was found
+convenient to extend to them the privileges and protection of the
+University, and in return to exact an oath of fairdealing from
+them.<a name="FNanchor_493_493" id="FNanchor_493_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a></p>
+
+<p>Before the end of the thirteenth century the University’s privileges had
+been extended to <i>servientes</i> known as parchment-makers, scribes, and
+illuminators; in 1290 the privileges were confirmed.<a name="FNanchor_494_494" id="FNanchor_494_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_494_494" class="fnanchor">[494]</a> Certain
+stationers were then undoubtedly within the University as <i>servientes</i>,
+but in 1356 they are recorded positively as being so with parchmenters,
+illuminators, and writers: and again in 1459 “alle stacioners” and “alle
+bokebynders” enjoyed the privileges of the University, with “lympners,
+wryters, and pergemeners.”<a name="FNanchor_495_495" id="FNanchor_495_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_495_495" class="fnanchor">[495]</a> These privileges took them out of the
+jurisdiction of the city, although they still had to pay taxes, which
+were collected by the University and paid over to the city treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>Stationers regarded as the University’s servants were sworn, as we have
+already indicated. The document giving the form of their oath is
+undated, but most likely the rules laid down were observed from the time
+the stationers were first attached to the University. The oath was
+strict. A part of their duties was the valuation of books and other
+articles which were pledged by scholars in return for money from the
+University chests. These chests or hutches were expressly founded by
+wealthy men for the assistance of poor scholars. By the end of the
+fifteenth century there were at Oxford twenty-four such chests, valued
+at two thousand marks; a large pawnbroking fund, but probably by no
+means too large.<a name="FNanchor_496_496" id="FNanchor_496_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_496_496" class="fnanchor">[496]</a> Mr. Anstey, the editor of <i>Munimenta Academica</i>,
+has drawn a vivid picture of the inspection of one of these chests and
+of the business<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_202" id="page_202"></a>{202}</span> conducted round them, and we cannot do better than
+reproduce it. Master T. Parys, principal of St. Mary Hall, and Master
+Lowson are visiting the chest of W. de Seltone. We enter St. Mary’s
+Church with them, “and there we see ranged on either side several
+ponderous iron chests, eight or ten feet in length and about half that
+width, for they have to contain perhaps as many as a hundred or more
+large volumes, besides other valuables deposited as pledges by those who
+have borrowed from the chest. Each draws from beneath his cape a huge
+key, which one after the other are applied to the two locks; a system of
+bolts, which radiate from the centre of the lid and shoot into the iron
+sides in a dozen different places, slide back, and the lid is opened. At
+the top lies the register of the contents, containing the
+particulars;&mdash;dates, names, and amounts&mdash;of the loans granted. This they
+remove and begin to compare its statements with the contents of the
+chest. There are a large number of manuscript volumes, many of great
+value, beautifully illuminated and carefully kept, for each is almost
+the sole valuable possession perhaps of its owner! Then the money
+remaining in one corner of the chest is carefully counted and compared
+with the account in the register. If we look in we can see also here and
+there among the books other valuables of less peaceful character. There
+lie two or three daggers of more than ordinary workmanship, and by them
+a silver cup or two, and again more than one hood lined with minever. By
+this time a number of persons has collected around the chest, and the
+business begins. That man in an ordinary civilian’s dress who stands
+beside Master Parys is John More, the University stationer, and it is
+his office to fix the value of the pledges offered, and to take care
+that none are sold at less than their real value. It is a motley group
+that stands around; there are several<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_203" id="page_203"></a>{203}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_32" id="PLT_32"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_283_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_283_sml.jpg" width="186" height="251" alt="PLATE XXXII
+
+A SCRIBE AT WORK" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXII<br />
+
+A SCRIBE AT WORK</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">masters and bachelors, ... but the larger proportion is of boys or quite
+young men in every variety of coloured dress, blue and red, medley, and
+the like, but without any academical dress. Many of them are very
+scantily clothed, and all have their attention rivetted on the chest,
+each with curious eye watching for his pledge, his book or his cup,
+brought from some country village, perhaps an old treasure of his
+family, and now pledged in his extremity, for last term he could not pay
+the principal of his hall the rent of his miserable garret, nor the
+manciple for his battels, but now he is in funds again, and pulls from
+his leathern money-pouch at his girdle the coin which is to repossess
+him of his property.”<a name="FNanchor_497_497" id="FNanchor_497_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a> Naturally their duty as valuers of
+much-prized property invested the stationers with some importance. Their
+work was thought to be so laborious and anxious that about 1400 every
+new graduate was expected to give clothes to one of them; such method of
+rewarding services with livery or clothing being common in the middle
+ages.<a name="FNanchor_498_498" id="FNanchor_498_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_498_498" class="fnanchor">[498]</a> The form of their oath was especially designed to make them
+protect the chests from loss. All monies received by them for the sale
+of pledges were to be paid into the chests within eight days. The sale
+of a pledge was not to be deferred longer than three weeks. Without
+special leave they could not themselves buy the pledges, directly or
+indirectly: a wholesome and no doubt very necessary provision. Pledges
+were not to be lent for more than ten days. All pledges were to be
+honestly appraised. When a pledge was sold, the buyer’s name was to be
+written in the stationer’s indenture. No stationer could refuse to sell
+a pledge; nor could he take it away from Oxford and sell it elsewhere.
+He was bound to mark all books exposed for sale, as pledges, in the
+usual way, by quoting the beginning of the second folio. All persons<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_204" id="page_204"></a>{204}</span>
+lending books, whether stationers or other people, were bound to lend
+perfect copies. This oath was sworn afresh every year.<a name="FNanchor_499_499" id="FNanchor_499_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a></p>
+
+<p>Many stationers were not sworn. They speedily became serious competitors
+with the privileged traders. By 1373 their number had increased largely,
+and restrictions were imposed upon them. Books of great value were sold
+through their agency, and carried away from Oxford. Owners were cheated.
+All unsworn booksellers living within the jurisdiction of the University
+were forbidden, therefore, to sell any book, either their own property,
+or belonging to others, exceeding half a mark in value. If disobedient
+they were liable to suffer pain of imprisonment for the first offence, a
+fine of half a mark for the second&mdash;a curious example of graduated
+punishment&mdash;and a prohibition to ply their trade within the precincts of
+the University for the third.<a name="FNanchor_500_500" id="FNanchor_500_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_500_500" class="fnanchor">[500]</a></p>
+
+<p>At this time bookselling was a thriving trade. De Bury tells us: “We
+secured the acquaintance of stationers and scribes, not only within our
+own country, but of those spread over the realms of France, Germany and
+Italy, money flying forth in abundance to anticipate their demands: nor
+were they hindered by any distance, or by the fury of the seas, or by
+the lack of means for their expenses, from sending or bringing to us the
+books that we required.”<a name="FNanchor_501_501" id="FNanchor_501_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_501_501" class="fnanchor">[501]</a></p>
+
+<p>Records of various transactions are extant, of which the following may
+serve as examples. In 1445, a stationer and a lymner in his employ had a
+dispute, and as the two arbiters to whom the matter was referred failed
+to reach a settlement in due time, the Chancellor of the University
+stepped in and determined the quarrel. The judgment was as follows: the
+lymner, or illuminator, was to serve the stationer, <i>in liminando bene
+et fideliter libros suos</i>, for one<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_205" id="page_205"></a>{205}</span> year, and meantime was to work for
+nobody else. His wage was to be four marks ten shillings of good English
+money. The lymner in person was to fetch the materials from his master’s
+house, and to bring back the work when finished. He was to take care not
+to use the colours wastefully. The work was to be done well and
+faithfully, without fraud or deception. For the purpose of
+superintending the work the stationer could visit the place where the
+lymner wrought, at any convenient time.<a name="FNanchor_502_502" id="FNanchor_502_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_502_502" class="fnanchor">[502]</a> The yearly wage for this
+lymner was nearly fifty pounds of our money.</p>
+
+<p>An inscription in one codex tells us it was pawned to a bookseller in
+1480 for thirty-eight shillings. Pawnbroking was an important part of a
+bookseller’s business. Lending books on hire was usual among both
+booksellers and tutors, for it was the exception, rather than the rule,
+for university students to own books, while in the college libraries
+there were sometimes not enough books to go round. For example, the
+statutes of St. Mary’s College, founded in 1446, forbade a scholar to
+occupy a book in the library above an hour, or at most two hours, so
+that others should not be hindered from the use of them.<a name="FNanchor_503_503" id="FNanchor_503_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_503_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a></p>
+
+<p>At Cambridge the trade was not less flourishing. From time to time it
+was found necessary to determine whether the booksellers and the allied
+craftsmen were within the University’s jurisdiction or not. In 1276 it
+was desired to settle their position as between the regents and scholars
+of the University and the Archdeacon of Ely. Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of
+Ely, when called in as arbiter, decided that writers, illuminators, and
+stationers, who exercise offices peculiarly for the behoof of the
+scholars, were answerable to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_206" id="page_206"></a>{206}</span> the Chancellor; but their wives to the
+Archdeacon. Nearly a century later, in 1353-54, we find Edward <small>III</small>
+issuing a writ commanding justices of the peace of the county of
+Cambridge to allow the Chancellor of the University the conusance and
+punishment of all trespasses and excesses, except mayheim and felony,
+committed by stationers, writers, bookbinders, and illuminators, as had
+been the custom. But the question was again in debate in 1393-94, when
+the Chancellor and scholars petitioned Parliament to declare and adjudge
+stationers and bookbinders scholars’ servants, as had been done in the
+case of Oxford. This petition does not seem to have been answered. But
+by the Barnwell Process of 1430, it was decided that “transcribers,
+illuminators, bookbinders, and stationers have been, and are wont and
+ought to be&mdash;as well by ancient usage from time immemorial undisturbedly
+exercised, as by concession of the Apostolic See&mdash;the persons belong and
+are subject to the ecclesiastical and spiritual jurisdiction of the
+Chancellor of the University for the time being.” Again in 1503 was it
+agreed, this time between the University and the Mayor and burgesses of
+Cambridge, that “stacioners, lymners, schryveners, parchment-makers,
+boke-bynders,” were common ministers and servants of the University and
+were to enjoy its privileges.<a name="FNanchor_504_504" id="FNanchor_504_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_504_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a></p>
+
+<p>Fairs were so important a means of bringing together buyers and sellers
+that we should expect books to be sold at them. And in fact they were.
+The preamble of an Act of Parliament reads as follows: “Ther be meny
+feyers for the comen welle of your seid lege people as at Salusbury,
+Brystowe, Oxenforth, Cambrigge, Notyngham, Ely, Coventre, and at many
+other places, where lordes spirituall and temporall, abbotes, Prioures,
+Knyghtes, Squerys, Gentilmen, and your seid Comens of every Countrey,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_207" id="page_207"></a>{207}</span>
+hath their comen resorte to by and purvey many thinges that be gode and
+profytable, as ornaments of holy church chaleis, bokes, vestmentes
+[etc.] ... also for howsold, as vytell for the tyme of Lent, and other
+Stuff, as Lynen Cloth, wolen Cloth, brasse, pewter, beddyng, osmonde,
+Iren, Flax and Wax and many other necessary thinges.”<a name="FNanchor_505_505" id="FNanchor_505_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a> The chief
+fairs for the sale of books were those of St. Giles at Oxford, at
+Stourbridge, Cambridge, and St. Bartholomew’s Fair in London.</p>
+
+<p>London, however, speedily asserted its right to be regarded as England’s
+publishing centre. The booksellers with illuminators and other allied
+craftsmen established themselves in a small colony in “Paternoster
+Rewe,” and they attended St. Bartholomew’s Fair to sell books. By 1403
+the Stationers’ Company, which had long been in existence, was
+chartered; its headquarters were in London, at a hall in Milk Street.
+This guild did not confine its attention to the book-trade; nor did the
+booksellers sell only books. Often, indeed, this was but a small part of
+general mercantile operations. For example, William Praat, a London
+mercer, obtained manuscripts for Caxton. Grocers also sold manuscripts,
+parchment, paper and ink. King John of France, while a prisoner in
+England in 1360, bought from three grocers of Lincoln four “quaires” of
+paper, a main of paper and a skin of parchment, and three “quaires” of
+paper. From a scribe of Lincoln named John he also bought books, some of
+which are now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.<a name="FNanchor_506_506" id="FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a></p>
+
+<p>We have a record of an interesting transaction which took place at the
+end of the manuscript period (1469). One William Ebesham wrote to his
+most worshipful and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_208" id="page_208"></a>{208}</span> special master, Sir John Paston, asking, in a
+hesitating, cringing sort of way, for the payment of his little bill,
+which seems to have been a good deal overdue, as is the way with bills.
+All this service most lowly he recommends unto his good mastership,
+beseeching him most tenderly to see the writer somewhat rewarded for his
+labour in the “Grete Boke” which he wrote unto his said good mastership.
+And he winds up his letter with a request for alms in the shape of one
+of Sir John’s own gowns; and beseeches God to preserve his patron from
+all adversity, with which the writer declares himself to be somewhat
+acquainted. He heads his bill: Following appeareth, parcelly, divers and
+sundry manner of writings, which I William Ebesham have written for my
+good and worshipful master, Sir John Paston, and what money I have
+received, and what is unpaid. For writing a “litill booke of Pheesyk” he
+was paid twenty pence. Other writing he did for twopence a leaf.
+Hoccleve’s <i>de Regimine Principum</i> he wrote for one penny a leaf, “which
+is right wele worth.” Evidently Ebesham did not find scrivening a too
+profitable occupation.<a name="FNanchor_507_507" id="FNanchor_507_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_507_507" class="fnanchor">[507]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_209" id="page_209"></a>{209}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI<br /><br />
+THE CHARACTER OF THE MEDIEVAL LIBRARY, AND THE EXTENT OF CIRCULATION OF BOOKS</h2>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3">“Some ther be that do defye<br /></span>
+<span class="i45">All that is newe, and ever do crye<br /></span>
+<span class="i45">The olde is better, away with the new<br /></span>
+<span class="i45">Because it is false, and the olde is true.<br /></span>
+<span class="i45">Let them this booke reade and beholde,<br /></span>
+<span class="i45">For it preferreth the learning most olde.”<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>A Comparison betwene the old learnynge and the newe</i> (1537).<a name="FNanchor_508_508" id="FNanchor_508_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_508_508" class="fnanchor">[508]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<h3>§I</h3>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">A</span>FTER a storm a fringe of weed and driftwood stretches a serried line
+along the sands, and now and then&mdash;too often on the flat shores of one
+of our northern estuaries, whence can be seen the white teeth of the sea
+biting at the shoals flanking the fairway&mdash;are mingled with the flotsam
+sodden relics of life aboard ship and driftwood of tell-tale shape,
+which silently point to a tragedy of the sea. Usually the daily paper
+completes the tale; but on some rare occasion these poor bits of drift
+remain the only evidence of the vain struggle, and from them we must
+piece together the narrative as best we can. And as the sea does not
+give up everything, nor all at once, some wreckage sinking, or
+perishing, or floating upon the water a long time before finding a
+well-concealed hiding-place upon some unfrequented shore, so the past
+yields but a fraction of its records, and that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_210" id="page_210"></a>{210}</span> fraction slowly and
+grudgingly. So far this book has been a gathering of the flotsam of a
+past age: odd relics and scattered records, a sign here and a hint
+there; often unrelated, sometimes contradictory. In more skilful hands
+possibly a coherent story might be wrought out of these <i>pièces
+justificatives</i>; but the author is too well aware of the difficulty of
+arranging and selecting from the mass of material, remembers too well
+the tale of mistakes thankfully avoided, and is too apprehensive that
+other errors lurk undiscovered, to be confident that he has succeeded in
+his aim. Whether the story is worth telling is another matter. Surely it
+is. To be able to follow the history of the Middle Ages, to become
+acquainted with the people, their mode of life and customs and manners,
+is of profound interest and great utility; and it is by no means the
+least important part of such study to discover what books they had, how
+extensively the books were read, and what section of the people read
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Let us here sum up the information given in detail in the foregoing
+pages; adding thereto some other facts of interest. And first, what of
+the character of the medieval library?</p>
+
+<p>During the earlier centuries monastic libraries contained books which
+were deemed necessary for grammatical study in the claustral schools,
+and other books, chiefly the Fathers, as we have seen, which were
+regarded as proper literature for the monk. The books used in the
+cathedral schools were similar. Such schools and such libraries were for
+the glory of God and the increase of clergy and religious. At first,
+especially, the ideal of the monks was high, if narrow. It is epitomised
+in the untranslatable epigram&mdash;<i>Claustrum sine armario (est) quasi
+castrum sine armamentario</i>.<a name="FNanchor_509_509" id="FNanchor_509_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_509_509" class="fnanchor">[509]</a> “The library is the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_211" id="page_211"></a>{211}</span> monastery’s true
+treasure,” writes Thomas à Kempis;<a name="FNanchor_510_510" id="FNanchor_510_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_510_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a> “without which the monastery is
+like ... a well without water ... an unwatched tower.” Again: “Let not
+the toil and fatigue pain you. They who read the books formerly written
+beautifully by you will pray for you when you are dead. And if he who
+gives a cup of cold water shall not lack his guerdon, still less shall
+he who gives the living water of wisdom lose his reward in heaven.”<a name="FNanchor_511_511" id="FNanchor_511_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a>
+St. Bernard wrote in like terms. Books were their tools, “the silent
+preachers of the divine word,” or the weapons of their armoury. “Thence
+it is,” writes a sub-prior to his friend, “that we bring forth the
+sentences of the divine law, like sharp arrows, to attack the enemy.
+Thence we take the armour of righteousness, the helmet of salvation, the
+shield of faith, and the sword of the Spirit which is the Word of
+God.”<a name="FNanchor_512_512" id="FNanchor_512_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_512_512" class="fnanchor">[512]</a> With such an end in view Reculfus of Soissons required his
+clergy to have a missal, a lectionary, the Gospels, a martyrology, an
+antiphonary, a psalter, a book of forty homilies of Gregory, and as many
+Christian books as they could get (879). With this end in view were
+chosen for reading in the Refectory at Durham (1395) such books as the
+Bible, homilies, Legends of the Saints, lives of Gregory, Martin,
+Nicholas, Dunstan, Augustine, Cuthbert, King Oswald, Aidan, Thomas of
+Canterbury, and other saints.<a name="FNanchor_513_513" id="FNanchor_513_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_513_513" class="fnanchor">[513]</a> With this end in view the monastic
+libraries contained a very large proportion of Bibles, books of the
+Bible, and commentaries&mdash;a proportion suggesting the Scriptures were
+studied with a closeness and assiduity for which the monks have not
+always received due credit.<a name="FNanchor_514_514" id="FNanchor_514_514"></a><a href="#Footnote_514_514" class="fnanchor">[514]</a> A great deal of room was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_212" id="page_212"></a>{212}</span> given up to
+the works of the Fathers&mdash;their confessions, retractations, and letters,
+their polemics against heresies, their dogmatic and doctrinal treatises,
+and their sermons and ethical discourses. Of all these writings those of
+Hilary, Basil, Ambrose, Chrysostom, Jerome, and the great Augustine were
+most popular. John Cassian, Leo, Prosper, Cassiodorus, Gregory the
+Great, Aldhelm, Bede, Anselm, and Bernard, and the two encyclopædists,
+Martianus Capella and Isidore of Seville, were the church’s great
+teachers, and their works and the sacred poetry and hymns of Juvencus
+the Spanish priest, of Prudentius, of Sedulius, the author of a
+widely-read and influential poem on the life of Christ, and of
+Fortunatus, were nearly always well represented in the monastic
+catalogues, as may be seen on a cursory examination of those of Christ
+Church and St. Augustine’s, Canterbury, of Durham, of Glastonbury in
+1248, of Peterborough in 1400, and of Syon in the sixteenth century. In
+the earlier libraries the greater part of the books were Scriptural and
+theological; to these were added later a mass of books on canon and
+civil law; so that the monastic collection may be characterised as
+almost entirely special and fit for Christian service, as this service
+was conceived by the religious.</p>
+
+<p>And classical literature was received into the fold for a like purpose.
+From the earliest days of Christendom prejudice against the classics was
+widespread among Christians. Such books, it was urged, had no connexion
+with the Church or the Gospel; Ciceronianism was not the road to God;
+Plato and Aristotle could not show the way to happiness; Ovid, above
+all, was to be avoided.<a name="FNanchor_515_515" id="FNanchor_515_515"></a><a href="#Footnote_515_515" class="fnanchor">[515]</a> In dreams the poets took the form of
+demons; they must be exorcised, for the soul did not profit by them. The
+precepts&mdash;and for these the Christian sought&mdash;in the poems were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_213" id="page_213"></a>{213}</span> like
+serpents, born of the evil one; the characters, devils. Some Christians
+sighed as they thrust the tempting books away. Jerome frankly confesses
+he cared little for the homely Latin of the Psalms, and much for Plautus
+and Cicero. For a time he renounced them with other vanities of the
+world; yet when going through the catacombs at Rome, where the Apostles
+and Martyrs had their graves, a fine line of Virgil thrills him; and
+later he instructed boys at Bethlehem in Plautus, Terence, and Virgil,
+much to the horror of Rufinus. Even in the eleventh century this feeling
+existed. Lanfranc wrote to Dumnoaldus to say it was unbefitting he
+should study such books, but he confessed that although he now renounced
+them, he had read them a good deal in his youth. Somewhat later Herbert
+“Losinga,” abbot of Ramsey, had a dream which led him to cease reading
+and imitating Virgil and Ovid; but elsewhere he recommends his pupils to
+accept Ovid as a model in Latin verse, while he quotes the
+<i>Tristia</i>.<a name="FNanchor_516_516" id="FNanchor_516_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a> The rules of some orders, as those of Isidore, St.
+Francis, and St. Dominic, forbade the reading of the classics, save by
+permission. For their value in teaching grammar and as models of
+literary style, however, certain classic authors&mdash;especially Virgil,
+Ovid, Cicero, Horace, Juvenal, and Statius&mdash;were regarded as
+supplementary to the grammatical works of Donatus, Victorinus,
+Macrobius, and Priscian, and were studied by the religious throughout
+the Middle Ages. They were grammatical text-books, as indeed they are
+still; but then they were very little else. A man would call himself
+Virgil, not from inordinate vanity, but from a naive pride in his
+profession of grammarian: to his way of thinking the great poet was no
+more.<a name="FNanchor_517_517" id="FNanchor_517_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a> “As decade followed decade,” writes Mr. H. O. Taylor, “and
+century followed century, there was no falling off in the study of the
+<i>Æneid</i>. Virgil’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_214" id="page_214"></a>{214}</span> fame towered, his authority became absolute. But how?
+In what respect? As a supreme master of grammatical correctness and
+rhetorical excellence and of all learning. With increasing emptiness of
+soul, the grammarians&mdash;the ‘Virgils’&mdash;of the succeeding centuries put
+the great poet to ever baser uses.”<a name="FNanchor_518_518" id="FNanchor_518_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a></p>
+
+<p>From time to time the use of the classics even for grammatical purposes
+was condemned, though unavailingly. They were necessary in the schools;
+evils, doubtless, but unavoidable. Then, again, some of the classics
+were looked upon as allegorical: from the sixth century to the
+Renascence the <i>Æneid</i> was often interpreted in this way; and Virgil’s
+Fourth Eclogue was thought to be a prophecy of Christ’s coming. Ovid
+allegorised contained profound truths; his <i>Art of Love</i>, so treated,
+was not unfit for nuns.<a name="FNanchor_519_519" id="FNanchor_519_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_519_519" class="fnanchor">[519]</a> Other writers, as Lucan, were appreciated
+for their didacticism; Juvenal, Cato and Seneca the younger as
+moralists. And some of the religious fell a prey to these evils,
+inasmuch as they assessed them at their true value as literature.</p>
+
+<p>The classics therefore were accepted. Anselm recommended Virgil. Horace,
+in his most amorous moods, was sung by the monks. Ovid, either adapted
+or in his natural state, was a great favourite. In an appendix we have
+scheduled the chief classics found in English monastic catalogues to
+indicate roughly the extent to which they were collected and used. A
+glance at Becker’s sheaf of catalogues will show us that Aristotle,
+Horace, Juvenal, Lucan, Persius, Plato, Pliny the elder, Porphyry,
+Sallust, Statius, Terence, and especially Cicero, Ovid, Seneca, and
+Virgil are well represented. But it must not be supposed that they were
+in monastic libraries in excessive numbers. On the contrary. An
+inspection of almost any catalogue of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_215" id="page_215"></a>{215}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_33" id="PLT_33"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_297_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_297_sml.jpg" width="248" height="327" alt="PLATE XXXIII
+
+ENGLISH ILLUMINATED WORK UNDER FRENCH INFLUENCE
+
+THIRTEENTH CENTURY
+
+FROM “TENISON PSALTER,” BRIT. MUS. ADD. MS. 24686, F. 12" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXIII<br />
+
+ENGLISH ILLUMINATED WORK UNDER FRENCH INFLUENCE<br />
+
+<small>THIRTEENTH CENTURY<br />
+
+FROM “TENISON PSALTER,” BRIT. MUS. ADD. MS. 24686, F. 12</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">such a library will prove that only a small proportion of it consisted
+of classical writings, especially in those catalogues compiled prior to
+the time when Aristotle’s works dominated the whole of medieval
+scholarship. The monastic library was throughout the Middle Ages the
+armoury of the religious against evil, and the few slight changes of
+character which it underwent at one time and another do not alter the
+fact that on the whole it was a fit and proper collection for its
+purpose.<a name="FNanchor_520_520" id="FNanchor_520_520"></a><a href="#Footnote_520_520" class="fnanchor">[520]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ II</h3>
+
+<p>After the twelfth century broadening influences were at work. The
+education given in the cathedral and monastic schools was found to be
+too restricted; the monasteries, moreover, now began to refuse
+assistance to secular students.<a name="FNanchor_521_521" id="FNanchor_521_521"></a><a href="#Footnote_521_521" class="fnanchor">[521]</a> To some extent the catechetic
+method of the theologians was forced to give place to the dialectic
+method, equally dogmatic, but more exciting and stimulating. Hence was
+compiled such a book as Peter Lombard’s <i>Sentences</i> (1145-50), a
+cyclopædia of disputation, wherein theological questions were collected
+under heads, together with Scriptural passages and statements of the
+Fathers bearing on these questions. By the thirteenth century Lombard
+was the standard text-book of the schools: a work of such reputation
+that it was studied in preference to the Scriptures, as Bacon
+complained.</p>
+
+<p>A demand also arose for instruction in civil and canon law, which the
+existing schools did not supply. This broader learning was provided in
+the early universities, at first to the dislike of the Church, and
+sometimes to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_216" id="page_216"></a>{216}</span> annoyance of royal heads. Particular objection was
+taken to the study of law. An Italian named Vicario (Vacarius) lectured
+on Justinian at Oxford in 1149. Then he abridged the <i>Code</i> and <i>Digest</i>
+for his students there. King Stephen forbade him to proceed with his
+lectures, and prohibited the use of treatises on foreign law, many
+manuscripts of which were consequently destroyed. But these measures
+were not very effectual. Within a short time civil law became recognised
+in the University as a proper subject of study. By 1275, when another
+Italian jurist named Francesco d’Accorso, a distinguished teacher at
+Bologna, came to Oxford to lecture, the study of civil law was pursued
+with the royal favour.<a name="FNanchor_522_522" id="FNanchor_522_522"></a><a href="#Footnote_522_522" class="fnanchor">[522]</a></p>
+
+<p>The searcher among old wills cannot fail to be struck with the number of
+law books in the small private libraries. Sometimes the whole of one of
+these little collections consists of law books; often there are more
+books of this kind than of any other. For example, of eighty books
+bequeathed by Prior Eastry to Christ Church, Canterbury, forty-three
+were on canon and civil law: of eighty-four books given to Trinity Hall,
+Cambridge, by the founder, exactly one-half were juridical. A wealthy
+canon of York left but half a dozen books, all on law. The books
+bequeathed to Peterborough Abbey by successive abbots were chiefly on
+law. Many other examples could be recited. There was a reason for this.
+Friar Bacon, writing in 1271, complained that jurists got all rewards
+and benefices, while students of theology and philosophy lacked the
+means of livelihood, could not obtain books, and were unable to pursue
+their scientific studies. Canonists, even, were only rewarded because of
+their previous knowledge of civil law: at Oxford three years had to be
+devoted to the study of civil law before a student could be admitted as
+bachelor of canon<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_217" id="page_217"></a>{217}</span> law. Consequently a man of parts, with a leaning
+towards theological and philosophical learning, took up the study of
+civil law, with the hope of more easily winning preferment.<a name="FNanchor_523_523" id="FNanchor_523_523"></a><a href="#Footnote_523_523" class="fnanchor">[523]</a>
+“Compared with such [legal] lore,” writes Mr. Mullinger, “theological
+learning became but a sorry recommendation to ecclesiastical preferment;
+most of the Popes at Avignon had been distinguished by their attainments
+in a subject which so nearly concerned the temporal interests of the
+Church; and the civilian and the canonist alike looked down with
+contempt on the theologian, even as Hagar, to use the comparison of
+Holcot, despised her barren mistress.”<a name="FNanchor_524_524" id="FNanchor_524_524"></a><a href="#Footnote_524_524" class="fnanchor">[524]</a> The most casual glance
+through some pages of monastic records will show how frequent and
+endless was the litigation in which the Church was engaged, and
+consequently how useful a knowledge of civil law would be.</p>
+
+<p>But these changes were trifling compared with the stimulus given to
+medieval learning by the influx of Greek books and of Arabic versions of
+them. In the second half of the eleventh century the works of Galen and
+Hippocrates were re-introduced into Italy from the Arabian empire by a
+North African named Constantine, who translated them at the famous
+monastery of Monte Cassino. These translations, with the numerous
+Arabian commentaries, and the conflict of the physicians of the new
+school with those of the old and famous school of Salerno, constitute
+the revival of medical studies which occurred at that time.<a name="FNanchor_525_525" id="FNanchor_525_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_525_525" class="fnanchor">[525]</a> It
+would seem that this revival was felt quickly in England, as in the
+twelfth century four books by Galen and two by Hippocrates, with some
+Arabian works, were to be found in the monastic library of Durham; a
+number significant of the liberal feeling of the monks of this house,
+inasmuch as in all the catalogues transcribed by Becker appear only<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_218" id="page_218"></a>{218}</span> ten
+books by Galen and nine by Hippocrates.<a name="FNanchor_526_526" id="FNanchor_526_526"></a><a href="#Footnote_526_526" class="fnanchor">[526]</a> Before 1150 the whole of
+the <i>Organon</i> of Aristotle was known to scholars;<a name="FNanchor_527_527" id="FNanchor_527_527"></a><a href="#Footnote_527_527" class="fnanchor">[527]</a> but not till
+about that time did the other works begin to be exported from Arabic
+Spain. Then Latin versions of Arabic translations of the <i>Physics</i> and
+<i>Metaphysics</i> were first made.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel of Morley (<i>fl.</i> 1170-90) brought into this country manuscripts
+of Aristotle, and commentaries upon him got in the Arab schools of
+Toledo, then the centre of Mohammedan learning. Michael the Scot (<i>c.</i>
+1175-1234), “wondrous wizard, of dreaded fame,” was another agent of the
+Arab influence. He received his education perhaps at Oxford, certainly
+at Paris and Toledo. From manuscripts obtained at the last place he
+translated two abstracts of the <i>Historia animalium</i>, and some
+commentaries of Averroës on Aristotle (1215-30).<a name="FNanchor_528_528" id="FNanchor_528_528"></a><a href="#Footnote_528_528" class="fnanchor">[528]</a> A third pilgrim
+from these islands, Alfred the Englishman, also made use of Arabic
+versions; and most likely both he and Michael brought home with them
+manuscripts from Toledo and Paris. Of the renderings made by these men
+and by some foreign workers in the same field, Friar Bacon speaks with
+the utmost contempt. Their writings were utterly false. They did not
+know the sciences they dealt with. The Jews, the Arabs, and the Greeks,
+who had good manuscripts, destroyed and corrupted them, rather than let
+them fall into the hands of unlettered and ignorant Christians.<a name="FNanchor_529_529" id="FNanchor_529_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_529_529" class="fnanchor">[529]</a>
+Aristotle should be read in the original, he also says; it would be
+better if all translations were burnt. The criticism is acrid; but the
+men he contemns served scholarship well by quickening the interest in
+Greek books,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_219" id="page_219"></a>{219}</span> and they succeeded so well because they gave to the
+schoolmen not only versions of Aristotle’s text, but commentaries and
+elucidations written by Arabs and Jews who had carefully studied the
+text, and could explain the meaning of obscure passages in it.<a name="FNanchor_530_530" id="FNanchor_530_530"></a><a href="#Footnote_530_530" class="fnanchor">[530]</a></p>
+
+<p>When these translations were coming to England, travellers were bringing
+Greek books directly from the East. A doctor of medicine named William
+returned to Paris from Constantinople in 1167, carrying with him “many
+precious Greek codices.”<a name="FNanchor_531_531" id="FNanchor_531_531"></a><a href="#Footnote_531_531" class="fnanchor">[531]</a> About 1209 a Latin translation of
+Aristotle’s <i>Physics</i> or <i>Metaphysics</i> was made from a Greek manuscript
+brought straight from Constantinople. Some of these few importations
+were certainly destroyed at once, probably all were, for Aristotle was
+proscribed in Paris in the following year, and again in 1215, at the
+very time when Michael the Scot was procuring versions in another
+direction, at Toledo.<a name="FNanchor_532_532" id="FNanchor_532_532"></a><a href="#Footnote_532_532" class="fnanchor">[532]</a> Not until mid-thirteenth century was the ban
+wholly removed.</p>
+
+<p>For a time, owing to the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders,
+intercourse between East and West had become far freer than it had been
+for centuries (1203-61). Certain Greek philosophers of learned mien came
+to England about 1202, but did not stay; and some Armenians, among them
+a bishop, visited St. Albans. Whether they or Nicholas the Greek, clerk
+to the abbot of that monastery, brought books with them we do not know;
+Nicholas, at any rate, seems to have assisted Grosseteste in his Greek
+studies.<a name="FNanchor_533_533" id="FNanchor_533_533"></a><a href="#Footnote_533_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a> John of Basingstoke,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_220" id="page_220"></a>{220}</span> Grosseteste’s archdeacon, carried
+Greek manuscripts&mdash;many valuable manuscripts, we are told&mdash;from Athens,
+whither Grosseteste had sent him. The bishop himself imported books to
+this country, probably from Sicily and South Italy.<a name="FNanchor_534_534" id="FNanchor_534_534"></a><a href="#Footnote_534_534" class="fnanchor">[534]</a> He had a copy
+of Suidas’ <i>Lexicon</i>, possibly the earliest copy brought to the West.
+The <i>Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs</i> was also in Grosseteste’s
+possession: the manuscript was brought home by John of Basingstoke, and
+still exists in the Cambridge University Library.<a name="FNanchor_535_535" id="FNanchor_535_535"></a><a href="#Footnote_535_535" class="fnanchor">[535]</a> These forged
+<i>Testaments</i> were translated by Nicholas the Greek, and as no fewer than
+thirty-one copies of the Latin version still remain they must have had a
+good circulation.<a name="FNanchor_536_536" id="FNanchor_536_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_536_536" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> Possibly the Greek Octateuch (Genesis to Ruth),
+now in the Bodleian Library, was imported into this country by
+Grosseteste or by somebody for him; at one time the manuscript was in
+the library of Christ Church, Canterbury.<a name="FNanchor_537_537" id="FNanchor_537_537"></a><a href="#Footnote_537_537" class="fnanchor">[537]</a> Among other Greek books
+which Grosseteste used and translated, or had translated under his
+direction, were the Epistles of St. Ignatius, a Greek romance of
+Asenath, the Egyptian wife of the patriarch Joseph, and some writings of
+Dionysius the Areopagite. At Ramsey, where the bishop’s influence may be
+suspected, Prior Gregory (<i>fl.</i> 1290) owned a Græco-Latin psalter, still
+extant.<a name="FNanchor_538_538" id="FNanchor_538_538"></a><a href="#Footnote_538_538" class="fnanchor">[538]</a> Possibly all the importations were of similar character,
+and the number of them cannot have been great or we should have heard
+more of them.</p>
+
+<p>Friar Bacon, writing about 1270, complains that he could not get all the
+books he wanted, nor were the versions of the books he had satisfactory.
+Parts of the Scriptures were untranslated, as, for example, two books of
+Maccabees,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_221" id="page_221"></a>{221}</span> which he knew existed in Greek, and books of the Prophets
+referred to in the books of Kings and Chronicles; the chronology of the
+<i>Antiquities</i> of Josephus was incorrectly rendered, and biblical history
+could not be usefully studied without a true version of this book. Books
+of the Hebrew and Greek expositors were almost wanting to the Latins:
+Origen, Basil, Gregory, Nazianzene, John of Damascus, Dionysius,
+Chrysostom, and others, both in Hebrew and Greek.<a name="FNanchor_539_539" id="FNanchor_539_539"></a><a href="#Footnote_539_539" class="fnanchor">[539]</a> The scientific
+books of Aristotle, of Avicenna, of Seneca, and other ancients could
+only be had at great cost. Their principal works had not been translated
+into Latin. “The admirable books of Cicero <i>De Republica</i> are not to be
+found anywhere, as far as I can hear, although I have made anxious
+inquiry for them in different parts of the world and by various
+messengers.”<a name="FNanchor_540_540" id="FNanchor_540_540"></a><a href="#Footnote_540_540" class="fnanchor">[540]</a></p>
+
+<p>The period during which the intellectual life of the Middle Ages was
+broadened by the introduction of new knowledge and ideas originally from
+Greek sources, began, as we have said, with the influx of translations
+from the Arabic. The movement culminated with the work of William of
+Moerbeke, Greek Secretary at the Council of Lyons (1274), who, between
+1270 and 1281, translated several of Aristotle’s works from the Greek,
+including the <i>Rhetorica</i> and the <i>Politica</i>. Fortunately we have a
+record belonging to this time of a collection of books which shows
+admirably the character of the change. A certain John of London (<i>c.</i>
+1270-1330), believed to have been Bacon’s pupil, probably became a monk
+of St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, and in due course bequeathed a
+library of books to his house. This collection amounted to nearly eighty
+books, of which twenty-three were on mathematics and astronomy, a like
+number on medicine, ten on philosophy, six on logic, four historical,
+three on grammar,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_222" id="page_222"></a>{222}</span> one poetry, and the rest collections.<a name="FNanchor_541_541" id="FNanchor_541_541"></a><a href="#Footnote_541_541" class="fnanchor">[541]</a> Such a
+collection is remarkable not only for its character, but on account of
+its size, which was very large for anybody to own privately in that age.</p>
+
+<h3>§ III</h3>
+
+<p>On one occasion, after spending much time in searching wills and in
+examining catalogues without finding a reference to an interesting
+book&mdash;to either an ancient or a medieval classic&mdash;the writer well
+remembers the little shock of pleasure he felt when, in a single
+half-hour, he noted <i>Piers Plowman</i> in one brief unpromising will, and
+six English books among the relics of a mason. Nearly all the libraries
+of private persons and of academies are depressing in character. Rarely
+can be found a bright human book gleaming like a diamond in the dust.
+Score after score of decreta, decretales, Sextuses, and Clementines, and
+chestsful of the dreariest theological disquisition impress upon the
+weary searcher the fact that academic libraries were usually even more
+dryasdust than monastic collections, and he begins to understand how
+prosperous law may be as a calling, and to have an inkling of what is
+known, in classic phrase, as a good plain Scotch education.</p>
+
+<p>Between an academic library and a monastic collection there were
+differences of character and in the beauty and value of the manuscripts.
+As a general rule a large proportion of the monks’ books were more or
+less richly ornamented: they were the treasures as well as the tools of
+the community. The books of the colleges were usually for practical
+purposes: they were tools, treasured, doubtless, for their contents, not
+for the beauty of the writing or because they were decorated. The
+difference in character of the collections as a whole was one of
+proportion in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_223" id="page_223"></a>{223}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_34" id="PLT_34"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_307_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_307_sml.jpg" width="359" height="232" alt="PLATE XXXIV
+
+FRESCO OF THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS
+
+BY T. GADDI
+
+CHURCH OF S. M. NOVELLA, FLORENCE" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXIV<br />
+
+FRESCO OF THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS<br />
+
+<small>BY T. GADDI<br />
+
+CHURCH OF S. M. NOVELLA, FLORENCE</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">representation of the various classes of books. Generally speaking, the
+monastic collection comprised proportionately more theology and less
+canon and civil law than the academic library. In the subjects of the
+<i>trivium</i> and the <i>quadrivium</i>, and in philosophy, a college was more
+strongly equipped than a monastery; on the other hand, a monastery
+frequently had a larger proportion of classical literature, and always
+more “light” or romance literature.</p>
+
+<p>Early university studies were in two parts, the <i>trivium</i>&mdash;grammar,
+rhetoric, and logic, and the <i>quadrivium</i>&mdash;music, astronomy, geometry,
+and arithmetic. These were the seven liberal arts. A fresco in a chapel
+in the Church of S. Maria Novella at Florence illustrates these arts. On
+the right of the cartoon is the figure of grammar; beneath is Priscian.
+For the study of this subject John Garland recommended Priscian and
+Donatus. Priscian was a leading text-book on the subject, and it was
+supported by a short manual compiled from Donatus. At Oxford extracts
+from these authors were thrown into the form of logical <i>quaestiones</i> to
+afford subjects of argument at the disputations held once a week before
+the masters of grammar.<a name="FNanchor_542_542" id="FNanchor_542_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a> To these books should be added a
+dictionary, with some peculiar and quaint etymologies, by Papias the
+Lombard; grammatical works by John Garland; Bishop Hugutio’s
+etymological dictionary (<i>c.</i> 1192); a dreary hexameter poem by
+Alexander Gallus, the Breton Friar (<i>d.</i> 1240)&mdash;“the olde <i>Doctrinall</i>,
+with his diffuse and unperfite brevitie”; Eberhard’s similar poem (<i>c.</i>
+1212), called <i>Graecismus</i>, because it includes a chapter on derivations
+from the Greek; and a very large book, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_224" id="page_224"></a>{224}</span> <i>Catholicon</i> (<i>c.</i> 1286),
+partly a grammar and partly a dictionary, with copious quotations from
+Latin classics, which had been compiled with some skill and care by John
+Balbi, a Genoese Black Friar. Papias and Hugutio were sharply condemned
+by Friar Bacon, but they remained in use long after his time, and Balbi
+owed much to both of them. Many copies of the <i>Catholicon</i> seem to have
+been made, although the transcription of so large a book was costly:
+even before it was printed (1460), copies for reference were sometimes
+chained up in English churches, and after it was printed this practice
+became more general, at any rate in France. By the fourteenth century
+Priscian was almost superseded by Alexander and Eberhard, whose
+versified grammars came into common use; a jingle, whether it be&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“&nbsp;‘<i>Ne facias</i>’ dicas ‘<i>oroque ne facias</i>.’<br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>Humane</i>, <i>dure</i>, <i>large</i>, <i>firme</i>que, <i>benigne</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2"><i>Ignave</i>que, <i>probe</i>, vel <i>avare</i> sive <i>severe</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Inde <i>nove</i>, <i>plene</i>, vel <i>abunde</i> sive <i>proterve</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Dicis in <i>er</i> vel in <i>e</i>, quamvis sint illa secundae,”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">in the fourteenth century, or</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Feminine is Linter, boat<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Learn these neuters nine by rote,”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">in the twentieth century, seems to help the harassed student along the
+linguistic path. The reading of Virgil and Statius and some other
+writers put flesh upon these grammatical dry bones. But as the masters
+of grammar at Oxford were expected to be guardians of morals as well,
+they were expressly forbidden to read and expound to their pupils Ovid’s
+<i>Ars amandi</i>, the <i>Elegies</i> of Pamphilus, and other indecent books.<a name="FNanchor_543_543" id="FNanchor_543_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_543_543" class="fnanchor">[543]</a></p>
+
+<p>Next to the figure of Grammar is Rhetoric, with Cicero<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_225" id="page_225"></a>{225}</span> seated beneath.
+Cicero, with Aristotle, Quintilian and Boëthius were the chief exponents
+of rhetoric; with Virgil, Ovid, Statius, and sometimes such a book as
+Guido delle Colonne’s epic of Troy, as examples of literary style. John
+Garland (<i>fl.</i> 1230) recommended Cicero’s <i>De Inventione</i> (<i>Rhetorica</i>),
+<i>De Oratore</i>, the <i>Ad Herennium</i> ascribed to Cicero, Quintilian’s
+<i>Institutes</i> and the <i>Declamationes</i> ascribed to him. The third figure
+is Logic, coupled with the figure of Aristotle. The <i>Categories</i> and
+Porphyry’s <i>Isagoge</i> were the books of greatest service in the study of
+this subject; with Boëthius’ translations and expositions of Aristotle
+and Porphyry. All the foregoing and Cicero’s <i>Topica</i> are selected by
+John Garland. Later the <i>Summulae logicales</i> of Peter the Spaniard
+(<i>fl.</i> 1276), William of Heytesbury’s <i>Sophismata</i> (<i>c.</i> 1340), the
+<i>Summa logices</i> of the great English schoolman, William of Ockham (<i>d.
+c.</i> 1349), and the <i>Quaestiones</i> of William Brito (<i>d.</i> 1356) were the
+chief manuals of dialectic.</p>
+
+<p>The first figure in the representation of the <i>quadrivium</i> is Music,
+with Tubal Cain beneath. In this subject, for which few books were
+necessary, Boëthius was the guide. With Astronomy is associated Ptolemy.
