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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:47:57 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:47:57 -0700 |
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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences Vol 2 (of 2) + +Author: James Marchant + +Release Date: June 7, 2005 [EBook #15998] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE: *** + + + + +Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State +University Libraries., Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Josephine +Paolucci, Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="tei tei-text"> +<div class="tei tei-front"> +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<h1 class="tei tei-head">Alfred Russel Wallace - Letters and Reminiscences</h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p">By James Marchant</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">With Two Photogravures and Eight Half-tone Plates</span><br /> +IN TWO VOLUMES<br /> +Volume II</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD<br /> +London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne<br /> +1916</p> +</div> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="frontispiece" id="frontispiece" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<img src="images/image01.png" alt="A.R. WALLACE (1913)" class="tei tei-figure" /></p> +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE (1913)</p> +</div> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Transcriber's Note: The index at the end of this document is for both this volume and volume one. +As such, the hyperlinks in the HTML version all point to this document only.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div id="toc" class="tei tei-div"><a name="toc_1" id="toc_1"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head">Contents</h1><ul class="toc"> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_1">Contents</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_2">LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME II</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_3">PART III</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_4">I - Wallace's Works on Biology and Geographical Distribution</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_5">II. - Correspondence on Biology, Geographical Distribution, etc.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_6">H. SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_7">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_8">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_9">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_10">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_11">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_12">TO HERBERT SPENCER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_13">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_14">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_15">TO SIR C. LYELL</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_16">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_17">CANON KINGSLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_18">TO MISS A. BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_19">TO MISS A. BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_20">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_21">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_22">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_23">TO SIR W. THISELTON-DYER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_24">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_25">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_26">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_27">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_28">TO MRS. FISHER (née BUCKLEY)</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_29">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_30">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_31">TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_32">TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_33">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_34">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_35">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_36">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_37">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_38">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_39">SIR FRANCIS GALTON TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_40">TO THEO. D.A. COCKERELL</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_41">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_42">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_43">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_44">TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_45">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_46">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_47">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_48">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_49">III. - Correspondence on Biology, Geographical Distribution, etc.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_50">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_51">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_52">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_53">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_54">TO MR. CLEMENT REID</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_55">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_56">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_57">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_58">W.E. GLADSTONE TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_59">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_60">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_61">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_62">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_63">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_64">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_65">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_66">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_67">TO SIR OLIVER LODGE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_68">TO MR. H.N. RIDLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_69">MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_70">TO MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_71">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_72">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_73">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_74">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_75">TO SIR JOSEPH HOOKER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_76">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_77">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_78">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_79">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_80">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_81">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_82">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_83">TO PROF. MELDOLA</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_84">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_85">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_86">TO MRS. FISHER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_87">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_88">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_89">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_90">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_91">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_92">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_93">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_94">TO MR. BEN R. MILLER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_95">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_96">TO PROF. POULTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_97">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_98">TO MR. W.J. FARMER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_99">PART IV</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_100">Home Life</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_101">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_102">TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_103">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_104">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_105">TO HIS WIFE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_106">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_107">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_108">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_109">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_110">TO MRS. FISHER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_111">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_112">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_113">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_114">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_115">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_116">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_117">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_118">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_119">TO MISS NORRIS</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_120">TO DR. LITTLEDALE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_121">TO DR. NORRIS</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_122">PART V</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_123">SOCIAL AND POLITICAL VIEWS</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_124">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_125">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_126">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_127">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_128">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_129">A.R. WALLACE TO MR. A.C. SWINTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_130">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_131">REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_132">REV. H. PRICE HUGHES TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_133">TO ALFRED RUSSELL</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_134">TO MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_135">MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_136">TO MR. C.G. STUART-MENTEITH</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_137">TO MR. SYDNEY COCKERELL</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_138">TO MR. J. HYDER (Of THE LAND NATIONALISATION SOCIETY)</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_139">TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_140">TO LORD AVEBURY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_141">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_142">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_143">MR. H.M. HYNDMAN TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_144">TO MR. M.J. MURPHY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_145">TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_146">PART VI</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_147">Some Further Problems</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_148">I - Astronomy</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_149">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_150">TO Mrs. Fisher</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_151">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_152">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_153">TO MR. F. BIRCH</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_154">TO MR. H. JAMYN BROOKE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_155">TO PROF. KNIGHT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_156">TO SIR OLIVER LODGE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_157">TO SIR OLIVER LODGES</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_158">II - SPIRITUALISM</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_159">TO T.H. HUXLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_160">T.H. HUXLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_161">TO T.H. HUXLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_162">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_163">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_164">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_165">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_166">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_167">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_168">TO MISS BUCKLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_169">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_170">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_171">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_172">REMARKS ON EXPERIMENTS IN THOUGHT READING BY +MR. AND MRS. SIDGWICK AT BUXTON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_173">F.W.H. MYERS TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_174">TO MRS. FISHER (née BUCKLEY)</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_175">TO MRS. FISHER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_176">TO MRS. FISHER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_177">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_178">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_179">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_180">TO REV. J.B. HENDERSON</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_181">TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_182">TO DR. EDWIN SMITH</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_183">PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_184">TO MRS. FISHER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_185">LORD AVEBURY TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_186">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_187">PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_188">TO PROF. BARRETT</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_189">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_190">PART VII</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_191">Characteristics</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_192">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_193">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_194">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_195">And to Mr. F. Birch:</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_196">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_197">APPENDIX</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 2em;"><a href="#toc_198">LISTS OF WALLACE'S WRITINGS</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_199">I - Books</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_200">II - ARTICLES, PAPERS, REVIEWS, ETC.</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 4em;"><a href="#toc_201">III - LETTERS, REVIEWS, ETC., IN "NATURE"</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_202">INDEX</a></li> +<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_203">Notes</a></li> +</ul></div> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_2" id="toc_2"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head">LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME II</h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#frontispiece" class="tei tei-ref">A.R. WALLACE (1913) <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Photogravure Frontispiece</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#image02" class="tei tei-ref">MRS. A.R. WALLACE (ABOUT 1895)</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#image03" class="tei tei-ref">THE STUDY AT "OLD ORCHARD"</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#image04" class="tei tei-ref">A.R. WALLACE ADMIRING EREMURUS ROBUSTUS (ABOUT 1905)</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#image05" class="tei tei-ref">GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p"><a href="#image06" class="tei tei-ref">WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE OF THE CHOIR OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY</a></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-body"> +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span> +<a name="Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<p class="tei tei-p">Letters and Reminiscences</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_3" id="toc_3"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head">PART III</h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p"></p> +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_4" id="toc_4"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head">I.—Wallace's Works on Biology and Geographical Distribution</h2> + +<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote"> +<p class="tei tei-p">"I have long recognised how much clearer and deeper your insight into +matters is than mine."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"I sometimes marvel how truth progresses, so difficult is it for one man +to convince another, unless his mind is vacant."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"I grieve to differ from you, and it actually terrifies me, and makes me +constantly distrust myself. I fear we shall never quite understand each +other."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—DARWIN TO WALLACE.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="tei tei-p">During the period covered by the reception, exposition, +and gradual acceptance of the theory of +Natural Selection, both Wallace and Darwin were +much occupied with closely allied scientific work.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The publication in 1859 of the "Origin of Species"<a name="noteref_1" id="noteref_1"></a><a href="#note_1"><span class="footnoteref">1</span></a> +marked a distinct period in the course of Darwin's scientific +labours; his previous publications had, in a measure, prepared +the way for this, and those which immediately followed +were branches growing out from the main line of +thought and argument contained in the "Origin," an +overflow of the "mass of facts" patiently gathered during +the preceding years. With Wallace, the end of the first +period of his literary work was completed by the publication +of his two large volumes on "The Geographical Distribution +<span class="tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span> +<a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of Animals," towards which all his previous +thought and writings had tended, and from which, again, +came other valuable works leading up to the publication +of "Darwinism" (1889).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It will be remembered that Darwin and Wallace, on +their respective returns to England, after many years +spent in journeyings by land and sea and in laborious research, +found the first few months fully occupied in going +over their large and varied collections, sorting and arranging +with scrupulous care the rare specimens they had taken, +and in discovering the right men to name and classify them +into correct groups.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">At this point it will be useful to arrange Darwin's +writings under three heads, namely: (1) His zoological +and geological books, including "The Voyage of the +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>" (published in 1839), "Coral Reefs" (1842), and +"Geological Observations on South America" (1846). In +this year he also began his work on Barnacles, which +was published in 1854; and in addition to the steady +work on the "Origin of Species" from 1837 onwards, +his observations on "Earthworms," not published until +1881, formed a distinct phase of his study during the whole +of these years (1839-59). (2) As a natural sequence we +have "Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication" +(1868), "The Descent of Man" (1871), and "The +Expression of the Emotions" (1872). (3) What may be +termed his botanical works, largely influenced by his +evolutionary ideas, which include "The Fertilisation of +Orchids" (1862), "Movements and Habits of Climbing +Plants" (1875), "Insectivorous Plants" (1876), "The +Different Forms of Flowers and Plants of the same +Species" (1877), and "The Power of Movement in +Plants" (1880).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">A different order, equally characteristic, is discovered +<span class="tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span> +<a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in Wallace's writings, and it is to be noted that while +Darwin devoted himself entirely to scientific subjects, +Wallace diverged at intervals from natural science to +what may be termed the scientific consideration of social +conditions, in addition to his researches into spiritualistic +phenomena.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The many enticing interests arising out of the classifying +of his birds and insects led Wallace to the conclusion +that it would be best to postpone the writing of his book +on the Malay Archipelago until he could embody in it the +more generally important results derived from the detailed +study of certain portions of his collections. Thus it was +not until seven years later (1869) that this complete sketch +of his travels "from the point of view of the philosophic +naturalist" appeared.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Between 1862 and 1867 he wrote a number of articles +which were published in various journals and magazines, +and he read some important papers before the Linnean, +Entomological, and other learned Societies. These included +several on physical and zoological geography; six +on questions of anthropology; and five or six dealing with +special applications of Natural Selection. As these papers +"discussed matters of considerable interest and novelty," +such a summary of them may be given as will serve to +indicate their value to natural science.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The first of them, read before the Zoological Society in +January, 1863, gave some detailed information about his +collection of birds brought from Buru. In this he showed +that the island was originally one of the Moluccan group, +as every bird found there which was not widely distributed +was either identical with or closely allied to Moluccan +species, while none had special affinities with Celebes. +It was clear, then, that this island formed the most westerly +outlier of the Moluccan group. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span> +<a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The next paper of importance, read before the same +Society in November (1863), was on the birds of the chain +of islands extending from Lombok to the great island of +Timor. This included a list of 186 species of birds, of +which twenty-nine were altogether new. A special feature +of the paper was that it enabled him to mark out precisely +the boundary line between the Indian and Australian +zoological regions, and to trace the derivation of the rather +peculiar fauna of these islands, partly from Australia and +partly from the Moluccas, but with a strong recent migration +of Javanese species due to the very narrow straits +separating most of the islands from each other. In "My +Life" some interesting tables are given to illustrate how +the two streams of immigration entered these islands, and +further that "as its geological structure shows ... Timor +is the older island and received immigrants from Australia +at a period when, probably, Lombok and Flores had not +come into existence or were unhabitable.... We can," +he says, "feel confident that Timor has not been connected +with Australia, because it has none of the peculiar +Australian mammalia, and also because many of the commonest +and most widespread groups of Australian birds +are entirely wanting."<a name="noteref_2" id="noteref_2"></a><a href="#note_2"><span class="footnoteref">2</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Two other papers, dealing with parrots and pigeons +respectively (1864-5), were thought by Wallace himself to +be among the most important of his studies of geographical +distribution. Writing of them he says: "These +peculiarities of distribution and coloration in two such +very diverse groups of birds interested me greatly, and I +endeavoured to explain them in accordance with the laws +of Natural Selection."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In March, 1864, having begun to make a special study +of his collection of butterflies, he prepared a paper for the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span> +<a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Linnean Society on "The Malayan Papilionidæ, as illustrating +the Theory of Natural Selection." The introductory +portion of this paper appeared in the first edition +of his volume entitled "Contributions to the Theory of +Natural Selection" (1870), but it was omitted in later +editions as being too technical for the general reader. +From certain remarks found here and there, both in "My +Life" and other works, butterflies would appear to have +had a special charm and attraction for Wallace. Their +varied and gorgeous colourings were a ceaseless delight +to his eye, and when describing them one feels the sense +of pleasure which this gave him, together with the recollection +of the far-off haunts in which he had first discovered +them.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This series of papers on birds and insects, with others +on the physical geography of the Archipelago and its various +races of man, furnished all the necessary materials for the +general sketch of the natural history of these islands, and +the many problems arising therefrom, which made the +"Malay Archipelago" the most popular of his books. In +addition to his own personal knowledge, however, some +interesting comparisons are drawn between the accounts +given by early explorers and the impressions left on his +own mind by the same places and people. On the publication +of this work, in 1869, extensive and highly appreciative +reviews appeared in all the leading papers and journals, +and to-day it is still looked upon as one of the most trustworthy +and informative books of travel.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">When the "Malay Archipelago" was in progress, a +lengthy article on "Geological Climates and the Origin +of Species" (which formed the foundation for "Island +Life" twelve years later) appeared in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Quarterly +Review</span> (April, 1869). Several references in this to the +"Principles of Geology"—Sir Charles Lyell's great work—gave +<span class="tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span> +<a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +much satisfaction both to Lyell and to Darwin. +The underlying argument was a combination of the views +held by Sir Charles Lyell and Mr. Croll respectively in relation +to the glacial epoch, and the great effect of changed +distribution of sea and land, or of differences of altitude, +and how by combining the two a better explanation could +be arrived at than by accepting each theory on its own basis.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His next publication of importance was the volume entitled +"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection," +consisting of ten essays (all of which had previously appeared +in various periodicals) arranged in the following order:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">1. On the Law which has regulated the Introduction of +New Species.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">2. On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely +from the Original Type.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">3. Mimicry, and other Protective Resemblances among +Animals.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">4. The Malayan Papilionidæ.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">5. Instinct in Man and Animals.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">6. The Philosophy of Birds' Nests.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">7. A Theory of Birds' Nests.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">8. Creation by Law.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">9. The Development of Human Races under the Law of +Natural Selection.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">10. The Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His reasons for publishing this work were, first, that +the first two papers of the series had gained him the reputation +of being an originator of the theory of Natural +Selection, and, secondly, that there were a few important +points relating to the origin of life and consciousness +and the mental and moral qualities of man and other +views on which he entirely differed from Darwin.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Though in later years Wallace's convictions developed +considerably with regard to the spiritual aspect of man's +<span class="tei-pb" id="page007">[pg 007]</span> +<a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +nature, he never deviated from the ideas laid down in +these essays. Only a very brief outline must suffice to +convey some of the most important points.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In the childhood of the human race, he believed, Natural +Selection would operate mainly on man's body, but in +later periods upon the mind. Hence it would happen +that the physical forms of the different races were early +fixed in a permanent manner. Sharper claws, stronger +muscles, swifter feet and tougher hides determine the survival +value of lower animals. With man, however, the +finer intellect, the readier adaptability to environment, +the greater susceptibility to improvement, and the elastic +capacity for co-ordination, were the qualities which determined +his career. Tribes which are weak in these qualities +give way and perish before tribes which are strong in them, +whatever advantages the former may possess in physical +structure. The finest savage has always succumbed before +the advance of civilisation. "The Red Indian goes down +before the white man, and the New Zealander vanishes in +presence of the English settler." Nature, careless in this +stage of evolution about the body, selects for survival those +varieties of mankind which excel in mental qualities. Hence +it has happened that the physical characteristics of the different +races, once fixed in very early prehistoric times, have +never greatly varied. They have passed out of the range +of Natural Selection because they have become comparatively +unimportant in the struggle for existence.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">After going into considerable detail of organic and +physical development, he says: "The inference I would +draw from this class of phenomena is, that a superior intelligence +has guided the development of man in a definite +direction, and for a special purpose, just as man guides the +development of many animal and vegetable forms." Thus +he foreshadows the conclusion, to be more fully developed +<span class="tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span> +<a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in "The World of Life" (1910), of an over-ruling God, of +the spiritual nature of man, and of the other world of +spiritual beings.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">An essay that excited special attention was that on +Mimicry. The two on Birds' Nests brought forth some +rather heated correspondence from amateur naturalists, to +which Wallace replied either by adducing confirmation of +the facts stated, or by thanking them for the information +they had given him.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">With reference to the paper on Mimicry, it is interesting +to note that the hypothesis therein adopted was +first suggested by H.W. Bates, Wallace's friend and +fellow-traveller in South America. The essay under this +title dealt with the subject in a most fascinating manner, +and was probably the first to arouse widespread interest +in this aspect of natural science.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The next eight years saw the production of many important +and valuable works, amongst which the "Geographical +Distribution of Animals" (1876) occupies the +chief place. This work, though perhaps the least known +to the average reader, was considered by Wallace to be +the most important scientific work he ever attempted. +From references in letters written during his stay in the +Malay Archipelago, it is clear that the subject had a +strong attraction for him, and formed a special branch of +study and observation many years before he began to work +it out systematically in writing. His decision to write the +book was the outcome of a suggestion made to him by +Prof. A. Newton and Dr. Sclater about 1872. In addition +to having already expressed his general views on this subject +in various papers and articles, he had, after careful +consideration, come to adopt Dr. Sclater's division of the +earth's surface into six great zoological regions, which he +found equally applicable to birds, mammalia, reptiles, and +<span class="tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span> +<a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +other great divisions; while at the same time it helped to +explain the apparent contradictions in the distribution of +land animals. Some years later he wrote:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In whatever work I have done I have always aimed +at systematic arrangement and uniformity of treatment +throughout. But here the immense extent of the subject, +the overwhelming mass of detail, and above all the excessive +diversities in the amount of knowledge of the different +classes of animals, rendered it quite impossible to treat all +alike. My preliminary studies had already satisfied me that +it was quite useless to attempt to found any conclusions on +those groups which were comparatively little known, either +as regards the proportion of species collected and described, +or as regards their systematic classification. It was also +clear that as the present distribution of animals is necessarily +due to their past distribution, the greatest importance +must be given to those groups whose fossil remains +in the more recent strata are the most abundant and the +best known. These considerations led me to limit my work +in its detailed systematic groundwork, and study of the +principles and law of distribution, to the mammalia and +birds, and to apply the principles thus arrived at to an +explanation of the distribution of other groups, such as +reptiles, fresh-water fishes, land and fresh-water shells, +and the best-known insect Orders.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">There remained another fundamental point to consider. +Geographical distribution in its practical applications and +interest, both to students and to the general reader, consists +of two distinct divisions, or rather, perhaps, may be looked +at from two points of view. In the first of these we divide +the earth into regions and sub-regions, study the causes +which have led to the difference in their animal productions, +give a general account of these, with the amount of +resemblance to and difference from other regions; and we +may also give lists of the families and genera inhabiting +each, with indications as to which are peculiar and which +are also found in adjacent regions. This aspect of the +study I term zoological geography, and it is that which +<span class="tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span> +<a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +would be of most interest to the resident or travelling +naturalist, as it would give him, in the most direct and +compact form, an indication of the numbers and kinds of +animals he might expect to meet with.