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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/16032-8.txt b/16032-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a4ca75 --- /dev/null +++ b/16032-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1216 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On +In It, Vol. 1, No. 51, October 28, 1897, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 51, October 28, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: June 9, 2005 [EBook #16032] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 OCTOBER 28, 1897. NO. 51 + +=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.= + + * * * * * + +General Weyler's efforts to remain in Cuba have not met with success. + +In the face of the letters and petitions from his admirers in Cuba, and +the demonstrations made by the soldiers in his favor, Señor Sagasta, the +Spanish Prime Minister, has decided to recall him, and send out General +Ramon Blanco in his stead. + +The news was received with delightful surprise by the many people who +disapprove of Weyler's cruel conduct of the Cuban war. It had been +feared that the efforts of his friends would have had weight with the +new minister, and prevented Weyler's removal for the present. + +Señor Sagasta seems to be a man of his word. He stated that if he were +called to take charge of the affairs of Spain his first act should be to +recall Weyler, and he has not swerved from his determination. + +As we told you last week, General Weyler sent a despatch to Señor +Sagasta announcing that he would not resign his office, and offering his +services to the new Government. + +The day after the despatch was received, a cabinet meeting was held, at +which it was decided that General Weyler must be recalled. + +The matter was therefore arranged with the utmost politeness on both +sides. + +General Weyler in his message stated that it was impossible for him to +offer his resignation to the ministry, because he was not merely acting +as the Governor of Cuba, but as Commander-in-Chief of an army engaged in +war, and in the last capacity he could never allow it to be said of him +that he had offered to resign while in the face of an enemy. + +He added that he knew that he had the approval of the people of Spain +and of some of the parties in power, but that he would also like to feel +that he had the confidence of the ministers. This confidence, he +declared, would enable him to finish the war, which he stated to be +almost at an end. + +This very artful letter had no effect on either Sagasta or the +Government. The sentence about the approval of the people of Spain and +of some of the parties in power was undoubtedly meant as a hint to the +Prime Minister that the General had powerful friends, and that it would +not be a wise thing to interfere with him. + +Sagasta, however, replied to him, that while the ministry recognized and +valued the work he had done for Spain, a change was considered +desirable, and so he had decided to recall him. + +When the news of Sagasta's action reached the people, there was much +excitement both in Spain and Cuba. + +In Spain it was reported that General Weyler meant to defy the +Government, and keep his post in spite of Sagasta's orders, and that he +had threatened that he would use his influence with the soldiers, and +carry them with him over to the Carlists, if Sagasta did not instantly +withdraw the recall. + +The Cubans, on their part, were panic-stricken. They have such a dread +of Weyler that they expected he would revenge himself on them for his +disgrace. + +In Havana some of the Cubans hired armed men to protect them from +attack, and others crowded the steamship offices in an endeavor to +escape from the country before the catastrophe came. + +The fears of the people were, however, set at rest by a statement from +the Captain-General that he would never be guilty of any act which could +cause his Government trouble. He therefore hastened to assure Señor +Sagasta of his willingness to obey the wishes of the Government, and +gave up his command in Cuba. + +He asked permission to leave the island at once, but Sagasta cabled to +him that he must remain where he was until Oct. 20th. + +General Ramon Blanco will sail for Cuba on Oct. 15th. + +The newly appointed commander of the forces in Cuba was Governor-General +of the Philippine Islands at the outbreak of the war there, but was +recalled for political reasons. + +Unfortunately, his record for cruelty is not far behind Weyler's, and so +the savage character of the war in Cuba is not likely to be changed by +the change of commanders. + +The Cubans know Barman Blanco well. He was Captain-General of the +island in 1879, when the second insurrection against the Spaniards +started. + +Under him was Camilo Polavieja, who as Governor of the Philippines has +made for himself an unenviable reputation for cruelty. + +To these two men was intrusted the task of suppressing the revolt. + +The insurrection of 1879 was not a very serious affair; the Cubans as a +body took no part in it; but notwithstanding this fact, which was well +known to the authorities, fully fifteen hundred men of position in Cuba +were arrested, and many of them put to death without being tried or +given an opportunity to prove their innocence. + +The Cubans have not forgotten this, and they have little to hope from +General Blanco, especially as he has announced his intention of dealing +with the present trouble in the same manner that he did with the revolt +of 1879. + +He will find, however, that matters have changed considerably since +1879. + +In those days a mere handful of the Cuban people were in arms against +Spain; now he will find himself among a people who are unfriendly to the +cause he represents, and who have besides organized themselves until +they have a government to direct their movements, and an army of +veterans to protect them. + +Were this not enough to make his task a difficult one, he will find to +his cost that the soldiers of Spain on whom he must rely are ill, poorly +fed, and angry with the Government because it does not even pay them the +pittance due in return for their services and sufferings. + +It is true that General Blanco is to take twenty thousand fresh troops +with him. But sickness and disease are ravaging Cuba, and the +new-comers, unused to the climate, are likely to be the first to fall +victims to the fevers and plagues that are turning the beautiful island +into a pest-house. + +It is said that Sagasta has ordered General Blanco to continue the war +as long as there is an insurgent in arms against Spain, but that he does +not intend to conquer the people by force of arms alone. + +The soldiers are to punish the Cubans if they will not obey the +Government, but Señor Sagasta means to try and win the friendship of the +people by giving them a kind and liberal form of government under which +they may prosper and be happy. With this policy he hopes to bring the +war to a speedy end. + +General Blanco's first act is to be to repeal some of the cruel laws +made by Weyler, especially those which have driven the unfortunate +peasants into the towns to starve, while their ungathered crops lie +rotting in the fields. + +Whether these efforts to secure the friendship of the Cubans will be +successful or not, the future alone can tell. + +At present the Cubans are not disposed to listen to any offers. They +persist in their declaration that they are fighting for freedom, and +that the change of ministers or captains-general makes no difference to +them. They are not going to lay down their arms because Weyler is +recalled, nor yet because Sagasta offers them Home Rule. + +As a last act before he leaves the island, General Weyler has pardoned a +great number of Cubans whom he had exiled from their country, and these +men are now free to return to their homes. + +In the mean while the Cubans have won two brilliant victories in Havana +Province, and have also gained possession of a seaport town called Santa +Maria, in the province of Pijar del Rio. + +General Weyler has stated that he has pacified the eastern part of the +island, and has only a little more work to do before he will have the +west completely subdued. + +In direct contradiction of this statement comes the news that Bayamo, +Holguin, Jiguani, and other towns held by the Spanish in Santiago +province (which is Eastern Cuba) have all been abandoned by the Spanish +troops since the fall of Victoria de las Tunas. + +With these towns abandoned, the insurgents do not need such a large body +of troops in Santiago, and so a strong force under the leadership of +General Garcia is making its way westward to join the army in Havana and +Pinar del Rio. + +This army crossed the trocha without any difficulty, attacked the town +of Taguayabon in Santa Clara, captured it and plundered it with very +little opposition from the Spaniards, and marched triumphantly on toward +Matanzas province. + +The news has reached Havana that this body of men which is marching +toward the city is the flower of the insurgent army. It is stated that +it consists of infantry, cavalry, and three batteries of artillery, and +is well supplied with arms and ammunition captured from Las Tunas. + + * * * * * + +A messenger from Cuba has arrived in this country, who states positively +that the elections have been delayed, and that as yet no one has been +chosen to fill the office of President. He adds that Señor Bartolome +Maso is the favorite, and it is supposed that he will be the successful +candidate. The news of the election of Señor Capote may not have been +true, after all. + +This messenger, who is named Aguirre, says he is the bearer of some +important messages and papers to the Cubans in America, but he will not +say what they are until he has laid them before the proper authorities. +It is thought that they may have something to do with the exchange of +prisoners, and the recognition of the belligerency of the Cubans by the +Spanish army. + +There has been great rejoicing during the last few days over the escape +from prison of a young Cuban, Evangelina Cisneros. + +This girl displeased the Spanish commanders, and in revenge they accused +her of being a dangerous rebel, and had her thrown into prison. + +She is a very young girl, but a little over fifteen years of age, but +the Spaniards thrust her into the prison where all the worst women +criminals were kept, and she had for her companions tipsy negresses and +all the roughest and worst kinds of women, white and colored. + +Every one who heard of this thought it such a shameful thing for a +delicate young girl to be forced to spend her days in the society of +such terrible companions that the women of this country got up a +monster petition, thousands signing it, and sent it to the Queen of +Spain. + +This petition urged the Queen to have little Miss Cisneros removed to a +more suitable prison, and to order that she be given a speedy trial, so +that she might have an opportunity of proving her innocence. + +Her Majesty, Queen Christine, did order that the girl should be less +hardly used, but General Weyler saw fit to disregard the royal +instructions, and the child was kept locked up in this horrid prison. + +Finding that Weyler did not mean to help Señorita Cisneros, nor yet to +give her a proper trial, some friends went to her rescue. Hiring a room +opposite to her prison, two young men built a bridge of planks by which +they were enabled to reach the window of her prison, and, as the story +goes, after sending her drugged candies to give to her room-mates so +that they might sleep heavily and not hear what was going on, these men +sawed through the bars of her prison, lifted her out on the roof beside +them, and hurried her away over the bridge to freedom. + +She was kept in concealment for a day or two, and then, disguised as a +boy, passed under the nose of the police officer who was watching the +steamers to prevent her escape to this country. Once on board and safely +out of sight of Cuba, she confessed her secret to the stewardess, who +gave her some woman's clothes, and took care of her until she was safely +landed in New York. + +One of the New York papers, _The Journal_, claims the credit for the +young girl's rescue, and states that the two men who freed her from her +prison were reporters sent out from the paper to do the work. It is to +be hoped that this is not true, for while we must sympathize with all +unfortunate prisoners, we have no right to break open the jails of +another country and free her criminals. If this story is true, Spain has +a just cause of complaint against us. + + * * * * * + +Señor Sagasta has published the contents of the note presented to him by +General Woodford, and which was said by so many people to be practically +a declaration of war. It turns out to have been merely a polite inquiry +as to how much longer the war was going to last, and whether Spain saw a +possibility of bringing it to a speedy close. + +The Spanish Cabinet has not yet decided what answer shall be made to +this note, but it is thought that Señor Sagasta will make a statement +about the reforms that are about to be instituted in Cuba, and will ask +that we wait and see the effect of these changes before we demand a +positive answer to our letter. + +The dry-dock has been heard from. + +The builders of the dock have received a letter from the captain of the +steamer that is towing it. + +The letter was written at Madeira, an island off the western coast of +Africa. In it the captain says that the dry-dock has excellent seagoing +qualities, and that he has no further fear of being able to tow it +safely into port. + +Up to the time of writing, the captain had made eleven hundred miles +with his tow, and as he considered the worst part of the voyage over, he +expected to be able to increase the speed a little, and arrive in Cuba +about the 8th of November. + + * * * * * + +It is stated that his Holiness the Pope is trying to find some means of +bringing the trouble about the excommunication of the Spanish Minister +of Finance to a satisfactory conclusion. + +It appears that the Carlists are making great capital out of the affair, +and are using it to turn the Spanish peasants against the Government. + +These people are very religious, and regard their priests with great +respect and awe. They would not dream of disobeying their orders, and +are led and advised by them to a very great extent. + +That one of the great men who are governing them should dare to disobey +the commands of the Church, and have to be punished by so awful a +penalty as excommunication, is so extraordinary to them that they can +hardly believe it. The Carlists' agents have worked on these feelings +until they have made the peasants believe that no good can come to a +country governed by such ungodly men. + +Numbers of these peasants have become