+The <i>Cosmographia</i> and <i>Almagest</i> of Ptolemy, and the works of some
+Arabian authors, with books of tables, were the student’s manuals. In
+our cartoon Geometry has Euclid for companion. Arithmetic is associated
+with Pythagoras in the picture: for this subject Boëthius was the
+text-book.<a name="FNanchor_544_544" id="FNanchor_544_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_544_544" class="fnanchor">[544]</a></p>
+
+<p>Besides the seven liberal arts, natural, metaphysical, and moral
+philosophy, or the three philosophies, were added in the thirteenth
+century. For these studies Aristotle and his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_226" id="page_226"></a>{226}</span> commentators were the
+chief guides. The medical authorities of the middle ages have been
+catalogued for us by Chaucer in his description of a doctor of
+“phisyk”&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Wel knew he the olde Esculapius<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And Deiscorides, and eek Rufus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Old Ypocras, Haly and Galien;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Serapion, Razis and Avicen;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Averrois, Damascien and Constantyn;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Bernard, and Gatesden, and Gilbertyn.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">Of these names eight are included in Duke Humfrey’s gifts to Oxford in
+1439 and 1443; and ten of them are represented in the catalogue of
+Peterhouse Library in 1418. Besides the writers mentioned by Chaucer,
+works on fevers by Isaac the Arab, the <i>Antidotarium</i> of Nicholas, and
+the <i>Isagoge</i> of Johannicius were in general use.</p>
+
+<p>Next to theology&mdash;in which class the chief books were the same as in the
+claustral library, although liturgical books are more rarely found&mdash;the
+largest section of an academic collection was that of civil and canon
+law. It comprised the various digests, the works of Cinus of Pistoia and
+Azo; texts of decrees, decretals, <i>Liber Sextus Decretalium</i>, <i>Liber
+Clementinae</i>, with many commentaries, the <i>Constitutions</i> of Ottobon and
+Otho, the book compiled by Henry of Susa, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia,
+called <i>Summa Ostiensis</i>, the <i>Rosarium</i> of Archdeacon Guido de Baysio,
+and Durand’s <i>Speculum Judiciale</i>. The last three books are frequently
+met with, and were highly esteemed by medieval jurists.<a name="FNanchor_545_545" id="FNanchor_545_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_545_545" class="fnanchor">[545]</a></p>
+
+<p>In a previous chapter we have noted the somewhat fresher character of
+the library given to Oxford University by the Duke of Gloucester. We
+have two later records which may be referred to now to indicate the
+change wrought by the Renascence. A catalogue of William<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_227" id="page_227"></a>{227}</span> Grocyn’s books
+was drawn up soon after his death in 1519. This collection proves its
+owner to have been conservative in his tastes, as the medieval
+favourites are well represented. Of Greek books there are only
+Aristotle, Plutarch in a Latin translation, and a Greek and Latin
+Testament&mdash;a curiously small collection in view of his interest in
+Greek, and in view of the fact that many of the chief Greek authors had
+been printed before his death. It seems likely that his Greek books had
+been dispersed. But the change is apparent in the excellent series of
+Latin classics, which included Tacitus and Lucretius, and in the number
+of books by Italian writers, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Ficino, Filelfo,
+Lorenzo della Valle, Æneas Sylvius, and Perotti.</p>
+
+<p>Still more significant of the change are the references to the course of
+study in the statutes of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (1517). The
+approved prose writers are Cicero&mdash;an apology is offered for the use of
+barbarous words not known to Cicero&mdash;Sallust, Valerius Maximus,
+Suetonius, Pliny, Livy, and Quintilian. Virgil, Ovid, Lucan, Juvenal,
+Terence and Plautus are approved as poets. Suitable books to study
+during the vacations are the works of Lorenzo della Valle, Aulus
+Gellius, and Poliziano. In Greek the writings&mdash;most of them quite new to
+the age&mdash;of Isocrates, Lucian, Philostratus, Aristophanes, Theocritus,
+Euripides, Sophocles, Pindar, Hesiod, Demosthenes, Thucydides,
+Aristotle, and Plutarch are recommended. Such a list bears few
+resemblances to the academic library we have attempted to describe.<a name="FNanchor_546_546" id="FNanchor_546_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_546_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a></p>
+
+<h3>§ IV</h3>
+
+<p>In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries romances began to creep into
+all libraries, save the academic, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_228" id="page_228"></a>{228}</span> which they are rarely found. As
+soon as romance literature took a firm hold upon public favour the monks
+added some of it to their collections. Probably romances were first
+bought to be copied and sold to augment the monastic income; and more
+perhaps were sold than preserved. Ascham avers that “in our fathers tyme
+nothing was red, but bookes of fayned cheualrie, wherein a man by
+redinge, shuld be led to none other ende, but onely to manslaughter and
+baudrye.... These bokes (as I haue heard say) were made the moste parte
+in Abbayes and Monasteries, a very lickely and fit fruite of suche an
+ydle and blynde kinde of lyuyne.”<a name="FNanchor_547_547" id="FNanchor_547_547"></a><a href="#Footnote_547_547" class="fnanchor">[547]</a> Thomas Nashe, in his story of
+<i>The Unfortunate Traveller</i>, describes romances as “the fantasticall
+dreams of those exiled Abbie lubbers,” that is, the monks.<a name="FNanchor_548_548" id="FNanchor_548_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_548_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a> These
+writers were but echoing such charges as that in <i>Piers Plowman</i>, which
+declares that a friar was much better acquainted with the <i>Rimes of
+Robin Hood</i> and <i>Randal Erle of Chester</i> than with his Paternoster. A
+number of romances are indeed found in monastic catalogues. The library
+at Glastonbury included four romances (1248); that at Christ Church,
+Canterbury, contained a few in late thirteenth century. Guy de Beauchamp
+bequeathed romances to Bordesley Abbey (1315). In the first year of the
+fifteenth century Peterborough had some romances. At the end of the same
+century St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, had in its library of over
+eighteen hundred books only a few romances; while in Leicester Abbey,
+among a library of about three hundred and fifty books, we find only the
+Troy book, <i>Drian and Madok</i>, <i>Beves of Hamtoun</i>, all in French, <i>Gesta
+Alexandri Magni</i>, and one or two others. Edward <small>III</small> bought a book of
+romance from a nun of Amesbury in 1331&mdash;a work of such interest that he
+kept it in his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_229" id="page_229"></a>{229}</span> room. There are plenty of other instances. But in no
+case have we found an excessive number of romances in monastic
+libraries, and the charges&mdash;if they can worthily be called charges&mdash;so
+often made against monks on this score fall to the ground.<a name="FNanchor_549_549" id="FNanchor_549_549"></a><a href="#Footnote_549_549" class="fnanchor">[549]</a></p>
+
+<p>The romances oftenest appearing in monastic catalogues and other records
+are the following: The Story of Troy, especially Joseph of Exeter’s
+Latin version, the great Arthurian cycle, the beautiful story of <i>Amis
+and Amiloun</i>, renowned all over Europe, <i>Joseph of Arimathea</i>,
+Charlemagne, Alexander, which was of the best of romances, <i>Guy of
+Warwick</i>, which was very popular, and the semi-historical <i>Richard Cœur
+de Lion</i>. But many others were in circulation. In <i>Cursor mundi</i> a
+number of the popular stories of the day are mentioned&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Men lykyn jestis for to here,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And romans rede in divers maneree,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of <i>Alexandre</i> the conquerour,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of <i>Julius Cæsar</i><a name="FNanchor_550_550" id="FNanchor_550_550"></a><a href="#Footnote_550_550" class="fnanchor">[550]</a> the emperour,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of Greece and <i>Troy</i> the strong stryf,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Ther many a man lost his lyfe;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of <i>Brut</i>,<a name="FNanchor_551_551" id="FNanchor_551_551"></a><a href="#Footnote_551_551" class="fnanchor">[551]</a> that baron bold of hond,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">The first conquerour of Englond,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of <i>King Artour</i> that was so ryche;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Was non in hys tyme so ilyche [alike, equal]:<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of wonders that among his knyghts felle,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And auntyrs [adventures] dedyn as men her telle<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">As <i>Gaweyn</i>, and othir full abylle,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Which that kept the round tabyll,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">How <i>King Charles</i> and Rowland fawght,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">With Sarazins, nold thei be cawght;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of <i>Tristram</i> and Ysoude the swete,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">How thei with love first gan mete,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of <i>Kyng John</i>, and of <i>Isenbras</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of Ydoine and <i>Amadas</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_552_552" id="FNanchor_552_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_552_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_230" id="page_230"></a>{230}</span></p>
+
+<p class="nind">Again, many “speak of men who read romances&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Of <i>Bevys</i>,<a name="FNanchor_553_553" id="FNanchor_553_553"></a><a href="#Footnote_553_553" class="fnanchor">[553]</a> <i>Gy</i>, and <i>Gwayane</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of <i>Kyng Rychard</i>, and <i>Owayne</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of <i>Tristram</i> and <i>Percyvayle</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of <i>Rowland Ris</i>,<a name="FNanchor_554_554" id="FNanchor_554_554"></a><a href="#Footnote_554_554" class="fnanchor">[554]</a> and <i>Aglavaule</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of <i>Archeroun</i>, and of <i>Octavian</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of <i>Charles</i>, and of <i>Cassibelan</i>.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of <i>Keveloke</i>,<a name="FNanchor_555_555" id="FNanchor_555_555"></a><a href="#Footnote_555_555" class="fnanchor">[555]</a> <i>Horne</i>, and of <i>Wade</i><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In romances that ben of hem bimade,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That gestours dos of hem gestes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At maungeres, and at great festes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Her dedis ben in remembrance,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In many fair romance.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Popular romances of this kind had a great influence upon the lives of
+the people. The long lists of medieval theology and sophistry usually
+laid before us, and the great majority of the writings which have
+survived, sometimes lead us to believe the culture of the Middle Ages to
+have been of a more serious cast than it really was. The oral
+circulation of romance literature must have been enormous. The spun-out,
+dreary poems which now make such difficult reading are infinitely more
+entertaining when read aloud: the voice gives life and character to a
+humdrum narrative, and the gestour would know how to make the best of
+incidents which he knew from experience to be specially interesting to
+an audience. Such yarns would be most attractive to “lewd” or illiterate
+men&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“For lewdë men y undyrtoke<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">On Englyssh tunge to make thys boke:<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">For many ben of swyche manere<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">That talys and rymys wyl blethly<a name="FNanchor_556_556" id="FNanchor_556_556"></a><a href="#Footnote_556_556" class="fnanchor">[556]</a> here,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Ye gamys and festys, and at the ale.”<a name="FNanchor_557_557" id="FNanchor_557_557"></a><a href="#Footnote_557_557" class="fnanchor">[557]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_231" id="page_231"></a>{231}</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="PLT_35" id="PLT_35"></a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_317_lg.jpg">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_317_sml.jpg" width="238" height="335" alt="PLATE XXXV
+
+ANCIENT VELLUM BOOK-MARKER WITH REVOLVING DISC
+
+FROM A DOUBLE-COLUMN CANTERBURY BIBLE; THE DISC CAN BE USED TO MARK
+COLUMN AND LINE. MS. 49 C.C. COLL. CAMB." /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXXV<br />
+
+ANCIENT VELLUM BOOK-MARKER WITH REVOLVING DISC<br />
+
+<small>FROM A DOUBLE-COLUMN CANTERBURY BIBLE; THE DISC CAN BE USED TO MARK
+COLUMN AND LINE. MS. 49 C.C. COLL. CAMB.</small></span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The need of multiplying manuscripts of these poems would not be greatly
+felt. The reciter would be obliged to learn them off by heart; he need
+not, and often did not, possess written versions of the poems he
+recited. And even literate men, as Bishop Grosseteste, preferred to
+listen to these gestours, rather than to read the narrative themselves.
+Therefore, any estimate we may form of the number of manuscripts of
+romances in existence at any time in the fourteenth century, for
+example, would give not the smallest idea of the extent to which these
+tales were known.</p>
+
+<h3>§ V</h3>
+
+<p>The medieval collector of books sometimes, and the monastic librarian
+nearly always, took care that his library was strong in hagiology and
+history. He felt the need of books which would tell him of the past
+history of his church and of the lives of her greatest teachers. When
+collected these books were an incentive to the more cultivated of the
+monks to begin the history of his country or his house, or to write or
+re-write the lives of saints. The fruit is preserved for us in a long
+line of monkish historians and hagiographers. As a rule the histories
+they wrote were of little value; but when they had brought the tale down
+to their own times they continued it with the help of records to their
+hand, narrated events within their own memory, and maintained the
+narrative in the form of annals. The method of annalising was simple. At
+the end of the incomplete manuscript a loose or easily detachable sheet
+was kept, whereon events of importance to the nation and the monastery
+and locality of the annalist were written in pencil from time to time
+during the year. At the end of the year the historian welded these
+jottings into a narrative. When this was done another leaf for notes was
+placed after<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_232" id="page_232"></a>{232}</span> the manuscript. The value of the work so accomplished is
+incalculable. Without these records it would now be impossible for us to
+realise what the Middle Ages were like. This service, added to the
+enormously greater service which monachism did for us in preserving
+ancient literature, will always breed kind thoughts of a system so
+repugnant to our modern view of human endeavour.</p>
+
+<h3>§ VI</h3>
+
+<p>What was the extent of circulation of books during the manuscript age?
+For the period before the Conquest we can only offer the merest
+conjecture, which does not help us materially. The rarity of the extant
+manuscripts of this age is no guide to the extent of their production.
+During the raids of the northmen the destruction and loss must have been
+very great indeed. After the Conquest the indifference and contempt with
+which the conquerors regarded everything Saxon must have been
+responsible for the destruction of nearly every manuscript written in
+the vernacular. But, on the other hand, we find suggestions of a greater
+production than is commonly credited to this period. Religious fervour
+to make books was not wanting, as some of our most beautiful
+relics&mdash;works exhibiting much painstaking and skilful and even loving
+labour, calligraphy, and decoration aflame with high endeavour&mdash;belong
+to the Hiberno-Saxon period and the days of Ethelwold. Nor after
+Alfred’s day was regard lacking for vernacular literature itself rather
+than for the glory of a faith: how else are we to explain the precious
+fragments of Anglo-Saxon manuscript which have been preserved for us,
+especially the Exeter book and the Vercelli book? That the production
+was considerable is suggested by the records we have. Think of the Irish
+manuscripts now scattered<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_233" id="page_233"></a>{233}</span> on the continent; of the library of York; of
+Bede’s workshop and the northern libraries; and of those in the south,
+at Canterbury, Malmesbury, and elsewhere. But the use of such
+manuscripts as were in existence was restricted to monks, wealthy
+ecclesiastics, and a few of the wealthy laity.</p>
+
+<p>After the Conquest the state of affairs was the same. The period of the
+greatest literary activity in the monasteries now began, and large
+claustral libraries were soon formed. The monks then had plenty of
+books; wealthy clergy also had small collections. An ecclesiastic or a
+layman who had done a monastery some service, or whose favour it was
+politic to cultivate, could borrow books from the monastic library,
+under certain strict conditions. Some people availed themselves of this
+privilege; but not at any time during the manuscript period to a great
+extent.<a name="FNanchor_558_558" id="FNanchor_558_558"></a><a href="#Footnote_558_558" class="fnanchor">[558]</a></p>
+
+<p>Outside this small circle the people were almost bookless: nearly the
+whole of the literary wealth of the Middle Ages belonged to the monks
+and the church. Books were extremely costly. The medieval book-buyer
+paid more for his book on an average than does the modern collector of
+first editions and editions <i>de luxe</i>, who pays in addition several
+guineas a volume for handsome bindings. The prices we have tabulated
+will fully bear out this statement. But even more striking evidence of
+the high value set upon books is the care taken in selling or
+bequeathing them. To-day a line or two in a wealthy man’s will disposes
+of all his books. He commonly throws them in with the “residue,”
+unmentioned. In the manuscript age a testator distributed his little
+hoard book by book. Often he not only bequeaths a volume to a friend,
+but determines its fate after his friend’s death. For example, a
+daughter is to have a copy of the <i>Golden Legend</i>, “and to occupye to
+hir<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_234" id="page_234"></a>{234}</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/ill_322_lg.png">
+<br />
+<img class="enlargeimage"
+src="images/enlarge-image.jpg"
+alt=""
+width="18"
+height="14" />
+<br />
+<img src="images/ill_322_sml.png" width="334" height="93" alt="RECORD OF SALE OF BOOK CAPTURED AT POITIERS (see p. 247)" /></a>
+<br />
+<span class="caption">RECORD OF SALE OF BOOK CAPTURED AT POITIERS (see p. 247)</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">owne use and at hir owne liberte durynge hir lyfe, and after hir decesse
+to remayne to the prioress and the convent of Halywelle for evermore,
+they to pray for the said John Burton and Johne his wife and alle
+crystene soyles (1460).”<a name="FNanchor_559_559" id="FNanchor_559_559"></a><a href="#Footnote_559_559" class="fnanchor">[559]</a> A manuscript now in Worcester Cathedral
+Library bears an inscription telling us that, likewise, one Thomas
+Jolyffe left it to Dr. Isack, a monk of Worcester, for his lifetime, and
+after his death to Worcester Priory. A manuscript now in the British
+Museum was bought in 1473 at Oxford by Clement of Canterbury, monk and
+scholar, from a bookseller named Hunt for twenty shillings, <i>in the
+presence of Will. Westgate, monk</i>.<a name="FNanchor_560_560" id="FNanchor_560_560"></a><a href="#Footnote_560_560" class="fnanchor">[560]</a> In a manuscript of the
+<i>Sentences</i> is a note telling us that it was the property of Roger,
+archdeacon of Lincoln: he bought it from Geoffrey the chaplain, the
+brother of Henry, vicar of North Elkington, the witnesses being master
+Robert de Luda, clerk, Richard the almoner, the said Henry the vicar,
+his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_235" id="page_235"></a>{235}</span> clerk, and others.<a name="FNanchor_561_561" id="FNanchor_561_561"></a><a href="#Footnote_561_561" class="fnanchor">[561]</a> An instance of a different kind will
+suffice. When, after a good deal of rioting at Oxford, many of the more
+studious masters and scholars went to Stamford, the king threatened that
+if they did not return to Oxford they would lose their goods, and
+especially their books. The warning was disregarded, but the threatened
+forfeiture of their books was evidently thought to be a strong
+measure.<a name="FNanchor_562_562" id="FNanchor_562_562"></a><a href="#Footnote_562_562" class="fnanchor">[562]</a></p>
+
+<p>In his poems Chaucer endows two poor clerks with small libraries. His
+first portrait of an Oxford clerk is delightful&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“For him was lever have at his beddes heed [rather]<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Twenty bokes, clad in blak or reed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of Aristotle and his philosophye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Than robes riche, or fithele, or gay sautrye [fiddle, psaltery].<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">But al be that he was a philosophre,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Yet hadde he but litel gold in cofre;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">But al that he mighte of his freendes hente [get],<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">On bokes and on lerninge he it spente,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And bisily gan for the soules preye<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of hem that yaf him wher-with to scoleye [gave, study].<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Of studie took he most cure and most hede.<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Noght o word spak he more than was nede,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And that was seyd in forme and reverence,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And short and quik, and ful of hy sentence [high].<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Souninge in moral vertu was his speche [conducing to],<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And gladly wolde he lerne, and gladly teche.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Almost equally pleasing is his picture of another who lived with a rich
+churl&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“A chambre hadde he in that hostelrye<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Allone, with-outen any companye,<br /></span>
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">. . . . . . . . . .</span><br />
+<span class="i1">His Almageste and bokes grete and smale,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">His astrelabie, longinge for his art,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">His augrim-stones layen faire a-part<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">On shelves couched at his beddes heed.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">Both descriptions have been used as evidence that books<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_236" id="page_236"></a>{236}</span> were not so
+scarce as supposed; that poor people could get books if they specially
+needed them. But are these pictures quite true? Has not the poet taken
+advantage of the licence allowed to his kind? The records preserved at
+Oxford do not corroborate him. Some of the students were very poor. It
+seems likely that a would-be clerk attached himself to a master or
+scholar as a servant in return for teaching in the “kunnyng of writyng”
+and perhaps other knowledge&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“This endenture bereth witnesse that I, John Swanne, þ<sup>e</sup> sone of
+John Swanne of Bridlington, in þ<sup>e</sup> counte of Yorke, have putte me
+servante unto William Osbarne, forto serve him undir þ<sup>e</sup> foorme
+of a servante for þ<sup>e</sup> terme of iiii. yere, and þ<sup>e</sup> seide
+William Osbarne forto enfoorme þ<sup>e</sup> seide John Swann in þ<sup>e</sup>
+kunnyng of writyng, and þ<sup>e</sup> seide John Swann forto have þ<sup>e</sup>
+first yere of þ<sup>e</sup> seide William Osbarne iijs. iiijd. in money,
+and ij. peier [pairs] of hosen, and ij. scherts [shirts] and iiij.
+peire schoon [pairs of shoes], and a gowne, and in þ<sup>e</sup> secunde
+yeere xiijs. iiijd., and in þ<sup>e</sup> iij. yere xxs. and a gowne, and
+in þ<sup>e</sup> iiij. yeere xls. And in þ<sup>e</sup> witnesse hereof, etc.”
+(1456).<a name="FNanchor_563_563" id="FNanchor_563_563"></a><a href="#Footnote_563_563" class="fnanchor">[563]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Mr. Anstey points out that a very large number, probably the majority of
+scholars, were not well provided for. They eked out their precarious
+allowances by begging, by learning handicrafts, and by “picking up the
+various doles at funerals and commemoration masses, where such needy
+miserables were always to be found.”<a name="FNanchor_564_564" id="FNanchor_564_564"></a><a href="#Footnote_564_564" class="fnanchor">[564]</a> Such students would not be
+likely to have many or perhaps any books. “The stock of books possessed
+by the <i>younger</i> scholars seems to have been almost <i>nil</i>. The
+inventories of goods, which we possess, in the case of non-graduates
+contain hardly any books. The fact is that they mostly could not afford
+to buy them.... The chief source of supplying books was by purchase from
+the University sworn stationers, who had to a great extent a monopoly,
+the object of which was to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_237" id="page_237"></a>{237}</span> prevent the sale and removal from Oxford of
+valuable books. Of such books there were plainly very large numbers
+constantly changing hands; they were the pledges so continually
+deposited on borrowing from chests, and seem, from scattered hints, to
+have been a very fruitful source of litigation and dispute.”<a name="FNanchor_565_565" id="FNanchor_565_565"></a><a href="#Footnote_565_565" class="fnanchor">[565]</a> Most
+of these books were in the hands of seniors. Truly enough many a poor
+clerk would as lief have twenty “bokes” to his name as anything else
+treble the value. But he would undergo much sharp self-denial and
+receive much “wher-with to scoleye” ere he got together so considerable
+a collection of “bokes grete and smale,” to say nothing of instruments.
+As such a large proportion of the scholars were poor, and unable to
+acquire books, nearly all the instruction given was oral. Well-to-do
+scholars would not find, therefore, books of very great service; and
+indeed they were as ill-equipped in this respect as their poorer
+brethren. The accounts of the La Fytes, two scholars whose expenses were
+paid by Edward <small>I</small> himself, contain records of the purchase of two copies
+of only the <i>Institutions</i> of Quintilian (<i>c.</i> 1290).<a name="FNanchor_566_566" id="FNanchor_566_566"></a><a href="#Footnote_566_566" class="fnanchor">[566]</a> Is not
+Chaucer describing his own room in both passages&mdash;the room he loved to
+seek after his day’s work at the desk? Here at the bedhead are his
+books, including the astronomical treatise of Ptolemy called <i>Almagest</i>.
+Beside them is the astrolabe, an instrument about which he wrote; and
+trimly arranged apart his augrim-stones, or counters for making
+calculations. Such an outfit we might expect him to have: just such a
+library, neither smaller nor larger.</p>
+
+<p>This supposition calls to mind another argument sometimes used to prove
+how easy it was to make a small collection of books. Chaucer’s poems
+display his acquaintance, more or less thoroughly, with many authors.
+Surely,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_238" id="page_238"></a>{238}</span> it is urged, his library was a good one for the time: then how
+was it possible for a man of his means to own such? He was not wealthy.
+As a courtier and a public officer the calls upon his purse must have
+been heavy: little indeed could be left for books. The explanation is
+probably simple. Books were freely lent, more freely than nowadays; and
+Chaucer would be able to eke out his library in this way. Another point
+is important. Professor Lounsbury, who has spent years in an exhaustive
+study of Chaucer, points out a curious circumstance. “It must be
+confessed,” he says&mdash;a shade of disparagement lurks in the phrase&mdash;“it
+must be confessed that Chaucer’s quotations from writers exhibit a
+familiarity with prologues and first books and early chapters which
+contrasts ominously with the comparative infrequency with which he makes
+citations from the middle and latter parts of most of the works he
+mentions.”<a name="FNanchor_567_567" id="FNanchor_567_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a> Surely the implication is unjust. Stationers used to let
+out on hire parts of books or quires. Manuscript volumes were also often
+made up of parts of works by several authors. Books being scarce, it was
+preferable to make some volumes select miscellanies, little libraries in
+themselves. Hear Chaucer himself&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“And eek ther was som-tyme a clerk at Rome,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">A cardinal, that highte Seinte Jerome,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">That made a book agayn Jovinian;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">In whiche book eek ther was Tertulan,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Crisippus, Trotula, and Helowys,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">That was abbesse nat fer fro Parys;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And eek the Parables of Salomon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Ovydes Art, and bokes many on,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And alle thise were bounden in o volume.”<a name="FNanchor_568_568" id="FNanchor_568_568"></a><a href="#Footnote_568_568" class="fnanchor">[568]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In composite volumes often only the earlier parts of authors’ works were
+included. If Chaucer owned a few<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_239" id="page_239"></a>{239}</span> books of this kind, his familiarity
+with parts of authors&mdash;and oftenest with the earlier parts&mdash;is accounted
+for satisfactorily; so also is the range and variety of his reading.
+Examine the Christ Church Canterbury catalogue in Henry Eastry’s time,
+and note what a remarkable variety of subjects is comprised in what we
+nowadays consider rather a paltry number of books. There is another
+point worth bearing in mind. Speaking of Bishop Shirwood’s books, a
+writer in the <i>English Historical Review</i> says: “Many of the books bear
+his mark, <i>Nota</i>, scattered over the margins, or a hand with a long
+pointing finger. These notes occur usually at the beginnings. In the
+days when chapters and sections were unknown and division into books
+rare, when headlines were not and pages sometimes had no signatures
+even, not to speak of numbers, a reader had to go solidly through a
+book, and could not lightly turn up a passage he wished for, by the aid
+of a reference. But except in Cicero and in Plutarch&mdash;which is read
+almost from beginning to end&mdash;the marks do not often go far. Shirwood
+was doubtless too busy to find much time for reading, and before he had
+made much way with a book a new purchase had come to arouse his
+interest.”<a name="FNanchor_569_569" id="FNanchor_569_569"></a><a href="#Footnote_569_569" class="fnanchor">[569]</a></p>
+
+<p>But to the general rule of scarcity of books some exceptions are known.
+When a book won a reputation, the cost of producing copies was not
+wholly restrictive of circulation. Copies of some works of the Fathers
+were produced in great numbers. The Bible, whole or in part, was copied
+with such industry that it became the commonest of manuscripts, as it
+now is the commonest of printed books. Peter Lombard’s <i>Sentences</i>
+became a famous book: the standard of the schools; everywhere to be
+found side by side with the Bible, everywhere discussed and commented<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_240" id="page_240"></a>{240}</span>
+upon. A twelfth century author of quite different character had a good
+hold upon the people; the number of copies of Geoffrey of Monmouth must
+have been considerable, for the British Museum now has thirty-five
+copies and Bodley’s Library sixteen. “Possibly, no work before the age
+of printed books attained such immediate and astonishing popularity ...
+translations, adaptations, and continuations of it formed one of the
+staple exercises of a host of medieval scribes.”<a name="FNanchor_570_570" id="FNanchor_570_570"></a><a href="#Footnote_570_570" class="fnanchor">[570]</a> A glance at the
+monastic and academic library catalogues of later date than
+mid-thirteenth century will prove more clearly than a shelf full of
+books how enormous was the influence of Aristotle. If such a collocation
+as the Bible and Shakspere sums up the present-day Englishman’s ideals
+of spiritual sustenance and literary power, a similar collocation of the
+Bible and Aristotle would sum up, with a greater approach to truth, the
+ideals of the medieval schoolman. Popularity fell to <i>Piers Plowman</i>.
+Apart from the large currency given to it by ballad singers, many
+manuscripts were in existence, for even now forty-five of them, more or
+less complete, remain. As M. Jusserand aptly remarks: “This figure is
+the more remarkable when we consider that, contrary to works written in
+Latin or in French, Langland’s book was not copied and preserved outside
+his own country.”<a name="FNanchor_571_571" id="FNanchor_571_571"></a><a href="#Footnote_571_571" class="fnanchor">[571]</a> Again, but a few years after the writing of the
+<i>Canterbury Tales</i>, a copy of it was bequeathed, among other books, by a
+clerk named Richard Sotheworth of East Hendred, Berks (1417).<a name="FNanchor_572_572" id="FNanchor_572_572"></a><a href="#Footnote_572_572" class="fnanchor">[572]</a> The
+impression is left upon one’s mind that this work had found its way
+quickly and in many copies into country places.</p>
+
+<p>But as only a few books had a comparatively large circulation, these few
+had a disproportionately powerful<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_241" id="page_241"></a>{241}</span> influence. The Bible was paramount.
+Aristotle dominated the whole mental horizon of the schoolmen. Alfred of
+Beverley tells us that Geoffrey of Monmouth’s book “was so universally
+talked of that to confess ignorance of its stories was the mark of a
+clown.”<a name="FNanchor_573_573" id="FNanchor_573_573"></a><a href="#Footnote_573_573" class="fnanchor">[573]</a> So great was the influence of <i>Piers Plowman</i>, that from it
+were taken watchwords at the great rising of the peasants.<a name="FNanchor_574_574" id="FNanchor_574_574"></a><a href="#Footnote_574_574" class="fnanchor">[574]</a> The
+power of such works could not be wholly hemmed in by the barrier of
+manuscript: like a spring torrent it would burst forth and carry all
+before it. In the manuscript period a book of great originality and
+power, or a work which reproduced the thought of the time accurately and
+with spirit, ran no great risk of being passed over and forgotten; too
+little was produced for much that was good to be lost. It was copied
+once and again; became very slowly but very surely known to a few, then
+to many; and all the time waxed more and more influential in its
+teaching. The growth was slow, but then the lifetime was long. Now the
+chance of a good book going astray is much greater. What watcher of the
+great procession of modern books does not fear that something supremely
+fine and great has passed unobserved in the huge, motley crowd?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_242" id="page_242"></a>{242}</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_243" id="page_243"></a>{243}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_A" id="APPENDIX_A"></a>APPENDIX A<br /><br />
+PRICES OF BOOKS AND MATERIALS FOR BOOKMAKING</h2>
+
+<p><i>Note.</i>&mdash;Following is a selection from a large number of prices recorded
+in various places. In making the selection I have included books of
+various prices. An asterisk (*) before the reference signifies that
+additional prices will be found in the same place.</p>
+
+<p><i>These prices must be multiplied at least ten times before the value set
+upon books in the Middle Ages can be compared with the value set upon
+them to-day.</i></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+ class="secondtd" style="font-size:90%;">
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="btb"><span class="smcap">Date</span></td>
+<td align="center" class="btb"> <span class="smcap">Description</span></td>
+<td align="center" class="btb"> <span class="smcap">Price</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> BIBLES</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1344</td><td align="left"> Bible for Merton College</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, i. 646</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1354-74</td><td> For redeeming a Bible which lay in Langeton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td> chest (1354)</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td> For a Bible pledged in Chichester chest (1357)</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td> For a Bible redeemed from Chichester chest (1358)</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td> For Bible pledged in Winton chest (1358)</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td> To our barber for a Bible pledged to him in time</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td> of John Dagenet</td><td align="center" class="c"> 4 marks.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27, Boase, xlviii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1376</td><td> Bible, small</td><td align="center" class="c"> 12 fr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Robinson, 5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 1387</td><td align="left"> Bible for New College</td><td align="center" class="c"> £2, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Another</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Another</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1, 0s. 0d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 32, <i>Collect.</i>, 220</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">15 c.</td><td align="left"> Bible, 13 cent., 358 ff., double cols. of 53</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> lines, in good small hand</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5 marks.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>4</sup>, 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1423</td><td align="left"> Pro j Biblia, cum ij signaculis deauratis</td><td align="center" class="c"> £6, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1439</td><td align="left"> Bible</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_244" id="page_244">{244}</a></span>1444</td><td align="left"> Bible</td><td align="center" class="c"> £2, 13s. 0d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1449</td><td align="left"> Bible covered with red leather, and having</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> gilded clasps</td><td align="center" class="c"> £6, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 110</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1452</td><td align="left"> Bible</td><td align="center" class="c"> £6, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 132</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1471</td><td align="left"> Bible, in 5 vols.</td><td align="center" class="c"> £2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1473</td><td align="left"> Bible bought at Oxford. Now Brit. Mus. MS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Burney 11</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James, 515</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> MISSALS</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1358</td><td align="left"> Missal pledged in Burnel chest</td><td align="center" class="c"> 8s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27, Boase, xlviii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1383-4</td><td align="left"> Abbot Litlington's missal</td><td align="center" class="c">£34, 14s. 7d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Robinson, 7-8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1449</td><td align="left"> Old Missal, de usu Ebor.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 26s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 110</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1452</td><td align="left"> Missal, de usu Ebor.</td><td align="center" class="c"> £4, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Old Missal</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 132-33</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1459</td><td align="left"> A fair mass book</td><td align="center" class="c"> £10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1468</td><td align="left"> Missal</td><td align="center" class="c"> £4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 163</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1491</td><td align="left"> Missal</td><td align="center" class="c"> 40s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 161 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1509</td><td align="left"> A new masboke couered with white lether and ij</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> longe claspes of latyn</td><td align="center" class="c"> £4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> A little massebooke after the ffrenche use</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.) 8vo ser., iii. 361</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> BREVIARIES</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1370</td><td align="left"> Portiforium</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Cam. Soc.</i>, Bury Wills, 1</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_245" id="page_245">{245}</a></span>1395</td><td align="left"> Portiforium notatum</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Parvum portiforium</td><td align="center" class="c"> 33s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1400</td><td align="left"> Portiforium de usu Sarum</td><td align="center" class="c"> 66s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1449</td><td align="left"> Great portiforium de usu Ebor.</td><td align="center" class="c">£11, 3s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Great portiforium de usu Sarum</td><td align="center" class="c"> 53s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 110</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1451</td><td align="left"> Portiforium</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 609</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1452</td><td align="left"> Portiforium de usu Sarum</td><td align="center" class="c"> 53s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Portiforium de usu Ebor.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 53s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Portiforium</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 132-33</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1491</td><td align="left"> Portiforium de Ebor.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 43s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 161n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1518</td><td align="left"> A little portuos lyinge to plegge in teamce street</td><td align="center" class="c"> 53s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Reliquary</i>, vii. 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> PSALTERS</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">Before</td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1300</td><td align="left"> Psalter, with glosses</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Warton, i. 188n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1376</td><td align="left"> Psalter, glossed</td><td align="center" class="c"> 12 fr.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Robinson, 6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 1380</td><td align="left"> Psalter, glossed</td><td align="center" class="c"> 26s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 32, <i>Collect.</i>, 226</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1395</td><td align="left"> Psalter, in large letters; price 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> sold for</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1447</td><td align="left"> Psalter</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1449</td><td align="left"> Psalter, glossed</td><td align="center" class="c"> 11s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 110</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1451</td><td align="left"> Psalter, glossed</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 609</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_246" id="page_246">{246}</a></span>1452</td><td align="left"> Psalter, glossed</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Illuminated Psalter</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Small Psalter</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 132-33</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1468</td><td align="left"> Psalter</td><td align="center" class="c"> 8s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 163</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 1470</td><td align="left"> Psalter</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Paston Letters</i>, ed. Gairdner, vi. 175-77</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> ANTIPHONARIES</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 1420-40</td><td align="left"> Antiphonary for S. Albans</td><td align="center" class="c"> £6s, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Another</td><td align="center" class="c"> £6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Ann. mon. S. Alb. a J. Amund.</i>, ii. 256-71</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1459</td><td align="left"> 2 new great antiphons</td><td align="center" class="c"> £13, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1491</td><td align="left"> Antiphonary [with musical notation]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 33s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 161 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1509</td><td align="left"> A grete antyphoner in parchement with legent</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> couered with white lether with ij long claspes of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> latyn</td><td align="center" class="c"> £8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> An olde litle antyphoner withoute couer and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> claspes</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), 8vo ser., iii. 361</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> PROCESSIONALS</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1449</td><td align="left"> 20 new Processionals for All Souls College</td><td align="center" class="c"> £5, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1509</td><td align="left"> A Processionall noted [with musical notation]</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> couered with Tawny lether and ij long claspes</td><td align="center" class="c"> 26s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> A processionall couered with Tawny lether with</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> oon claspe</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iii. 361</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 690</td><td align="left"> Land sufficient for 8 families exchanged for a book</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> on cosmography, of admirable workmanship.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Vitæ Abb.</i> § 15</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_247" id="page_247">{247}</a></span>1174</td><td align="left"> Bede's <i>Homilies</i> and S. Austin's Psalter exchanged</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> for 12 measures of barley and a pall, on which</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> was embroidered in silver the history of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> S. Birinus converting a Saxon king.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Warton, i. 186</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">Before</td><td align="center" class="c"></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1300</td><td align="left"> Historia Scholastica [Peter Comestor], [Cf. 1452.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Concordance</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Four greater prophets, with glosses</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> *Warton, i. 188n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1300</td><td align="left"> Book of Decretals</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> *Stevenson, <i>Hist. of Ely</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1306</td><td align="left"> A school book</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, i. 645-56</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1322</td><td align="left"> Liber gardanarum</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, i. 646</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1357</td><td align="left"> For book on Prophets and the third part of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Thomas Aquinas (tertia pars Summae), pledged</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> in Tykeford chest</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27, Boase, xlviii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 1360</td><td align="left"> La Bible Hystoriaus, ou Les Histories escolastres.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> B.M. Reg. 19 D ii. Taken from King of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> France at Poitiers; bought by Wm. Montagu,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> for</td><td align="center" class="c"> 100 marks.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Ordered to be sold by the Last will of his</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Countess Elizabeth for</td><td align="center" class="c"> 40 livres.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Warton, i. 187</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1376</td><td align="left"> Dictionary in 3 volumes</td><td align="center" class="c"> 200 francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Gospels glossed in 1 volume</td><td align="center" class="c"> 15 francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> N. de Lyra on the Gospels and the Epistles of Paul</td><td align="center" class="c"> 37½ francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Quodlibeta of Herveus Natalis Brito</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3 francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Milleloquium Augustini [anthology of S. Augustine</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> by Bartholomew of Urbino]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 80 francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Augustine, super psalterium abbreviatus cum</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> septem quaternis non ligatis</td><td align="center" class="c"> 1 franc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> N. de Lyra, third part</td><td align="center" class="c"> 37½ francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Small concordance</td><td align="center" class="c"> 1 franc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Speculum Historiale, first part, by Vincent of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Beauvais</td><td align="center" class="c"> 50 francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Augustine, de Civitate Dei</td><td align="center" class="c"> 12 francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Lombard's Sentences. [Cf. 1423, 1452.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6 francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Boëthius, de Consolatione philosophiae, cum aliis.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10 francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Summa Hostiensis [one of the chief books on</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> canon law]. [Cf. 1380.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20 francs.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_248" id="page_248">{248}</a></span>1376</td><td align="left"> Cronica Martiniana, by Martinus Polonus; Bede,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> de Gestis Anglorum; Life of S. Thomas, in</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 1 volume</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10 francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Anselm, de Similitudinibus</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2 francs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> *Robinson, 5-7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1378</td><td align="left"> Wylliott's book on natural philosophy</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, i. 646</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1379</td><td align="left"> 11 quires of Bacon's Mathematics</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, i. 646</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 1380</td><td align="left"> Lectura T. Alquini super 410 sententiarum</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Evangelium Johannis et Apocalypsis glosatum</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Concordantiae Bibliae</td><td align="center" class="c"> 8s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Sermones veteres</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Sermones N. Gorham de communi sanctorum</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Liber Genesis glosatus</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Legenda Aurea</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Augustine, de Civitate Dei</td><td align="center" class="c"> 53s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Haymo super epistolas Pauli</td><td align="center" class="c"> 100s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Evangelium Mathaei</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> " Johannis glos.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Biblia versificata</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Quaternus sermonum</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Epistolae Sidonii, in quaterno</td><td align="center" class="c"> 12d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Albertus Magnus, de vegetabilibus et plantis cum</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> multis aliis</td><td align="center" class="c"> 53s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Textus Metha[physi]cae</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Commentator super libros caeli et mundi</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Liber de Anima, continens 3 libros cum aliis</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Textus naturalis philosophiae</td><td align="center" class="c"> 16s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> "</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> "</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Tractatus de Animalibus</td><td align="center" class="c"> 4s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Liber Decretalium non glosatus</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Liber Decretalium</td><td align="center" class="c"> 16s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Summa Hostiensis. [Cf. 1376.]</td><td align="center" class="c">£4, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Liber Sextus decretalium. [Cf. 1423, 1445,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 1451.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 75s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Codex. [Cf. 1423.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 31s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Liber inforciatus. [Cf. 1423, 1445.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Digestum vetus. [Cf. 1423.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 32, <i>Collect.</i>, 224-41</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1389</td><td align="left"> Problems of Aristotle for Exeter College</td><td align="center" class="c"> £4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Boëthius, De Disciplina Scholarum, and De</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Consolatione philosophiæ</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5 marks.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27, Boase, xxxvi.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_249" id="page_249">{249}</a></span>1394</td><td align="left"> Parchment for 4 choir books, and writing them</td><td align="center" class="c">£11, 13s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxxv. 130</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 1394</td><td align="left"> Writing, illuminating and other expenses of a</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> primer, given to the Lady Queen of Castile,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> <i>i.e.</i> Constance, 2nd wife of John of Gaunt</td><td align="center" class="c"> 63s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iii. 401</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1395</td><td align="left"> Cronica Martiniana, cum aliis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Priced 3<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>, sold for [Cf. price in 1376]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Libellus cum causa T. Cantuariensis, et aliis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Priced 2<i>s.</i>, sold for</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Repertorium Willelmi Durand.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Priced 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>, not sold</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> William de Mandagoto de Electionibus. Priced</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 5<i>s.</i>, sold for</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Constitutions of Ottobonus, cum aliis. Priced</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 18<i>d.</i>, not sold</td><td align="center" class="c"> 18d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Petrus de Formâ dictandi, quire. Priced 2<i>s.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> not sold [Cf. 1443]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Bernard, Meditationes, cum aliis 5<i>s.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> sold for</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Mandeville on paper, in French. 2<i>s.</i>, not sold</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Quire, de Arte dictandi, with letters of Peter of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Blois. 2<i>s.</i>, not sold</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Textus Clementinarum [Decretals of Clement]</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 12<i>d.</i>, not sold</td><td align="center" class="c"> 12d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Brut in French. 2<i>s.</i>, not sold</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1397</td><td align="left"> Vellum for 6 Processionals, and writing, noting</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> (notatio, musical notation), illuminating and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> binding them</td><td align="center" class="c"> 73s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii. xxvi.-vii. n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">15 c.</td><td align="left"> Liber Scintillarum</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Augustine on John</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10 marks.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iii. 403</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">15 c.</td><td align="left"> For 39 quires parchment at vi<i>d.</i>=xx<i>s.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> vi<i>d.</i> (<i>sic</i>)</td><td align="center" class="c"> 19s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For writing same at xx<i>d.</i> quire</td><td align="center" class="c"> 65s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For illuminating</td><td align="center" class="c"> 12d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For binding</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Summa</td><td align="center" class="c"> £4, 8s. 0d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>3</sup>, 105</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">15 c.</td><td align="left"> 27 quires parchment at iii<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 9d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For writing same at 16<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 36s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Illumination</td><td align="center" class="c"> 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Binding</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Summa</td><td align="center" class="c"> 45s. 5d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 128</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_250" id="page_250">{250}</a></span>15 c.</td><td align="left"> 27 quires and 6 fo. parchment at iii<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 9d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For writing same at 16<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 36s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Illumination</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Binding</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Total</td><td align="center" class="c"> 45s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 133</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">15 c.</td><td align="left"> 33 quires parchment</td><td align="center" class="c"> 8s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For writing same at 16<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 44s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Illumination</td><td align="center" class="c"> 12d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Binding</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Total</td><td align="center" class="c"> 55s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 169</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">15 c.</td><td align="left"> 29 quires parchment at iii<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 7s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For writing same at 16<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 38s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Illumination</td><td align="center" class="c"> 12d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Binding</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Total</td><td align="center" class="c"> 48s. 11d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 226</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">15 c.</td><td align="left"> Antonius Andreas, super Metaphysica, etc., 153ff.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> on paper</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>3</sup>, 290</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1400</td><td align="left"> John of Meun's Roman de la Rose, sold before</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> the palace gate at Paris</td><td align="center" class="c"> £33, 6s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Warton, i. 187</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1400</td><td align="left"> Tabula Martiniana</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Gradual, de usu Ebor.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 40s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Catholicon. [Cf. 1452.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> £4, 10s. 0d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> *<i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1414</td><td align="left"> For mending one old mass book almost worn out;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> for parchment and new writing in divers parts</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> and for the binding and new clasps, and a skin</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> to cover the book</td><td align="center" class="c"> 11s. 2d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Archæologia</i>, lvii. 208-9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1420-40</td><td align="left"> Three books given to the Duke of Gloucester,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Cato glossed, and two books of Abbot Whethamstede's</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> own composition</td><td align="center" class="c"> £10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Book of astronomy, given to the Duke of Bedford</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Boëthius, de Consolatione philosophiae, glossed</td><td align="center" class="c"> £5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Holkot, super Sapiéntiam Salomonis</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Holkot, Sermons</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Thos. Netter of Walden and Wm. Wodeford</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> against Wyclif. 2 vols.</td><td align="center" class="c"> £6, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> *<i>Ann. mon S. Alb. a J. Amund.</i> ii. 256, 259,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 268-71.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_251" id="page_251">{251}</a></span>1420-40</td><td align="left">Alan de Lisle's Anticlaudianus, cum quaestionibus</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> in eodem</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Unus parvus libellulus, cum metris et tabulis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> diversis</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> * <i>Ann. mon S. Alb. a J. Amund.</i> ii. 256,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 259, 268-71.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1423</td><td align="left"> Magister Sententiarum. [Cf. 1376, 1452.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 16s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Concordance</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Gregory's Pastoral care</td><td align="center" class="c"> 4s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Anselm, Cur Deus homo. [Cf. 1451.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Archdeacon Guido de Baysio's Rosarium</td><td align="center" class="c"> 40s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Liber Sextus Decretalium. [Cf. 1380, 1445, 1451.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 40s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Digestum Inforciatum. [Cf. 1380, 1445.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Digestum vetus. [Cf. 1380.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Codex. [Cf. 1380.]</td><td align="center" class="c">£1, 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1432</td><td align="left"> Dr. Thomas Gascoigne gave 6 books to Lincoln</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> College, value</td><td align="center" class="c"> £17, 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Clark, <i>Linc. Coll.</i> (Coll. Hist.)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1438</td><td align="left"> Thomas Aquinas super primum Sententiarum</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Thomas Aquinas in secundum Sententiarum</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1441</td><td align="left"> Tabula super Senecam et Boetium de Consolat. et</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> de disciplina scholarium</td><td align="center" class="c"> 1s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1442</td><td align="left"> One part of Lyra</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1443</td><td align="left"> 27 volumes bought from John Paston's Exors. for</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> King's Hall, Cambridge.</td><td align="center" class="c"> £8, 17s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1443</td><td align="left"> For an old book, Postillae super Lucam</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1443</td><td align="left"> Petrus de formâ dictandi. [Cf. 1395.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 1s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 532</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1445</td><td align="left"> Book of philosophy, cum tractatibus Alberti</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1445</td><td align="left"> Liber Sextus Decretalium, pledged for. [Cf. 1380,</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1, et ob.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 1423, 1451.]</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Digestum Inforciatum, pledged for. [Cf. 1380,</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 1423.]</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> * <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 543</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_252" id="page_252">{252}</a></span>1449</td><td align="left"> Cicero, Rhetoric</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1451</td><td align="left"> Petrus de Palude [? in Sententiis]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Epistles of Seneca ad Lucilium</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Gregory's Sermons</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Plato, Timaeus</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Digestum vetus. [Cf. 1380, 1423]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 4s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Liber Sextus Decretalium, cum glossa cardinali.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> [Cf. 1380, 1445, 1423.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Codex. [Cf. 1423.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 4s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Bernardus Parmensis de Botone, Casus longus</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Martial</td><td align="center" class="c"> 1s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Anselm, Cur Deus homo. [Cf. 1423.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Decretals of Clement</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Vetus liber Decretalium</td><td align="center" class="c"> 1s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> * <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 609</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1452</td><td align="left"> Isidore, Etymologies; Bede, Historia</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Ecclesiastica</td><td align="center" class="c"> 30s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Augustine, de spiritu et anima, with</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> the Meditations of S. Bernard, and many</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> other contents</td><td align="center" class="c"> 40s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Guillelmus Parisiensis de virtutibus</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Bartholomeus Anglicus [Bartholomew de Glanville]</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> de proprietatibus rerum</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Pupilla oculi. [There were several books of this</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> title.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Catholicon. [Cf. 1400.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> £4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Polichronica</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Historia Scholastica. [Cf. bef. 1300.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Lombard's Sentences. [Cf. 1376, 1423.]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 16s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> * <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 132-3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1453</td><td align="left"> Book by Wyclif</td><td align="center" class="c"> 7s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Book against Wyclif</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> More's book on Wyclif and other books</td><td align="center" class="c"> £2, 2s. 0d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1455</td><td align="left"> Nicolaus de Gorham super Psalterium, pledged</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> for</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1455</td><td align="left"> Gregory the Great's Works, 157 leaves</td><td align="center" class="c"> £3, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Library</i> (N. S.), viii. 172</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1456</td><td align="left"> Avicenna, redeemed for</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1, 6s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1457</td><td align="left"> Aegidius super Physica</td><td align="center" class="c"> 16s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_253" id="page_253">{253}</a></span>1457</td><td align="left"> Aristotle de animalibus</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1459</td><td align="left"> A Holy Legend</td><td align="center" class="c"> £10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1462</td><td align="left"> Aristotle, Rhetor. Polit., etc.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 8s. 5d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1462</td><td align="left"> Map of the world, bought for New College</td><td align="center" class="c"> £5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1467</td><td align="left"> Cicero, de Officiis and Ambrosius super eodem</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 1468</td><td align="left"> S. Augustine's Epistles</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Library</i> (N.S.), viii. 172</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1468</td><td align="left"> Richard Rolle's Meditatio de passione domini</td><td align="center" class="c"> 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> *<i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 163</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1469</td><td align="left"> Jerome's Epistles</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1469</td><td align="left"> Vellum, writing, correcting, illuminating, and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> binding a Lectionary in redskin, and cleaning</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> the book</td><td align="center" class="c"> 64s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Library</i>, ii. (1890), 243</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 1470</td><td align="left"> iij bokes of soffistre</td><td align="center" class="c"> 1s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> A red boke with Hugucio and Papie</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> A boke of Seynt Thomas de Veritatibus</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 1 boke of xij chapetyrs of Lyncoln,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> and a boke of Safistre</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> 1 premere (primer?)</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> * Gairdner, <i>Paston Letters</i>, vi. 175, 177</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1472</td><td align="left"> Thomas Aquinas, Tabula on works</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>10</sup>, xxv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1481</td><td align="left"> Alexander Aphrodisaeus, super libros de Anima</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1, 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600-1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1502</td><td align="left"> Hugo de Vienna's works in 7 volumes [printed]</td><td align="center" class="c"> £2, 6s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600-1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1509</td><td align="left"> A printed legende in paper de usu Saris coueryd</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> with white lether with ij short claspes of latyn</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), 8vo ser., iii. 361</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_254" id="page_254">{254}</a></span>1509</td><td align="left"> A graile couered with white lether with ij long</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> claspes</td><td align="center" class="c"> £4, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> A graile couered with white lether having ij</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> longe claspes</td><td align="center" class="c"> 53s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> A prikesong boke in parchement</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), 8vo ser., iii. 361</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><i>c.</i> 1525</td><td align="left"> Cicero, de Officiis, bought by Thos. Linacre;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> now B. M. Reg. 15 A vi.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James, 519</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1531</td><td align="left"> 4 hymnaria for the quire at ⅓</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, i. 600-1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1538</td><td align="left"> 1 Statutes of the Kingdom</td><td align="center" class="c"> 14s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Polydore Vergil's history</td><td align="center" class="c"> 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, i. 600-1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1539</td><td align="left"> Giorgio della Valle [? Aristotle's Poetics]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600-1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1540</td><td align="left"> Map of the World</td><td align="center" class="c"> 4s. 0d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Suidas in Greek [? printed ed. 1499]</td><td align="center" class="c"> £1, 12s. 0d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Erasmus on New Testament</td><td align="center" class="c"> 9s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600-1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1542</td><td align="left"> Theophylact and Eustathius [? printed ed. 1542]</td><td align="center" class="c"> £2, 2s. 0d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Epiphanius</td><td align="center" class="c"> 8s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600-1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Parchment for, writing, rubrishing and binding a</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> book called "Domyltone," also rubrishing</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Heytesbury's Sophismata. ["Domyltone" was</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> perhaps one of John of Dumbleton's books]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 15s. 4½d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Hist. MSS.</i>, 2nd Rept., App. 129;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Bibliographica</i>, iii. 148</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> <i>Note.</i>--Many prices of books at Winchester</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> College, temp. Henry VI will be found in</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Archæol. Jour.</i> xv. (1858) 62-74.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> WRITING</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1346</td><td align="left"> For writing a Psalter with Kalendar</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> And a "placebo et dirige cum ympnario et</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> collectario"</td><td align="center" class="c"> 4s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxxv. 165</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1383-4</td><td align="left"> For writing Abbot Litlington's Missal during</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> two years</td><td align="center" class="c"> £4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Robinson, 7-8</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_255" id="page_255">{255}</a></span>1383-4</td><td align="left"> Livery for the scribe</td><td align="center" class="c"> 20s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For writing notes (musical notation) in Abbot</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Litlington's Missal</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Robinson, 7-8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1393</td><td align="left"> Writing 2 Graduals</td><td align="center" class="c"> £4, 6s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxxv. 130</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1397</td><td align="left"> For writing a Legenda of 34 "quires"</td><td align="center" class="c"> 72s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii. xxvi-xxvii n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">15c.</td><td align="left"> Writing 25 quires at 16d.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 33s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> James<sup>3</sup>, 234</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">? 15 c.</td><td align="left"> Writing per quire.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 16d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iii. 398</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1430</td><td align="left"> N. de Lyra transcribed</td><td align="center" class="c"> 100 marks</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Warton, i. 187 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1467</td><td align="left"> Item, for wrytynge of a quare and demi ... prise</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> the quayr, xx<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Item, for wrytenge of a calendar</td><td align="center" class="c"> 12d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Item, for notynge (musical notation) of v.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> quayres and ij leves, prise of the</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> quayr, viij[<i>d.</i>]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 7d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Gairdner, <i>Paston Letters</i>, v. 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1469</td><td align="left"> For writing a "litill booke of Pheesyk"</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For writing "the tretys of Werre in iiij books,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> which conteyneth lx levis aftir ij<i>d.</i> a leaff"</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For writing "De Regimine Principum, which</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> conteyneth xlv<sup>ti</sup> leves, aftir a peny a leef,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> which is right wele worth"</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 9d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> *Gairdner, <i>Paston Letters</i>, v. 2-4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1469</td><td align="left"> For writing a Lectionary of 18 quires and 9 skins</td><td align="center" class="c"> 28s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> <i>Library</i>, ii. (1890) 243</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> ILLUMINATING</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1374</td><td align="left"> Church of Norwich paid for illuminating a</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Graduale and Consuetudinary</td><td align="center" class="c"> £22, 9s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Merryweather, 36n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1383-4</td><td align="left"> For illumination of the large letters in Abbot</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Litlington's Missal</td><td align="center" class="c"> £22, 0s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Robinson, 7-8</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_256" id="page_256">{256}</a></span>1393</td><td align="left"> Illuminating 2 graduals</td><td align="center" class="c"> £2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxxv. 130</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1395</td><td align="left"> Illuminating 3 graduals</td><td align="center" class="c"> £2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxxv. 130</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1397</td><td align="left"> Illuminating and binding Legenda of 34 "quires"</td><td align="center" class="c"> 30s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii. xxvi-xxvii n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1445</td><td align="left"> Yearly wages of an illuminator at Oxford, four</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> marks, ten shillings</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 551</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1467</td><td align="left"> Sir John Howard paid Thomas Lympnour of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Bury St. Edmunds for illuminating, and other</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> work</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> For viij. hole vynets [or small miniatures]</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> prise the vynett, xij<i>d</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 8s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Item, for xxj. demi-vynets ... prise the</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> demi-vynett, iiij<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 7s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Item, for Psalmes lettres xv<sup>c</sup> and di' ... the</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> prise of C. iiij<i>d.</i> [<i>I.e.</i>, 1550 at 4<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> a hundred]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s. 2d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Item, for p'ms letters lxiij<sup>c</sup> ... prise of a</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> C., j<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Item, for floryshynge of capytalls, v<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" class="c"> 5d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Gairdner, <i>Paston Letters</i>, v. 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1469</td><td align="left"> For rubrishing a book</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Gairdner, <i>Paston Letters</i>, v. 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1469</td><td align="left"> Illuminating a Lectionary</td><td align="center" class="c"> 13s. 6d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Library</i>, ii. (1890) 243</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> BINDING</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1383-4</td><td align="left"> Binding Abbot Litlington's Missal</td><td align="center" class="c"> 21s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Robinson, 7-8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1384-5</td><td align="left"> Covering a great Portiforium</td><td align="center" class="c"> 3s. 2d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Covering a book and making three silver clasps</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s. 8d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Robinson, 8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1392</td><td align="left"> Binding seven books</td><td align="center" class="c"> 4s. 0d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>O. H. S</i>., 27, Boase, xlviii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1395</td><td align="left"> Binding large gradual (York Cathedral)</td><td align="center" class="c"> 10s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxxv. 130</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">? 15c.</td><td align="left"> Binding (in white skin over wooden boards)</td><td align="center" class="c"> 2s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iii. 398</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_257" id="page_257">{257}</a></span>1412-13</td><td align="left"> Stitching 67 books at 1½<i>d.</i> a book, with</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="center" class="c"> 13<i>d.</i> in addition</td><td align="center" class="c"> 9s. 5½d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Stitching covers of 52 books at 1<i>d.</i></td><td align="center" class="c"> 4s. 4d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iv. 300-3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1428</td><td align="left"> Binding Bible in 2 vols.</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s. 3d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> Rogers, iv. 600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1467</td><td align="left"> Item, for byndynge of the boke [a Psalter or</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> other liturgical book]</td><td align="center" class="c"> 12s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Gairdner, <i>Paston Letters</i>, v. 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c">1469</td><td align="left"> Binding a Lectionary in redskin, and correcting</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> the book</td><td align="center" class="c"> 5s. 5d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="right" class="rt"> <i>Library</i>, ii. (1890) 243</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> <i>Note.</i>--For many prices for binding,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> repairing, and chaining books, see</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> Bibliographical Society's Monograph 13,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" class="c"></td><td align="left"> p. 18-19.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="c">MATERIALS</p>
+
+<p class="sml">A very large number of prices of vellum and parchment might be quoted.