<a name="noteref_3" id="noteref_3"></a><a href="#note_3"><span class="footnoteref">3</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The keynote of the general scheme of distribution, as +set forth in these two volumes, may be expressed as an +endeavour to compare the extinct and existing fauna of +each country and to trace the course by which what is +now peculiar to each region had come to assume its +present character. The main result being that all the +higher forms of life seem to have originally appeared in +the northern hemisphere, which has sent out migration +after migration to colonise the three southern continents; +and although varying considerably from time to time in +form and extent, each has kept essentially distinct, while +at the same time receiving periodically wave after wave +of fresh animal life from the northward.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This again was due to many physical causes such +as peninsulas parting from continents as islands, islands +joining and making new continents, continents breaking +up or effecting junction with or being isolated from one +another. Thus Australia received the germ of her present +abundant fauna of pouched mammals when she was part +of the Old-World continent, but separated from that too +soon to receive the various placental mammals which have, +except in her isolated area, superseded those older forms. +So, also, South America, at one time unconnected with +North America, developed her great sloths and armadilloes, +and, on fusing with the latter, sent her megatheriums +to the north, and received mastodons and large cats in +exchange.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Some of the points, such for instance as the division +of the sub-regions into which each greater division is +<span class="tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span> +<a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +separated, gave rise to considerable controversy. Wallace's +final estimate of the work stands: "No one is more +aware than myself of the defects of the work, a considerable +portion of which are due to the fact that it was written +a quarter of a century too soon—at a time when both +zoological and palæontological discovery were advancing +with great rapidity, while new and improved classifications +of some of the great classes and orders were in constant +progress. But though many of the details given in +these volumes would now require alteration, there is no +reason to believe that the great features of the work and +general principles established by it will require any important +modification."<a name="noteref_4" id="noteref_4"></a><a href="#note_4"><span class="footnoteref">4</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">About this time he wrote the article on "Acclimatisation" +for the "Encyclopædia Britannica"; and another +on "Distribution-Zoology" for the same work. As President +of the Biological Section of the British Association +he prepared an address for the meeting at Glasgow; wrote +a number of articles and reviews, as well as his remarkable +book on "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism." In +1878 he published "Tropical Nature," in which he gave +a general sketch of the climate, vegetation, and animal life +of the equatorial zone of the tropics from his own observations +in both hemispheres. The chief novelty was, according +to his own opinion, in the chapter on "climate," in +which he endeavoured to show the exact causes which +produce the difference between the uniform climate of the +equatorial zone, and that of June and July in England. +Although at that time <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">we</span> receive actually more of the light +and heat of the sun than does Java or Trinidad in December, +yet these places have then a mean temperature very +much higher than ours. It contained also a chapter on +humming-birds, as illustrating the luxuriance of tropical +<span class="tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span> +<a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +nature; and others on the colours of animals and of +plants, and on various biological problems.<a name="noteref_5" id="noteref_5"></a><a href="#note_5"><span class="footnoteref">5</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Island Life"<a name="noteref_6" id="noteref_6"></a><a href="#note_6"><span class="footnoteref">6</span></a> (published 1880) was begun in 1877, and +occupied the greater part of the next three years. This +had been suggested by certain necessary limitations in the +writing of "The Geographical Distribution of Animals." +It is a fascinating account of the relations of islands to +continents, of their unwritten records of the distribution +of plant and animal life in the morning time of the earth, +of the causes and results of the glacial period, and of the +manner of reckoning the age of the world from geological +data. It also included several new features of natural +science, and still retains an important place in scientific +literature. No better summary can be given than that by +the author himself:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In my "Geographical Distribution of Animals" I had, +in the first place, dealt with the larger groups, coming +down to families and genera, but taking no account of the +various problems raised by the distribution of particular +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">species</span>. In the next place, I had taken little account of +the various islands of the globe, excepting as forming sub-regions +or parts of sub-regions. But I had long seen the +great interest and importance of these, and especially of +Darwin's great discovery of the two classes into which they +are naturally divided—oceanic and continental islands. I +had already given lectures on this subject, and had become +aware of the great interest attaching to them, and the great +light they threw upon the means of dispersal of animals and +plants, as well as upon the past changes, both physical and +<span class="tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span> +<a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +means of dispersal and colonisation of animals is so connected +with, and often dependent on, that of plants, that +a consideration of the latter is essential to any broad views +as to the distribution of life upon the earth, while they +throw unexpected light upon those exceptional means of +dispersal which, because they are exceptional, are often +of paramount importance in leading to the production of +new species and in thus determining the nature of insular +floras and faunas.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Having no knowledge of scientific botany, it needed some +courage, or, as some may think, presumption, to deal with +this aspect of the problem; but ... I had long been excessively +fond of plants, and ... interested in their distribution. +The subject, too, was easier to deal with, on account +of the much more complete knowledge of the detailed distribution +of plants than of animals, and also because their +classification was in a more advanced and stable condition. +Again, some of the most interesting islands of the globe had +been carefully studied botanically by such eminent botanists +as Sir Joseph Hooker for the Galapagos, New Zealand, Tasmania, +and the Antarctic islands; Mr. H.C. Watson for the +Azores; Mr. J.G. Baker for Mauritius and other Mascarene +islands; while there were floras by competent botanists of the +Sandwich Islands, Bermuda and St. Helena....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But I also found it necessary to deal with a totally +distinct branch of science—recent changes of climate as +dependent on changes of the earth's surface, including the +causes and effects of the glacial epoch, since these were +among the most powerful agents in causing the dispersal +of all kinds of organisms, and thus bringing about the +actual distribution that now prevails. This led me to a +careful study of Mr. James Croll's remarkable works on +the subject of the astronomical causes of the glacial and +interglacial periods.... While differing on certain +details, I adopted the main features of his theory, combining +with it the effects of changes in height and extent +of land which form an important adjunct to the meteorological +agents....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Besides this partially new theory of the causes of glacial +<span class="tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span> +<a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +epochs, the work contained a fuller statement of the various +kinds of evidence proving that the great oceanic basins are +permanent features of the earth's surface, than had before +been given; also a discussion of the mode of estimating the +duration of geological periods, and some considerations leading +to the conclusion that organic change is now less rapid +than the average, and therefore that less time is required +for this change than has hitherto been thought necessary. I +was also, I believe, the first to point out the great difference +between the more ancient continental islands and those of +more recent origin, with the interesting conclusions as to +geographical changes afforded by both; while the most +important novelty is the theory by which I explained the +occurrence of northern groups of plants in all parts of +the southern hemisphere—a phenomenon which Sir Joseph +Hooker had pointed out, but had then no means of explaining.<a name="noteref_7" id="noteref_7"></a><a href="#note_7"><span class="footnoteref">7</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1878 Wallace wrote a volume on Australasia for Stanford's +"Compendium of Geography and Travel." A later +edition was published in 1893, which contained in addition +to the physical geography, natural history, and geology of +Australia, a much fuller account of the natives of Australia, +showing that they are really a primitive type of the great +Caucasian family of mankind, and are by no means so low +in intellect as had been usually believed. This view has since +been widely accepted.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Having, towards the close of 1885, received an invitation +from the Lowell Institute, Boston, U.S.A., to deliver +a course of lectures in the autumn and winter of 1886, +Wallace decided upon a series which would embody those +theories of evolution with which he was most familiar, +with a special one on "The Darwinian Theory" illustrated +by a set of original diagrams on variation. These +lectures eventually became merged into the well-known +book entitled "Darwinism." +<span class="tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span> +<a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">On the first delivery of his lecture on the "Darwinian +Theory" at Boston it was no small pleasure to Wallace +to find the audience both large and attentive. One of the +newspapers expressed the public appreciation in the following +truly American fashion: "The first Darwinian, +Wallace, did not leave a leg for anti-Darwinism to stand +on when he had got through his first Lowell Lecture last +evening. It was a masterpiece of condensed statement—as +clear and simple as compact—a most beautiful specimen +of scientific work. Dr. Wallace, though not an orator, is +likely to become a favourite as a lecturer, his manner is +so genuinely modest and straightforward."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wherever he went during his tour of the States this +lecture more than all others attracted and pleased his +audiences. Many who had the opportunity of conversing +with him, and others by correspondence, confessed that +they had not been able to understand the "Origin of +Species" until they heard the facts explained in such a +lucid manner by him. It was this fact, therefore, which +led him, on his return home in the autumn of 1887, to +begin the preparation of the book ("Darwinism") published +in 1889. The method he chose was that of following +as closely as possible the lines of thought running +through the "Origin of Species," to which he added many +new features, in addition to laying special emphasis on the +parts which had been most generally misunderstood. +Indeed, so fairly and impartially did he set forth the +general principles of the Darwinian theory that he was +able to say: "Some of my critics declare that I am +more Darwinian than Darwin himself, and in this, I +admit, they are not far wrong."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His one object, as set out in the Preface, was to treat +the problem of the origin of species from the standpoint +reached after nearly thirty years of discussion, with an +<span class="tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span> +<a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +abundance of new facts and the advocacy of many new +and old theories. As it had frequently been considered a +weakness on Darwin's part that he based his evidence +primarily on experiments with domesticated animals and +cultivated plants, Wallace desired to secure a firm foundation +for the theory in the variation of organisms in a state +of nature. It was in order to make these facts intelligible +that he introduced a number of diagrams, just as Darwin +was accustomed to appeal to the facts of variation among +dogs and pigeons.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Another change which he considered important was that +of taking the struggle for existence first, because this is +the fundamental phenomenon on which Natural Selection +depends. This, too, had a further advantage in that, after +discussing variations and the effects of artificial selection, +it was possible at once to explain how Natural Selection acts.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The subjects treated with novelty and interest in their +important bearings on the theory of Natural Selection +were: (1) A proof that all <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">specific</span> characters are (or once +have been) either useful in themselves or correlated with +useful characters (Chap. VI.); (2) a proof that Natural +Selection can, in certain cases, increase the sterility of +crosses (Chap. VII.); (3) a fuller discussion of the colour +relations of animals, with additional facts and arguments +on the origin of sexual differences of colour (Chaps. VIII.-X.); +(4) an attempted solution of the difficulty presented +by the occurrence of both very simple and complex modes +of securing the cross-fertilisation of plants (Chap. XI.); +(5) some fresh facts and arguments on the wind-carriage +of seeds, and its bearing on the wide dispersal of many +arctic and alpine plants (Chap. XII.); (6) some new illustrations +of the non-heredity of acquired characters, and a +proof that the effects of use and disuse, even if inherited, +must be overpowered by Natural Selection (Chap. XIV.); +<span class="tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span> +<a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and (7) a new argument as to the nature and origin of the +moral and intellectual faculties of man (Chap. XV.).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Although I maintain, and even enforce," wrote Wallace, +"my differences from some of Darwin's views, my +whole work tends forcibly to illustrate the overwhelming +importance of Natural Selection over all other agencies in +the production of new species. I thus take up Darwin's +earlier position, from which he somewhat receded in the +later editions of his works, on account of criticisms and +objections which I have endeavoured to show are unsound. +Even in rejecting that phase of sexual selection depending +on female choice, I insist on the greater efficacy of Natural +Selection. This is pre-eminently the Darwinian doctrine, +and I therefore claim for my book the position of being the +advocate of pure Darwinism."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In concluding this section which, like a previous one, +touches upon the intimate relations between Darwin and +Wallace, and the points on which they agreed or differed, +it is well, as the differences have been exaggerated and misunderstood, +to bear in mind his own declaration: "None +of my differences from Darwin imply any real divergence +as to the overwhelming importance of the great principle +of natural selection, while in several directions I believe +that I have extended and strengthened it."<a name="noteref_8" id="noteref_8"></a><a href="#note_8"><span class="footnoteref">8</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">With these explanatory notes the reader will now be +able to follow the two groups of letters on Natural Selection, +Geographical Distribution, and the Origin of Life +and Consciousness which follow. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span> +<a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> +</div> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_5" id="toc_5"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head">II.—Correspondence on Biology, Geographical +Distribution, etc.</h2> + +<h2 style="font-size: 85%" class="tei tei-head">[1864-93]</h2> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_6" id="toc_6"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">H. SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">29 Bloomsbury Square, W.C. May 19, 1864.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—When I thanked you for your little pamphlet<a name="noteref_9" id="noteref_9"></a><a href="#note_9"><span class="footnoteref">9</span></a> +the other day, I had not read it. I have since done +so with great interest. Its leading idea is, I think, undoubtedly +true, and of much importance towards an interpretation +of the facts. Though I think that there are some +purely physical modifications that may be shown to result +from the direct influence of civilisation, yet I think it is +quite clear, as you point out, that the small amounts of +physical differences that have arisen between the various +human races are due to the way in which mental modifications +have served in place of physical ones.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I hope you will pursue the inquiry. It is one in which +I have a direct interest, since I hope, hereafter, to make +use of its results.—Sincerely yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_7" id="toc_7"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">53 Harley Street. May 22, [1864].</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—I have been reading with great interest +your paper on the Origin of the Races of Man, in which I +think the question between the two opposite parties is put +with such admirable clearness and fairness that that alone +is no small assistance towards clearing the way to a true +<span class="tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span> +<a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +theory. The manner in which you have given Darwin the +whole credit of the theory of Natural Selection is very +handsome, but if anyone else had done it without allusion +to your papers it would have been wrong.... With many +thanks for your most admirable paper, believe me, my dear +Sir, ever very truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_8" id="toc_8"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street. March 19, 1867.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I am citing your two papers in my +second volume of the new edition of the "Principles"—that +on the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago, +1863, and the other on Varieties of Man in ditto, 1864. I +am somewhat confounded with the marked line which you +draw between the two provinces on each side of the Straits +of Lombok. It seems to me that Darwin and Hooker have +scarcely given sufficient weight to the objection which it +affords to some of their arguments. First, in regard to +continental extension, if these straits could form such a +barrier, it would seem as if nothing short of a land communication +could do much towards fusing together two +distinct faunas and floras. But here comes the question—are +there any land-quadrupeds in Bali or in Lombok? +I think you told me little was known of the plants, but +perhaps you know something of the insects. It is impossible +that birds of long flight crossing over should not +have conveyed the seeds and eggs of some plants, insects, +mollusca, etc. Then the currents would not be idle, and +during such an eruption as that of Tomboro in Sumbawa +all sorts of disturbances, aerial, aquatic and terrestrial, +would have scattered animals and plants.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">When I first wrote, thirty-five years ago, I attached +great importance to preoccupancy, and fancied that a +body of indigenous plants already fitted for every available +<span class="tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span> +<a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +station would prevent an invader, especially from, a +quite foreign province, from having a chance of making +good his settlement in a new country. But Darwin and +Hooker contend that continental species which have been +improved by a keen and wide competition are most +frequently victorious over an insular or more limited flora +and fauna. Looking, therefore, upon Bali as an outpost +of the great Old World fauna, it ought to beat Lombok, +which only represents a less rich and extensive fauna, +namely the Australian.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">You may perhaps answer that Lombok is an outpost +of an army that may once have been as multitudinous as +that of the old continent, but the larger part of the host +have been swamped in the Pacific. But they say that +European forms of animals and plants run wild in Australia +and New Zealand, whereas few of the latter can do +the same in Europe. In my map there is a small island +called Nousabali; this ought to make the means of migration +of seeds and animals less difficult. I cannot find that +you say anywhere what is the depth of the sea between the +Straits of Lombok, but you mention that it exceeds 100 +fathoms. I am quite willing to infer that there is a connection +between these soundings and the line of demarcation +between the two zoological provinces, but must we +suppose land communication for all birds of short flight? +Must we unite South America with the Galapagos Islands? +Can you refer me to any papers by yourself which might +enlighten me and perhaps answer some of these queries? +I should have thought that the intercourse even of savage +tribes for tens of thousands of years between neighbouring +islands would have helped to convey in canoes many animals +and plants from one province to another so as to help to +confound them. Your hypothesis of the gradual advance +of two widely separated continents towards each other +<span class="tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span> +<a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +seems to be the best that can be offered. You say that a +rise of a hundred fathoms would unite the Philippine +Islands and Bali to the Indian region. Is there, then, a +depth of 600 feet in that narrow strait of Bali, which seems +in my map only two miles or so in breadth?</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I have [been] confined to the house for a week by a cold +or I should have tried to see you. I am afraid to go out +to-day.—Believe me ever most truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_9" id="toc_9"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street. April 4, 1867.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Wallace,—I have been reading over again your +paper published in 1855 in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Annals</span> on "The Law which +has regulated the Introduction of New Species"; passages +of which I intend to quote, not in reference to your priority +of publication, but simply because there are some points +laid down more clearly than I can find in the work of +Darwin itself, in regard to the bearing of the geological +and zoological evidence on geographical distribution and the +origin of species. I have been looking into Darwin's historical +sketch thinking to find some allusion to your essay +at page xx., 4th ed., when he gets to 1855, but I can find +no allusion to it. Yet surely I remember somewhere a +passage in which Darwin says in print that you had told +him that in 1855 you meant by such expressions as "species +being created on the type of pre-existing ones closely allied," +and by what you say of modified prototypes, and by the passage +in which you ask "what rudimentary organs mean if +each species has been created independently," etc., that new +species were created by variation and in the way of ordinary +generation.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Your last letter was a great help to me, for it was a +relief to find that the Lombok barrier was not so complete +<span class="tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span> +<a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +as to be a source of difficulty. I have also to thank you for +your papers, one of which I had read before in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Natural +History Review</span>, but I am very glad of a separate copy. I +am rather perplexed by Darwin speculating on the possibility +of New Zealand having once been united with Australia +(p. 446, 4th Ed.). The puzzle is greater than I can +get over, even looking upon it as an oceanic island. Why +should there have been no mammalia, rodents and marsupials, +or only one mouse? Even if the Glacial period was +such that it was enveloped in a Greenlandic winding-sheet, +there would have been some Antarctic animals? It cannot +be modern, seeing the height of those alps. It may have +been a set of separate smaller islands, an archipelago since +united into fewer. No savages could have extirpated +mammalia, besides we should have found them fossil in +the same places with all those species of extinct Dinornis +which have come to light. Perhaps you will say that the +absence of mammalia in New Caledonia is a corresponding +fact.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This reminds me of another difficulty. On the hypothesis +of the coral islands being the last remnants of a +submerged continent, ought they not to have in them a +crowd of peculiar and endemic types, each rivalling St. +Helena, instead of which I believe they are very poor [in] +peculiar genera. Have they all got submerged for a short +time during the ups and downs to which they have been +subjected, Tahiti and some others having been built up by +volcanic action in the Pliocene period? Madeira and the +Canaries were islands in the Upper Miocene ocean, and +may therefore well have peculiar endemic types of very +old date, and destroyed elsewhere. I have just got in +Wollaston's "Coleoptera Atlantidum," and shall be glad to +lend it you when I have read the Introduction. He goes +in for continental extension, which only costs him two +<span class="tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span> +<a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +catastrophes by which the union and disunion with the +nearest mainland may readily be accomplished.... —Believe +me ever most truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_10" id="toc_10"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street. May 2, 1867.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—I forgot to ask you last night about an +ornithological point which I have been discussing with the +Duke of Argyll. In Chapter V. of his "Reign of Law" +(which I should be happy to lend you, if you have time to +look at it immediately) he treats of humming-birds, saying +that Gould has made out about 400 species, every one of +them very distinct from the other, and only one instance, +in Ecuadór, of a species which varies in its tail-feathers in +such a way as to make it doubtful whether it ought to rank +as a species, an opinion to which Gould inclines, or only as +a variety or incipient species, as the Duke thinks. For the +Duke is willing to go so far towards the transmutation +theory as to allow that different humming-birds may have +had a common ancestral stock, provided it be admitted that +a new and marked variety appears at once with the full +distinctness of sex so remarkable in that genus.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">According to his notion, the new male variety and the +female must both appear at once, and this new race or +species must be regarded as an "extraordinary birth." My +reason for troubling you is merely to learn, since you have +studied the birds of South America, and I hope collected +some humming-birds, whether Gould is right in saying that +there are so many hundred very distinct species without +instances of marked varieties and transitional forms. If this +be the case, would it not present us with an exception to the +rule laid down by Darwin and Hooker that when a genus is +largely represented in a continuous tract of land the species +of that genus tend to vary? +<span class="tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span> +<a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I have inquired of Sclater and he tells me that he has a +considerable distrust of Gould's information on this point, +but that he has not himself studied humming-birds.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In regard to shells, I have always found that dealers have +a positive prejudice against intermediate forms, and one of +the most philosophical of them, now no more, once confessed +to me that it was very much against his trade interest to +give an honest opinion that certain varieties were not real +species, or that certain forms, made distinct genera by some +conchologists, ought not so to rank. Nine-tenths of his customers, +if told that it was not a good genus or good species, +would say, "Then I need not buy it." What they wanted +was names, not things. Of course there are genera in which +the species are much better defined than in others, but you +would explain this, as Darwin and Hooker do, by the greater +length of time during which they have existed, or the greater +activity of changes, organic and inorganic, which have taken +place in the region inhabited by the generic or family type +in question. The manufactory of new species has ceased, +or nearly so, and in that case I suppose a variety is more +likely to be one of the transitional links which has not yet +been extinguished than the first step towards a new permanent +race or allied species....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Your last letter will be of great use to me. I had cited +the case of beetles recovering from immersion of hours in +alcohol from my own experience, but am glad it strikes you +in the same light. McAndrew told me last night that the +littoral shells of the Azores being European, or rather +African, is in favour of a former continental extension, but +I suspect that the floating of seaweed containing their eggs +may dispense with the hypothesis of the submersion of 1,200 +miles of land once intervening. I want naturalists carefully +to examine floating seaweed and pumice met with at sea. +Tell your correspondents to look out. There should be a +<span class="tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span> +<a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +microscopic examination of both these means of transport.—Believe +me ever truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_11" id="toc_11"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street. July 3, 1867.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Wallace,—I was very glad, though I take in +the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Westminster Review</span>, to have a duplicate of your most +entertaining and instructive essay on Mimicry of Colours, +etc., which I have been reading with great delight, and I may +say that both copies are in full use here. I think it is admirably +written and most persuasive.—Believe me ever most +truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_12" id="toc_12"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO HERBERT SPENCER</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. October 26, 1867.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Spencer,—After leaving you yesterday I +thought a little over your objections to the Duke of Argyll's +theory of flight on the ground that it does not apply to +insects, and it seems to me that exactly the same general +principles do apply to insects as to birds. I read over the +Duke's book without paying special attention to that part +of it, but as far as I remember, the case of insects offers no +difficulty in the way of applying his principles. If any wing +were a rigid plane surface, it appears to me that there are +only two ways in which it could be made to produce flight. +Firstly, on the principle that the resistance in a fluid, and I +believe also in air, increases in a greater ratio than the +velocity (? as the square), the descending stroke might be +more rapid than the ascending one, and the resultant would +be an upward or forward motion. Secondly, some kind of +furling or feathering by a rotatory motion of the wing might +take place on raising the wings. I think, however, it is clear +that neither of these actions occurs during the flight of +<span class="tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span> +<a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +insects. In both slow- and quick-flying species there is no +appearance of such a difference of velocity, and I am not +aware that anyone has attempted to prove that it occurs; +and the fact that in so many insects the edges of the fore and +hind wings are connected together, while their insertions at +the base are at some distance apart, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">entirely precludes a rotation +of the wings</span>. The whole structure and form of the +wings of insects, moreover, indicate an action in flight quite +analogous to that of birds. I believe that a careful examination +will show that the wings of almost all insects are slightly +concave beneath. Further, they are all constructed with a +strong and rigid anterior margin, while the outer and hinder +margins are exceedingly thin and flexible. Yet further, I +feel confident (and a friend here agrees with me) that they +are much more rigid against <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">upward</span> than against <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">downward</span> +pressure. Now in most insects (take a butterfly as an +example) the body is weighted behind the insertion of the +wings by the long and heavy abdomen, so as to produce an +oblique position when freely suspended. There is also much +more wing surface behind than before the fulcrum. Now if +such an insect produces by muscular action a regular flapping +of the wings, flight must result. At the downward +stroke the pressure of the air against the hind wings would +raise them all to a nearly horizontal position, and at the +same time bend up their posterior margins a little, producing +an upward and onward motion. At the upward stroke the +pressure on the hind wings would depress them considerably +into an oblique position, and from their great flexibility in +that direction would bend down their hind margins. The +resultant would be a slightly downward and considerably +onward motion, the two strokes producing that undulating +flight so characteristic of butterflies, and so especially +observable in the broad-winged tropical species. Now all +this is quite conformable to the action of a bird's wing. The +<span class="tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span> +<a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +rigid anterior margin, the slender and flexible hind margin; +the greater resistance to upward than to downward pressure, +and the slight concavity of the under surface, are all characters +common to the wings of birds and most insects, and, +considering the totally different structure and homologies of +the two, I think there is at least an <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">a priori</span> case for the function +they both subserve being dependent upon these peculiarities. +If I remember rightly, it is on these principles that the +Duke of Argyll has explained the flight of birds, in which, +however, there are of course some specialities depending +on the more perfect organisation of the wing, its greater +mobility and flexibility, its capacity for enlargement and +contraction, and the peculiar construction and arrangement +of the feathers. These, however, are matters of detail; and +there are no doubt many and important differences of detail +in the mode of flight of the different types of insects which +would require a special study of each. It appeared to me +that the Duke of Argyll had given that special study to the +flight of birds, and deserved praise for having done so successfully, +although he may not have quite solved the whole +problem, or have stated quite accurately the comparative +importance of the various causes that combine to effect flight.