dissatisfied with the Government, +and are turning toward Don Carlos, because they believe him to be a +leader who will respect the laws of God as well as the laws of man. + +The Queen of Spain, hearing of this, has sent an urgent message to his +Holiness the Pope, asking his aid, and he has immediately set about +smoothing the matter over. + + * * * * * + +England has sent a final refusal to take part in the conference on the +seal question. + +The British Foreign Office has notified our ambassador in England, that +Great Britain must decline to take part in any sealing conference to +which Russia and Japan are invited. + +We told you a week or so ago that England had objected to the presence +of Russia and Japan because she insisted that the conference that was +called had reference to the Paris award. As there were only two parties +to the Paris conference, herself and the United States, she declared +that she could not see what business Russia or Japan had in the matter +at all. + +The Paris award, if you remember (see page 976), had to do with the +right of the United States to prevent other ships from entering the +Bering Sea. + +The United States has called the attention of Great Britain to the fact +that the Washington conference is in no way connected with the Paris +award. It has been repeatedly stated that its object is to be merely to +discover whether the seal herds are decreasing, and if so to decide upon +a means of preserving them. Any decision that shall be arrived at at the +Washington conference is to be binding on all nations interested in the +sealing industry. + +Great Britain will not listen to this. She takes the stand that by the +terms of the Paris award the code of laws governing the sealing +fisheries will have to be revised every five years anyhow, and as the +first five years will be up in 1898, she does not see the use of +entering into the matter now. She therefore positively declines to take +part in the conference. + +Those who are in a position to know say that England has been forced +into this position by Canada. + +When Prof. D'Arcy Thompson returned from his trip to the seal islands +this year, he brought with him information that completely upset his +former statements and theories, and showed that the seals are decreasing +rapidly. + +Canada became convinced that Russia, Japan, and the United States would +combine in an effort to have the seals carefully preserved, and +therefore she urged England to refuse to take part in the conference, +and thus give her time to consider what may be the best course for her +to take under the circumstances. + +Experts who have been in London examining the year's take of seal-skins +are ready to state before the conference that eighty per cent of the +skins sold by the Canadian companies are those of the mother seals, and +that most of these animals have been shot. + +This latter point is important, because it is in this way that the seals +are killed in the deep-sea or pelagic sealing, which the United States +is so anxious to put a stop to. + +The conference will be held with or without England, but, feeling that +Russia and Japan may also have cause for offence if England refuses to +meet them, it is said that the State Department has written once more to +the British Government, urging it to send some one to be present at the +meetings. + +It is also reported that Sir Julian Pauncefote is anxious that England +should be represented, and has used his influence to get her to do so. + +Our Government is inclined to think that England's refusal is not very +polite. Lord Salisbury, however, says that he is entirely free from all +blame in the matter, and that the whole trouble has been caused by a +misunderstanding with our ambassador, Colonel Hay. + +His Lordship declares that when Colonel Hay saw him in July last, and +gave him the information that Russia and Japan had consented to take +part in the conference, he immediately said: + +"Oh, no, Great Britain will not take part on such conditions." + +Our ambassador did not hear any such reply, and understood Lord +Salisbury to consent. + +In the mean while, the representatives of Russia and Japan have arrived +in this country, and are waiting for the conference to begin. + +The English papers express themselves as being very pleased that England +has refused to be present at the meeting. They insist that we were +setting a trap for England, and trying to get her to say or do something +at the conference which would let us out of paying the $425,000 of the +Paris award. + +This is unkind of them, and not quite fair to us. By looking at page +926, you will see that it was agreed that about $425,000 should be paid +to Canada as damages for keeping her out of the Bering Sea. This sum was +to be paid subject to the approval of Congress. + +When Congress came to look into the matter, it was found that Canada was +not dealing quite fairly with us. A number of false claims were set up, +and we were asked to pay for damage we had never done. A committee was +appointed to look into the various claims, and is still at work on them. +As soon as these matters are thoroughly sifted, the just claims will be +paid. + +It does not seem right to accuse us of trying to avoid paying our debts +because we want the items of every bill we are asked to pay. Every +business man throughout the country likes to know what he is paying for +before he parts with his good money, and why should a nation be less +careful than an individual? + + * * * * * + +Since the Greek Boulé accepted the terms of the treaty of peace, the +business of settling these unfortunate affairs has been proceeding +without any further hitch. + +The new Prime Minister declared on his accepting office that his first +act should be to secure the evacuation of Thessaly, that is, the removal +of the Turkish troops. + +He has set himself a task that would seem to be very difficult to +perform, for it is reported that the Sultan has sent twenty thousand +fresh troops into the territory within the last few days. + +The explanation he gives for this act, which looks very like a breach of +faith with the Powers, is that he has sent these men to replace the +invalid and disabled soldiers who are among his troops. + +The necessity for such action is not apparent to the European +governments, as the terms of peace had been agreed on, and Greece had +accepted them, so it did not seem as though the Sultan needed to keep a +strong fighting force in Thessaly. + +People in Europe are daily growing more fearful that the Sultan does +not mean to keep his promises, and that he will force Greece to pay the +large war indemnity, while he keeps possession of Thessaly, and rules +the Cretans in exactly the same cruel manner that he did before the war. + +A French journal has published an interesting account of the Sultan as a +man. + +The writer describes Abdul Hamid as a man who has so many sides that it +is impossible to say just what he is or is not. + +He is kind, amiable, and even attentive to those he likes, and takes +pleasure in showering them with gifts, going to the trouble of finding +out what present will be most acceptable to the recipients of his +favors. At the same time he has such a frightful temper that his +ministers are afraid of him. + +Abdul Hamid seems to be a very vain man, and likes to create an immense +impression on his visitors. Any one who is to be admitted to the +presence of the Sultan is therefore conducted through beautiful gardens +and pavilions, past lines of fierce-looking soldiers, and on into a +palace blazing with gold and splendor. Gradually his imagination is +wrought up to such a pitch that he pictures the sovereign he is about to +meet as a person robed in all the gorgeousness of the East, glittering +with jewels, and a sort of Arabian-Nights figure of such splendor that +he will hardly be able to rest his dazzled eyes upon him. + +Instead, he is finally conducted into an apartment more beautiful and +gilded than any of the others. Mirrors reflect the light and splendor +from side to side, until it appears to be a veritable fairyland. And +here, waiting for the brilliant Sultan to appear in all his pomp and +majesty, he is suddenly confronted by a slight, pale-faced man, dressed +entirely in black, who stands motionless before him, and gazes at him +with stony, expressionless eyes. + +The effect is said to be tremendous. Every one who has seen the Sultan +says that this sudden contrast gives an awe-inspiring impression which +it is impossible to describe. One Frenchman whom the Sultan wished to +decorate almost fainted at the sight of the great man. + +Those of you who have never approached royalty may fancy this +description is exaggerated. But it is an absolute fact that there is +something about the approach of majesty that stirs your blood, and makes +your heart beat and then stand still, if for one moment the royal gaze +rests on you. + +In that moment you understand why men were glad to give up their lives +and their fortunes for the sake of their kings, and you would be glad to +drop on your knee or perform some act of self-abasement to relieve your +own feelings. If these are the sensations that attack men when +ordinary-looking people in ordinary-looking costumes come into the +apartment, how much greater must the effect be after the long theatrical +preparation which the Sultan makes his visitors pass through before they +reach the presence. + +The writer we have quoted from thus sums up the character of the Sultan: + +"He is audacious and a coward, a dreamer and a man of business, a miser +and a prodigal, a loving father and a sanguinary monster. In one day he +condemned a nation to be slaughtered, signed a decree about decorating +some ladies, and speculated in stocks, all with the same peaceful and +contented manner." + + * * * * * + +There is a report in South Africa that Dr. Jameson, the leader of the +Transvaal Kid, will run for a seat in the Cape Town Assembly at the next +election, and that the chances are that he will be elected by a large +majority. + +The Boers are likely to have more trouble with such a firebrand as that +helping to direct the affairs of a neighboring state. + +At the same time the news comes that Mr. Cecil Rhodes, the man who is +accused of having planned the raid, is seriously ill in his home in Cape +Town, and not expected to live. + + * * * * * + +The Government of Siam has looked into the matter of the assault on +Vice-Consul Kellet, and has decided to express regret to our Government +that the trouble occurred. + +We told you about this affair last spring. Vice-Consul Kellet went into +the interior of Siam to settle the estate of Mr. Cheek, an American who +had died in Siam, and who had left directions that Mr. Kellet was to +arrange his affairs for him. + +While in the performance of this duty, Mr. Kellet was attacked and +beaten by Siamese soldiers. + +One of our gunboats, the _Raleigh_, was sent out to Bangkok to +investigate the matter, and to protect the interests of our citizens +there. + +At the time the trouble occurred, the then Secretary of State, Mr. +Olney, thought that perhaps Mr. Kellet had been over-hasty, and the +soldiers were not to blame. + +The message from Bangkok which now reaches us shows that Mr. Olney was +wrong. + +The Siamese Government has decided that the soldiers were in the wrong, +and a lieutenant and four privates who took part in the affair have been +severely reprimanded, and suspended from their regiments without pay for +several months. + +The Siamese Government has offered to make the fullest amends for the +outrage, and Consul-General Barret, in his despatches, says that Mr. +Kellet's conduct throughout was all that could be desired. + +The commission sent up to inquire into the matter declared that the +viceroy of the district should have been able to check the ill-feeling +of the soldiers, and he, too, has been reprimanded. + +The story of the affair, as it now reaches us, is that Mr. Kellet's +servant was arrested by the native troops who act as police in the town +of Chang Mai, where the Vice-Consul had gone to look into the Cheek +claim. Mr. Kellet's interference on behalf of his servant enraged the +soldiers, who set upon him and beat him severely. + +The Siamese Government has taken such a determined stand, and has +offered such complete apologies for the offence, that there is now no +ill-feeling about the matter, and the relations that exist between the +two countries are more friendly than ever. + +The king of Siam, Chulalongkorn, who has been travelling through Europe +since the jubilee celebrations, and of whose visit to Italy we told you +in a former number, has made many friends for himself and his country +by his intelligence and his charming manners. + +This king has manifested a close interest in the progress of +civilization throughout his travels, and his country will certainly +benefit from his broadened views when he returns home. His two sons are +being educated at Harrow, which is one of the great English public +schools, and the rival of the famous Eton, of which you must have heard. +Public school in England does not mean free school for the benefit of +the public, as it does with us, but a high-class school where the +classics are taught, and which is patronized principally by the wealthy +and titled classes, because the fees are so high that they are beyond +the reach of ordinary people. + + * * * * * + +Reports are coming in from various sections of the country of the +disastrous forest fires that are raging. + +In Michigan and Indiana, the smoke from these fires is so dense that it +lies over the surface of Lake Michigan like a thick fog, and the sailors +have difficulty in finding their way through it. + +In the southern part of Canada the losses have been terrible from these +fires. Thousands of dollars' worth of timber has been destroyed, and +many persons have lost their homes and their crops. + +In Manitoba the flames are said to be spreading, and there is great fear +that the fire will reach the more thickly populated districts. Every +effort is being made to prevent the fire from getting a start on the +Minnesota side of the boundary, but it is feared that it will be +impossible to do so. + +Settlers have been fighting the flames day and night for over a week, +but have made little progress. + +Some two thousand Canadians have been rendered homeless and ten persons +have been burned to death. In their advance the terrible flames have +destroyed the towns and villages that lay in their path, and the report +from Ontario alone states that farms, dwellings, stores, churches, and +schools have been swept away by this dreadful scourge. + +The fall of the year is always the time when forest fires are to be +dreaded. In dry seasons like the present, there is always a danger that +some chance spark may light on the fallen leaves and the