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diff --git a/16024.txt b/16024.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf8ac7e --- /dev/null +++ b/16024.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1286 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On +In It, Vol. 1, No. 46, September 23, 1897, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 46, September 23, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: June 8, 2005 [EBook #16024] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 SEPTEMBER 23, 1897. NO. 46 + +=Copyright, 1897, THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.= + + * * * * * + +The latest news from India is of a most encouraging nature. + +It is supposed that the announcement made by the British Government that +they mean to send a strong force to punish the rebellious tribes has had +a good effect. + +The Afridis are reported to have held a council of war, and have decided +to return to their homes and gather in their harvests. The head men of +the tribe are said to be responsible for this decision, because they +made a strong stand against the continuation of the war. + +It is probable that the reason of their return to their homes is not +altogether because of their harvests, but that other tribes which had +agreed to join in the uprising have become alarmed at the action of the +British, and, fearful lest they too may come in for punishment, have +refused to take any part in the border war. + +Haddah Mullah, the mad priest who is accused of having incited the +tribes to rebel in the first instance, has also given in. It is said +that he has dispersed his followers of the Swati tribe, and that they +have returned to their homes. + +The Mullah had been gathering forces together for an attack on Peshawar, +a strong British fort. To make his attempt successful he needed more men +than he had under his command; he therefore ordered a tribe called the +Mohmands to join him, and marched toward Peshawar, expecting to meet +them on the way. + +When he and his followers arrived at the meeting-place, he found to his +dismay that instead of the host of warriors he had expected, there was +only a messenger from the chief of the Mohmands, who told him in very +plain terms that they would have nothing to do with either the revolt or +the attack on Peshawar. + +On hearing this it is said that the Mullah was so discouraged that he +refused to lead the Swatis anymore, and ordered his followers to go back +to their homes. + +If this report be indeed true, the worst of the rebellion is undoubtedly +over, for the Haddah Mullah was the most dangerous enemy the British had +to fear in the frontier war. By preying upon the superstitions of the +tribe he had obtained such an influence over them that they regarded him +as a prophet and obeyed his slightest word. + +To make them fight bravely he distributed rice that had been colored +pink among his followers on the eve of a battle, and assured them that +all who carried it would pass through the fiercest battle without a +wound or scratch. + +On one occasion when the rice had been handed round from man to man it +was found after the fight was over that the Mullah's hand was very badly +cut. His followers began to murmur, and wonder how the giver of this +charmed rice could himself be wounded in battle. The Mullah was, +however, smart enough to invent a story about having seized a bayonet +and purposely cut himself. His simple followers believed him, and +continued to use the wonderful rice. + +The withdrawal of this crafty priest from active opposition will be a +great assistance to the British cause, which has also been greatly +strengthened during the last few days by the friendly attitude of the +Ameer of Afghanistan. + +We told you how the British suspected that this ruler had helped to stir +up the rebellion: at one time it was decided to send him another letter, +calling him sharply to account for his double dealing. + +Before any such action could be taken, news was brought that the Ameer +had caused the arrest of forty important tribesmen, who were supposed to +have assisted the mad Mullah in rousing the people against the British. + +This action has had such an excellent effect on the tribes that many +people suppose Great Britain's frontier war is over. + +The English have still a great deal to do on the borders of Afghanistan. +For the sake of their future power in India they dare not let the +natives think they can rebel against England without being severely +punished. Whether the revolt is really over or not, a force will have to +be sent against the rebellious tribes to teach them proper respect for +British power. + + * * * * * + +General Woodford has arrived safely in Spain, and is to be presented to +the Queen Regent in a few days. + +He has, in the mean while, met the Duke of Tetuan, and has been very +pleasantly received. + +A great sensation has, however, been caused in Havana by the publication +of a letter from General Azcarraga, the present Spanish Prime Minister. +In this letter the minister says that the Spanish Government will not +listen to any demands from the United States, that no one in Spain +thinks our