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—Believe me yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_13" id="toc_13"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">57 Queen's Gardens, Bayswater, W. December 5, 1867.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Wallace,—I did not answer your last letter, +being busy in getting out my second edition of "First +Principles."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I was quite aware of the alleged additional cause of flight +which you name, and do not doubt that it is an aid. But I +regard it simply as an aid. If you will move an outstretched +wing backwards and forwards with equal velocity, I think +you will find that the difference of resistance is nothing like +<span class="tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span> +<a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +commensurate with the difference in size between the muscles +that raise the wings and the muscles that depress them. It +seems to me quite out of the question that the principles of +flight are fundamentally different in a bat and a bird, which +they must be if the Duke of Argyll's interpretation is correct. +I write, however, not so much to reply to your argument as +to correct a misapprehension which my expressions seem to +have given you. The objections are not made by Tyndall or +Huxley; but they are objections made by me, which I stated +to them, and in which they agreed—Tyndall expressing the +opinion that I ought to make them public. I name this +because you may otherwise some day startle Tyndall or +Huxley by speaking to them of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">their</span> objections, and giving +me as the authority for so affiliating them.—Very truly +yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_14" id="toc_14"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street, London, W. November, 1867.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Wallace,—You probably remember an article by +Agassiz in an American periodical, the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Christian Observer</span>, +on the diversity of human races, etc., to prove that each +distinct race was originally created for each zoological and +botanical province. But while he makes out a good case for +the circumscription of the principal races to distinct provinces, +he evades in a singular manner the community of the +Red Indian race to North and South America. He takes +pains to show that the same American race pervades North +and South America, or at least all America south of the +Arctic region. This was Dr. Morton's opinion, and is, I +suppose, not to be gainsaid. In other words, while the +Papuan, Indo-Malayan, Negro and other races are strictly +limited each of them to a particular region of mammalia, +the Red Indian type is common to Sclater's Neo-arctic and +Neo-tropical regions. Have you ever considered the explanation +<span class="tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span> +<a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of this fact on Darwinian principles? If there were +not barbarous tribes like the Fuegians, one might imagine +America to have been peopled when mankind was somewhat +more advanced and more capable of diffusing itself over an +entire continent. But I cannot well understand why isolation +such as accompanies a very low state of social progress +did not cause the Neo-tropical and Neo-arctic regions to +produce by varieties and Natural Selection two very different +human races. May it be owing to the smaller lapse of time, +which time, nevertheless, was sufficient to allow of the spread +of the representatives of one and the same type from Canada +to Cape Horn? Have you ever touched on this subject, or +can you refer me to anyone who has?—Believe me ever most +truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_15" id="toc_15"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR C. LYELL</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">1867.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir Charles,—Why the colour of man is sometimes +constant over large areas while in other cases it varies, we +cannot certainly tell; but we may well suppose it to be due +to its being more or less correlated with constitutional characters +favourable to life. By far the most common colour of +man is a warm brown, not very different from that of the +American Indian. White and black are alike deviations +from this, and are probably correlated with mental and +physical peculiarities which have been favourable to the increase +and maintenance of the particular race. I shall infer, +therefore, that the brown or red was the original colour of +man, and that it maintains itself throughout all climates in +America because accidental deviations from it have not been +accompanied by any useful constitutional peculiarities. It +is Bates's opinion that the Indians are recent immigrants +into the tropical plains of South America, and are not yet +fully acclimatised.—Yours faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span> +<a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_16" id="toc_16"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">73 Harley Street. March 13, 1869.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Wallace,— ...I am reading your new book,<a name="noteref_10" id="noteref_10"></a><a href="#note_10"><span class="footnoteref">10</span></a> of which you kindly +sent me a copy, with very great pleasure. Nothing equal to it has come +out since Darwin's "Voyage of the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>." ... The history of the Mias +is very well done. I am not yet through the first volume, but my wife is +deep in the second and much taken with it. It is so rare to be able to +depend on the scientific knowledge and accuracy of those who have so +much of the wonderful to relate....—Believe me ever most truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_17" id="toc_17"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">CANON KINGSLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Eversley Rectory, Winchfield. May 5, 1869.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—I am reading—or rather have all but read—your +new book,<a name="noteref_11" id="noteref_11"></a><a href="#note_11"><span class="footnoteref">11</span></a> with a delight which I cannot find words +to express save those which are commonplace superlatives. +Let me felicitate you on having, at last, added to the knowledge +of our planet a chapter which has not its equal (as far +as I can recollect) since our friend Darwin's "Voyage of the +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>." Let me, too, compliment you on the modesty and +generosity which you have shown, in dedicating your book +to Darwin, and speaking of him and his work as you have +done. Would that a like unselfish chivalry were more common—I +do not say amongst scientific men, for they have it +in great abundance, but—in the rest of the community.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">May I ask—as a very great favour—to be allowed to call +on you some day in London, and to see your insects? I and +my daughter are soon, I hope, going to the West Indies, for +plants and insects, among other things; and the young lady +might learn much of typical forms from one glance at your +treasures. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span> +<a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I send this letter by our friend Bates—being ignorant of +your address.—Believe me, my dear Sir, ever yours faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">C. KINGSLEY.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_18" id="toc_18"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS A. BUCKLEY<a name="noteref_12" id="noteref_12"></a><a href="#note_12"><span class="footnoteref">12</span></a></h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Holly House, Barking, E. February 2, 1871.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,—I have read Darwin's first volume,<a name="noteref_13" id="noteref_13"></a><a href="#note_13"><span class="footnoteref">13</span></a> +and like it very much. It is overwhelming as proving the +origin of man from some lower form, but that, I rather +think, hardly anyone doubts now.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He is very weak, as yet, on my objection about the +"hair," but promises a better solution in the second +volume.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Have you seen Mivart's book, "Genesis of Species"? It +is exceedingly clever, and well worth reading. The arguments +against Natural Selection as the exclusive mode of +development are some of them exceedingly strong, and very +well put, and it is altogether a most readable and interesting +book.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Though he uses some weak and bad arguments, and underrates +the power of Natural Selection, yet I think I agree +with his conclusion in the main, and am inclined to think it +is more philosophical than my own. It is a book that I think +will please Sir Charles Lyell.—Believe me, yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_19" id="toc_19"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS A. BUCKLEY</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Holly House, Barking, E. March 3, 1871.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,—Thanks for your note. I am hard at +work criticising Darwin. I admire his Moral Sense chapter +as much as anything in the book. It is both original and +<span class="tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span> +<a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the most satisfactory of all the theories, if not quite +satisfactory....—Believe +me yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—Darwin's book on the whole is wonderful! There +are plenty of points open to criticism, but it is a marvellous +contribution to the history of the development of the forms +of life.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_20" id="toc_20"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR C. LYELL TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">February 15, 1876.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Wallace,—I have read the Preface,<a name="noteref_14" id="noteref_14"></a><a href="#note_14"><span class="footnoteref">14</span></a> and like and +approve of it much. I do not believe there is a word which +Darwin would wish altered. It is high time this modest +assertion of your claims as an independent originator of +Natural Selection should be published.—Ever most truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">CHA. LYELL.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_21" id="toc_21"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Royal Gardens, Kew. August 2, 1880.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,—I think you have made an immense +advance to our knowledge of the ways and means of distribution, +and bridged many great gaps.<a name="noteref_15" id="noteref_15"></a><a href="#note_15"><span class="footnoteref">15</span></a> Your reasoning seems +to me to be sound throughout, though I am not prepared to +receive it in all its details.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am disposed to regard the Western Australian flora as +the latest in point of origin, and I hope to prove it by development, +and by the absence of various types. If Western +Australia ever had an old flora, I am inclined to suppose +that it has been destroyed by the invasion of Eastern types +after the union with East Australia. My idea is that these +types worked round by the south, and altered rapidly as +<span class="tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span> +<a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +they proceeded westward, increasing in species. Nor can I +conceive the Western Island, when surrounded by sea, harbouring +a flora like its present one.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I have been disposed to regard New Caledonia and the +New Hebrides as the parent country of many New Zealand +and Australian forms of vegetation, but we do not know +enough of the vegetation of the former to warrant the conclusion; +and after all it would be but a slight modification +of your views.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I very much like your whole working of the problem of +the isolation and connection of New Zealand and Australia +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">inter se</span> and with the countries north of them, and the whole +treatment of that respecting north and south migration over +the globe is admirable....—Ever most truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">J.D. HOOKER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_22" id="toc_22"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Royal Gardens, Kew. November 10, 1880.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I have been waiting to thank you for +"Island Life" till I should have read it through as carefully +as I am digesting the chapters I have finished; but I +can delay no longer, if only to say that I heartily enjoy it, +and believe that you have brushed away more cobwebs that +have obscured the subject than any other, besides giving a +vast deal that is new, and admirably setting forth what +is old, so as to throw new light on the whole subject. It +is, in short, a first-rate book. I am making notes for +you, but hitherto have seen no defect of importance except +in the matter of the Bahamas, whose flora is Floridan, not +Cuban, in so far as we know it....—Very truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">JOS. D. HOOKER.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span> +<a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_23" id="toc_23"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR W. THISELTON-DYER</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Pen-y-bryn, St. Peter's Road, Croydon. January 7, 1881.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Thiselton-Dyer,—If I had had your lecture +before me when writing the last chapters of my book I should +certainly have quoted you in support of the view of the +northern origin of the Southern flora by migration along +existing continents. On reading it again I am surprised to +find how often you refer to this; but when I read it on its +first appearance I did not pay special attention to this point +except to note that your views agreed more closely with those +I had advanced, derived from the distribution of animals, +than those of any previous writer on botanical distribution. +When, at a much later period, on coming to the end of my +work, I determined to give a chapter to the New Zealand +flora in order to see how far the geological and physical relations +between New Zealand and Australia would throw light +on its origin, I went for my facts to the works of Sir Joseph +Hooker and Mr. Bentham, and also to your article in the +"Encyclopædia Britannica," and worked out my conclusions +solely from these, and from the few facts referring to the +migration of plants which I had collected. Had I referred +again to your lecture I should certainly have quoted the cases +you give (in a note, p. 431) of plants extending along the +Andes from California to Peru and Chile, and vice versa. +Whatever identity there is in our views was therefore arrived +at independently, and it was an oversight on my part not +referring to your views, partly due to your not having made +them a more prominent feature of your very interesting and +instructive lecture. Working as I do at home, I am obliged +to get my facts from the few books I can get together; and I +only attempted to deal with these great botanical questions +because the facts seemed sufficiently broad and definite not to +be much affected by errors of detail or recent additions to our +<span class="tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span> +<a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +knowledge, and because the view which I took of the past +changes in Australia and New Zealand seemed calculated to +throw so much light upon them. Without such splendid +summaries of the relations of the Southern floras as are +given in Sir J. Hooker's Introductions, I should not have +touched the subject at all; and I venture to hope that you +or some of your colleagues will give us other such summaries, +brought down to the present date, of other important floras—as, +for example, those of South Africa and South Temperate +America.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Many thanks for additional peculiar British plants. +When I hear what Mr. Mitten has to say about the mosses, +etc., I should like to send a corrected list to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, which +I shall ask you to be so good as to give a final look over.—Believe +me yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—Mr. Darwin strongly objects to my view of the +migration of plants along mountain-ranges, rather than +along lowlands during cold periods. This latter view seems +to me as difficult and inadequate as mine does to him.—A.R.W.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace was in frequent correspondence with Professor +Raphael Meldola, the eminent chemist, a friend both of +Darwin and of Wallace, a student of Evolution, and a stout +defender of Darwinism. I received from him much help and +advice in connection with this work, and had he lived until +its completion—he died, suddenly, in 1914—my indebtedness +to him would have been even greater.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The following letter to Meldola refers to a suggestion that +the white colour of the undersides of animals might have been +developed by selection through the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">physical</span> advantage gained +from the protection of the vital parts by a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">lighter</span> colour and +therefore by a surface of less radiative activity. The idea +was that there would be less loss of animal heat through +such a white coating. We were at that time unaware of +<span class="tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span> +<a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Thayer's demonstration of the value of such colouring for +the purposes of concealment among environment. Wallace +accepted Thayer's view at once when it was subsequently +put forward; as do most naturalists at the present time.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_24" id="toc_24"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. April 8, 1885.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—Your letter in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span> last week "riz +my dander," as the Yankees say, and, for once in a way, we +find ourselves deadly enemies prepared for mortal combat, +armed with steel (pens) and prepared to shed any amount of +our own—ink. Consequently I rushed into the fray with a +letter to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span> intended to show that you are as wrong (as +wicked) as are the Russians in Afghanistan. Having, however, +the most perfect confidence that the battle will soon +be over, ... —Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">The following letter refers to the theory of physiological +selection which had recently been propounded by +Romanes, and which Prof. Meldola had criticised in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, +xxxix. 384.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_25" id="toc_25"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. August 28, 1886.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—I have just read your reply to +Romanes in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, and so far as your view goes I agree, but +it does not go far enough. Professor Newton has called my +attention to a passage in Belt's "Nicaragua," pp. 207-8, in +which he puts forth very clearly exactly your view. I find I +had noted the explanation as insufficient, and I hear that in +Darwin's copy there is "No! No!" against it. It seems, +however, to me to summarise <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> that is of the slightest value +in Romanes' wordy paper. I have asked Newton (to whom +I had lent it) to forward to you at Birmingham a proof of +my paper in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly</span>, and I shall be much obliged +<span class="tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span> +<a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +if you will read it carefully, and, if you can, "hold a brief" +for me at the British Association in this matter. You will +see that a considerable part of my paper is devoted to a +demonstration of the fallacy of that part of "Romanes" +which declares species to be distinguished generally by useless +characters, and also that "simultaneous variations" +do not usually occur.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">On the question of sterility, which, as you well observe, +is the core of the question, I think I show that it could not +work in the way Romanes puts it. The objection to Belt's +and your view is, also, that it would not work unless the +"sterility variation" was correlated with the "useful +variation." You assume, I think, this correlation, when you +speak of two of your varieties, B. and K., being <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">less fertile +with the parent form</span>. Without correlation they could not be +so, only some few of them. Romanes always speaks of his +physiological variations as being independent, "primary," +in which case, as I show, they could hardly ever survive. At +the end of my paper I show a correlation which is probably +general and sufficient.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In criticising Romanes, however, at the British Association, +I want to call your special attention to a point I have +hardly made clear enough in my paper. Romanes always +speaks of the "physiological variety" as if it were like any +other <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">simple</span> variety, and could as easily (he says more easily) +be increased. Whereas it is really complex, requiring a remarkable +correlation between different sets of individuals +which he never recognises. To illustrate what I mean, let +me suppose a case. Let there occur in a species three individual +physiological varieties—A, B and C—each being +infertile with the bulk of the species, but quite fertile with +some small part of it. Let A, for example, be fertile with +X, Y and Z. Now I maintain it to be in the highest degree +improbable that B, a quite distinct individual, with distinct +<span class="tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span> +<a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +parents originating in a distinct locality, and perhaps with a +very different constitution, merely because it also is sterile +with the bulk of the species, should be fertile with the very +same individuals, X, Y, Z, that A is fertile with. It seems +to me to be at least 100 to 1 that it will be fertile with some +other quite distinct set of individuals. And so with C, and +any other similar variety. I express this by saying that each +has its "sexual complements," and that the complements of +the one are almost sure not to be the complements of the +other. Hence it follows that A, B, C, though differing in the +same character of general infertility with the bulk of the +species, will really be three distinct varieties physiologically, +and can in no way unite to form a single physiological +variety. This enormous difficulty Romanes apparently never +sees, but argues as if all individuals that are infertile with +the bulk of the species must be or usually are fertile with the +same set of individuals or with each other. This I call a +monstrous assumption, for which not a particle of evidence +exists. Take this in conjunction with my argument from +the severity of the struggle for existence and the extreme +improbability of the respective "sexual complements" coming +together at the right time, and I think Romanes' +ponderous paper is disposed of.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I wrote my paper, however, quite as much to expose the +great presumption and ignorance of Romanes in declaring +that Natural Selection is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">not</span> a theory of the origin of species—as +it is calculated to do much harm. See, for instance, the +way the Duke of Argyll jumped at it like a trout at a fly!—Yours +very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">The earlier part of the next letter refers to "The Experimental +Proof of the Protective Value of Colour and Markings +in Insects in reference to their Vertebrate Enemies," in the +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</span>, 1887, p. 191. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span> +<a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_26" id="toc_26"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. October 20, 1887.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—It is very interesting to me to see +how very generally the facts are in accordance with theory, +and I am only surprised that the exceptions and irregularities +are not more numerous than they are found to be. +The only difficult case, that of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">D. euphorbiæ</span>, is due probably +to incomplete knowledge. Are lizards and sea-birds +the only, or even the chief, possible enemies of the species? +They evidently do not prevent its coming to maturity in +considerable abundance, and it is therefore no doubt preserved +from its chief enemies during its various stages of +growth.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The only point on which I differ from you—as you know—is +your acceptance, as proved, of the theory of sexual +colour selection, and your speaking of insects as having a +sense of "the beautiful" in colour, as if that were a known +fact. But that is a wide question, requiring full discussion.—Yours +very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_27" id="toc_27"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. November 20, 1887.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Darwin,—Many thanks for the copy of your +father's "Life and Letters," which I shall read with very +great interest (as will all the world). I was not aware +before that your father had been so distressed—or rather +disturbed—by my sending him my essay from Ternate, and +I am very glad to feel that his exaggerated sense of honour +was quite needless so far as I was concerned, and that the +incident did not in any way disturb our friendly relations. +I always felt, and feel still, that people generally give me +far too much credit for my mere sketch of the theory—so +<span class="tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span> +<a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +very small an affair as compared with the vast foundation +of fact and experiment on which your father worked.—Believe +me yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_28" id="toc_28"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">née</span> BUCKLEY)</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. February 16, 1888.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—I know nothing of the physiology +of ferns and mosses, but as a matter of fact I think they +will be found to increase and diminish together all over +the world. Both like moist, equable climates and shade, +and are therefore both so abundant in oceanic islands, and +in the high regions of the tropics.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am inclined to think that the reason ferns have persisted +so long in competition with flowering plants is the +fact that they thrive best in shade, flowers best in the light. +In our woods and ravines the flowers are mostly spring +flowers, which die away just as the foliage of the trees is +coming out and the shade deepens; while ferns are often +dormant at that time, but grow as the shade increases.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Why tree-ferns should not grow in cold countries I +know not, except that it may be the winds are too violent +and would tear all the fronds off before the spores were +ripe. Everywhere they grow in ravines, or in forests +where they are sheltered, even in the tropics. And they +are not generally abundant, but grow in particular zones +only. In all the Amazon valley I don't remember ever +having seen a tree-fern....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I too am struggling with my "Popular Sketch of Darwinism," +and am just now doing a chapter on the great +"hybridity" question. I really think I shall be able to +arrange the whole subject more intelligibly than Darwin +did, and simplify it immensely by leaving out the endless +discussion of collateral details and difficulties which in the +"Origin of Species" confuse the main issue.... +<span class="tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span> +<a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The most remarkable steps yet made in advance are, I +think, the theory of Weismann of the continuity of the +germ plasm, and its corollary that acquired modifications +are never inherited! and Patrick Geddes's explanation of +the laws of growth in plants on the theory of the antagonism +of vegetative and reproductive growth....—Yours +very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_29" id="toc_29"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. March 20, 1888.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—I have been working away at my +hybridity chapters,<a name="noteref_16" id="noteref_16"></a><a href="#note_16"><span class="footnoteref">16</span></a> and am almost disposed to cry +"Eureka!" for I have got light on the problem. When +almost in despair of making it clear that Natural Selection +could act one way or the other, I luckily routed out +an old paper that I wrote twenty years ago, giving a +demonstration of the action of Natural Selection. It did +not convince Darwin then, but it has convinced me now, +and I think it can be proved that in some cases (and those +I think most probable) Natural Selection will accumulate +variations in infertility between incipient species. Many +other causes of infertility co-operate, and I really think I +have overcome the fundamental difficulties of the question +and made it a good deal clearer than Darwin left it.... +I think also it completely smashes up Romanes.—Yours +faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter relates to a question which Prof. Meldola +raised as to whether, in view of the extreme importance of +"divergence" (in the Darwinian sense) for the separation +and maintenance of specific types, it might not be possible +that sterility, when of advantage as a check to crossing, +had in itself, as a physiological character, been brought +<span class="tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span> +<a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +about by Natural Selection, just as extreme fecundity had +been brought about (by Natural Selection) in cases where +such fecundity was of advantage.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_30" id="toc_30"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. April 12, 1888.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—Many thanks for your criticism. It +is a perfectly sound one as against my view being a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">complete +explanation</span> of the phenomena, but that I do not +claim. And I do not see any chance of the required facts +being forthcoming for many years to come. Experiments +in the hybridisation of animals are so difficult and tedious +that even Darwin never undertook any, and the only people +who could and ought to have done it—the Zoological Society—will +not. There is one point, however, I think you have +overlooked. You urge the improbability of the required infertility +being correlated with the particular variations which +characterised each incipient species. But the whole point +of my argument is, that the physiological adjustments producing +fertility are so delicate that they are disturbed by +almost any variation or change of conditions—except in the +case of domestic animals, which have been domesticated +because they are not subject to this disturbance. The whole +first half of the chapter is to bring out this fact, which +Darwin has dwelt upon, and it certainly does afford a foundation +for the assumption that usually, and in some considerable +number of individuals, variation in nature, accompanied +by somewhat changed conditions of life, is accompanied by, +and probably correlated with, some amount of infertility. +No doubt this assumption wants proving, but in the meantime +I am glad you think that, granting the assumption, I +have shown that Natural Selection is able to accumulate +sterility variations.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">That is certainly a step in advance, and we cannot expect +<span class="tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span> +<a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to do more than take very short theoretical steps till we get +more facts to rest upon. If you should happen to come across +any facts which seem to bear upon it, pray let me know. I +can find none but those I have referred to.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I have just finished a chapter on male ornament and +display, which I trust will help to clear up that point—Believe +me yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_31" id="toc_31"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. August 26, 1888.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Hemsley,—You are aware that Patrick Geddes +proposes to exclude Natural Selection in the origination of +thorns and spines, which he imputes to "diminishing vegetativeness" +or "ebbing vitality of the species." It has +occurred to me that insular floras should afford a test of +the correctness of this view, since in the absence of mammalia +the protection of spines would be less needed.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Your study of these floras will no doubt enable you to +answer a few questions on this point. Spines and thorns +are, I believe, usually abundant in arid regions of continents, +especially in South Africa, where large herbivorous +mammals abound. Now, if the long-continued presence of +these mammals is a factor in the production of spines by +Natural Selection, they should be wholly or comparatively +absent in regions equally arid where there are no mammals. +The Galapagos seem to be such a case—also perhaps +some of the Sandwich Islands, and generally the +extra-tropical volcanic islands. Also Australia comparatively, +and the highlands of Madagascar.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Of course, the endemic species must be chiefly considered, +as they have had time to be modified by the conditions. If +you can give me the facts, or your general impression from +your study of these floras, I shall be much obliged. I see, +of course, many other objections to Geddes's theory, but +<span class="tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span> +<a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +this seems to offer a crucial test.—Believe me yours very +truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_32" id="toc_32"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. W.B. HEMSLEY</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. September 13, 1888.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Hemsley,—Many thanks for your interesting +letter. The facts you state seem quite to support the usual +view, that thorns and spines have been developed as a protection +against other animals. The few spiny plants in +New Zealand may be for protection against land molluscs, +of which there are several species as large as any in the +tropics. Of course in Australia we should expect only a +comparative scarcity of spines, as there are many herbivorous +marsupials in the country.