grass dried out +by the heat of summer, and thus set the forests on fire. + +The latter part of this year has been particularly dry. In the Western +and Middle States they say that rain has not been so badly needed in +years. In many sections of the country there has been no rain for +months. Water-courses and wells are reported as dried up, and many of +the live stock are dying, for want of water. + +The grass has become so parched and dry that the farmers are having to +feed their stock two months ahead of the usual time, and drive them +miles to water. It is feared that later in the year there will be a +fodder famine. + +As a regular thing, the cattle graze in the fields and feed themselves +until the frost comes, when the farmers begin to feed them. Enough +fodder is raised during the season to carry the stock comfortably +through until the grass is up again; but as the corn and roots are +liable to rot or mould, little more is grown than is necessary. You can +see that it is a serious business for the farmers to have had to touch +their winter supplies two months ahead of time. + +It is this drought which has caused the forest fires. + +In those sections of the country that have as yet escaped the fire, the +prairies are as dry as tinder, and the owners of the fields are in +constant fear that a spark from a passing locomotive may set fire to +them. Men are kept on the watch night and day to prevent such a +calamity. + +The Tonawanda Swamp is also on fire. + +Tonawanda is in the northern part of New York State, in the neighborhood +of Buffalo, and is a great lumber town. + +The swamp covers twenty-five thousand acres, and adjoining it are many +rich farm lands and valuable buildings. + +The underbrush grows so thickly in this swamp that it has always been +necessary to clear it out every little while, and so the people have +been in the habit of setting it on fire every year a few days before the +equinoctial storms were due. They had found from experience that by the +time the storms came the fires had burnt out enough of the undergrowth +for their purpose, and the heavy rains which usually accompany the +storms put the fires out for them. + +This year, however, the equinox brought no storm with it, and the +lighted fires have continued to burn with such fierceness that not only +the swamp, but the surrounding country, is in danger of being laid +waste. + +The equinox is that period in which the sun, in its yearly course, +crosses the equator, and makes the day and the night of equal length. +This occurs twice in the year,--about March 21st and September +22d,--and, as we have told you, is usually attended by high winds and +severe storms. + +In Virginia there is also a serious forest fire. The Dismal Swamp, as it +is called, is on fire. The smoke has become so dense that the people on +the trains which run through are forced to keep all the windows closed, +and even then the smoke is almost unbearable. + +The train hands report that the game and wild animals that have made +their homes in the swamp are deserting it and fleeing in all directions. + +All over these sections of the country the constant prayer is for rain, +rain, rain! + +Curious, is it not, that in one year we should have had a period of such +heavy rain that dams were burst, rivers overflowed their banks, and the +farmers lost their hay crops, and that this wet season should have been +followed by such a severe drought that the forests have taken fire! + + * * * * * + +The latest news from Guatemala is that the government troops who are +supporting Dictator Barrios have succeeded in recapturing the important +city which the rebels had previously taken by storm. + +It is necessary that you know the name of this city, but it is one of +the hardest we have had to encounter so far. Quezaltenango is its name. + +(Strange, isn't it, that foreign names should sound so funny to us, and +be so difficult to pronounce? In many foreign tongues the _e_ is +pronounced _a_, and the _a_, _ah_. If you remember this it will help you +to a correct pronunciation of many names and places.) + +Quezaltenango being once more in the hands of the Government, Barrios +has plucked up fresh courage, and attacked the insurgents with such +vigor that one wing of their army has been defeated and driven into +Mexico. + +President Diaz does not, however, intend to allow the rebels to use his +country as a refuge, and he is sending forces to the frontier to drive +them back into Guatemala, to be captured by Barrios. + + * * * * * + +An interesting sham fight took place in Van Cortland Park last week. + +The soldiers were divided into two forces, the attacking and the +defending, and the object of the fight was to see what the commander's +idea of defence would be, in case an enemy attacked the city. + +A number of officers from the regular army attended the fight, and +praised our citizen soldiers in high terms for the excellent work they +did during the action. + +The attacking party came up from the banks of the Hudson River at +Riverdale, and endeavored to steal down the high-road to Kingsbridge, +where they could cross over the Harlem River, and so find themselves on +Manhattan Island, with the upper part of New York city at their mercy. + +The defenders divided their forces into two divisions,--the army of the +West and the army of the East: the one to check the invaders if it was +their intention to march across the country to New Rochelle, and the +other to prevent any attempt to reach New York city. + +The general of the defending army took up his position on Woodlawn +Heights, where he could see just which way the attacking army was going +to move; and finding that the attempt was to be made on New York, sent +troops to the roads and the fields through which the invaders must try +to pass. + +So well did he lay his plans that the invaders found themselves checked +at every point. There was not a loophole left unguarded for them to +creep through, and at last, after much good generalship had been +displayed on both sides, the invaders were driven back, and the +defenders claimed the victory. + +The sham battle was followed by a review of the troops engaged, and when +it was all over the citizen soldiers returned to the city, tired and +dusty, but proud of their good day's work. + + G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +An interesting advance in the postal system of our country was made +recently when the first of the pneumatic tubes which are to carry mail +underground from one office to another was declared ready for use. + +Some three hundred prominent men were present to see the first package +of mail matter sent. + +[Illustration: Self-Registering Mail Box] + +This tube extends from the Produce Exchange to the Post-Office Building, +and the trip can be made from one office to the other in one minute and +a quarter. + +Mr. Chauncey Depew was present at the opening ceremonies, and having +made an appropriate speech, sent off the first carrier of mail matter +that passed through the tube. + +In less time than it takes to tell the story the carrier returned, +bringing a receipt for the mail that had been sent, and a pretty little +kitten which arrived breathless from its spin through the tube. + +The carriers are two feet long and seven inches round, and are made to +fit the tube closely. + +Other tubes are to be laid throughout the city, and before very long +every post-office in the city will be connected with the general +post-office by pneumatic tube, and letters will be posted in Harlem and +sent flying down the seven miles to the City Hall in a few minutes. + +Another ingenious postal device which has just been put on trial is the +scheme for registering letters yourself. + +The first thing to do is to put a ten-cent piece in the slot. The coin +opens a small registering window, and reveals a pad on which you write +the address of the registered letter, and also an aperture through which +the letter is to be dropped. The letter must first have been stamped +with a two-cent stamp. + +After the letter is mailed the sender pulls a handle until a gong rings, +and a receipt is then pushed out toward the sender. This receipt is in +fact the second half of the order which he himself has written. As soon +as the receipt is given the machine locks itself, and nothing will +unlock it but a fresh dime in the slot. + +Worn coins, or those that are not full size and weight, are instantly +rejected by the machine. + +The coin, after entering the machine, passes over a very delicate +balance, and if it is found to be light or bad when it is weighed, the +machine throws it out on the floor in front of the would-be registerer. + +Three of these machines have been placed on trial: one in the +Post-Office Building, one in the Equitable Building, and one in the +branch office at Forty-second Street. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 51, October 28, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + +***** This file should be named 16032-8.txt or 16032-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/0/3/16032/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 51, October 28, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: June 9, 2005 [EBook #16032] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p><a name="Page_1427" id="Page_1427"></a></p> + + +<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.png" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p> + +<div class='center'><b><span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1 <span class='smcap'>October</span> 28, 1897. <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 51</b></div> + +<div class='center'><b>Copyright, 1897, by <span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> Publishing Company.</b></div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>General Weyler's efforts to remain in Cuba have not met with success.</p> + +<p>In the face of the letters and petitions from his admirers in Cuba, and +the demonstrations made by the soldiers in his favor, Señor Sagasta, the +Spanish Prime Minister, has decided to recall him, and send out General +Ramon Blanco in his stead.</p> + +<p>The news was received with delightful surprise by the many people who +disapprove of Weyler's cruel conduct of the Cuban war. It had been +feared that the efforts of his friends would have had weight with the +new minister, and prevented Weyler's removal for the present.</p> + +<p>Señor Sagasta seems to be a man of his word. He stated that if he were +called to take charge of the affairs of Spain his first act should be to +recall Weyler, and he has not swerved from his determination.</p> + +<p>As we told you last week, General Weyler sent a despatch to Señor +Sagasta announcing that he would not resign his office, and offering his +services to the new Government.<a name="Page_1428" id="Page_1428"></a></p> + +<p>The day after the despatch was received, a cabinet meeting was held, at +which it was decided that General Weyler must be recalled.</p> + +<p>The matter was therefore arranged with the utmost politeness on both +sides.</p> + +<p>General Weyler in his message stated that it was impossible for him to +offer his resignation to the ministry, because he was not merely acting +as the Governor of Cuba, but as Commander-in-Chief of an army engaged in +war, and in the last capacity he could never allow it to be said of him +that he had offered to resign while in the face of an enemy.</p> + +<p>He added that he knew that he had the approval of the people of Spain +and of some of the parties in power, but that he would also like to feel +that he had the confidence of the ministers. This confidence, he +declared, would enable him to finish the war, which he stated to be +almost at an end.</p> + +<p>This very artful letter had no effect on either Sagasta or the +Government. The sentence about the approval of the people of Spain and +of some of the parties in power was undoubtedly meant as a hint to the +Prime Minister that the General had powerful friends, and that it would +not be a wise thing to interfere with him.</p> + +<p>Sagasta, however, replied to him, that while the ministry recognized and +valued the work he had done for Spain, a change was considered +desirable, and so he had decided to recall him.</p> + +<p>When the news of Sagasta's action reached the people, there was much +excitement both in Spain and Cuba.</p> + +<p>In Spain it was reported that General Weyler meant to defy the<a name="Page_1429" id="Page_1429"></a> +Government, and keep his post in spite of Sagasta's orders, and that he +had threatened that he would use his influence with the soldiers, and +carry them with him over to the Carlists, if Sagasta did not instantly +withdraw the recall.</p> + +<p>The Cubans, on their part, were panic-stricken. They have such a dread +of Weyler that they expected he would revenge himself on them for his +disgrace.</p> + +<p>In Havana some of the Cubans hired armed men to protect them from +attack, and others crowded the steamship offices in an endeavor to +escape from the country before the catastrophe came.</p> + +<p>The fears of the people were, however, set at rest by a statement from +the Captain-General that he would never be guilty of any act which could +cause his Government trouble. He therefore hastened to assure Señor +Sagasta of his willingness to obey the wishes of the Government, and +gave up his command in Cuba.</p> + +<p>He asked permission to leave the island at once, but Sagasta cabled to +him that he must remain where he was until Oct. 20th.</p> + +<p>General Ramon Blanco will sail for Cuba on Oct. 15th.</p> + +<p>The newly appointed commander of the forces in Cuba was Governor-General +of the Philippine Islands at the outbreak of the war there, but was +recalled for political reasons.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately, his record for cruelty is not far behind Weyler's, and so +the savage character of the war in Cuba is not likely to be changed by +the change of commanders.</p> + +<p>The Cubans know Barman Blanco well. He was Captain-General of the<a name="Page_1430" id="Page_1430"></a> +island in 1879, when the second insurrection against the Spaniards +started.</p> + +<p>Under him was Camilo Polavieja, who as Governor of the Philippines has +made for himself an unenviable reputation for cruelty.</p> + +<p>To these two men was intrusted the task of suppressing the revolt.</p> + +<p>The insurrection of 1879 was not a very serious affair; the Cubans as a +body took no part in it; but notwithstanding this fact, which was well +known to the authorities, fully fifteen hundred men of position in Cuba +were arrested, and many of them put to death without being tried or +given an opportunity to prove their innocence.</p> + +<p>The Cubans have not forgotten this, and they have little to hope from +General Blanco, especially as he has announced his intention of dealing +with the present trouble in the same manner that he did with the revolt +of 1879.