country has any right to interfere in the Cuban question, and +that rather than submit to American dictation, Spain is prepared to +declare war. + +In the letter it is also said that if it becomes necessary to declare +war, Spain is confident that she will have the support of the nations of +Europe. It is argued that if we succeed in freeing Cuba we will be +certain to try and get Canada and Jamaica away from England, and the +French possessions from their mother country. + +The General asserts that if the United States succeeds in freeing Cuba, +European rule in the New World will soon cease to exist. + +Finally, he says that if General Woodford's mission is after all merely +to claim damages from Spain, he will be listened to with the utmost +politeness, and then informed that Spain also has her claims against +America. But if General Woodford persists in entering on the subject of +the Cuban war, he will be told that Spain does not admit the right of +the United States to interfere in her private affairs, and the +ambassador will be politely but firmly requested to mind his own +business. + +Every one is most anxious to learn just what General Woodford's mission +is, and how Spain will receive it. + +In the mean while many people are wondering why Spain has suddenly +become so averse to parting with her colonies. Many times in the last +century she has ceded and sold them, and it seems strange that she +should be unwilling to let Cuba purchase her freedom when it is the +easiest way out of the present difficulty. + +At one time Spain had vast possessions in the New World. Louisiana, +Florida, Mexico, the Central American States, Venezuela, Colombia, +Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the Argentine +Republic were all under the rule of Spain. + +One by one these countries have thrown off the Spanish yoke; Cuba is +only following in their footsteps, and yet while the mother country has +been content to receive valuable considerations for her other provinces, +she declares that to surrender Cuba would be to forfeit her honor. + +Affairs in Madrid are approaching a crisis. It is rumored that within +two weeks General Azcarraga will cease to be Prime Minister, and that +Senor Sagasta will be called to take command of the affairs of State. +Sagasta, as we have told you, has very broad views about Cuba, and +wishes for nothing so much as peace with the unhappy little island. + +The affairs of the election in Cuba are progressing quietly. + +The election should have taken place on September 1st, but the bad +roads made travelling so difficult that some of the most important +members of the Assembly were unable to get to the meeting, and so the +business of electing a President has had to be postponed for a few days. + +The Cubans say that the first work of the new administration must be to +establish a government for _peace_. Up to the present time their +thoughts have all been directed toward preserving the army in the field, +and making it possible to continue the war. + +The rebellion has now such a strong hold in the eastern part of the +island that it is necessary to provide laws for the welfare of those who +are living under the flag of free Cuba, which, as we have told you +before, now floats over Santiago de Cuba. + +The Government has already established factories and workshops to +furnish supplies for the army, and about five thousand persons are +employed in them. + +There are tanneries where the skins of beasts are made into leather; +shoe, saddle, harness, gunpowder, and dynamite factories, and workshops +for repairing arms and reloading gun-cartridges. + +A newspaper man who says he has been through these establishments states +that while they are somewhat old-fashioned in their methods, owing to +the impossibility of obtaining the newest machinery, the work they turn +out is excellent. + +The Cuban Government is also providing for the education of its +subjects. Free schools are being established wherever it is safe to do +so, and every effort is being made to render the people who acknowledge +the rule of the young republic happy and law-abiding. + +One of the candidates for the Presidency is Gen. Bartolome Maso, who +holds the office of Vice-President under the present administration. + +Senor Maso is a dear friend and close companion of President Cisneros; +so warm is this friendship, indeed, that Cisneros has offered to +withdraw from the candidacy in favor of Maso, and Maso has refused to +let him do so, declaring that he can serve the republic just as well +whether he is President or private citizen. + +Maso is one of the soldiers who fought in the revolt ten years ago. He +was one of the first to take up arms against Spain on the present +occasion. You must not confound him with Maceo, the murdered general. +This man is Bartolome Maso, the dead general was Antonio Maceo. + +Senor Maso is often lovingly referred to by the Cubans as the father of +the revolution. + +Consul-General Lee has returned from Cuba. He has been ill for some +months, and has obtained a few weeks' leave of absence in which to +regain his strength. There are reports that he is not to return to Cuba, +but that another Consul-General