—Believe me yours very +faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">The next and several of the succeeding letters refer +to the translations of Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity +and Kindred Biological Problems" (Oxford, 1889), and to +"Darwinism" (London, 1889).</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_33" id="toc_33"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. November 4, 1888.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—I returned you the two first of +Weismann's essays, with a few notes and corrections in +pencil on that on "Duration of Life." Looking over some +old papers, I have just come across a short sketch on two +pages, on "The Action of Natural Selection in producing +Old Age, Decay and Death," written over twenty years +ago.<a name="noteref_17" id="noteref_17"></a><a href="#note_17"><span class="footnoteref">17</span></a> I had the same general idea as Weismann, but not +that beautiful suggestion of the duration of life, in each +case, being the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">minimum</span> necessary for the preservation of +the species. <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">That</span> I think masterly. The paper on +<span class="tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span> +<a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +"Heredity" is intensely interesting, and I am waiting +anxiously for the concluding part. I will refer to these +papers in notes in my book, though perhaps yours will be +out first....—Yours faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_34" id="toc_34"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. November 8, 1888.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Poulton,—I return herewith (but separately) +the "proofs" I have of Weismann's Essays. The last +critical one is rather heavy, and adds nothing of importance +to the earlier one on Duration of Life. I enclose my +"Note" on the subject, which was written, I think, about +1867, certainly before 1870. You will see it was only a +few ideas jotted down for further elaboration and then +forgotten. I see however it <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">does</span> contain the germ of Weismann's +argument as to duration of life being determined +by the time of securing continuance of the species.—Yours +faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_35" id="toc_35"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hall, Godalming. January 20, 1889.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—My attention has been called +by Mr. Herdman, in his Inaugural Address to the Liverpool +Biological Society, to Galton's paper on "Heredity," +which I read years ago but had forgotten. I have just +read it again (in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Journal of the Anthropological Institute</span>, +Vol. V., p. 329, Jan., 1876), and I find a remarkable +anticipation of Weismann's theories which I think should +be noticed in a preface to the translation of his book.<a name="noteref_18" id="noteref_18"></a><a href="#note_18"><span class="footnoteref">18</span></a> He +argues that it is the undeveloped germs or gemmules of the +fertilised ovum that form the sexual elements of the offspring, +and thus heredity and atavism are explained. He +<span class="tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span> +<a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +also argues that, as a corollary, "acquired modifications +are barely if at all inherited in the correct sense of the +word." He shows the imperfection of the evidence on this +point, and admits, just as Weismann does, the heredity of +changes in the parent like alcoholism, which, by permeating +the whole tissues, may <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">directly</span> affect the reproductive elements. +In fact, all the main features of Weismann's views +seem to be here anticipated, and I think he ought to have +the credit of it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Being no physiologist, his language is not technical, +and for this reason, and the place of publication perhaps, +his remarkable paper appears to have been overlooked by +physiologists.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I think you will find the paper very suggestive, even +supplying some points overlooked by Weismann.—Yours +faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_36" id="toc_36"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Hamilton House, The Croft, Hastings. February 19, 1889.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Poulton,—Do you happen to have, or can you +easily refer to, Grant Allen's small books of collected +papers under such titles as "Vignettes from Nature," +"The Evolutionist at Large," "Colin Clout's Calendar," +and another I can't remember? In one of them is a paper +on the Origin of Wheat, in which he puts forth the theory +that the grasses, etc., are degraded forms which were once +insect-fertilised, summing up his views in the phrase, +"Wheat is a degraded lily," or something like that. Now +Henslow, in his "Floral Structures,"<a name="noteref_19" id="noteref_19"></a><a href="#note_19"><span class="footnoteref">19</span></a> adopts the same +theory for all the wind-fertilised or self-fertilised flowers, +and he tells me that he is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">alone</span> in the view. I believe the +view is a true one, and I want to give G. Allen the credit +<span class="tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span> +<a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of first starting it, and want to see how far he went. If +you have or can get this work of his with that paper, can +you lend it me for a few days? I know not who to write +to for it, as botanists of course ignore it, and G. Allen himself +is, I believe, in Algeria....—Yours faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_37" id="toc_37"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">38 Queen's Gardens, Lancaster Gate, W. May 18, 1889.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—A few days ago there reached me +a copy of your new book, "Darwinism," for which, along +with this acknowledgment, I send my thanks. In my present +state of health I dare not read, and fear I shall be unable +to profit by the accumulation of evidence you have brought +together. I see sundry points on which I might raise discussions, +but beyond the fact that I am at present unable +to enter into them, I doubt whether they would be of any +use. I regret that you have used the title "Darwinism," +for notwithstanding your qualification of its meaning you +will, by using it, tend greatly to confirm the erroneous +conception almost universally current.—Truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_38" id="toc_38"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. November 28, 1889.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—I have much pleasure in sending +you Cope's book<a name="noteref_20" id="noteref_20"></a><a href="#note_20"><span class="footnoteref">20</span></a> (with the review of "Darwinism"), +which I hope you will keep as long as you like, till you +have mastered all its obscurities of style and eccentricities +of argument. I think you will find a good deal in it to +criticise, and it will be well for you to know what the +leader of the Neo-Lamarckians regards as the foundation-stones +<span class="tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span> +<a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of his theory. I greatly enjoyed my visit to Oxford, +and only regretted that I could not leave more time for +personal talk with yourself, for I am so deplorably ignorant +of modern physiology that I am delighted to get intelligible +explanations of its bearings on the subjects that most interest +me in science. I quite see all its importance in investigations +of the mechanism of colours, but there is so much still unknown +that it will be very hard to convince me that there is +no other possible explanation of the peacock's feather than +the "continued preference by the females" for the most +beautiful males, in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">this one point</span>, "during a long line of +descent"—as Darwin says! I expect, however, great light +from your new book....—Believe me yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_39" id="toc_39"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR FRANCIS GALTON TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">42 Rutland Gate, S.W. May 24, 1890.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I send the paper with pleasure, and +am glad that you will read it, and I hope then see more +clearly than the abstract could show the grounds of my +argument.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">These finger-marks are most remarkable things. Of +course I have made out much more about them since +writing that memoir. Indeed I have another paper on +them next Thursday at the Royal Society, but that only +refers to ways of cataloguing them, either for criminal +administration, or what I am more interested in, viz. +racial and hereditary inquiry.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">What I have done in this way is not ready for publication, +but I may mention (privately, please) that these persistent +marks, which seem fully developed in the sixth +month of foetal life, and appear under the reservations +and in the evidence published in the memoir to be practically +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">quite</span> unchanged during life, are <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">not</span> correlated with +<span class="tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span> +<a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +any ordinary characteristic that I can discover. They are +the same in the lowest idiots as in ordinary persons. (I +took the impressions of some 80 of these, so idiotic that +they mostly could not speak, or even stand, at the great +Darenth Asylum, Dartford.) They are the same in clod-hoppers +as in the upper classes, and <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">yet</span> they are as hereditary +as other qualities, I think. Their tendency to symmetrical +distribution on the two hands is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">marked</span>, and +symmetry <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">is</span> a form of kinship. My argument is that +sexual selection can have had nothing to do with the patterns, +neither can any other form of selection due to +vigour, wits, and so forth, because they are not correlated +with them. They just go their own gait, uninfluenced by +anything that we can find or reasonably believe in, of a +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">naturally selective influence</span>, in the plain meaning of the +phrase.—Very sincerely yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">FRANCIS GALTON.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_40" id="toc_40"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO THEO. D.A. COCKERELL</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 10, 1891.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Cockerell,— ... Your theory to account for the +influence of a first male on progeny by a second seems very +probable—and in fact if, as I suppose, spermatozoa often +enter ova without producing complete fertilisation, it must +be so. <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">That</span> would be easily experimented on, with fowls, +dogs, etc., but I do not remember the fact having been +observed except with horses. It ought to be common, when +females have young by successive males.—Yours faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter relates to a controversy with Romanes +concerning Herbert Spencer's argument about Co-adaptation +which Romanes had urged in support of Neo-Lamarckism as +opposed to Natural Selection. Prof. Meldola endeavoured to +show that the difficulties raised by Spencer and supported +<span class="tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span> +<a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +by Romanes had no real weight because the possibility of +so-called "co-adaptations" being developed <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">successively</span> in +the order of evolution had not been reckoned with. There +was no real divergence between Wallace and Prof. Meldola +on this matter when they subsequently discussed it. The +correspondence is in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, xliii. 557, and subsequently. +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See also</span> "Darwin and After Darwin," by Romanes, 1895, +ii. 68.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_41" id="toc_41"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset, April 25, 1891.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—You have now put your foot in it! +Romanes <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">agrees</span> with you! Henceforth he will claim you +as a disciple, converted by his arguments!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">There was one admission in your letter I was very sorry +to see, because it cannot be strictly true, and is besides +open to much misrepresentation. I mean the admission +that Romanes pounces upon in his second paragraph. Of +course, the number of individuals in a species being finite, +the chance of four coincident variations occurring in any +one individual—each such variation being separately very +common—cannot be anything like "infinity to one." Why, +then, do you concede it most fully?—the result being that +Romanes takes you to concede that it is infinity to one +against the coincident variations occurring in "<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">any individuals</span>." +Surely, with the facts of coincident independent +variation we now possess, the occurrence of three, +four, or five, coincident variations cannot be otherwise +than frequent. As a fact, more than half the whole population +of most species seems to vary to a perceptible and +measurable, and therefore sufficient, amount in scores of +ways. Take a species with a million pairs of individuals—half +of these vary sufficiently, either + or -, in the four +acquired characters A, B, C, D: what will be the proportion +of individuals that vary + in these four characters +<span class="tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span> +<a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +according to the law of averages? Will it not be about +1 in 64? If so it is ample—in many cases—for Natural +Selection to work on, because in many cases less than 1/64 +of offspring survives.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">On Romanes' view of the impossibility of Natural Selection +doing anything alone, because the required coincident +variations do not occur, the occurrence of a "strong man" +or a racehorse that beats all others easily must be impossible, +since in each of these cases there must be scores of +coincident favourable variations.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Given sufficient variation, I believe divergent modification +of a species in two lines could easily occur, even if +free intercrossing occurred, because, the numbers varying +being a large proportion of the whole, the numbers which +bred like with like would he sufficient to carry on the two +lines of divergence, those that intercrossed and produced +less perfectly adapted offspring being eliminated. Of course +some amount of segregate breeding does always occur, as +Darwin always maintained, but, as he also maintained, it +is not absolutely essential to evolution. Romanes argues +as if "free intercrossing" meant that none would pair +like with like! I hope you will have another slap at him, +and withdraw or explain that unlucky "infinity to one," +which is Romanes' sheet-anchor.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_42" id="toc_42"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. June 16, 1892.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—Many thanks for sending me +Weismann's additional Essays,<a name="noteref_21" id="noteref_21"></a><a href="#note_21"><span class="footnoteref">21</span></a> which I look forward to +reading with much pleasure. I have, however, read the +first, and am much disappointed with it. It seems to me +<span class="tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span> +<a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">weakest and most inconclusive</span> thing he has yet written. +At p. 17 he states his theory as to degeneration of eyes, +and again, on p. 18, of anthers and filaments; but in both +cases he fails to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">prove</span> it, and apparently does not see +that his panmixia, or "cessation of selection," cannot possibly +produce <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">continuous</span> degeneration culminating in the +total or almost total disappearance of an organ. Romanes +and others have pointed out this weakness in his theory, +but he does not notice it, and goes on calmly throughout +the essay to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">assume</span> that mere panmixia must cause progressive +degeneration to an unlimited extent; whereas all +it can do is to effect a reduction to the average of the total +population on which selection has been previously worked. +He says "individuals with weak eyes would not be eliminated," +but omits to notice that individuals with strong +eyes would also "not be eliminated," and as there is no +reason alleged why variations in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all directions</span> should not +occur as before, the free intercrossing would tend to keep +up a mean condition only a little below that which was +kept up by selection. It is clear that some form of selection +must always co-operate in degeneration, such as +economy of growth, which he hardly notices except as a +possible but not a necessary factor, or actual injuriousness. +It appears to me that what is wanted is to take a +number of typical cases, and in each of them show how +Natural Selection comes in to carry on the degeneration +begun by panmixia. Weismann's treatment of the subject +is merely begging the question.—Yours faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_43" id="toc_43"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. August 29, 1892.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—As to panmixia you have quite +misunderstood my position. By the "mean condition," I +<span class="tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span> +<a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +do not mean the "mean" during the whole course of development +of the organ, as you seem to take it. That would +indeed be absurd. I do mean the "mean" of the whole +series of individual variations now occurring, during a +period sufficient to contain all or almost all the variations +to which the species is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">now</span> subject. Take, for instance, +such a case as the wings of the swallow, on the full development +of which the life of the bird depends. Many +individuals no doubt perish for lack of wing-power, due to +deficiency in size or form of wing, or in the muscles which +move it. The extreme limits of variation would be seen +probably if we examined every swallow that had reached +maturity during the last century. The average of all those +would perhaps be 5 or 10 per cent. below the average of +those that survive to become the parents of the next generation +in any year; and what I maintain is, that panmixia +alone could not reduce a swallow's wings below this first +average. Any further reduction must be due either to +some form of selection or to "economy of growth"—which +is also, fundamentally, a form of selection. So with the +eyes of cave animals, panmixia could only cause an imperfection +of vision equal to the average of those variations +which occurred, say, during a century before the animal +entered the cave. It could only produce more effect than +this if the effects of disuse are hereditary—which is a non-Weismannian +doctrine. I think this is also the position +that Romanes took.—Yours faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_44" id="toc_44"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. September 23, 1892.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Marshall,—I am glad you enjoyed Mr. Hudson's +book. His observations are inimitable—and his theories and +<span class="tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span> +<a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +suggestions, if not always the best, at least show thought on +what he has observed.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I was most pleased with his demonstration as to the supposed +instincts of young birds and lambs, showing clearly +that the former at all events are not due to inherited experience, +as Darwin thought. The whole book, too, is pervaded +by such a true love of nature and such a perception +of its marvels and mysteries as to be unique in my experience. +The modern scientific morphologists seem so wholly occupied +in tracing out the mechanism of organisms that they hardly +seem to appreciate the overwhelming marvel of the powers of +life, which result in such infinitely varied structures and such +strange habits and so-called instincts. The older I grow the +more marvellous seem to me the mere variety of form and +habit in plants and animals, and the unerring certitude with +which from a minute germ the whole complex organism is +built up, true to the type of its kind in all the infinitude of +details! It is this which gives such a charm to the watching +of plants growing, and of kittens so rapidly developing their +senses and habitudes!...—Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_45" id="toc_45"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 1, 1893.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Thanks for the separate copy of your +great paper on colours of larva, pupa, etc.<a name="noteref_22" id="noteref_22"></a><a href="#note_22"><span class="footnoteref">22</span></a> I have read +your conclusions and looked over some of the experiments, +and think you have now pretty well settled that question.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am reading through the new volume of the Life of +Darwin, and am struck with the curious example his own +case affords of non-heredity of acquired variations. He +expresses his constant dread—one of the troubles of his +<span class="tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span> +<a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +life—that his children would inherit his bad health. It +seems pretty clear, from what F. Darwin says in the new +edition, that Darwin's constant nervous stomach irritation +was caused by his five years sea-sickness. It was thoroughly +established before, and in the early years of, his +marriage, and, on his own theory his children ought all +to have inherited it. Have they? You know perhaps +better than I do, whether any of the family show any +symptoms of that particular form of illness—and if not it +is a fine case!—Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace was formally admitted to the Royal Society in +June, 1893. The postscript of the following letter refers to +his cordial reception by the Fellows.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_46" id="toc_46"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. June 10, 1893.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—As we had no time to "discourse" +on Thursday, I will say a few words on the individual adaptability +question. We have to deal with facts, and facts certainly +show that, in many groups, there is a great amount +of adaptable change produced in the individual by external +conditions, and that that change is not inherited. I do not +see that this places Natural Selection in any subordinate +position, because this individual adaptability is evidently +advantageous to many species, and may itself have been +produced or increased by Natural Selection. When a +species is subject to great changes of conditions, either +locally or at uncertain times, it may be a decided advantage +to it to become individually adapted to that change +while retaining the power to revert instantly to its original +form when the normal conditions return. But whenever +the changed conditions are permanent, or are such that +<span class="tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span> +<a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +individual adaptation cannot meet the requirements, then +Natural Selection rapidly brings about a permanent adaptation +which is inherited. In plants these two forms of +adaptation are well marked and easily tested, and we +shall soon have a large body of evidence upon it. In the +higher animals I imagine that individual adaptation is +small in amount, as indicated by the fact that even slight +varieties often breed true.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In Lepidoptera we have the two forms of colour-adaptability +clearly shown. Many species are, in all their stages, +permanently adapted to their environment. Others have +a certain power of individual adaptation, as of the pupæ +to their surroundings. If this last adaptation were strictly +inherited it would be positively injurious, since the progeny +would thereby lose the power of individual adaptability, +and thus we should have light pupæ on dark surroundings, +and vice versa. Each kind of adaptation has its own sphere, +and it is essential that the one should be non-inheritable, the +other heritable. The whole thing seems to me quite harmonious +and "as it should be."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Thiselton-Dyer tells me that H. Spencer is dreadfully +disturbed on the question. He fears that acquired characters +may not be inherited, in which case the foundation of +his whole philosophy is undermined!—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—I am afraid you are partly responsible for that +kindly meant but too personal manifestation which disturbed +the solemnity of the Royal Society meeting on +Thursday!...</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_47" id="toc_47"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. September 25, 1893.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I suppose you were not at Nottingham +and did not get the letter, paper, and photographs I +<span class="tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span> +<a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +sent you there, but to be opened by the Secretary of Section +D in case you were not there. It was about a wonderful +and perfectly authenticated case of a woman who dressed +the arm of a gamekeeper after amputation, and six or seven +months afterwards had a child born without the forearm +on the right side, exactly corresponding in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">form</span> and <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">length</span> +of stump to that of the man. Photographs of the man, and +of the boy seven or eight years old, were taken <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">by the physician +of the hospital</span> where the man's arm was cut off, and +they show a most striking correspondence. These, with +my short paper, appear to have produced an effect, for a +committee of Section D has been appointed to collect evidence +on this and other matters....—Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_48" id="toc_48"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. November 17, 1893.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—The letter I wrote to you at Nottingham +was returned to me here (after a month), so I did not +think it worth while to send it to you again, though it did +contain my congratulations on your appointment,<a name="noteref_23" id="noteref_23"></a><a href="#note_23"><span class="footnoteref">23</span></a> which I +now repeat. As you have not seen the paper I sent to the +British Association, I will just say that I should not have +noticed the subject publicly but, after a friend had given +me the photographs (sent with my paper), I came across +the following statement in the new edition of Chambers' +Encyclopædia, art. Deformities (by Prof. A. Hare): "In +an increasing proportion of cases which are carefully investigated, +it appears that maternal impressions, the result +of shock or unpleasant experiences, may have a considerable +influence in producing deformities in the offspring." +In consequence of this I sent the case which had been +<span class="tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span> +<a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +furnished me, and which is certainly about as well +attested and conclusive as anything can be. The facts are +these:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">A gamekeeper had his right forearm amputated at the +North Devon Infirmary. He left before it was healed, +thinking his wife could dress it, but as she was too nervous, +a neighbour, a young recently married woman, a farmer's +wife, still living, came and dressed it every day till it +healed. About six months after she had a child born <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">without +right hand and forearm</span>, the stump exactly corresponding +in length to that of the gamekeeper. Dr. Richard +Budd, M.D., F.R.C.P.,<a name="noteref_24" id="noteref_24"></a><a href="#note_24"><span class="footnoteref">24</span></a> of Barnstaple, the physician to +the infirmary, when the boy was five or six years old, himself +took a photograph of the boy and the gamekeeper side +by side, showing the wonderful correspondence of the two +arms. I have these facts <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">direct from Dr. Budd</span>, who was +personally cognisant of the whole circumstances. A few +years after, in November, 1876, Dr. Budd gave an account +of the case and exhibited the photographs to a large meeting +at the College of Physicians, and I have no doubt it +is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">one</span> of the cases referred to in the article I have quoted, +though Dr. Budd thinks it has never been published. It +will be at once admitted that this is not a chance coincidence, +and that all theoretical difficulties must give way +to such facts as this, ... Of course it by no means follows +that similar causes should in all cases produce similar +effects, since the idiosyncrasy of the mother is no doubt +an important factor; but where the combined coincidences +are so numerous as in this case—<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">place, time, person</span> and +exact correspondence of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">resulting deformity</span>—some causal +relation must exist.—Believe me yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span> +<a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_49" id="toc_49"></a> + +<h2 class="tei tei-head">III.—Correspondence on Biology, Geographical +Distribution, etc.</h2> + +<h2 style="font-size: 85%" class="tei tei-head">[1894—1913]</h2> +<p class="tei tei-p"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_50" id="toc_50"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Queen's Hotel, Cliftonville, Margate. August 10, 1894.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—Though we differ on some points we +agree on many, and one of the points on which we doubtless +agree is the absurdity of Lord Salisbury's representation of +the process of Natural Selection based upon the improbability +of two varying individuals meeting. His nonsensical +representation of the theory ought to be exposed, for it will +mislead very many people. I see it is adopted by the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Pall +Mall</span>. I have been myself strongly prompted to take the +matter up, but it is evidently your business to do that. Pray +write a letter to the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span> explaining that selection or survival +of the fittest does not necessarily take place in the +way he describes. You might set out by remarking that +whereas he begins by comparing himself to a volunteer +colonel reviewing a regiment of regulars, he very quickly +changes his attitude and becomes a colonel of regulars reviewing +volunteers and making fun of their bunglings. +He deserves a-severe castigation. There are other points +on which his views should be rectified, but this is the +essential point.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It behoves you of all men to take up the gauntlet he has +thrown down.—Very truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span> +<a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_51" id="toc_51"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Queen's Hotel, Cliftonville, Margate, Aug. 19, 1894.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I cannot at all agree with you respecting +the relative importance of the work you are doing +and that which I wanted you to do. Various articles in the +papers show that Lord Salisbury's argument is received with +triumph, and, unless it is disposed of, it will lead to a public +reaction against the doctrine of evolution at large, a far more +serious evil than any error which you propose to rectify +among biologists. Everybody will look to you for a reply, +and if you make no reply it will be understood that Lord +Salisbury's objection is valid. As to the non-publication of +your letter in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span>, that is absurd, considering that +your name and that of Darwin are constantly coupled +together.—Truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_52" id="toc_52"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. September 8, 1894.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I was glad to see your exposure of +another American Neo-Lamarckian in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>.<a name="noteref_25" id="noteref_25"></a><a href="#note_25"><span class="footnoteref">25</span></a> It is astonishing +how utterly illogical they all are! I was much pleased +with your point of the adaptations supposed to be produced +by the inorganic environment when they are related to the +organic. It is I think new and very forcible. For nearly +a month I have been wading through Bateson's book,<a name="noteref_26" id="noteref_26"></a><a href="#note_26"><span class="footnoteref">26</span></a> and +writing a criticism of it, and of Galton, who backs him up +with his idea of "organic stability." ... Neither he nor +Galton appears to have any adequate conception of what +Natural Selection is, or how impossible it is to escape from +<span class="tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span> +<a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +it. They seem to think that, given a stable variation, Natural +Selection must hide its diminished head!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bateson's preface, concluding reflections, etc., are often +quite amusing.... He is so cocksure he has made a great +discovery—which is the most palpable of mare's nests.—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—I allude of course to his grand argument—"environment +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">continuous</span>—species <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">discontinuous</span>—therefore +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">variations</span> which produce species must be also <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">discontinuous</span>"! +(Bateson—Q.E.D.).</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_53" id="toc_53"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 19, 1895.