+These will suffice: (1301) vellum per skin, 1¼d.; (1312-13) 6 doz.
+parchment, 8s. 8d.; (1358-59) 2 doz. parchment, 6s.; (1359-60) 2½
+doz. parchment, 7s. 6d.; (1383-84) 13 doz. vellum, £4, 6s. 8d.; (1395)
+12 parchment skins, 5s. 0d.; (1397) vellum per dozen skins, 4s. 6d.;
+(1412-13) vellum cost a dozen skins 2s. 10d.; (1412-13) 9 skins of
+parchment 13½d., and 6 skins of parchment, 16d.; (1467) 3 quires of
+vellum, 5s.; 17 quires for a Lectionary, 10s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p class="sml">Skins for binding were sold in (1395) 1 deerskin, 3s. 2d.; (1397) 6
+deerskins for processionals, 13s. 4d; (1412-13) 97 calfskins @ 4d. a
+skin, 82 sheepskins @ 3d., 3 sheepskins for 5d., 12 redskins @ 6d.;
+(1469) 1 redskin, 5d.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_258" id="page_258"></a>{258}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_B" id="APPENDIX_B"></a>APPENDIX B<br /><br />
+LIST OF CERTAIN CLASSIC AUTHORS FOUND IN MEDIEVAL CATALOGUES</h2>
+
+<p class="nindsml">T<small>HIS</small> list is brief, but it should be long enough to show clearly what
+Greek and Latin authors were read in the Middle Ages, and to indicate
+roughly their comparative popularity. A note has been made of only one
+copy of a work found at a particular place at a certain time; often
+there were duplicates, sometimes many copies: for example, consult
+Appendix C, under date <i>c.</i> 1170.</p>
+
+<p class="sml">The following abbreviations are used: August. Fr. York = Augustinian
+Friary, York; C. U. L. = Cambridge University Library; Cant. Coll. =
+Canterbury College, Oxford; Ch. Ch. C. = Christ Church, Canterbury;
+Durh. = Durham Priory; Lanthony = Lanthony Priory, nr. Gloucester; Ox.
+U. L. = Oxford University Library; S. Cath. H. = S. Catharine’s College;
+Rochester = S. Andrew’s Priory, Rochester; S. Aug. C. = S. Augustine’s
+Monastery, Canterbury; S. Mart. Dov. = S. Martin’s Priory, Dover. Other
+abbreviations are self-explanatory.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">Aeschines.</span>&mdash;<i>Orations</i> (1443, Ox. U. L.).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aristotle.</span>&mdash;(8 cent., York; 1248, Glastonbury; 1315, Durh.; <i>c.</i>
+1387, New Coll.; 1418, Peterhouse). <i>Organon</i> (<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch.
+C.; 1202, Rochester; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York;
+<i>c.</i> 1385, Pembr. Coll.; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391 and 1395, Durh.;
+1435 and 1473, C. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S.
+Aug. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>Topica</i> (bef. 13
+cent., Reading; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1387, Exeter Coll.; 1448,
+Hospital of S. Mary within Cripplegate, London). <i>De Sophisticis
+elenchis</i> (bef. 13 cent., Reading). <i>Natural sciences</i> (1274,
+Peterborough; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1435 and
+1473, C. U. L.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C., <i>de nova translacione</i>;
+1524, Cant. Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>Physica</i> (<i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch.
+C.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1391 and 1395, Durh.;
+1435, C. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.;
+1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.). <i>Meteorologica</i> (1435 and
+1473, C. U. L.). <i>Historia animalium</i> (<i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C., <i>de
+animalibus</i>; 1372, August. Fr. York, <i>de animalibus</i>; 1389, S.
+Mart. Dov., <i>de natura animalium</i>; 1473, C. U. L.; 1520, Wm.
+Grocyn, <i>de animalibus</i>). <i>De generatione animalium</i> (<i>c.</i> 1300,
+Ch. Ch. C.; 1443, Ox. U. L.). <i>De anima</i> (<i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.;
+1372, August. Fr. York; 1439, Ox. U. L.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.;
+1524, Cant. Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>Metaphysica</i> (<i>c.</i> 1300, Ch.
+Ch. C.; 1372, August.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_259" id="page_259"></a>{259}</span> Fr. York; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1473, C.
+U. L.; 1487, Pembr. Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant.
+Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>Ethica</i> (<i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372,
+August. Fr. York; 1387, Exeter Coll.; 1391, Durh.; 1428, Pembr.
+Coll.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1473, C. U. L.;
+1475, S. Cath. H.; 1487, Pembr. Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1508,
+Ch. Ch. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll., <i>noviter translatus</i>; <i>c.</i> 1526,
+Syon). <i>Magna Moralia</i> (1487, Pembr. Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon).
+<i>Politica</i> (<i>c.</i> 1428, Pembr. Coll.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s
+Coll. Camb.; 1487, Pembr. Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1508, Ch.
+Ch. C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>Rhetorica</i> (<i>c.</i>
+1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1475, S. Cath. H.; 1487,
+Pembr. Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1524, Cant.
+Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>Problemata</i> (1435 and 1473, C. U. L.;
+1520, Wm. Grocyn; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>Oeconomica</i> (1372, August. Fr.
+York).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Caesar.</span>&mdash;<i>Commentaries</i> (1443, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.;
+1520, Wm. Grocyn).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cicero.</span>&mdash;(8 cent., York; 1439, Ox. U. L., <i>Opera viginti duo in
+magno volumine</i>; 1520, Wm. Grocyn, <i>Opera omnia</i>). <i>Epistolae</i>
+(1480, Bp. Shirwood; 1498, Coll. of Bishop Auckland; 1524, Cant.
+Coll.; 1439, Ox. U. L., 1520, Wm. Grocyn, and <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon, <i>ad
+familiares</i>; 1439, Ox. U. L., <i>ad Quintum</i>). <i>Orationes</i> (beg. 14
+cent., Lanthony, <i>in Catilinam</i>; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1474, Bp.
+Shirwood; 1478, Balliol Coll.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; 1520,
+Wm. Grocyn; 1372, August. Fr. York, <i>Tullii invectivarum</i>; 1391,
+Durh.; 1439, Ox. U. L.; and 1520, Wm. Grocyn, <i>Philippics</i>; 1439,
+Ox. U. L., <i>in Verrem</i>). <i>De Senectute</i> (<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.;
+1180, Whitby; 12 cent., Durh.; 1217-18, Evesham; 1248, Glastonbury;
+<i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; <i>c.</i> 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse; <i>c.</i>
+1497, S. Aug. C.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon. Frequently found). <i>De Legibus</i>
+(12 cent., Durh.). <i>De Officiis</i> (1202, Rochester; beg. 14 cent.,
+Lanthony; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1418,
+Peterhouse; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1475, S. Cath. H.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug.
+C.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>De Republica</i> (<i>Somnium Scipionis</i> (<i>c.</i>
+1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1418, Peterhouse;? 1482,
+Leicester; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>De Amicitia</i> (<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.;
+1180, Whitby; 1195, Durh.; 1217-18, Evesham; 1248, Glastonbury;
+beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr.
+York; 1391, Durh.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon&mdash;one of
+the commonest of classic works in the M.A.). <i>Paradoxa</i> (1217-18,
+Evesham; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1391, Durh.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.;
+<i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>Tusculanae disputationes</i> (beg. 14 cent.,
+Lanthony; 1418, Peterhouse; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant.
+Coll.; 1526, Syon). <i>De Inventione</i> (<i>Rhetorica</i>) (<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch.
+Ch. C.; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.;
+1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1458, S. Paul’s; 1473,
+C. U. L.;? 1482, Leicester; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1524, Cant.
+Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon, <i>nova rhetorica</i>). <i>De Oratore</i> (1477, Bp.
+Shirwood). <i>Topica</i> (<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.).
+<i>De Natura Deorum</i> (<i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>De Finibus</i> (1472, Bp.
+Shirwood).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gellius.</span>&mdash;<i>Noctes Atticae</i> (<i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1391, Durh.;
+1439, Ox. U. L.; 1476, Bp. Shirwood; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; <i>c.</i> 1526,
+Syon).</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Homer.</span>”&mdash;(12 cent., Durh.; 1180, Whitby). <i>Iliad</i> (<i>c.</i> 1526,
+Syon).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Horace.</span>&mdash;(<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; bef. 13
+cent., Reading;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_260" id="page_260"></a>{260}</span> 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent.,
+Lanthony; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1452, King’s
+Coll. Camb.; <i>c.</i> 1480, Bp. Shirwood;? 1482, Leicester; <i>c.</i> 1497,
+S. Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon).
+<i>Epistles</i> (bef. 13 cent., Reading; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389,
+S. Mart. Dov.).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Juvenal.</span>&mdash;<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1180, Whitby; 12 cent., Durh.; 12
+or 13 cent., Bury; bef. 13 cent., Reading; 1217-18, Evesham; 1248,
+Glastonbury; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391,
+Durh.; 1487, Bp. Shirwood; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn;
+<i>c.</i> 1526, Syon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Livy.</span>&mdash;(1248, Glastonbury; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1443, Ox. U. L.;
+1475, Bp. Shirwood; 1508, Ch. Ch. C.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; <i>c.</i> 1526,
+Syon, epitome by Florus).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lucan.</span>&mdash;(8 cent., York; <i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.;
+1202, Rochester; 1217-18, Evesham; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; beg. 14
+cent., Lanthony; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1418,
+Peterhouse; 1473, C. U. L.;? 1482, Leicester; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug.
+C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lucretius.</span>&mdash;<i>De Rerum natura</i> (1520, Wm. Grocyn).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Martial.</span>&mdash;(12 cent., Peterboro’; 14 cent., Ramsey; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch.
+Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York, <i>Epigrammata marcii valerii, libri
+15</i>; <i>c.</i> 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse; 1451, Henry Calder, vicar
+of Cookfield; 1476, Bp. Shirwood).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ovid.</span>&mdash;(<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; beg. 14 cent.,
+Lanthony; 1202, Rochester, <i>Ovidius magnus</i>; 14 cent., Ramsey; <i>c.</i>
+1300, Ch. Ch. C.;? 1482, Leicester). <i>Ars amatoria</i> (12 cent.,
+Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham).
+<i>Remedia Amoris</i> (12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1438, T.
+Cooper, a scholar of Oxford; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus
+Coll., Rotherham). <i>Mendicamina faciei</i> (<i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.).
+<i>Metamorphoses</i> (1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1443,
+Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; 1470, Pembr. Coll.; 1473, C.
+U. L.;? 1482, Leicester, <i>de mirabilibus mundi</i>; <i>c.</i> 1497, S.
+Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>Fasti</i>
+(12 cent., Durh.; 1202, Rochester; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S.
+Mart. Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1443, Ox. U. L.). <i>Tristia</i> (<i>c.</i>
+1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S.
+Mart. Dov.; 1418, Peterhouse; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.). <i>Ibis</i> (<i>c.</i>
+1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August. Fr. York; <i>c.</i>
+1400, Meaux; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.). <i>Heroides</i> (1372, August. Fr.
+York). <i>Ex Ponto</i> (<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372,
+August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Persius</span>&mdash;(<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1180, Whitby; 12 cent., Durh.;
+1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; 1520,
+Wm. Grocyn).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Plato</span>&mdash;(1180, Whitby; bef. 13 cent., Reading; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch.
+C.; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1439, Ox. U. L.;? 1482, Leicester; <i>c.</i>
+1526, Syon). <i>Timaeus</i> (<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.;
+1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.;
+1372, August Fr. York; 1418, Peterhouse; 1451, Hy. Caldey, vicar of
+Cookfield; 1478, Balliol Coll., new translation; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug.
+C.). <i>Republic</i> (1443, Ox. U. L., new translation; 1452, King’s
+Coll., Camb.; 1475, S. Cath. H.). <i>Euthyphro</i> (1478, Balliol Coll.,
+new translation).<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_261" id="page_261"></a>{261}</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Plautus</span>&mdash;12 or 13 cent., Bury [<i>James</i><sup>1</sup>, 27]; beg. 14 cent.,
+Lanthony, <i>Aulularia</i>; 1481, Bp. Shirwood; 1520, Wm. Grocyn.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pliny the Elder</span>&mdash;(8 cent., York; 1126-71, Glastonbury, <i>de naturali
+historia</i>; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C., <i>Prima pars
+Plinii, et secunda pars</i>; 1418, Peterhouse, <i>Hist. nat.</i>; 1439, Ox.
+U. L., <i>Plinius de naturis rerum</i>; 1443, Ox. U. L., <i>Physica</i>;
+1464, Bp. Shirwood; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). Extracts,
+<i>Medicina Plinii</i> (<i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C., <i>Liber Plinii junioris
+[sic] de diversis medicinis</i>).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pliny the Younger.</span>&mdash;<i>Letters</i> (1443, Ox. U. L.).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Plutarch.</span>&mdash;<i>Vitae</i> (1480, Bp. Shirwood, printed, Latin; 1520, Wm.
+Grocyn).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Quintilian.</span>&mdash;<i>Institutio oratoria</i> (12 cent., Durh.; <i>c.</i> 1290, the
+La Fytes, scholars at Oxford; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1326-35, S.
+Albans; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1439,
+Ox. U. L.; 1475, S. Cath. H.; 1478, Balliol Coll.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S.
+Aug. C.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sallust</span>&mdash;(<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent. Durh.; 1202, Rochester;
+1248, Glastonbury; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; <i>c.</i> 1400, Meaux; 1418,
+Peterhouse). <i>Bella</i> (12 cent., Bury; 1452, King’s Coll. Camb., <i>de
+bello Cat.</i>; 1500, Jesus Coll., Rotherham; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <span class="smcap">
+Seneca the Younger</span>&mdash;<i>c.</i> 1170, Peterboro’; 1260-9, S. Albans; 12
+cent., Durh.; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1478, Balliol Coll.; 1520, Wm.
+Grocyn). <i>Opera</i> (<i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.). <i>De Beneficiis</i> (<i>c.</i>
+1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1395, Durh.; <i>c.</i> 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse).
+<i>De Clementia</i> (<i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1395, Durh.; 1418,
+Peterhouse; 1458, S. Paul’s). <i>Epistolae morales</i> (12 cent.,
+Peterboro’; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; bef. 13 cent., Reading; 13 cent.,
+Rievaulx; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; 1395,
+Durh.; <i>c.</i> 1400, Meaux; 1418, Peterhouse; 1451, Hy. Caldey, vicar
+of Cookfield; 1452, King’s Coll., Camb.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.).
+<i>Naturales quaestiones</i> (1418, Peterhouse; 1458, S. Paul’s).
+<i>Tragædiae</i> (1372, August. Fr. York; 1439, Ox. U. L.; 1452, King’s
+Coll., Camb.; <i>c.</i> 1480, Bp. Shirwood). Innumerable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Statius</span>&mdash;(8 cent., York; 1180, Whitby; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; 1389,
+S. Mart. Dov.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon). <i>Thebais</i> (<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.;
+12 cent., Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1479, Bp. Shirwood). <i>Achilleis</i>
+(<i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 12 cent., Durh.; 1372, August Fr. York;
+1452, King’s Coll. Camb.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.). <i>Silvae</i> (1478
+Bp. Shirwood).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Suetonius.</span>&mdash;<i>De Vita Caesarum</i> (12 or 13 cent., Bury; 1126-71,
+Glastonbury; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372, August. Fr. York; <i>c.</i>
+1400, Meaux; 1443, Ox. U. L.; 1458, S. Paul’s; 1476, Bp. Shirwood;
+1508, New Coll.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tacitus.</span>&mdash;<i>De Oratoribus</i> (1520, Wm. Grocyn; 1526, Syon).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Terence</span>&mdash;(12 cent., Durh.; 12 cent., Peterboro’; 12 or 13 cent.,
+Bury; <i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C.; 1202, Rochester; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch.
+C.; beg. 14 cent., Lanthony; 14 cent., Ramsey; 1326-35, S. Albans;
+1372, August. Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391, Durh.; 1443, Ox.
+U. L.; 1471, Bp. Shirwood; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.; 1500, Jesus
+Coll., Rotherham; <i>c.</i> 1530, Wells Cath.).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Trogus, Pompeius</span>&mdash;(8 cent., York; 1095, Durh.; 12 cent., Durh.;
+1391, Durh.; 1443, Ox. U. L.; 1465, Bp. Shirwood).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Valerius Maximus.</span>&mdash;<i>Facta et dicta memorabilia</i> (13 cent., Bury;
+1391,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_262" id="page_262"></a>{262}</span> Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1420-40, S. Albans; 1452, King’s
+Coll. Camb.; 1520, Wm. Grocyn; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Varro.</span>&mdash;<i>De Lingua Latina</i> (1443, Ox. U. L.; <i>c.</i> 1526, Syon).</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Virgil</span>&mdash;(8 cent., York; 12 or 13 cent., Bury; 12 cent., Durh.; <i>c.</i>
+1150, Lincoln Cath.; <i>c.</i> 1170, Ch. Ch. C., <i>Virgilius totus</i>; 14
+cent., Ramsey; 1326-35, S. Albans;? 1482, Leicester; <i>c.</i> 1526,
+Syon, <i>Opera</i>). <i>Bucolics</i> (12 cent., Durh.; 1180, Whitby; bef. 13
+cent., Reading; 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; 1372, August.
+Fr. York; 1389, S. Mart. Dov.; 1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; 1452,
+King’s Coll. Camb., <i>Virgilius in bucolicis cum ceteris</i>; 1458, S.
+Paul’s; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.). <i>Georgics</i> (12 cent., Durh.; bef.
+13 cent., Reading; 1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; 1372,
+August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug. C.). <i>Aeneid</i>
+(1202, Rochester; 1248, Glastonbury; <i>c.</i> 1300, Ch. Ch. C.; 1372,
+August. Fr. York; 1391, Durh.; 1418, Peterhouse; <i>c.</i> 1497, S. Aug.
+C.; 1524, Cant. Coll.).</p></div>
+
+<p class="c"><i>NOTE.</i></p>
+
+<p class="sml">In compiling the above list use has been made of Bateson; Becker;
+Bradshaw; <i>C.A.S.</i>; <i>Chron. Mon. de Melsa</i>, iii.; Dugdale, <i>Hist. of S.
+Paul’s</i>; <i>E.H.R.</i> iii.; James; James<sup>1</sup>; James<sup>2</sup>; James<sup>9</sup>;
+James<sup>10</sup>; <i>Mun. Acad.</i>; Robinson; <i>Sur. Soc.</i> vii.; <i>Archaeologia
+Cantiana</i>; <i>Fasciculus Ioanni Willis Clark dicatus</i> (art. by Dr. M. R.
+James), and other works.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_263" id="page_263"></a>{263}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_C" id="APPENDIX_C"></a>APPENDIX C<br /><br />
+LIST OF MEDIEVAL COLLECTIONS OF BOOKS</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Note.</i>&mdash;This list aims (i) to bring together in brief form a
+number of records which are better removed from the main text of
+this book, and (ii) to present in chronological order facts
+carefully selected to show the variety of medieval libraries, in
+size and character.</p></div>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+ class="secondtd" style="font-size:90%;">
+<tr><td align="center" class="btb"><span class="smcap">Date</span></td>
+<td align="center" class="btb"> <span class="smcap">Description</span></td><td align="center" class="btb"> <span class="smcap">Source</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">778</td><td align="center"> Alcuin’s library at York. Aristotle,</td><td align="center"> Alcuin, <i>De Pont.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Virgil, Lucan, Statius, Cicero,</td><td align="center"> <i>Eccle. Ebor.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Aldhelm, Bede, etc.</td><td align="center"> 1535-61; Becker,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">10 c.</td><td align="center"> Books given to Peterborough by</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 382.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Ethelwold. Bede <i>in Marcum</i>, <i>Liber</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"><i>Miraculorum</i>, <i>Expositio Hebraeorum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>nominum</i>, <i>De Literis Graecorum</i>, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> About 20.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">10 c.</td><td align="center"> King Athelstan gave some nine books to</td><td align="center"> <i>B. M. Cott.</i>, A 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> S. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury:</td><td align="center"> viii. fo. 56<sup>b</sup>;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Persius, Isidore, Bede (?), etc.</td><td align="center"> James, lxix.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1034</td><td align="center"> “Many” books on theology and grammar</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron. Abb. de E.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> given to Evesham Abbey by Bp.</td><td align="center"> (Rolls S.), 83.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Aelfward.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1045</td><td align="center"> Two books bequeathed to Glastonbury</td><td align="center"> Wm. of Malm., <i>De</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> by Bp. Brithwold.</td><td align="center"> <i>Ant. Glaston.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> Wharton, <i>Angl.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> <i>Sacra</i> (1691), i.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 578-83.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1060</td><td align="center"> At St. Peter’s Exeter books given by</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, ii. 527.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Bp. Leofric; Exeter Book, Leofric</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Missal, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1077-93</td><td align="center"> Church books given to S. Albans by</td><td align="center"> <i>Gesta ... S.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Abbot Paul.</td><td align="center"> <i>Albani</i>, i. 58.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1078-99</td><td align="center"> Bp. Osmund collected and wrote books</td><td align="center"> W. of Malm., <i>Gesta</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> for Old Sarum Church.</td><td align="center"> <i>Pont.</i>, 183.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_264" id="page_264"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1080</td><td align="center"> Abbot Walter made many books for</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron. Abb. de E.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Evesham.</td><td align="center"> (Rolls S.), 97.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1095</td><td align="center"> Bp. William de Carilef gave about 52</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books to Durham [not Lindisfarne, as</td><td align="center"> 117-8; Becker, 172.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> in Becker].</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">12 c.</td><td align="center"> Nearly 370 pieces at Durham Priory:</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Quintilian, Plato’s <i>Timaeus</i>,</td><td align="center"> 1-10.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Sallust, Cicero (<i>de Legibus</i>, <i>de</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Amic.</i>, <i>de Senectute</i>), Terence,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Virgil, Ovid (<i>Epp.</i>, <i>Tristia</i>, <i>Ars</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>amandi</i>, <i>Remedia amoris de Fastis</i>),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Lucan, Juvenal; grammar, rhetoric,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> arithmetic, geometry, medicine; some</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> English books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">12 c.</td><td align="center"> At Burton-on-Trent Abbey, after 1175,</td><td align="center"> B. M. Add. MS. 23944,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> there were 78 vols. Incl. Augustine,</td><td align="center"> fo. 157;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Gregory, Bede, Anselm, etc.</td><td align="center"> <i>Zentralblatt</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> ix. 201-3.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">12 c.</td><td align="center"> Catalogue of 68 pieces belonging</td><td align="center"> MS. Bodley, 163, f.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> probably to one of the great</td><td align="center"> 261; Becker, 216.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Southern abbeys.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1104</td><td align="center"> Abbot Peter gave many books to</td><td align="center"> <i>Hist. et cart. mon.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Gloucester Abbey.</td><td align="center"> <i>Glouc.</i>, i. xxiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1119-46</td><td align="center"> Abbot Geoffrey gave church books to S.</td><td align="center"> <i>Gesta ... S. Alb.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Albans.</td><td align="center"> i. 94.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1126-71</td><td align="center"> At Glastonbury Abbot Henry had 54</td><td align="center"> Adam de Domerham,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books transcribed, incl. Pliny’s</td><td align="center"> <i>Hist.</i>, ed. Hearne</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Nat. Hist.</i>, Suetonius <i>De Vita</i></td><td align="center"> (1727), ii. 317-18;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Caesarum</i>, <i>Gesta Britonum</i>, <i>Gesta</i></td><td align="center"> Hearne, <i>Hist. and</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Anglorum</i>.</td><td align="center"> <i>Ant. of G.</i> (1722)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 141-3.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1130</td><td align="center"> Abbot Reginald acquired for church of</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron. Abb. de E.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Evesham Ab. books and ornaments.</td><td align="center"> 99.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1150</td><td align="center"> Hugh of Leicester gave books to Lincoln</td><td align="center"> <i>Girald. Cambrensis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cath. 42 vols. and map of world in</td><td align="center"> (Rolls Ser.), vii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> library now; 31 added soon after.</td><td align="center"> 165.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Some parts of Bible given by Bp.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Alexander; 9 books given by Bp.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Chesney. Library included Augustine,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Gregory, Bede, Ambrose, Jerome,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Virgil, Vegetius (<i>de re Militari</i>).</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_265" id="page_265"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1170</td><td align="center"> Over 223 volumes in Christ Church,</td><td align="center"> James, 7.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Canterbury: catalogue, which is but a</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> fragment, contains books of grammar,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> rhetoric, music, arithmetic, poetry,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> logic, astronomy, geometry--Donatus</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> in Greek, Donatus in English,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cicero’s Rhetoric, <i>de Senectute</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>de Amicitia</i> (2), Plato’s <i>Timaeus</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Terence (5 volumes), Sallust (8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> volumes), Virgil (8 volumes), Horace</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (8), Lucan (5), Statius (6), Juvenal</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (4) Persius (9), Cato (2), Ovid (5).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1177</td><td align="center"> Nearly 80 books in Peterboro’</td><td align="center"> <i>Hist. Angl.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Abbey--Seneca, Terence, Martial.</td><td align="center"> Script. <i>Varii</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> [Sparke], 98-9;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> Merryweather,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 96-97; Becker,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 238.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1180</td><td align="center"> 74 pieces in Whitby Abbey--42 theology,</td><td align="center"> Becker, 226.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 15 history: Cicero (<i>de Amicitia</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>de Senectute</i>), Homer, Juvenal,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Plato, Sedulius, Statius, Virgil?</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (<i>Bucolica</i>), Persius, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1184</td><td align="center"> Bp. Bartholomew left books to church at</td><td align="center"> <i>B.M. Cotton Roll.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Crediton and to another church.</td><td align="center"> II., 11 (at end).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">12 or 13 c.</td><td align="center"> At Bury S. Edmunds Abbey there was</td><td align="center"> James<sup>1</sup>, 23.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> a fair library at this period;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> including average number of classics.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">13 c.</td><td align="center"> Before this Reading Abbey had 228</td><td align="center"> <i>E. H. R.</i> (1888),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> volumes--Seneca, Aristotle, Virgil,</td><td align="center"> 117-23.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Juvenal; <i>Gesta R. Henrici secundi</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Ystoria Rading</i>, <i>Hist. Anglorum</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">13 c.</td><td align="center"> At Lanthony there were 486 volumes,</td><td align="center"> <i>B. M. Harl. MS.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> including Plato, Plautus, Cicero,</td><td align="center"> 460, ff. 3-11;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Sallust, Persius, Ovid, Lucan,</td><td align="center"> <i>Zentralblatt</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Horace, Terence.</td><td align="center"> ix. 207-22.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">13 c.</td><td align="center"> Prior John de Marcle gave 6 treatises</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron. Abb. de E.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> on law to Evesham Abbey.</td><td align="center"> (Rolls Ser.), xxii</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">13 c.</td><td align="center"> At Leominster church, a dependency of</td><td align="center"> <i>E. H. R.</i> (1888),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Reading Abbey, 130 books: <i>Rotula</i></td><td align="center"> 123-5.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> cum vita sancti Guthlaci anglice</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>scripta</i>, <i>Medicinalis unus anglicis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>litteris scriptus</i>, <i>Liber qui</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>appellatur landboc</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">13 c.</td><td align="center"> At Rievaulx there was a large library</td><td align="center"> James<sup>9</sup>, 45-56.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of the usual medieval character:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> incl. Seneca, Justinian.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_266" id="page_266"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">13 c.</td><td align="center"> Flexley or Dene Abbey owned 79</td><td align="center"> <i>Zentralblatt</i>, ix.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> volumes: incl. three English books.</td><td align="center"> 205-07.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1200</td><td align="center"> About 46 writers used as authorities by</td><td align="center"> R. de Diceto, <i>Op.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Ralph of Diss for his <i>Abbreviationes</i></td><td align="center"> <i>Hist.</i> i. 20.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Chronicorum</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1202</td><td align="center"> At S. Andrew’s Priory, Rochester, there</td><td align="center"> <i>Archæologia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> were about 280 volumes, many including</td><td align="center"> <i>Cantiana</i>, iii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> several distinct treatises. Scriptures,</td><td align="center"> 47-64 (1860).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> liturgical and devotional books,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Fathers, schoolmen, philosophical and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> medical treatises, grammatical works:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Horace, Virgil, Sallust, Terence,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Persius, Lucan, Ovid, Aristotle’s</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Organon</i>, Cicero.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1208</td><td align="center"> Eight books presented to King John by</td><td align="center"> <i>Sussex Archæol.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> the sacristan of Reading, all scriptural</td><td align="center"> <i>Collections</i>, ii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and theological.</td><td align="center"> (1849), 134-5.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1222</td><td align="center"> Peterborough receives 7 books, incl.</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 354.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 2 Psalters, from Abbot R. de</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Lyndesheye.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1215</td><td align="center"> At Glastonbury, 14 or 15 books were</td><td align="center"> Adam de Domerham,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> written for Prior Thomas: books of</td><td align="center"> <i>Hist.</i> ed. Hearne</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> the Bible, missals.</td><td align="center"> (1727), ii. 441.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1217-18</td><td align="center"> Prior Thos. de Marleberge gave a “large</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron. Abb. de E.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> collection”--including law, medicine,</td><td align="center"> (Rolls Ser.), 267.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> philosophy, poetry, theology, grammar;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cicero (<i>de Amicitia</i>, <i>de Senectute</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Paradoxa</i>), Lucan, Juvenal--to Evesham</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Abbey.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1226</td><td align="center"> At Peterborough a dozen books were</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 354.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> left by Abbot Alex. de Holdernesse.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1245</td><td align="center"> At Peterborough about 20 books, ordinary</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, i. 355.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> in character, were left by Abbot Walter</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> de St. Edmund.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1240</td><td align="center"> Bp. Ralph of Maidstone gave service</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books and a <i>Legend</i> to Hereford</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cathedral.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1245</td><td align="center"> 35 vols. at St. Paul’s Cathedral; ordinary</td><td align="center"> <i>Archæologia</i>, I.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> medieval character.</td><td align="center"> 496.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1247-48</td><td align="center"> At Glastonbury there were nearly 500</td><td align="center"> Joh. Glaston,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books. Incl. much theology, chronicles,</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron.</i>, ed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> classics. Aristotle, Livy, Sallust,</td><td align="center"> Hearne (1726), II.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Virgil, Cicero, Plato, Persius, Horace,</td><td align="center"> 423-44.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Juvenal.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_267" id="page_267"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1249</td><td align="center"> Peterborough receives 5 books from</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 356.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Abbot Wm. de Hotot.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1253</td><td align="center"> Richard de Wyche, Bp. of Chichester,</td><td align="center"> <i>Sussex Archæol.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> left a number of books to the</td><td align="center"> <i>Coll.</i>, i. (1848)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> friars: chiefly glossed books of</td><td align="center"> 168-187.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> the Bible, a glossed psalter, the</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Sentences</i>, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1255</td><td align="center"> John of Basingstoke imports Greek MSS.</td><td align="center"> Gasquet<sup>3</sup>, 158-59;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> from Athens.</td><td align="center"> Stevenson, 224, 227.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1258-59</td><td align="center"> Prior Jno. of Worcester gave a number</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron. Abb. de E.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of books to Evesham Abbey. Grammar,</td><td align="center"> (Rolls Ser.), xxii</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> logic, physics, theology, canon and</td><td align="center"> n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> civil law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1259</td><td align="center"> Master of Sherborne Hospital left</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, ii. 6.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> church books, and a <i>liber phisica</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> to the Hospital.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1260-90</td><td align="center"> Many books, including Seneca, given to</td><td align="center"> <i>Gesta ... S. Alb.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> S. Albans by Abbot Roger.</td><td align="center"> i. 483.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1262</td><td align="center"> Peterborough receives 5 books from</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 356.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Abbot J. de Kaleto. Incl. .</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Testamentum</i> xii <i>Patriarcharum</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1266</td><td align="center"> Roger de Thoris gave books to Grey</td><td align="center"> Oliver, <i>Mon. D.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Friars’ Convent, Exeter.</td><td align="center"> <i>Exon.</i> (1846),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 322-33.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1274</td><td align="center"> Abbot R. de Sutton left some 17 books</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 357</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> to Peterborough. Incl. psalters,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> canon law, liber Naturalium</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Aristotelis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1295</td><td align="center"> Abbot R. de London leaves 10 books to</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 357.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Peterborough. Boëthius <i>de</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Consolatione philosophiae</i>, <i>Nova</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>logica</i>, psalters, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1280-1303</td><td align="center"> Bp. Richard of Gravesend. Over 100</td><td align="center"> <i>Misc. of Philobiblon</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> volumes, worth about £100.</td><td align="center"> <i>S.</i> 1856; Edwards,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> i. 373.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1285-1331</td><td align="center"> Library of about 1850 volumes now at</td><td align="center"> James, 13-142.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Christ Ch., Canterbury. A fine</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> collection. Many classics. English</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books: Genesis Anglice depicta,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Boëthius <i>de Consolatione</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Herbarius Anglice depictus, Chronica</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> vetustissima, Chronica Latine et</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Anglice, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1287-1345</td><td align="center"> Richard of Bury owned a large library.</td><td align="center"> R. de B., <i>passim.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_268" id="page_268"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1290</td><td align="center"> John of Taunton added 40 works to</td><td align="center"> Joh. Glast. <i>Hist.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Glastonbury Library. Ordinary.</td><td align="center"> ed. Hearne (1726),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> ii. 251-52; A. de</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> Domerham, <i>Hist.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> ii. 574-75.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1295</td><td align="center"> 13 Gospels and other parts of the</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Scriptures, and a commentary of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Aquinas at S. Paul’s Cathedral.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1299</td><td align="center"> Abbot W. de Wodeforde left 18 books to</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 358.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Peterborough. Liturgical, theological,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1299-1300</td><td align="center"> Edward I. owned a few books; including</td><td align="center"> Edwards, i. 391.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> book of romance.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"> Late 13 c.</td><td align="center"> Galfridus de Lawað, rector of the church</td><td align="center"> James<sup>10</sup>, 158.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> S. Magnus, London, had 49 books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Canon law, grammar, logic, medicine,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> theology.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">14 c.</td><td align="center"> More than 600 books and 170 service</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron. Abb. Ram.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books in Ramsey Abbey. Aristotle,</td><td align="center"> 356 (Rolls Ser.).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Plato (<i>Timaeus</i>), Greek Psalters,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Ars Loquendi Linguam Graecam</i>, Greek</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and Latin Psalter; Virgil, Ovid,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Martial, Terence, Lucan, Prudentius,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Seneca; French Bible, three Hebrew</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books, Hebrew Psalter, two parts of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Hebrew Bible, <i>Liber expositionum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>dictionum Hebraicum</i>, glossary of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Hebrew Bible, <i>Expositio nominum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Hebraeorum</i>, <i>Interpretationes</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Hebraicorum</i>, <i>Ars loquendi et</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>intelligendi in Lingua Hebraica</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">14 c.</td><td align="center"> Small and unimportant collection at St.</td><td align="center"> Oliver, <i>Mon. D.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Andrews Priory, Tywardreath.</td><td align="center"> <i>Exon.</i>, 36.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">14 c.</td><td align="center"> Richard of Stowe gave to St. Peter’s,</td><td align="center"> <i>B. M. Harl. MS.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Gloucester, 7 vols., including</td><td align="center"> 627, fo. 8 a.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Boëthius <i>de Consolatione P.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">14 c.</td><td align="center"> John de Bruges wrote 33 books, ordinary</td><td align="center"> Hearne, <i>Hist. and</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> in character, for Coventry Priory.</td><td align="center"> <i>Ant. Glast.</i>, App.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Incl. Palladius, <i>de Agricultura</i>.</td><td align="center"> 291-93 (1722);</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> Dugdale, iii. 186.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">14 c.</td><td align="center"> 23 books at Deeping Priory,</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, iv. 167.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Lincolnshire: including <i>Gesta</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Britonum</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">14 c.</td><td align="center"> About 350 vols. at Peterboro’: including</td><td align="center"> Gunton, <i>Hist. of Ch.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Aristotle, Cicero, Virgil, Ovid,</td><td align="center"> <i>of Peterboro’</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Seneca, Sallust; a good deal in French.</td><td align="center"> (1686), 173-224.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_269" id="page_269"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1300</td><td align="center"> Bp. Bek had a number of books which he</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> refused to return to the Prior of</td><td align="center"> 121-22.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Durham; included <i>Historia Anglorum</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and <i>Liber qui vocatur Liber S.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cuthberti, in quo secreta Domus</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>scribuntur</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1313</td><td align="center"> 15 works, chiefly theological, beq. by</td><td align="center"> <i>Hist. MSS.</i>, 9th Rep.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Bp. Baldock to St. Paul’s Cathedral.</td><td align="center"> Pt. i. 46a.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1315</td><td align="center"> Church books and Bibles in Christ</td><td align="center"> Dart, <i>Cath. of Cant.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Church, Canterbury (list).</td><td align="center"> (1726), App. vi.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> xv.-xvii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1315</td><td align="center"> Guy de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, left</td><td align="center"> Todd, <i>Ill. of Lives of</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books to Bordesley Abbey: French</td><td align="center"> <i>Gower and Chaucer</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> romances, etc.</td><td align="center"> (1810), 161, 162;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> Merryweather, 193-4;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> Edwards, i. 375-6.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1315</td><td align="center"> Some 40 volumes at Durham College,</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 32,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Oxford; sent from Durham. Chiefly</td><td align="center"> <i>Collect.</i> 36.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> theology; Aristotle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1321</td><td align="center"> Abbot Godfrey de Croyland left about</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 358-59.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> a dozen books to Peterborough.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Theology, law, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1322</td><td align="center"> Abbot Walter of Taunton gave 7 volumes</td><td align="center"> Williams, 81.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> to Glastonbury.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1325</td><td align="center"> A small collection of church books at</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, ii. 22.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> St. Edmund’s Hospital, Gateshead.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1327</td><td align="center"> Abingdon Abbey had 100 Psalters, 100</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, vii. xxxiii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Graduals, 40 Missals; 22 codices,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> probably not church books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1327</td><td align="center"> About 230 volumes at Exeter. Civil and</td><td align="center"> Oliver, <i>Lives of Bps. of</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> canon law, theology.</td><td align="center"> <i>E.</i>, 301-10.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1327</td><td align="center"> Bp. Cobham bequeathed his books and</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, i. 227.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 350 marks to found common library at</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Oxford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1331</td><td align="center"> Prior Henry Eastry bequeathed 80 books</td><td align="center"> James, 143.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> to Christ Church, Canterbury--26</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> theology, 29 canon law, 14 civil law,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 11 church books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1335</td><td align="center"> Abbot Adam de Sodbury gave 7 vols. to</td><td align="center"> <i>Joh. Glaston. Hist.</i>, ed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Glastonbury.</td><td align="center"> Hearne (1726), 265.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1335</td><td align="center"> 4 books given and 32 sold to Richard of</td><td align="center"> <i>Gesta ... S. Alb.</i>, ii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Bury from S. Albans Abbey.</td><td align="center"> 200.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_270" id="page_270"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1335-49</td><td align="center"> Books given to S. Albans by Abbot</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, ii. 363.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Michael.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1336</td><td align="center"> Bp. Stephen Gravesend bequeathed books</td><td align="center"> Lyte, 181.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> to four colleges, Merton, University,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Balliol, Oriel.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1337</td><td align="center"> 93 books missing at Christ Church,</td><td align="center"> James, 146.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Canterbury. Many books of offices;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> includes <i>Brutus</i> in French.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1338</td><td align="center"> Abbot Adam de Botheby left about a</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 360.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> dozen books on canon law, theology,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and liturgical books to Peterborough.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1343</td><td align="center"> Hinton Priory lent about 23 books to</td><td align="center"> Hunter, 17;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> another house--Gospels, homilies, lives</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of saints, etc.</td><td align="center"> vii. xxxviii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1345 (6)</td><td align="center"> Over 50 volumes in Lichfield Cathedral--all</td><td align="center"> <i>W. Salt Arch. S.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> church books, except 2 martyrologies,</td><td align="center"> vi., pt. 2,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 4 quires of lives of saints, and</td><td align="center"> Sacrist’s roll,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>De gestis Anglorum</i>. St. Chad’s Gospels.</td><td align="center"> 211.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1349-96</td><td align="center"> Abbot Thomas’ study or library at St.</td><td align="center"> <i>Gesta ... S.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Albans enlarged; many books added.</td><td align="center"> <i>Alb.</i>, iii, 389;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> cf. ii. 399.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1350</td><td align="center"> Trinity Hall, Cambridge, receives 84</td><td align="center"> <i>C. A. S.</i> (1864),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> vols. from founder, Dr. Bateman:</td><td align="center"> ii. 73-78; Clark,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Canon law (32), civil law (10), theology</td><td align="center"> 138.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (28), chapel books (14).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1353</td><td align="center"> Abbot de Morcote left some 11 books to</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 360.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Peterborough: Canon law, a <i>Catholicon</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1355</td><td align="center"> Elizabeth de Clare bequeathed to Clare</td><td align="center"> Edwards, i. 374.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Hall, a few books: including Hugutio.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1358</td><td align="center"> John Trevaur, Bp. of St. Asaph. Chiefly</td><td align="center"> B. M. Add. MS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> ecclesiastical books.</td><td align="center"> 25459, fo. 291.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1358</td><td align="center"> Thomas de la Mare, wealthy canon of</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> York, owned some six law books.</td><td align="center"> iv. 69.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1360</td><td align="center"> Bp. Grandisson of Exeter appears to have</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> owned a good library. He gave 4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books to Exeter; Aquinas’ works to</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Black Friars of Exeter; 1 to Windsor</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Chapel; remainder to his Chapter, to</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> the collegiate churches of Ottery,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Crediton, and Boseham, and Exeter</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> College, Oxford. His copy of Anselm’s</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Letters</i> is now in Brit. Mus.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_271" id="page_271"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1361</td><td align="center"> Peterborough received 7 books from</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 361.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Abbot Robt. Ramsey. Canon law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1362</td><td align="center"> A small collection, nearly all church</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xii.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books, at Coldingham Priory.</td><td align="center"> App. xl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1368</td><td align="center"> Simon of Bredon bequeathed books to six</td><td align="center"> <i>Hist. MSS.</i>, 9th</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Oxford Colleges.</td><td align="center"> Rept., pt. i., 46.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1370</td><td align="center"> A Chaplain (Adam de Stanton) left 4</td><td align="center"> <i>Cam. Soc.</i>, Bury</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books, including one of romance.</td><td align="center"> wills (1850), 1.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1372</td><td align="center"> At York the Friars Eremites of S.</td><td align="center"> <i>Fasciculus J. W.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Augustine owned 646 books. Bibles</td><td align="center"> <i>Clark dicatus</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and glossed books of Bible, Greek</td><td align="center"> 2-96.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Psalter, patristic and later church</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> writers (91), logic and philosophy</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (100), astronomy and astrology (36),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> civil law (14), canon law (35),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> grammar and Latin poets (50),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> medicine (22), sermons (42),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> arithmetic, music, geometry,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> perspective.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1374</td><td align="center"> Archbp. W. Whittlesey bequeathed his</td><td align="center"> Hook, <i>Archbps.</i>, iv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> library to Peterhouse.</td><td align="center"> 242-43.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1375</td><td align="center"> Nearly 100 volumes at Oriel College,</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i> 5,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Oxford; half the collection theology</td><td align="center"> <i>Collect.</i>, i. 66.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and philosophy; translations of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1376</td><td align="center"> 116 books bequeathed to Westminster</td><td align="center"> Robinson, 5-7.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Abbey by Simon Langham, Archbp.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of Canterbury. Valued at 1121 francs</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and 14 shillings. Chiefly theology.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Aristotle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1377-1400</td><td align="center"> In the Royal Chapel of Windsor Castle</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, vi., pt. 3,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 34 books were chained up, incl.</td><td align="center"> 1362.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Catholicon</i>, Hugutio, Legenda Aurea,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> French romances, one “Romaunce de</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> two la Rose, et alius difficilis</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> materiae.” Also liturgical and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Scriptural books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1378</td><td align="center"> Sir John de Foxle left a large missal</td><td align="center"> <i>Archæol. Cantiana</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and a few service books.</td><td align="center"> iii. 267; <i>Archæol.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> <i>Jour.</i>, xv. (1858),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 267.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1378</td><td align="center"> Thos. de Farnylaw, Chancellor of York,</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, iv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> left Bible and concordances to St.</td><td align="center"> 102-03.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Nicholas’ Church, Newcastle; a book</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of sermons to Embleton Church; other</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books to Vicar of Waghen; others to</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Merton and Balliol.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_272" id="page_272"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1379</td><td align="center"> Wm. de Feriby, canon of York, archd.</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, iv. 103-04.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of Cleveland. “Item lego ad novam</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> fabricam Ecclesiae Ebor. xx marcas et</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> omnes libros, qui fuerint domini mei</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> domini Willielmi de Melton.” Several</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law books specifically mentioned.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1380</td><td align="center"> Bp. Reed left many manuscripts to</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 32,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Merton College.</td><td align="center"> <i>Collect.</i> 214.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1387</td><td align="center"> William of Wykeham furnished New</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 223.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> College with over 240 books--135</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (138) theology, 28 philosophy, 41 canon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law, 36 civil law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1387</td><td align="center"> 52 books added to New College by somebody</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 223.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> unnamed: 37 medicine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1387</td><td align="center"> 63 books given to New College by Bp.