is to be appointed in his place. These +rumors are not generally credited. + +From the Philippine Islands the news comes that the natives intend to +prolong the war until Spain's money is exhausted, and then force her to +agree to their demands. + +The main fighting in this insurrection has taken place on the island of +Luzon. This island has been visited by a terrible disaster. One of its +volcanic mountains has suddenly burst into activity, and thrown out +streams of lava in such volume that they have travelled over twenty +miles of country until they reached the sea. + +It is said that several villages have been destroyed by the lava flow, +and about five hundred persons killed. + + * * * * * + +There is once more a prospect of a settlement of the Greek question. + +After the rejection of Lord Salisbury's plan, about which we told you +last week, it seemed as if matters would again be brought to a +standstill. England refused to consent to any plan that did not include +the withdrawal of Turkish troops from Thessaly, and Germany would not +listen to any arrangement that did not include the full control of the +Greek Treasury. + +The Russian Minister, fearing another long delay, appealed to England, +and demanded that she should agree to Germany's plan, or propose some +other that would be agreeable to all the parties concerned. + +Lord Salisbury therefore made a new proposal to this effect. The Powers +should take control of the revenues set aside by Greece for the payment +of the war debt to Turkey, and that yet another sum should be handed +over to the Powers to secure the payment of her other debts. + +The proposal also stated that when Greece had put the funds into the +hands of the Powers, Turkey was immediately to recall her troops from +Thessaly. + +The ambassadors all agreed to accept this plan, which, in truth, gave +both Germany and England the points they desired. After the foreign +Ministers had decided to accept it, it was shown informally to Tewfik +Pasha. + +This official also appeared satisfied with the arrangements, and gave +the ambassadors to understand that when it was formally presented to him +he would be able to accept it in the name of the Sultan. + +It is therefore expected that the details of the peace treaty will be +settled in a very few days. + +Greece, the country most interested in this settlement, is the party +least satisfied with the arrangement. + +It is felt in Athens that the terms of the peace are very hard ones. The +frontier question has been so settled that Greece is powerless to defend +herself against the Turks if they should declare war on her again. The +mountain passes and the important places in the mountain ranges will be +in the hands of the Turks, and Greece will lie at the foot of the hills, +a ready prey to any army that may descend on her from the heights. + +In addition to this, she has to pay a heavy war indemnity, and to do so +must turn over the control of her revenue to foreigners. + +It will take many years before Greece can recover from this blow. + +The blockade of Crete is to be brought to an end, or "raised" as it is +called. + +The Cretans having accepted the Home Rule offered them by the Powers, +there is no longer any need for the allied fleets to remain there, and +therefore the war-ships are to leave the island. + +It is difficult to see what good they have accomplished. When Djevad +Pasha arrived at the island, giving himself all the airs of a new +Turkish governor, the Cretans accepted Home Rule in the belief that the +Powers would protect them from the Turks. + +Not being wily diplomatists, they did not insert any clause about the +withdrawal of Turkish troops from the island, and therefore the Powers +do not feel bound to demand this of Turkey, and are taking away the only +protection the Cretans had, and are leaving them just as much at the +mercy of the Turks as they were before Greece tried to go to their +rescue. + +It seems a shabby piece of business on the part of the Powers, and one +they will have hard work to justify even to themselves. + +The admirals have, it is true, requested Djevad Pasha to order all the +Turks in the island disarmed with the exception of the Turkish soldiers. +If he refuses they threaten to ask for his recall, but this is a very +poor conclusion after all the fuss that has been made, and the trouble +the interference of the Powers has caused. + + * * * * * + +There is good news from the Soudan. + +After the British had taken the town of Abu Hamed, about which we told +you a short while since, they continued to advance up the Nile toward +the next important town that lay in their route to Khartoum. + +This town was Berber. + +It was expected that the Mahdists would make a fierce resistance at this +place, and the British troops were prepared for severe fighting. + +What was their surprise on reaching Berber to find that the Mahdists +had fled before them, and were encamped at the city of Matammeh, where +they intended to make a stand against the invading army. + +Berber had been left in the hands of a few Soudanese who were friendly +to the English, and willingly permitted them to take possession of the +town. + +This city is only