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I have read your paper on "Theories +of Evolution"<a name="noteref_27" id="noteref_27"></a><a href="#note_27"><span class="footnoteref">27</span></a> with great pleasure. It is very clear and +very forcible, and I should think must have opened the eyes +of some of your hearers. Your cases against Lamarckism +were very strong, and I think quite conclusive. There is +one, however, which seems to me weak—that about the claws +of lobsters and the tails of lizards moving and acting when +detached from the body. It may be argued, fairly, that this +is only an incidental result of the extreme muscular irritability +and contractibility of the organs, which might have +been caused on Lamarckian as well as on the Darwinian +hypothesis. The running of a fowl after its head is chopped +off is an example of the same kind of thing, and this is +certainly not useful. The detachment itself of claw and +tail is no doubt useful and adaptive.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">When discussing the objection as to failures not being +found fossil, there are two additional arguments to those +you adduce: (1) Every failure has been, first, a success, or +it could not have come into existence (as a species); and (2) +<span class="tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span> +<a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the hosts of huge and very specialised animals everywhere +recently extinct are clearly failures. They were successes +as long as the struggle was with animal competitors only, +physical conditions being highly favourable. But, when +physical conditions became adverse, as by drought, cold, etc., +they failed and became extinct. The entrance of new +enemies from another area might equally render them +failures. As to your question about myself and Darwin, I +had met him once only for a few minutes at the British +Museum before I went to the East.... —Yours very +faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_54" id="toc_54"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. CLEMENT REID</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. November 18, 1894.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Clement Reid,— ... The great, the grand, and +long-expected, the prophesied discovery has at last been made—Miocene +or Old Pliocene Man in India!!! Good worked +flints found <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">in situ</span> by the palæontologist to the Geological +Survey of India! It is in a ferruginous conglomerate lying +beneath 4,000 feet of Pliocene strata and containing hippotherium, +etc. But perhaps you have seen the article in +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Natural Science</span> describing it, by Rupert Jones, who, very +properly, accepts it! Of course we want the bones, but we +have got the flints, and they may follow. Hurrah for the +missing link! Excuse more.—Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter relates to the rising school of biologists +who, in opposition to Darwin's views, held that species +might arise by what was at the time termed "discontinuous +variation."</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_55" id="toc_55"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">February 4, 1895.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Professor Meldola,—I hope to have copies of my +"Evolution" article in a few days, and will send you a +<span class="tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span> +<a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +couple. The article was in print last September, but, +being long, was crowded out month after month, and only +now got in by being cut in two. I think I have demolished +"discontinuous variation" as having any but the most +subordinate part in evolution of species.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Congratulations on Presidency of the Entomological +Society.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_56" id="toc_56"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 15, 1895.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I have now nearly finished reading +Romanes, but do not find it very convincing. There is a +large amount of special pleading. On two points only I feel +myself hit. My doubt that Darwin really meant that <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> the +individuals of a species could be similarly modified without +selection is evidently wrong, as he adduces other quotations +which I had overlooked. The other point is, that my suggested +explanation of sexual ornaments gives away my case +as to the utility of all specific characters. It certainly does +as it stands, but I now believe, and should have added, that +all these ornaments, where they differ from species to species, +are also recognition characters, and as such were rendered +stable by Natural Selection from their first appearance.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I rather doubt the view you state, and which Gulick and +Romanes make much of, that a portion of a species, separated +from the main body, will have a different average of characters, +unless they are a local race which has already been +somewhat selected. The large amount of variation, and the +regularity of the curve of variation, whenever about 50 or +100 individuals are measured in the same locality, shows +that the bulk of a species are similar in amount of variation +everywhere. But when a portion of a species begins to be +modified in adaptation to new conditions, distinction of +some kind is essential, and therefore any slight difference +<span class="tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span> +<a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +would be increased by selection. I see no reason to believe +that species (usually) have been isolated first and modified +afterwards, but rather that new species usually arise from +species which have a wide range, and in different areas need +somewhat different characters and habits. Then <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">distinctness</span> +arises both by adaptation and by development of recognition +marks to minimise intercrossing.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I wonder Darwin did not see that if the unknown "constant +causes" he supposes can modify all the individuals of +a species, either indifferently, usefully, or hurtfully, and that +these characters so produced are, as Romanes says, very, +very numerous in all species, and are sometimes the only +specific characters, then the Neo-Lamarckians are quite right +in putting Natural Selection as a very secondary and subordinate +influence, since all it has to do is to weed out the +hurtful variations.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Of course, if a species with warning colours were, in part, +completely isolated, and its colours or markings were accidentally +different from the parent form, whatever set of +markings and colours it had would be, I consider, rendered +stable for recognition, and also for protection, since if it +varied too much the young birds and other enemies would +take a heavier toll in learning it was uneatable. It might +then be said that the character by which this species differs +from the parent species is a useless character. But surely +this is not what is usually meant by a "useless character." +This is highly useful in itself, though the difference from +the other species is not useful. If they were in contact it +would be useful, as a distinction preventing intercrossing, +and so long as they are not brought together we cannot really +tell if it is a species at all, since it might breed freely with +the parent form and thus return back to one type. The +"useless characters" I have always had in mind when arguing +this question are those which are or are supposed to be +<span class="tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span> +<a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +absolutely useless, not merely relatively as regards the difference +from an allied species. I think this is an important +distinction.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_57" id="toc_57"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">64 Avenue Road, Regent's Park, London, N.W. +September 28, 1895</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—As I cannot get you to deal with +Lord Salisbury I have decided to do it myself, having been +finally exasperated into doing it by this honour paid to his +address in France—the presentation of a translation to the +French Academy. The impression produced upon some +millions of people in England cannot be allowed to be thus +further confirmed without protest.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">One of the points which I propose to take up is the absurd +conception Lord Salisbury sets forth of the process of +Natural Selection. When you wrote you said you had dealt +with it yourself in your volume on Darwinism. I have no +doubt that it is also in some measure dealt with by Darwin +himself, by implication or incidentally. You of course know +Darwin by heart, and perhaps you would be kind enough to +save me the trouble of searching by indicating the relevant +passages both in his books and in your own. My reading +power is very small, and it tries me to find the parts I want +by much reading.—Truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">To the following letter from Mr. Gladstone, Wallace +attached this pencil note: "In 1881 I put forth the +first idea of mouth-gesture as a factor in the origin of +language, in a review of E.B. Tylor's 'Anthropology,' +and in 1895 I extended it into an article in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly +Review</span>, and reprinted it with a few further corrections +in my 'Studies,' under the title 'The Expressiveness +of Speech or Mouth-Gesture as a Factor in the +Origin of Language.' In it I have developed a completely +<span class="tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span> +<a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +new principle in the theory of the origin of language by +showing that every motion of the jaws, lips and tongue, +together with inward or outward breathing, and especially +the mute or liquid consonants ending words which serve to +indicate abrupt or continuous motion, have corresponding +meanings in so many cases as to show a fundamental connection. +I thus enormously extended the principle of onomatopoeia +in the origin of vocal language. As I have been +unable to find any reference to this important factor in +the origin of language, and as no competent writer has +pointed out any fallacy in it, I think I am justified in +supposing it to be new and important. Mr. Gladstone informed +me that there were many thousands of illustrations +of my ideas in Homer."—A.R.W.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_58" id="toc_58"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">W.E. GLADSTONE TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Hawarden Castle, Chester. October 18, 1895.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Your kindness in sending me your most interesting +article draws on you the inconvenience of an +acknowledgment.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My pursuits in connection with Homer, especially, have +made me a confident advocate of the doctrine that there is, +within limits, a connection in language between sound and +sense.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I would consent to take the issue simply on English words +beginning with <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">st</span>. You go upon a kindred class in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">sn</span>. I +do not remember a perfectly <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">innocent</span> word, a word habitually +used <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">in bonam partem</span>, and beginning with <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">sn</span>, except +the word "snow," and "snow," as I gather from <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Schnee</span>, +is one of the worn-down words.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">May I beg to illustrate you once more on the ending +in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">p</span>. I take our old schoolboy combinations: hop, skip +and jump. Each motion an ending motion; and to each +word closed with <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">p</span> compare the words <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">run, rennen, courir, +currere.</span> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span> +<a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But I have now a new title to speak. It is deafness; and +I know from deafness that I run a worse chance with a man +whose mouth is covered with beard and moustache.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">A young relation of mine, slightly deaf, was sorely put +to it in an University examination because one of his +examiners was <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">secretal</span> in this way.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I will not trouble you further except to express, with +misgiving, a doubt on a single point, the final <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">f</span>.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In driving with Lord Granville, who was deaf but not +very deaf, I had occasion to mention to him the Duke of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fife</span>, +I used every effort, but in no way could I contrive to make +him hear the word.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I break my word to add one other particular. Out of +27,000 odd lines in Homer, every one of them expressed, in +a sense, heavy weight or force; the blows of heavy-armed +men on the breastplates of foes ... [illegible] and the like.—With +many thanks, I remain yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.E. GLADSTONE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—I should say that the efficacy of lip-expression, +undeniably, is most subtle, and defies definite description.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_59" id="toc_59"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. April 19, 1896.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I am sorry I had not space to refer more fully +to your interesting work.<a name="noteref_28" id="noteref_28"></a><a href="#note_28"><span class="footnoteref">28</span></a> The most important point on +which I think your views require emendation is on <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">instinct</span>. +I see you quote Spalding's experiments, but these have been +quite superseded and shown to be seriously incorrect by +Prof. Lloyd Morgan. A paper by him in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly +Review</span> of August, 1893, gives an account of his experiments, +and he read a paper on the same subject at the British Association +last year. He is now preparing a volume on the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span> +<a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +subject which will contain the most valuable series of +observations yet made on this question. Another point of +some importance where I cannot agree with you is your +treating dipsomania as a disease, only to be eliminated by +drunkenness and its effects. It appears to me to be only a +vicious habit or indulgence which would cease to exist in a +state of society in which the habit were almost universally +reprobated, and the means for its indulgence almost absent. +But this is a matter of comparatively small importance.—Believe +me yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_60" id="toc_60"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone. April 28, 1896.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—"We can but reason from the facts we know." +We know a good deal of the senses of the higher animals, +very little of those of insects. If we find—as I think we do—that +all cases of supposed "instinctive knowledge" in the +former turn out to be merely intuitive reactions to various +kinds of stimulus, combined with very rapidly acquired experience, +we shall be justified in thinking that the actions of +the latter will some day be similarly explained. When Lloyd +Morgan's book is published we shall have much information +on this question. (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> "Natural Selection and Tropical +Nature," pp. 91-7.)—Yours truly, ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_61" id="toc_61"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 12, 1896.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—I got Weismann's "Germinal Selection" +two or three months back and read it very carefully, +and on the whole I admire it very much, and think it does +complete the work of ordinary variation and selection. Of +course it is a pure hypothesis, and can never perhaps be +directly proved, but it seems to me a reasonable one, and it +<span class="tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span> +<a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +enables us to understand two groups of facts which I have +never been able to work out satisfactorily by the old method. +These two facts are: (1) the total, or almost total, disappearance +of many useless organs, and (2) the continuous +development of secondary sexual characters beyond any conceivable +utility, and, apparently, till checked by inutility. It +explains both these. Disuse alone, as I and many others +have always argued, cannot do the first, but can only cause +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">regression to the mean</span>, with perhaps some further regression +from economy of material.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As to the second, I have always felt the difficulty of +accounting for the enormous development of the peacock's +train, the bird of paradise plumes, the long wattle of the +bell bird, the enormous tail-feathers of the Guatemalan +trogon, of some humming-birds, etc. etc. etc. The beginnings +of all these I can explain as recognition marks, and +this explains also their distinctive character in allied species, +but it does not explain their growing on and on far beyond +what is needful for recognition, and apparently till limited +by absolute hurtfulness. It is a relief to me to have "germinal +selection" to explain this.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I do not, however, think it at all necessary to explain +adaptations, however complex. Variation is so general and +so large, in dominant species, and selection is so tremendously +powerful, that I believe all needful adaptation may be +produced without it. But, if it exists, it would undoubtedly +hasten the process of such adaptation and would therefore +enable new places in the economy of nature to be more +rapidly filled up.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I was thinking of writing a popular exposition of the new +theory for <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, but have not yet found time or inclination +for it. I began reading "Germinal Selection" with a +prejudice against it. That prejudice continued through the +first half, but when I came to the idea itself, and after some +<span class="tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span> +<a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +trouble grasped the meaning and bearing of it, I saw the +work it would do and was a convert at once. It really has +no relation to Lamarckism, and leaves the non-heredity of +acquired characters exactly where it was.—Yours very +truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter relates to the great controversy then being +carried on with respect to Weismann's doctrine of the non-inheritance +of "acquired" characters, which doctrine implied +complete rejection of the last trace of Lamarckism +from Darwinian evolution. Wallace ultimately accepted +the Weismannian teaching. Darwin had no opportunity +during his lifetime of considering this question, which was +raised later in an acute form by Weismann.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_62" id="toc_62"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstane, Dorset. January 6, 1897.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—The passage to which you refer in the +"Origin" (top of p. 6) shows Darwin's firm belief in the +"heredity of acquired variations," and also in the importance +of definite variations, that is, "sports," though elsewhere +he almost gives these up in favour of indefinite +variations; and this last is now the view of all Darwinians, +and even of many Lamarckians. I therefore +always now assume this as admitted. Weismann's view +as to "possible variations" and "impossible variations" +on p. 1 of "Germinal Selection" is misleading, +because it can only refer to "sports" or to "cumulative +results," not to "individual variations" such as are the +material Natural Selection acts on. Variation, as I understand +it, can only be a slight modification in the offspring +of that which exists in the parent. The question whether +pigs could possibly develop wings is absurd, and altogether +beside the question, which is, solely, so far as direct evidence +goes, as to the means by which the change from one species +<span class="tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span> +<a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to another closely allied species has been brought about. +Those who want to begin by discussing the causes of change +from a dog to a seal, or from a cow to a whale, are not worth +arguing with, as they evidently do not comprehend the +A, B, C of the theory.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Darwin's ineradicable acceptance of the theory of heredity +of the effects of climate, use and disuse, food, etc., on the +individual led to much obscurity and fallacy in his arguments, +here and there.—Yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_63" id="toc_63"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 14, 1897.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Thanks for copy of your British Association +Address,<a name="noteref_29" id="noteref_29"></a><a href="#note_29"><span class="footnoteref">29</span></a> which I did not read in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, being very +busy just then. I have now read it with much pleasure, and +think it a very useful and excellent discussion that was much +needed. There is, however, one important error, I think, +which vitiates a vital part of the argument, and which +renders it possible so to reduce the time indicated by geology +as to render the accordance of Geology and Physics more easy +to effect. The error I allude to was made by Sir A. Geikie +in his Presidential Address<a name="noteref_30" id="noteref_30"></a><a href="#note_30"><span class="footnoteref">30</span></a> which you quote. Immediately +it appeared I wrote to him pointing it out, but he merely +acknowledged my letter, saying he would consider it. To me +it seems a most palpable and extraordinary blunder. The +error consists in taking the rate of deposition as the same +as the rate of denudation, whereas it is about twenty times +as great, perhaps much more—because the area of deposition +is at least twenty times less than that of denudation. In +order to equal the area of denudation, it would require that +<span class="tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span> +<a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">every</span> bed of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">every</span> formation should have once extended over +the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">whole area</span> of all the land of the globe! The deposition +in narrow belts along coasts of all the matter brought down +by rivers, as proved by the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Challenger</span>, leads to the same +result. In my "Island Life," 2nd Edit., pp. 221-225, I have +discussed this whole matter, and on reading it again I can +find no fallacy in it. I have, however, I believe, overestimated +the time required for deposition, which I believe +would be more nearly one-fortieth than one-twentieth that of +mean denudation; because there is, I believe, also a great +overestimate of the maximum of deposition, because it is +partly made up of beds which may have been deposited +simultaneously. Also the maximum thickness is probably +double the mean thickness.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The mean rate of denudation, both for European rivers +and for all the rivers that have been measured, is a foot in +three million years, which is the figure that should be taken +in calculations.—Believe me yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_64" id="toc_64"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. April 27, 1897.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,— ... I thought Romanes' article in +reply to Spencer was very well written and wonderfully clear +for him, and I agree with most of it, except his high estimate +of Spencer's co-adaptation argument. It is quite true that +Spencer's biology rests entirely on Lamarckism, so far as +heredity of acquired characters goes. I have been reading +Weismann's last book, "The Germ Plasm." It is a wonderful +attempt to solve the most complex of all problems, and is +almost unreadable without some practical acquaintance with +germs and their development.—Believe me yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span> +<a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_65" id="toc_65"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. June 13, 1897.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,— ... The rate of deposition might +be modified in an archipelago, but would not necessarily be +less than now, on the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">average</span>. On the ocean side it might be +slow, but wherever there were comparatively narrow straits +between the islands it might be even faster than now, because +the area of deposition would be strictly limited. In the seas +between Java and Borneo and between Borneo and Celebes +the deposition <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">may be</span> above the average. Again, during the +development of continents there were evidently extensive +mountain ridges and masses with landlocked seas, or inland +lakes, and in all these deposition would be rapid. +Anyhow, the fact remains that there is no necessary equality +between rates of denudation and deposition (in thickness) +as Geikie has <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">assumed</span>.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I was delighted with your account of Prichard's wonderful +anticipation of Galton and Weismann! It is so perfect +and complete.... It is most remarkable that such a complete +statement of the theory and such a thorough appreciation +of its effects and bearing should have been so long overlooked. +I read Prichard when I was very young, and have +never seen the book since. His facts and arguments are +really useful ones, and I should think Weismann must be +delighted to have such a supporter come from the grave. His +view as to the supposed transmission of disease is quite that +of Archdall Reid's recent book. He was equally clear as to +Selection, and had he been a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">zoologist</span> and <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">traveller</span> he might +have anticipated the work of both Darwin and Weismann!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">To bring out such a book as his "Researches" when only +twenty-seven, and a practising physician, shows what a remarkable +man he was.—Believe me yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span> +<a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_66" id="toc_66"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. July 8, 1897.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,— ... I am now reading a wonderfully +interesting book—O. Fisher's "Physics of the Earth's +Crust." It is really a grand book, and, though full of unintelligible +mathematics, is so clearly explained and so full +of good reasoning on all the aspects of this most difficult +question that it is a pleasure to read it. It was especially +a pleasure to me because I had just been writing an article +on the Permanence of the Oceanic Basins, at the request of +the Editor of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Natural Science</span>, who told me I was not orthodox +on the point. But I find that Fisher supports the same +view with very great force, and it strikes me that if weight +of argument and number of capable supporters create orthodoxy +in science, it is the other side who are not orthodox. +I have some fresh arguments, and I was delighted to be able +to quote Fisher. It seems almost demonstrated now that +Sir W. Thomson was wrong, and that the earth <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">has</span> a molten +interior and a very thin crust, and in no other way can the +phenomena of geology be explained....—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_67" id="toc_67"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR OLIVER LODGE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 8, 1898.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—My own opinion has long been—and I have +many times given reasons for it—that there is always an +ample amount of variation in all directions to allow any +useful modification to be produced, very rapidly, as compared +with the rate of those secular changes (climate and +geography) which necessitate adaptation; hence no guidance +of variation in certain lines is necessary. For proof of this +I would ask you to look at the diagrams in Chapter III. of +<span class="tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span> +<a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +my "Darwinism," reading the explanation in the text. The +proof of such constant indefinite variability has been much +increased of late years, and if you consider that instead +of tens or hundreds of individuals, Nature has as many +thousands or millions to be selected from, every year or +two, it will be clear that the materials for adaptation are +ample.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Again, I believe that the time, even as limited by Lord +Kelvin's calculations, is ample, for reasons given in +Chapter X., "On the Earth's Age," in my "Island Life," +and summed up on p. 236. I therefore consider the difficulty +set forth on p. 2 of the leaflet you send is not a real one. To +my mind, the development of plants and animals from low +forms of each is fully explained by the variability proved to +exist, with the actual rapid multiplication and Natural +Selection. For this no other intellectual agency is required. +The problem is to account for the infinitely complex constitution +of the material world and its forces which rendered +living organisms possible; then, the introduction of consciousness +or sensation, which alone rendered the animal +world possible; lastly, the presence in man of capacities and +moral ideas and aspirations which could not conceivably be +produced by variation and Natural Selection. This is stated +at p. 473-8 of my "Darwinism," and is also referred to in +the article I enclose (at p. 443) and which you need not +return.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The subject is so large and complex that it is not to be +wondered so many people still maintain the insufficiency of +Natural Selection, without having really mastered the facts. +I could not, therefore, answer your question without going +into some detail and giving references.... —Believe me +yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span> +<a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_68" id="toc_68"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. H.N. RIDLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 3, 1898.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Ridley,— ... We are much interested now +about De Rougemont, and I dare say you have seen his story +in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Wide World Magazine</span>, while in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Daily Chronicle</span> +there have been letters, interviews and discussions without +end. A few people, who think they know everything, treat +him as an impostor; but unfortunately they themselves contradict +each other, and so far are proved to be wrong more +often than De Rougemont. I firmly believe that his story +is substantially true—making allowance for his being a +foreigner who learnt one system of measures, then lived +thirty years among savages, and afterwards had to reproduce +all his knowledge in English and Australian idioms. +As an intelligent writer in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Saturday Review</span> says, putting +aside the sensational illustrations there is absolutely +nothing in his story but what is quite <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">possible</span> and even +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">probable</span>. He must have reached Singapore the year after +I returned home, and I dare say there are people there +who remember Jensen, the owner of the schooner <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Veilland</span>, +with whom he sailed on his disastrous pearl-fishing expedition. +Jensen is said now to be in British New Guinea, and +has often spoken of his lost cargo of pearls. —— and ——, +of the Royal Geographical Society, state that they are convinced +of the substantial truth of the main outlines of his +story, and after three interviews and innumerable questions +are satisfied of his <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">bona fides</span>—and so am I.—With best +wishes, believe me to be yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span> +<a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_69" id="toc_69"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">7 Whitehall Gardens, London, S.W. February 19, 1901.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I trust you will forgive a stranger troubling +you with a letter, but a friend has asked me whether, as a +matter of fact, Darwin held that <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> living creatures descended +from one and the same ancestor, and that the +pedigree of a humming-bird and that of a hippopotamus +would meet if traced far enough back. Can you tell me +whether Darwin did teach this?</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I should have thought that as life was developed +once, it probably could and would be developed many +times in different places, as month after month, and year +after year went by; and that, from the very first, it +probably took many different forms and characters, in the +same way as crystals take different forms and shapes, even +when composed of the same substance. From these many +developments of "life" would descend as many separate +lines of evolution, one ending in the humming-bird, another +in the hippopotamus, a third in the kangaroo, etc., and their +pedigrees (however far back they might be traced) would not +join until they reached some primitive form of protoplasm,—Yours +faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">SAMUEL WADDINGTON.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_70" id="toc_70"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. SAMUEL WADDINGTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 23, 1901.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Darwin believed that all living things originated +from "a few forms or from one"—as stated in the last +sentence of his "Origin of Species." But privately I am +sure he believed in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">one</span> origin. Of course there is a +possibility that there were several distinct origins from inorganic +matter, but that is very improbable, because in that +case we should expect to find some difference in the earliest +<span class="tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span> +<a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +forms of the germs of life. But there is no such difference, +the primitive germ-cells of man, fish or oyster being almost +indistinguishable, formed of identical matter and going +through identical primitive changes.