</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 223.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Reed: 58 theology, 2 philosophy, 3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> canon law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1387</td><td align="center"> Sir Simon Burley owned a few romances.</td><td align="center"> B. M. Add. MS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 25459, fo. 206.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1387</td><td align="center"> Hy. Whitefield left books and money to</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> buy books for Exeter College, and</td><td align="center"> Boase, 7.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Burley on logic and Aristotle’s <i>Ethica</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and <i>Topica</i> were bought and chained</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> up in library.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1389</td><td align="center"> 450 volumes at S. Martin’s Priory,</td><td align="center"> James, xc. 407.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Dover--Bibles, theology, civil and canon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law, logic, philosophy, rhetoric,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> medicine, chronicles, romances (<i>le</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Romonse du roy Charles</i>, <i>le Romonse de</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Athys</i>, <i>le Romonse de la Rose</i>, etc.),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> grammar, dictionaries. Plato, Aristotle,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> poetry, Horace, Statius, Ovid, Virgil,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Juvenal, Terence, Lucan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1389-1435</td><td align="center"> John, Duke of Bedford, bought portion of</td><td align="center"> Delisle, <i>Le Cabinet</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> French Royal Library.</td><td align="center"> <i>des manuscrits</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1390</td><td align="center"> 14 books given to Evesham Abbey by</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron. Abb. de E.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> John de Brymesgrave, sacrist.</td><td align="center"> (Rolls Ser.),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> xxii n.; Dugdale,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> ii. 7 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1390</td><td align="center"> 96 books given to Evesham Abbey by</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron. Abb. de E.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Prior Nich. Herford; not the Lollard</td><td align="center"> (Rolls Ser.),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of this name.</td><td align="center"> xxii n.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_273" id="page_273"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1391</td><td align="center"> Peterborough received 8 books, incl.</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 361.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Catholicon</i>, from Abbot Henry de</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Overton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1391</td><td align="center"> 508 volumes in common case within</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> spendiment and in inner room of</td><td align="center"> vii. 10-39.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> spendiment at Durham Priory--Bibles,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> theology, logic, philosophy, medicine,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> grammar, law. Seneca, Cicero,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Quintilian, Valerius Maximus, Palladius</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (<i>de Agricultura</i>), A. Gellius, Juvenal,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Terence, Virgil, Ovid, Aristotle.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1391</td><td align="center"> The Rector of Adell Church, Thos. de</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, iv. 156.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Halton, left 5 books of canon law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1391</td><td align="center"> John Percyhay of Swynton left small</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, iv. 164.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> collection of books, incl. <i>Brut</i> in</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> French.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1392</td><td align="center"> Robert de Roos, a soldier, left church</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, iv. 178.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books, and several volumes in French:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> incl. <i>Roumans de Sydrach</i> (a curious</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> medley of medieval mystery and science,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> in prose).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1394</td><td align="center"> King’s Hall, Cambridge, had a library of</td><td align="center"> Willis, <i>Arch.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 87 volumes.</td><td align="center"> <i>Hist. of Camb.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> ii. 442.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1394</td><td align="center"> John Hopton, a chaplain, left a few books,</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> four mentioned: incl. Gospels in</td><td align="center"> iv. 196.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> English. (? Wyclif’s).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1394</td><td align="center"> John de Pykering, rector of S. Mary’s,</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, iv. 194.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Castlegate, York, left small collection</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of church books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1395</td><td align="center"> Thomas of England, an Augustinian,</td><td align="center"> Gherardi, <i>Statuti</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> bought MSS. in Italy.</td><td align="center"> della Univ. e</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> Studio</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> <i>Fiorentino</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 364; Einstein,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 15; Sandys, ii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 220.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1395</td><td align="center"> 411 volumes in common library, for</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> refectory, and in case of novices at</td><td align="center"> vii. 46-84.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Durham Priory. Theology, law, history;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Seneca, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1395</td><td align="center"> John de Scardeburgh, rector of Tichmarsh,</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlv. 6.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> left over 26 books: incl. <i>Brut</i> in</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> French, Mannedevile “in paupiro” in</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> French.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1395</td><td align="center"> 79 volumes at Hulne. Theology, history,</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, vii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> grammar, logic, law, church books.</td><td align="center"> 131-35.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_274" id="page_274"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1396</td><td align="center"> Walter de Bragge, canon of York, left</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> small collection of theology and</td><td align="center"> iv. 207.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> service books: incl. <i>Piers Plowman</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and <i>Catholicon</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1396</td><td align="center"> Abbot Nich. Elmstow left liturgical and</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, i. 361.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law books to Peterborough.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1397</td><td align="center"> Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of</td><td align="center"> B. M. Add. 25459,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Gloucester, left a collection of</td><td align="center"> fo. 212-16.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books, theological and French.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1399</td><td align="center"> Eleanor of Gloucester, left about 15</td><td align="center"> Nicolas,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> mostly in French; richly bound.</td><td align="center"> <i>Testamenta</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> <i>vetusta</i>, i.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 146; Edwards, i.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 385.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">14 and 15 c.</td><td align="center"> 158 titles given to Pembroke College,</td><td align="center"> <i>C. A. S.</i>, ii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cambridge, by various donors.</td><td align="center"> (8vo ser.)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Aristotle, Seneca, Aulus Gellius,</td><td align="center"> 13-21;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Ovid.</td><td align="center"> James<sup>10</sup>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> xiii.-xvii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">15 c.</td><td align="center"> Robert de Wycliff, rector of Hutton</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Rudby in Cleveland, left 5 books:</td><td align="center"> ii. 66; iv. 405.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> incl. <i>Catholicon</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1400</td><td align="center"> 326 volumes at Titchfield Abbey. 102</td><td align="center"> Madan, 78-79.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> liturgical volumes. Theology, canon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and civil law, English law, medicine,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> grammar, logic and philosophy. 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> French books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1400</td><td align="center"> Meaux Abbey had nearly 350 books, not</td><td align="center"> <i>Chron. mon. de</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> counting church books: incl.</td><td align="center"> <i>Melsa</i> (Rolls</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Historia Anglorum</i>, Martial, Seneca,</td><td align="center"> Ser.) iii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Ovid, Plato, Suetonius, Cicero.</td><td align="center"> lxxxiii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1400</td><td align="center"> Thos. de Dalby, archdeacon of Richmond,</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> left a few church books; Decretals,</td><td align="center"> xlv. 13.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Catholicon</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1403</td><td align="center"> John de Scarle, Lord Chancellor, left a</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlv. 22.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> few books: Bible, missal, psalter,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> breviary, <i>Speculum Sacerdotum</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1404</td><td align="center"> Bp. Skirlaw of Durham gave 6 books to</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, vii. 127;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> University College, Oxford, where he</td><td align="center"> iv. 319.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> had endowed Fellowships. Left 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> church books when he died.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1409</td><td align="center"> Wessington sent 20 books--Bible,</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, vii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> commentaries, etc.--to Durham</td><td align="center"> 39-41; cp.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> College, Oxford; 19 books bought in</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 32,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> their stead.</td><td align="center"> <i>Collect.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 39-40.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1410</td><td align="center"> Robert Rygge, Chancellor of the</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> University of Oxford, left books to</td><td align="center"> Boase, 11.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Exeter College, Oxford.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_275" id="page_275"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1411</td><td align="center"> 34 books added to Christ Church,</td><td align="center"> <i>Lit. Cant.</i> (Rolls</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Canterbury, during time of Prior</td><td align="center"> Ser.), iii. 121; James,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Chillenden: all canon and civil law.</td><td align="center"> 150-51.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1412</td><td align="center"> Roger de Kyrkby, vicar of Gainford, left</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, ii. 54.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> a few books: <i>Legenda Aurea</i>, <i>Gemma</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Ecclesiae</i>, and others not named.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1413</td><td align="center"> N. de Lyra chained in chancel of St.</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 270.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Mary’s Church, Oxford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1414</td><td align="center"> Archbp. Arundel left many books:</td><td align="center"> Hook, <i>Lives of Abps.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> “ornamenta oratorii” and books valued</td><td align="center"> iv. 527.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> at over £352.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1416</td><td align="center"> Catalogue of Durham library bears this</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> date, but it is either the foundation</td><td align="center"> 85-116.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of the catalogue of 1391 or a copy of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> it. This inventory has been used to</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> take stock.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1416</td><td align="center"> William de Waltham, canon of York, left</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> a collection of books, only a few of</td><td align="center"> 57-59.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> which are mentioned. Chiefly</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law-books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1416</td><td align="center"> St. Mary Redclyffe Church, Bristol, had</td><td align="center"> Cox and Harvey, <i>Eng.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 2 books of canon law.</td><td align="center"> <i>Ch. Furniture</i>, 331.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1418</td><td align="center"> Stephen Scrope, Archdeacon of Richmond,</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, iv. 385.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Chancellor of Cambridge University,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> left a few books of canon law; also</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Catholicon</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1418</td><td align="center"> John de Newton left books to Church of</td><td align="center"> Hunter, <i>Notes of Wills</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> York, and to Peterhouse, Cambridge.</td><td align="center"> <i>in Registers of York</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Bibles, commentaries, theology: incl.</td><td align="center"> 15; Edwards, i. 386.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Richd. Hampole, Petrarch’s <i>de</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Remediis utriusque fortunae</i>, Seneca,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Valerius Maximus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1418</td><td align="center"> 380 volumes now at Peterhouse. Theology</td><td align="center"> James<sup>3</sup>, 3-26; Mullinger,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (124), natural and moral philosophy</td><td align="center"> 324; Clark, 139-41;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and metaphysics (53), canon and civil</td><td align="center"> cf. <i>Camb. Lit.</i>, ii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law (66), grammar and poetry (23),</td><td align="center"> 362-67.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> logic (20), medicine (18), astronomy</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (13), alchemy, arithmetic, music,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> geometry, rhetoric. Aristotle, Plato,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cicero, Ovid, Lucan, Statius, Sallust,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Quintilian, Seneca, Virgil, Petrarch’s</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Epistles</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1419</td><td align="center"> Wm. Cawod, canon of York, left 13</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, iv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books, uninteresting in character.</td><td align="center"> 395-96.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_276" id="page_276"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1420-40</td><td align="center"> 49 volumes added to S. Albans in Abbot</td><td align="center"> <i>Ann. mon. S. Alb.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Whethamstede’s time: incl. some books</td><td align="center"> <i>a J. Amund.</i>, ii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> for the choir, and other books of the</td><td align="center"> 268-71.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Abbot’s own compilation.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1420-60</td><td align="center"> The library of Winchester College was a</td><td align="center"> <i>Archæol. Jour.</i>, xv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> large collection of liturgical books;</td><td align="center"> (1858), 62-74.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> philosophy, chronicles, canon and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> civil law, grammar.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1421</td><td align="center"> Thos. Greenwood, canon of York, left</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books valued at £31, 4s. Canon and</td><td align="center"> 64.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> civil law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1422</td><td align="center"> Roger Whelpdale, Bp. of Carlisle, left</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlv. 67.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> a small number of books to Balliol</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> College, Oxford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1422</td><td align="center"> 9 books sent from Durham to cell of</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, vii. 116.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Stamford, which was in control of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Durham.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1423</td><td align="center"> Henry Bowet, Archbp. of York, left 33</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlv. 76;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books, worth £33. Bible, theology,</td><td align="center"> <i>Historians of York</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law.</td><td align="center"> (Rolls Ser.), iii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 314.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1424</td><td align="center"> 10 volumes given to Wells Cathedral by</td><td align="center"> <i>Hist. MSS.</i>, 3rd</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Bp. Stafford. Canon law, etc.</td><td align="center"> Rep., App. 363;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> <i>Archæologia</i>, lvii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 208.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1424-40</td><td align="center"> 122 volumes in Cambridge University</td><td align="center"> <i>C. A. S. Comm.</i>, ii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Library. Theology (69), natural and</td><td align="center"> 242-57; Bradshaw,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> moral philosophy (17), canon law</td><td align="center"> 19-34.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (23), medicine, logic, poetry,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> grammar, history.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1425</td><td align="center"> Sheriff Wm. Chichele bequeathed £10 for</td><td align="center"> <i>L. A. R.</i>, x. 382.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books to Guildhall Library.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1430</td><td align="center"> Robert Ragenhill, advocate of court of</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> York, left 5 law books and N. de Lyra</td><td align="center"> 89.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> to Church of York.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1432</td><td align="center"> George Darell de Seszay left 5 books:</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xxx. 27, 28.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> incl. Mandeville.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1432</td><td align="center"> John Raventhorpe, a chaplain, left</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xxx. 28-29.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> service books and grammatical books;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> also <i>Liber Angliae de Fabulis et</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Narracionibus</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1432</td><td align="center"> Robert Wolveden, treasurer of Church of</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlv. 91.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> York, left theological books to</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Church of York. Cato glossed and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Golden Legend</i> also left.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_277" id="page_277"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1432</td><td align="center"> Dr. Thos. Gascoigne gave 6 books to</td><td align="center"> Clark, <i>Lincoln College</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Lincoln College, valued £17, 10<i>s.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1432</td><td align="center"> Robert Semer, sub-treasurer of Church of</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> York, left 5 books, unimportant.</td><td align="center"> xlv. 91 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1434</td><td align="center"> J. de Manthorp, vicar of Hayton, left a</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xxx. 36.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> few church books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1435</td><td align="center"> Æneas Sylvius saw Latin translation of</td><td align="center"> Creighton,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Thucydides in S. Paul’s Cathedral.</td><td align="center"> <i>Papacy</i>, iii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 53 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1435</td><td align="center"> T. Hebbeden, dean of Collegiate Church</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of Auckland, left a few books; 6</td><td align="center"> ii. 82.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> mentioned, incl. Guido delle Colonne,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Lancelot</i> in French.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1435-36</td><td align="center"> Robert Fitzhugh, Bp. of London, left 13</td><td align="center"> Simpson, W.S.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books, incl. Textus moralis philosophiae.</td><td align="center"> <i>Registrum ...</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> Eccl. Cath. S.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> <i>Pauli</i> (1873),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 399.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1436</td><td align="center"> Thomas Langley, Bp. of Durham, left over</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 40 books. Theology, civil and canon</td><td align="center"> vii. 119.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law, N. de Lyra.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1438</td><td align="center"> Thomas Cooper of Brasenose Hall left 6</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 515.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books: incl. Boëthius, book on</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> geometry, Ovid’s <i>Remedia Amoris</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1439</td><td align="center"> Thomas Markaunt, presented to Corpus</td><td align="center"> C. C. C. MS., 232;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Christi College, Cambridge, 76 books,</td><td align="center"> <i>C. A. S. Misc.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> worth about £104.</td><td align="center"> <i>comm.</i>, 4to</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> ser., No. 14,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> pt. 1, 16-20.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1439</td><td align="center"> Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, gave 129</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books to Oxford University Library.</td><td align="center"> 758-65.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> See p. 140.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1440</td><td align="center"> 23 books given to All Souls’ College by</td><td align="center"> B. M. Add. MS.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Henry VI. Civil and canon law,</td><td align="center"> 4608; Vickers,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> theology, philosophy.</td><td align="center"> <i>H. Duke of</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> <i>Gloucester</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 404.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1440</td><td align="center"> Robert Alne, an officer in the</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> ecclesiastical court of York, left about</td><td align="center"> xxx. 78-79.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> a dozen books. Canon law, etc.; Petrarch,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>de Remediis utriusque fortunae</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1441</td><td align="center"> Andrew Holes, political agent of Henry</td><td align="center"> Sandys, ii. 222.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> VI, bought many manuscripts in Italy.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1443</td><td align="center"> Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, gave 135</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> volumes to Oxford University Library.</td><td align="center"> 765-72</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> See p. 142.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_278" id="page_278"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1443</td><td align="center"> John Carpenter bequeathed books to</td><td align="center"> <i>L. A. R.</i>, x.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Guildhall Library, London.</td><td align="center"> 382.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1443</td><td align="center"> John Brette, student at Oxford, owned</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 531.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 1 book, <i>de Formd dictandi</i>, and a</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> pamphlet, worth together 1<i>s.</i> 11<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1445</td><td align="center"> Jas. Hedyan, Bachelor of canon and civil</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 544.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law, principal of Eagle Hall, Oxford,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> owned 8 books of law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1447</td><td align="center"> Reginald Mertherderwa, a rector, owned 6</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 559-61.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books: grammar, book of civil law, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1448</td><td align="center"> Ralph Dreff, of Broadgates Hall, Oxford,</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 582.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> owned 23 books. Bible, law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1448</td><td align="center"> At the Hospital of S. Mary within</td><td align="center"> B. M. Cott. Roll.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cripplegate, called Elsingspital,</td><td align="center"> xiii. 10;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> London, there were 63 volumes. Bible,</td><td align="center"> Malcolm,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> theology, canon law; Hippocrates,</td><td align="center"> <i>Londinium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Galen.</td><td align="center"> <i>Redivivum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> (1807), i. 27;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> <i>Vict. Hist. of</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> <i>London</i>, i. 536.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1449</td><td align="center"> Thomas Morton, canon of York, left a</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> small number of church books.</td><td align="center"> xlv. 110.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1450</td><td align="center"> 107 volumes at Lincoln Cathedral at this</td><td align="center"> Clark, III.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> time.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1450</td><td align="center"> Robert Hoskyn, rector, left a small</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> collection. Church books, canon law.</td><td align="center"> 605-06.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1451</td><td align="center"> Henry Caldey, vicar of Cookfield, left 25</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 609.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books. Theology, law. Seneca, <i>ad</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Lucilium</i>, Martial, Plato. Value</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> £5, 0<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1451</td><td align="center"> John Moreton, chaplain, left 6 physical</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 613.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1452</td><td align="center"> Richard Browne or Cordone, Archdeacon of</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 639-53.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Rochester, left more than 30 books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Theology and law.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1452</td><td align="center"> Wm. Duffield, canon of York, left 40</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> volumes, worth £46, 16<i>s.</i> Theology,</td><td align="center"> xlv. 132-33.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law; <i>Catholicon</i>.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_279" id="page_279"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1453</td><td align="center"> King’s College, Cambridge, had a</td><td align="center"> James<sup>2</sup>, 72-83.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> library of 174 volumes: philosophy,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> theology, medicine, astrology,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> mathematics, canon law, grammar,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> classical and general literature,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> inclu. Aristotle, Plato, Cicero,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Seneca, Sallust, Cæsar, Ovid, Virgil,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1454</td><td align="center"> Richard Plane, rector, left a few church</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books.</td><td align="center"> xxx. 180.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1454</td><td align="center"> Cardinal John Kempe left books worth</td><td align="center"> Hook, <i>Lives of Abps.</i>, v. 267.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> £263, 8<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i> Theology, canon and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> civil law, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1454</td><td align="center"> Wm. Brownyng, canon of Exeter, left</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books to be chained in library of</td><td align="center"> Boase, xxxvii. n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Exeter College.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1455</td><td align="center"> John Lassehowe, a scholar, left six</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 663.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books: grammar, sermons, breviary.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1455</td><td align="center"> Thomas Spray, chaplain, left 2 books:</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, 660.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Liber Sermonum Magdalenae</i>, <i>Manipulus</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>curatorum</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1457</td><td align="center"> Thomas Aleby, rector of Kirkby in</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cleveland, left 6 church books.</td><td align="center"> xxx. 210.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1457</td><td align="center"> John Edlyngton, rector of Kirkby</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xxvi. 2, 3.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Ravensworth, left small collection.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Bible, liturgical books, <i>Legenda</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Aurea</i>, <i>Polichronicon</i>, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1457</td><td align="center"> John Seggefyld, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 666.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> College, left two books, Boëthius <i>de</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Consol. philos.</i> in English, one of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Richard Rolle’s works.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1457</td><td align="center"> Doctor Thos. Gascoigne, Chancellor of</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 671;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Oxford, left books and “quires”</td><td align="center"> Bateson, xxv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> written on paper to Syon Monastery,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Isleworth.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1457</td><td align="center"> John Baringham, treasurer of York, left a</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> small number of liturgical books.</td><td align="center"> xxx. 203.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1458</td><td align="center"> John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, bought</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 36,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> many manuscripts in Italy.</td><td align="center"> Anstey, ii. 354,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 390.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_280" id="page_280"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1458</td><td align="center"> 171 books at S. Paul’s Cathedral.</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, <i>Hist. of S.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Grammar (6), philosophy (5), classics</td><td align="center"> <i>Paul’s</i> (1818), 392-98.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (7), medicine (6), history (8), canon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law (21), remainder Bible commentaries,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> theology. Cicero, Virgil, Seneca,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Suetonius, Hippocrates, Galen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1458</td><td align="center"> Nicholas Holme, canon of the collegiate</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxx. 219.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Church of Ripon, left 15 books. Liturgical,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Richard Rolle of Hampole, 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> book of medicine.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1458</td><td align="center"> Wm. Port gave books to New College,</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i> 32, <i>Collect.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Oxford.</td><td align="center"> 232-33.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1463</td><td align="center"> John Baret, lay officer in Bury Abbey, left</td><td align="center"> <i>Cam. Soc.</i>, Bury Wills,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 3 books, <i>Disce mori</i>, “book of ynglych</td><td align="center"> 35, 41, 246.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and latyn with diuerse maters of good</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> exortacons, wretyn in papir,” Lydgate’s</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Story of Thebes</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1464</td><td align="center"> Wm. Downham, chaplain of York, left a</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxx. 268.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> few books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1464</td><td align="center"> St. Mary’s Church, Warwick, had 5</td><td align="center"> <i>Notices of Churches<br /> of Warwickshire</i>, i. 15-16.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books. Bible versified, <i>Pharetra de</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Auctoritatibus</i>, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1464</td><td align="center"> Books bequeathed by John Rowe to Exeter</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i> 27, Boase.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> College, Oxford; also Ralph Morewell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1464-67</td><td align="center"> William Selling, Benedictine monk, collected</td><td align="center"> James, li.; Sandys, ii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Greek and Latin books in Italy.</td><td align="center"> 225.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1466</td><td align="center"> John Fernell, chaplain, left a few grammatical</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxx. 275.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and other books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1466</td><td align="center"> At Ewelme Almshouse, Oxford, were delivered</td><td align="center"> <i>Hist. M.S.S.</i>, 8th Rept.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> some liturgical books, 4 French</td><td align="center"> pt. i. 629 a.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books, a “boke of English, in paper, of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> ye pilgrymage, translated by dom John</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Lydgate out of frensh,” and other</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1468</td><td align="center"> Elizabeth Sywardby left 8 books, several</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 163.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> in English.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1469</td><td align="center"> Sir Richard Willoughby of Woollaton,</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlv. 171.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> left to parish church of Woollaton</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> liturgical books and <i>Crede mihi</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1469</td><td align="center"> Sir Edward Bethum gave books for chaining</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, vii. 126.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> in church of Lytham Cell, Lancs.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_281" id="page_281"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1471-72</td><td align="center"> Wm. Hawk, rector of Berwick in Elmet,</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 220 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> left 1 psalter.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1472-73</td><td align="center"> Queens’ College, Cambridge, had 224</td><td align="center"> <i>C. A. S. Comm.</i>, ii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> volumes in the library. Theology, law.</td><td align="center"> (1864) 165-81.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Aristotle. <i>Catholicon.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1472</td><td align="center"> John Hamundson, master of grammar</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 198-99.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> school attached to York Minster, left</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> book of Chronicles in English, Papias,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> a book called <i>Horsehede</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1473</td><td align="center"> Cambridge University Library comprised</td><td align="center"> <i>C. A. S. Comm.</i>, ii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 330 volumes. Lucan, Ovid, Aristotle,</td><td align="center"> (1864) 258-76.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Seneca, Cicero. Petrarch, <i>de Remediis</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1473</td><td align="center"> 68 books, mostly Scriptural commentaries,</td><td align="center"> Carr, <i>Univ. Coll.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> given to University College, Oxford, by</td><td align="center"> (1902), 68.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> an old Fellow, Wm. Aspylon.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1470-75</td><td align="center"> Thomas Rotherham gave many books to</td><td align="center"> Willis, <i>Camb.</i>, iii. 25.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> the University Library, Cambridge.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1474-75</td><td align="center"> Robert Est, possibly chantry-priest in</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 159.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> York Minster, left to parish church of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Brigsley, Lincs., a small collection:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> incl. <i>Legenda Sanctorum</i>, <i>liber de Gestis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Romanorum cum aliis fabulis Isopi et</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>multis narrationibus</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1475-76</td><td align="center"> Thos. Worthington, vicar of Sherburn in</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlv. 220 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Elmet, left 3 volumes to Balliol College,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Oxford; unimportant.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1475-76</td><td align="center"> Robt. Echard, rector of East Bridgeford,</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlv. 219.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> left 10 books, several liturgical, the rest</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> unimportant.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1475</td><td align="center"> 104 volumes in library at S. Catharine’s</td><td align="center"> <i>C. A. S.</i>, i. (1840) 1-11.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> College, Cambridge. Plato, Aristotle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (<i>Ethica</i> and <i>Politica</i>), Cicero, Petrarch,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>de Remediis</i> (2 copies), Boccaccio, <i>de</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Casis virorum illustrium</i>, in English.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1476</td><td align="center"> John Hurte, vicar of S. Mary’s, Nottingham,</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xiv.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> left 21 books. Liturgical books,</td><td align="center"> 220-22.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> theology, astronomy, Guido delle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Colonne’s Troy book.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_282" id="page_282"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1478</td><td align="center"> Bp. William Grey gave 200 books to</td><td align="center"> Coxe, <i>Cat. Cod. Oxon.-Balliol</i>;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Balliol College, Oxford. Nearly all</td><td align="center"> Mullinger,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> were collected in Italy. Plato (<i>Timaeus</i></td><td align="center"> <i>Hist. of Univ. of Camb.</i>, 397.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and <i>Euthyphro</i>, new translations), the</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Golden Verses of Pythagoras, Cicero,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> incl. some hitherto unknown speeches,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Quintilian, Seneca. Petrarch’s <i>Letters</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> orations of Poggio Bracciolini, Leonardo</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Bruni, and Guarino da Verona.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1479</td><td align="center"> Thomas Pynchebek of York left 4 books:</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 199n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> incl. Richard Rolle of Hampole.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1479-80</td><td align="center"> Robt. Lythe, chaplain, left 6 books, and</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlv. 199 and n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> John Burn, another chaplain, 5--unimportant.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1480</td><td align="center"> Bishop John Shirwood of Durham owned</td><td align="center"> <i>E. H. R.</i>, xxv. 455.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> a good library, including a fair collection</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> of the classics, and Theodore</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Gaza’s Greek grammar.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1481</td><td align="center"> William of Waynflete gave 800 books to</td><td align="center"> Warren, <i>Magd. Coll.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Magdalen College, Oxford.</td><td align="center"> 18.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1481</td><td align="center"> Sir Thos. Lyttleton left a <i>Catholicon</i>,</td><td align="center"> <i>Library</i>, i. 411.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Constitutiones Provinciales</i>, and <i>Gesta</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Romanorum</i> to Halesowen Church,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Worcester.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1482</td><td align="center"> Dr. John Warkworth gave 55 books to</td><td align="center"> James<sup>3</sup>, 23-26.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Peterhouse. Terence, Statius: Liber</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cronic’ in Anglicis, Liber in Gallicis;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> much theology.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1482</td><td align="center"> At Leicester Abbey there were over 350</td><td align="center"> Nichols, <i>Hist. of Leicester</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books in the library. Bibles and commentaries,</td><td align="center"> (1815), i. pt. 2,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> medieval schoolmen, grammar,</td><td align="center"> App. 102-08.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> sermons, Lucan, Ovid, Horace,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Virgil, Cicero, Plato, French books,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Mandevile, Gower; logic, astronomy,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> physics.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1483</td><td align="center"> Robert Flemming left books, which he</td><td align="center"> Einstein, 23.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> had collected in Italy, to Lincoln</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> College, Oxford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1486</td><td align="center"> Church of S. Christopher le Stocks,</td><td align="center"> <i>Archæologia</i>, xlv. (1880)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> London, had a collection of church</td><td align="center"> 118.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books only.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1486</td><td align="center"> At this time only 52 volumes were in St.</td><td align="center"> Dugdale, <i>Hist. of S.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Paul’s Cathedral; chiefly liturgical.</td><td align="center"> <i>Paul’s</i>, 399.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_283" id="page_283"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1486</td><td align="center"> John Lese of Pontefract left 5 theological</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 220-21 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1488</td><td align="center"> 31 books presented to Oxford University</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Library by an old scholar.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1489</td><td align="center"> 128 volumes presented to Oxford University</td><td align="center"> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 357.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Library by Dr. Litchfield, archdeacon of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Middlesex.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1489-94</td><td align="center"> John Auckland, Prior, presented to</td><td align="center"> Rudd, <i>Codd. MSS.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Durham Priory, some 33 books; ordinary</td><td align="center"> Eccles. Cath. Dun.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> medieval character.</td><td align="center"> <i>Catal.</i>, 1825, <i>passim</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1491</td><td align="center"> Richard Lovet, vicar of Ruddington, left</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 221 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> a few theological books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1491</td><td align="center"> Thomas Symson of York left 7 theological</td><td align="center"> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlv. 160 n.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1491</td><td align="center"> Over 40 books given to All Souls College,</td><td align="center"> Robertson, <i>All Souls</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Oxford, by John Stokys, Warden.</td><td align="center"> (Coll. Hist.), 33.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1493</td><td align="center"> Roger Drury left “ij Ingyshe bocks, called</td><td align="center"> <i>Cam. Soc.</i>, Bury Wills,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Bochas, of Lydgat’s makyng.”</td><td align="center"> 246.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"><i>c.</i> 1497</td><td align="center"> St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, contained</td><td align="center"> James, lvii. 173.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> 1837 books. Scriptures, theology,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> natural history, history, philosophy,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> music, geometry, astronomy, medicine,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> logic, grammar, poetry, alchemy, canon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law. Plato (<i>Timaeus</i>), Aristotle (a great</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> deal: <i>Metaphysica</i>, <i>Physica</i>, <i>Rhetorica</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Ethica</i>, <i>Politica</i>, new trans. of <i>Historia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>naturalium</i>), Terence, Cicero, Horace,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Virgil (<i>Aeneid</i>, <i>Georgics</i>, <i>Bucolics</i>),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Ovid, Lucan, Seneca (incl. <i>Tragedies</i>),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Juvenal, Quintilian, Statius; French</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> books--<i>Charlemagne</i>, <i>Historia Britonum</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Guy of Warwick</i>, <i>Lancelot</i>, <i>Perceval</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>of Galles</i>, <i>Holy Graal</i>, <i>Guillaume</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>le Maréchal</i>, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1498</td><td align="center"> Collegiate Church of Auckland possessed</td><td align="center"> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, ii. 101-03.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> some 40 volumes. Bible, theological</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and liturgical books, canon law;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Cicero’s <i>Letters</i>.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_284" id="page_284"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1498</td><td align="center"> John Gunthorpe, Dean of Wells, bequeathed</td><td align="center"> James<sup>16</sup>, 13.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> to Jesus College, Cambridge,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> some manuscripts collected in Italy.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1499</td><td align="center"> William Holcombe left books to Exeter</td><td align="center"> Oliver, <i>Mon. D. Exon.</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> College and to friends: including</td><td align="center"> 278.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Hugutio, <i>Gesta Alexandri</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1500</td><td align="center"> Archbp. Rotherham left to Jesus College,</td><td align="center"> James<sup>13</sup>, 5-8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Rotherham, some hundred volumes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Chiefly theology. Terence, Cicero’s</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Orations</i>, <i>ad Familiares</i>, Horace,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Sallust’s <i>Catilina</i> and <i>Jugurtha</i>, Ovid’s</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Metamorphoses</i>, <i>Ars amandi</i>, <i>Remedia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>Amoris</i>, etc., Petrarch (<i>de Vita solitaria</i>,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>de Remediis utriusque fortunae</i>).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1506</td><td align="center"> 363 volumes in Exeter Cathedral.</td><td align="center"> Oliver, 366-75.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1508</td><td align="center"> 306 books repaired at Christ Church,</td><td align="center"> James, 152.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Canterbury. Theological, homiletic</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> and law books. Livy, <i>Liber grecorum</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1508</td><td align="center"> Abp. Warham gave books to New College.</td><td align="center"> <i>O. H. S.</i> 32, <i>Collect.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="center"> 232-33.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1509</td><td align="center"> Christ’s College, Cambridge, received 57</td><td align="center"> <i>C. A. S.</i>, iii. (N.S.,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> liturgical books bequeathed by the</td><td align="center"> 8vo), 361.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Lady Margaret.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1519-20</td><td align="center"> William Grocyn’s Library comprised 105</td><td align="center"> Leland, ii. 317; <i>O. H. S.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> printed books and 17 manuscripts.</td><td align="center"> 16, <i>Collect.</i> 319-23.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Much theology; leading Latin classics.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Greek and Latin New Testament.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Petrarch, Boccaccio, Ficino, Filelfo,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Lorenzo della Valle, Aeneas Sylvius,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Perotti. <i>Adagia</i> of Erasmus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1519</td><td align="center"> Robert Same, chaplain, bequeathed 1</td><td align="center"> <i>Cam. Soc.</i>, Bury Wills,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> book to Wetheringsett Church.</td><td align="center"> 253.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1524</td><td align="center"> 292 books at Canterbury College, Oxford,</td><td align="center"> James, 165.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> theology, law, philosophy. Aristotle</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (incl. <i>Ethica</i> newly translated); Cicero,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Horace, Virgil, Lucan; Boccaccio,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Lorenzo della Valle.</td><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_285" id="page_285"></a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">1504-26</td><td align="center"> At least 1421 volumes in Syon Monastery,</td><td align="center"> Bateson, <i>passim</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Isleworth. Of the rough classification</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Miss Bateson wrote: “Generally speaking</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> A includes grammar and classics (77</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> volumes); B, medicine, astrology, a few</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> classics (55); C, philosophy (46); D,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> commentaries on the Sentences (128);</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> E, Bibles and concordances (75); F-I,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> commentaries on the Old and New</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Testament (232); K, History (65); L,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> dictionaries (58); M, Lives of the Saints</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> (121); N, Fathers (88); O, devotional</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> tracts (98); P to S, chiefly sermons,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> over 70 books in each class; T, canon</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> law (104); V, civil law (21),”--p. vii.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Of Latin Renascence literature there</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> are works by Coluccio Salutati, Leonardo</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Bruni, Poggio, Bessarion, Platina,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Poliziano, Pico della Mirandola; and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> translations from the Greek by Hermolaus</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Barbarus, Gaza, Erasmus, and</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> others. Also Petrarch (<i>Psalmi poenitentiales</i>),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Boccaccio (<i>de geneal. deor.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> <i>gent.</i>), Savonarola (<i>de virtute fidei</i>),</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> Reuchlin. This catalogue is of the</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> men’s library only: there was another</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> library for women. Many of the books</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> were printed; nearly 400 editions have</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="left"> been identified.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_286" id="page_286"></a>{286}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_D" id="APPENDIX_D"></a>APPENDIX D<br /><br />
+LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS REFERRED TO FOR THIS BOOK</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="font-size:90%;">
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Adamnan</span></td><td><p class="hang">Adamnan. Vita S. Columbae. Ed., Reeves. 1874.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Allen</span></td><td><p class="hang">Allen, J. R. Celtic Art. 1904. Antiquary’s books.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Archæologia</span></td><td><p class="hang">Archæologia, various volumes; especially vol. xliii.
+                         and vol. lvii. (Church, Rev. C. M., Library of Wells
+                         Cathedral).</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Archdall</span></td><td><p class="hang">Archdall, M. Monasticon Hibernicum. 2 vols. 1786.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Bateson</span></td><td><p class="hang">Bateson, Mary, ed. Catalogue of the Library of Syon
+                         Monastery, Isleworth. 1898.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Becker</span></td><td><p class="hang">Becker, G. Catalogi Bibliothecarum antiqui. Bonn,
+                         1885.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Biblio. Soc.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Bibliographical Society’s Transactions and Monographs.
+                         Especially Monogr. 10 and 13, Strickland
+                         Gibson, early Oxford bindings; and G. J. Gray,
+                         earlier Cambridge stationers.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Botfield</span></td><td><p class="hang">Botfield, B. Notes on the Cathedral Libraries of
+                         England. 1849.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Bradley</span></td><td><p class="hang">Bradley, J. W. Dictionary of Miniaturists, Calligraphers,
+                         and Copyists. 3 vols. 1887-9.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Bradshaw</span></td><td><p class="hang">Bradshaw, H. Collected papers. 1889.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Bradshaw Soc.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Henry Bradshaw Society. Customary of the Benedictine
+                         Monasteries, Canterbury. 2 vols. 1902.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">B.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Cott.&nbsp;Claud.</span>,&nbsp;E.&nbsp;iv.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">B.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Cott.&nbsp;Domit.</span>,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;viii.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">B. M. Cott. Galba</span>, C. iv.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">B. M. Cott. Nero</span>, D. vii.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">B. M. Reg.</span> 2, E. ix.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">B. M. Reg.</span> 13, D. iv.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Bryce</span></td><td><p class="hang">Bryce, W. M. Scottish Grey Friars. 2 vols. 1909.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Bury</span></td><td><p class="hang">Bury, J. B. Life of Saint Patrick. 1905.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Cambridge Stat.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Documents relating to the University and Colleges.