about two hundred miles from Khartoum, and no place of +importance now lies in the way of the British advance on Khartoum, the +Mahdist stronghold. + + * * * * * + +A very interesting movement is on foot to secure the return of the Jews +to Palestine. + +We are all familiar with the beautiful story of Moses, and how he led +the Jewish people out of their captivity in Egypt into the promised land +of Palestine. + +We can follow out the history of the kingdom of Israel through its years +of prosperity under David and Solomon; we can read how the Jews again +became a conquered people, and fell under the rule of the Assyrians, the +Babylonians, the Persians, and how under the leadership of Maccabeus +they once more became a nation, only to fall into the hands of the +Romans. + +History tells us how they revolted again and again under the Roman rule, +and how at last, in the year 135 A.D., Jerusalem was taken by the Roman +Emperor, and the Jews, driven from their country, ceased to be a nation, +and were scattered over the face of the earth. + +From the year 135 Palestine remained in the hands of the Romans, and +when they became converted to Christianity this land was regarded by +them with great veneration. Bethlehem of Judea, where Jesus Christ was +born, is in Palestine, and Jerusalem, where He suffered death on the +cross, was the capital of Judea. + +In the sixth century Palestine fell into the hands of the Mohammedans, +and it was to rescue the Holy City from the hands of unbelievers that +the Christians of Europe first undertook those long and terrible wars +which are known in history as the Crusades. + +The Christians finally conquered Jerusalem, and established a Christian +kingdom there which lasted for eighty years, when the celebrated +Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, reconquered the Holy City. + +Since that time Palestine has been in the hands of the Mohammedans, and +in the year 1517 it was finally added to the Turkish Empire. + +The present idea of the Jewish people is to purchase Palestine from the +Sultan of Turkey and re-settle the Hebrews there. + +A Hebrew Congress has just been held in Basle, Switzerland, for the +purpose of discussing this matter. + +On the second day of the Congress a resolution was offered that a home +be created in Palestine for the Jewish people, and that the consent and +assistance of the Powers be asked to the plan. + +The resolution was instantly adopted, amid the greatest excitement and +enthusiasm. + +Little more business was done that day. The people present were so +excited with the hope of becoming a nation once more that they could +not bring their minds to consider any less important subject. + +The next day, however, the Congress settled itself to a business-like +consideration of the plan. It was resolved to treat with the Sultan of +Turkey for the purchase of Palestine, and a committee was formed to +collect funds for that object, it being considered desirable to raise +fifty million dollars as speedily as possible. + +The idea of recolonizing Palestine is not a new one. In 1840 the +generous Sir Moses Montefiore endeavored to start the scheme. Since his +day several other attempts have been made. + +In 1878 some Jews in Jerusalem founded the first colony there, and +through the assistance of Baron Edmond de Rothschild, and of a Jewish +society in Paris, there are already five thousand Hebrews settled in +Palestine. They have a tract of land about six square miles in extent, +and have it in excellent cultivation, producing among other things an +excellent vintage of Bordeaux, which is a high grade of claret. + +The present plan originated with Dr. Theodor Herzl of Vienna. He is a +literary man whose work is well known in Austria, and he is considered +well fitted to be the leader of this great movement. + +Dr. Herzl says that he does not think there will be much difficulty in +making terms with the Sultan. + +He visited Constantinople last year, and had two long conversations with +the Grand Vizier on the subject. While this minister did not answer Yes +or No to his project, Dr. Herzl says that he can but feel that the +Sultan was favorably impressed by it, as he sent him a decoration. + +A "decoration" is a badge or emblem, such as a cross, star, flower, or +the like, which is bestowed by a sovereign as a special mark of favor or +in recognition of some great service. Medals received for bravery on the +field of battle are decorations. + +Some of these decorations, or orders, as they are also called, are +extremely beautiful in workmanship and design. Each country has its own +special orders, a certain few of which are only bestowed on royalty, or +persons of very high rank. + +Decorations are intended to be worn on the left breast. To attach them +to the clothing they are threaded on a ribbon which varies in color and +design for every order. In Europe, medals and orders are only worn on +full-dress occasions, but for ordinary use the proud owners of these +marks of distinction will wear a small strip of ribbon belonging to the +order. + +These favors are not, as a rule, lightly bestowed, and the possessors of +the important European orders are rightfully