</p> + +<p>He will find, however, that matters have changed considerably since +1879.</p> + +<p>In those days a mere handful of the Cuban people were in arms against +Spain; now he will find himself among a people who are unfriendly to the +cause he represents, and who have besides organized themselves until +they have a government to direct their movements, and an army of +veterans to protect them.</p> + +<p>Were this not enough to make his task a difficult one, he will find to +his cost that the soldiers of Spain on whom he must rely are ill, poorly +fed, and angry with the Government because it does not even pay them the +pittance due in return for their services and sufferings.<a name="Page_1431" id="Page_1431"></a></p> + +<p>It is true that General Blanco is to take twenty thousand fresh troops +with him. But sickness and disease are ravaging Cuba, and the +new-comers, unused to the climate, are likely to be the first to fall +victims to the fevers and plagues that are turning the beautiful island +into a pest-house.</p> + +<p>It is said that Sagasta has ordered General Blanco to continue the war +as long as there is an insurgent in arms against Spain, but that he does +not intend to conquer the people by force of arms alone.</p> + +<p>The soldiers are to punish the Cubans if they will not obey the +Government, but Señor Sagasta means to try and win the friendship of the +people by giving them a kind and liberal form of government under which +they may prosper and be happy. With this policy he hopes to bring the +war to a speedy end.</p> + +<p>General Blanco's first act is to be to repeal some of the cruel laws +made by Weyler, especially those which have driven the unfortunate +peasants into the towns to starve, while their ungathered crops lie +rotting in the fields.</p> + +<p>Whether these efforts to secure the friendship of the Cubans will be +successful or not, the future alone can tell.</p> + +<p>At present the Cubans are not disposed to listen to any offers. They +persist in their declaration that they are fighting for freedom, and +that the change of ministers or captains-general makes no difference to +them. They are not going to lay down their arms because Weyler is +recalled, nor yet because Sagasta offers them Home Rule.</p> + +<p>As a last act before he leaves the island, General Weyler has pardoned a +great number of Cubans <a name="Page_1432" id="Page_1432"></a>whom he had exiled from their country, and these +men are now free to return to their homes.</p> + +<p>In the mean while the Cubans have won two brilliant victories in Havana +Province, and have also gained possession of a seaport town called Santa +Maria, in the province of Pijar del Rio.</p> + +<p>General Weyler has stated that he has pacified the eastern part of the +island, and has only a little more work to do before he will have the +west completely subdued.</p> + +<p>In direct contradiction of this statement comes the news that Bayamo, +Holguin, Jiguani, and other towns held by the Spanish in Santiago +province (which is Eastern Cuba) have all been abandoned by the Spanish +troops since the fall of Victoria de las Tunas.</p> + +<p>With these towns abandoned, the insurgents do not need such a large body +of troops in Santiago, and so a strong force under the leadership of +General Garcia is making its way westward to join the army in Havana and +Pinar del Rio.</p> + +<p>This army crossed the trocha without any difficulty, attacked the town +of Taguayabon in Santa Clara, captured it and plundered it with very +little opposition from the Spaniards, and marched triumphantly on toward +Matanzas province.</p> + +<p>The news has reached Havana that this body of men which is marching +toward the city is the flower of the insurgent army. It is stated that +it consists of infantry, cavalry, and three batteries of artillery, and +is well supplied with arms and ammunition captured from Las Tunas.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /><p><a name="Page_1433" id="Page_1433"></a></p> + +<p>A messenger from Cuba has arrived in this country, who states positively +that the elections have been delayed, and that as yet no one has been +chosen to fill the office of President. He adds that Señor Bartolome +Maso is the favorite, and it is supposed that he will be the successful +candidate. The news of the election of Señor Capote may not have been +true, after all.</p> + +<p>This messenger, who is named Aguirre, says he is the bearer of some +important messages and papers to the Cubans in America, but he will not +say what they are until he has laid them before the proper authorities. +It is thought that they may have something to do with the exchange of +prisoners, and the recognition of the belligerency of the Cubans by the +Spanish army.</p> + +<p>There has been great rejoicing during the last few days over the escape +from prison of a young Cuban, Evangelina Cisneros.</p> + +<p>This girl displeased the Spanish commanders, and in revenge they accused +her of being a dangerous rebel, and had her thrown into prison.</p> + +<p>She is a very young girl, but a little over fifteen years of age, but +the Spaniards thrust her into the prison where all the worst women +criminals were kept, and she had for her companions tipsy negresses and +all the roughest and worst kinds of women, white and colored.</p> + +<p>Every one who heard of this thought it such a shameful thing for a +delicate young girl to be forced to spend her days in the society of +such terrible companions that the women of this country got up a +<a name="Page_1434" id="Page_1434"></a>monster petition, thousands signing it, and sent it to the Queen of +Spain.</p> + +<p>This petition urged the Queen to have little Miss Cisneros removed to a +more suitable prison, and to order that she be given a speedy trial, so +that she might have an opportunity of proving her innocence.</p> + +<p>Her Majesty, Queen Christine, did order that the girl should be less +hardly used, but General Weyler saw fit to disregard the royal +instructions, and the child was kept locked up in this horrid prison.</p> + +<p>Finding that Weyler did not mean to help Señorita Cisneros, nor yet to +give her a proper trial, some friends went to her rescue. Hiring a room +opposite to her prison, two young men built a bridge of planks by which +they were enabled to reach the window of her prison, and, as the story +goes, after sending her drugged candies to give to her room-mates so +that they might sleep heavily and not hear what was going on, these men +sawed through the bars of her prison, lifted her out on the roof beside +them, and hurried her away over the bridge to freedom.</p> + +<p>She was kept in concealment for a day or two, and then, disguised as a +boy, passed under the nose of the police officer who was watching the +steamers to prevent her escape to this country. Once on board and safely +out of sight of Cuba, she confessed her secret to the stewardess, who +gave her some woman's clothes, and took care of her until she was safely +landed in New York.</p> + +<p>One of the New York papers, <i>The Journal</i>, claims the credit for the +young girl's rescue, and states that the two men who freed her from her +prison were re<a name="Page_1435" id="Page_1435"></a>porters sent out from the paper to do the work. It is to +be hoped that this is not true, for while we must sympathize with all +unfortunate prisoners, we have no right to break open the jails of +another country and free her criminals. If this story is true, Spain has +a just cause of complaint against us.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Señor Sagasta has published the contents of the note presented to him by +General Woodford, and which was said by so many people to be practically +a declaration of war. It turns out to have been merely a polite inquiry +as to how much longer the war was going to last, and whether Spain saw a +possibility of bringing it to a speedy close.</p> + +<p>The Spanish Cabinet has not yet decided what answer shall be made to +this note, but it is thought that Señor Sagasta will make a statement +about the reforms that are about to be instituted in Cuba, and will ask +that we wait and see the effect of these changes before we demand a +positive answer to our letter.</p> + +<p>The dry-dock has been heard from.</p> + +<p>The builders of the dock have received a letter from the captain of the +steamer that is towing it.</p> + +<p>The letter was written at Madeira, an island off the western coast of +Africa. In it the captain says that the dry-dock has excellent seagoing +qualities, and that he has no further fear of being able to tow it +safely into port.</p> + +<p>Up to the time of writing, the captain had made eleven hundred miles +with his tow, and as he considered the worst part of the voyage over, he +ex<a name="Page_1436" id="Page_1436"></a>pected to be able to increase the speed a little, and arrive in Cuba +about the 8th of November.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>It is stated that his Holiness the Pope is trying to find some means of +bringing the trouble about the excommunication of the Spanish Minister +of Finance to a satisfactory conclusion.</p> + +<p>It appears that the Carlists are making great capital out of the affair, +and are using it to turn the Spanish peasants against the Government.</p> + +<p>These people are very religious, and regard their priests with great +respect and awe. They would not dream of disobeying their orders, and +are led and advised by them to a very great extent.</p> + +<p>That one of the great men who are governing them should dare to disobey +the commands of the Church, and have to be punished by so awful a +penalty as excommunication, is so extraordinary to them that they can +hardly believe it. The Carlists' agents have worked on these feelings +until they have made the peasants believe that no good can come to a +country governed by such ungodly men.</p> + +<p>Numbers of these peasants have become dissatisfied with the Government, +and are turning toward Don Carlos, because they believe him to be a +leader who will respect the laws of God as well as the laws of man.</p> + +<p>The Queen of Spain, hearing of this, has sent an urgent message to his +Holiness the Pope, asking his aid, and he has immediately set about +smoothing the matter over.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /><p><a name="Page_1437" id="Page_1437"></a></p> + +<p>England has sent a final refusal to take part in the conference on the +seal question.</p> + +<p>The British Foreign Office has notified our ambassador in England, that +Great Britain must decline to take part in any sealing conference to +which Russia and Japan are invited.</p> + +<p>We told you a week or so ago that England had objected to the presence +of Russia and Japan because she insisted that the conference that was +called had reference to the Paris award. As there were only two parties +to the Paris conference, herself and the United States, she declared +that she could not see what business Russia or Japan had in the matter +at all.</p> + +<p>The Paris award, if you remember (see page 976), had to do with the +right of the United States to prevent other ships from entering the +Bering Sea.</p> + +<p>The United States has called the attention of Great Britain to the fact +that the Washington conference is in no way connected with the Paris +award. It has been repeatedly stated that its object is to be merely to +discover whether the seal herds are decreasing, and if so to decide upon +a means of preserving them. Any decision that shall be arrived at at the +Washington conference is to be binding on all nations interested in the +sealing industry.</p> + +<p>Great Britain will not listen to this. She takes the stand that by the +terms of the Paris award the code of laws governing the sealing +fisheries will have to be revised every five years anyhow, and as the +first five years will be up in 1898, she does not see the use of +entering into the matter now. She therefore positively declines to take +part in the conference.<a name="Page_1438" id="Page_1438"></a></p> + +<p>Those who are in a position to know say that England has been forced +into this position by Canada.</p> + +<p>When Prof. D'Arcy Thompson returned from his trip to the seal islands +this year, he brought with him information that completely upset his +former statements and theories, and showed that the seals are decreasing +rapidly.</p> + +<p>Canada became convinced that Russia, Japan, and the United States would +combine in an effort to have the seals carefully preserved, and +therefore she urged England to refuse to take part in the conference, +and thus give her time to consider what may be the best course for her +to take under the circumstances.</p> + +<p>Experts who have been in London examining the year's take of seal-skins +are ready to state before the conference that eighty per cent of the +skins sold by the Canadian companies are those of the mother seals, and +that most of these animals have been shot.</p> + +<p>This latter point is important, because it is in this way that the seals +are killed in the deep-sea or pelagic sealing, which the United States +is so anxious to put a stop to.</p> + +<p>The conference will be held with or without England, but, feeling that +Russia and Japan may also have cause for offence if England refuses to +meet them, it is said that the State Department has written once more to +the British Government, urging it to send some one to be present at the +meetings.</p> + +<p>It is also reported that Sir Julian Pauncefote is anxious that England +should be represented, and has used his influence to get her to do so.</p> + +<p>Our Government is inclined to think that England's refusal is not very +polite. Lord Salisbury, however, <a name="Page_1439" id="Page_1439"></a>says that he is entirely free from all +blame in the matter, and that the whole trouble has been caused by a +misunderstanding with our ambassador, Colonel Hay.</p> + +<p>His Lordship declares that when Colonel Hay saw him in July last, and +gave him the information that Russia and Japan had consented to take +part in the conference, he immediately said:</p> + +<p>"Oh, no, Great Britain will not take part on such conditions."</p> + +<p>Our ambassador did not hear any such reply, and understood Lord +Salisbury to consent.</p> + +<p>In the mean while, the representatives of Russia and Japan have arrived +in this country, and are waiting for the conference to begin.</p> + +<p>The English papers express themselves as being very pleased that England +has refused to be present at the meeting. They insist that we were +setting a trap for England, and trying to get her to say or do something +at the conference which would let us out of paying the $425,000 of the +Paris award.