+                         3 vols. 1852.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">C. A. S.</td><td><p class="hang">Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Publications and
+                         communications. Various volumes.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Cam. Soc.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Camden Society Publications. Various volumes.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_287" id="page_287"></a>{287}</span><span class="smcap">Camb. Lit.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Cambridge History of English Literature, vols. i.-iv.
+                         1907-9. Especially vol. i. ch. ii., Runes and MSS.,
+                         and ch. x., English Scholars of Paris and Franciscans
+                         of Oxford; vol. ii. ch. xv., English and Scottish
+                         Education; vol. iii. ch. i., Englishmen and the
+                         Classical Renascence; vol. iv. ch. xix., Foundation
+                         of Libraries. [And bibliographies to these chapters.]</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Clark</span></td><td><p class="hang">Clark, J. W. Care of Books: Essay on the Development
+                         of Libraries and their Fittings. 1909. 2nd ed.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Cooper</span></td><td><p class="hang">Cooper, C. H. Annals of Cambridge. 5 vols. 1842-{53}, 1908.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Davenport</span></td><td><p class="hang">Davenport, C. The Book: Its History and Development. 1907.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Delisle</span></td><td><p class="hang">Delisle, L. Le Cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque
+                         Impériale. 1868-74.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">D. C. B.</td><td><p class="hang">Dictionary of Christian Biography.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">D. N. B.</td><td><p class="hang">Dictionary of National Biography.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Dugdale</span></td><td><p class="hang">Dugdale, Sir W. Monasticon Anglicanum. Ed.,
+                         Caley, Ellis, and Bandinel. 9 vols. 1817-30.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Edwards</span></td><td><p class="hang">Edwards, E. Memoirs of Libraries. 2 vols. 1859.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Edwards</span><sup>2</sup></td><td><p class="hang">Edwards, E. Free Town Libraries. 1869.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Edwards</span><sup>3</sup></td><td><p class="hang">Edwards, E. Libraries and Founders of Libraries.
+                         1864.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Einstein</span></td><td><p class="hang">Einstein, L. Italian Renaissance in England. New
+                         York, 1892.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">E. H. R.</td><td><p class="hang">English Historical Review.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Floyer</span></td><td><p class="hang">Floyer, Rev. J. K. Catalogue of MSS. preserved in
+                         the Chapter House of Worcester Cathedral. 1906.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Floyer</span></td><td><p class="hang">Floyer, Rev. J. K. Thousand Years of a Cathedral
+                         Library. <i>Reliquary</i>, Jan. 1901.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Gasquet</span></td><td><p class="hang">Gasquet, F. A. English Monastic Life. 1905.
+                         Antiquary’s Books.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Gasquet</span><sup>2</sup></td><td><p class="hang">Gasquet, F. A. Eve of the Reformation. 1909.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Gasquet</span><sup>3</sup></td><td><p class="hang">Gasquet, F. A. Last Abbot of Glastonbury, etc. 1908.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Gasquet</span><sup>4</sup></td><td><p class="hang">Gasquet, F. A. Old English Bible and other Essays.
+                         1897.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Gottlieb</span></td><td><p class="hang">Gottlieb, T. Ueber Mittelalterliche Bibliotheken.
+                         Leipzig, 1890.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Grace B.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Grace Books Δ and I. Proctor’s Accounts and Other
+                         Records of the University of Cambridge. Ed.,
+                         Leathes and Bateson. 1897.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Haddan</span></td><td><p class="hang">Haddan, A. W. Remains. 1876.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Hardy</span></td><td><p class="hang">Hardy, Sir T. D. Descriptive Catalogue of MSS.
+                         relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland.
+                         4 vols. Rolls Series.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Healy</span></td><td><p class="hang">Healy, J. Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars.
+                         4th ed. 1902.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Hist. MSS.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Historical MSS. Commission Reports.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Hunter</span></td><td><p class="hang">Hunter, J. English Monastic Libraries. 1831.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_288" id="page_288"></a>{288}</span>Hyde</span></td><td><p class="hang">Hyde, D. Literary History of Ireland. 1899. Library
+                         of Literary History.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">James</span></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and
+                         Dover. 1903.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">James</span><sup>1</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Abbey of St. Edmund at Bury. 1895.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>2</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of King’s College. 1895.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">James</span><sup>3</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Peterhouse. 1899.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>4</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western
+                         MSS. in the Library of Emmanuel College.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>5</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western
+                         MSS. in the Library of Christ’s College. 1905.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>6</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Trinity Hall. 1907.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>7</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western
+                         MSS. in the Library of Clare College. 1905.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>8</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Gonville and Caius College. 2 vols.
+                         1907-8.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>9</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Jesus College. 1895.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>10</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Pembroke College, Cambridge. 1905.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>11</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. The Western MSS. in the Library of
+                         Trinity College: Descriptive Catalogue. 4 vols.
+                         1900-04.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>12</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Western
+                         MSS. in the Library of Queens’ College, Cambridge.
+                         1905.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>13</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Sidney Sussex College. 1895.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>14</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Library of Eton College. 1895.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>15</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         the Fitzwilliam Museum. 1895.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>16</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Archbishop Parker’s MSS. 1899.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>17</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the MSS. in
+                         Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Part I. 1909.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">James</span><sup>18</sup></td><td><p class="hang">James, M. R. Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts
+                         in the College Library of Magdalene College,
+                         Cambridge. 1909.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Joyce</span></td><td><p class="hang">Joyce, P. W. Social History of Ancient Ireland.
+                         2 vols.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Lecoy&nbsp;de&nbsp;la&nbsp;Marche</span></td><td><p class="hang">Lecoy de la Marche, A. Les Manuscrits et la Miniature.
+                         [1884.] Bibliothèque de l’Enseignement des
+                         Beaux-Arts.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Leland</span></td><td><p class="hang">Leland, J. Collectanea. 6 vols. 1715.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Leland</span><sup>2</sup></td><td><p class="hang">Leland, J. Itinerary. Ed., Smith. 1907-8.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Leland</span><sup>3</sup></td><td><p class="hang"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_289" id="page_289"></a>{289}</span>Leland, J. De Scriptoribus Britannicis. 1709.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Library</span></td><td><p class="hang">The Library, vols. i.-x. New series, vols. i.-x.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">  L. A. R.      </td><td><p class="hang">        Library Association Record, vol. i. to date.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Lyte</span></td><td><p class="hang">Lyte, H. C. Maxwell. History of the University of
+                          Oxford to 1530. 1886.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Maclean</span></td><td><p class="hang">Maclean, M. Literature of the Celts. 1902.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Macray</span></td><td><p class="hang">Macray, W. D. Annals of the Bodleian Library. 1890.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Madan</span></td><td><p class="hang">Madan, F. Books in Manuscript. 1893. Books
+                          about Books.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Maitland</span></td><td><p class="hang">Maitland, S. R. The Dark Ages. 1844.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Merryweather</span></td><td><p class="hang">Merryweather, F. S. Bibliomania in the Middle Ages.
+                          1849.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Mon. Fr.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Monumenta Franciscana. Ed., Brewer. 1858. Rolls
+                          series.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Mun. Acad.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Munimenta academica. Ed., Anstey. 2 vols. 1858.
+                          Rolls series.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Mullinger</span></td><td><p class="hang">Mullinger, J. B. University of Cambridge to 1535.
+                          1873.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Oxford Stat.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford. 3 vols. 1853.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">  O. H. S., 27, <span class="smcap">Boase</span></td><td><p class="hang">Oxford Historical Society, vol. xxvii. Boase, C. W.
+                          Registrum Collegii Exoniensis.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">  O. H. S., 35, 36, </td><td><p class="hang">    O. H. S. Anstey, H. Epistolae academicae. 2 vols. <span class="smcap">Anstey</span> 1898.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">  O. H. S., 5, 16  </td><td><p class="hang">     O. H. S. Collectanea. Series 1-3. 1885, 1890, and 32, <span class="smcap">Collect</span>. 1896.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">  O. H. S., 20, <span class="smcap">Little</span></td><td><p class="hang">O. H. S. Little, A. G. Grey Friars in Oxford. 1892.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Pietas</span></td><td><p class="hang">Pietas Oxoniensis in Memory of Sir Thomas Bodley. 1902.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Putnam</span></td><td><p class="hang">Putnam, G. Books and their Makers in the Middle
+                          Ages. 2 vols. 1896-7.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Rashdall</span></td><td><p class="hang">Rashdall, H. Universities of Europe in the Middle
+                          Ages. 2 vols. 1895.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">R. de B.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Richard of Bury. Philobiblon. Ed., Thomas. 1888.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Robinson</span></td><td><p class="hang">Robinson, J. A., and James, M. R. The MSS. of
+                          Westminster Abbey. 1909.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Rogers</span></td><td><p class="hang">Rogers, J. E. T. History of Agriculture and Prices.
+                          6 vols. 1866-87.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Rouveyre</span></td><td><p class="hang">Rouveyre, Edouard. Connaissances nécessaires à un
+                          bibliophile. 10 vols. 1899.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">  R. H. S.     </td><td><p class="hang">         Royal Historical Society. Transactions.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Sandys</span></td><td><p class="hang">Sandys, J. E. History of Classical Scholarship.
+                          Vols. i. (2nd ed., 1906) and ii.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">  S. H. R.        </td><td><p class="hang">      Scottish Historical Review.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Stevenson</span></td><td><p class="hang">Stevenson, F. S. Robert Grosseteste. 1899.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Stokes</span> (G. T.) </td><td><p class="hang">       Stokes, G. T. Ireland and the Celtic Church. 1886.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Stokes</span> (M.)   </td><td><p class="hang">        Stokes, Margt. Early Christian Art in Ireland. 1887.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Stokes</span> (M.)<sup>2</sup></td><td><p class="hang">Stokes, M. Six Months in the Apennines. 1892.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Stokes</span> (M.)<sup>3</sup></td><td><p class="hang">Stokes, M. Three Months in the Forests of France.
+                          1895.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_290" id="page_290"></a>{290}</span>Stokes</span> (W.)   </td><td><p class="hang">      Stokes, W., ed. Tripartite Life. 2 vols. 1887.
+                        Rolls series.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Stow</span></td><td><p class="hang">Stow, J. Survey of London. Ed., C. L. Kingsford.
+                        2 Vols. 1908.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top">*<span class="smcap">Surtees Soc.</span></td><td><p class="hang">Surtees Society Publications. Various volumes;
+                        especially vol. vii., Catalogi veteres librorum.
+                        1840.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Taylor</span></td><td><p class="hang">Taylor, H. O. Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages.
+                        New York, 1901.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Thompson</span></td><td><p class="hang">Thompson, Sir E. M. Greek and Latin Palæography.
+                        3rd ed. 1906.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Warton</span></td><td><p class="hang">Warton, T. History of English Poetry. 4 vols. 1871.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Wattenbach</span></td><td><p class="hang">Wattenbach, W. Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter.
+                        3rd ed. Leipzig, 1896.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Williams</span></td><td><p class="hang">Williams, J. W. Somerset Medieval Libraries.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Wordsworth</span></td><td><p class="hang">Wordsworth, C., and Littlehales, H. Old Service
+                        Books of the English Church. Antiquary’s Books.</p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Zentralblatt</span></td><td><p class="hang">Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen. Various volumes.</p></td></tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;<i>Books marked with an asterisk * are important.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_291" id="page_291"></a>{291}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<p class="c"><a href="#A">A</a>,
+<a href="#B">B</a>,
+<a href="#C">C</a>,
+<a href="#D">D</a>,
+<a href="#E">E</a>,
+<a href="#F">F</a>,
+<a href="#G">G</a>,
+<a href="#H">H</a>,
+<a href="#I-i">I</a>,
+<a href="#J">J</a>,
+<a href="#K">K</a>,
+<a href="#L">L</a>,
+<a href="#M">M</a>,
+<a href="#N">N</a>,
+<a href="#O">O</a>,
+<a href="#P">P</a>,
+<a href="#Q">Q</a>,
+<a href="#R">R</a>,
+<a href="#S">S</a>,
+<a href="#T">T</a>,
+<a href="#U">U</a>,
+<a href="#V-i">V</a>,
+<a href="#W">W</a>,
+<a href="#Y">Y</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<a name="A" id="A"></a>Abdy, Robert, <a href="#page_150">150-151</a><br />
+
+Abingdon Abbey, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_039">39</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>, <a href="#page_078">78</a>, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>, <a href="#page_097">97</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Abyssinian libraries, <a href="#page_018">18</a><br />
+
+Academic libraries, <a href="#page_133">133</a> <i>seqq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cambridge, <a href="#page_155">155</a> <i>seqq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Character of books in, <a href="#page_222">222</a> <i>seqq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">economy, <a href="#page_165">165</a> <i>seqq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oxford, <a href="#page_133">133</a> <i>seqq.</i></span><br />
+
+Acca, Bp., <a href="#page_034">34</a><br />
+
+Adam de Brome, <a href="#page_135">135</a><br />
+
+Aelfric, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_085">85</a><br />
+
+Aelfric, Abp., <a href="#page_044">44</a><br />
+
+Aelfward, Abbot, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a><br />
+
+Aeneas Silvius, <a href="#page_120">120</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Aethelwold, <a href="#page_040">40-41</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a><br />
+
+Aidan, St., <a href="#page_030">30</a><br />
+
+Aileran, <a href="#page_008">8</a><br />
+
+Albinus, <a href="#page_025">25</a>, <a href="#page_028">28</a><br />
+
+Alcuin, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_035">35-36</a>, <a href="#page_078">78</a>, <a href="#page_080">80</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a><br />
+
+Aldfrith of Northumbria, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Aldhelm, <a href="#page_008">8</a>, <a href="#page_028">28-29</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Aleby, Thomas, <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+Alfred the Great, <a href="#page_037">37-39</a><br />
+
+All Souls College, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_151">151</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_165">165</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_167">167</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a>, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Alne, Robert, <a href="#page_156">156</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Annalists, monastic, <a href="#page_231">231-232</a><br />
+
+Anselm, <a href="#page_083">83</a>, <a href="#page_214">214</a><br />
+
+Antiphonaries, value of, <a href="#page_246">246</a><br />
+
+Antiphonary of Bangor, <a href="#page_011">11</a><br />
+
+Arabian works imported, <a href="#page_217">217-218</a><br />
+
+Aristotle, works introduced, <a href="#page_053">53</a>, <a href="#page_217">217-222</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence, 2<a href="#page_040">40</a></span><br />
+
+Armagh, Book of, <a href="#page_014">14</a>, <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_019">19</a>, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br />
+
+Armagh monastery, <a href="#page_004">4</a>, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_012">12</a><br />
+
+<i>Armaria</i>, <a href="#page_091">91</a><br />
+
+<i>Armarius</i>, <a href="#page_096">96-97</a><br />
+
+Arnoul of Metz, Gospels of, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br />
+
+Arundel, Abp., <a href="#page_139">139</a>, <a href="#page_190">190</a>, <a href="#page_275">275</a><br />
+
+Asser, <a href="#page_038">38</a><br />
+
+Assicus, Bp., <a href="#page_020">20</a>, <a href="#page_021">21</a><br />
+
+Astronomical text-books, <a href="#page_225">225</a><br />
+
+Athelney monastery, <a href="#page_039">39</a><br />
+
+Athelstan, King, <a href="#page_263">263</a><br />
+
+Audit of books in monasteries, <a href="#page_102">102-103</a><br />
+
+Augustine, St., <a href="#page_014">14</a>, <a href="#page_024">24</a><br />
+
+Augustine, Irish Monk, <a href="#page_008">8</a><br />
+
+Aumbries, <a href="#page_091">91</a>, <a href="#page_092">92</a><br />
+
+Austin Friars’ libraries, <a href="#page_055">55</a>, <a href="#page_056">56</a>, <a href="#page_067">67-68</a>, <a href="#page_103">103</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="B" id="B"></a>Bacon, Friar, <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_216">216</a>, <a href="#page_218">218-219</a>, <a href="#page_220">220-221</a><br />
+
+Baldock, Ralph, <a href="#page_119">119-120</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Bale, John, <a href="#page_066">66-67</a><br />
+
+Balliol College, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_146">146</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_150">150</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_192">192</a>, <a href="#page_193">193</a>, <a href="#page_281">281</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+Balsham, Hugh of, <a href="#page_158">158</a><br />
+
+Bangor monastery, <a href="#page_007">7</a><br />
+
+Baret, John, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Baringham, John, <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+Barking nunnery, <a href="#page_033">33</a><br />
+
+Basil the Great, <a href="#page_002">2</a><br />
+
+Basingstoke, John of, <a href="#page_219">219-220</a>, <a href="#page_267">267</a><br />
+
+Bateman, Bp. William, <a href="#page_158">158-159</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a><br />
+
+Battle Abbey, <a href="#page_062">62</a><br />
+
+Beauchamp, Guy de, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Beaufort, Card., <a href="#page_188">188</a>, <a href="#page_190">190</a><br />
+
+Beaufort, Sir Thomas, <a href="#page_162">162</a><br />
+
+Beaulieu Abbey, <a href="#page_093">93</a><br />
+
+Becket, Thomas à, <a href="#page_089">89</a><br />
+
+Beckford Cell, <a href="#page_047">47</a><br />
+
+Bede, 2<a href="#page_006">6</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_027">27</a>, <a href="#page_032">32-33</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his library, <a href="#page_033">33</a> <i>n.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, MSS., <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_110">110</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Apocalypse</i> MS., <a href="#page_110">110-111</a></span><br />
+
+Bedford, Duke of. <i>See</i> John of Lancaster<br />
+
+Bedyll, Thomas, <a href="#page_068">68</a><br />
+
+Bek, Bp., <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Bekynton, Bp., <a href="#page_123">123</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_190">190</a><br />
+
+Benedict Biscop, <a href="#page_031">31-32</a>, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_086">86</a><br />
+
+Benedictines, use of books among, <a href="#page_023">23-24</a>, <a href="#page_049">49</a>, <a href="#page_063">63</a><br />
+
+<i>Benedictional</i> of Abp. Robert, <a href="#page_042">42</a><br />
+
+<i>Benedictional</i> of Ethelwold, <a href="#page_042">42</a>, <a href="#page_043">43</a><br />
+
+Bethum, Sir Edward, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Beverley Minster, <a href="#page_128">128</a><br />
+
+Bible, Latin, correcting text, <a href="#page_058">58</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">circulation, <a href="#page_239">239</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prices of, <a href="#page_243">243-244</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_292" id="page_292"></a>{292}</span></span><br />
+
+Biblical literature in monasteries, <a href="#page_210">210-212</a><br />
+
+Bicchieri, Guala, Card., <a href="#page_086">86-87</a><br />
+
+Bicester Priory, <a href="#page_175">175</a><br />
+
+Binding, <a href="#page_107">107-108</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prices, <a href="#page_256">256-257</a></span><br />
+
+Birkenhead Priory, <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_074">74</a><br />
+
+Bishop Auckland Church, <a href="#page_194">194</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a>, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Black Death, <a href="#page_138">138</a>, <a href="#page_138">138</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_159">159</a><br />
+
+Black Friars’ books, <a href="#page_055">55</a><br />
+
+Bobio, <a href="#page_008">8</a>, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_087">87</a><br />
+
+Bodleian Library, <a href="#page_113">113</a><br />
+
+Bohun, Eleanor, of Gloucester, <a href="#page_177">177</a><br />
+
+Bolton, S. Mary’s Church, <a href="#page_129">129</a><br />
+
+Boniface, <a href="#page_034">34</a><br />
+
+Book-boxes, <a href="#page_113">113-114</a>, <a href="#page_123">123</a><br />
+
+Bookrooms, in colleges, <a href="#page_149">149-151</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in churches, <a href="#page_112">112</a>, <a href="#page_115">115</a>, <a href="#page_117">117</a>, <a href="#page_118">118</a>, <a href="#page_119">119</a>, <a href="#page_120">120</a>, <a href="#page_121">121</a>, <a href="#page_122">122-123</a>, <a href="#page_124">124</a>, <a href="#page_126">126</a>, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_130">130</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in monasteries, <a href="#page_012">12</a>, <a href="#page_063">63</a>, <a href="#page_093">93-96</a></span><br />
+
+Books, care of, <a href="#page_097">97-98</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">extent of circulation, <a href="#page_232">232-241</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">destruction and dispersal, <a href="#page_059">59</a> <i>seqq.</i>, <a href="#page_152">152-154</a>, <a href="#page_157">157-158</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prices of, <a href="#page_243">243</a> <i>seqq.</i></span><br />
+
+Booksellers, <a href="#page_199">199</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Book-trade in Oxford, <a href="#page_133">133</a> <i>seqq.</i>, <a href="#page_199">199</a> <i>seqq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cambridge, <a href="#page_155">155</a>, <a href="#page_205">205</a> <i>seqq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">London, <a href="#page_207">207</a></span><br />
+
+Bordesley Abbey, <a href="#page_067">67</a>, <a href="#page_067">67</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Boston Church, <a href="#page_129">129</a><br />
+
+Boston, John, <a href="#page_059">59</a><br />
+
+Bowet, Abp., <a href="#page_123">123</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_189">189</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Bragge, Canon, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+Brantingham, Bp., <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_150">150</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Brasenose College, <a href="#page_168">168</a><br />
+
+Bredon, Simon de, <a href="#page_146">146</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+Brensall-in-Craven, S. Wilfrid’s, <a href="#page_129">129</a><br />
+
+Breviaries, prices of, <a href="#page_244">244-245</a><br />
+
+Brigsley Church, <a href="#page_129">129</a><br />
+
+Bristol, S. Mary Redcliffe, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_275">275</a><br />
+
+Browne (Cordone), Archdeacon, <a href="#page_123">123</a>, <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_139">139</a>, <a href="#page_189">189</a>, <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+Brownyng, William, <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+Bubwith, Nicholas of, <a href="#page_123">123</a><br />
+
+Buckfast Abbey, <a href="#page_090">90</a><br />
+
+Burley, Sir S., <a href="#page_272">272</a><br />
+
+Burton-on-Trent Abbey, <a href="#page_264">264</a><br />
+
+Bury, R. de, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_058">58</a>, <a href="#page_060">60-61</a>, <a href="#page_170">170-172</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a> <i>seqq.</i>, <a href="#page_267">267</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Bury St. Edmunds Abbey, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_049">49</a>, <a href="#page_059">59</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>, <a href="#page_063">63</a>, <a href="#page_068">68</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_069">69</a>, <a href="#page_071">71</a>, <a href="#page_084">84</a>, <a href="#page_086">86</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>, <a href="#page_090">90</a>, <a href="#page_096">96</a>, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="C" id="C"></a>Caedmon, <a href="#page_030">30</a><br />
+
+<i>Calami</i>, <a href="#page_085">85</a><br />
+
+Caldey, Henry, <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+Calligraphy. <i>See</i> Writing<br />
+
+Cambridge, book-trade, <a href="#page_155">155</a>, <a href="#page_205">205</a> <i>seqq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">college libraries, <a href="#page_158">158</a> <i>seqq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">University Library, <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_155">155</a> <i>seqq.</i>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a>, <a href="#page_281">281</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See</i> also names of Colleges</span><br />
+
+Cambuskenneth monastery, <a href="#page_057">57</a><br />
+
+Candida Casa, <a href="#page_007">7</a><br />
+
+Canterbury (Christ Church), <a href="#page_046">46</a>, <a href="#page_046">46</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_049">49</a>, <a href="#page_063">63</a>, <a href="#page_064">64</a>, <a href="#page_065">65</a>, <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_071">71</a>, <a href="#page_076">76</a>, <a href="#page_080">80</a>, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_095">95</a>, <a href="#page_100">100</a>, <a href="#page_101">101</a>, <a href="#page_102">102</a>, <a href="#page_150">150</a>, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_190">190</a>, <a href="#page_196">196-197</a>, <a href="#page_220">220</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a>, <a href="#page_267">267</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a>, <a href="#page_275">275</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Canterbury (S. Augustine’s), <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_014">14</a>, <a href="#page_024">24</a>, <a href="#page_025">25</a>, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_029">29</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_040">40</a>, <a href="#page_047">47</a>, <a href="#page_049">49</a>, <a href="#page_069">69</a>, <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_071">71</a>, <a href="#page_083">83</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_095">95</a>, <a href="#page_096">96</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_103">103</a>, <a href="#page_104">104</a>, <a href="#page_175">175</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a>, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Canterbury College, Oxford, <a href="#page_138">138</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_150">150</a>, <a href="#page_195">195</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+<i>Capsae</i>, <a href="#page_019">19</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Carilef, William de, <a href="#page_090">90</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a><br />
+
+Carmelite Friars’ libraries, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_055">55</a><br />
+
+Carpenter, Bp. John, <a href="#page_115">115</a><br />
+
+Carpenter, John, <a href="#page_187">187</a>, <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+Carrells, <a href="#page_075">75-77</a>, <a href="#page_092">92</a><br />
+
+Cathach Psalter. <i>See</i> Columba’s Psalter<br />
+
+Catalogues of monastic books, <a href="#page_103">103-107</a><br />
+
+Cathedral libraries, <a href="#page_109">109</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+<i>Catholicon</i>, <a href="#page_132">132</a>, <a href="#page_224">224</a><br />
+
+Cawod, William, <a href="#page_275">275</a><br />
+
+Ceadda (Chad), <a href="#page_030">30</a><br />
+
+Cedd, <a href="#page_030">30</a><br />
+
+Chace, Thomas, <a href="#page_150">150</a><br />
+
+Chad, St., <a href="#page_030">30</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gospels of, <a href="#page_014">14</a></span><br />
+
+Chained books, <a href="#page_109">109</a>, <a href="#page_112">112</a>, <a href="#page_117">117</a><br />
+
+Charles the Great, <a href="#page_035">35</a>, <a href="#page_107">107</a><br />
+
+Charleton, Bp., <a href="#page_116">116</a><br />
+
+Chaucer, Geoffrey, <a href="#page_085">85</a>, <a href="#page_174">174</a>, <a href="#page_182">182-184</a>, <a href="#page_240">240</a><br />
+
+Chaundler, Thomas, <a href="#page_190">190</a><br />
+
+Chertsey Abbey, <a href="#page_033">33</a><br />
+
+Chester, Richard, <a href="#page_160">160</a><br />
+
+Chester, S. Werburgh’s, <a href="#page_061">61</a>, <a href="#page_076">76</a>, <a href="#page_092">92</a><br />
+
+Chesterton Church, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_087">87</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Chests for books, <a href="#page_091">91</a><br />
+
+Chichele, Abp. Henry, <a href="#page_095">95</a><br />
+
+Chichele, William, <a href="#page_187">187</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Christ Church, Oxford, <a href="#page_151">151</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Christ’s College, Cambridge, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Church, Canon C. M., <a href="#page_110">110</a>, <a href="#page_121">121</a>, <a href="#page_124">124</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Church libraries, <a href="#page_109">109</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Ciaran, St., <a href="#page_013">13</a>, <a href="#page_022">22</a><br />
+
+Circulation of books, extent, <a href="#page_232">232-241</a><br />
+
+Clare College, <a href="#page_138">138</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_158">158</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a><br />
+
+Clare, Elizabeth, <a href="#page_158">158</a>, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a><br />
+
+Clark, Dr. J. W., <a href="#page_092">92</a>, <a href="#page_095">95</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a><br />
+
+Classical literature in monasteries, <a href="#page_212">212-215</a>, <a href="#page_258">258</a> <i>seqq.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_293" id="page_293"></a>{293}</span><br />
+
+Clement, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_011">11</a><br />
+
+Clergy and books, <a href="#page_177">177-178</a><br />
+
+Clifford, J. de, <a href="#page_177">177</a><br />
+
+Clonard, <a href="#page_005">5</a><br />
+
+Cluni Abbey, <a href="#page_103">103</a><br />
+
+Cobham, Bp., <a href="#page_134">134-136</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Cockersand Abbey, <a href="#page_073">73</a><br />
+
+<i>Codex Exoniensis</i>, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_110">110</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a><br />
+
+<i>Codex Vercellensis</i>, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_087">87</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Coldingham, <a href="#page_034">34</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+College libraries, <a href="#page_145">145</a> <i>seqq.</i>, <a href="#page_158">158</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Columba, St., <a href="#page_005">5</a>, <a href="#page_006">6</a>, <a href="#page_017">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Psalter, <a href="#page_006">6</a>, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_021">21</a></span><br />
+
+Columban, St., <a href="#page_007">7</a><br />
+
+<i>Coopertoria librorum</i>, <a href="#page_019">19</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Corbie, <a href="#page_078">78</a>, <a href="#page_089">89</a><br />
+
+Corpus Christi College, Camb., <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_110">110</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a>, <a href="#page_138">138</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_159">159</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Corpus Christi College, Oxford, <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_151">151</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_154">154</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>, <a href="#page_227">227</a><br />
+
+<i>Correctoria</i>, <a href="#page_058">58</a>, <a href="#page_085">85</a><br />
+
+Corvey, <a href="#page_089">89</a><br />
+
+Coventry Priory, <a href="#page_268">268</a><br />
+
+Cronan, St., <a href="#page_021">21</a>, <a href="#page_022">22</a><br />
+
+Croucher, John, <a href="#page_156">156</a><br />
+
+Crowland, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br />
+
+Culross, <a href="#page_056">56</a><br />
+
+Cumdachs, <a href="#page_004">4</a>, <a href="#page_012">12</a>, <a href="#page_019">19</a>, <a href="#page_019">19</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Cummian, St., <a href="#page_008">8</a><br />
+
+Cupboards for books, <a href="#page_091">91</a><br />
+
+Cuthbert, Abbot, <a href="#page_080">80</a><br />
+
+Cuthbert, St., <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="D" id="D"></a>Dalby, T. de, <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+Daniel, Bp. of Winchester, <a href="#page_034">34</a><br />
+
+Darell, G., <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Deeping Priory, <a href="#page_268">268</a><br />
+
+Derby, All Saints, <a href="#page_130">130</a><br />
+
+Despenser, Hugh le, elder, <a href="#page_177">177</a><br />
+
+Dicuil, <a href="#page_011">11</a><br />
+
+Dimma’s Book, <a href="#page_021">21</a>, <a href="#page_022">22</a><br />
+
+Domnach Airgrid (S. Patrick’s Gospels), <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br />
+
+Donatus, <a href="#page_011">11</a><br />
+
+Dover, S. Martin’s Priory, <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_071">71</a>, <a href="#page_090">90</a>, <a href="#page_105">105</a>, <a href="#page_106">106</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a><br />
+
+Downham, W., <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Dreff, Ralph, <a href="#page_189">189</a>, <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+Drury, Roger, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Duffield, Canon W., <a href="#page_189">189</a>, <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+Dungal, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_011">11</a><br />
+
+Dunstan, <a href="#page_040">40</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Durham, Book of (Lindisfarne Gospels), <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br />
+
+Durham Hall, Oxford, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_150">150</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>, <a href="#page_179">179</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+Durham Priory, <a href="#page_063">63</a>, <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_075">75</a>, <a href="#page_080">80</a>, <a href="#page_091">91</a>, <a href="#page_103">103</a>, <a href="#page_107">107</a>, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_211">211</a>, <a href="#page_217">217</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a>, <a href="#page_275">275</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a>, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Durrow, Book of, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="E" id="E"></a>Eastern monachism, <a href="#page_001">1-3</a><br />
+
+Easton, Card., <a href="#page_090">90</a><br />
+
+Eastry Prior, <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_095">95</a>, <a href="#page_216">216</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Ebesham, W., <a href="#page_207">207-208</a><br />
+
+Ecgberht, <a href="#page_009">9</a><br />
+
+Echard, R., <a href="#page_281">281</a><br />
+
+Edlyngton, J., <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+Edward II., <a href="#page_176">176</a><br />
+
+Eleanor of Gloucester, <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+<i>Electio librorum</i>, <a href="#page_166">166</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_167">167</a><br />
+
+Eltisle, T. de, <a href="#page_159">159</a><br />
+
+Ely Priory (cathedral), <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_086">86</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>, <a href="#page_101">101</a><br />
+
+Embleton Church, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+Emmanuel of Constantinople, <a href="#page_194">194-195</a><br />
+
+English monastic libraries, <a href="#page_023">23</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+English scholars in Ireland, <a href="#page_008">8</a>, <a href="#page_009">9</a><br />
+
+Erghome, John, <a href="#page_056">56</a><br />
+
+Erigena, or Scotus, John, <a href="#page_011">11</a>, <a href="#page_039">39</a><br />
+
+Ernulf of Rochester, <a href="#page_047">47</a><br />
+
+Est, R., <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_281">281</a><br />
+
+Ethelwold, <a href="#page_040">40</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a><br />
+
+Eton College, <a href="#page_144">144</a>, <a href="#page_159">159-160</a>, <a href="#page_161">161</a><br />
+
+Evesham Abbey, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_047">47</a>, <a href="#page_076">76</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>, <a href="#page_090">90</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a>, <a href="#page_267">267</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a><br />
+
+Exeter Book, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_110">110</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a><br />
+
+Exeter Cathedral, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_110">110-114</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Exeter College, Oxford, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_111">111-112</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_146">146</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_149">149-150</a>, <a href="#page_151">151</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a>, <a href="#page_274">274</a>, <a href="#page_279">279</a>, <a href="#page_280">280</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Exeter, Grey Friars, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_267">267</a><br />
+
+<i>Explicitus</i>, <a href="#page_081">81-82</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="F" id="F"></a>Fairs, selling books at, <a href="#page_200">200</a>, <a href="#page_206">206-207</a><br />
+
+Farnylaw, T. de, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+Fastolf, Sir J., <a href="#page_188">188</a><br />
+
+Felton, Sir W. de, <a href="#page_146">146</a><br />
+
+Feriby, W. de, <a href="#page_124">124</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a><br />
+
+Fernell, J., <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Fiacc, <a href="#page_004">4</a>, <a href="#page_013">13</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Finnian of Moville, <a href="#page_005">5</a>, <a href="#page_006">6</a>, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br />
+
+Fitzhugh, Bp. R., <a href="#page_156">156</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Fitzralph, Abp., <a href="#page_057">57</a><br />
+
+Flemming, Robert, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_193">193</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+Fleury Abbey, <a href="#page_088">88</a><br />
+
+Flexley Abbey, <a href="#page_266">266</a><br />
+
+Floyer, Rev. J. K., <a href="#page_115">115</a><br />
+
+Foxe, Bp., <a href="#page_194">194</a><br />
+
+Foxle, Sir J. de, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+Francis, St., <a href="#page_052">52-53</a><br />
+
+Franciscan libraries, <a href="#page_052">52</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Free, John. <a href="#page_064">64</a>, <a href="#page_192">192</a>, 193<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_294" id="page_294"></a>{294}</span><br />
+
+Friars, bibliographical work, <a href="#page_058">58-59</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as book-collectors, <a href="#page_057">57-58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correction of texts, <a href="#page_058">58</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">libraries, <a href="#page_052">52</a> <i>seqq.</i></span><br />
+
+Furness Abbey, <a href="#page_094">94</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="G" id="G"></a>Gascoigne, Dr. T., <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a>, <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+Gateshead, S. Edmund’s Hospital, <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Gaul, Irish missionaries in, <a href="#page_007">7-8</a>, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br />
+
+Gaul, monachism in, <a href="#page_002">2</a>, <a href="#page_003">3</a>, <a href="#page_004">4</a>, <a href="#page_007">7</a>, <a href="#page_008">8</a><br />
+
+Geoffrey of Monmouth, <a href="#page_240">240</a><br />
+
+Gerbert of Bobio, <a href="#page_078">78</a>, <a href="#page_087">87</a><br />
+
+Germanus of Auxerre, <a href="#page_003">3</a><br />
+
+Gildas, <a href="#page_009">9</a><br />
+
+Glastonbury Abbey, <a href="#page_034">34</a>, <a href="#page_039">39</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>, <a href="#page_045">45</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_048">48</a>, <a href="#page_063">63</a>, <a href="#page_064">64</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a>, <a href="#page_268">268</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Gloucester Abbey, <a href="#page_034">34</a>, <a href="#page_048">48</a>, <a href="#page_063">63</a>, <a href="#page_076">76</a>, <a href="#page_096">96</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a>, <a href="#page_268">268</a><br />
+
+Gloucester, Duke of. <i>See</i> Humfrey of Gloucester<br />
+
+Golden Book of Edgar, <a href="#page_042">42</a><br />
+
+Gonville and Caius College, <a href="#page_158">158</a>, <a href="#page_159">159</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a><br />
+
+Gower, John, <a href="#page_182">182</a><br />
+
+Grammatical text-books, <a href="#page_223">223-224</a><br />
+
+Grandisson, Bp., <a href="#page_111">111</a>, <a href="#page_111">111</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_112">112</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a>, <a href="#page_150">150</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a><br />
+
+Gravesend, Bp. R. de, <a href="#page_146">146</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_267">267</a><br />
+
+Gravesend, Bp. S. de, <a href="#page_270">270</a><br />
+
+Greek books imported, <a href="#page_194">194-198</a>, <a href="#page_217">217-222</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in monasteries, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_064">64</a></span><br />
+
+Greek, knowledge of, in monasteries, <a href="#page_007">7</a>, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_011">11</a>, <a href="#page_195">195-198</a>, <a href="#page_217">217-222</a><br />
+
+Greeks in England, <a href="#page_194">194-195</a>, <a href="#page_219">219-220</a><br />
+
+Greenwood, T., <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Gregory the Great’s books, <a href="#page_024">24</a><br />
+
+Grey Friars’ libraries, <a href="#page_052">52</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Grey, Bp. William, <a href="#page_150">150</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_192">192-193</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+Grimbald, <a href="#page_038">38</a><br />
+
+Grocyn, William, <a href="#page_198">198</a>, <a href="#page_226">226-227</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Grosseteste, Robert, <a href="#page_053">53</a>, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_057">57</a>, <a href="#page_086">86</a>, <a href="#page_220">220</a><br />
+
+Gunthorpe, Dean, <a href="#page_123">123</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_192">192-193</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="H" id="H"></a>Hadley, Wm., <a href="#page_195">195</a><br />
+
+Hadrian, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_029">29</a><br />
+
+Halesowen Church, <a href="#page_129">129</a><br />
+
+Halton, T. de, <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+
+Hamo, Chancellor, <a href="#page_118">118</a><br />
+
+Hamundson, John, <a href="#page_281">281</a><br />
+
+Harris, J., <a href="#page_156">156</a><br />
+
+Hawk, W., <a href="#page_281">281</a><br />
+
+Healy, Dr. John, <a href="#page_005">5</a><br />
+
+Hebbeden, T., <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Hebrew books in Friars’ libraries, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_056">56</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Ramsey Abbey, <a href="#page_268">268</a></span><br />
+
+Hedyan, J., <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+Henry II., <a href="#page_176">176</a><br />
+
+Henry VI., <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_159">159-160</a><br />
+
+Hereford Cathedral, <a href="#page_116">116-117</a>, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a><br />
+
+Herrys, John, <a href="#page_156">156</a><br />
+
+Hiberno-Saxon writing, <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_046">46</a><br />
+
+Hild, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Hinton Priory, <a href="#page_101">101</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a><br />
+
+Holcombe, W., <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Holes, Andrew, <a href="#page_192">192</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Holme, Canon N., <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Holme, Richard, <a href="#page_156">156</a><br />
+
+Hopton, J., <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+
+Hoskyn, Robert, <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+Hugh of Balsham, <a href="#page_158">158</a><br />
+
+Hugh of Leicester, <a href="#page_118">118</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a><br />
+
+Hulne, <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+
+Humfrey of Gloucester, <a href="#page_139">139-143</a>, <a href="#page_144">144</a>, <a href="#page_154">154</a>, <a href="#page_160">160</a>, <a href="#page_181">181</a>, <a href="#page_190">190-191</a>, <a href="#page_191">191</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_192">192</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Hurte, John, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_281">281</a><br />
+
+Hyde Abbey. <i>See</i> Winchester (New Minster)<br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="I-i" id="I-i"></a>Iceland, Irish in, <a href="#page_007">7</a><br />
+
+Illuminating, prices for, <a href="#page_255">255-256</a><br />
+
+Illumination, Irish, <a href="#page_015">15</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winchester, <a href="#page_042">42</a></span><br />
+
+Illuminators, <a href="#page_079">79</a>, <a href="#page_199">199</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Iona, <a href="#page_005">5</a>, <a href="#page_007">7</a>, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Ireland, English scholars in, <a href="#page_008">8</a>, <a href="#page_009">9</a><br />
+
+Irish illumination, <a href="#page_015">15</a><br />
+
+Irish manuscripts on the Continent, <a href="#page_008">8</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_011">11</a>, <a href="#page_011">11</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Irish missal, satchel of, <a href="#page_019">19</a><br />
+
+Irish missionaries, <a href="#page_005">5</a>, <a href="#page_006">6</a>, <a href="#page_007">7</a>, <a href="#page_008">8</a>, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br />
+
+Irish monasteries, use of books in, <a href="#page_001">1</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Irish satchels, <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_018">18</a>, <a href="#page_019">19</a><br />
+
+Irish scribes, <a href="#page_012">12</a>, <a href="#page_012">12</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Irish writing, <a href="#page_013">13-15</a><br />
+
+Italian influence in England, <a href="#page_189">189</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Italian scholars, <a href="#page_191">191</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="J" id="J"></a>James, Dr. M. R., <a href="#page_046">46</a>, <a href="#page_047">47</a>, <a href="#page_049">49</a>, <a href="#page_067">67</a>, <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_071">71</a>, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_095">95</a>, <a href="#page_102">102</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>, <a href="#page_195">195</a>, <a href="#page_196">196</a><br />
+
+Jarrow, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br />
+
+Jerome, St., <a href="#page_002">2</a><br />
+
+Jesus College, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+John, King, <a href="#page_176">176</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a><br />
+
+John of Beverley, <a href="#page_030">30</a><br />
+
+John of Corvey, <a href="#page_038">38</a><br />
+
+John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, <a href="#page_139">139</a>, <a href="#page_181">181</a>, <a href="#page_188">188</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a><br />
+
+John of London, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_221">221-222</a><br />
+
+John Scotus Erigena, <a href="#page_011">11</a>, <a href="#page_039">39</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="K" id="K"></a>Kells, Book of, <a href="#page_014">14</a>, <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, 20<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_295" id="page_295"></a>{295}</span><br />
+
+Kelso Abbey, <a href="#page_099">99</a><br />
+
+Kempe, John, Card., <a href="#page_103">103</a>, <a href="#page_145">145</a>, <a href="#page_188">188</a>, <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+King’s College, Camb., <a href="#page_144">144</a>, <a href="#page_156">156</a>, <a href="#page_159">159-161</a>, <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+King’s Hall, Camb. <i>See</i> Trinity College<br />
+
+King’s Norton Church, <a href="#page_129">129</a><br />
+
+Kirkstall Abbey, <a href="#page_094">94</a><br />
+
+Kyrkby, R. de, <a href="#page_275">275</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="L" id="L"></a>Lacy, Bp., <a href="#page_150">150</a><br />
+
+Lane, Dr. T., <a href="#page_162">162</a><br />
+
+Lanfranc, <a href="#page_045">45</a>, <a href="#page_046">46</a>, <a href="#page_047">47</a>, <a href="#page_085">85</a>, <a href="#page_101">101</a>, <a href="#page_213">213</a><br />
+
+Langham, Simon, <a href="#page_090">90</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+Langley, Bp. T., <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Lanthony Priory, <a href="#page_068">68</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+Lassehowe, J., <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+Lastingham, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br />
+
+<i>Laudian Acts</i>, <a href="#page_026">26</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_027">27</a><br />
+
+Law books in Middle Ages, <a href="#page_215">215-217</a>, <a href="#page_226">226-227</a><br />
+
+Layton, Dr., <a href="#page_152">152</a><br />
+
+Leather, <a href="#page_107">107</a>, cost of, <a href="#page_257">257</a><br />
+
+Leicester Abbey, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+<i>Leicester Codex</i>, <a href="#page_195">195</a><br />
+
+Leland, John, <a href="#page_069">69</a>, <a href="#page_131">131</a><br />
+
+Lending monastic books, <a href="#page_098">98</a>, <a href="#page_101">101</a><br />
+
+Leofric, Bp., <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_110">110-111</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a><br />
+
+Leofric Missal, <a href="#page_111">111</a><br />
+
+Leominster church, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+Lérins, <a href="#page_003">3</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Lese, J., <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Librarian, University, <a href="#page_136">136</a>, <a href="#page_137">137</a><br />
+
+Librarians, monastic, <a href="#page_012">12</a>, <a href="#page_096">96-97</a><br />
+
+<i>Librarii</i>, <a href="#page_199">199</a><br />
+
+<i>Libri distribuendi</i>, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_169">169</a><br />
+
+Lichfield Cathedral, <a href="#page_126">126</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a><br />
+
+Linacre, Thomas, <a href="#page_197">197-198</a><br />
+
+Lincoln Cathedral, <a href="#page_118">118-119</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a>, <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+Lincoln  College, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_151">151</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_165">165</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_193">193</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Lindau, Gospels of, <a href="#page_021">21</a>, <a href="#page_108">108</a><br />
+
+Lindisfarne, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br />
+
+Lindisfarne Gospels (Book of Durham), <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br />
+
+Litchfield, Dr., <a href="#page_145">145</a>, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Logical text-books, <a href="#page_225">225</a><br />
+
+Lombard’s <i>Sentences</i>, <a href="#page_215">215</a>, <a href="#page_239">239-240</a><br />
+
+London book-trade, <a href="#page_207">207</a><br />
+
+London, Friars’ libraries, <a href="#page_055">55-56</a><br />
+
+London, Guildhall Library, <a href="#page_186">186-187</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a>, <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+London, S. Christopher-le-Stocks, <a href="#page_131">131</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+London, S. Mary’s Hospital, Cripplegate, <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+London, St. Michael’s, Cornhill, <a href="#page_131">131</a><br />
+
+London, S. Peter’s, Cornhill, <a href="#page_131">131</a>, <a href="#page_131">131</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+London, S. Paul’s, <a href="#page_119">119-120</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a>, <a href="#page_268">268</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_280">280</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+London, S. Stephen Magnus, <a href="#page_268">268</a><br />
+
+Longarad legend, <a href="#page_006">6</a>, <a href="#page_007">7</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_012">12</a>, 18 “Losinga,” Herbert, <a href="#page_086">86</a>, <a href="#page_213">213</a><br />
+
+Lovet, Richard, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Lowe, Prior, <a href="#page_055">55</a><br />
+
+Lytham Cell, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Lythe, R., <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+Lyttleton, Sir T., <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="M" id="M"></a>MacRegol, Gospels of, <a href="#page_014">14</a>, <a href="#page_015">15</a><br />
+
+Magdalen College, Oxford, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_151">151</a>, <a href="#page_154">154</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>, <a href="#page_175">175</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+Magdalene College, Cambridge, <a href="#page_164">164</a><br />
+
+Malmesbury Abbey, <a href="#page_029">29</a>, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_066">66</a>, <a href="#page_108">108</a><br />
+
+Manthorp, J. de, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Mare, Thomas de la, <a href="#page_270">270</a><br />
+
+Mare, William de la, <a href="#page_058">58</a><br />
+
+Marisco, Adam de, <a href="#page_053">53</a>, <a href="#page_057">57</a>, <a href="#page_085">85</a>, <a href="#page_086">86</a><br />
+
+Markaunt, Thomas, <a href="#page_163">163</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Marleberge, T. de, <a href="#page_090">90</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a><br />
+
+Marmoutier, <a href="#page_002">2</a>, <a href="#page_003">3</a><br />
+
+Marshall, Dr. R., <a href="#page_162">162</a><br />
+
+Meaux Abbey, <a href="#page_063">63</a>, <a href="#page_094">94</a>, <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+<i>Medulla grammatice</i>, <a href="#page_132">132</a><br />
+
+Melrose Abbey, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_034">34</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br />
+
+Mendicants’ libraries, <a href="#page_052">52</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Mertherderwa, R., <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+Merton College, <a href="#page_138">138</a>, <a href="#page_146">146</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a><br />
+
+Michelham Priory, <a href="#page_062">62</a><br />
+
+Millyng, Thomas, <a href="#page_197">197</a><br />
+
+Minstrels, <a href="#page_173">173</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Missals, prices of, <a href="#page_244">244</a><br />
+
+Molaise’s Gospels, <a href="#page_021">21</a><br />
+
+Moling, Book of St., <a href="#page_021">21</a><br />
+
+Molyneux, Adam de, <a href="#page_139">139</a>, <a href="#page_190">190</a><br />
+
+Monachism, Eastern, <a href="#page_001">1</a><br />
+
+Monachism in England, progress, <a href="#page_048">48</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">decline, <a href="#page_059">59-60</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dissolution, <a href="#page_065">65</a> <i>seqq.</i></span><br />
+
+Monachism in Ireland, <a href="#page_001">1</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Monastic libraries, English, <a href="#page_045">45</a> <i>seqq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">economy, <a href="#page_073">73</a> <i>seqq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">decline and dispersal, <a href="#page_059">59</a> <i>seqq.</i>, <a href="#page_100">100</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">saving books, <a href="#page_069">69</a> <i>seqq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">catalogues, <a href="#page_102">102-107</a></span><br />
+
+Monastic libraries, Irish, <a href="#page_005">5</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Monte Cassino, <a href="#page_097">97</a>, <a href="#page_217">217</a><br />
+
+Montford, Simon of, <a href="#page_176">176-177</a><br />
+
+Moreton, J., <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+Morley, Daniel of, <a href="#page_218">218</a><br />
+
+Morton, T., 278<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_296" id="page_296"></a>{296}</span><br />
+<br />
+<a name="N" id="N"></a>Neville, Abp., <a href="#page_195">195</a><br />
+
+Newcastle, S. Nicholas’ Church, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+New College, <a href="#page_069">69</a>, <a href="#page_138">138</a>, <a href="#page_138">138</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_151">151</a>, <a href="#page_152">152</a>, <a href="#page_165">165</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_169">169</a>, <a href="#page_175">175</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_197">197</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a>, <a href="#page_280">280</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Newstead Priory (Notts), <a href="#page_100">100</a><br />
+
+Newton, J. de, <a href="#page_125">125</a>, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_275">275</a><br />
+
+Nicholas of Bubwith, Bp., <a href="#page_123">123</a><br />
+
+Nicholas the Greek, <a href="#page_219">219-220</a><br />
+
+Northumbria, learning in, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br />
+
+Norwich Priory, <a href="#page_062">62</a>, <a href="#page_090">90</a><br />
+
+<i>Notarii</i>, <a href="#page_199">199</a><br />
+
+Nottingham, S. Mary’s Church, <a href="#page_129">129</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="O" id="O"></a>Ordericus Vitalis, <a href="#page_080">80</a><br />
+
+Oriel College, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_135">135</a>, <a href="#page_138">138</a>, <a href="#page_146">146</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_151">151</a>, <a href="#page_154">154</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>, <a href="#page_169">169</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+Osmund, Bp., <a href="#page_117">117</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a><br />