proud of them. + +The decorating of Dr. Herzl may have been nothing more than amiability +on the part of the Sultan, but it certainly showed that his Majesty was +not displeased with the doctor's mission. + +The leaders of this new movement are not, however, pinning all their +faith on the Sultan. + +If it becomes impossible to secure Palestine they will treat for a tract +of land in some healthy part of South America. + +The land once secured, it is the intention to send a number of the +poorer Jews out to it. + +These men are to be drawn from the laboring classes, and it is to be +their work to lay out streets, build bridges and railroads, etc., and +generally prepare the way for those who are to follow. + +It is not intended to make any class distinctions of rich or poor, or to +send out a class of rich persons to profit by the work done for them by +their less fortunate brothers. The leaders of the movement will lay out +extensive works in the various kinds of building that we have mentioned, +and it is expected that the business these works will create will +attract settlers to the new country, who will start up foundries and +factories. It is the intention to furnish the colony with all the latest +improvements and inventions, and it is but reasonable to suppose that +the new land will soon become an important centre of industry. + +The promoters of the scheme look for great assistance from England, and +have approached Lord Salisbury in the hope of gaining his friendship. + +Europe would of course have a great deal to say about the establishment +of an enlightened and progressive race on the borders of the Red Sea, +and the new nation could not be established without the consent of the +Powers. + + * * * * * + +Russia is about building a new canal, which, when finished, will be one +of the greatest works ever undertaken. + +It is to connect the Baltic Sea with the Black Sea, and is to be one +thousand miles in length. + +It is to start from Riga on the Baltic, and run to Kherson at the mouth +of the Dneiper River, where that river empties itself into the Black +Sea. + +The advantages of this canal will be very great. + +At the present time a vessel voyaging from the Baltic to the Black Sea +has to go all round Europe before it reaches its destination. Take your +map and follow out the course a ship must take. It must skirt Denmark +and pass into the North Sea, then go through the Straits of Dover, down +the coast of France, across the Bay of Biscay, and down the coast of +Portugal until the Straits of Gibraltar are reached. Here the vessel +must pass into the beautiful Mediterranean Sea, and follow it along +through the Grecian Archipelago, through the Dardanelles into the Sea of +Marmora, and passing through the Bosporus, it at last finds itself in +the Black Sea. + +The time required to make such a long voyage is a great loss to +merchants, and the vessel has to pass through so many narrow straits and +past so many strategic points that the voyage could hardly be undertaken +if Russia were at war with any foreign nation. + +The canal is to be 213 feet wide at the surface, 115 feet at the base, +and to have a depth of 27 feet. + +It should, therefore, be a very fine canal. + +Germany and the United States are both very pleased about this great +work, for both nations see in it an opportunity to sell their iron and +steel manufactures. + +The Czar of Russia has issued an order that there is to be no more +exiling to Siberia except for certain very serious crimes. + +Instead, large prisons are to be built in Central Russia for the +political criminals. The change is to go into effect in one year's time, +when it is supposed that the new prisons will be in readiness. + +It seems almost too good to be true that the terrors of Siberian exile +are to be abolished. To most of the unfortunate prisoners who were +interviewed by Mr. George Kennan when he visited the Siberian convict +settlements, even the horrors of the exile were as nothing compared to +the awful journey on foot across the desolate steppes of Russia. + +All this will soon be at an end, and the nearness of the prisons to +civilization will perhaps remove some of the abuses and ill-treatment of +the prisoners now practised in the far-away Siberian prisons. + +If the young Czar Nicholas continues his kindly and humane methods of +government it is likely that he will soon need very few political +prisons. + +He has shown much kindness and clemency to his people since he came to +the throne, and there is little doubt that his subjects will soon learn +to love him and trust him in return. + + * * * * * + +The relations between the Transvaal and England are again being brought +prominently before the world. + +Early in the spring, when it was rumored that Germany was taking too +friendly an interest in the affairs of the Transvaal, Mr. Chamberlain, +the Colonial Secretary of England, sent a very stormy letter to the +Boers, saying that England insisted that the Transvaal should not make +any foreign alliances without her consent, and that the treaty between +the Transvaal and Great Britain, which is known as the "London Treaty," +must be very closely observed. + +To this the Boer