</p> + +<p>This is unkind of them, and not quite fair to us. By looking at page +926, you will see that it was agreed that about $425,000 should be paid +to Canada as damages for keeping her out of the Bering Sea. This sum was +to be paid subject to the approval of Congress.</p> + +<p>When Congress came to look into the matter, it was found that Canada was +not dealing quite fairly with us. A number of false claims were set up, +and we were asked to pay for damage we had never done. A committee was +appointed to look into the various claims, and is still at work on them. +As soon as <a name="Page_1440" id="Page_1440"></a>these matters are thoroughly sifted, the just claims will be +paid.</p> + +<p>It does not seem right to accuse us of trying to avoid paying our debts +because we want the items of every bill we are asked to pay. Every +business man throughout the country likes to know what he is paying for +before he parts with his good money, and why should a nation be less +careful than an individual?</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Since the Greek Boulé accepted the terms of the treaty of peace, the +business of settling these unfortunate affairs has been proceeding +without any further hitch.</p> + +<p>The new Prime Minister declared on his accepting office that his first +act should be to secure the evacuation of Thessaly, that is, the removal +of the Turkish troops.</p> + +<p>He has set himself a task that would seem to be very difficult to +perform, for it is reported that the Sultan has sent twenty thousand +fresh troops into the territory within the last few days.</p> + +<p>The explanation he gives for this act, which looks very like a breach of +faith with the Powers, is that he has sent these men to replace the +invalid and disabled soldiers who are among his troops.</p> + +<p>The necessity for such action is not apparent to the European +governments, as the terms of peace had been agreed on, and Greece had +accepted them, so it did not seem as though the Sultan needed to keep a +strong fighting force in Thessaly.</p> + +<p>People in Europe are daily growing more fearful <a name="Page_1441" id="Page_1441"></a>that the Sultan does +not mean to keep his promises, and that he will force Greece to pay the +large war indemnity, while he keeps possession of Thessaly, and rules +the Cretans in exactly the same cruel manner that he did before the war.</p> + +<p>A French journal has published an interesting account of the Sultan as a +man.</p> + +<p>The writer describes Abdul Hamid as a man who has so many sides that it +is impossible to say just what he is or is not.</p> + +<p>He is kind, amiable, and even attentive to those he likes, and takes +pleasure in showering them with gifts, going to the trouble of finding +out what present will be most acceptable to the recipients of his +favors. At the same time he has such a frightful temper that his +ministers are afraid of him.</p> + +<p>Abdul Hamid seems to be a very vain man, and likes to create an immense +impression on his visitors. Any one who is to be admitted to the +presence of the Sultan is therefore conducted through beautiful gardens +and pavilions, past lines of fierce-looking soldiers, and on into a +palace blazing with gold and splendor. Gradually his imagination is +wrought up to such a pitch that he pictures the sovereign he is about to +meet as a person robed in all the gorgeousness of the East, glittering +with jewels, and a sort of Arabian-Nights figure of such splendor that +he will hardly be able to rest his dazzled eyes upon him.</p> + +<p>Instead, he is finally conducted into an apartment more beautiful and +gilded than any of the others. Mirrors reflect the light and splendor +from side to side, until it appears to be a veritable fairyland. And +here, waiting for the brilliant Sultan to appear in all <a name="Page_1442" id="Page_1442"></a>his pomp and +majesty, he is suddenly confronted by a slight, pale-faced man, dressed +entirely in black, who stands motionless before him, and gazes at him +with stony, expressionless eyes.</p> + +<p>The effect is said to be tremendous. Every one who has seen the Sultan +says that this sudden contrast gives an awe-inspiring impression which +it is impossible to describe. One Frenchman whom the Sultan wished to +decorate almost fainted at the sight of the great man.</p> + +<p>Those of you who have never approached royalty may fancy this +description is exaggerated. But it is an absolute fact that there is +something about the approach of majesty that stirs your blood, and makes +your heart beat and then stand still, if for one moment the royal gaze +rests on you.</p> + +<p>In that moment you understand why men were glad to give up their lives +and their fortunes for the sake of their kings, and you would be glad to +drop on your knee or perform some act of self-abasement to relieve your +own feelings. If these are the sensations that attack men when +ordinary-looking people in ordinary-looking costumes come into the +apartment, how much greater must the effect be after the long theatrical +preparation which the Sultan makes his visitors pass through before they +reach the presence.</p> + +<p>The writer we have quoted from thus sums up the character of the Sultan:</p> + +<p>"He is audacious and a coward, a dreamer and a man of business, a miser +and a prodigal, a loving father and a sanguinary monster. In one day he +condemned a nation to be slaughtered, signed a decree about decorating +some ladies, and speculated in <a name="Page_1443" id="Page_1443"></a>stocks, all with the same peaceful and +contented manner."</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>There is a report in South Africa that Dr. Jameson, the leader of the +Transvaal Kid, will run for a seat in the Cape Town Assembly at the next +election, and that the chances are that he will be elected by a large +majority.</p> + +<p>The Boers are likely to have more trouble with such a firebrand as that +helping to direct the affairs of a neighboring state.</p> + +<p>At the same time the news comes that Mr. Cecil Rhodes, the man who is +accused of having planned the raid, is seriously ill in his home in Cape +Town, and not expected to live.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The Government of Siam has looked into the matter of the assault on +Vice-Consul Kellet, and has decided to express regret to our Government +that the trouble occurred.</p> + +<p>We told you about this affair last spring. Vice-Consul Kellet went into +the interior of Siam to settle the estate of Mr. Cheek, an American who +had died in Siam, and who had left directions that Mr. Kellet was to +arrange his affairs for him.</p> + +<p>While in the performance of this duty, Mr. Kellet was attacked and +beaten by Siamese soldiers.</p> + +<p>One of our gunboats, the <i>Raleigh</i>, was sent out to Bangkok to +investigate the matter, and to protect the interests of our citizens +there.</p> + +<p>At the time the trouble occurred, the then Secretary <a name="Page_1444" id="Page_1444"></a>of State, Mr. +Olney, thought that perhaps Mr. Kellet had been over-hasty, and the +soldiers were not to blame.</p> + +<p>The message from Bangkok which now reaches us shows that Mr. Olney was +wrong.</p> + +<p>The Siamese Government has decided that the soldiers were in the wrong, +and a lieutenant and four privates who took part in the affair have been +severely reprimanded, and suspended from their regiments without pay for +several months.</p> + +<p>The Siamese Government has offered to make the fullest amends for the +outrage, and Consul-General Barret, in his despatches, says that Mr. +Kellet's conduct throughout was all that could be desired.</p> + +<p>The commission sent up to inquire into the matter declared that the +viceroy of the district should have been able to check the ill-feeling +of the soldiers, and he, too, has been reprimanded.</p> + +<p>The story of the affair, as it now reaches us, is that Mr. Kellet's +servant was arrested by the native troops who act as police in the town +of Chang Mai, where the Vice-Consul had gone to look into the Cheek +claim. Mr. Kellet's interference on behalf of his servant enraged the +soldiers, who set upon him and beat him severely.</p> + +<p>The Siamese Government has taken such a determined stand, and has +offered such complete apologies for the offence, that there is now no +ill-feeling about the matter, and the relations that exist between the +two countries are more friendly than ever.</p> + +<p>The king of Siam, Chulalongkorn, who has been travelling through Europe +since the jubilee celebrations, and of whose visit to Italy we told you +in a <a name="Page_1445" id="Page_1445"></a>former number, has made many friends for himself and his country +by his intelligence and his charming manners.</p> + +<p>This king has manifested a close interest in the progress of +civilization throughout his travels, and his country will certainly +benefit from his broadened views when he returns home. His two sons are +being educated at Harrow, which is one of the great English public +schools, and the rival of the famous Eton, of which you must have heard. +Public school in England does not mean free school for the benefit of +the public, as it does with us, but a high-class school where the +classics are taught, and which is patronized principally by the wealthy +and titled classes, because the fees are so high that they are beyond +the reach of ordinary people.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Reports are coming in from various sections of the country of the +disastrous forest fires that are raging.</p> + +<p>In Michigan and Indiana, the smoke from these fires is so dense that it +lies over the surface of Lake Michigan like a thick fog, and the sailors +have difficulty in finding their way through it.</p> + +<p>In the southern part of Canada the losses have been terrible from these +fires. Thousands of dollars' worth of timber has been destroyed, and +many persons have lost their homes and their crops.</p> + +<p>In Manitoba the flames are said to be spreading, and there is great fear +that the fire will reach the more thickly populated districts. Every +effort is being made to prevent the fire from getting a start on <a name="Page_1446" id="Page_1446"></a>the +Minnesota side of the boundary, but it is feared that it will be +impossible to do so.</p> + +<p>Settlers have been fighting the flames day and night for over a week, +but have made little progress.</p> + +<p>Some two thousand Canadians have been rendered homeless and ten persons +have been burned to death. In their advance the terrible flames have +destroyed the towns and villages that lay in their path, and the report +from Ontario alone states that farms, dwellings, stores, churches, and +schools have been swept away by this dreadful scourge.</p> + +<p>The fall of the year is always the time when forest fires are to be +dreaded. In dry seasons like the present, there is always a danger that +some chance spark may light on the fallen leaves and the grass dried out +by the heat of summer, and thus set the forests on fire.</p> + +<p>The latter part of this year has been particularly dry. In the Western +and Middle States they say that rain has not been so badly needed in +years. In many sections of the country there has been no rain for +months. Water-courses and wells are reported as dried up, and many of +the live stock are dying, for want of water.</p> + +<p>The grass has become so parched and dry that the farmers are having to +feed their stock two months ahead of the usual time, and drive them +miles to water. It is feared that later in the year there will be a +fodder famine.</p> + +<p>As a regular thing, the cattle graze in the fields and feed themselves +until the frost comes, when the farmers begin to feed them. Enough +fodder is raised during the season to carry the stock comfortably +<a name="Page_1447" id="Page_1447"></a>through until the grass is up again; but as the corn and roots are +liable to rot or mould, little more is grown than is necessary. You can +see that it is a serious business for the farmers to have had to touch +their winter supplies two months ahead of time.</p> + +<p>It is this drought which has caused the forest fires.</p> + +<p>In those sections of the country that have as yet escaped the fire, the +prairies are as dry as tinder, and the owners of the fields are in +constant fear that a spark from a passing locomotive may set fire to +them. Men are kept on the watch night and day to prevent such a +calamity.</p> + +<p>The Tonawanda Swamp is also on fire.</p> + +<p>Tonawanda is in the northern part of New York State, in the neighborhood +of Buffalo, and is a great lumber town.</p> + +<p>The swamp covers twenty-five thousand acres, and adjoining it are many +rich farm lands and valuable buildings.</p> + +<p>The underbrush grows so thickly in this swamp that it has always been +necessary to clear it out every little while, and so the people have +been in the habit of setting it on fire every year a few days before the +equinoctial storms were due. They had found from experience that by the +time the storms came the fires had burnt out enough of the undergrowth +for their purpose, and the heavy rains which usually accompany the +storms put the fires out for them.</p> + +<p>This year, however, the equinox brought no storm with it, and the +lighted fires have continued to burn with such fierceness that not only +the swamp, but the surrounding country, is in danger of being laid +waste.<a name="Page_1448" id="Page_1448"></a></p> + +<p>The equinox is that period in which the sun, in its yearly course, +crosses the equator, and makes the day and the night of equal length. +This occurs twice in the year,—about March 21st and September +22d,—and, as we have told you, is usually attended by high winds and +severe storms.</p> + +<p>In Virginia there is also a serious forest fire. The Dismal Swamp, as it +is called, is on fire. The smoke has become so dense that the people on +the trains which run through are forced to keep all the windows closed, +and even then the smoke is almost unbearable.</p> + +<p>The train hands report that the game and wild animals that have made +their homes in the swamp are deserting it and fleeing in all directions.</p> + +<p>All over these sections of the country the constant prayer is for rain, +rain, rain!</p> + +<p>Curious, is it not, that in one year we should have had a period of such +heavy rain that dams were burst, rivers overflowed their banks, and the +farmers lost their hay crops, and that this wet season should have been +followed by such a severe drought that the forests have taken fire!</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The latest news from Guatemala is that the government troops who are +supporting Dictator Barrios have succeeded in recapturing the important +city which the rebels had previously taken by storm.