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As to the humming-bird and hippopotamus, there is no +doubt whatever of a common origin—if evolution is accepted +at all; since both are vertebrates—a very high type of +organism whose ancestral forms can be traced back to a +simple type much earlier than the common origin of mammals, +birds and reptiles.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_71" id="toc_71"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. July 3, 1901.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Darwin,—Thanks for the letter returned. I <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">do</span> +hold the opinion expressed in the last sentence of the article +you refer to, and have reprinted it in my volume of Studies, +etc. But the stress must be laid on the word <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">proof</span>. I intended +it to enforce the somewhat similar opinion of your +father, in the "Origin" (p. 424, 6th Edit.), where he says, +"Analogy may be a deceitful guide." But I really do not +go so far as he did. For he maintained that there was not +any proof that the several great classes or kingdoms were +descended from common ancestors.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I maintain, on the contrary, that all without exception +are now proved to have originated by "descent with modification," +but that there is no proof, and no necessity, that +the very same causes which have been sufficient to produce +all the species of a genus or Order were those which initiated +and developed the greater differences. At the same time I +do <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">not</span> say they were not sufficient. I merely urge that +there is a difference between proof and probability.—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span> +<a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_72" id="toc_72"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. August 5, 1904.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,— ... What a miserable abortion of a +theory is "Mutation," which the Americans now seem to be +taking up in place of Lamarckism, "superseded." Anything +rather than Darwinism! I am glad Dr. F.A. Dixey +shows it up so well in this week's <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>,<a name="noteref_31" id="noteref_31"></a><a href="#note_31"><span class="footnoteref">31</span></a> but too mildly!—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_73" id="toc_73"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. April 3, 1905.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Many thanks for copy of your +Address,<a name="noteref_32" id="noteref_32"></a><a href="#note_32"><span class="footnoteref">32</span></a> which I have read with great pleasure and will +forward to Birch next mail. You have, I think, produced +a splendid and unanswerable set of facts proving the non-heredity +of acquired characters. I was particularly pleased +with the portion on "instincts," in which the argument is +especially clear and strong. I am afraid, however, the whole +subject is above and beyond the average "entomologist" or +insect collector, but it will be of great value to all students of +evolution. It is curious how few even of the more acute +minds take the trouble to reason out carefully the teaching +of certain facts—as in the case of Romanes and the "variable +protection," and as I showed also in the case of Mivart +(and also Romanes and Gulick) declaring that isolation +alone, without Natural Selection, could produce perfect and +well-defined species (see <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, Jan. 12, 1899).... —Yours +faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span> +<a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_74" id="toc_74"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR FRANCIS DARWIN</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. October 29, 1905.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Darwin,—I return you the two articles on +"Mutation" with many thanks. As they are both supporters +of de Vries, I suppose they put his case as strongly +as possible. Professor Hubrecht's paper is by far the +clearest and the best written, and he says distinctly that +de Vries claims that all new species have been produced by +mutations, and none by "fluctuating variations." Professor +Hubrecht supports this and says that de Vries has proved it! +And all this founded upon a few "sports" from one species +of plant, itself of doubtful origin (variety or hybrid), and +offering phenomena in no way different from scores of +other cultivated plants. Never, I should think, has such +a vast hypothetical structure been erected on so flimsy a +basis!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The boldness of his statements is amazing, as when he +declares (as if it were a fact of observation) that fluctuating +variability, though he admits it as the origin of all domestic +animals and plants, yet "never leads to the formation of +species"! (Hubrecht, p. 216.) There is one point where +he so grossly misinterprets your father that I think you or +some other botanist should point it out. De Vries is said to +quote from "Life and Letters," II., p. 83, where Darwin +refers to "chance variations"—explained three lines on as +"the slight differences selected by which a race or species is +at length formed." Yet de Vries and Hubrecht claim that by +"chance variations" Darwin meant "sports" or "mutations," +and therefore agrees with de Vries, while both omit +to refer to the many passages in which, later, he gave less +and less weight to what he termed "single large variations"—the +same as de Vries' "mutations"!—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span> +<a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_75" id="toc_75"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR JOSEPH HOOKER</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. November 10, 1905.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir Joseph,—I am writing to apologise for a +great oversight. When I sent my publishers a list of persons +who had contributed to "My Life" in various ways, your +name, which should have been <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">first</span>, was strangely omitted, +and the omission was only recalled to me yesterday by reading +your letters to Bates in Clodd's edition of his Amazon +book, which I have just purchased. I now send you a copy +by parcel-post, in the hope that you will excuse the omission +to send it sooner.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Now for a more interesting subject, I was extremely +pleased and even greatly surprised, in reading your letters +to Bates, to find that at that early period (1862) you were +already strongly convinced of three facts which are absolutely +essential to a comprehension of the method of organic +evolution, but which many writers, even now, almost wholly +ignore. They are (1) the universality and large amount +of normal variability, (2) the extreme rigour of Natural +Selection, and (3) that there is no adequate evidence +for, and very much against, the inheritance of acquired +characters.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It was only some years later, when I began to write on +the subject and had to think out the exact mode of action of +Natural Selection, that I myself arrived at (1) and (2), and +have ever since dwelt upon them—in season and out of +season, as many will think—as being absolutely essential to +a comprehension of organic evolution. The third I did +not realise till I read Weismann, I have never seen the +sufficiency of normal variability for the modification of +species more strongly or better put than in your letters +to Bates. Darwin himself never realised it, and consequently +played into the hands of the "discontinuous +<span class="tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span> +<a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +variation" and "mutation" men, by so continually saying +"<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">if</span> they vary"—"without variation Natural Selection +can do nothing," etc.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Your argument that variations are not caused by change +of environment is equally forcible and convincing. Has +anybody answered de Vries yet?</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">F. Darwin lent me Prof. Hubrecht's review from the +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Popular Science Monthly</span>, in which he claims that de Vries +has proved that new species have always been produced +from "mutations," never through normal variability, and +that Darwin latterly agreed with him! This is to me +amazing! The Americans too accept de Vries as a second +Darwin!—Yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED E. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_76" id="toc_76"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR J. HOOKER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Camp, Sunningdale. November 12, 1905.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,—My return from a short holiday at +Sidmouth last Thursday was greeted by your kind and welcome +letter and copy of your "Life." The latter was, I +assure you, never expected, knowing as I do the demand +for free copies that such a work inflicts on the writer. In +fact I had put it down as one of the annual Christmas gifts +of books that I receive from my own family. Coming, as +it thus did, quite unexpectedly, it is doubly welcome, +and I do heartily thank you for this proof of your greatly +valued friendship. It will prove to be one of four works +of greatest interest to me of any published since Darwin's +"Origin," the others being Waddell's "Lhasa," Scott's +"Antarctic Voyage," and Mill's "Siege of the South +Pole."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I have not seen Clodd's edition of Bates's "Amazon," +which I have put down as to be got, and I had no idea +that I should have appeared in it. Your citation of my +letters and their contents are like dreams to me; but to +<span class="tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span> +<a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +tell you the truth, I am getting dull of memory as well +as of hearing, and what is worse, in reading: what goes +in at one eye goes out at the other. So I am getting to +realise Darwin's consolation of old age, that it absolves me +from being expected to know, remember, or reason upon +new facts and discoveries. And this must apply to your +query as to anyone having as yet answered de Vries. I +cannot remember having seen any answer; only criticisms +of a discontinuous sort. I cannot for a moment entertain +the idea that Darwin ever assented to the proposition that +new species have always been produced from mutation and +never through normal variability. Possibly there is some +quibble on the definition of mutation or of variation. The +Americans are prone to believe any new things, witness +their swallowing the thornless cactus produced by that +man in California—I forget his name—which Kew exposed +by asking for specimens to exhibit in the Cactus +House....—I am, my dear Wallace, sincerely yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">JOS. D. HOOKER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_77" id="toc_77"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. January 31, 1906.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Smedley,—I have read Oliver Lodge's book in +answer to Haeckel, but I do not think it very well done or +at all clearly written or well argued. A book<a name="noteref_33" id="noteref_33"></a><a href="#note_33"><span class="footnoteref">33</span></a> has been +sent me, however, which is a masterpiece of clearness and +sound reasoning on such difficult questions, and is a far +more crushing reply to Haeckel than O. Lodge's. I therefore +send you a copy, and feel sure you will enjoy it. It +is a stiff piece of reasoning, and wants close attention and +careful thought, but I think you will be able to appreciate +it. In my opinion it comes as near to an intelligible solution +of these great problems of the Universe as we are likely +<span class="tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span> +<a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to get while on earth. It is a book to read and think over, +and read again. It is a masterpiece....—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_78" id="toc_78"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. July 27, 1907.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Thanks for your very interesting +letter. I am glad to hear you have a new book on "Evolution"<a name="noteref_34" id="noteref_34"></a><a href="#note_34"><span class="footnoteref">34</span></a> +nearly ready and that in it you will do something +to expose the fallacies of the Mutationists and Mendelians, +who pose before the world as having got <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> wisdom, before +which we poor Darwinians must hide our diminished heads!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wishing to know the best that could be said for these +latter-day anti-Darwinians, I have just been reading Lock's +book on "Variation, Heredity, and Evolution." In the early +part of his book he gives a tolerably fair account of Natural +Selection, etc. But he gradually turns to Mendelism as the +"one thing needful"—stating that there can be "no sort +of doubt" that Mendel's paper is the "most important" +contribution of its size ever made to biological science!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Mutation," as a theory, is absolutely nothing new—only +the assertion that new species originate <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">always</span> in +sports, for which the evidence adduced is the most meagre +and inconclusive of any ever set forth with such pretentious +claims! I hope you will thoroughly expose this absurd +claim.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mendelism is something new, and within its very limited +range, important, as leading to conceptions as to the causes +and laws of heredity, but only misleading when adduced as +the true origin of species in nature, as to which it seems to +me to have no part.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span> +<a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_79" id="toc_79"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. November 26, 1907.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Many thanks for letting me see the +proofs.<a name="noteref_35" id="noteref_35"></a><a href="#note_35"><span class="footnoteref">35</span></a> ... The whole reads very clearly, and I am delighted +with the way you expose the Mendelian and Mutational +absurd claims. That ought to really open the eyes +of the newspaper men to the fact that Natural Selection +and Darwinism are not only holding their ground but are +becoming more firmly established than ever by every fresh +research into the ways and workings of living nature. I +shall look forward to great pleasure in reading the whole +book. I was greatly pleased with Archdall Reid's view of +Mendelism in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>.<a name="noteref_36" id="noteref_36"></a><a href="#note_36"><span class="footnoteref">36</span></a> He is a very clear and original +thinker.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I see in Essay X. you use in the title the term "defensive +coloration." Why this instead of the usual "protective"? +Surely the whole function of such colours and markings is +to protect from attack—not to defend when attacked. The +latter is the function of stings, spines and hard coats. I +only mention this because using different terms may lead +to some misconception.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Your illustration of mutation by throwing colours on a +screen, and the argument founded on it, I liked much. +That reminds me that H. Spencer's argument for inheritance +of acquired variations—that co-ordination of many +parts at once, required for adaptations, would be impossible +by chance variations of those parts—applies with a +hundredfold force to mutations, which are admittedly so +much less frequent both in their numbers and the repetitions +of them.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span> +<a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_80" id="toc_80"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. December 18, 1907.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—The importance of Mendelism to Evolution +seems to me to be something of the same kind, but +very much less in degree and importance, as Galton's fine +discovery of the law of the average share each parent has +in the characters of the child—one quarter, the four grandparents +each one-sixteenth, and so on. That illuminates +the whole problem of heredity, combined with individual +diversity, in a way nothing else does. I almost wish you +could introduce that!—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_81" id="toc_81"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. January 19, 1908.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,— ... I was much pleased the other day to +read, in a review of Mr. T. Rice Holmes's fine work on +"Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Cæsar," +that the author has arrived by purely historical study +at the conclusion that we have not risen morally above +our primitive ancestors. It is a curious and important +coincidence.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I myself got the germ of the idea many years ago, from +a very acute thinker, Mr. Albert Mott, who gave some very +original and thoughtful addresses as President of the Liverpool +Philosophical Society, one of which dealt with the question +of savages being often, perhaps always, the descendants +of more civilised races, and therefore affording no proof of +progression. At that time (about 1860-70) I could not accept +the view, but I have now come to think he was right.—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span> +<a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_82" id="toc_82"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. November 2, 1908.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,— ... You may perhaps have heard +that I have been invited by the Royal Institution (through +Sir W. Crookes) to give them a lecture on the jubilee of the +"Origin of Species" in January, After some consideration +I accepted, because I <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">think</span> I can give a broad and general +view of Darwinism, that will finally squash up the Mutationists +and Mendelians, and be both generally intelligible +and interesting. So far as I know this has never yet been +done, and the Royal Institution audience is just the intelligent +and non-specialist one I shall be glad to give it to if +I can.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I have been very poorly the last three weeks, but am +now recovering my health and strength slowly. It will +take me all my time the next two months to get this +ready, and now I must write a letter in reply to the +absurd and gross misrepresentation of Prof. Hubrecht, as +to imaginary differences between Darwin and myself, in the +last <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Contemporary</span>!—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter relates to Wallace's Friday evening Discourse +at the Royal Institution. His friends were afraid +whether his voice could be sustained throughout the hour—fears +which were abundantly dispelled by the actual performance. +This was his last public lecture.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_83" id="toc_83"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. MELDOLA</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 20, 1908.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Meldola,—Thanks for your kind offer to read +for me if necessary. But when Sir Wm. Crookes first wrote +to me about it, he offered to read all, or any parts of the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span> +<a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +lecture, if my voice did not hold out. I am very much afraid +I cannot stand the strain of speaking beyond my natural tone +for an hour, or even for half that time—but I may be able to +do the opening and conclusion....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am glad that you see, as I do, the utter futility of the +claims of the Mutationists. I may just mention them in the +lecture, but I hope I have put the subject in such a way that +even "the meanest capacity" will suffice to see the absurdity +of their claims.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_84" id="toc_84"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. January 26, 1909.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I had a delightful two hours at the +Museum on Saturday morning, as Mr. Rothschild brought +from Tring several of his glass-bottomed drawers with his +finest new New Guinea butterflies. They <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">were</span> a treat! I +never saw anything more lovely and interesting!...</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As to your very kind and pressing invitation,<a name="noteref_37" id="noteref_37"></a><a href="#note_37"><span class="footnoteref">37</span></a> I am sorry +to be obliged to decline it. I cannot remain more than one +day or night away from home, without considerable discomfort, +and all the attractions of your celebration are, to me, +repulsions....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My lecture, even as it will be published in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly</span>, +will be far too short for exposition of all the points I wish to +discuss, and I hope to occupy myself during this year in saying +all I want to say in a book (of a wider scope) which is +already arranged for. One of the great points, which I just +touched on in the lecture, is to show that all that is usually +considered the waste of Nature—the enormous number produced +in proportion to the few that survive—was absolutely +essential in order to secure the variety and continuity of life +<span class="tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span> +<a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +through all the ages, and especially of that one line of descent +which culminated in man. That, I think, is a subject no one +has yet dealt with.—Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_85" id="toc_85"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. March 1, 1909.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Poulton,— ... I am glad that Lankester has +replied to the almost disgraceful Centenary article in the +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span>. But it is an illustration of the widespread mischief +the Mutationists, etc., are doing. I have no doubt, however, +it will all come right in the end, though the end may be far +off, and in the meantime we must simply go on, and show, +at every opportunity, that Darwinism actually does explain +the whole fields of phenomena that they do not even attempt +to deal with, or even approach....—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_86" id="toc_86"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. March 6, 1909.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mrs. Fisher,— ... Another point I am becoming +more and more impressed with is, a teleology of fundamental +laws and forces rendering development of the infinity of +life-forms possible (and certain) in place of the old teleology +applied to the production of each species. Such are +the case of feathers reproduced annually, which I gave +at end of lecture, and the still more marvellous fact of the +caterpillar, often in two or three weeks of chrysalis life, +having its whole internal, muscular, nervous, locomotive +and alimentary organs decomposed and recomposed into a +totally different being—an absolute miracle if ever there is +one, quite as wonderful as would be the production of a +complex marine organism out of a mass of protoplasm. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span> +<a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Yet, because there has been continuity, the difficulty is +slurred over or thought to be explained!—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_87" id="toc_87"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. June 22, 1909.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir William,—On Saturday, to my great pleasure, +I received a copy of the Darwin Commemoration volume. +I at once began reading your most excellent paper on the +Geographical Distribution of Plants. It is intensely interesting +to me, both because it so clearly brings out +Darwin's views and so judiciously expounds his arguments—even +when you intimate a difference of opinion—but +especially because you bring out so clearly and strongly +his views on the general permanence of continents and +oceans, which to-day, as much as ever, wants insisting +upon. I may just mention here that none of the people +who still insist on former continents where now are deep +oceans have ever dealt with the almost physical impossibility +of such a change having occurred without breaking +the continuity of terrestrial life, owing to the mean depth +of the ocean being at least six times the mean height of +the land, and its area nearly three times, so that the whole +mass of the land of the existing continents would be required +to build up even <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">one small</span> continent in the depths +of the Atlantic or Pacific! I have demonstrated this, with +a diagram, in my "Darwinism" (Chap, XII.), and it has +never been either refuted or noticed, but passed by as if it +did not exist! Your whole discussion of Dispersal and Distribution +is also admirable, and I was much interested with +your quotations from Guppy, whose book I have not seen, +but must read.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Most valuable to me also are your numerous references +to Darwin's letters, so that the article serves as a +<span class="tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span> +<a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +compendious index to the five volumes, as regards this +subject.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Especially admirable is the way in which you have +always kept Darwin before us as the centre of the whole +discussion, while at the same time fairly stating the sometimes +adverse views of those who differ from him on certain +points....—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_88" id="toc_88"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. June 25, 1909.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Dr. Wallace,—It is difficult for me to tell you +how gratified I am by your extraordinarily kind letter.... +The truth is that success was easy. It has been my +immense good fortune to know most of those who played +in the drama. The story simply wanted a straightforward +amanuensis to tell itself. But it is a real pleasure +to me to know that I have met with some measure of +success.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">There are many essays in the book that you will not +like any more than I do. The secret of this lies in the +fact, which you pointed out in your memorable speech at +the Linnean Celebration, that no one but a naturalist can +really understand Darwin.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I did not go to Cambridge—I had my hands full here. +I was not sorry for the excuse. There seemed to me a +note of insincerity about the whole business. I am short-tempered. +I cannot stand being told that the origin of +species has still to be discovered, and that specific differences +have no "reality" (Bateson's Essay, p. 89). People +are of course at liberty to hold such opinions, but decency +might have presented another occasion for ventilating them.—Yours +sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span> +<a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_89" id="toc_89"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. July 11, 1909.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,— ... I have just got F. Darwin's +"Foundations." He tries to make out that his father +could have dispensed with Malthus. But the selection +death-rate in a slightly varying large population is <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">the</span> +pith of the whole business. The Darwin-Wallace theory +is, as you say, "the continuous adjustment of the organic +to the inorganic world." It is what mathematicians call +"a moving equilibrium." In fact, I have always maintained +that it is a mathematical conception.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It seemed to me there was a touch of insincerity about +the whole celebration,<a name="noteref_38" id="noteref_38"></a><a href="#note_38"><span class="footnoteref">38</span></a> as the younger Cambridge School +as a whole do not even begin to understand the theory.... +I take it that the reason is, as you pointed out, that none of +them are naturalists.—Yours sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_90" id="toc_90"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. ARCHDALL REID</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 28, 1909.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Dr. Archdall Reid,—Many thanks for your very +interesting and complimentary letter. I am very glad to +hear of your new book, which I doubt not will be very +interesting and instructive. The subjects you treat are, +however, so very complex, and require so much accurate +knowledge of the facts, and so much sound reasoning +upon them, that I cannot possibly undertake the labour +and thought required before I should feel justified in expressing +an opinion upon your treatment of them....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I rejoice to hear that you have exposed the fallacy of +the claims of the Mendelians. I have also tried to do so, +<span class="tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span> +<a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +but I find it quite impossible for me to follow their detailed +studies and arguments. It wants a mathematical +mind, which I have not.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But on the general relation of Mendelism to Evolution +I have come to a very definite conclusion. This is, that it +has no relation whatever to the evolution of species or higher +groups, but is really antagonistic to such evolution! The +essential basis of evolution, involving as it does the most +minute and all-pervading adaptation to the whole environment, +is extreme and ever-present plasticity, as a +condition of survival and adaptation. But the essence of +Mendelian characters is their rigidity. They are transmitted +without variation, and therefore, except by the +rarest of accidents, can never become adapted to ever-varying +conditions. Moreover, when crossed they reproduce +the same pair of types in the same proportions as at first, +and therefore without selection; they are antagonistic to +evolution by continually reproducing injurious or useless +characters—which is the reason they are so rarely found in +nature, but are mostly artificial breeds or sports. My view +is, therefore, that Mendelian characters are of the nature +of abnormalities or monstrosities, and that the "Mendelian +laws" serve the purpose of eliminating them when, as +usually, they are not useful, and thus preventing them +from interfering with the normal process of natural selection +and adaptation of the more plastic races. I am also +glad to hear of your new argument for non-inheritance of +acquired characters.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_91" id="toc_91"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne, February 8, 1911.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer,—I thank you very much for +taking so much trouble as you have done in writing your +<span class="tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span> +<a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +views of my new book.<a name="noteref_39" id="noteref_39"></a><a href="#note_39"><span class="footnoteref">39</span></a> I am glad to find that you agree +with much of what I have said in the more evolutionary +part of it, and that you differ only on some of my suggested +interpretations of the facts. I have always felt the +disadvantage I have been under—more especially during +the last twenty years—in having not a single good biologist +anywhere near me, with whom I could discuss matters +of theory or obtain information as to matters of fact. I am +therefore the more pleased that you do not seem to have come +across any serious misstatements in the botanical portions, +as to which I have had to trust entirely to second-hand +information, often obtained through a long and varied +correspondence.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As to your disagreement from me in the conclusions +arrived at and strenuously advocated in the latter portions +of my work, I am not surprised. I am afraid, now, +that I have not expressed myself sufficiently clearly as to +the fundamental phenomena which seem to me absolutely +to necessitate a guiding mind and organising power. +Hardly one of my critics (I think absolutely not one) has +noticed the distinction I have tried and intended to draw +between Evolution on the one hand, and the fundamental +powers and properties of Life—growth, assimilation, reproduction, +heredity, etc.—on the other. In Evolution I +recognise the action of Natural Selection as universal and +capable of explaining all the facts of the continuous development +of species from species, "from am[oe]ba to man." +But this, as Darwin, Weismann, Kerner, Lloyd-Morgan, +and even Huxley have seen, has nothing whatever to do +with the basic mysteries of life—growth, etc. etc. The +chemists think they have done wonders when they have +produced in their laboratories certain organic substances—always +by the use of other organic products—which life +<span class="tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span> +<a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +builds up within each organism, and from the few simple +elements available in air, earth, and water, innumerable +structures—bone, horn, hair, skin, blood, muscle, etc. etc.; +and these are not amorphous—mere lumps of dead matter—but +organised to serve certain definite purposes in each +living organism. I have dwelt on this in my chapter on +"The Mystery of the Cell." Now I have been unable to +find any attempt by any biologist or physiologist to grapple +with this problem. One and all, they shirk it, or simply +state it to be insoluble. It is here that I state guidance +and organising power are essential. My little physiological +parable or allegory (p. 296) I think sets forth the difficulty +fairly, though by no means adequately, yet not one of about +fifty reviews I have read even mentions it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">If you know of any writer of sufficient knowledge and +mental power, who has fully recognised and fairly grappled +with this fundamental problem, I should be very glad to be +referred to him. I have been able to find no approach to it. +Yet I am at once howled at, or sneered at, for pointing out +the facts that such problems exist, that they are not in any +way touched by Evolution, but are far before it, and the +forces, laws and agencies involved are those of existences +possessed of powers, mental and physical, far beyond those +mere mechanical, physical, or chemical forces we see at work +in nature....—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_92" id="toc_92"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester. February 12, 1911.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,— ... You must let me correct you +on one technical point in your letter. It is no longer possible +to say that chemists effect the synthesis of organic +products "by the use of other organic substances." From +what has been already effected, it cannot be doubted that +eventually every organic substance will be built up from +<span class="tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span> +<a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +"the few simple elements available in air, earth and +water." I think you may take it from me that this does +not admit of dispute....