+
+Oswald of Northumbria, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Oxford, academic libraries, <a href="#page_133">133</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Oxford, book-trade, <a href="#page_133">133</a>, <a href="#page_199">199</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Oxford, decrease of students at, <a href="#page_152">152</a><br />
+
+Oxford, Ewelme Almshouse, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Oxford, Friars’ libraries, <a href="#page_053">53</a>, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_058">58</a>, <a href="#page_075">75</a><br />
+
+Oxford, monastic libraries, <a href="#page_051">51</a><br />
+
+Oxford, St. Mary’s Church, <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_133">133</a>, <a href="#page_134">134</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_275">275</a><br />
+
+Oxford scholars’ libraries, <a href="#page_189">189</a>, <a href="#page_236">236-237</a><br />
+
+Oxford University library, <a href="#page_133">133</a> <i>seqq.</i>, <a href="#page_151">151-154</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Oxford. <i>See</i> also under Names of Colleges<br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="P" id="P"></a>Pachomius, St., <a href="#page_002">2</a><br />
+
+Palladius, <a href="#page_003">3</a><br />
+
+Parchment, <a href="#page_084">84</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cost of, <a href="#page_257">257</a></span><br />
+
+Parker Abp., <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a><br />
+
+Paternoster Row, <a href="#page_207">207</a><br />
+
+Patrick, St., <a href="#page_003">3</a>, <a href="#page_004">4</a>, <a href="#page_005">5</a>, <a href="#page_017">17</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gospels of (Domnach Airgrid), <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_020">20</a></span><br />
+
+Pembroke College, Cambridge, <a href="#page_069">69</a>, <a href="#page_103">103</a>, <a href="#page_107">107</a>, <a href="#page_158">158</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_167">167</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+<i>Pennae</i>, <a href="#page_085">85</a><br />
+
+Percyhay, John, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+
+Peter of Gloucester, Abbot, <a href="#page_048">48</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a><br />
+
+Peterborough Abbey, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a>, <a href="#page_048">48</a>, <a href="#page_216">216</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a>, <a href="#page_267">267</a>, <a href="#page_268">268</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+
+Peterhouse College, <a href="#page_100">100</a>, <a href="#page_158">158</a>, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_165">165</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_167">167-168</a>, <a href="#page_169">169</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a>, <a href="#page_275">275</a><br />
+
+<i>Philobiblon</i>, <a href="#page_179">179</a><br />
+
+<i>Piers Plowman</i>, <a href="#page_182">182</a>, <a href="#page_240">240</a><br />
+
+Pius II. (Æneas Sylvius), <a href="#page_120">120</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Plane, Richard, <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+Plegmund, Abp., <a href="#page_038">38</a>, <a href="#page_038">38</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Poggio Bracciolini, <a href="#page_190">190</a>, <a href="#page_191">191</a><br />
+
+<i>Polaires</i>, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_013">13</a>, <a href="#page_013">13</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Precentor’s duties, <a href="#page_080">80</a>, <a href="#page_096">96</a>, <a href="#page_097">97</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a><br />
+
+Prices of books, <a href="#page_243">243</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Processionals, value of, <a href="#page_246">246</a><br />
+
+Psalters, value of, <a href="#page_245">245-246</a><br />
+
+Pudsey, Hugh, <a href="#page_090">90</a>, <a href="#page_107">107</a><br />
+
+Pynchebek, Thomas, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="Q" id="Q"></a>Queen’s College, Oxford, <a href="#page_146">146</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_151">151</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_166">166</a><br />
+
+Queens’ College, Cambridge, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_281">281</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="R" id="R"></a>Ragenhill, R., <a href="#page_125">125</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Ralph de Diceto, <a href="#page_119">119</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a><br />
+
+Ralph of Maidstone, <a href="#page_116">116</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a><br />
+
+Ramsey Abbey, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_063">63</a>, <a href="#page_068">68</a>, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_220">220</a>, <a href="#page_268">268</a><br />
+
+Raventhorpe, J., <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Rayleigh, <a href="#page_131">131</a><br />
+
+Reading Abbey, <a href="#page_064">64</a>, <a href="#page_176">176</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a><br />
+
+Reading aloud, <a href="#page_173">173</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Redmarshall Church, <a href="#page_129">129</a><br />
+
+Reed, Bp., <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a><br />
+
+<i>Registrum librorum Angliae</i>, <a href="#page_058">58-59</a><br />
+
+Reichenau, monastery of, <a href="#page_008">8</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Repyngton, Bp., <a href="#page_139">139</a><br />
+
+Rhetoric, books of, <a href="#page_224">224-225</a><br />
+
+Richard de Bury, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_058">58</a>, <a href="#page_060">60-61</a>, <a href="#page_170">170-172</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a> <i>seqq.</i>, <a href="#page_267">267</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Richard de Wyche, bequests to friars, <a href="#page_054">54-55</a><br />
+
+Richard of Stowe, <a href="#page_268">268</a><br />
+
+Rievaulx, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+Rochester Priory, <a href="#page_047">47</a>, <a href="#page_099">99</a>, <a href="#page_130">130</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a><br />
+
+Romance literature, <a href="#page_227">227-231</a><br />
+
+Roos, Sir R. de, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+
+Rotherham, Jesus College, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Rotherham, Thomas, <a href="#page_130">130</a>, <a href="#page_157">157</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>, <a href="#page_281">281</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Rous, John, <a href="#page_127">127</a>, <a href="#page_128">128</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Ruddington Church, <a href="#page_130">130</a><br />
+
+Runes, <a href="#page_013">13</a><br />
+
+Rygge, R., <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="S" id="S"></a>St. Albans Abbey and library, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_049">49</a> <i>seqq.</i>, <a href="#page_063">63</a>, <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_078">78</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>, <a href="#page_091">91</a>, <a href="#page_096">96</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a>, <a href="#page_105">105</a>, <a href="#page_108">108</a>, <a href="#page_179">179</a>, <a href="#page_219">219</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a>, <a href="#page_267">267</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+St. Albans’ chroniclers, <a href="#page_050">50</a><br />
+
+St. Catherine’s Hall, <a href="#page_161">161</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_281">281</a><br />
+
+St. Gall, <a href="#page_008">8</a>, <a href="#page_008">8</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_021">21</a>, <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_094">94</a>, <a href="#page_097">97</a><br />
+
+St. John’s College, Cambridge, <a href="#page_151">151</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, 186<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_297" id="page_297"></a>{297}</span><br />
+
+Salisbury Cathedral, <a href="#page_117">117-118</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a><br />
+
+Same, Robert, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Satchels, book, <a href="#page_006">6</a>, <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_018">18</a>, <a href="#page_019">19</a><br />
+
+Scardeburgh, J. de, <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+
+Scarle, J. de, <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+Scot, Michael, <a href="#page_053">53</a>, <a href="#page_218">218</a><br />
+
+Scotland, monachism in, <a href="#page_005">5</a>, <a href="#page_007">7</a><br />
+
+Scotland, Friars’ libraries, <a href="#page_056">56-57</a><br />
+
+Scotus Erigena, John, <a href="#page_011">11</a>, <a href="#page_039">39</a><br />
+
+Scribes, <a href="#page_199">199</a> <i>seqq.</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">monkish, <a href="#page_073">73</a> <i>seqq.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Irish, <a href="#page_012">12</a>, <a href="#page_012">12</a> <i>n.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tools, <a href="#page_085">85</a></span><br />
+
+Scriptorium, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_051">51</a>, <a href="#page_073">73-77</a>, <a href="#page_080">80</a>, <a href="#page_082">82</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a><br />
+
+Scrope, Archd. S., <a href="#page_125">125</a>, <a href="#page_159">159</a>, <a href="#page_275">275</a><br />
+
+Sedulius, <a href="#page_011">11</a><br />
+
+Seggefyld, J., <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+Selling, William of, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_064">64</a>, <a href="#page_066">66</a>, <a href="#page_066">66</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_076">76</a>, <a href="#page_095">95</a>, <a href="#page_195">195-197</a>, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Semer, R., <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Servatus Lupus, <a href="#page_085">85</a>, <a href="#page_087">87</a><br />
+
+Sherborne Hospital, <a href="#page_267">267</a><br />
+
+Skirwood, Bp., <a href="#page_194">194</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+Shrines for books, <a href="#page_004">4</a>, <a href="#page_012">12</a>, <a href="#page_019">19</a>, <a href="#page_019">19</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Signs used for books, <a href="#page_082">82-83</a><br />
+
+Simon, Abbot, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_091">91</a><br />
+
+Skirlaw, Bp., <a href="#page_123">123</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+Smart, William, <a href="#page_069">69</a><br />
+
+Somersett, John, <a href="#page_139">139</a>, <a href="#page_143">143</a><br />
+
+Spray, T., <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+Stafford, Bp. E. de, <a href="#page_150">150</a><br />
+
+Stafford, Bp. J. de, <a href="#page_123">123</a>, <a href="#page_123">123</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Stamford Cell, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Stationers, <a href="#page_199">199</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+
+Stationers Co., <a href="#page_207">207</a><br />
+
+Stirling, Friars’ library, <a href="#page_056">56</a><br />
+
+Stokys, J., <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Stow, John, <a href="#page_070">70</a><br />
+
+Stowe Missal, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br />
+
+Stratford, Abp. J., <a href="#page_177">177</a><br />
+
+Symson, Thomas, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Syon monastic library, <a href="#page_063">63</a>, <a href="#page_083">83</a>, <a href="#page_090">90</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_104">104</a>, <a href="#page_105">105</a>, <a href="#page_106">106</a>, <a href="#page_285">285</a><br />
+
+Sywardby, Elizabeth, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="T" id="T"></a>Talbot, R., <a href="#page_069">69</a><br />
+
+<i>Textus Roffensis</i>, <a href="#page_047">47</a><br />
+
+Theodore, <a href="#page_008">8</a>, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_026">26</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Theological books in monasteries, <a href="#page_210">210-212</a><br />
+
+Thomas, Abbot, <a href="#page_178">178</a><br />
+
+Thomas of England, <a href="#page_191">191</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+
+Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+Thompson, Mr. Yates, <a href="#page_107">107</a><br />
+
+Thoris, R. de, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_267">267</a><br />
+
+Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester, <a href="#page_139">139</a>, <a href="#page_192">192</a>, <a href="#page_279">279</a><br />
+
+Titchfield Abbey, <a href="#page_095">95</a>, <a href="#page_105">105</a>, <a href="#page_274">274</a><br />
+
+Tobias, Bp., <a href="#page_028">28</a><br />
+
+Trevaur, Bp., <a href="#page_270">270</a><br />
+
+Trinity College (King’s Hall), Cambridge, <a href="#page_159">159</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+
+Trinity College, Oxford, <a href="#page_150">150</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Trinity Hall, Cambridge, <a href="#page_138">138</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_158">158</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_169">169</a>, <a href="#page_216">216</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a><br />
+
+Twyne, Brian, <a href="#page_070">70</a><br />
+
+Twyne, John, <a href="#page_069">69</a><br />
+
+Tynemouth, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br />
+
+Tywardreath Priory, <a href="#page_268">268</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="U" id="U"></a>University College, Oxford, <a href="#page_138">138</a>, <a href="#page_145">145-146</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_165">165</a>, <a href="#page_167">167</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_274">274</a>, <a href="#page_281">281</a><br />
+
+University Hall, Cambridge. <i>See</i> Clare College<br />
+
+University libraries. <i>See</i> Oxford and Cambridge<br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="V-i" id="V-i"></a>Vellum, <a href="#page_084">84</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cost of, <a href="#page_257">257</a></span><br />
+
+Vercelli Book, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_087">87</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+
+Vicario, <a href="#page_216">216</a><br />
+
+Vitelli, Cornelius, <a href="#page_197">197</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="W" id="W"></a>Wallets, book, <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_018">18</a>, <a href="#page_019">19</a><br />
+
+Walter of Evesham, <a href="#page_047">47</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a><br />
+
+Waltham, William de, <a href="#page_275">275</a><br />
+
+Warham, Abp., <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Warkworth, J., <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+Warwick, S. Mary’s Church, <a href="#page_127">127</a>, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Wax tablets, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_013">13</a>, <a href="#page_013">13</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#page_018">18</a>, <a href="#page_083">83</a>, <a href="#page_084">84</a><br />
+
+Wearmouth, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br />
+
+Wells Cathedral, <a href="#page_110">110</a>, <a href="#page_121">121-124</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Werfrith, Bp., <a href="#page_037">37</a>, <a href="#page_038">38</a>, <a href="#page_114">114</a><br />
+
+Westminster Abbey, <a href="#page_064">64</a>, <a href="#page_071">71</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>, <a href="#page_090">90</a>, <a href="#page_099">99</a>, <a href="#page_112">112</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+Wetheringsett Church, <a href="#page_130">130</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a><br />
+
+Whalley Abbey, <a href="#page_094">94</a><br />
+
+Whelpdale, Roger, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Whethamstede, Abbot, <a href="#page_049">49</a>, <a href="#page_051">51-52</a>, <a href="#page_139">139</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_181">181</a><br />
+
+Whitby Abbey, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a>, <a href="#page_048">48</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+White Friars’ libraries, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_055">55</a><br />
+
+Whitherne (Candida Casa), <a href="#page_007">7</a><br />
+
+Whittington, Richard, <a href="#page_055">55</a>, <a href="#page_186">186-187</a><br />
+
+Whittlesey, Abp., <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+Wigmore Abbey, <a href="#page_062">62</a><br />
+
+Wilfrid, St., <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+William of Waynflete, <a href="#page_143">143</a>, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+William of Wykeham, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a><br />
+
+Willibrord, St., <a href="#page_009">9</a><br />
+
+Willoughby, Sir R., <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Wimborne nunnery, <a href="#page_033">33</a><br />
+
+Winchelsey, Dr. T., <a href="#page_056">56</a><br />
+
+Winchester College, <a href="#page_175">175</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Winchester (Hyde Abbey, New Minster), <a href="#page_038">38</a>, <a href="#page_042">42</a>, <a href="#page_086">86</a>, 174<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_298" id="page_298"></a>{298}</span><br />
+
+Winchester (S. Swithin’s, Old Minster), <a href="#page_042">42</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>, <a href="#page_096">96</a>, <a href="#page_175">175</a><br />
+
+Winchester illumination, <a href="#page_042">42</a><br />
+
+Windsor Collegiate Church, <a href="#page_126">126</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+Wodelarke, Dr. R., <a href="#page_162">162</a><br />
+
+Wolveden, R., <a href="#page_125">125</a>, <a href="#page_276">276</a><br />
+
+Woollaton Church, <a href="#page_129">129</a><br />
+
+Worcester College, <a href="#page_051">51</a><br />
+
+Worcester Priory (Cathedral), <a href="#page_076">76</a>, <a href="#page_092">92</a>, <a href="#page_096">96</a>, <a href="#page_114">114-116</a>, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a><br />
+
+Worthington, T., <a href="#page_281">281</a><br />
+
+Writing: Irish, <a href="#page_013">13</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hiberno-Saxon, <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_046">46</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">payments for, <a href="#page_254">254-255</a></span><br />
+
+Writing-rooms, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_051">51</a>, <a href="#page_073">73-77</a>, <a href="#page_080">80</a>, <a href="#page_082">82</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a><br />
+
+Wyche, R. de, <a href="#page_054">54-55</a>, <a href="#page_267">267</a><br />
+
+Wymondham Abbey, <a href="#page_062">62</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="Y" id="Y"></a>York Abbey and Cathedral, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_035">35</a>, <a href="#page_036">36</a>, <a href="#page_124">124-125</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_263">263</a><br />
+
+York, All Saints, Peseholme, <a href="#page_129">129</a><br />
+
+York, Austin Friars’ library, <a href="#page_056">56</a>, <a href="#page_067">67</a>, <a href="#page_068">68</a>, <a href="#page_103">103</a>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+York, Holy Trinity, Goodramgate, <a href="#page_128">128</a><br />
+
+York, S. Mary’s, Castlegate, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="c">
+<i>Printed by <span class="smcap">Morrison &amp; Gibb Limited</span>, Edinburgh</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_300" id="page_300"></a>{300}</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class="c"><big>A SELECTION OF BOOKS<br />
+
+PUBLISHED BY METHUEN<br />
+
+AND COMPANY LIMITED<br />
+
+36 ESSEX STREET<br />
+
+LONDON W.C.</big></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="cb">CONTENTS</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right" class="rt"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+<tr><td>General Literature </td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Ancient Cities</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Antiquary’s Books</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Arden Shakespeare</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Classics of Art</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; “Complete” Series</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Connoisseur’s Library</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Handbooks of English Church History</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Illustrated Pocket Library of Plain and Coloured Books</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Leaders of Religion</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Library of Devotion</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Little Books on Art</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Little Galleries</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Little Guides</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Little Library</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Little Quarto Shakespeare</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Miniature Library</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; New Library of Medicine</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; New Library of Music</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Oxford Biographies</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Romantic History</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Handbooks of Theology</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Westminster Commentaries</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fiction</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Books for Boys and Girls</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Novels of Alexandre Dumas</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp; &nbsp; Methuen’s Sixpenny Books</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_c-29">29</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-1" id="page_c-1"></a>{c-1}</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p class="c">A SELECTION OF</p>
+
+<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Messrs. Methuen’s</span></p>
+
+<p class="c">PUBLICATIONS</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In this Catalogue the order is according to authors. An asterisk
+denotes that the book is in the press.</p>
+
+<p>Colonial Editions are published of all Messrs. <span class="smcap">Methuen’s</span> Novels
+issued at a price above 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, and similar editions are
+published of some works of General Literature. Colonial editions
+are only for circulation in the British Colonies and India.</p>
+
+<p>All books marked net are not subject to discount, and cannot be
+bought at less than the published price. Books not marked net are
+subject to the discount which the bookseller allows.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. <span class="smcap">Methuen’s</span> books are kept in stock by all good booksellers.
+If there is any difficulty in seeing copies, Messrs. Methuen will
+be very glad to have early information, and specimen copies of any
+books will be sent on receipt of the published price <i>plus</i> postage
+for net books, and of the published price for ordinary books.</p>
+
+<p>This Catalogue contains only a selection of the more important
+books published by Messrs. Methuen. A complete and illustrated
+catalogue of their publications may be obtained on application.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><b>Addleshaw (Percy).</b> SIR PHILIP SIDNEY. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition.
+Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Adeney (W. F.)</b>, M.A. See Bennett (W.H.).</p>
+
+<p><b>Ady (Cecilia M.).</b> A HISTORY OF MILAN UNDER THE SFORZA. Illustrated.
+<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Aldis (Janet).</b> THE QUEEN OF LETTER WRITERS, <span class="smcap">Marquise de Sévigné,
+Dame de Bourbilly</span>, 1626-96. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo.
+12s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Allen (M.).</b> A HISTORY OF VERONA. Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d.
+net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Amherst (Lady).</b> A SKETCH OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST
+TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY. Illustrated. <i>A New and Cheaper Issue.
+Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Andrewes (Amy G.).</b> THE STORY OF BAYARD. Edited by <span class="smcap">A. G. Andrewes</span>,
+<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Andrewes (Bishop).</b> PRECES PRIVATAE. Translated and edited, with
+Notes, by <span class="smcap">F. E. Brightman</span>, M.A., of Pusey House, Oxford. <i>Cr. 8vo.
+6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Anon.</b> THE WESTMINSTER PROBLEMS BOOK. Prose and Verse. Compiled from
+<i>The Saturday Westminster Gazette</i> Competitions, 1904-1907. <i>Cr.
+8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>VENICE AND HER TREASURES. Illustrated. <i>Round corners. Fcap. 8vo.
+5s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Aristotle.</b> THE ETHICS OF. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes,
+by <span class="smcap">John Burnet</span>, M.A. <i>Cheaper issue. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Atkinson (C. T.)</b>, M.A., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, sometime
+Demy of Magdalen College. A HISTORY OF GERMANY, from 1715-1815.
+Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Atkinson (T. D.).</b> ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. Illustrated. <i>Fcap. 8vo.
+3s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. Illustrated.
+<i>Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Atteridge (A. H.).</b> NAPOLEON’S BROTHERS. Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo.
+18s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Aves (Ernest).</b> CO-OPERATIVE INDUSTRY. <i>Cr. 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bagot (Richard).</b> THE LAKES OF NORTHERN ITALY. Illustrated. <i>Fcap.
+8vo. 5s. net.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-3" id="page_c-3"></a>{c-2}</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Bain (R. Nisbet).</b> THE LAST KING OF POLAND AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES.
+Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Balfour (Graham).</b> THE LIFE OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. Illustrated.
+<i>Fifth Edition in one Volume. Cr. 8vo. Buckram, 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Baring (The Hon. Maurice).</b> RUSSIAN ESSAYS AND STORIES. <i>Second Ed.
+Cr. 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>LANDMARKS IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.
+net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Baring-Gould (S.).</b> THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. Illustrated.
+<i>Second Edition. Wide Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE TRAGEDY OF THE CÆSARS: <span class="smcap">A Study of the Characters of the Cæsars
+of the Julian and Claudian Houses</span>. Illustrated. <i>Seventh Edition.
+Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo.
+Buckram. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>OLD ENGLISH FAIRY TALES. Illustrated. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo.
+Buckram. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE VICAR OF MORWENSTOW. Revised Edition. With a Portrait. <i>Third
+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>OLD COUNTRY LIFE. Illustrated. <i>Fifth Edition. Large Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A GARLAND OF COUNTRY SONG: English Folk Songs with their
+Traditional Melodies. Collected and arranged by <span class="smcap">S. Baring-Gould</span> and
+<span class="smcap">H. F. Sheppard</span>. <i>Demy 4to. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>SONGS OF THE WEST: Folk Songs of Devon and Cornwall. Collected from
+the Mouths of the People. By <span class="smcap">S. Baring-Gould</span>, M.A., and <span class="smcap">H.
+Fleetwood Sheppard</span>, M.A. New and Revised Edition, under the musical
+editorship of <span class="smcap">Cecil J. Sharp</span>. <i>Large Imperial 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>STRANGE SURVIVALS: <span class="smcap">Some Chapters in the History of Man</span>.
+Illustrated. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>YORKSHIRE ODDITIES: <span class="smcap">Incidents and Strange Events</span>. <i>Fifth Edition.
+Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF CORNWALL. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF DARTMOOR. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF DEVON. Illustrated. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF NORTH WALES. Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF SOUTH WALES. Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF BRITTANY. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF THE RHINE: From Cleve to Mainz. Illustrated. <i>Second
+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF THE RIVIERA. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF THE PYRENEES. Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Barker (E.)</b>, M.A., (Late) Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. THE
+POLITICAL THOUGHT OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Baron (R. R. N.)</b>, M.A. FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION. <i>Fourth Edition.
+Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Key, 3s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bartholomew (J. G.)</b>, F.R.S.E. See Robertson (C. G.).</p>
+
+<p><b>Bastable (C. F.)</b>, LL.D. THE COMMERCE OF NATIONS. <i>Fifth Edition.
+Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bastian (H. Charlton)</b>, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE.
+Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Batson (Mrs. Stephen).</b> A CONCISE HANDBOOK OF GARDEN FLOWERS. <i>Fcap.
+8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE SUMMER GARDEN OF PLEASURE. Illustrated. <i>Wide Demy 8vo. 15s.
+net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Beckett (Arthur).</b> THE SPIRIT OF THE DOWNS: Impressions and
+Reminiscences of the Sussex Downs. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition.
+Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Beckford (Peter).</b> THOUGHTS ON HUNTING. Edited by <span class="smcap">J. Otho Paget</span>.
+Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Begbie (Harold).</b> MASTER WORKERS. Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.
+net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Behmen (Jacob).</b> DIALOGUES ON THE SUPERSENSUAL LIFE. Edited by
+<span class="smcap">Bernard Holland</span>. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bell (Mrs. Arthur G.).</b> THE SKIRTS OF THE GREAT CITY. Illustrated.
+<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Belloc (H.)</b>, M.P. PARIS. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition, Revised. Cr.
+8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>HILLS AND THE SEA. <i>Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p>
+
+<p>ON NOTHING AND KINDRED SUBJECTS. <i>Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p>
+
+<p>ON EVERYTHING. <i>Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p>
+
+<p>MARIE ANTOINETTE. Illustrated. <i>Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE PYRENEES. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bellot (H. H. L.)</b>, M.A. See Jones (L. A. A).<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-4" id="page_c-4"></a>{c-3}</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Bennett (Joseph).</b> FORTY YEARS OF MUSIC, 1865-1905. Illustrated.
+<i>Demy 8vo. 16s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bennett (W. H.)</b>, M.A. A PRIMER OF THE BIBLE. <i>Fifth Edition. Cr.
+8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bennett (W. H.)</b> and <b>Adeney, (W. F.)</b>. A BIBLICAL INTRODUCTION. With
+a concise Bibliography. <i>Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Benson (Archbishop).</b> GOD’S BOARD. Communion Addresses. <i>Second
+Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Benson (R. M.).</b> THE WAY OF HOLINESS. An Exposition of Psalm cxix.
+Analytical and Devotional. <i>Cr. 8vo. 5s.</i></p>
+
+<p>*<b>Bensusan (Samuel L.).</b> HOME LIFE IN SPAIN. Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo.
+10s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Berry (W. Grinton)</b>, M.A. FRANCE SINCE WATERLOO. Illustrated. <i>Cr.
+8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Betham-Edwards (Miss).</b> HOME LIFE IN FRANCE. Illustrated. <i>Fifth
+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bindley (T. Herbert)</b>, B.D. THE OECUMENICAL DOCUMENTS OF THE FAITH.
+With Introductions and Notes. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Binyon (Laurence).</b> See Blake (William).</p>
+
+<p><b>Blake (William).</b> ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOOK OF JOB. With General
+Introduction by <span class="smcap">Laurence Binyon</span>. Illustrated. <i>Quarto. 21s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Body (George)</b>, D.D. THE SOUL’S PILGRIMAGE: Devotional Readings from
+the Published and Unpublished writings of George Body, D.D.
+Selected and arranged by <span class="smcap">J. H. Burn</span>, D.D., F.R.S.E. <i>Demy 16mo. 2s.
+6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Boulting (W.).</b> TASSO AND HIS TIMES. Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s.
+6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bovill (W. B. Forster).</b> HUNGARY AND THE HUNGARIANS. Illustrated.
+<i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bowden (E. M.).</b> THE IMITATION OF BUDDHA: Being Quotations from
+Buddhist Literature for each Day in the Year. <i>Sixth Edition. Cr.
+16mo. 2s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Brabant (F. G.)</b>, M.A. RAMBLES IN SUSSEX. Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo.
+6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Bradley (A. G.).</b> ROUND ABOUT WILTSHIRE. Illustrated. <i>Second
+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE ROMANCE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Demy
+8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Braid (James)</b>, Open Champion, 1901, 1905 and 1906. ADVANCED GOLF.
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+<p><span class="smcap">Vol. IV. Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty.</span> <span class="smcap">J. P. Mahaffy</span>, Litt.D.</p>
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+<p><span class="smcap">Vol. V. Egypt under Roman Rule.</span> <span class="smcap">J. G. Milne</span>, M.A.</p>
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+<p><b>Thompson (Francis).</b> SELECTED POEMS OF FRANCIS THOMPSON. With a
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+
+<p>NEW POEMS. <i>Second Edition. Large Post 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>APOLLO AND THE SEAMAN. <i>Large Post 8vo. Paper, 1s. 6d. net; cloth,
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+
+<p><b>Trevelyan (G. M.)</b>, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. ENGLAND
+UNDER THE STUARTS. With Maps and Plans. <i>Fourth Edition, Demy 8vo.
+10s. 6d. net.</i></p>
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+<p><b>Triggs (Inigo H.)</b>, A.R.I.B.A. TOWN PLANNING: <span class="smcap">Past, Present, and
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+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p>
+
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+
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+
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+
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+Cheaper Edition. Medium 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wagner (Richard).</b> RICHARD WAGNER’S MUSIC DRAMAS: Interpretations,
+embodying Wagner’s own explanations. By <span class="smcap">Alice Leighton Cleather</span> and
+<span class="smcap">Basil Crump</span>. <i>In Three Volumes. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. each.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vol. I.</span>&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Ring of the Nibelung.</span> <i>Third Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vol. III.</span>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Tristan and Isolde.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-14" id="page_c-14"></a>{c-13}</span></p>
+
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+
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+
+<p><b>Watt (Francis).</b> See Henderson (T. F.).</p>
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+<p><b>Whibley (C.).</b> See Henley (W. E.).</p>
+
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+1788-1898. <i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Whitley (Miss).</b> See Dilke (Lady).</p>
+
+<p><b>Wilde (Oscar).</b> DE PROFUNDIS. <i>Twelfth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE WORKS OF OSCAR WILDE. <i>In Twelve Volumes. Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net
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+Duchess of Padua.</span> <span class="smcap">iii. Poems.</span> <span class="smcap">iv. Lady Windermere’s Fan.</span> <span class="smcap">v. A Woman
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+Tragedy, and La Sainte Courtisane.</span></p></div>
+
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+
+<p><b>Wood (Sir Evelyn)</b>, F.M., V.C., G.C.B., G.C.M.G. FROM MIDSHIPMAN TO
+FIELD-MARSHAL. Illustrated. <i>Fifth and Cheaper Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s.
+6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE REVOLT IN HINDUSTAN. 1857-59. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo.
+6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wood (W. Birkbeck)</b>, M.A., late Scholar of Worcester College, Oxford, and
+<b>Edmonds (Major J. E.)</b>, R.E., D.A.Q.-M.G. A HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN
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+Maps and Plans. <i>Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wordsworth (W.).</b> THE POEMS. With an Introduction and Notes by <span class="smcap">Nowell C.
+Smith</span>, late Fellow of New College, Oxford. <i>In Three Volumes. Demy 8vo.
+15s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>POEMS BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. Selected with an Introduction by <span class="smcap">Stopford
+A. Brooke</span>. Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wyatt (Kate M.).</b> See Gloag (M. R.).</p>
+
+<p><b>Wyllie (M. A.).</b> NORWAY AND ITS FJORDS. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Cr.
+8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Yeats (W. B.).</b> A BOOK OF IRISH VERSE. <i>Revised and Enlarged Edition. Cr.
+8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Young (Filson).</b> <b>See The Complete Series.</b></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-15" id="page_c-15"></a>{c-14}</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Part II.&mdash;A Selection of Series.</span></p>
+
+<p class="c">Ancient Cities.</p>
+
+<p class="c">General Editor, B. C. A. WINDLE, D.Sc., F.R.S.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p class="c">With Illustrations by <span class="smcap">E. H. New</span>, and other Artists.</p>
+
+
+<ul><li>Bristol. By Alfred Harvey, M.B.</li>
+<li>Canterbury. By J. C. Cox, LL.D., F.S.A.</li>
+<li>Chester. By B. C. A. Windle. D.Sc., F.R.S.</li>
+<li>Dublin. By S. A. O. Fitzpatrick.</li>
+<li>Edinburgh. By M. G. Williamson, M.A.</li>
+<li>Lincoln. By E. Mansel Sympson, M.A.</li>
+<li>Shrewsbury. By T. Auden, M.A., F.S.A.</li>
+<li>Wells and Glastonbury. By T. S. Holmes.</li></ul>
+
+
+
+<p class="cb">The Antiquary’s Books.</p>
+
+<p class="c">General Editor, J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p class="c">With Numerous Illustrations.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">Archælogy and False Antiquities.</span> By R. Munro.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bells of England, The.</span> By Canon J. J. Raven. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brasses of England, The.</span> By Herbert W. Macklin. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times.</span> By J. Romilly Allen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Domesday Inquest, The.</span> By Adolphus Ballard.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">English Church Furniture.</span> By J. C. Cox and A. Harvey. <i>Second
+Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">English Costume.</span> From Prehistoric Times to the End of the
+Eighteenth Century. By George Clinch.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">English Monastic Life.</span> By the Right Rev. Abbot Gasquet. <i>Fourth
+Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">English Seals.</span> By J. Harvey Bloom.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Folk-Lore as an Historical Science.</span> By Sir G. L. Gomme.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gilds and Companies of London, The.</span> By George Unwin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Manor and Manorial Records, The.</span> By Nathaniel J. Hone.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mediæval Hospitals of England, The.</span> By Rotha Mary Clay.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Old Service Books of the English Church.</span> By Christopher Wordsworth,
+M.A., and Henry Littlehales. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Parish Life in Medieval England.</span> By the Right Rev. Abbot Gasquet.
+<i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p>*<span class="smcap">Parish Registers of England, The.</span> By J. C. Cox.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Remains of the Prehistoric Age in England.</span> By B. C. A. Windle.
+<i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Royal Forests of England, The.</span> By J. C. Cox, LL.D.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shrines of British Saints.</span> By J. C Wall.</p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">The Arden Shakespeare.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Demy 8vo. 2s. 6d. net each volume.</i></p>
+
+<p class="c">An edition of Shakespeare in single Plays. Edited with a full
+Introduction, Textual Notes, and a Commentary at the foot of the page.</p>
+
+
+<ul><li>All’s Well That Ends Well.</li>
+<li>Antony and Cleopatra.</li>
+<li>Cymbeline.</li>
+<li>Comedy of Errors, The.</li>
+<li>Hamlet. <i>Second Edition.</i></li>
+<li>Julius Caesar.</li>
+<li>King Henry v.</li>
+<li>King Henry vi. Pt. i.</li>
+<li>King Henry vi. Pt. ii.</li>
+<li>King Henry vi. Pt. iii.</li>
+<li>King Lear.</li>
+<li>King Richard iii.</li>
+<li>Life and Death of King John, The.</li>
+<li>Love’s Labour’s Lost.</li>
+<li>Macbeth.</li>
+<li>Measure for Measure.</li>
+<li>Merchant of Venice, The.</li>
+<li>Merry Wives of Windsor, The.</li>
+<li>Midsummer Night’s Dream, A.</li>
+<li>Othello.</li>
+<li>Pericles.</li>
+<li>Romeo and Juliet.</li>
+<li>Taming of the Shrew, The.</li>
+<li>Tempest, The.</li>
+<li>Timon of Athens.</li>
+<li>Titus Andronicus.</li>
+<li>Troilus and Cressida.</li>
+<li>Two Gentlemen of Verona, The.</li>
+<li>Twelfth Night.</li></ul>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-16" id="page_c-16"></a>{c-15}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cb">Classics of Art.</p>
+
+<p class="c">Edited by <span class="smcap">Dr. J. H. W. LAING</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>With numerous Illustrations. Wide Royal 8vo. Gilt top.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">The Art of the Greeks.</span> By H. B. Walters. <i>12s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Florentine Sculptors of the Renaissance.</span> Wilhelm Bode, Ph.D.
+Translated by Jessie Haynes. <i>12s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>*<span class="smcap">George Romney.</span> By Arthur B. Chamberlain. <i>12s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ghirlandaio.</span> Gerald S. Davies. <i>Second Edition. 10s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Michelangelo.</span> By Gerald S. Davies. <i>12s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rubens.</span> By Edward Dillon, M.A. <i>25s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Raphael.</span> By A. P. Oppé. <i>12s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Titian.</span> By Charles Ricketts. <i>12s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Turner’s Sketches and Drawings.</span> By <span class="smcap">A. J. Finberg</span>. <i>12s. 6d. net.
+Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Velazquez.</span> By A. de Beruete. <i>10s. 6d. net.</i></p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">The “Complete” Series.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Fully Illustrated. Demy 8vo.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">The Complete Cook.</span> By Lilian Whitling. <i>7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Cricketer.</span> By Albert E. <span class="smcap">Knight</span>. <i>7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Foxhunter.</span> By Charles Richardson. <i>12s. 6d. net.
+Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Golfer.</span> By Harry Vardon. <i>10s. 6d. net. Eleventh
+Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Hockey-Player.</span> By Eustace E. White. <i>5s. net. Second
+Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Lawn Tennis Player.</span> By A. Wallis Myers. <i>10s. 6d. net.
+Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Motorist.</span> By Filson Young. <i>12s. 6d. net. New Edition
+(Seventh).</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Mountaineer.</span> By G. D. Abraham. <i>15s. net. Second
+Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Oarsman.</span> By R. C. Lehmann, M.P. <i>10s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Photographer.</span> By R. Child Bayley. <i>10s. 6d. net.
+Fourth Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Rugby Footballer, on the New Zealand System.</span> By D.
+Gallaher and W. J. Stead. <i>10s. 6d. net. Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Complete Shot.</span> By G. T. Teasdale Buckell. <i>12s. 6d. net. Third
+Edition.</i></p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">The Connoisseur’s Library.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>With numerous Illustrations. Wide Royal 8vo. Gilt top. 25s. net.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">English Furniture.</span> By F. S. Robinson.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">English Coloured Books.</span> By Martin Hardie.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">European Enamels.</span> By Henry H. Cunynghame, C.B.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Glass.</span> By Edward Dillon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Goldsmiths’ and Silversmiths’ Work.</span> By Nelson Dawson. <i>Second
+Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p>*<span class="smcap">Illuminated Manuscripts.</span> By J. A. Herbert.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ivories.</span> By Alfred Maskell.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jewellery.</span> By H. Clifford Smith. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mezzotints.</span> By Cyril Davenport.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miniatures.</span> By Dudley Heath.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Porcelain.</span> By Edward Dillon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seals.</span> By Walter de Gray Birch.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-17" id="page_c-17"></a>{c-16</span></p>
+
+<p class="cb">Handbooks of English Church History.</p>
+
+<p class="c">Edited by J. H. BURN, B.D. <i>Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">The Foundations of the English Church.</span> By J. H. Maude.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Saxon Church and the Norman Conquest.</span> By C. T. Cruttwell.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mediæval Church and the Papacy.</span> By A. C. Jennings.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Reformation Period.</span> By Henry Gee.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Struggle With Puritanism.</span> By Bruce Blaxland.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Church of England in the Eighteenth Century.</span> By Alfred Plummer.</p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">The Illustrated Pocket Library of Plain and Coloured Books.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net each volume.</i></p>
+
+<p class="cb">WITH COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">Old Coloured Books.</span> By George Paston. <i>2s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Life and Death of John Mytton, Esq.</span> By Nimrod. <i>Fifth Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Life of a Sportsman.</span> By Nimrod.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Handley Cross.</span> By R. S. Surtees. <i>Third Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Sponge’s Sporting Tour.</span> By R. S. Surtees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jorrocks’ Jaunts and Jollities.</span> By R. S. Surtees. <i>Third Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ask Mamma.</span> By R. S. Surtees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Analysis of the Hunting Field.</span> By R. S. Surtees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search of The Picturesque.</span> By William
+Combe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search of Consolation.</span> By William Combe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Third Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search of a Wife.</span> By William Combe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The History of Johnny Quae Genus.</span> By the Author of ‘The Three
+Tours.’</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The English Dance of Death</span>, from the Designs of T. Rowlandson, with
+Metrical Illustrations by the Author of ‘Doctor Syntax.’ <i>Two
+Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Dance of Life</span>: A Poem. By the Author of ‘Dr. Syntax.’</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Life in London.</span> By Pierce Egan.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Real Life in London.</span> By an Amateur (Pierce Egan). <i>Two Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Life of an Actor.</span> By Pierce Egan.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Vicar of Wakefield.</span> By Oliver Goldsmith.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Military Adventures of Johnny Newcombe.</span> By an Officer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The National Sports of Great Britain.</span> With Descriptions and 50
+Coloured Plates by Henry Alken.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Adventures of a Post Captain.</span> By a Naval Officer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gamonia.</span> By Lawrence Rawstone, Esq.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An Academy for Grown Horsemen.</span> By Geoffrey Gambado, Esq.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Real Life in Ireland.</span> By a Real Paddy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Adventures of Johnny Newcombe in the Navy.</span> By Alfred Burton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Old English Squire.</span> By John Careless, Esq.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The English Spy.</span> By Bernard Blackmantle. <i>Two Volumes. 7s. net.</i></p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">WITH PLAIN ILLUSTRATIONS.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">The Grave</span>: A Poem. By Robert Blair.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Illustrations of the Book of Job.</span> Invented and engraved by William
+Blake.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Windsor Castle.</span> By W. Harrison Ainsworth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Tower of London.</span> By W. Harrison Ainsworth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frank Fairlegh.</span> By F. E. Smedley.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Handy Andy.</span> By Samuel Lover.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Compleat Angler.</span> By Izaak Walton and Charles Cotton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Pickwick Papers.</span> By Charles Dickens.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-18" id="page_c-18"></a>{c-17}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cb">Leaders of Religion.</p>
+
+<p class="c">Edited by H. C. BEECHING, M.A., Canon of Westminster. <i>With Portraits.</i></p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Crown 8vo. 2s. net.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">Cardinal Newman.</span> By R. H. Hutton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Wesley.</span> By J. H. Overton, M.A.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bishop Wilberforce.</span> By G. W. Daniell, M.A.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cardinal Manning.</span> By A. W. Hutton, M.A.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Charles Simeon.</span> By H. C. G. Moule, D.D.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Knox.</span> By F. MacCunn. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Howe.</span> By R. F. Horton, D.D.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Ken.</span> By F. A. Clarke, M.A.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Fox, the Quaker.</span> By T. Hodgkin, D.C.L. <i>Third Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Keble.</span> By Walter Lock, D.D.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Chalmers.</span> By Mrs. Oliphant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lancelot Andrewes.</span> By R. L. Ottley, D.D. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Augustine of Canterbury.</span> By E. L. Cutts, D.D.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Laud.</span> By W. H. Hutton, M.A. <i>Third Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Donne.</span> By Augustus Jessop, D.D.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Cranmer.</span> By A. J. Mason, D.D.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bishop Latimer.</span> By R. M. Carlyle and A. J. Carlyle, M.A.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bishop Butler.</span> By W. A. Spooner, M.A.</p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">The Library of Devotion.</p>
+
+<p class="c">With Introductions and (where necessary) Notes.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Small Pott 8vo, gilt top, cloth, 2s.; leather, 2s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">The Confessions of St. Augustine.</span> <i>Seventh Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Imitation of Christ.</span> <i>Sixth Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Christian Year.</span> <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyra Innocentium.</span> <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Temple.</span> <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Book of Devotions.</span> <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life.</span> <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Guide to Eternity.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Inner Way.</span> <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">On the Love of God.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Psalms of David.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyra Apostolica.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Song of Songs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Thoughts of Pascal.</span> <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Manual of Consolation from the Saints and Fathers.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Devotions from the Apocrypha.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Spiritual Combat.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Devotions of St. Anselm.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bishop Wilson’s Sacra Privata.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lyra Sacra</span>: A Book of Sacred Verse. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Day Book from the Saints and Fathers.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Little Book of Heavenly Wisdom.</span> A Selection from the English
+Mystics.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Light, Life</span>, and <span class="smcap">Love</span>. A Selection from the German Mystics.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An Introduction to the Devout Life.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Little Flowers of the Glorious Messer St. Francis and of his
+Friars.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Death and Immortality.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Spiritual Guide.</span> <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Devotions for Every Day in the Week and the Great Festivals.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Preces Privatæ.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Horæ Mysticæ</span>: A Day Book from the Writings of Mystics of Many
+Nations.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-19" id="page_c-19"></a>{c-18}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cb">Little Books on Art.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>With many Illustrations. Demy 16mo. Gilt top. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p class="c">Each volume consists of about 200 pages, and contains from 30 to 40
+Illustrations, including a Frontispiece in Photogravure.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">Albrecht Durer.</span> J. Allen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arts of Japan, The.</span> E. Dillon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bookplates.</span> E. Almack.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Botticelli.</span> Mary L. Bloomer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Burne-Jones.</span> F. de Lisle.</p>
+
+<p>*<span class="smcap">Christian Symbolism.</span> Mrs. H. Jenner.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Christ in Art.</span> Mrs. H. Jenner.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Claude.</span> E. Dillon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Constable.</span> H. W. Tompkins.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Corot.</span> A. Pollard and E. Birnstingl.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Enamels.</span> Mrs. N. Dawson.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frederic Leighton.</span> A. Corkran.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">George Romney.</span> G. Paston.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Greek Art.</span> H. B. Walters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Greuze and Boucher.</span> E. F. Pollard.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Holbein.</span> Mrs. G. Fortescue.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Illuminated Manuscripts.</span> J. W. Bradley.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jewellery.</span> C. Davenport.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Hoppner.</span> H. P. K. Skipton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir Joshua Reynolds.</span> J. Sime.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Millet.</span> N. Peacock.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Miniatures.</span> C. Davenport.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Our Lady in Art.</span> Mrs. H. Jenner.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Raphael.</span> A. R. Dryhurst. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rembrandt.</span> Mrs. E. A. Sharp.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Turner.</span> F. Tyrrell-Gill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Vandyck.</span> M. G. Smallwood.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Velasquez.</span> W. Wilberforce and A. R. Gilbert.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Watts.</span> R. E. D. Sketchley.</p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">The Little Galleries.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Demy 16mo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p class="c">Each volume contains 20 plates in Photogravure, together with a short
+outline of the life and work of the master to whom the book is devoted.</p>
+
+
+<ul><li>A Little Gallery of Reynolds.</li>
+<li>A Little Gallery of Romney.</li>
+<li>A Little Gallery of Hoppner.</li>
+<li>A Little Gallery of Millais.</li>
+<li>A Little Gallery of English Poets.</li></ul>
+
+
+
+<p class="cb">The Little Guides.</p>
+
+<p class="c">With many Illustrations by <span class="smcap">E. H. New</span> and other artists, and from
+photographs.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Small Pott 8vo, gilt top, cloth, 2s. 6d. net; leather, 3s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>The main features of these Guides are (1) a handy and charming form; (2)
+illustrations from photographs and by well-known artists; (3) good plans
+and maps; (4) an adequate but compact presentation of everything that is
+interesting in the natural features, history, archæology, and
+architecture of the town or district treated.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">Cambridge and its Colleges.</span> A. H. Thompson. <i>Third Edition,
+Revised.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">English Lakes, The.</span> F. G. Brabant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Isle of Wight, The.</span> G. Clinch.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Malvern Country, The.</span> B. C. A. Windle.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">North Wales.</span> A. T. Story.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oxford and its Colleges.</span> J. Wells. <i>Ninth Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shakespeare’s Country.</span> B. C. A. Windle. <i>Third Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">St. Paul’s Cathedral.</span> G. Clinch.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Westminster Abbey.</span> G. E. Troutbeck. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 5%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Buckinghamshire.</span> E. S. Roscoe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cheshire.</span> W. M. Gallichan.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-20" id="page_c-20"></a>{c-19}</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cornwall.</span> A. L. Salmon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Derbyshire.</span> J. C. Cox.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Devon.</span> S. Baring-Gould. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dorset.</span> F. R. Heath. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Essex.</span> J. C. Cox.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hampshire.</span> J. C. Cox.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hertfordshire.</span> H. W. Tompkins.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kent.</span> G. Clinch.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Kerry.</span> C. P. Crane.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Middlesex.</span> J. B. Firth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Monmouthshire.</span> G. W. Wade and J. H. Wade.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Norfolk.</span> W. A. Dutt. <i>Second Edition, Revised.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Northamptonshire.</span> W. Dry.</p>
+
+<p>*<span class="smcap">Northumberland.</span> J. E. Morris.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nottinghamshire.</span> L. Guilford.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oxfordshire.</span> F. G. Brabant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Somerset.</span> G. W. and J. H. Wade.</p>
+
+<p>*<span class="smcap">Staffordshire.</span> C. E. Masefield.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Suffolk.</span> W. A. Dutt.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Surrey.</span> F. A. H. Lambert.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sussex.</span> F. G. Brabant. <i>Third Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p>*<span class="smcap">Wiltshire.</span> F. R. Heath.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Yorkshire, The East Riding.</span> J. E. Morris.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Yorkshire, The North Riding.</span> J. E. Morris.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 5%;" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brittany.</span> S. Baring-Gould.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Normandy.</span> C. Scudamore.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rome.</span> C. G. Ellaby.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sicily.</span> F. H. Jackson.</p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">The Little Library.</p>
+
+<p class="c">With Introductions, Notes, and Photogravure Frontispieces.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Small Pott 8vo. Gilt top. Each Volume, cloth, 1s. 6d. net; leather, 2s.