</p> + +<p>It is necessary that you know the name of this city, but it is one of +the hardest we have had to encounter so far. Quezaltenango is its name.</p> + +<p>(Strange, isn't it, that foreign names should sound so funny to us, and +be so difficult to pronounce? In <a name="Page_1449" id="Page_1449"></a>many foreign tongues the <i>e</i> is +pronounced <i>a</i>, and the <i>a</i>, <i>ah</i>. If you remember this it will help you +to a correct pronunciation of many names and places.)</p> + +<p>Quezaltenango being once more in the hands of the Government, Barrios +has plucked up fresh courage, and attacked the insurgents with such +vigor that one wing of their army has been defeated and driven into +Mexico.</p> + +<p>President Diaz does not, however, intend to allow the rebels to use his +country as a refuge, and he is sending forces to the frontier to drive +them back into Guatemala, to be captured by Barrios.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>An interesting sham fight took place in Van Cortland Park last week.</p> + +<p>The soldiers were divided into two forces, the attacking and the +defending, and the object of the fight was to see what the commander's +idea of defence would be, in case an enemy attacked the city.</p> + +<p>A number of officers from the regular army attended the fight, and +praised our citizen soldiers in high terms for the excellent work they +did during the action.</p> + +<p>The attacking party came up from the banks of the Hudson River at +Riverdale, and endeavored to steal down the high-road to Kingsbridge, +where they could cross over the Harlem River, and so find themselves on +Manhattan Island, with the upper part of New York city at their mercy.</p> + +<p>The defenders divided their forces into two divisions,—the army of the +West and the army of the East: the one to check the invaders if it was +their in<a name="Page_1450" id="Page_1450"></a>tention to march across the country to New Rochelle, and the +other to prevent any attempt to reach New York city.</p> + +<p>The general of the defending army took up his position on Woodlawn +Heights, where he could see just which way the attacking army was going +to move; and finding that the attempt was to be made on New York, sent +troops to the roads and the fields through which the invaders must try +to pass.</p> + +<p>So well did he lay his plans that the invaders found themselves checked +at every point. There was not a loophole left unguarded for them to +creep through, and at last, after much good generalship had been +displayed on both sides, the invaders were driven back, and the +defenders claimed the victory.</p> + +<p>The sham battle was followed by a review of the troops engaged, and when +it was all over the citizen soldiers returned to the city, tired and +dusty, but proud of their good day's work.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 22em;">G.H.</span><span class="smcap"> Rosenfeld</span>.<br /> +<a name="Page_1451" id="Page_1451"></a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.</h2> + + +<p>An interesting advance in the postal system of our country was made +recently when the first of the pneumatic tubes which are to carry mail +underground from one office to another was declared ready for use.</p> + +<p>Some three hundred prominent men were present to see the first package +of mail matter sent.</p> + +<div class="figright"> +<a href="./images/25.png"><img src="./images/25-tb.png" alt="Self-Registering Mail Box" title="Self-Registering Mail Box" /></a> +</div> + + +<p>This tube extends from the Produce Exchange to the Post-Office Building, +and the trip can be made from one office to the other in one minute and +a quarter.</p> + +<p>Mr. Chauncey Depew was present at the opening ceremonies, and having +made an appropriate speech, sent off the first carrier of mail matter +that passed through the tube.</p> + +<p>In less time than it takes to tell the story the carrier returned, +bringing a receipt for the mail that had been sent, and a pretty little +kitten which arrived breathless from its spin through the tube.</p> + +<p>The carriers are two feet long and seven inches round, and are made to +fit the tube closely.</p> + +<p>Other tubes are to be laid throughout the city, and before very long +every post-office in the city will be connected with the general +post-office by pneumatic <a name="Page_1452" id="Page_1452"></a>tube, and letters will be posted in Harlem and +sent flying down the seven miles to the City Hall in a few minutes.</p> + +<p>Another ingenious postal device which has just been put on trial is the +scheme for registering letters yourself.</p> + +<p>The first thing to do is to put a ten-cent piece in the slot. The coin +opens a small registering window, and reveals a pad on which you write +the address of the registered letter, and also an aperture through which +the letter is to be dropped. The letter must first have been stamped +with a two-cent stamp.</p> + +<p>After the letter is mailed the sender pulls a handle until a gong rings, +and a receipt is then pushed out toward the sender. This receipt is in +fact the second half of the order which he himself has written. As soon +as the receipt is given the machine locks itself, and nothing will +unlock it but a fresh dime in the slot.</p> + +<p>Worn coins, or those that are not full size and weight, are instantly +rejected by the machine.</p> + +<p>The coin, after entering the machine, passes over a very delicate +balance, and if it is found to be light or bad when it is weighed, the +machine throws it out on the floor in front of the would-be registerer.</p> + +<p>Three of these machines have been placed on trial: one in the +Post-Office Building, one in the Equitable Building, and one in the +branch office at Forty-second Street.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 51, October 28, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + +***** This file should be named 16032-h.htm or 16032-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/0/3/16032/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 51, October 28, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: June 9, 2005 [EBook #16032] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 OCTOBER 28, 1897. NO. 51 + +=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.= + + * * * * * + +General Weyler's efforts to remain in Cuba have not met with success. + +In the face of the letters and petitions from his admirers in Cuba, and +the demonstrations made by the soldiers in his favor, Senor Sagasta, the +Spanish Prime Minister, has decided to recall him, and send out General +Ramon Blanco in his stead. + +The news was received with delightful surprise by the many people who +disapprove of Weyler's cruel conduct of the Cuban war. It had been +feared that the efforts of his friends would have had weight with the +new minister, and prevented Weyler's removal for the present. + +Senor Sagasta seems to be a man of his word. He stated that if he were +called to take charge of the affairs of Spain his first act should be to +recall Weyler, and he has not swerved from his determination. + +As we told you last week, General Weyler sent a despatch to Senor +Sagasta announcing that he would not resign his office, and offering his +services to the new Government. + +The day after the despatch was received, a cabinet meeting was held, at +which it was decided that General Weyler must be recalled. + +The matter was therefore arranged with the utmost politeness on both +sides. + +General Weyler in his message stated that it was impossible for him to +offer his resignation to the ministry, because he was not merely acting +as the Governor of Cuba, but as Commander-in-Chief of an army engaged in +war, and in the last capacity he could never allow it to be said of him +that he had offered to resign while in the face of an enemy. + +He added that he knew that he had the approval of the people of Spain +and of some of the parties in power, but that he would also like to feel +that he had the confidence of the ministers. This confidence, he +declared, would enable him to finish the war, which he stated to be +almost at an end. + +This very artful letter had no effect on either Sagasta or the +Government. The sentence about the approval of the people of Spain and +of some of the parties in power was undoubtedly meant as a hint to the +Prime Minister that the General had powerful friends, and that it would +not be a wise thing to interfere with him. + +Sagasta, however, replied to him, that while the ministry recognized and +valued the work he had done for Spain, a change was considered +desirable, and so he had decided to recall him. + +When the news of Sagasta's action reached the people, there was much +excitement both in Spain and Cuba. + +In Spain it was reported that General Weyler meant to defy the +Government, and keep his post in spite of Sagasta's orders, and that he +had threatened that he would use his influence with the soldiers, and +carry them with him over to the Carlists, if Sagasta did not instantly +withdraw the recall. + +The Cubans, on their part, were panic-stricken. They have such a dread +of Weyler that they expected he would revenge himself on them for his +disgrace. + +In Havana some of the Cubans hired armed men to protect them from +attack, and others crowded the steamship offices in an endeavor to +escape from the country before the catastrophe came. + +The fears of the people were, however, set at rest by a statement from +the Captain-General that he would never be guilty of any act which could +cause his Government trouble. He therefore hastened to assure Senor +Sagasta of his willingness to obey the wishes of the Government, and +gave up his command in Cuba. + +He asked permission to leave the island at once, but Sagasta cabled to +him that he must remain where he was until Oct. 20th. + +General Ramon Blanco will sail for Cuba on Oct. 15th. + +The newly appointed commander of the forces in Cuba was Governor-General +of the Philippine Islands at the outbreak of the war there, but was +recalled for political reasons. + +Unfortunately, his record for cruelty is not far behind Weyler's, and so +the savage character of the war in Cuba is not likely to be changed by +the change of commanders. + +The Cubans know Barman Blanco well. He was Captain-General of the +island in 1879, when the second insurrection against the Spaniards +started. + +Under him was Camilo Polavieja, who as Governor of the Philippines has +made for himself an unenviable reputation for cruelty. + +To these two men was intrusted the task of suppressing the revolt. + +The insurrection of 1879 was not a very serious affair; the Cubans as a +body took no part in it; but notwithstanding this fact, which was well +known to the authorities, fully fifteen hundred men of position in Cuba +were arrested, and many of them put to death without being tried or +given an opportunity to prove their innocence. + +The Cubans have not forgotten this, and they have little to hope from +General Blanco, especially as he has announced his intention of dealing +with the present trouble in the same manner that he did with the revolt +of 1879. + +He will find, however, that matters have changed considerably since +1879. + +In those days a mere handful of the Cuban people were in arms against +Spain; now he will find himself among a people who are unfriendly to the +cause he represents, and who have besides organized themselves until +they have a government to direct their movements, and an army of +veterans to protect them. + +Were this not enough to make his task a difficult one, he will find to +his cost that the soldiers of Spain on whom he must rely are ill, poorly +fed, and angry with the Government because it does not even pay them the +pittance due in return for their services and sufferings. + +It is true that General Blanco is to take twenty thousand fresh troops +with him. But sickness and disease are ravaging Cuba, and the +new-comers, unused to the climate, are likely to be the first to fall +victims to the fevers and plagues that are turning the beautiful island +into a pest-house. + +It is said that Sagasta has ordered General Blanco to continue the war +as long as there is an insurgent in arms against Spain, but that he does +not intend to conquer the people by force of arms alone. + +The soldiers are to punish the Cubans if they will not obey the +Government, but Senor Sagasta means to try and win the friendship of the +people by giving them a kind and liberal form of government under which +they may prosper and be happy. With this policy he hopes to bring the +war to a speedy end. + +General Blanco's first act is to be to repeal some of the cruel laws +made by Weyler, especially those which have driven the unfortunate +peasants into the towns to starve, while their ungathered crops lie +rotting in the fields. + +Whether these efforts to secure the friendship of the Cubans will be +successful or not, the future alone can tell. + +At present the Cubans are not disposed to listen to any offers. They +persist in their declaration that they are fighting for freedom, and +that the change of ministers or captains-general makes no difference to +them. They are not going to lay down their arms because Weyler is +recalled, nor yet because Sagasta offers them Home Rule. + +As a last act before he leaves the island, General Weyler has pardoned a +great number of Cubans whom he had exiled from their country, and these +men are now free to return to their homes. + +In the mean while the Cubans have won two brilliant victories in Havana +Province, and have also gained possession of a seaport town called Santa +Maria, in the province of Pijar del Rio. + +General Weyler has stated that he has pacified the eastern part of the +island, and has only a little more work to do before he will have the +west completely subdued. + +In direct contradiction of this statement comes the news that Bayamo, +Holguin, Jiguani, and other towns held by the Spanish in Santiago +province (which is Eastern Cuba) have all been abandoned by the Spanish +troops since the fall of Victoria de las Tunas. + +With these towns abandoned, the insurgents do not need such a large body +of troops in Santiago, and so a strong force under the leadership of +General Garcia is making its way westward to join the army in Havana and +Pinar del Rio. + +This army crossed the trocha without any difficulty, attacked the town +of Taguayabon in Santa Clara, captured it and plundered it with very +little opposition from the Spaniards, and marched triumphantly on toward +Matanzas province. + +The news has reached Havana that this body of men which is marching +toward the city is the flower of the insurgent army. It is stated that +it consists of infantry, cavalry, and three batteries of artillery, and +is well supplied