Government replied that it would be glad to arbitrate +that point as well as the amount of the payment to be made for the +Jameson raid; and the various other points on which the two governments +were at issue. + +Soon after this Dr. Leyds, President Krueger's confidential agent, +arrived in England, and had a conference with Mr. Chamberlain. They +appeared to come to satisfactory understanding, and there was every +prospect of a peaceful settlement to the dispute. + +Some weeks after this conversation with Dr. Leyds, Mr. Chamberlain was +asked by the House of Commons whether he had consented to arbitrate with +the Transvaal. + +Mr. Chamberlain answered that some points would certainly be submitted +to arbitration, but the question, of the Transvaal's right to allow a +foreign country to befriend her could not be so treated, because it was +expressly stated in the London convention that England had sovereign +rights in the Transvaal, and could therefore insist on her wishes being +carried out. + +When the news of Mr. Chamberlain's speech reached Pretoria, the capital +of the Transvaal, there was great indignation among the Boers. The +matter was debated by the Volksraad or Parliament, and several members +declared that Great Britain must be shown that she no longer had any +sovereign rights in the Transvaal. + +Meetings were held denouncing Mr. Chamberlain's remarks, and finally +President Krueger delivered a speech before the Volksraad which caused +considerable excitement, as its meaning was an open defiance of +England. + +In this speech President Krueger stated that the Boers were perfectly +willing to abide by the London convention, but he stated emphatically +that the convention did not contain a word about the sovereign rights of +England, and since it had been made, all such rights had ceased to +exist. + +The London convention was made in 1884. + +In 1881, after the British forces had been beaten by the Boers, a treaty +was made by which peace was restored, and the Transvaal recognized as a +semi-independent republic, under the sovereignty of England. + +In this treaty it was understood that the Boers would have freedom of +government as far as their home affairs went, but that no friendships or +alliances could be made with foreign powers. The British Government +reserved for itself the right of managing the foreign affairs of the +Transvaal. + +This was in 1881. + +In 1884 a new agreement was entered into which expressly stated that +England no longer wanted these rights, and that the Transvaal was free +to govern the country without interference, and to manage its own +foreign affairs as it pleased. One right only did England demand, and +that was that the Transvaal should not make any treaty with a foreign +country without the approval of the Queen. + +It stated that the Transvaal Government must send her Majesty a copy of +any treaty it desired to make, and that if England notified the Boers +within six months that the proposed treaty interfered with her rights in +South Africa, it must be abandoned. Nothing was said in this agreement +which prevented the Transvaal from having friendly dealings with +foreign powers. + +Mr. Chamberlain seems to have become confused about the contents of the +London convention of 1884, and to have got it mixed with the treaty of +1881. The brave old President of the Transvaal has, however, determined +to refresh his memory. + +In his speech before the Volksraad he stated grimly that the Boers would +oppose to the last any attempt on the part of England to enforce her +fancied rights, and having declared himself emphatically for war, he +concluded with one of his quaint, pious remarks. He said the Boers +wished to preserve peaceful and friendly relations with the whole world, +because wherever love dwelt the blessing of God was sure to follow. + +President Krueger's defiance was regarded by the British Government as +mere speech-making. The Government refused to believe that the old man +wished his words to be taken seriously, and so passed the whole affair +over as unworthy of notice. + +Mr. Chamberlain has been instructed to enforce Great Britain's sovereign +rights in the Transvaal, and notwithstanding the fact that several of +the London newspapers are calling attention to the treaty of 1884, he is +determined to insist on these rights. + +It was rumored some time ago that as soon as the Greek troubles were out +of the way, Germany, France, and Russia would take up the Transvaal +question. + +This may perhaps be the reason why the Boer President so bravely defies +the British Government, and if Mr. Chamberlain tries to force the +Transvaal to submit, he may find that he has to reckon with these three +powerful countries as well as the handful of Dutchmen in the South +African Republic. + + * * * * * + +A terrible tragedy has occurred in Pennsylvania at a place called +Hazleton, about twenty-five miles from Wilkesbarre. + +Some miners were shot and killed by order of the sheriff of the county. + +These miners were out on strike, their strike, however, not being in any +way connected with the great coal strike of which we have told you in +previous numbers. + +These men were dissatisfied