+6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><b>Anon.</b> A LITTLE BOOK OF ENGLISH LYRICS. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Austen (Jane).</b> PRIDE AND PREJUDICE. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p>NORTHANGER ABBEY.</p>
+
+<p><b>Bacon (Francis).</b> THE ESSAYS OF LORD BACON.</p>
+
+<p><b>Barham (R. H.).</b> THE INGOLDSBY LEGENDS. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Barnet (Mrs. P. A.).</b> A LITTLE BOOK OF ENGLISH PROSE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Beckford (William).</b> THE HISTORY OF THE CALIPH VATHEK.</p>
+
+<p><b>Blake (William).</b> SELECTIONS FROM WILLIAM BLAKE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Borrow (George).</b> LAVENGRO. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE ROMANY RYE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Browning (Robert).</b> SELECTIONS FROM THE EARLY POEMS OF ROBERT
+BROWNING.</p>
+
+<p><b>Canning (George).</b> SELECTIONS FROM THE ANTI-JACOBIN: with <span class="smcap">George
+Canning’s</span> additional Poems.</p>
+
+<p><b>Cowley (Abraham).</b> THE ESSAYS OF ABRAHAM COWLEY.</p>
+
+<p><b>Crabbe (George).</b> SELECTIONS FROM GEORGE CRABBE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Craik (Mrs.).</b> JOHN HALIFAX, GENTLEMAN. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Crashaw (Richard).</b> THE ENGLISH POEMS OF RICHARD CRASHAW.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dante (Alighieri).</b> THE INFERNO OF DANTE. Translated by <span class="smcap">H. F. Cary</span>.</p>
+
+<p>THE PURGATORIO OF DANTE. Translated by <span class="smcap">H. F. Cary</span>.</p>
+
+<p>THE PARADISO OF DANTE. Translated by <span class="smcap">H. F. Cary</span>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Darley (George).</b> SELECTIONS FROM THE POEMS OF GEORGE DARLEY.</p>
+
+<p><b>Deane (A. C.).</b> A LITTLE BOOK OF LIGHT VERSE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dickens (Charles).</b> CHRISTMAS BOOKS. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Ferrier (Susan).</b> MARRIAGE. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE INHERITANCE. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Gaskell (Mrs.).</b> CRANFORD.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hawthorne (Nathaniel).</b> THE SCARLET LETTER.</p>
+
+<p><b>Henderson (T. F.).</b> A LITTLE BOOK OF SCOTTISH VERSE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Keats (John).</b> POEMS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Kinglake (A. W.).</b> EOTHEN. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Lamb (Charles).</b> ELIA, AND THE LAST ESSAYS OF ELIA.</p>
+
+<p><b>Locker (F.).</b> LONDON LYRICS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Longfellow (H. W.).</b> SELECTIONS FROM LONGFELLOW.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-21" id="page_c-21"></a>{c-20}</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><b>Marvell (Andrew).</b> THE POEMS OF ANDREW MARVELL.</p>
+
+<p><b>Milton (John).</b> THE MINOR POEMS OF JOHN MILTON.</p>
+
+<p><b>Moir (D. M.).</b> MANSIE WAUCH.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nichols (J. B. B.).</b> A LITTLE BOOK OF ENGLISH SONNETS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rochefoucauld (La).</b> THE MAXIMS OF LA ROCHEFOUCAULD.</p>
+
+<p><b>Smith (Horace and James).</b> REJECTED ADDRESSES.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sterne (Laurence).</b> A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY.</p>
+
+<p><b>Tennyson (Alfred, Lord).</b> THE EARLY POEMS OF ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON.</p>
+
+<p>IN MEMORIAM.</p>
+
+<p>THE PRINCESS.</p>
+
+<p>MAUD.</p>
+
+<p><b>Thackeray (W. M.).</b> VANITY FAIR. <i>Three Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p>PENDENNIS. <i>Three Volumes.</i></p>
+
+<p>ESMOND.</p>
+
+<p>CHRISTMAS BOOKS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Vaughan (Henry).</b> THE POEMS OF HENRY VAUGHAN.</p>
+
+<p><b>Walton (Izaak).</b> THE COMPLEAT ANGLER.</p>
+
+<p><b>Waterhouse (Elizabeth).</b> A LITTLE BOOK OF LIFE AND DEATH.
+<i>Thirteenth Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wordsworth (W.).</b> SELECTIONS FROM WORDSWORTH.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wordsworth (W.)</b> and <b>Coleridge (S. T.)</b>. LYRICAL BALLADS.</p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">The Little Quarto Shakespeare.</p>
+
+<p class="c">Edited by W. J. CRAIG. With Introductions and Notes.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Pott 16mo. In 40 Volumes. Gilt top. Leather, price 1s. net each
+volume.</i></p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Mahogany Revolving Book Case. 10s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p class="cb">Miniature Library.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Gilt top.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">Euphranor</span>: A Dialogue on Youth. By Edward FitzGerald. <i>Demy 32mo.
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+
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+Edition. Leather, 1s. net.</i></p></div>
+
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+
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+
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+net.</i></p>
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+
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+
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+net.</i></p>
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+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-22" id="page_c-22"></a>{c-21}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cb">The New Library of Music.</p>
+
+<p class="c">Edited by ERNEST NEWMAN. <i>Illustrated. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">Hugo Wolf.</span> By Ernest Newman. Illustrated.</p>
+
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+
+<p class="cb">Oxford Biographies.</p>
+
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+leather, 3s. 6d. net.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Dante Alighieri.</span> By Paget Tonybee, M.A., D. Litt. <i>Third Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Girolamo Savonarola.</span> By E. L. S. Horsburgh, M.A. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Howard.</span> By E. C. S. Gibson, D.D., Bishop of Gloucester.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alfred Tennyson.</span> By A. C. Benson, M.A. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir Walter Raleigh.</span> By I. A. Taylor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Erasmus.</span> By E. F. H. Capey.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Young Pretender.</span> By C. S. Terry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robert Burns.</span> By T. F. Henderson.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chatham.</span> By A. S. M’Dowall.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Francis of Assisi.</span> By Anna M. Stoddart.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Canning.</span> By W. Alison Phillips.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Beaconsfield.</span> By Walter Sichel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Johann Wolfgang Goethe.</span> By H. G. Atkins.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">François Fenelon.</span> By Viscount St. Cyres.</p></div>
+
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+
+<p>A series of attractive volumes in which the periods and personalities
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+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">The Doctrine of the Incarnation.</span> By R. L. Ottley, D.D. <i>Fifth
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+
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+<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d.</i></p>
+
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+
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+Gibson, D.D. <i>Seventh Edition. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-23" id="page_c-23"></a>{c-22}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cb">The Westminster Commentaries.</p>
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Book of Ezekiel.</span> Edited by H. A. Redpath, M.A., D.Litt. <i>Demy
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+
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+
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+Demy 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+J. Knowling, D.D. <i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 6s.</i></p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p class="c"><span class="smcap"><big>Part III.&mdash;A Selection of Works of Fiction</big></span></p>
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+
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+Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE GLAD HEART. <i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
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+
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+6s.</i></p>
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+
+<p><b>Barr (Robert).</b> IN THE MIDST OF ALARMS. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo.
+6s.</i></p>
+
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+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-25" id="page_c-25"></a>{c-24}</span></p>
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+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-26" id="page_c-26"></a>{c-25}</span></p>
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+
+<p>THE POMP OF THE LAVILETTES. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>NORTHERN LIGHTS. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Pasture (Mrs. Henry de la).</b> THE TYRANT. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo.
+6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Patterson (J. E.).</b> WATCHERS BY THE SHORE. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo.
+6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Pemberton (Max).</b> THE FOOTSTEPS OF A THRONE. Illustrated. <i>Fourth
+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>I CROWN THEE KING. Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>LOVE THE HARVESTER: <span class="smcap">A Story of the Shires</span>. Illustrated. <i>Third
+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE MYSTERY OF THE GREEN HEART. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Phillpotts (Eden).</b> LYING PROPHETS. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>CHILDREN OF THE MIST. <i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>THE HUMAN BOY. With a Frontispiece. <i>Seventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>SONS OF THE MORNING. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>THE RIVER. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>THE AMERICAN PRISONER. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>KNOCK AT A VENTURE. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>THE PORTREEVE. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>THE POACHER’S WIFE. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE STRIKING HOURS. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p><b>Pickthall (Marmaduke).</b> SAÏD THE FISHERMAN. <i>Eighth Edition. Cr.
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+<p><b>‘Q’ (A. T. Quiller Couch).</b> THE WHITE WOLF. <i>Second Edition. Cr.
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+<p>THE MAYOR OF TROY. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>HAPPINESS. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p><b>Rhys (Grace).</b> THE BRIDE. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p><b>Ridge (W. Pett).</b> ERB. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>A SON OF THE STATE. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p>
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+<p>A BREAKER OF LAWS. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p>
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+<p>MRS. GALER’S BUSINESS. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>HIS ISLAND PRINCESS. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p>ABANDONED. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
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+<p><b>Sandys (Sydney).</b> JACK CARSTAIRS OF THE POWER HOUSE. Illustrated.
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+
+<p><b>Sergeant (Adeline).</b> THE PASSION OF PAUL MARILLIER. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>*<b>Shakespear (Olivia).</b> UNCLE HILARY. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
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+Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
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+
+<p><b>Stewart (Newton V.).</b> A SON OF THE EMPEROR: <span class="smcap">Being Passages from the
+Life of Enzio, King of Sardinia and Corsica</span>. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Swayne (Martin Lutrell).</b> THE BISHOP AND THE LADY. <i>Second Edition.
+Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-28" id="page_c-28"></a>{c-27}</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Thurston (E. Temple).</b> MIRAGE. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Underhill (Evelyn).</b> THE COLUMN OF DUST. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Vorst (Marie Van).</b> THE SENTIMENTAL ADVENTURES OF JIMMY BULSTRODE.
+<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>IN AMBUSH. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Waineman (Paul).</b> THE WIFE OF NICHOLAS FLEMING. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Watson (H. B. Marriott).</b> TWISTED EGLANTINE. Illustrated. <i>Third
+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE HIGH TOBY. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
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+
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+
+<p>THE PRIVATEERS. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>A POPPY SHOW: <span class="smcap">Being Divers and Diverse Tales</span>. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE FLOWER OF THE HEART. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Webling (Peggy).</b> THE STORY OF VIRGINIA PERFECT. <i>Third Edition. Cr.
+8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>*THE SPIRIT OF MIRTH. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wells (H. G.).</b> THE SEA LADY. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Weyman (Stanley).</b> UNDER THE RED ROBE. Illustrated. <i>Twenty-third
+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Whitby (Beatrice).</b> THE RESULT OF AN ACCIDENT. <i>Second Edition. Cr.
+8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>White (Edmund).</b> THE HEART OF HINDUSTAN. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo.
+6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>White (Percy).</b> LOVE AND THE WISE MEN. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Williamson</b> <b>(C. N.</b> and <b>A. M.).</b> THE LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR: The Strange
+Adventures of a Motor Car. Illustrated. <i>Seventeenth Edition. Cr.
+8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. net.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE PRINCESS PASSES: A Romance of a Motor. Illustrated. <i>Ninth
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+
+<p>MY FRIEND THE CHAUFFEUR. Illustrated. <i>Tenth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>LADY BETTY ACROSS THE WATER. <i>Eleventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE CAR OF DESTINY AND ITS ERRAND IN SPAIN. Illustrated. <i>Fifth
+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>THE BOTOR CHAPERON. Illustrated. <i>Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>SCARLET RUNNER. Illustrated. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>SET IN SILVER. Illustrated. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p>LORD LOVELAND DISCOVERS AMERICA. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Wyllarde (Dolf).</b> THE PATHWAY OF THE PIONEER (Nous Autres). <i>Fourth
+Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">Books for Boys and Girls.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">The Getting Well of Dorothy.</span> By Mrs. W. K. Clifford. <i>Second
+Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Only a Guard-Room Dog.</span> By Edith E. Cuthell.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Master Rockafellar’s Voyage.</span> By W. Clark Russell. <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Syd Belton</span>: Or, the Boy who would not go to Sea. By G. Manville
+Fenn. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Red Grange.</span> By Mrs. Molesworth. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Girl of the People.</span> By L. T. Meade. <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hepsy Gipsy.</span> By L. T. Meade. <i>2s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Honourable Miss.</span> By L. T. Meade. <i>Second Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">There was once a Prince.</span> By Mrs. M. E. Mann.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">When Arnold Comes Home.</span> By Mrs. M. E. Mann.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-29" id="page_c-29"></a>{c-28}</span></p>
+
+<p class="cb">The Novels of Alexandra Dumas.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Medium 8vo. Price 6d. Double Volumes, 1s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">Acté.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Adventures of Captain Pamphile.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Amaury.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Bird of Fate.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Black Tulip.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Castle of Eppstein.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Catherine Blum.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cécile.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chatelet.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Chevalier D’Harmental.</span> (Double volume.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chicot the Jester.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Comte de Montgomery.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Conscience.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Convict’s Son.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Corsican Brothers</span>; and <span class="smcap">Otho the Archer</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Crop-Eared Jacquot.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dom Gorenflot.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Fatal Combat.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Fencing Master.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Fernande.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gabriel Lambert.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Georges.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Great Massacre.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Henri de Navarre.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hélène de Chaverny.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Horoscope.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Louise de la Vallière.</span> (Double volume.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Man in the Iron Mask.</span> (Double volume.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Maître Adam.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mouth of Hell.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nanon.</span> (Double volume.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Olympia.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pauline</span>; <span class="smcap">Pascal Bruno</span>; and <span class="smcap">Bontekoe</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Père la Ruine.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Prince of Thieves.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Reminiscences of Antony.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Robin Hood.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Gelb.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Snowball and the Sultanetta.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sylvandire.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Taking of Calais.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tales of the Supernatural.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tales of Strange Adventure.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tales of Terror.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Three Musketeers.</span> (Double volume.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Tragedy of Nantes.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Twenty Years After.</span> (Double volume.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wild-Duck Shooter.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wolf-Leader.</span></p></div>
+
+<p class="cb">Methuen’s Sixpenny Books.</p>
+
+<p class="cb"><i>Medium 8vo.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p><b>Albanesi (E. Maria).</b> LOVE AND LOUISA.</p>
+
+<p>I KNOW A MAIDEN.</p>
+
+<p><b>Anstey (F.).</b> A BAYARD OF BENGAL.</p>
+
+<p><b>Austen (J.).</b> PRIDE AND PREJUDICE</p>
+
+<p><b>Bagot (Richard).</b> A ROMAN MYSTERY.</p>
+
+<p>CASTING OF NETS.</p>
+
+<p>DONNA DIANA.</p>
+
+<p><b>Balfour (Andrew).</b> BY STROKE OF SWORD.</p>
+
+<p><b>Baring-Gould (S.).</b> FURZE BLOOM.</p>
+
+<p>CHEAP JACK ZITA.</p>
+
+<p>KITTY ALONE.</p>
+
+<p>URITH.</p>
+
+<p>THE BROOM SQUIRE.</p>
+
+<p>IN THE ROAR OF THE SEA.</p>
+
+<p>NOÉMI.</p>
+
+<p>A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. Illustrated.</p>
+
+<p>LITTLE TU’PENNY.</p>
+
+<p>WINEFRED.</p>
+
+<p>THE FROBISHERS.</p>
+
+<p>THE QUEEN OF LOVE.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-30" id="page_c-30"></a>{c-29}</span></p>
+
+<p>ARMINELL.</p>
+
+<p>BLADYS OF THE STEWPONEY.</p>
+
+<p><b>Barr (Robert).</b> JENNIE BAXTER.</p>
+
+<p>IN THE MIDST OF ALARMS.</p>
+
+<p>THE COUNTESS TEKLA.</p>
+
+<p>THE MUTABLE MANY.</p>
+
+<p><b>Benson (E. F.).</b> DODO.</p>
+
+<p>THE VINTAGE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Brontë (Charlotte).</b> SHIRLEY.</p>
+
+<p><b>Brownell (C. L).</b> THE HEART OF JAPAN.</p>
+
+<p><b>Burton (J. Bloundelle).</b> ACROSS THE SALT SEAS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Caffyn (Mrs.).</b> ANNE MAULEVERER.</p>
+
+<p><b>Capes (Bernard).</b> THE LAKE OF WINE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Clifford (Mrs. W. K.).</b> A FLASH OF SUMMER.</p>
+
+<p>MRS. KEITH’S CRIME.</p>
+
+<p><b>Corbett (Julian).</b> A BUSINESS IN GREAT WATERS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Croker (Mrs. B. M.).</b> ANGEL.</p>
+
+<p>A STATE SECRET.</p>
+
+<p>PEGGY OF THE BARTONS.</p>
+
+<p>JOHANNA.</p>
+
+<p><b>Dante (Alighieri).</b> THE DIVINE COMEDY (Cary).</p>
+
+<p><b>Doyle (A. Conan).</b> ROUND THE RED LAMP.</p>
+
+<p><b>Duncan (Sara Jeannette).</b> A VOYAGE OF CONSOLATION.</p>
+
+<p>THOSE DELIGHTFUL AMERICANS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Eliot (George).</b> THE MILL ON THE FLOSS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Findlater (Jane H.).</b> THE GREEN GRAVES OF BALGOWRIE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gallon (Tom).</b> RICKERBY’S FOLLY.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gaskell (Mrs.).</b> CRANFORD.</p>
+
+<p>MARY BARTON.</p>
+
+<p>NORTH AND SOUTH.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gerard (Dorothea).</b> HOLY MATRIMONY.</p>
+
+<p>THE CONQUEST OF LONDON.</p>
+
+<p>MADE OF MONEY.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gissing (G.).</b> THE TOWN TRAVELLER.</p>
+
+<p>THE CROWN OF LIFE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Glanville (Ernest).</b> THE INCA’S TREASURE.</p>
+
+<p>THE KLOOF BRIDE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Gleig (Charles).</b> BUNTER’S CRUISE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Grimm (The Brothers).</b> GRIMM’S FAIRY TALES.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hope (Anthony).</b> A MAN OF MARK.</p>
+
+<p>A CHANGE OF AIR.</p>
+
+<p>THE CHRONICLES OF COUNT ANTONIO.</p>
+
+<p>PHROSO.</p>
+
+<p>THE DOLLY DIALOGUES.</p>
+
+<p><b>Hornung (E. W.).</b> DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ingraham (J. H.).</b> THE THRONE OF DAVID.</p>
+
+<p><b>Le Queux (W.).</b> THE HUNCHBACK OF WESTMINSTER.</p>
+
+<p><b>Levett-Yeats (S. K.).</b> THE TRAITOR’S WAY.</p>
+
+<p>ORRAIN.</p>
+
+<p><b>Linton (E. Lynn).</b> THE TRUE HISTORY OF JOSHUA DAVIDSON.</p>
+
+<p><b>Lyall (Edna).</b> DERRICK VAUGHAN.</p>
+
+<p><b>Malet (Lucas).</b> THE CARISSIMA.</p>
+
+<p>A COUNSEL OF PERFECTION.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mann (Mrs. M. E.).</b> MRS. PETER HOWARD.</p>
+
+<p>A LOST ESTATE.</p>
+
+<p>THE CEDAR STAR.</p>
+
+<p>ONE ANOTHER’S BURDENS.</p>
+
+<p>THE PATTEN EXPERIMENT.</p>
+
+<p>A WINTER’S TALE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Marchmont (A. W.).</b> MISER HOADLEY’S SECRET.</p>
+
+<p>A MOMENT’S ERROR.</p>
+
+<p><b>Marryat (Captain).</b> PETER SIMPLE.</p>
+
+<p>JACOB FAITHFUL.</p>
+
+<p><b>March (Richard).</b> A METAMORPHOSIS.</p>
+
+<p>THE TWICKENHAM PEERAGE.</p>
+
+<p>THE GODDESS.</p>
+
+<p>THE JOSS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mason (A. E. W.).</b> CLEMENTINA.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mathers (Helen).</b> HONEY.</p>
+
+<p>GRIFF OF GRIFFITHSCOURT.</p>
+
+<p>SAM’S SWEETHEART.</p>
+
+<p>THE FERRYMAN.</p>
+
+<p><b>Meade (Mrs. L. T.).</b> DRIFT.</p>
+
+<p><b>Miller (Esther).</b> LIVING LIES.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mitford (Bertram).</b> THE SIGN OF THE SPIDER.</p>
+
+<p><b>Montresor (F. F.).</b> THE ALIEN.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-31" id="page_c-31"></a>{c-30}</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Morrison (Arthur).</b> THE HOLE IN THE WALL.</p>
+
+<p><b>Nesbit (E.).</b> THE RED HOUSE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Norris (W. E.).</b> HIS GRACE.</p>
+
+<p>GILES INGILBY.</p>
+
+<p>THE CREDIT OF THE COUNTY.</p>
+
+<p>LORD LEONARD THE LUCKLESS.</p>
+
+<p>MATTHEW AUSTEN.</p>
+
+<p>CLARISSA FURIOSA.</p>
+
+<p><b>Oliphant (Mrs.).</b> THE LADY’S WALK.</p>
+
+<p>SIR ROBERT’S FORTUNE.</p>
+
+<p>THE PRODIGALS.</p>
+
+<p>THE TWO MARYS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Oppenheim (E. P.).</b> MASTER OF MEN.</p>
+
+<p><b>Parker (Gilbert).</b> THE POMP OF THE LAVILETTES.</p>
+
+<p>WHEN VALMOND CAME TO PONTIAC.</p>
+
+<p>THE TRAIL OF THE SWORD.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pemberton (Max).</b> THE FOOTSTEPS OF A THRONE.</p>
+
+<p>I CROWN THEE KING.</p>
+
+<p><b>Phillpotts (Eden).</b> THE HUMAN BOY.</p>
+
+<p>CHILDREN OF THE MIST.</p>
+
+<p>THE POACHER’S WIFE.</p>
+
+<p>THE RIVER.</p>
+
+<p><b>‘Q’ (A. T. Quiller Couch).</b> THE WHITE WOLF.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ridge (W. Pett).</b> A SON OF THE STATE.</p>
+
+<p>LOST PROPERTY.</p>
+
+<p>GEORGE and THE GENERAL.</p>
+
+<p>ERB.</p>
+
+<p><b>Russell (W. Clark).</b> ABANDONED.</p>
+
+<p>A MARRIAGE AT SEA.</p>
+
+<p>MY DANISH SWEETHEART.</p>
+
+<p>HIS ISLAND PRINCESS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sergeant (Adeline).</b> THE MASTER OF BEECHWOOD.</p>
+
+<p>BALBARA’S MONEY.</p>
+
+<p>THE YELLOW DIAMOND.</p>
+
+<p>THE LOVE THAT OVERCAME.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sidgwick (Mrs. Alfred).</b> THE KINSMAN.</p>
+
+<p><b>Surtees (R. S.).</b> HANDLEY CROSS.</p>
+
+<p>MR. SPONGE’S SPORTING TOUR.</p>
+
+<p>ASK MAMMA.</p>
+
+<p><b>Walford (Mrs. L. B.).</b> MR. SMITH.</p>
+
+<p>COUSINS.</p>
+
+<p>THE BABY’S GRANDMOTHER.</p>
+
+<p>TROUBLESOME DAUGHTERS.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wallace (General Lew).</b> BEN-HUR.</p>
+
+<p>THE FAIR GOD.</p>
+
+<p><b>Watson (H. B. Marriott).</b> THE ADVENTURERS.</p>
+
+<p>*CAPTAIN FORTUNE.</p>
+
+<p><b>Weekes (A. B.).</b> PRISONERS OF WAR.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wells (H. G.).</b> THE SEA LADY.</p>
+
+<p><b>White (Percy).</b> A PASSIONATE PILGRIM.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_c-32" id="page_c-32"></a>{c-31}</span></p>
+
+<p class="c">
+PRINTED BY<br />
+<br />
+WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,<br />
+<br />
+LONDON AND BECCLES.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><a name="transcrib" id="transcrib"></a></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="padding:2%;border:3px dotted gray;">
+<tr><th align="center">Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">not of sufficent worth and importance=> not of sufficient worth and importance {pg 170}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">and made Nìccolò Perotti=> and made Niccolò Perotti {pg 192}</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="cb"><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Healy, 46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Healy, 50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Sandys, i. 245.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> On the connection between Eastern and Celtic monachism, see
+Stokes (G.T.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Stokes (W.), <i>T. L.</i>, i. 30; ii. 446.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Ib.</i> ii. 421; ii 475.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>D. N. B.</i>, xliv. 39; Stokes (W.), <i>T. L.</i>, i. 191.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Abgitorium, abgatorium; elementa, elimenta.</i> Stokes (W.),
+<i>T. L.</i>, i. cliii.; also i. 111, 113, 139, 191, 308, 320, 322, 326, 327,
+328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> In 536, fifty monks from the Continent landed at
+Cork.&mdash;Montalembert, ii. 248n. Migrations from Gaul were frequent about
+this time.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Bury, 217; cp. 220.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Joyce, i. 478.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Adamnan, lib. ii. c. 29, iii. c. 15 and c. 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Dr. Skene says the Psalter incident “bears the stamp of
+spurious tradition”; so does the Longarad story; but it is curious how
+often sacred books play a part in these tales.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Henderson, <i>Norse Influence on Celtic Scotland</i>, 5-6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Moore, <i>Hist. of Ireland</i>, i. 266.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Healy, 379; Stokes (M.)<sup>2</sup>, 118. Ergo quotidie jejunandum
+est, sicut quotidie orandum est, quotidie laborandum, quotidie est
+legendum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> A ninth century catalogue of St. Gall mentions thirty-one
+volumes and pamphlets in the Irish tongue&mdash;Prof. Pflugk-Harttung, in <i>R.
+H. S.</i> (N. S.), v. 92. Becker names only thirty, p. 43. At Reichenau, a
+monastery near St. Gall, also famous for its library, there were “Irish
+education, manuscripts, and occasionally also Irish monks.” “One of the
+most ancient monuments of the German tongue, the vocabulary of St. Gall,
+dating from about 780, is written in the Irish character.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>D.C.B.</i> <i>sub nom.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Stokes (G. T.), 221.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>Ib.</i> 220.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Haddan, 267.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Hyde, 221.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Joyce, <i>Short Hist. of I.</i>, 165.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Bede, <i>H. E.</i>, iii. 27; Healy, 101; Stokes (G. T.), 230.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Camb. Lit.</i>, i. 66.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Healy, 272.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Alcuin, <i>Willibrord</i>, c. 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> See full account, <i>R. H. S.</i> (N. S.), v. 75.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Sandys, i. 480.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>R. H. S.</i> (N. S.), v. 90.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Sandys, i. 480; Stokes (M.)<sup>2</sup>, 210.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Sancte Columba tibi Scotto tuus incola Dungal<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Tradidit hunc librum, quo fratrum corda beentur.<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Qui leges ergo Deus pretium sit muneris, oro.”&mdash;Healy, 392.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Stokes (M.)<sup>2</sup>, 206-7, 247.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Sandys, i. 463.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Moore, <i>Hist. of I.</i>, i. 299; <i>Boll. Iul.</i> <i>t.</i> vii. 222.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> The following, among others, are still on the Continent:
+Gospels of Willibrord (Bibl. Nat. Lat. 9389, 739), Gospel of St. John
+(Cod. 60 St. Gall <i>c.</i> 750-800); Book of Fragments (No. 1395, St. Gall,
+<i>c.</i> 750-800); The Golden Gospels (Royal library, Stockholm, 871);
+Gospels of St. Arnoul, Metz (Nuremberg Museum, 7th c.).&mdash;Cp. Maclean,
+207-8; Hyde, 267.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Adamnan, 365n.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Hyde, 220; Stokes (M.), 10, “Connachtach, an Abbot of Iona
+who died in 802, is called in the Irish annals ‘a scribe most
+choice.’&nbsp;”&mdash;Trenholme, <i>Iona</i>, 32.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <i>Tech-screptra; domus scripturarum.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>Leabhar coimedach.</i> Adamnan, 359, note m.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Joyce, i. 483.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> At vero hoc audiens Colcius tempus et horam <i>in tabula</i>
+describens.&mdash;Adamnan, 66. Columba is said to have blessed one hundred
+pólaires or tablets (<i>Leabhar Breac</i>, fo. 16-60; Stokes (M.), 51). The
+boy Benen, who followed Patrick, bore tablets on his back (<i>folaire</i>,
+corrupt for <i>pólaire</i>).&mdash;Stokes (W.), <i>T. L.</i>, 47. Patrick gave to Fiacc
+a case containing a tablet. <i>Ib.</i> 344. An example of a waxed tablet,
+with a case for it, is in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. The
+case is a wooden cover, divided into hollowed-out compartments for
+holding the styles. This specimen dates from the thirteenth or
+fourteenth century. Slates and pencils were also in use for temporary
+purposes.&mdash;Joyce, i. 483.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> See Thompson, 236, where Irish calligraphy is fully dealt
+with; <i>Camb. Lit.</i>, i. 13.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>Trans. R. I. Acad.</i>, vol. xviii. 1838.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Stokes (W.), <i>T. L.</i>, 75. The terms used for satchels are
+<i>sacculi</i> (Lat.), and <i>tiag</i>, or <i>tiag liubhair</i> or <i>teig liubair</i>
+(Ir.). There has been some confusion between <i>pólaire</i> and <i>tiag</i>, the
+former being regarded as a leather case for a single book, the latter a
+satchel for several books. This distinction is made in connection with
+the ancient Irish life of Columba, which is therefore made to read that
+the saint used to make <i>cases</i> and <i>satchels</i> for books (<i>pólaire ocus
+tiaga</i>), <i>v.</i> Adamnan, 115. Cf. Petrie, <i>Round Towers</i>, 336-7. But the
+late Dr. Whitley Stokes makes <i>pólaire</i> or <i>pōlire</i>, or the
+corruption <i>folaire</i>, derive from <i>pugillares</i> = writing
+tablets.&mdash;Stokes (W.), <i>T. L.</i>, cliii. and 655. This interpretation of
+the word gives us the much more likely reading that Columba made
+<i>tablets</i>, and <i>satchels</i> for books.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Stokes (M.), 50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Curzon, <i>Monasteries of the Levant</i>, 66.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Mr. Allen, in his admirable volume on <i>Celtic Art</i>, p.
+208, in this series, says cumdachs were peculiar to Ireland. But they
+were made and used elsewhere, and were variously known as <i>capsae</i>,
+<i>librorum coopertoria</i> (<i>e.g.</i> ... librorumque coopertoria; quædam horum
+nuda, quædam vero alia auro atque argento gemmisque pretiosis
+circumtecta.&mdash;<i>Acta SS.</i>, <i>Aug.</i> iii. 659c), and <i>thecae</i>. Some of these
+cases were no doubt as beautifully decorated as the Irish cumdachs.
+William of Malmesbury asserts that twenty pounds and sixty marks of gold
+were used to make the coopertoria librorum Evangelii for King Ina’s
+chapel. At the Abbey of St. Riquier was an “Evangelium auro Scriptum
+unum, cum capsa argentea gemmis et lapidibus fabricata. Aliae capsae
+evangeliorum duae ex auro et argento paratae.”&mdash;Maitland, 212. In 1295
+St. Paul’s Cathedral possessed a copy of the Gospels in a case (capsa)
+adorned with gilding and relics.&mdash;Putnam, i. 105-6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>Leborchometa chethrochori</i>, and <i>bibliothecae
+quadratae</i>.&mdash;Stokes (W.), <i>T. L.</i>, 96 and 313.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Stokes (M.), 90.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Stokes (M.), 92-3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> See <i>La Bibliofilia</i>, xi. 165.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>Acta SS. Ap.</i>, iii. 581c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Healy, 524.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Other instances are cited in Adamnan, book ii., chap. 8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>Hist. mon. S. Augustini, Cant.</i>, 96-99, “Et haec sunt
+primitiae librorum totius ecclesiae Anglicanae,” 99.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>H. E.</i>, i. 29.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Stanley, <i>Hist. Mem. of C.</i> (1868), 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>Hist. mon. S. Aug.</i>, xxv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> B. M. Reg. I. E. vi. may be a part of the Gregorian Bible,
+or the second copy of the Gospels mentioned above, if this second copy
+is not Corpus Christi, Camb. 286. Corpus C. 286 is a seventh century
+book, certainly from St. Augustine’s; it was probably brought to England
+in the time of Theodore, and though it may be one of the books referred
+to above, is, therefore, not Augustinian. The Psalter bearing the silver
+images is “most likely” Cott. Vesp. A. 1, an eighth century manuscript;
+it is, therefore, not Augustinian, although it may be a copy of the
+original Psalter given by Gregory.&mdash;James, lxvi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Known as Codex E, or the Laudian Acts (Laud. Gr. 35). Bede
+refers to a Greek manuscript of the Acts in his <i>Retractationes</i>;
+possibly this is the actual copy. The last page of the book bears the
+signature “Theodore”; did Archbishop Theodore bring the volume to
+England? “It is at least safe to say that the presence of such a book in
+England in Bede’s time can hardly be entirely independent of the
+influence of Theodore or of Abbot Hadrian.”&mdash;James (M. R.), xxiii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>H. E.</i>, iv. 2, <i>tr.</i> Sellar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Ib.</i> v. 20.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Ib.</i> v. 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> This copy was still at Malmesbury in the twelfth
+century.&mdash;W. of Malmesbury, <i>Ang. Sacr.</i>, ii. 21.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Sandys, i. 466; <i>Camb. Eng. Lit.</i>, i. 75.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>Camb. Eng. Lit.</i>, i. 45.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> These foundations were regarded as one house, the inmates
+being bound together by “a common and perpetual affection and
+intimacy.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> “Innumerabilem librorum omnis generis copiam
+apportavit.”&mdash;<i>Vitae Abbatum</i>, § 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> “Copiosissima et nobilissima bibliotheca.”&mdash;<i>Ib.</i> § 11.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Lanciani, <i>Anc. Rome</i>, 201.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Ceolfrid, Benedict Biscop’s successor, added a number of
+books to the library, among them three copies of the Vulgate, and one of
+the older version. One copy of the Vulgate Ceolfrid took with him to
+Rome (716) to give to the Pope. He died on the way. The codex did not go
+to Rome; now, it is in the Laurentian Library, Florence, where it is
+known as the Codex Amiatinus. The writing is Italian, or at any rate
+foreign, so it must have been imported, or written at Jarrow by foreign
+scribes. This volume is the chief authority for the text of Jerome’s
+translation of the Scriptures.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>H. E.</i>, v. 24.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Bede frequently quotes Cicero, Virgil, and Horace; usually
+selecting some telling phrase, <i>e.g.</i> “caeco carpitur igni” (<i>H. E.</i> ii.
+12). In his <i>De Natura rerum</i> he owes a good deal to Pliny and Isidore.
+In his commentaries on the Scriptures he displays an extent of reading
+which we have no space to give any idea of. His chronologies were based
+on Jerome’s edition of Eusebius, on Augustine and Isidore. In his <i>H.
+E.</i> he uses “Pliny, Solinus, Orosius, Eutropius, Marcellinus Comes,
+Gildas, probably the <i>Historia Brittonum</i>, a <i>Passion of St. Alban</i>, and
+the <i>Life of Germanus of Auxerre</i> by Constantius”; while he refers to
+lives of St. Fursa, St. Ethelburg, and to Adamnan’s work on the Holy
+Places. Cf. Sandys, i. 468; <i>Camb. Lit.</i>, i. 80-81. Bede also got
+first-hand knowledge: the Lindisfarne records provided him with material
+on Cuthbert; information came to him from Canterbury about Southern
+affairs and from Lastingham about Mercian affairs. Nothelm got material
+from the archives at Rome for him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Tr. in Morley, <i>Eng. Writers</i>, ii. 160.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Tr. in West, <i>Alcuin</i>, 34-35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Tr. in <i>King’s Letters</i>, ed. Steele (1903), 1. Cf. Bodl.
+<i>MS. Hatton</i>, 20; <i>Cott. MS. Otho</i> B 2; Corpus C. C., Camb. MS. 12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <i>MS. Cott. Tib.</i> B xi.&mdash;a copy of Alfred’s version of the
+<i>Cura</i>, or what is left of it&mdash;has been connected with Archbishop
+Plegmund, the evidence being a Saxon inscription on the manuscript.
+Wanley, however, doubted the conclusiveness of this evidence, which,
+together with most of the text, was lost in the fire of 1731.&mdash;James,
+xxiii-iv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Sandys, i. 484.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Hunt, <i>Hist. of Eng. Church</i>, i. 326.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Strutt, <i>Saxon Antiq.</i>, i. 105, pl. xviii. The picture is
+in a large volume containing part of a grammar and certain other pieces
+used at Glastonbury.&mdash;<i>MS. Auct.</i> F. iv. 32. Over the picture is the
+inscription: <i>Pictura et scriptura hujus paginae subtus visa est de
+propria manu Sci. Dunstani.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Stubbs, <i>Mem. of Dunstan</i>, cx.-cxii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Chron. Mon. de Abingdon</i>, ii. 263.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, ii. 265.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>Archaeologia</i>, xxiv. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> <i>B. M. Cott. Vesp.</i>, A. viii., written 966.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Hook, <i>Archbishops</i>, i. 453 (1st ed.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> <i>Chron. Abb. de E.</i>, 83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> James<sup>1</sup>, 5-6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Most old English poems are preserved in unique
+manuscripts, sometimes not complete, but in fragments; two fragments,
+for example, were found in the bindings of other books.&mdash;Warton, ii. 7.
+In 1248, only four books in English were at Glastonbury, and they are
+described as old and useless.&mdash;John of G., 435; Ritson, i. 43. About
+fifty years later only seventeen such books were in the big library at
+Canterbury.&mdash;James (M. R.), 51. A striking illustration of the disuse of
+the vernacular among the religious is found in an Anglo-Saxon Gregory’s
+<i>Pastoral Care</i>, which is copiously glossed in Latin, in two or three
+hands. This manuscript, now in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, No.
+12, came from Worcester Priory.&mdash;James<sup>17</sup>, 33.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Becker, 199, 257.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> In an eleventh century manuscript in Trinity College
+Library, Cambridge (MS. B. 16, 44), is an inscription, perhaps by
+Lanfranc himself, recording that he brought it from Bec and gave it to
+Christ Church.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> At the end of the manuscript of Cassian is written:
+“Hucusque ego Lanfrancus correxi.”&mdash;<i>Hist. Litt. de la France</i>, vii.
+117. At the end of the Ambrose (<i>Hexaemeron</i>) the note reads,
+“Lanfrancus ego correxi.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> James (M. R.), xxx.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> <i>Chron. Abb. de Evesham</i>, 97.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Library of Ste. Geneviève, Paris, MS. E. l. 17, in 40,
+fol. 61. The note reads: Quia autem apud Bequefort victualium copia
+erat, scriptores etiam ibi habebantur quorum opera ad nos in Normaniam
+mittebantur.&mdash;<i>Library</i>, v. 2 (1893).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Stevenson, <i>Grosseteste</i>, 149.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> <i>Gesta R. Angl.</i>, lib. v.; <i>Camb. Lit.</i>, i. 159-60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> <i>Surtees S.</i>, lxix. 341.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Merryweather, 96-7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Joh. Glaston, <i>Chronica</i>, ed. Hearne (1726), ii. 423-44;
+Merryweather, 140.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Librariam fecit optimum pulcherrimum et
+copiosum.&mdash;Holmes, <i>Wells and Glastonbury</i>, 229.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <i>MS. Twyne</i>, Bodl. L., 8, 272.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> James, and James<sup>1</sup>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> In the fine MS. Cott. Claud. E. iv. (<i>Gesta Abbatum</i>) is
+a series of portrait miniatures of the abbots, and in most cases they
+are represented as reading or carrying books, or with books about them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Fecit etiam scribi libros plurimos, quos longum esset
+enarrare.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Some of the books were restored, others were resold to
+the abbey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> A lot of forty-nine, with prices attached, is given in
+<i>Annales a J. Amund.</i>, ii. 268 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Gloucester House, now Worcester College.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Dugdale, iv. 405.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> For St. Albans see <i>Gesta Abbatum</i>, i. 58, 70, 94, 106,
+179, 184; ii. 200, 306, 363; iii. 389, 393.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> <i>Mon. Fr.</i>, ii. lviii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Bryce, i. 440 n., 29.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Clark, 62.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> These works would be Latin translations based upon Arabic
+versions. <i>Opus Majus</i>, iii. 66; <i>Camb. Lit.</i>, i. 199; Gasquet<sup>3</sup>,
+156.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Close roll, 10 Hen. <small>III</small>, m. 6 (3rd Sep.); Trivet,
+<i>Annales</i>, 243; <i>Mon. Fr.</i>, i. 185; Stevenson, 76; <i>O. H. S.</i>, Little,
+57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Wood, <i>Hist. Ant. U. Ox.</i> (1792), i. 329.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> There is an imperfect catalogue of their library in
+Leland, iii. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Leland<sup>3</sup>, 286.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Oliver, <i>Mon. Dioc. Exon.</i>, 332, 333.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <i>Sussex Archaeol. Collections</i>, i. (1848), 168-187.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Mon. Fr.</i>, ii. 18.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <i>Cal. of Pap. Letters</i>, iv. 42-43.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Leland, iii. 53.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <i>Camb. Mod. Hist.</i>, i., 597.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> For date see Stow (Kingsford’s ed.), i. 108; i. 318;
+<i>Mon. Fr.</i> i. 519.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Stow, i. 318.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <i>Camb. Mod. Hist.</i>, i. 591</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> The catalogue is edited by Dr. M. R. James in <i>Fasciculus
+Ioanni Willis Clark dicatus</i>, 2-96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Bryce, i. 369.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>Mon. Fr.</i>, i. 391.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> i. 366.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> But see <i>O. H. S.</i>, Little, 56; <i>Mon. Fr.</i>, ii. 91&mdash;Libri
+fratrum decedentium....</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> <i>Mon. Fr.</i>, i. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <i>Bodl. MS. Twyne</i>, xxiii. 488; <i>O. H. S.</i>, Little, 60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> R. Armachanus, <i>Defensorium Curatorum</i>; cf. Wyclif’
+English <i>Works</i>, ed. Matthew, 128, 221.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <i>R. de B.</i>, Thomas’ ed. 203.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Stevenson, 87.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Gasquet<sup>3</sup>, 140, <i>q.v.</i> for full description of these
+<i>Correctoria</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> <i>MS. Bodl.</i> Tanner, 165.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> <i>Camb. Mod. Hist.</i>, i. 592; James, xlix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> <i>Hist. et Cart. Mon. Glouc.</i>, iii. lxxiv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> <i>R. de B.</i>, <i>c. v.</i> 183.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Whitaker, <i>Hist. of Craven</i>, (1805), 330; another
+computus, discovered later, does not refer to books (ed. 1878).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Morris, <i>Chester during Plantagenet and Tudor Reigns</i>,
+128-129.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> James, M. R.<sup>1</sup>, 109-110.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Bateson, <i>Med. Eng.</i>, 339.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Gasquet<sup>4</sup>, 49.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> <i>E. H. R.</i>, xxv. 122.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Bateson, vii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> <i>Synesius de laude Calvitii</i>, MS. Bodl. 80.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Gasquet<sup>2</sup>, 36-37.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Sandys., ii. 225; and see <i>post</i>, p. 195.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Gasquet<sup>2</sup>, 37; Rashdall and Rait, <i>New Coll.</i> (1901),
+251.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> A few volumes escaped: a copy of Basil’s Commentary on
+Isaiah, presumably in Greek, and some others. “Among them must in all
+probability be reckoned the first copy of Homer whose presence can be
+definitely traced in England since the days of Theodore of
+Tarsus.”&mdash;<i>Camb. Mod. Hist.</i>, i. 598. Cp. James, li.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Aubrey, <i>Lett. of Em. Per. from the Bod.</i>, i. 278.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> <i>Laboryouse Journey and Serche of Johann Leylande for
+Englandes Antiquitees</i>, by Bale, 1549. Cf. Strype, <i>Parker</i> (1711),
+528.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Accounts of John Scudamore (kings receiver), detailing
+proceeds of sale of goods from Bordesley Abbey, and other
+monasteries.&mdash;<i>Cam. Soc.</i>, xxvi. 269, 271, 275.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> <i>Fasciculus I. W. Clark dicatus</i>, 16, and cf. 96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> <i>Fasciculus I. W. Clark dicatus</i>, 16, 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> <i>C. A. S. 8vo. Publ.</i>, No. 33 (1900), Dr. James on MSS.