with arms and ammunition captured from Las Tunas. + + * * * * * + +A messenger from Cuba has arrived in this country, who states positively +that the elections have been delayed, and that as yet no one has been +chosen to fill the office of President. He adds that Senor Bartolome +Maso is the favorite, and it is supposed that he will be the successful +candidate. The news of the election of Senor Capote may not have been +true, after all. + +This messenger, who is named Aguirre, says he is the bearer of some +important messages and papers to the Cubans in America, but he will not +say what they are until he has laid them before the proper authorities. +It is thought that they may have something to do with the exchange of +prisoners, and the recognition of the belligerency of the Cubans by the +Spanish army. + +There has been great rejoicing during the last few days over the escape +from prison of a young Cuban, Evangelina Cisneros. + +This girl displeased the Spanish commanders, and in revenge they accused +her of being a dangerous rebel, and had her thrown into prison. + +She is a very young girl, but a little over fifteen years of age, but +the Spaniards thrust her into the prison where all the worst women +criminals were kept, and she had for her companions tipsy negresses and +all the roughest and worst kinds of women, white and colored. + +Every one who heard of this thought it such a shameful thing for a +delicate young girl to be forced to spend her days in the society of +such terrible companions that the women of this country got up a +monster petition, thousands signing it, and sent it to the Queen of +Spain. + +This petition urged the Queen to have little Miss Cisneros removed to a +more suitable prison, and to order that she be given a speedy trial, so +that she might have an opportunity of proving her innocence. + +Her Majesty, Queen Christine, did order that the girl should be less +hardly used, but General Weyler saw fit to disregard the royal +instructions, and the child was kept locked up in this horrid prison. + +Finding that Weyler did not mean to help Senorita Cisneros, nor yet to +give her a proper trial, some friends went to her rescue. Hiring a room +opposite to her prison, two young men built a bridge of planks by which +they were enabled to reach the window of her prison, and, as the story +goes, after sending her drugged candies to give to her room-mates so +that they might sleep heavily and not hear what was going on, these men +sawed through the bars of her prison, lifted her out on the roof beside +them, and hurried her away over the bridge to freedom. + +She was kept in concealment for a day or two, and then, disguised as a +boy, passed under the nose of the police officer who was watching the +steamers to prevent her escape to this country. Once on board and safely +out of sight of Cuba, she confessed her secret to the stewardess, who +gave her some woman's clothes, and took care of her until she was safely +landed in New York. + +One of the New York papers, _The Journal_, claims the credit for the +young girl's rescue, and states that the two men who freed her from her +prison were reporters sent out from the paper to do the work. It is to +be hoped that this is not true, for while we must sympathize with all +unfortunate prisoners, we have no right to break open the jails of +another country and free her criminals. If this story is true, Spain has +a just cause of complaint against us. + + * * * * * + +Senor Sagasta has published the contents of the note presented to him by +General Woodford, and which was said by so many people to be practically +a declaration of war. It turns out to have been merely a polite inquiry +as to how much longer the war was going to last, and whether Spain saw a +possibility of bringing it to a speedy close. + +The Spanish Cabinet has not yet decided what answer shall be made to +this note, but it is thought that Senor Sagasta will make a statement +about the reforms that are about to be instituted in Cuba, and will ask +that we wait and see the effect of these changes before we demand a +positive answer to our letter. + +The dry-dock has been heard from. + +The builders of the dock have received a letter from the captain of the +steamer that is towing it. + +The letter was written at Madeira, an island off the western coast of +Africa. In it the captain says that the dry-dock has excellent seagoing +qualities, and that he has no further fear of being able to tow it +safely into port. + +Up to the time of writing, the captain had made eleven hundred miles +with his tow, and as he considered the worst part of the voyage over, he +expected to be able to increase the speed a little, and arrive in Cuba +about the 8th of November. + + * * * * * + +It is stated that his Holiness the Pope is trying to find some means of +bringing the trouble about the excommunication of the Spanish Minister +of Finance to a satisfactory conclusion. + +It appears that the Carlists are making great capital out of the affair, +and are using it to turn the Spanish peasants against the Government. + +These people are very religious, and regard their priests with great +respect and awe. They would not dream of disobeying their orders, and +are led and advised by them to a very great extent. + +That one of the great men who are governing them should dare to disobey +the commands of the Church, and have to be punished by so awful a +penalty as excommunication, is so extraordinary to them that they can +hardly believe it. The Carlists' agents have worked on these feelings +until they have made the peasants believe that no good can come to a +country governed by such ungodly men. + +Numbers of these peasants have become dissatisfied with the Government, +and are turning toward Don Carlos, because they believe him to be a +leader who will respect the laws of God as well as the laws of man. + +The Queen of Spain, hearing of this, has sent an urgent message to his +Holiness the Pope, asking his aid, and he has immediately set about +smoothing the matter over. + + * * * * * + +England has sent a final refusal to take part in the conference on the +seal question. + +The British Foreign Office has notified our ambassador in England, that +Great Britain must decline to take part in any sealing conference to +which Russia and Japan are invited. + +We told you a week or so ago that England had objected to the presence +of Russia and Japan because she insisted that the conference that was +called had reference to the Paris award. As there were only two parties +to the Paris conference, herself and the United States, she declared +that she could not see what business Russia or Japan had in the matter +at all. + +The Paris award, if you remember (see page 976), had to do with the +right of the United States to prevent other ships from entering the +Bering Sea. + +The United States has called the attention of Great Britain to the fact +that the Washington conference is in no way connected with the Paris +award. It has been repeatedly stated that its object is to be merely to +discover whether the seal herds are decreasing, and if so to decide upon +a means of preserving them. Any decision that shall be arrived at at the +Washington conference is to be binding on all nations interested in the +sealing industry. + +Great Britain will not listen to this. She takes the stand that by the +terms of the Paris award the code of laws governing the sealing +fisheries will have to be revised every five years anyhow, and as the +first five years will be up in 1898, she does not see the use of +entering into the matter now. She therefore positively declines to take +part in the conference. + +Those who are in a position to know say that England has been forced +into this position by Canada. + +When Prof. D'Arcy Thompson returned from his trip to the seal islands +this year, he brought with him information that completely upset his +former statements and theories, and showed that the seals are decreasing +rapidly. + +Canada became convinced that Russia, Japan, and the United States would +combine in an effort to have the seals carefully preserved, and +therefore she urged England to refuse to take part in the conference, +and thus give her time to consider what may be the best course for her +to take under the circumstances. + +Experts who have been in London examining the year's take of seal-skins +are ready to state before the conference that eighty per cent of the +skins sold by the Canadian companies are those of the mother seals, and +that most of these animals have been shot. + +This latter point is important, because it is in this way that the seals +are killed in the deep-sea or pelagic sealing, which the United States +is so anxious to put a stop to. + +The conference will be held with or without England, but, feeling that +Russia and Japan may also have cause for offence if England refuses to +meet them, it is said that the State Department has written once more to +the British Government, urging it to send some one to be present at the +meetings. + +It is also reported that Sir Julian Pauncefote is anxious that England +should be represented, and has used his influence to get her to do so. + +Our Government is inclined to think that England's refusal is not very +polite. Lord Salisbury, however, says that he is entirely free from all +blame in the matter, and that the whole trouble has been caused by a +misunderstanding with our ambassador, Colonel Hay. + +His Lordship declares that when Colonel Hay saw him in July last, and +gave him the information that Russia and Japan had consented to take +part in the conference, he immediately said: + +"Oh, no, Great Britain will not take part on such conditions." + +Our ambassador did not hear any such reply, and understood Lord +Salisbury to consent. + +In the mean while, the representatives of Russia and Japan have arrived +in this country, and are waiting for the conference to begin. + +The English papers express themselves as being very pleased that England +has refused to be present at the meeting. They insist that we were +setting a trap for England, and trying to get her to say or do something +at the conference which would let us out of paying the $425,000 of the +Paris award. + +This is unkind of them, and not quite fair to us. By looking at page +926, you will see that it was agreed that about $425,000 should be paid +to Canada as damages for keeping her out of the Bering Sea. This sum was +to be paid subject to the approval of Congress. + +When Congress came to look into the matter, it was found that Canada was +not dealing quite fairly with us. A number of false claims were set up, +and we were asked to pay for damage we had never done. A committee was +appointed to look into the various claims, and is still at work on them. +As soon as these matters are thoroughly sifted, the just claims will be +paid. + +It does not seem right to accuse us of trying to avoid paying our debts +because we want the items of every bill we are asked to pay. Every +business man throughout the country likes to know what he is paying for +before he parts with his good money, and why should a nation be less +careful than an individual? + + * * * * * + +Since the Greek Boule accepted the terms of the treaty of peace, the +business of settling these unfortunate affairs has been proceeding +without any further hitch. + +The new Prime Minister declared on his accepting office that his first +act should be to secure the evacuation of Thessaly, that is, the removal +of the Turkish troops. + +He has set himself a task that would seem to be very difficult to +perform, for it is reported that the Sultan has sent twenty thousand +fresh troops into the territory within the last few days. + +The explanation he gives for this act, which looks very like a breach of +faith with the Powers, is that he has sent these men to replace the +invalid and disabled soldiers who are among his troops. + +The necessity for such action is not apparent to the European +governments, as the terms of peace had been agreed on, and Greece had +accepted them, so it did not seem as though the Sultan needed to keep a +strong fighting force in Thessaly. + +People in Europe are daily growing more fearful that the Sultan does +not mean to keep his promises, and that he will force Greece to pay the +large war indemnity, while he keeps possession of Thessaly, and rules +the Cretans in exactly the same cruel manner that he did before the war. + +A French journal has published an interesting account of the Sultan as a +man. + +The writer describes Abdul Hamid as a man who has so many sides that it +is impossible to say just what he is or is not. + +He is kind, amiable, and even attentive to those he likes, and takes +pleasure in showering them with gifts, going to the trouble of finding +out what present will be most acceptable to the recipients of his +favors. At the same time he has such a frightful temper that his +ministers are afraid of him. + +Abdul Hamid seems to be a very vain man, and likes to create an immense +impression on his visitors. Any one who is to be admitted to the +presence of the Sultan is therefore conducted through beautiful gardens +and pavilions, past lines of fierce-looking soldiers, and on into a +palace blazing with gold and splendor. Gradually his imagination is +wrought up to such a pitch that he pictures the sovereign he is about to +meet as a person robed in all the gorgeousness of the East, glittering +with jewels, and a sort of Arabian-Nights figure of such splendor that +he will hardly be able to rest his dazzled eyes upon him. + +Instead, he is finally conducted into an apartment more beautiful and +gilded than any of the others. Mirrors reflect the light and splendor +from side to side, until it appears to be a veritable fairyland. And +here, waiting for the brilliant Sultan to appear in all his pomp and +majesty, he is suddenly confronted by a slight, pale-faced man, dressed +entirely in black, who stands motionless before him, and gazes at him +with stony, expressionless eyes. + +The effect is said to be tremendous. Every one who has seen the Sultan +says that this sudden contrast gives an awe-inspiring impression which +it is impossible to describe. One Frenchman whom the Sultan wished to +decorate almost fainted at the sight of the great man. + +Those of you who have never approached royalty may fancy this +description is exaggerated. But it is an absolute fact that there is +something about the approach of majesty that stirs your blood, and makes +your heart beat and then stand still, if for one moment the royal gaze +rests on you. + +In that moment you understand why men were glad to give up their lives +and their fortunes for the sake of their kings, and you would be glad to +drop on your knee or perform some act of self-abasement to relieve your +own feelings. If these are the sensations that