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">At any rate we are in agreement as to Natural Selection +being capable of explaining evolution "from am[oe]ba +to man."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It is generally admitted that that is a mechanical or +scientific explanation. That is to say, it invokes nothing +but intelligible actions and causes.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">De Vries, however, asserts that the Darwinian theory is +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">not</span> scientific at all, and that is of course a position he has +a right to take up.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But if we admit that it is scientific, then we are precluded +from admitting a "directive power."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This was von Baer's position, also that of Kant and of +Weismann.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But von Baer remarks that the naturalist is not precluded +from asking "whether the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">totality</span> of details leads him to a +general and final basis of intentional design." I have no +objection to this, and offer it as an olive-branch which you +can throw to your howling and sneering critics.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As to "structures organised to serve certain definite +purposes," surely they offer no more difficulty as regards +"scientific" explanation than the apparatus by which an +orchid is fertilised.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">We can work back to the am[oe]ba to find ourselves face +to face with a scarcely organised mass of protoplasm. And +then we find ourselves face to face with a problem which +will, perhaps, for ever remain insoluble scientifically. +But as for that, so is the primeval material of which +it (protoplasm) is composed. "Matter" itself is evaporating, +for it is being resolved by physical research into something +which is intangible.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">We cannot form the slightest idea how protoplasm +<span class="tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span> +<a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +came into existence. It is impossible to regard it as a +mere substance. It is a mechanism. Although the chemist +may hope to make eventually all the substances which +protoplasm fabricates, and will probably do so, he can only +build them up by the most complicated processes. Protoplasm +appears to be able to manufacture them straight off +in a way of which the chemist cannot form the slightest +conception. This is one aspect of the mystery of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">life</span>. +Herbert Spencer's definition tells one nothing.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Science can only explain nature as it reveals itself to +the senses in terms of consciousness. The explanation may +be all wrong in the eyes of omniscience. All one can +say is that it is a practical working basis, and is good +enough for mundane purposes. But if I am asked if I +can solve the riddle of the Universe I can only answer, +No. Brunetière then retorts that science is bankrupt. +But this is equivocal. It only means that it cannot meet +demands beyond its power to satisfy.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I entirely sympathise with anyone who seeks an answer +from some other non-scientific source. But I keep scientific +explanations and spiritual craving wholly distinct.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The whole point of evolution, as formulated by Lyell +and Darwin, is to explain phenomena by known causes. +Now, directive power is not a known cause. Determinism +compels me to believe that every event is inevitable. +If we admit a directive power, the order of nature becomes +capricious and unintelligible. Excuse my saying all this. +But that is the dilemma as it presents itself to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">my</span> mind. +If it does not trouble other people, I can only say, so much +the better for them. Briefly, I am afraid I must say that it +is ultra-scientific. I think that would have been pretty +much Darwin's view.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I do not think that it is quite fair to say that biologists +shirk the problem. In my opinion they are not called upon +<span class="tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span> +<a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to face it. Bastian, I suppose, believed that he had bridged +the gulf between lifeless and living matter. And here is a +man, of whom I know nothing, who has apparently got the +whole thing cut and dried.—Yours sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_93" id="toc_93"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. May 28, 1912.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—Thanks for your paper on Darwin +and Bergson.<a name="noteref_40" id="noteref_40"></a><a href="#note_40"><span class="footnoteref">40</span></a> I have read nothing of Bergson's, and +although he evidently has much in common with my own +views, yet all vague ideas—like "an internal development +force"—seem to me of no real value as an explanation of +Nature.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I claim to have shown the necessity of an ever-present +Mind as the primal cause both of all physical and biological +evolution. This Mind works by and through the primal +forces of nature—by means of Natural Selection in the +world of life; and I do not think I could read a book +which rejects this method in favour of a vague "law of +sympathy." He might as well reject gravitation, electrical +repulsion, etc. etc., as explaining the motions of cosmical +bodies....—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_94" id="toc_94"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. BEN R. MILLER</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset, January 18, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Thanks for your kind congratulations, and +for the small pamphlet<a name="noteref_41" id="noteref_41"></a><a href="#note_41"><span class="footnoteref">41</span></a> you have sent me. I have read +it with much interest, as the writer was evidently a man +of thought and talent. The first lecture certainly gives +<span class="tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span> +<a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +an approach to Darwin's theory, perhaps nearer than any +other, as he almost implies the "survival of the fittest" +as the cause of progressive modification. But his language +is imaginative and obscure. He uses "education" apparently +in the sense of what we should term "effect of the +environment."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The second lecture is even a more exact anticipation of +the modern views as to microbes, including their transmission +by flies and other insects and the probability that the +blood of healthy persons contains a sufficiency of destroyers +of the pathogenic germs—such as the white blood-corpuscles—to +preserve us in health.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But he is so anti-clerical and anti-Biblical that it is no +wonder he could not get a hearing in Boston in 1847.—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_95" id="toc_95"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. April 2, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—About two months ago an American ... sent +me the enclosed booklet,<a name="noteref_42" id="noteref_42"></a><a href="#note_42"><span class="footnoteref">42</span></a> which he had been told +was very rare, and contained an anticipation of Darwinism.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This it certainly does, but the writer was highly imaginative, +and, like all the other anticipators of Darwin, did not +perceive the whole scope of his idea, being, as he himself +says, not sufficiently acquainted with the facts of nature.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His anticipations, however, of diverging lines of descent +from a common ancestor, and of the transmission of +disease germs by means of insects, are perfectly clear and +very striking.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As you yourself made known one of the anticipators of +Darwin, whom he himself had overlooked, you are the right +<span class="tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span> +<a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +person to make this known in any way you think proper. +As you have so recently been in America, you might perhaps +ascertain from the librarian of the public library in +Boston, or from some of your biological friends there, what +is known of the writer and of his subsequent history.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">If the house at Down is ever dedicated to Darwin's +memory it would seem best to preserve this little book +there; if not you can dispose of it as you think best.—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—Two of my books have been translated into +Japanese: will you ascertain whether the Bodleian would +like to have them?</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_96" id="toc_96"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. POULTON<a name="noteref_43" id="noteref_43"></a><a href="#note_43"><span class="footnoteref">43</span></a></h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset, June 3, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Poulton,—I am very glad you have changed your +view about the "Sleeper" lectures being a "fake." The +writer was too earnest, and too clear a thinker, to descend +to any such trick. And for what? "Agnostic" is not in +Shakespeare, but it may well have been used by someone +before Huxley. The parts of your Address of which you +send me slips are excellent, and I am sure will be of great +interest to your audience. I quite agree with your proposal +that the "Lectures" shall be given to the Linnean Society.—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_97" id="toc_97"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. August 26, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Smedley,—I am glad to see you looking so +jolly. I return the photo to give to some other friend. Mr. +Marchant, the lecturer you heard, is a great friend of mine, +<span class="tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span> +<a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +but is now less dogmatic. The Piltdown skull does not +prove much, if anything!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The papers are wrong about me. I am not writing anything +now; perhaps shall write no more. Too many letters +and home business. Too much bothered with many slight +ailments, which altogether keep me busy attending to them. +I am like Job, who said "the grasshopper was a burthen" +to him! I suppose its creaking song.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_98" id="toc_98"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.J. FARMER</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,— ... I presume your question "Why?" +as to the varying colour of individual hairs and feathers, +and the regular varying of adjacent hairs, etc., to form +the surface pattern, applies to the ultimate cause which +enables those patterns to be hereditary, and, in the case +of birds, to be reproduced after moulting yearly.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The purpose, or end they serve, I have, I think, sufficiently +dealt with in my "Darwinism"; the method by +which such useful tints and markings are produced, because +useful, is, I think, clearly explained by the law of Natural +Selection or Survival of the Fittest, acting through the universal +facts of heredity and variation.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But the "why"—which goes further back, to the directing +agency which not only brings each special cell of the +highly complex structure of a feather into its exactly right +position, but, further, carries pigments or produces surface +striæ (in the case of the metallic or interference colours) +also to their exactly right place, and nowhere else—is the +mystery, which, if we knew, we should (as Tennyson said +of the flower in the wall) "know what God and Man is."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The idea that "cells" are all conscious beings and go +to their right places has been put forward by Butler in his +<span class="tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span> +<a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wonderful book "Life and Habit," and now even Haeckel +seems to adopt it. All theories of heredity, including Darwin's +pangenesis, do not touch it, and it seems to me as +fundamental as life and consciousness, and to be absolutely +inconceivable by us till we know what life is, what spirit +is, and what matter is; and it is probable that we must +develop in the spirit world some few thousand million years +before we get to this knowledge—if then!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My book, "Man's Place in the Universe," shows, I think, +indications of the vast importance of that Universe as the +producer of Man which so many scientific men to-day try to +belittle, because of what may be, in the infinite!—Yours very +truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span> +<a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_99" id="toc_99"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head">PART IV</h1> +<p class="tei tei-p"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_100" id="toc_100"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head">Home Life</h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(By W.G. WALLACE and VIOLET WALLACE)</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">In our father's youth and prime he was 6 ft. 1 in. in +height, with square though not very broad shoulders. +At the time to which our first clear recollections go +back he had already acquired a slight stoop due to long +hours spent at his desk, and this became more pronounced +with advancing age; but he was always tall, spare and very +active, and walked with a long easy swinging stride +which he retained to the end of his life.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As a boy he does not appear to have been very athletic +or muscularly strong, and his shortsightedness probably +prevented him from taking part in many of the pastimes +of his schoolfellows. He was never a good swimmer, and +he used to say that his long legs pulled him down. He +was, however, always a good walker and, until quite late +in life, capable of taking long country walks, of which he +was very fond.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He was very quick and active in his movements at times, +and even when 90 years of age would get up on a chair or +sofa to reach a book from a high shelf, and move about his +study with rapid strides to find some paper to which he +wished to refer.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">When out of doors he usually carried an umbrella, and +in the garden a stick, upon which he leaned rather heavily +in his later years. His hair became white rather early in +life, but it remained thick and fine to the last, a fact which +he attributed to always wearing soft hats. He had full +<span class="tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span> +<a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +beard and whiskers, which were also white. His eyes were +blue and his complexion rather pale. He habitually wore +spectacles, and to us he never looked quite natural without +them. Towards the end of his life his eyes were subject +to inflammation, and the glasses were blue. His hands, +though large, were not clumsy, and were capable of very +delicate manipulation, as is shown by his skill in handling +and preserving insects and bird-skins, and also in sketching, +where delicacy of touch was essential. His handwriting +is another example of this; it remained clear and +even to the end, in spite of the fact that he wrote all his +books, articles, and letters with his own hand until the +last few years, when he occasionally had assistance with +his correspondence; but his last two books, "Social Environment" +and "The Revolt of Democracy," written +when he was 90 years of age, were penned by himself, and +the MSS. are perfectly legible and regular.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He was very domestic, and loved his home. His interest +extended to the culinary art, and he was fond of telling +us how certain things should be cooked. This became +quite a joke among us. He was very independent, and it +never seemed to occur to him to ask to have anything done +for him if he could do it himself—and he could do many +things, such as sewing on buttons and tapes and packing +up parcels, with great neatness. When unpacking parcels +he never cut the string if it could be untied, and he would +fold it up before removing the paper, which in its turn was +also neatly folded.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His clothes were always loose and easy-fitting, and +generally of some quiet-coloured cloth or tweed. Out of +doors he wore a soft black felt hat rather taller than the +clerical pattern, and a black overcoat unless the weather +was very warm. He wore no ornaments of any kind, and +even the silver watch-chain was worn so as to be invisible. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span> +<a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +He wore low collars with turned-down points and +a narrow black tie, which was, however, concealed by his +beard. He was not very particular about his personal +appearance, except that he always kept his hair and beard +well brushed and trimmed.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="image02" id="image02" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<img src="images/image02.png" alt="MRS. A.R. WALLACE (about 1895)" class="tei tei-figure" /></p> +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">MRS. A.R. WALLACE (about 1895)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In our early days at Grays we children were allowed to +run in and out of his study; but if he was busy writing at +the moment we would look at a book until he could give us +his attention. His brother in California sent him a live +specimen of the lizard called the "horned toad," and this +creature was kept in the study, where it was allowed to +roam about, its favourite place being on the hearth.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">About this time he read "Alice through the Looking-glass," +which pleased him greatly; he was never tired of +quoting from it and using some of Lewis Carroll's quaint +words till it became one of our classics.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Some of our earliest recollections are of the long and +interesting walks we took with our father and mother. He +never failed to point out anything of interest and tell us +what he knew about it, and would answer our numerous +questions if possible, or put us off with some joking reference +to Boojums or Jabberwocks. We looked upon him as +an infallible source of information, not only in our childhood, +but to a large extent all his life. When exploring +the country he scorned "trespass boards." He read them +"Trespassers will be persecuted," and then ignored them, +much to our childish trepidation. If he was met by indignant +gamekeepers or owners, they were often too much +awed by his dignified and commanding appearance to offer +any objection to his going where he wished. He was fond +of calling our attention to insects and to other objects of +natural history, and giving us interesting lessons about +them. He delighted in natural scenery, especially distant +views, and our walks and excursions were generally taken +<span class="tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span> +<a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +with some object, such as finding a bee-orchis or a rare +plant, or exploring a new part of the country, or finding +a waterfall.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1876 we went to live at Dorking, but stayed there +only a year or two. An instance of his love of mystifying +us children may be given. It must have been shortly after +our arrival at Dorking that one day, having been out to +explore the neighbourhood, he returned about tea-time and +said, "Where do you think I have been? To Glory!" +Of course we were very properly excited, and plied him +with questions, but we got nothing more out of him then. +Later on we were taken to see the wonderful place called +"Glory Wood"; and it had surely gained in glory by such +preparation.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sometimes it would happen that a scene or object +would recall an incident in his tropical wanderings and +he would tell us of the sights he had seen. At the time +he was greatly interested in botany, in which he was +encouraged by our mother, who was an ardent lover of +flowers; and to the end of his life he exhibited almost +boyish delight when he discovered a rare plant. Many +walks and excursions were taken for the purpose of seeing +some uncommon plant growing in its natural habitat. +When he had found the object of his search we were all +called to see it. During his walks and holidays he made +constant use of the one-inch Ordnance Maps, which he +obtained for each district he visited, planning out our excursions +on the map before starting. He had a gift for +finding the most beautiful walks by means of it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1878 we moved to Croydon, where we lived about four +years. It was at this time that he hoped to get the post of +Superintendent of Epping Forest. We still remember all +the delights we children were promised if we went to live +there. We had a day's excursion to see the Forest, he with +<span class="tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span> +<a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +his map finding out the roads and stopping every now and +then to admire a fresh view or to explain what he would do +if the opportunity were given him. It was a very hot day, +and we became so thirsty that when we reached a stream, +to our great joy and delight he took out of his pocket, not +the old leather drinking-cup he usually carried, but a long +piece of black indiarubber tubing. We can see him now, +quite as pleased as we were with this brilliant idea, letting +it down into the stream and then offering us a drink! No +water ever tasted so nice! Our mother used to be a little +anxious as to the quality of the water, but he always put +aside such objections by saying <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">running</span> water was quite +safe, and somehow we never came to any harm through it. +The same happy luck attended our cuts and scratches; he +always put "stamp-paper" on them, calling it plaster, +and we knew of no other till years later. He used the +same thing for his own cuts, etc., to the end of his life, +with no ill effects.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1881 we moved again, this time to Godalming, where +he had built a small house which be called "Nutwood Cottage." +After Croydon this was a very welcome change and +we all enjoyed the lovely country round. The garden as +usual was the chief hobby, and Mr. J.W. Sharpe, our old +friend and neighbour in those days, has written his reminiscences +of this time which give a very good picture of +our father. They are as follows:</p> + +<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote"> +<p class="tei tei-p">About thirty-five years ago Dr. Wallace built a house +upon a plot of ground adjoining that upon which our house +stood. I was at that time an assistant master at Charterhouse +School; and Dr. Wallace became acquainted with a +few of the masters besides myself. With two or three of +them he had regular weekly games of chess; for he was +then and for long afterwards very fond of that game; +and, I understand, possessed considerable skill at it. A +<span class="tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span> +<a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +considerable portion of his spare time was spent in his +garden, in the management of which Mrs. Wallace, who +had much knowledge and experience of gardening, very +cordially assisted him. Here his characteristic energy and +restlessness were conspicuously displayed. He was always +designing some new feature, some alteration in a flower-bed, +some special environment for a new plant; and always +he was confident that the new schemes would be found to +have all the perfections which the old ones lacked. From +all parts of the world botanists and collectors sent him, +from time to time, rare or newly discovered plants, bulbs, +roots or seeds, which he, with the help of Mrs. Wallace's +practical skill, would try to acclimatise, and to persuade +to grow somewhere or other in his garden or conservatory. +Nothing disturbed his cheerful confidence in the future, and +nothing made him happier than some plan for reforming the +house, the garden, the kitchen-boiler, or the universe. And, +truth to say, he displayed great ingenuity in all these enterprises +of reformation. Although they were never in effect +what they were expected to be by their ingenious author, +they were often sufficiently successful; but, successful or +not, he was always confident that the next would turn out +to be all that he expected of it. With the same confidence +he made up his mind upon many a disputable subject; but, +be it said, never without a laborious examination of the +necessary data, and the acquisition of much knowledge. In +argument, of which intellectual exercise he was very fond, +he was a formidable antagonist. His power of handling +masses of details and facts, of showing their inner meanings +and the principles underlying them, and of making +them intelligible, was very great; and very few men of +his time had it in equal measure.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But the most striking feature in his conversation was +his masterly application of general principles: these he +handled with extraordinary skill. In any subject with +which he was familiar, he would solve, or suggest a plausible +solution of, difficulty after difficulty by immediate reference +to fundamental principles. This would give to his +conclusions an appearance of inevitableness which usually +<span class="tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span> +<a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +overbore his adversary, and, even if it did not convince +him, left him without any effective reply. This, too, had a +good deal to do, I am disposed to conjecture, with another +very noticeable characteristic of his which often came out +in conversation, and that was his apparently unfailing +confidence in the goodness of human nature. No man nor +woman but he took to be in the main honest and truthful, +and no amount of disappointment—not even losses of money +and property incurred through this faith in others' virtues—had +the effect of altering this mental habit of his.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His intellectual interests were very widely extended, +and he once confessed to me that they were agreeably +stimulated by novelty and opposition. An uphill fight in +an unpopular cause, for preference a thoroughly unpopular +one, or any argument in favour of a generally despised +thesis, had charms for him that he could not resist. In +his later years, especially, the prospect of writing a new +book, great or small, upon any one of his favourite subjects +always acted upon him like a tonic, as much so as +did the project of building a new house and laying out a +new garden. And in all this his sunny optimism and his +unfailing confidence in his own powers went far towards +securing him success.—J.W.S.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Land Nationalisation" (1882), "Bad Times" (1885), +and "Darwinism" (1889) were written at Godalming, also +the series of lectures which he gave in America in 1886-7 +and at various towns in the British Isles. He also continued +to have examination papers<a name="noteref_44" id="noteref_44"></a><a href="#note_44"><span class="footnoteref">44</span></a> to correct each year—and a very +strenuous time that was. Our mother used to assist him in +this work, and also with the indexes of his books.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">We now began to make nature collections, in which he +took the keenest interest, many holidays and excursions +being arranged to further these engrossing pursuits. One +or two incidents occurred at "Nutwood" which have left +clear impressions upon our minds. One day one of us +<span class="tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span> +<a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +brought home a beetle, to the great horror of the servant. +Passing at the moment, he picked it up, saying, "Why, it +is quite a harmless little creature!" and to demonstrate its +inoffensiveness he placed it on the tip of his nose, whereupon +it immediately bit him and even drew blood, much to +our amusment and his own astonishment. On another +occasion he was sitting with a book on the lawn under +the oak tree when suddenly a large creature alighted +upon his shoulder. Looking round, he saw a fine specimen +of the ring-tailed lemur, of whose existence in the +neighbourhood he had no knowledge, though it belonged +to some neighbours about a quarter of a mile away. It +seemed appropriate that the animal should have selected +for its attentions the one person in the district who would +not be alarmed at the sudden appearance of a strange +animal upon his shoulder. Needless to say, it was quite +friendly.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">A year or so before we left Godalming he enlarged the +house and altered the garden. But his health not having +been very good, causing him a good deal of trouble with +his eyes, and having more or less exhausted the possibilities +of the garden, he decided to leave Godalming and find +a new house in a milder climate. So in 1889 he finally fixed +upon a small house at Parkstone in Dorset.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Planning and constructing houses, gardens, walls, paths, +rockeries, etc., were great hobbies of his, and he often spent +hours making scale drawings of some new house or of alterations +to an existing one, and scheming out the details of construction. +At other times he would devise schemes for new +rockeries or waterworks, and he would always talk them over +with us and tell us of some splendid new idea he had hit upon. +As Mr. Sharpe has noted, he was always very optimistic, and +if a scheme did not come up to his expectations he was not +discouraged but always declared he could do it much better +<span class="tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span> +<a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +next time and overcome the defects. He was generally in +better health and happier when some constructional work +was in hand. He built three houses, "The Dell" at Grays, +"Nutwood Cottage" at Godalming, and the "Old Orchard" +at Broadstone. The last he actually built himself, employing +the men and buying all the materials, with the assistance +of a young clerk of works; but though the enterprise was a +source of great pleasure, it was a constant worry. He also +designed and built a concrete garden wall, with which he +was very pleased, though it cost considerably more than he +anticipated. He had not been at Parkstone long before +he set about the planning of "alterations" with his usual +enthusiasm. We were both away from home at this time, and +consequently had many letters from him, of which one +is given as a specimen. His various interests are nearly +always referred to in these letters, and in not a few +of them his high spirits show themselves in bursts of +exuberance which were very characteristic whenever a new +scheme was afoot. The springs of eternal youth were for ever +bubbling up afresh, so that to us he never grew old. One of +us remembers how, when he must have been about 80, someone +said, "What a wonderful old man your father is!" This +was quite a shock, for to us he was not old. The letter referred +to above is the following:</p> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_101" id="toc_101"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset, February 1, 1891.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,—Another week has passed away into +eternity, another month has opened its eyes on the world, +and still the illustrious Charles [bricklayer] potters about, +still the carpenter plies the creaking saw and the stunning +hammer, still the plumber plumbs and the bellhanger rattles, +still the cisterns overflow and the unfinished drains send +forth odorous fumes, still the rains descend and all around +<span class="tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span> +<a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the house is a muddle of muck and mire, and still there is so +much to do that we look forward to some far distant futurity, +when all that we are now suffering will be over, and we may +look back upon it as upon some strange yet not altogether +uninteresting nightmare!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Briefly to report progress. The new pipe-man has finished +the bathroom and nearly done the bells, and we have had gas +alight the last three days. The balcony is finished, the bath +and lavatory are closed up and waiting for the varnishers. +Charles has finished the roof, and the scaffolding is removed. +But though two plumbers have tried all their skill, the ball-cock +in the cistern won't work, and when the water has been +turned on an hour it overflows. The gutters and pipes to roof +are not up, and the night before last a heavy flood of rain +washed a quantity of muddy water into the back entrance, +which flowed right across the kitchen into the back passage +and larder, leaving a deposit of alluvial mud that would have +charmed a geologist. However, we have stopped that for the +future by a drain under the doorstep. The new breakfast-room +is being papered and will look tidy soon. A man has +been to measure for the stairs. The front porch door is +promised for to-morrow, and the stairs, I suppose, in another +week. A lot of fresh pointing is to be done, and all the rain-water +pipes and the rain-water cistern with its overflow pipes, +and then the greenhouse, and then all the outside painting—after +which we shall rest for a month and then do the inside +papering; but whether that can be done before Easter seems +very doubtful....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Our alterations still go on. The stairs just up—Friday +night we had to go outside to get to bed, and Saturday and +Sunday we <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">could</span> get up, but over a chasm, and with alarming +creaks. Now it is all firm, but no handrail yet. Painters +still at work, and whitewashers. Porch door up, with two +birds in stained glass—looks fine—proposed new name, +<span class="tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span> +<a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +"Dicky-bird Lodge." Bath fixed, but waiting to be +varnished—luxurious!...</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Wallace had already received four medals from +various scientific societies, and at our suggestion he had +a case made to hold them all, which is referred to in the +following letter. The two new medals mentioned were +those of the Royal Geographical and Linnean Societies. +He attached very little importance to honours conferred +upon himself, except in so far as they showed acceptance +of "the truth," as he called it.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_102" id="toc_102"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS VIOLET WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. April 3, 1892.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,— ... I have got J.G. Wood's book +on the horse. It is very good; I think the best book he +has written, as his heart was evidently in it....