+in the Library of Lambeth Palace, pp. 1, 2, 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> See Dr. James’ view of the dispersion of Bury Abbey
+Library.&mdash;James<sup>1</sup>, 9-10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Monasticon, Dugdale, ii. 586-587.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> <i>Ath. Ox.</i> (1721), 82, 83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> James (M. R.), lxxxi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Leland, <i>Itinerary</i> (1907), i. xxxviii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> James (M. R.)<sup>1</sup>, 11.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> <i>Notes and Q.</i>, 2. i. 485; James (M. R.), lvii, lxxxii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Strype, <i>Parker</i> (1711), 528.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> James (M. R.), <i>Sources of Archbishop Parker’s MSS</i>.
+(Camb. Antiq. Soc.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> James (M. R.), 505-534.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> James (M. R.)<sup>1</sup>, 42; <i>ibid.</i> xciv. But later Dr. James
+was less certain of some of his identifications. See James (M. R.)<sup>10</sup>,
+viii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Robinson.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> See also Macray’s <i>Annals of the Bodleian</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Maitland, 404-405.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> <i>Stat. selecta Cap. Gen. O. Cisterc.</i>, <span class="smcap">A.D</span>. 1278,
+Martène, iv. 1462; Maitland, 406.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i>, Little, 55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xv., Durham Rites, 70-71.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> <i>Chron. abb. de Evesham</i>, 301.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> James (M. R.), li.; Cox, <i>Canterbury</i>, 199.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Windle, <i>Chester</i>, 171-172; <i>Library</i>, ii. 285.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> Géraud, <i>Essai sur les livres</i>, 181.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Sandys, i. 266.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Cp. Du Cange, <i>Gloss</i>. art. <i>Scriptores</i>; citation from
+Const. of Carthusians.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Maitland, 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> <i>Chron. mon. de Abingd</i>., ii. 371.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> <i>Gesta abb. m. S. Albani</i>, i. 57-58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> From the Porkington MS.; this treatise has been printed
+in <i>Early English Miscellanies</i>, ed. J. O. Halliwell, for the Warton
+Club (1855), p. 72. Other treatises are in Mrs. Merrifield’s <i>Arts of
+Painting</i> (1849).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Madan, 37.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Pez, <i>Thesaurus</i>, i. xx.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Bede, <i>Works</i>, ed. Plummer, xx.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> <i>O. V.</i>, pars <span class="smcap">II.</span> lib. iv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> Hardy, iii. xiii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii. xxv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Lecoq de la Marche, 103.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> In a MS. of Joh. Andreas, <i>Super Decretales</i>, Peterhouse,
+Camb.&mdash;James<sup>3</sup>, 29.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> MS. on surgery, Peterhouse, Camb.&mdash;James<sup>3</sup>, 137.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Du Cange, <i>Gloss.</i>, art., <i>Scriptorium</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Martène, <i>De Ant. Mon. Ritibus</i>, v. c. 18, § 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> <i>E. H. R.</i>, xxv. 121.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Thompson, pp. 19 ff., 322.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> <i>Customary of St. A.</i> (H. Brads. Soc.), i. 401. These
+tablets were called <i>ceratae tabellae</i>, <i>tabellae cerae</i>, or simply
+<i>cerae</i>. The name of a book, <i>caudex</i>, <i>codex</i>, was first given to these
+tabellae when they were strung together to form a square “book.”&mdash;<i>V.
+Antiquary</i>, xii. 277.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> James<sup>1</sup>, 7; <i>ibid.</i><sup>17</sup>, 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, ed. Skeat, i. 379.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> <i>Mon. Fr.</i>, i. 359.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> <i>Epp.</i>, 8. 69; Sandys, i. 487-488.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> James (M. R.)<sup>10</sup>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Stevenson, <i>Suppl. to Bentham’s Ch. of Ely</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Warton, i. 213.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> <i>Mon. Fr.</i>, i. 206.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i>, Little, 135; best account of Adam in this
+book.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), 8vo ser. vii. 187 (1909). The story of
+the connexion between Chesterton and Vercelli is most interesting. A
+list of the books is in Lampugnani, <i>Sulla Vita di Guala Bicchieri,
+Vercelli</i> (1842), 125 <i>et seq.</i>; but I have not been able to see the
+book. See further Bekynton’s <i>Correspondence</i>, ii. 344 (Rolls Ser.); and
+Kennedy, <i>Poems of Cynewulf</i> (1910), 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27 Boase, xxxvii n.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Sandys, i. 486-489, <i>q.v.</i> for other interesting facts
+about this abbot.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> <i>Gesta Abbatum</i>, i. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> <i>Chron. mon. de Abingd.</i>, ii. 153. A list of the
+precentor’s rents, applied to expenses of the writing-room and the
+organ, will be found in ii. 328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> <i>H. Mon. S. A.</i>, 392.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Stewart, <i>Ely Cath.</i>, 280; <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, lxix. 15-20;
+Robinson, <span class="smcap">I.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> <i>Chron. abb. de Evesham</i>, 208-210.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> Full document in Edwards, i. 283.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> <i>Chron. abb. Rameseiensis</i>, 356.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> James, 535-544.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> <i>Chron. abb. de Evesham</i>, 267.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Robinson, 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27, Boase, 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> Rymer, <i>Foedera</i>, viii. 501; cf. James<sup>17</sup>, 153.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> Cam. Soc., <i>Bury Wills</i> (1850), 105. Many of the gifts to
+Syon monastery came from priests.&mdash;Bateson, xxiii-xxvii. Cf. also lists
+of donors in James (M. R.), 535 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Cf. James (M. R.), lxxii n.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> <i>Customary of Barnwell</i> (Harl. MS. 3061).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i> xv., Durham Rites, 70-71. The library
+would be that built by Wessington in 1446.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> But see Robinson, 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> Sandys, i. 266.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> <i>Archæol. Jour.</i> (1848), v. 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> <i>Lancs. and Ches. Hist. Soc.</i>, xix. 106.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> <i>Chron. mon. de Melsa</i>, iii. lxxxiii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> James (M. R.), xliv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> <i>Anglia Sacra</i>, i. 145-6; James (M. R.), l-li.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> MS. Arundel 57, Brit. Mus. See James (M. R.), lxxvii.
+“This boc is dan Michelis of Northgate, y-write an englis of his ozene
+hand. thet hatte: Ayenbyte of Inwyt. And is of the bochouse of Saynt
+Austines of Canterberi. mid the letters <i>CC</i>.” “Ymende, thet this boc is
+volveld ine the eve of the holy apostles Symon an Judas, of ane brother
+of the cloystre of Sauynt Austin of Canterberi, ine the yeare of oure
+lhordes beringe (birth) 1340.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xv., Durham Rites, 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> <i>C.</i> 1429-45. Most likely over the cloister. The books
+seem to have been arranged flat on sloping desks, to which they were
+chained.&mdash;James (M. R.)<sup>1</sup>, 41.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> <i>Chron. mon. de Abingd.</i>, ii. 373.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> Hardy, iii. xiii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> <i>Chron. mon. de Abingd.</i>, ii. 371; <i>Customary of St.
+August.</i>, <i>Cant.</i> (H. Brads. Soc.), introd.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> <i>Customary of St. August.</i>, i. 96; ii. 36.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> <i>Panni, camisiae librorum.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> <i>Stat. ant. ord. Carthus.</i>, <i>c.</i> xvi. § 9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> MS. Lat. 12296, Bibl. Nat., Paris.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> <i>Bibl. Cluniacensis</i>, lib. i.; Maitland, 440.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> James (M. R.)<sup>10</sup>, 171.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> B. M. MS. Reg. 12 G. ii.; Warton, i. 182.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Harl. MS. 2798.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> See anathema in Trin. Coll. Camb. MS. B. S. 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> James<sup>17</sup>, 126.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> <i>Mon. Fr.</i>, ii. 41.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> Bryce, i. 27.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> <i>Hist. MSS.</i>, 6th Rept. 296<i>b</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> <i>Records of the Borough of Nottingham</i>, i. 335.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iii. 397.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> See particularly James (M. R.), xlv-xlvi, 146-149.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Delisle, <i>Bibl. de l’École des chartes</i>, iii<sup>e</sup> ser. i.
+225.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> <i>Hist. MSS.</i> 6th Rept. 296<i>a</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> <i>Literae Cantuarienses</i>, ii. 146.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> <i>Mon. Fr.</i>, ii. 91.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> <i>Literae Cantuarienses</i>, ii. 146; James (M. R.), 146.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> James (M. R.), xlv, 502-503; Camb. Univ. Lib. MS., Ff. 4.
+40, last fol.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> Clark, 133.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii. 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> See also Bateson, vi-vii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Bateson, vii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> Pemb. Coll., Camb., MS. 180.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Madan, 7, 8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Bateson, 202. Ut scilicet prima particula de numero et
+perfecta voluminum cognicione loci precentorem informet, secunda ad
+solicitam leccionis frequenciam ffratres studiosos provocet, et tercia
+de singulorum tractatuum repercione festina scolaribus itinera
+manifestet.&mdash;James, 407.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> James (M. R.), 410. For further information on monastic
+catalogues consult <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii; Becker; James (M. R.); Bateson;
+<i>Zentralblatt</i>; Gottlieb.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Bateson, <i>Med. Eng.</i>, 86.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> Now in Mr. Pierpont Morgan’s library. Illustrated in <i>La
+Bibliofilia</i>, xi. 169.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Cf. <i>Register of S. Osmund</i>, ii. 127. Textus unus aureus
+magnus continens saphiros xx., et smaragdos [emeralds] vi., et thopasios
+viii., et alemandinas [? carbuncle or ruby] xviii., et gernettas
+[garnets] viii., et perlas xii. Also i. 276; ii. 43. Jerome, <i>Ad
+Eustoch</i>, Ep. 18.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> <i>MS.</i>, 41; James<sup>17</sup>, 81.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> <i>C. A. S.</i>, 8vo. publ. No. 33 (1900), 25.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> <i>MS. Bodl.</i>, Auct. D. 2. 16 fo. 1ª; Dugdale, ii. 527;
+<i>Oxford Philol. Soc. Trans.</i>, 1881-83, p. 2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Full inventory in Oliver, <i>Lives of the Bps.</i>, 301-310.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), 8vo. ser. iv. 311.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> Ego I. de G. Exon., do Eccle. Exon librum istum cum pari
+suo, in festo Annuntiationis Dominice. Manu mea, anno consecrationis mee
+xxxix.&mdash;Oliver, <i>Lives of the Bps.</i>, 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> Lego eisdem libros meos episcopales, majorem et minorem,
+quos ego compilavi.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i> 86.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> In 1329 he wrote to Richard de Ratforde from Chudleigh:
+“Regraciamur vobis quod Librum Sermonum Beati Augustini pro nobis, prout
+Magister Ricardus filius Radulphi, ex parte nostra, vos rogavit,
+retinuistis, nobisque et condiciones ejusdem significastis et precium.
+Et, quia ipsum Librum habere volumus, lx solidos sterlingorum Magistro
+Johanni de Sovenaisshe [Sevenashe], Magistro Scolarum nostre Civitatis
+Exoniensis, pro ipso Libro tradi fecimus, ut nobis eundem, quamcicius
+nuncii securitas affuerit, transmittatis. Libros, eciam, Theologicos
+Originales, veteres saltem et raros, ac Sermones antiquos, eciam sine
+Divisionibus Thematum, pro nostris usibus exploretis; scribentes nobis
+condiciones et precium eorundem.”&mdash;<i>O.H.S.</i>, 27 Boase, 2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Robinson, 63.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Building accounts in <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), 8vo. ser. iv.
+296.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> Oliver, 366-375.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Between 1385 and 1425 the bishops giving books to Exeter
+College, Oxford.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> Oliver, 359, 360, 366-375.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> List in Oliver, <i>Lives</i>, 376; <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iv. 306
+(8vo. ser.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> Oliver, 376.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iv. 312.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> I have to thank my friend Mr. Tapley Soper, F.R.Hist.S.,
+for his willing help in sending me information about this library.
+</p><p>
+Our account of church libraries will appear inadequate if it is not
+borne in mind that we do not propose to go beyond the manuscript age. An
+excellent account of modern church libraries is given in <i>English Church
+Furniture</i>, in this series. Also see Clark, 257.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> <i>Reliquary</i>, vii. 11 (Floyer).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> <i>Reliquary</i>, vii. 14 (Floyer).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> The best account of Worcester Cathedral Library is in
+<i>Reliquary</i>, vii. 11, by the Rev. J. K. Floyer, M.A.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> Havergal, <i>Fasti Heref.</i> (1869), 181-182.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> W. of Malmesbury, <i>Gesta Pont.</i>, 184.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> <i>Register of St. Osmund</i>, i. 8, 214.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> <i>Register of St. Osmund</i>, i. 224.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> Cox and Harvey, <i>English Church Furniture</i>, 331.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a>See list in Giraldus Cambrensis, vii. 165-166.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> <i>Archaeologia</i>, l. 496.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> <i>Hist. MSS., 9th Rept.</i>, App. 46a.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> <i>Ep.</i>, 126; Creighton, <i>Papacy</i>, iii. 53n.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> Stow, i. 328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> Dugdale, <i>Hist. of St. Paul’s</i>, 392-398.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 399.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> Stow, i. 328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, ii. 346; Simpson, <i>Reg. S. Pauli</i>, 13, 78, 133,
+173, 227.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> Pp. 1, 325-327.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> In the fifteenth century the bishops of Wells were good
+friends of learning: Skirlaw gave books to University College, Oxford;
+Bowet left a large library; Stafford gave books; Bekynton was the
+companion of the most cultivated men of his time. Dean Gunthorpe is well
+known as a pilgrim to Italy, who returned laden with manuscripts (see p.
+192).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> <i>Hist. MSS. Rept.</i> 3, App. 363a.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 649.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 652-653.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> <i>L. A. R.</i>, viii. 372; Canon Church’s account of the
+library, in <i>Archaeologia</i>, lvii. pt. 2, is very full and interesting.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxxv. 36-40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> Hunter, <i>Notes of Wills in Registers of York</i>, 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxxv., 45-46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, iv. 385; xlv. 89, 91.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> <i>W. Salt Arch. Soc.</i>, vi. pt. 2, 211.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> <i>Capit. Acts</i>, v. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> Harwood, <i>Hist. and Antiq. of the Ch.... of Lichfield</i>
+(1806), 109.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> <i>Vict. County Hist. of Berkshire</i>, ii. 109.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> <i>Vict. Hist. Warwickshire</i>, ii. 127 b.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, ii. 128 a.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> Johannes Rous, capellanus Cantariae de Guy-Cliffe, qui
+super porticum australem librariam construxit, et libris
+ornavit.&mdash;<i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> (N.S.), xxv. 37. The chapel of Guy’s
+Cliffe was erected by Richard Beauchamp for the repose of the soul of
+his “ancestor,” Guy of Warwick, the hero of romance.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Mr. W. T. Carter of the Warwick Public Library, has
+kindly given me much information about St. Mary’s Church library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> <i>Arch. Inst. City of York</i> (1846), 10-11; <i>Surtees Soc.</i>,
+iv. 102-103, 196; xlv. 57-59, 159, 171, 220-222, 221n.; xxvi. 2-3; xxx.
+219, 275; Cox and Harvey, <i>English Church Furniture</i>, 331; <i>Mun. Acad.</i>,
+648-649; <i>Library</i>, i. 411; Cam. Soc., <i>Bury Wills</i>, 253.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> Cox, J. C., and Hope, W. H. St. John, <i>Chronicles of the
+Colleg. Ch. of All Saints, Derby</i> (1881), 175-177.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 157.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> <i>Library</i>, i. 417.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> Stow, i. 194. Leland, iv. 48, has a note of four MSS. “in
+bibliotheca Petrina Londini.” Possibly this library was formed by Rector
+Hugh Damlet, who was a learned man, and gave several books to Pembroke
+College, Cambridge.&mdash;James<sup>10</sup>, 184.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> <i>Archaeologia</i>, xlv. 118, 120.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> <i>R. H. S.</i>, vi. 205.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> Sandys, i. 606; Le Clerc, <i>Hist. Litt.</i> (2nd ed.), 430.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> N. Bishop’s Collectanea, now at Cambridge; Wood, <i>Hist.
+and Antiq. U. of O.</i>, ed. Gutch, 1796<sup>2</sup>, vol. ii. pt. 2, 910.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 270.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> Clark, 144; <i>Pietas O.</i>, 5; Lyte, 97; Oriel document.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 5 <i>Collect.</i>, i. 62-65.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> <i>Univ. Arch. W. P. G.</i>, 4-6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 226-228.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 267.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 265.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 261 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> After the Black Death, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, possibly
+Corpus Christi, Cambridge, Canterbury College and New College, Oxford,
+were founded, and University (Clare) Hall, Cambridge, was enlarged,
+partly, at any rate, to repair the ravages the plague had made among the
+clergy.&mdash;<i>Camb. Lit.</i>, ii. 354; cf. <i>Hist. MSS.</i>, 5th Rep., 450.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 267.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 266; <i>O. H. S.</i> 35-36, Ansley, 222, 229, 279,
+313, 373, 382, 397.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 266.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> The indenture in which the books are catalogued mentions
+nine books received before: possibly these were the gift of 1435.&mdash;<i>Mun.
+Acad.</i>, 758; <i>O. H. S.</i> 35, Anstey, 177.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 35, Anstey, 184-90.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 35, Anstey, 184.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 758.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 35, Ansley, 246.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 35, Anstey, 187-89; <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 326-29.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> <i>Athenæum</i>, Nov. 17, ’88, p. 664; Hulton, <i>Clerk of
+Oxford in Fiction</i>, 35.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 35, Anstey, 197, 204.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> See lists of Gloucester’s books in <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 758-65;
+<i>O. H. S.</i>, Anstey, 179, 183, 232.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> He also owned some French manuscripts: what he gave to
+Oxford formed part of a much larger private library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 35, Anstey, 294-95.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 35, Anstey, 285-86, 300-1, 318.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 35, Anstey, 9, 46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 35, Anstey, 245-46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 35-36, Anstey, 326, 439.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> The plan resembled that of the old library built by Adam
+de Brome. For notes on the architectural history of this library, see
+<i>Pietas O.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 58, 59; cf. Smith, <i>Annals of U.C.</i>,
+37-39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> <i>Commiss. Docts., Oxford</i>, i., Statutes, p. 24.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> Lyte, 181.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> Paravicini, <i>Ball. Coll.</i>, 169, 173.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 5, <i>Collect.</i>, i. 66.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> <i>Hist. MSS.</i>, ix. 1, 46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 32, <i>Collect.</i>, iii. 225; cf. <i>Hist. MSS.</i> 2nd
+Rep., App. 135a; Walcott, <i>W. of Wykeham</i>, 285.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> <i>Hist. MSS.</i> 9th Rep., i. 46; <i>Reg. Abp. Whittlesey</i>, fo.
+122, cited by Lyte, 181.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> Rogers, <i>Agric. and Prices</i>, iv. 599-600.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 32, <i>Collect.</i>, 223, 214-15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> See the gifts to Exeter College, <i>O. H. S.</i> 27, Boase,
+<i>passim</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, ii. 706.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> <i>Hist. MSS.</i> 2nd Rep., 140a.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> <i>Hist. MSS.</i> App. 2nd Rep., 129; <i>O. H. S.</i> 27, Boase,
+xlvii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> Brantingham gave £20 towards the building; More, £10.
+Account of building expenses, amounting to £57, 13s. 5½d., is given
+in <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27, Boase, 345; see p. liii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 27, Boase, xlviii. In 1392 “iiii<i>s</i> pro
+ligacione septem librorum et <small>I</small><i>d</i> pro cervisia in eisdem ligatoribus,
+<small>VI</small><i>d</i> erario pro labore suo circa eosdem libros, et <small>II</small><i>d</i> Johanni Lokyer
+pro impositione eorundem librorum in descis.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, xlviii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> The building, which is still standing as a part of
+Trinity College, cost £42; fittings, £6, 16s. 8d. Blakiston, <i>Trin.
+Coll.</i>, 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> James, xlvii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> Cf. Willis, <i>Arch. Hist. Camb.</i>, ii. 410.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> Willis, iii. 410.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> <i>Hist. MSS.</i> 2nd Rep., 141a</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i> 27, Boase; <i>O. H. S.</i> 5, <i>Collect.</i>, 62. At C.
+C., Christ Church, and St. John’s Colleges the least useful books could
+be sold if the libraries became too large.&mdash;Oxford Stat.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> <i>Camb. Lit.</i>, iii. 50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> <i>Cam. Soc.</i>, xxvi. 71.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i> for practically nothing, a mere song.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> Wood (Gutch), 918-19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> With Bodley’s noble work this book has no concern. The
+story has been told briefly in Mr. Nicholson’s <i>Pietas Oxoniensis</i>, and
+with more detail in Dr. Macray’s <i>Annals of the Bodleian</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_395_395" id="Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> <i>MS. français</i>, I. 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_396_396" id="Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> Delisle, <i>Le Cabinet des MSS.</i>, i. 152.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_397_397" id="Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> Cooper, i. 128, 152, 224.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_398_398" id="Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xxx. 78-79.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_399_399" id="Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> Bradshaw, 19-34; Willis, iii. 404.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_400_400" id="Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> Cooper, i. 170; <i>Rotuli Parl.</i>, iv. 321.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> Willis, <i>Arch. Hist. Camb.</i>, iii. 11.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, iii. 12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, iii. 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_404_404" id="Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> Bradshaw, 35-53; <i>C. A. S. Comm.</i>, ii. 258.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> Willis, iii. 25.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> Mullinger, ii. 50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_407_407" id="Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> Willis, iii. 25.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_408_408" id="Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, iii. 25-26n.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_409_409" id="Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> <i>C. A. S. Comm.</i>, ii. 73; Willis, iii. 402.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_410_410" id="Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, iv. 385.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> Willis, i. 370.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_412_412" id="Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> Willis, i. 537.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Lyte, <i>Eton</i>, 28-29.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> James<sup>2</sup>, 72-83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> James<sup>2</sup>, 70-71; and see p. 144.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> Willis, i. 356.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Lyte, <i>Eton</i>, 37; Willis, i. 393.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> Willis, i. 414.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> Lyte, <i>Eton</i>, 101.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> James<sup>14</sup>, viii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> Lyte, <i>Eton</i>, 29.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> <i>C. A. S. Comm.</i>, ii. 165.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_423_423" id="Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iii. (8vo. ser.) 398.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_424_424" id="Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 399.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_425_425" id="Footnote_425_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> <i>C. A. S.</i> (N.S.), iii. (8vo. ser.), 399.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_426_426" id="Footnote_426_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> James (M. R.)<sup>10</sup>, xiii.-xvii.; <i>C. A. S.</i>, ii. (8vo.
+ser. 1864), 13-21.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_427_427" id="Footnote_427_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> MS. 232, in the library, contains his will, a list of his
+books with their prices, another catalogue, and a register of the
+borrowers of the books from 1440 to 1516.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, xlv. 220-22.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_429_429" id="Footnote_429_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> Willis, i. 200, 226; iii. 411.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> Clark, 140.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_431_431" id="Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> In winter 1382 “vii<i>d.</i> <i>ob</i> pro ligatura cuiusdam textus
+philosophie de eleccione Johannis Mattecote.” Winter 1405, “i<i>d.</i> <i>ob</i>
+pro pergameno empto pro novo registro faciendo pro eleccione librorum”;
+winter 1457, “iiii<i>d.</i> More stacionario pro labore suo duobus diebus
+appreciando libros collegii qui traduntur in eleccionibus sociorum.”
+Autumn 1488, “ii<i>s.</i> i<i>d.</i> pro redempcione librorum quondam eleccionis
+domini Ricardi Symon.”&mdash;<i>O. H. S.</i> 27, <i>Boase</i>, xlix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_432_432" id="Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> P.R.O., <i>Anc. Deeds</i>, c. 1782.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> See further, <i>Documents relating to the University and
+Colleges of Cambridge</i> (3v. 1852); <i>Statutes of the College of Oxford</i>
+(3v. 1853), especially i. 54, 97; ii. 60, 89; and <i>Mun. Acad.</i> Cf.
+Willis, <i>Camb.</i>, iii. 387.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_434_434" id="Footnote_434_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> Lyte, 81.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_435_435" id="Footnote_435_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_436_436" id="Footnote_436_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> <i>R. de B.</i>, ed. Thomas, pp. 246-48.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_437_437" id="Footnote_437_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> <i>Piers Plowman.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_438_438" id="Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> <i>Hous of Fame</i>, l. 1198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_439_439" id="Footnote_439_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> <i>Troilus</i>, Bk. v. ll. 1797-98.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_440_440" id="Footnote_440_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> Furnivall’s ed., <i>Rolls S.</i>, pt. 1, p. 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_441_441" id="Footnote_441_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> MS. <i>Reg.</i> 17, C. viii. f. 2; cited in Skeat’s Chaucer,
+v. 194.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> Warton, 96-99; Rashdall and Rait, <i>New Coll.</i>, 60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_443_443" id="Footnote_443_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> Stubbs, <i>Lect. on Med. Hist.</i>, 137.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_444_444" id="Footnote_444_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> James (M. R.), 148.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_445_445" id="Footnote_445_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> Coulton, <i>Chaucer and his England</i>, 99.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_446_446" id="Footnote_446_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> James (M. R.), lxxii.; this number is probably correct,
+but owing to confusion between three Abbots of this name it is not
+certainly right.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_447_447" id="Footnote_447_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, lxxiv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_448_448" id="Footnote_448_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> Robinson, 4-7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_449_449" id="Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 32, <i>Collect.</i> 36-40; also 9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_450_450" id="Footnote_450_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450_450"><span class="label">[450]</span></a> Blakiston, <i>Trin. Coll.</i> 5, 7; A. de Murimuth, 171.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_451_451" id="Footnote_451_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> R. de B., 197-199.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_452_452" id="Footnote_452_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452_452"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> “R. de Bury ... qui ipsum episcopatum et omnia sua
+beneficia prius habita per preces magnatum et ambitionis vitium
+adquisivit, et ideo toto tempore suo inopia laboravit et prodigus
+exstitit in expensis.”&mdash;Murimuth, 171.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_453_453" id="Footnote_453_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> “Volens tamen magnus clericus reputari.”&mdash;Murimuth, 171.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_454_454" id="Footnote_454_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Skeat’s Chaucer, vi. 381.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_455_455" id="Footnote_455_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> <i>Hous of Fame</i>, Works, iii. bk. ii. l. 656-58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_456_456" id="Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> <i>Book of the Duchesse</i>, 44.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_457_457" id="Footnote_457_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> <i>Legend of Good Women</i>, prol. 30ff.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_458_458" id="Footnote_458_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458_458"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> Valerie: possibly <i>Epistola Valerii ad Rufinum de uxore
+non ducenda</i>, attributed to Walter Mapes; it is a short treatise of
+about eight folios; it is printed in <i>Cam. Soc.</i> xvi. 77. Theofraste:
+<i>Aureolus liber de Nuptiis</i>, by one Theophrastus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_459_459" id="Footnote_459_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459_459"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> Ll. 669-85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_460_460" id="Footnote_460_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460_460"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> <i>Troilus</i>, ii. 81-105.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_461_461" id="Footnote_461_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> It seems to be Chaucer’s own; only about a third of the
+poem comes from Boccaccio’s <i>Filostrato</i>. Chaucer had a copy of
+<i>Thebais</i> of Statius.&mdash;<i>Troilus</i>, v. l. 1484.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_462_462" id="Footnote_462_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> <i>Letter-book</i> K, fo. 39, July 4, 1426.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_463_463" id="Footnote_463_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> From schedule of the possessions of the Guildhall
+College, July 24, 1549.&mdash;<i>L. A. R.</i>, x. 381.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_464_464" id="Footnote_464_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> Chichele Register, pt. 1, fo. 392b, Lamb. Pal.; <i>L. A.
+R.</i>, x. 382.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_465_465" id="Footnote_465_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> <i>Conf. of Librarians</i> (1877), 216; <i>L. A. R.</i>, x. 382.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_466_466" id="Footnote_466_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466_466"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> <i>Hist. MSS., 8th Rept.</i>, pt. 1, 268a.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_467_467" id="Footnote_467_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> Gasquet<sup>2</sup>, 20; Sandys, ii. 220; Legrand, <i>Bibliographie
+Hellénique</i>, i. (1885) xxiv., where the date is 1405-6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> <i>Epp.</i> (ed. Tonelli, 1832-61), i. 43, 70, 74.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_469_469" id="Footnote_469_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> “Cest livre est a moy Homfrey Duc de Glocestre, lequel je
+fis translater de Grec en Latin par un de mes secretaires, Antoyne de
+Beccariane de Verone.”&mdash;Cam. Soc. 1843, Ellis, <i>Letters</i>, 357.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_470_470" id="Footnote_470_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> Gherardi, <i>Statuti della Univ. e Studio Fiorentino</i>, 364;
+Sandys, ii. 220; Einstein, 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_471_471" id="Footnote_471_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471_471"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> <i>O.H.S.</i>, 35, Anstey, 17, 45.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_472_472" id="Footnote_472_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> “Messer Andrea Ols” in Italian authority; identified by
+Dr. Sandys.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_473_473" id="Footnote_473_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> <i>O.H.S.</i>, 36, Anstey, ii. 389-91; Sandys, ii. 221-26;
+Einstein, 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_474_474" id="Footnote_474_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> <i>MS.</i> 587 <i>Bodl.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_475_475" id="Footnote_475_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475_475"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> Leland<sup>3</sup>, 463; Leland, iii. 13; Einstein, 23, 54-5;
+<i>C.A.S.</i>, 8vo ser., No. 32 (1899), 13.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_476_476" id="Footnote_476_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> <i>E. H. R.</i>, xxv. 449.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_477_477" id="Footnote_477_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> Rymer, <i>Foedera</i>, xii. 214, 216; <i>E. H. R.</i>, xxv. 450.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_478_478" id="Footnote_478_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478_478"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> Now <i>MS.</i> li. 4, 16, at Cambridge University Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_479_479" id="Footnote_479_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> On Shirwood’s books see <i>E. H. R.</i>, xxv. 449-53.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_480_480" id="Footnote_480_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> Leiden, <i>Voss. MSS. Graec.</i>, 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_481_481" id="Footnote_481_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481_481"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> On this group see Harris, Jas. Rendel, <i>The Leicester
+Codex.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_482_482" id="Footnote_482_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482_482"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> <i>E. H. R.</i>, xxv. 446-7; James.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_483_483" id="Footnote_483_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> <i>Literae Cant.</i> (Rolls Ser.), iii. 239; cf. Campbell,
+<i>Matls for Hist. of H. <span class="smcap">VII.</span></i>, ii. 85, 114, 224.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_484_484" id="Footnote_484_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484_484"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> Leland<sup>3</sup>, 482. The Obit in <i>Christ Church MS.</i> D. 12
+refers to Selling as “Sacrae Theologiae Doctor. Hic in divinis agendis
+multum devotus et lingua Graeca et Latina valde eruditus.”&mdash;Gasquet<sup>2</sup>,
+24.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_485_485" id="Footnote_485_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485_485"><span class="label">[485]</span></a> Gasquet<sup>2</sup>, 24; James, li.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_486_486" id="Footnote_486_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486_486"><span class="label">[486]</span></a> Homer and Euripides are in Corpus Christi College,
+Cambridge; the others are in Trinity College, Cambridge.&mdash;James<sup>16</sup>, 9;
+Gasquet<sup>2</sup>, 30.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_487_487" id="Footnote_487_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> Gasquet<sup>2</sup>, 37.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_488_488" id="Footnote_488_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> The point is disputed; cf. Einstein, 32; Lyte, 386;
+<i>Camb. Lit.</i>, iii. 5, 6; Rashdall and Rait, <i>New. Coll.</i>, 93; Dr. Sandys
+does not mention Vitelli.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_489_489" id="Footnote_489_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> Rashdall, ii. 343.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_490_490" id="Footnote_490_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490_490"><span class="label">[490]</span></a> <i>Biblio. Soc. Monogr.</i> x. (S. Gibson), 43-6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_491_491" id="Footnote_491_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491_491"><span class="label">[491]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 1; <i>O.H.S.</i>, 29; Madan, 267, contains long
+list of references.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_492_492" id="Footnote_492_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492_492"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> <i>O. H. S.</i>, 27, Boase, xxxvi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_493_493" id="Footnote_493_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> Cf. <i>Grace B.</i> Δ ix, xlii, xliii.; <i>O.H.S.</i>, 29, Madan,
+<i>Early Oxf. Press</i>, 266; <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 532, 544, 579.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_494_494" id="Footnote_494_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494_494"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_495_495" id="Footnote_495_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 174, 346.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_496_496" id="Footnote_496_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496_496"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, xxxviii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_497_497" id="Footnote_497_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, xl.-xlii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_498_498" id="Footnote_498_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498_498"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 253.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_499_499" id="Footnote_499_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499_499"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 383-7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_500_500" id="Footnote_500_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, 233-4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_501_501" id="Footnote_501_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501_501"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> R. de B., 205.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_502_502" id="Footnote_502_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 550.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_503_503" id="Footnote_503_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503_503"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> Bodl. MS. Rawlinson, 34, fo. 21, <i>Stat. Coll. S. Mariae
+pro Oseney: De Libraria</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_504_504" id="Footnote_504_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> Cooper, i. 57, 104, 141, 262; cf. <i>Biblio. Soc. Monogr.</i>
+13, p. 1-6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_505_505" id="Footnote_505_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> 3 H. vii., cap. 9, 10, <i>Stat. of the Realm</i>, ii. 518.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> <i>Donnée des comptes des Roys de France, au 14<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>
+(1852), 227; Putnam, i. 312; <i>Library</i>, v. 3-4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_507_507" id="Footnote_507_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> Gairdner, <i>Paston letters</i>, v. 1-4, where the whole bill
+is transcribed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_508_508" id="Footnote_508_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508_508"><span class="label">[508]</span></a> Cited in <i>Gasquet</i><sup>2</sup>, 17.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_509_509" id="Footnote_509_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509_509"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> Martène, <i>Thesaurus</i>, i. 511.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_510_510" id="Footnote_510_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> <i>Opera</i>, fo. 1523. Fo. xlvii. 7, <i>Doctrinale juvenum</i>, c.
+v.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_511_511" id="Footnote_511_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, c. iv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_512_512" id="Footnote_512_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> Maitland, 200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_513_513" id="Footnote_513_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> <i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii. 80.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_514_514" id="Footnote_514_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> V. Catalogues in <i>Becker</i>; James (M. R.); Bateson;
+<i>Surtees Soc.</i>, vii.; etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_515_515" id="Footnote_515_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> Sandys, i. 638; and see Jerome, <i>Ep.</i> xxii., ed. 1734, i.
+114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_516_516" id="Footnote_516_516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_516_516"><span class="label">[516]</span></a> Sandys i. 618.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_517_517" id="Footnote_517_517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_517_517"><span class="label">[517]</span></a> Comparetti, <i>Vergil in the M. A.</i>, 77.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_518_518" id="Footnote_518_518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_518_518"><span class="label">[518]</span></a> Taylor, <i>Classical Heritage</i>, 37.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_519_519" id="Footnote_519_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> Sandys, i. 638-39; see what is said about use of Ovid at
+Canterbury.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_520_520" id="Footnote_520_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> On the use of classics in the Middle Ages see Sandys, i.
+630 (Plautus and Terence), 631 (Lucretius), 633 (Catullus and Virgil),
+635 (Horace), 638 (Ovid), 641 (Lucan), 642 (Statius), 643 (Martial), 644
+(Juvenal), 645 (Persius), 648 (Cicero), 653 (Seneca), 654 (Pliny), 655
+(Quintilian), etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_521_521" id="Footnote_521_521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_521_521"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> Rashdall, i. 42.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_522_522" id="Footnote_522_522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_522_522"><span class="label">[522]</span></a> Lyte, 88-89; Einstein, 180.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_523_523" id="Footnote_523_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523_523"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> Bacon, <i>Op. ined</i>., 84, 148.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_524_524" id="Footnote_524_524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_524_524"><span class="label">[524]</span></a> Mullinger, 211.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_525_525" id="Footnote_525_525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_525_525"><span class="label">[525]</span></a> Rashdall, i. 77-8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_526_526" id="Footnote_526_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> Becker, 244.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_527_527" id="Footnote_527_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> Cf. Becker, index.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_528_528" id="Footnote_528_528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_528_528"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> On Michael, see Bacon, <i>Op. maj.</i>, 36, 37; Dante,
+<i>Inferno</i>, xx. 116; Boccaccio, 8 day, 9 novel; Scott, <i>Lay</i>, II. xi.;
+Brown, <i>Life and Legend of M. S.</i> (1897).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_529_529" id="Footnote_529_529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_529_529"><span class="label">[529]</span></a> Bacon, <i>Op. ined., Comp. stud.</i>, 472 (Rolls Series).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_530_530" id="Footnote_530_530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_530_530"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> In Peterhouse Library, Cambridge, is a manuscript of
+Aristotle’s <i>Metaphysica</i>, with Latin translations from the Arabic and
+the Greek in parallel columns: the one being called the old translation,
+the other the new. The manuscript is of the thirteenth or fourteenth
+century.&mdash;James<sup>3</sup>, 43.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_531_531" id="Footnote_531_531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_531_531"><span class="label">[531]</span></a> Gasquet<sup>3</sup>, 143-44; see other instances, <i>Camb. Mod.
+Hist.</i>, i. 588.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_532_532" id="Footnote_532_532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_532_532"><span class="label">[532]</span></a> Jourdain, <i>Recherches ... traductions Latines d’A.</i>, 187;
+Gasquet<sup>3</sup>, 148.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_533_533" id="Footnote_533_533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_533_533"><span class="label">[533]</span></a> Paris, <i>Chron. Maj.</i>, iv. 232-3; cp. Bacon, <i>Op. ined.</i>,
+91, 434.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_534_534" id="Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> Stevenson, 224, 227; <i>Camb. Mod. Hist.</i>, i. 586; James,
+lxxxvi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_535_535" id="Footnote_535_535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_535_535"><span class="label">[535]</span></a> MS. Ff. i. 24; Paris, <i>C.M.</i> iv. 232; cf. v. 285.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_536_536" id="Footnote_536_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> Sandys, i. 576.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_537_537" id="Footnote_537_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> Now Canon. gr. 35 Bodleian; James, lxxxvi. This may be
+the <i>Liber grecorum</i> in the list of books repaired in 1508.&mdash;James,
+lxxxvi., 163.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_538_538" id="Footnote_538_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> James<sup>16</sup>, 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_539_539" id="Footnote_539_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> <i>Op. Maj.</i>, 46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_540_540" id="Footnote_540_540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_540_540"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> <i>Op. Tertium</i>, p. 55, 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_541_541" id="Footnote_541_541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_541_541"><span class="label">[541]</span></a> James (M. R.), lxxiv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_542_542" id="Footnote_542_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 86, 430, 444; cf. Lyte, 235. Donatus came
+to be regarded as a synonymous term for grammar. In <i>Piers Plowman</i> a
+grammatical lesson or text-book is called “Donet.” A Greek grammar was
+called a “Donatus Graecorum.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_543_543" id="Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 441.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_544_544" id="Footnote_544_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> In the right-hand doorway of the west front of Chartres
+Cathedral are figures of the Seven Arts, Grammar being associated with
+Priscian, Logic with Aristotle, Rhetoric with Cicero, Music with
+Pythagoras, Arithmetic with Nicomachus, Geometry with Euclid, and
+Astronomy with Ptolemy. Cf. Marriage, <i>Sculp. of Chartres Cath.</i>, 71-73
+(1909).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_545_545" id="Footnote_545_545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_545_545"><span class="label">[545]</span></a> On medieval studies see further <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 34, 242-43,
+285, 412-13; Sandys, i. 670.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_546_546" id="Footnote_546_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_546_546"><span class="label">[546]</span></a> <i>Oxford Stat.</i>, <i>c.</i> 21.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_547_547" id="Footnote_547_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_547_547"><span class="label">[547]</span></a> <i>Toxophilus</i>, Arber’s ed., p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_548_548" id="Footnote_548_548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_548_548"><span class="label">[548]</span></a> <i>Camb. Eng. Lit.</i>, iii. 364.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_549_549" id="Footnote_549_549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_549_549"><span class="label">[549]</span></a> Cf. Warton, ii. 95.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_550_550" id="Footnote_550_550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_550_550"><span class="label">[550]</span></a> By Jehan de Tuim, <i>c.</i> 1240.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_551_551" id="Footnote_551_551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_551_551"><span class="label">[551]</span></a> Wace or Layamon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_552_552" id="Footnote_552_552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_552_552"><span class="label">[552]</span></a> <i>Amadas et Idoine</i>, an anonymous Norman French poem of
+the twelfth century.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_553_553" id="Footnote_553_553"></a><a href="#FNanchor_553_553"><span class="label">[553]</span></a> Sir Beves of Hamtoun (Fr. 13 cent., Eng. 14 cent.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_554_554" id="Footnote_554_554"></a><a href="#FNanchor_554_554"><span class="label">[554]</span></a> Character in romance of <i>Tristrem</i>, by Thomas the Rymer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_555_555" id="Footnote_555_555"></a><a href="#FNanchor_555_555"><span class="label">[555]</span></a> <i>Haveloke.</i> For other metrical catalogues see first and
+second prologues to <i>Richard Cœur de Lion</i>.&mdash;Ritson, <i>Anc,. Eng. Metr.
+Romances</i>, i. 55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_556_556" id="Footnote_556_556"></a><a href="#FNanchor_556_556"><span class="label">[556]</span></a> Gladly, blithely.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_557_557" id="Footnote_557_557"></a><a href="#FNanchor_557_557"><span class="label">[557]</span></a> From beginning of <i>Handlyng Synne</i>, by Robert Mannying of
+Brunne.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_558_558" id="Footnote_558_558"></a><a href="#FNanchor_558_558"><span class="label">[558]</span></a> Bateson x.; Gasquet<sup>4</sup>, 30-31; James (M.R.), 148.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_559_559" id="Footnote_559_559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_559_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a> Written at the end of the manuscript, which is in the
+Douce collection.&mdash;Warton, i. 182-83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_560_560" id="Footnote_560_560"></a><a href="#FNanchor_560_560"><span class="label">[560]</span></a> MS. Burney, 11; James (M.R.), 515.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_561_561" id="Footnote_561_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> <i>B.M. MS. Reg.</i>, 9 B ix. 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_562_562" id="Footnote_562_562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_562_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a> Lyte, 135.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_563_563" id="Footnote_563_563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_563_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, 665. Cf. p. 661.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_564_564" id="Footnote_564_564"></a><a href="#FNanchor_564_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, ci.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_565_565" id="Footnote_565_565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_565_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a> <i>Mun. Acad.</i>, lxxvii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_566_566" id="Footnote_566_566"></a><a href="#FNanchor_566_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a> <i>Lyte</i>, 93.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_567_567" id="Footnote_567_567"></a><a href="#FNanchor_567_567"><span class="label">[567]</span></a> Lounsbury, <i>Studies in Chaucer</i>, ii. 265.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_568_568" id="Footnote_568_568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_568_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a> <i>Wife of Bath’s Prologue</i>, ll. 673-81.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_569_569" id="Footnote_569_569"></a><a href="#FNanchor_569_569"><span class="label">[569]</span></a> <i>E. H. R.</i>, xxv. 453.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_570_570" id="Footnote_570_570"></a><a href="#FNanchor_570_570"><span class="label">[570]</span></a> <i>Camb. Lit.</i>, i. 262.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_571_571" id="Footnote_571_571"></a><a href="#FNanchor_571_571"><span class="label">[571]</span></a> <i>Piers Plowman</i>, 186.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_572_572" id="Footnote_572_572"></a><a href="#FNanchor_572_572"><span class="label">[572]</span></a> “Quendam libru’ meu’ de Cant<sup>rbury</sup> Tales.”&mdash;<i>N. &amp; Q.</i>,
+11 ser. ii. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_573_573" id="Footnote_573_573"></a><a href="#FNanchor_573_573"><span class="label">[573]</span></a> <i>Camb. Lit.</i>, i. 262.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_574_574" id="Footnote_574_574"></a><a href="#FNanchor_574_574"><span class="label">[574]</span></a> Jusserand, <i>Piers</i>, 13.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+</pre>
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+</body>
+</html>
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #1615 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1615)
diff --git a/old/nglbs10.zip b/old/nglbs10.zip
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