attack men when +ordinary-looking people in ordinary-looking costumes come into the +apartment, how much greater must the effect be after the long theatrical +preparation which the Sultan makes his visitors pass through before they +reach the presence. + +The writer we have quoted from thus sums up the character of the Sultan: + +"He is audacious and a coward, a dreamer and a man of business, a miser +and a prodigal, a loving father and a sanguinary monster. In one day he +condemned a nation to be slaughtered, signed a decree about decorating +some ladies, and speculated in stocks, all with the same peaceful and +contented manner." + + * * * * * + +There is a report in South Africa that Dr. Jameson, the leader of the +Transvaal Kid, will run for a seat in the Cape Town Assembly at the next +election, and that the chances are that he will be elected by a large +majority. + +The Boers are likely to have more trouble with such a firebrand as that +helping to direct the affairs of a neighboring state. + +At the same time the news comes that Mr. Cecil Rhodes, the man who is +accused of having planned the raid, is seriously ill in his home in Cape +Town, and not expected to live. + + * * * * * + +The Government of Siam has looked into the matter of the assault on +Vice-Consul Kellet, and has decided to express regret to our Government +that the trouble occurred. + +We told you about this affair last spring. Vice-Consul Kellet went into +the interior of Siam to settle the estate of Mr. Cheek, an American who +had died in Siam, and who had left directions that Mr. Kellet was to +arrange his affairs for him. + +While in the performance of this duty, Mr. Kellet was attacked and +beaten by Siamese soldiers. + +One of our gunboats, the _Raleigh_, was sent out to Bangkok to +investigate the matter, and to protect the interests of our citizens +there. + +At the time the trouble occurred, the then Secretary of State, Mr. +Olney, thought that perhaps Mr. Kellet had been over-hasty, and the +soldiers were not to blame. + +The message from Bangkok which now reaches us shows that Mr. Olney was +wrong. + +The Siamese Government has decided that the soldiers were in the wrong, +and a lieutenant and four privates who took part in the affair have been +severely reprimanded, and suspended from their regiments without pay for +several months. + +The Siamese Government has offered to make the fullest amends for the +outrage, and Consul-General Barret, in his despatches, says that Mr. +Kellet's conduct throughout was all that could be desired. + +The commission sent up to inquire into the matter declared that the +viceroy of the district should have been able to check the ill-feeling +of the soldiers, and he, too, has been reprimanded. + +The story of the affair, as it now reaches us, is that Mr. Kellet's +servant was arrested by the native troops who act as police in the town +of Chang Mai, where the Vice-Consul had gone to look into the Cheek +claim. Mr. Kellet's interference on behalf of his servant enraged the +soldiers, who set upon him and beat him severely. + +The Siamese Government has taken such a determined stand, and has +offered such complete apologies for the offence, that there is now no +ill-feeling about the matter, and the relations that exist between the +two countries are more friendly than ever. + +The king of Siam, Chulalongkorn, who has been travelling through Europe +since the jubilee celebrations, and of whose visit to Italy we told you +in a former number, has made many friends for himself and his country +by his intelligence and his charming manners. + +This king has manifested a close interest in the progress of +civilization throughout his travels, and his country will certainly +benefit from his broadened views when he returns home. His two sons are +being educated at Harrow, which is one of the great English public +schools, and the rival of the famous Eton, of which you must have heard. +Public school in England does not mean free school for the benefit of +the public, as it does with us, but a high-class school where the +classics are taught, and which is patronized principally by the wealthy +and titled classes, because the fees are so high that they are beyond +the reach of ordinary people. + + * * * * * + +Reports are coming in from various sections of the country of the +disastrous forest fires that are raging. + +In Michigan and Indiana, the smoke from these fires is so dense that it +lies over the surface of Lake Michigan like a thick fog, and the sailors +have difficulty in finding their way through it. + +In the southern part of Canada the losses have been terrible from these +fires. Thousands of dollars' worth of timber has been destroyed, and +many persons have lost their homes and their crops. + +In Manitoba the flames are said to be spreading, and there is great fear +that the fire will reach the more thickly populated districts. Every +effort is being made to prevent the fire from getting a start on the +Minnesota side of the boundary, but it is feared that it will be +impossible to do so. + +Settlers have been fighting the flames day and night for over a week, +but have made little progress. + +Some two thousand Canadians have been rendered homeless and ten persons +have been burned to death. In their advance the terrible flames have +destroyed the towns and villages that lay in their path, and the report +from Ontario alone states that farms, dwellings, stores, churches, and +schools have been swept away by this dreadful scourge. + +The fall of the year is always the time when forest fires are to be +dreaded. In dry seasons like the present, there is always a danger that +some chance spark may light on the fallen leaves and the grass dried out +by the heat of summer, and thus set the forests on fire. + +The latter part of this year has been particularly dry. In the Western +and Middle States they say that rain has not been so badly needed in +years. In many sections of the country there has been no rain for +months. Water-courses and wells are reported as dried up, and many of +the live stock are dying, for want of water. + +The grass has become so parched and dry that the farmers are having to +feed their stock two months ahead of the usual time, and drive them +miles to water. It is feared that later in the year there will be a +fodder famine. + +As a regular thing, the cattle graze in the fields and feed themselves +until the frost comes, when the farmers begin to feed them. Enough +fodder is raised during the season to carry the stock comfortably +through until the grass is up again; but as the corn and roots are +liable to rot or mould, little more is grown than is necessary. You can +see that it is a serious business for the farmers to have had to touch +their winter supplies two months ahead of time. + +It is this drought which has caused the forest fires. + +In those sections of the country that have as yet escaped the fire, the +prairies are as dry as tinder, and the owners of the fields are in +constant fear that a spark from a passing locomotive may set fire to +them. Men are kept on the watch night and day to prevent such a +calamity. + +The Tonawanda Swamp is also on fire. + +Tonawanda is in the northern part of New York State, in the neighborhood +of Buffalo, and is a great lumber town. + +The swamp covers twenty-five thousand acres, and adjoining it are many +rich farm lands and valuable buildings. + +The underbrush grows so thickly in this swamp that it has always been +necessary to clear it out every little while, and so the people have +been in the habit of setting it on fire every year a few days before the +equinoctial storms were due. They had found from experience that by the +time the storms came the fires had burnt out enough of the undergrowth +for their purpose, and the heavy rains which usually accompany the +storms put the fires out for them. + +This year, however, the equinox brought no storm with it, and the +lighted fires have continued to burn with such fierceness that not only +the swamp, but the surrounding country, is in danger of being laid +waste. + +The equinox is that period in which the sun, in its yearly course, +crosses the equator, and makes the day and the night of equal length. +This occurs twice in the year,--about March 21st and September +22d,--and, as we have told you, is usually attended by high winds and +severe storms. + +In Virginia there is also a serious forest fire. The Dismal Swamp, as it +is called, is on fire. The smoke has become so dense that the people on +the trains which run through are forced to keep all the windows closed, +and even then the smoke is almost unbearable. + +The train hands report that the game and wild animals that have made +their homes in the swamp are deserting it and fleeing in all directions. + +All over these sections of the country the constant prayer is for rain, +rain, rain! + +Curious, is it not, that in one year we should have had a period of such +heavy rain that dams were burst, rivers overflowed their banks, and the +farmers lost their hay crops, and that this wet season should have been +followed by such a severe drought that the forests have taken fire! + + * * * * * + +The latest news from Guatemala is that the government troops who are +supporting Dictator Barrios have succeeded in recapturing the important +city which the rebels had previously taken by storm. + +It is necessary that you know the name of this city, but it is one of +the hardest we have had to encounter so far. Quezaltenango is its name. + +(Strange, isn't it, that foreign names should sound so funny to us, and +be so difficult to pronounce? In many foreign tongues the _e_ is +pronounced _a_, and the _a_, _ah_. If you remember this it will help you +to a correct pronunciation of many names and places.) + +Quezaltenango being once more in the hands of the Government, Barrios +has plucked up fresh courage, and attacked the insurgents with such +vigor that one wing of their army has been defeated and driven into +Mexico. + +President Diaz does not, however, intend to allow the rebels to use his +country as a refuge, and he is sending forces to the frontier to drive +them back into Guatemala, to be captured by Barrios. + + * * * * * + +An interesting sham fight took place in Van Cortland Park last week. + +The soldiers were divided into two forces, the attacking and the +defending, and the object of the fight was to see what the commander's +idea of defence would be, in case an enemy attacked the city. + +A number of officers from the regular army attended the fight, and +praised our citizen soldiers in high terms for the excellent work they +did during the action. + +The attacking party came up from the banks of the Hudson River at +Riverdale, and endeavored to steal down the high-road to Kingsbridge, +where they could cross over the Harlem River, and so find themselves on +Manhattan Island, with the upper part of New York city at their mercy. + +The defenders divided their forces into two divisions,--the army of the +West and the army of the East: the one to check the invaders if it was +their intention to march across the country to New Rochelle, and the +other to prevent any attempt to reach New York city. + +The general of the defending army took up his position on Woodlawn +Heights, where he could see just which way the attacking army was going +to move; and finding that the attempt was to be made on New York, sent +troops to the roads and the fields through which the invaders must try +to pass. + +So well did he lay his plans that the invaders found themselves checked +at every point. There was not a loophole left unguarded for them to +creep through, and at last, after much good generalship had been +displayed on both sides, the invaders were driven back, and the +defenders claimed the victory. + +The sham battle was followed by a review of the troops engaged, and when +it was all over the citizen soldiers returned to the city, tired and +dusty, but proud of their good day's work. + + G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +An interesting advance in the postal system of our country was made +recently when the first of the pneumatic tubes which are to carry mail +underground from one office to another was declared ready for use. + +Some three hundred prominent men were present to see the first package +of mail matter sent. + +[Illustration: Self-Registering Mail Box] + +This tube extends from the Produce Exchange to the Post-Office Building, +and the trip can be made from one office to the other in one minute and +a quarter. + +Mr. Chauncey Depew was present at the opening ceremonies, and having +made an appropriate speech, sent off the first carrier of mail matter +that passed through the tube. + +In less time than it takes to tell the story the carrier returned, +bringing a receipt for the mail that had been sent, and a pretty little +kitten which arrived breathless from its spin through the tube. + +The carriers are two feet long and seven inches round, and are made to +fit the tube closely. + +Other tubes are to be laid throughout the city, and before very long +every post-office in the city will be connected with the general +post-office by pneumatic tube, and letters will be posted in Harlem and +sent flying down the seven miles to the City Hall in a few minutes. + +Another ingenious postal device which has just been put on trial is the +scheme for registering letters yourself. + +The first thing to do is to put a ten-cent piece in the slot. The coin +opens a small registering window, and reveals a pad on which you write +the address of the registered letter, and also an aperture through which +the letter is to be dropped. The letter must first have been stamped +with a two-cent stamp. + +After the letter is mailed the sender pulls a handle until a gong rings, +and a receipt is then pushed out toward the sender. This receipt is in +fact the second half of the order which he himself has written. As soon +as the receipt is given the machine locks itself, and nothing will +unlock it but a fresh dime in the slot. + +Worn coins, or those that are not full size and weight, are instantly +rejected by the machine. + +The coin, after entering the machine, passes over a very delicate +balance, and if it is found to be light or bad when it is weighed, the +machine throws it out on the floor in front of the would-be registerer. + +Three of these machines have been placed on trial: one in the +Post-Office Building, one in the Equitable Building, and one in the +branch office at Forty-second Street. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 51, October 28, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD *** + +***** This file should be named 16032.txt or 16032.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/0/3/16032/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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