because an extra two-hours' work was forced +upon them every day without extra pay. + +Some mules which had formerly been stationed in another colliery were +changed over to the one at which these men were employed, and the care +of these animals occupied the drivers an extra hour morning and night, +which the miners resented. They therefore struck work. + +Two of the drivers did not wish to join in the strike, and the +superintendent, seeing this, did his best to persuade all the men to go +to work. Upon this the strikers became angry, and bitter words and hard +feeling resulted. + +Thinking themselves badly used, the men resolved to try and make the +strike general in the neighborhood, and began marching from colliery to +colliery, urging the men at work to lay down their picks and join them. + +The strikers have been very orderly, and have made no disturbance of any +kind, but as they were principally foreigners who are ignorant of our +laws and customs, it was thought best to have men on hand ready to check +them if they attempted any lawless act. The sheriff of Luzerne County, +in which Hazleton is situated, was therefore notified to be on the +alert, and in his turn sent word to his deputies to be ready for action. + +The sheriff of a county is a very important officer. It is his duty to +see that law and order are preserved within the limits of his county, +that the penalties ordered by the judges are carried out, and to +suppress all riots and uprisings in his district. + +To assist him in this work he has the right to call on as many citizens +as he needs for the business in hand. These men he binds by an oath to +aid him in the discharge of his duty and to help him to preserve the +peace. They compose what is known as the sheriff's posse, and are a body +of men who accompany him and help him to do his duty. + +Sheriff Martin, of Luzerne County, called out about ninety deputies for +his posse, and had them in the vicinity of Hazleton for over a week +before the shooting occurred. + +On the day of the tragedy a body of the strikers had determined to march +to Lattimer, a village not very far away from Hazleton. They desired to +persuade the miners there to join their ranks, and started out about two +hundred and fifty strong, marching in a peaceable and orderly manner +along the road. None of them were armed, and none showed the slightest +desire for violence or riot. + +They had arrived within a few hundred yards of their destination when +their road was blocked by the sheriff and his posse. + +Advancing toward them, the sheriff ordered them to go back to their +homes, telling them that they were creating a disturbance and were +acting in defiance of the law. + +Most of the strikers were foreigners, and, failing to understand what +the sheriff said, the foremost men crowded round him, trying to prove to +him that they were only parading, and had a perfect right to march +through the streets if they only remained peaceful and orderly. + +Unfortunately the sheriff could not make out what they meant, and +supposed they were defying him. + +He therefore proceeded to read them the Riot Act. + +This is an act which in the name of the commonwealth orders the persons +assembled to disperse and go to their homes. + +If the rioters fail to obey they are liable to imprisonment and +punishment according to the laws of the State, and the sheriff or person +authorized to read the Riot Act is bound to arrest all persons who +linger around after the act has been read to them. + +When a riot has assumed such a serious character that armed men have had +to be called out to subdue it, the Riot Act is generally read, and then +the soldiers or sheriff's deputies charge the mob, being careful not to +fire on them or wound them unless necessary in self-defence or in +performance of their duty. + +In this instance the sheriff utterly misunderstood the rioters, and as +they crowded around him, trying to make out what it was that he was +reading to them, he lost his self-control, and imagining the men were +defying and threatening him, ordered his posse to fire. + +It was a frightful affair. Ninety well-armed men firing into a crowd of +defenceless laborers. Twenty-three strikers were killed, thirty-six +seriously wounded, and about forty more injured. + +As you may suppose, our whole country is mourning over this catastrophe. + +It would seem difficult to find where the real blame lies. The sheriff +thought he was doing his duty, his posse but obeyed his orders, and the +poor sacrificed miners had no idea what the sheriff was reading to them, +nor any intention of offering violence. + +The whole neighborhood became so excited over the affray that the +Governor of Pennsylvania immediately ordered some of the state troops to +Hazleton to prevent further trouble. + +The sheriff and his posse are to be arrested and tried for killing the +strikers. + +The Mayor of Hazleton declares that the shooting of the miners cannot be +excused; that if the rioters refused to go home after the Riot Act had +been read to them, the sheriff should have ordered his deputies to fire +over the heads of the mob; and then, if they still continued rebellious, +it was time to think about punishing them. + +The Riot Act states that persons lingering one hour after the act has +been read shall be seized and arrested, and those who arrest them shall +not be held liable for any injuries the rioters may receive; but this is +only after an hour has elapsed. According to the accounts that have +reached us, the sheriff ordered his men to fire immediately after the +reading of the act. + +The great coal strike is, however, at an end. + +A fresh agreement has been offered, which both miners and owners have +decided to accept. + +By it the men go to work at sixty-five cents per ton until January, when +a new scale of wages is to be used. This scale will be settled by +arbitration between this and January. + +The masters and men are to meet in joint conference, and both sides +promise to abide by the decision of the arbitrators. + +It is said that Mr. de Armitt will not pay the sixty-five-cent rate, but +will only give fifty-four cents till the new rate goes into effect in +January. The leaders have determined to continue the strike in his mines +if this report proves to be true, but in the other collieries the miners +will go to work. + + G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +BICYCLE-HOLDER.-A clever invention comes to us from California. It is +called a bicycle-holder, and is designed for carrying bicycles on street +cars. + +It is a simple device consisting of two hooks placed on an iron bar, +from the centre of which another bar depends which is also furnished +with a hook. + +The wheel is hung on to the upper hooks, one of which passes through +each wheel. The lower hook is so adjusted that the hind wheel rests in +it, thus forming a perfect support for the machine. + +It is possible to attach two bicycle-holders to the back of each car, +and if it works as well as it is expected to do, will be a great +convenience to wheel-men. + + * * * * * + +ROAD MAP.--This is also a boon to bicyclists. The map, instead of +folding up to put in the pocket, is rolled on two small cylinders. With +the map comes a nickeled wire attachment which fits over the ends of the +cylinders and holds a portion of the map firmly extended. + +In the centre of the wire holder is a loop which snaps on to the +handle-bar of the wheel and enables the rider to carry his map stretched +out before him ready for instant use. + +As the rider proceeds farther on his journey he can twist the cylinders +and unroll a fresh portion of his map. It is an excellent device, and +one which can be adjusted to all bicycles. + + * * * * * + +WRIST-GUIDE FOR PIANOS.-This is an attachment which can be fixed to any +piano, and is intended to show the learner just the right angle at which +the wrist should be held. + +Children seem naturally to be flabby-wristed when they are trying to +learn to play, and to drop the wrists below the level of the keyboard +seems to be the chief aim and object of every young pianist. + +Years ago there were not so many inventions for making learning +delightful to the young, and we distinctly remember the fierce battles +which used to take place at each music lesson over this very wrist +business. + +As no wrist-guide had then been invented, necessity--which is the mother +of invention, they say--taught our instructress to make one of her own. +Hers was more simple than the present one, but probably even more +effective. It consisted of a pair of sharp-pointed scissors which +glistened ferociously under the learner's wrists, ready to give them a +sharp reminder whenever they flagged and showed a disposition to droop. + +The piano was not as popular an instrument in those days as it has since +become. + +This wrist-guide ought to save many tears and much vexation of spirit to +both teacher and pupil. + + + + +BOOKS RECEIVED. + + +We have received from the publishers, Thompson, Brown & Co., Boston, a +set of the Duntonian Vertical Writing-Books. This series is described by +the publishers as follows: + +"This is a distinctly new series of Vertical Writing-Books, having some +special features of great teaching value. One of these is the specially +made paper with water-marked direction lines which pertains only to this +system, and by means of which a vertical hand can be much sooner +acquired. These lines are not intended in any way as guide-lines to be +carefully observed in writing the copy, but simply as a ready means of +verifying the work and determining whether the writer is conforming to a +practical vertical style or not." + + + + + +NOTICE. + + +The attention of readers is called to the advertisement opposite the +first reading page of this number. This contest cannot fail to be +pleasant work, for to read through carefully the poem of Evangeline is a +treat in itself. We hope that many of our young friends will compete; +and if the proper sort of interest is shown in this contest, others will +follow it. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 46, September 23, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 16024.txt or 16024.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/0/2/16024/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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