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">A dreadful thing has happened! Just as I have had +my medal-case made, "regardless of expense," they are +going to give me another medal! Hadn't I better decline +it, with thanks? "No room for more medals"!!—Your +affectionate papa,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—A poor man came here last night (Saturday) with +a basket of primrose roots—had carried them eight miles, +couldn't sell one in Poole or Parkstone—was 64 years old—couldn't +get any work to do—had no home, etc. So, +though I do not approve of digging up primrose roots as +a trade, I gave him 1s. 6d. for them, pitying him as one +of the countless victims of landlordism.—A.R.W.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">A poor man was sentenced to fourteen days' hard +labour last week for picking snowdrops in Charborough +Park. Shame!—A.R.W., Pres. L.N. Society. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span> +<a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_103" id="toc_103"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. May 5, 1892.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,—I have finished reading "Freeland." +It is very good—as good a story as "Looking Backward," +but not quite so pleasantly written—rather heavy and +Germanic in places. The results are much the same as in +"Looking Backward" but brought about in a different and +very ingenious manner. It may be called "Individualistic +Socialism." I shall be up in London soon, I expect, to the +first Meetings of the Examiners in the great science of +"omnium gatherum."<a name="noteref_45" id="noteref_45"></a><a href="#note_45"><span class="footnoteref">45</span></a>—Your affec. papa,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">While he lived at Parkstone our father built a small +orchid house in which he cultivated a number of orchids +for a few years, but the constant attention which they demanded, +together with the heated atmosphere, were too +much for him, and he was obliged to give them up. He +was never tired of admiring their varied forms and colours, +or explaining to friends the wonderful apparatus by which +many of them were fertilised. The following letter shows +his enthusiasm for orchids:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_104" id="toc_104"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. November</span> 25, 1894.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,— ... I have found a doctor at Poole +(Mr. Turner) who has two nice orchid houses which he +attends to entirely himself, and as I can thus get advice +and sympathy from a fellow maniac (though he <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">is</span> a public +vaccinator!) my love of orchids is again aroused to fever-heat, +and I have made some alterations in the greenhouse +which will better adapt it for orchid growing, and have +bought a few handsome kinds very cheap, and these give +me a lot of extra work and amusement.... +<span class="tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span> +<a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_105" id="toc_105"></a> + + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO HIS WIFE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Hôtel du Glacier du Rhône. Wednesday evening, [July, 1895].</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Annie,—I send you now a box of plants I got +on both sides of the Furka Pass yesterday, and about here +to-day. The Furka Pass on both sides is a perfect flower-garden, +and the two sides have mostly different species. +The violets and anemones were lovely, and I have got two +species of glorious gentians.... All the flowers in the box +are very choice species, and have been carefully dug up, and +having seen how they grow, I have been thinking of a plan +of making a little bed for them on the top of the new rockery +where there is now nothing particular. Will you please plant +them out carefully in the zinc tray of peat and sphagnum that +stands outside near the little greenhouse door? Just lift up +the sphagnum and see if the earth beneath is moist, if not +give it a soaking. Then put them all in, the short-rooted +ones in the sphagnum only, the others through into the peat. +Then give them a good syringing and put the tray under +the shelf outside the greenhouse, and cover with newspaper +for a day or two. After that I think they will do, keeping +them moist if the weather is dry. I am getting hosts of +curiosities. To-day we found four or five species of willows +from 1/4 in. to 2 in. high, and other rarities.... In haste +for post and dinner.—Your ever affectionate</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_106" id="toc_106"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 22, 1897.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,—In your previous letter you asked me +the conundrum, Why does a wagtail wag its tail? That's +quite easy, on Darwinian principles. Many birds wag their +tails. Some Eastern flycatchers—also black and white—wag +<span class="tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span> +<a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +their long tails up and down when they alight on the ground +or on a branch. Other birds with long tails jerk them up in +the air when they alight on a branch. Now these varied +motions, like the motions of many butterflies, caterpillars, +and many other animals, must have a use to the animal, and +the most common, or rather the most probable, use is, either +to frighten or to distract an enemy. If a hawk was very +hungry and darted down on a wagtail from up in the air, +the wagging tail would be seen most distinctly and be aimed +at, and thus the bird would be missed or at most a feather +torn out of the tail. The bird hunts for food in the open, +on the edges of ponds and streams, and would be especially +easy to capture, hence the wagging tail has been developed +to baffle the enemy....</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_107" id="toc_107"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 8, 1899.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,— ... I have now finished reading the +"Maha Bharata," which is on the whole very fine—finer, +I think, than the "Iliad." I have read a good deal of it +twice, and it will bear reading many times. It corresponds +pretty nearly in date with the "Iliad," the scenes it describes +being supposed to be about B.C. 1500. Many of the +ideas and moral teachings are beautiful; equal to the best +teaching and superior to the general practice of to-day. I +have made a lot of emendations and suggestions, which I +am going to send to the translator, as the proofs have evidently +not been carefully read by any English literary man.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">About the year 1899 Dr. Wallace began to think of leaving +Parkstone, partly for reasons of health and partly to get +a larger garden, if possible. He spent three years in looking +for a suitable spot in many of the southern counties, and we +were all pressed to join in the search. Finally he found just +the spot he wanted at Broadstone; only three miles away. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span> +<a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The following letters describe his final success—all +written with his usual optimism and high spirits:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_108" id="toc_108"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 26, 1901.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,—At length the long quest has come to +an end, and I have agreed to buy three acres of land at +Broadstone. Ma and I have just been over again this morning +to consider its capabilities, and the exact boundaries +that will be the most advantageous, as I have here the great +advantage of choosing exactly what I will have. I only +wish I could afford five acres instead of three, or even ten; +but the three will contain the very eye of the whole. I +enclose you a bit of the 6-inch ordnance on which I have +marked the piece I have finally fixed upon in red chalk. +The attractive bit is the small enclosure of one acre, left +rather paler, which is an old orchard in a little valley +sloping downward to the S.S.E. There are, perhaps, a +score of trees in it—apples, pears, plums and cherries, I +believe, and under them a beautiful green short turf like +a lawn—kept so, I believe, by rabbits. From the top of +this orchard is a fine view over moor and heather, then +over the great northern bay of Poole Harbour, and beyond +to the Purbeck Hills and out to the sea and the Old Harry +headland. It is not very high—about 140 feet, I think, but +being on the edge of one of the plateaus the view is very +effective. On the top to the left of the road track is a +slightly undulating grass field, of which I have a little less +than an acre. To the right of the fence, and coming down +to the wood, is very rough ground densely covered with +heather and dwarf gorse, a great contrast to the field. The +wood on the right is mixed but chiefly oak, I think, with +some large firs, one quite grand; while the wood on the left +is quite different, having some very tall Spanish chestnuts +<span class="tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span> +<a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +loaded with fruit, some beeches, some firs—but I have not +had time yet to investigate thoroughly. Thus this little bit +of three acres has five subdivisions, each with a quite distinct +character of its own, and I never remember seeing such +variety in such a small area. The red wavy line is about +where I shall have to make my road, for the place has +now no road, and I think I am very lucky in discovering +it and in getting it. Another advantage is in the land, +which is varied to suit all crops. I fancy ... I shall find +places to grow most of my choice shrubs, etc., better than +here. I expect bulbs of all kinds will grow well, and I +mean to plant a thousand or so of snowdrops, crocuses, +squills, daffodils, etc., in the orchard, where they will look +lovely.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_109" id="toc_109"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. November 6, 1901.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... I have taken advantage of a foggy +cold day to trace you a copy of the ground plan of the proposed +house.... Of course the house will be much larger +than we want, but I look to future value, and rather than +build it smaller, to be enlarged afterwards, I would prefer +to leave the drawing-room and bedroom adjoining with bare +walls inside till they can be properly finished. The house-keeper's +room would be a nice dining-room, and the hall +a parlour and drawing-room combined. But the outside +must be finished, on account of the garden, creepers, etc. +The S.E. side (really about S.S.E.) has the fine views. If +you can arrange to come at Christmas we will have a picnic +on the ground the first sunny day. I was all last week +surveying—a very difficult job, to mark out exactly three +acres so as to take in exactly as much of each kind of +ground as I wanted, and with no uninterrupted view over +any one of the boundary lines! I found the sextant, and +<span class="tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span> +<a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +it was very useful setting out the two right angles of the +northern boundary. I have not got possession yet, but +hope to do so by next week. The house, we reckon, can +be built for £1,000 at the outside....</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_110" id="toc_110"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 4, 1902.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mrs. Fisher,— ... You will be surprised to hear +that I have been so rash as to buy land and to (propose +to) build a house! Every other effort to get a pleasant +country cottage with a little land having failed, we discovered, +accidentally, a charming spot only four miles from +this house and half a mile from Broadstone Station, and +have succeeded in buying three acres, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">chosen by myself</span>, +from Lord Wimborne at what is really a reasonable price. +In its contour, views, wood, and general aspect of wild +nature it is almost perfection; and Annie, Violet, and Will +are all pleased and satisfied with it. It is on the slope of +the Broadstone middle plateau, looking south over Poole +Harbour with the Purbeck Hills beyond, and a little eastward +out to the sea.... The ground is good loam in the +orchard, with some sand and clay in the field, but this is +so open to the sun and air that we are not afraid of it, as +the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">house-site</span> will be entirely concreted over, and I have +arranged for a heating stove in a cellar, which will warm +and dry the whole basement. In a week or two we hope +to begin building, so you may fancy how busy I am, +especially as we are building it without a contractor, with +the help of a friend.... I go over two or three times a +week, as I have two gardeners at work. In the summer +(should I be still in the land of the living) I hope you will +be able to come and see our little estate, which is to be +called by the descriptive name of "Old Orchard." I have +got a good architect to make the working drawings and he +<span class="tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span> +<a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +has designed a very picturesque yet unpretentious house.—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_111" id="toc_111"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 2, 1902.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,—This week's progress has been fairly good +although the wet after the frost has caused two falls in the +cellar excavations, and we have had to put drain pipes to +carry water out, though not much accumulated.... During +the week some horses in the field have not only eaten off the +tops of the privet hedge, but have torn up some dozens of +the plants by the roots, by putting their heads over the 4-foot +wire fence. I am therefore obliged in self-defence to raise +the post a foot higher and put barbed wire along the top of +it. Some cows also got in our ground one day and ate off +the tops of the newly planted laurels, which I am told they +are very fond of, so I have got a chain and padlock for our +gate....</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">We moved into the new house at Broadstone at the end +of November, 1902, before it was quite finished, and here +Dr. Wallace lived till the end of his life. The garden was +an endless source of interest and occupation, being much +larger than any he had had since leaving Grays.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">When writing he was not easily disturbed and never +showed any impatience or annoyance at any interruption. +If interrupted by a question he would pause, pen in hand, +and reply or discuss the matter and then resume his unfinished +sentence.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="image03" id="image03" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<img src="images/image03.png" alt="THE STUDY AT "OLD ORCHARD"" class="tei tei-figure" /></p> +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">THE STUDY AT "OLD ORCHARD"</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He seemed to have the substance of his writing in his +mind before he commenced, and did not often refer to books +or to notes, though he usually had one or two books or papers +on the table at hand, and sometimes he would jump up to get +a book from the shelves to verify some fact or figure. When +preparing for a new book or article he read a great many +works and papers bearing on the subject. These were marked +<span class="tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span> +<a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +with notes and references on the flyleaves; and often by pencil +marks to indicate important passages, but he did not often +make separate notes. He had a wonderful memory, and +stored in his mind the facts and arguments he wished to use, +or the places where they were to be found. He borrowed +many books from libraries, and from these he sometimes +made a few notes. He was not a sound sleeper, and frequently +lay awake during the night, and then it was that +he thought out and planned his work. He often told us +with keen delight of some new idea or fresh argument which +had occurred to him during these waking hours.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">After spending months, or sometimes years, in reading +and digesting all the literary matter he could obtain on a +subject,—and forming a plan for the treatment of it, he +would commence writing, and keep on steadily for five or +six hours a day if his health permitted. He also wrote to +people all over the world to obtain the latest facts bearing +on the subject.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1903 he began writing "Man's Place in the Universe."</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_112" id="toc_112"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard. July 8, 1903.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,—I have just finished going over your notes +and corrections of the last four chapters. I can't think how +I was so stupid to make the mistake in figures which you +corrected. In almost all cases I have made some modification +in accordance with your suggestions, and the book will +be much improved thereby. I have put in a new paragraph +about the stars in other parts than the Milky Way and Solar +Cluster, but there is really nothing known about them. I +have also cut out the first reference to Jupiter altogether. +Of course a great deal is speculative, but any reply to it is +equally speculative. The question is, which speculation is +most in accordance with the known facts, and not with prepossessions +only?</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Considering that the book has all been read up and +<span class="tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span> +<a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +written in less than three months, it cannot be expected to +be as complete and careful as if three years had been expended +on it, but then it is fresher perhaps. The bit about +the pure air came to me while writing, and I let myself go. +Why should I not try and do a little good and make people +think a little on such matters, when I have the chance of +perhaps more readers than all my other books?</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As to my making too much of Man, of course that is the +whole subject of the book! And I look at it differently from +you, because I know <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">facts</span> about him you neither know nor +believe <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">yet</span>. If you are once convinced of the facts and +teachings of Spiritualism, you will think more as I do.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The following letter refers to his little book on Mars.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_113" id="toc_113"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. September 26, 1907.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... After elaborate revision and correction +I have sent my MS. of the little "Mars" book to Macmillans +yesterday.... Will you read the whole proofs carefully, +in the character of the "intelligent reader"? Your +fresh eye will detect little slips, bad logic, too positive statements, +etc., which I may have overlooked. It will only be +about 100 or 150 pages large type—and I want it to be really +good, and free from blunders that any fool can see....</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">For some years now he had suffered from repeated attacks +of asthma and bronchitis. He had tried the usual remedies +for these complaints without any good results, and, though +still able to write, had then no thought of beginning any large +work; in fact, he considered he had but a few more years to +live. When Mr. Bruce-Joy came to see him in order to model +the portrait medallion, he mentioned in the course of conversation +that he had tried the Salisbury treatment with +wonderful results. Our father was at first incredulous, but +<span class="tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span> +<a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +decided to try it in a modified form. He gave up all starchy +foods and ate beef only, cooked in a special manner to render +it more digestible. He found such relief from this change of +diet that from this time onwards he followed a very strict +daily routine, which he continued to the end of his life with +slight variations.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He made himself a cup of tea on a gas stove in his bedroom +at 6 a.m. (the exact quantity of tea and water having +been measured the previous evening), and boiled it in a small +double saucepan for a definite time by the watch. He always +said this cup of tea tasted better than at any other time of +the day. He then returned to bed and slept till 8 a.m. +During his last two or three years he suffered from rheumatism +in his shoulder and it took him a long time to dress, and +he called in the aid of his gardener in the last year, who acted +as his valet. While dressing he prepared a cup of cocoa on +the gas stove, which he carried into the study (next door) at +9 a.m. This was all he had for breakfast, and he took it +while reading the paper or his letters.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dinner at one o'clock was taken with his family, and he +usually related any interesting or striking news he had read +in the paper, or in his correspondence, and commented upon +it, or perhaps he would tell us of some new flower in the +garden.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He drank hot water with a little Canary sack and a dash +of soda-water, to which he added a spoonful of plum jam. +He was very fond of sweet things, such as puddings, but he +had to partake sparingly of them, and it was a great temptation +when some dish of which he was particularly fond was +placed upon the table.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">After dinner he usually took a nap in the study before +resuming work or going into the garden.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Tea was at four o'clock, and consisted only of a cup of tea, +which he made himself in the study, unless there were visitors +whom he wished to see, when he would sometimes take it +into the drawing-room and make it there.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">After tea he again wrote, or took a turn in the garden if +the weather and season permitted. Latterly he spent a good +part of the afternoon and evening reading and dozing on the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span> +<a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +sofa, and only worked at short intervals when he felt equal +to it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Supper, at seven, was a repetition of dinner, and he took +it with us in the dining-room. After supper he generally +read a novel before the fire except in the very hottest weather, +and he frequently dozed on and off till he retired at eleven. +He made himself a cup of cocoa while preparing for bed, and +drank it just before lying down.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">For the last year or two it was a constant difficulty with +him to secure enough nourishment without aggravating his +ailments by indigestion. During this time he suffered continuous +discomfort, though he seldom gave utterance to +complaint or allowed it to affect the uniform equability of his +temper.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1903 his daughter came to live with her parents, who +generously allowed her to take three or four children as +pupils. At first we feared they might bother our father, but +he really enjoyed seeing them about and talking to them. +He was always interested in any new child, and if for a +short time none were forthcoming, always lamented the fact. +At dinner the children would ask him all sorts of questions, +very amusing ones sometimes. They were also intensely interested +in what he ate, and watched with speechless wonder +when they saw him eating orange, banana, and sugar with +his meat.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">One of these early pupils, Reginald B. Rathbone, has +sent reminiscences which are so characteristic that we give +them as they stand:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">"I have stayed at Dr. Wallace's house on three occasions; +the first two were when I was only about eight or nine years +old, and my recollections of him at that time are therefore +necessarily somewhat dim. Certain things, however, have +stuck in my memory. I went there quite prepared to see a +very venerable and imposing-looking old gentleman, and +filled in advance with much awe and respect for him. As +regards his personal appearance I was by no mean disappointed, +as his tall, slightly-stooping figure, long white +<span class="tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span> +<a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +hair and beard, and his spectacles fulfilled my highest expectations, +I remember being struck with the kindly look +of his eyes, and indeed they did not belie his nature, for he +always treated me with great kindness, patience and indulgence, +which is somewhat remarkable considering my age, +and how exasperating I must have been sometimes. I soon +began to regard him as a never-failing fount of wisdom, +and as one who could answer any question one liked to +put to him. Of this latter fact I was not slow to take +advantage. I plied him with every kind of question my +imaginative young brain could conceive, usually beginning +with 'why.'</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"He nearly always gave me an answer, and what is more, +a satisfactory one, and well within the scope of my limited +understanding. These definite, satisfactory answers of his +used to afford me great pleasure, it being quite a new experience +for me to have all my questions answered for me in +this way. These answers, as I have said, were nearly always +forthcoming, though indeed, on one or two occasions, in +answer to an especially ridiculous query of mine he would +answer, 'That is a very foolish question, Reggie.' But this +was very rare.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"I remember taking a great interest in what Dr. Wallace +ate. He had a hearty appetite, and was no believer in vegetarianism, +for at lunch his diet consisted chiefly of cold beef, +liberally seasoned with various sauces and relishes, also +vinegar. I used to gaze at these bottles with great admiration. +Whenever there were peas he used to take large +quantities of sugar with them. This greatly aroused my +curiosity, and I questioned him about it. 'Why,' said he, +'peas themselves contain sugar; it is, therefore, much more +sensible to take sugar with them than salt.' And he recounted +an anecdote of how an eminent personage he had +once dined with had been waited on with great respect and +attention by all present, but salt was offered to him with the +peas. 'If you want to make me quite happy,' said the great +man, 'you will give me some sugar with my peas.' His +favourite drink, I remember, was Canary sack.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"He had a strongly humorous side, and always enjoyed a +<span class="tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span> +<a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +good laugh. As an instance of this, I will recount the +following incident: When I had returned home after my first +visit to 'The Old Orchard,' my sister, three years older +than myself, and I had a heated argument on the subject of +the number of stomachs in a cow. I insisted it was three; +she, on the other hand, held that it was seven. After a long +and fierce dispute, I exclaimed: 'Well, let us write to +Dr. Wallace, and he will settle it for us and tell us the real +number.' This we did, the brazen audacity of the proceeding +not striking us at the time. By return of post we received a +letter which, alas! I have unfortunately not preserved, but +the substance of which I well remember. 'Dear Irene and +Reggie,' it ran, 'Your dispute as to the number of stomachs +which a cow possesses can be settled and rectified by a simple +mathematical process usually called subtraction, thus:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p"></p><table cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table"><colgroup span="2"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Irene's Cow </td><td class="tei tei-cell"> 7 stomachs</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Reggie's Cow </td><td class="tei tei-cell">3 stomachs</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"> The Farmer's cow</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4 stomachs</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Dr. Wallace then went on to explain the names and uses +of the four stomachs.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Two instances of his fun come to my mind as I write. +'Why,' I asked, 'do you sometimes take off your spectacles +to read the paper?' 'Because I can see better without +'em,' he said. 'Then why,' I asked again, 'do you ever +wear them?' 'Because I can see better with 'em,' was the +reply. The other instance relates to chloroform. He was +describing the agonies suffered by those who had to undergo +amputation before the discovery of anæsthetics, whereas +nowadays, he said, 'you are put under chloroform, then +wake up and find your arm cut off, having felt nothing. Or +you wake up and find your leg cut off. Or you wake up and +find your head cut off!' He then laughed heartily at his +own joke.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"These are just a few miscellaneous reminiscences, many +of them no doubt trivial, but they may perhaps be not entirely +devoid of interest, when it is remembered that they are the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span> +<a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +impressions and recollections of one who was then a boy of +eight years old."—B.B.K.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_114" id="toc_114"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The year 1908 was very auspicious to Dr. Wallace. To +begin with, it was the fiftieth anniversary of the reading of +the Darwin and Wallace joint papers on the Origin of +Species before the Linnean Society, an event which was commemorated +in the way described elsewhere.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In the autumn, and just as he was beginning to recover +from a spell of bad health, he was invited to give a lecture +at the Royal Institution, the prospect of which seemed to +have upon him a most stimulating effect; he at once began to +think about a suitable subject.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Following closely on this came the news that the Order of +Merit was to be conferred upon him. His letters to his son +give the details of this eventful period:<a name="noteref_46" id="noteref_46"></a><a href="#note_46"><span class="footnoteref">46</span></a></p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_115" id="toc_115"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. October</span> 28, 1908.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... I have a rather surprising bit of +news for you. When I was almost at my worst, feeling very +bad, I had a letter inviting me to give an evening lecture at +the Royal Institution, for their Jubilee of the "Origin of +Species"! Of course I decided at once to decline as impossible, +etc., having nothing new to say, etc. But a few +hours afterwards an idea suddenly came to me for a very +fine lecture, if I can work it out as I hope—and the more +I thought over it the better it seemed. So, two days back, +I wrote to Sir W. Crookes—the Honorary Secretary, who +had written to me—accepting provisionally!... Here is +another "crowning honour"—the most unexpected of +all!... +<span class="tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span> +<a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_116" id="toc_116"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 2, 1908.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... This morning the Copley Medals +came, gold and silver, smaller than any of the others, but +very beautifully designed; the face has the Royal Society's +arms, with Copley's name, and "Dignissimo," and my name +below. The reverse is the Royal Arms. By the same post +came a letter from the Lord Chancellor's Office informing +me, to my great relief, that the King had been graciously +pleased to dispense with my personal attendance at the +investiture of the Order of Merit, ...</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_117" id="toc_117"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 17, 1908.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,—The ceremony is over, very comfortably. +I am duly "invested," and have got two engrossed documents, +both signed by the King, one appointing me a member +of the "Order of Merit" with all sorts of official and +legal phrases, the other a dispensation from being personally +"invested" by the King—as Col. Legge explained, to safeguard +me as having a right to the Order in case anybody +says I was not "invested." ... Colonel Legge was a very +pleasant, jolly kind of man, and he told us he was in attendance +on the German Emperor when he was staying near +Christchurch last summer, and went for many drives with +the Emperor only, all about the country.... Col. Legge got +here at 2.40, and had to leave at 3.20 (at station), so we got +a carriage from Wimborne to meet the train and take him +back, and Ma gave him some tea, and he said he had got +a nice little place at Stoke Poges but with no view like +ours, and he showed me how to wear the Order and was +very pleasant: and we were all pleased.... +<span class="tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span> +<a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The next letter refers to the discovery of a rare moth +and some beetles in the root of an orchid. It was certainly +a strange yet pleasant coincidence that these creatures +should find themselves in Dr. Wallace's greenhouse, where +alone they would be noticed and appreciated as something +uncommon.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_118" id="toc_118"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 23, 1909.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... In my last letter I did not say +anything about my morning at the Nat. Hist. Museum.... What +I enjoyed most was seeing some splendid New +Guinea butterflies which Mr. Rothschild<a name="noteref_47" id="noteref_47"></a><a href="#note_47"><span class="footnoteref">47</span></a> and his curator, +Mr. Jordan, brought up from Tring on purpose to show +me. I could hardly have imagined anything so splendid +as some of these. I also saw some of the new paradise +birds in the British Museum. But Mr. Rothschild says +they have five times as many at Tring, and much finer +specimens, and he invited me to spend a week-end at +Tring and see the Museum. So I may go, perhaps—in +the summer.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But I have a curious thing to tell you about insect +collecting at "Old Orchard." About five months back I +was examining one of the clumps of an orchid in the glass +case—which had been sent me from Buenos Ayres by Mr. +John Hall—when three pretty little beetles dropped out of +it, on the edge of the tank, and I only managed to catch +two of them. They were pretty little Longicornes, about +an inch long, but very slender and graceful, though only +of a yellowish-brown colour. I sent them up to the British +Museum asking the name, and telling them they could keep +them if of any use. They told me they were a species of +the large South American genus Ibidion, but they had not +got it in the collection!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">On the Sunday before Christmas Day I was taking my +<span class="tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span> +<a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +evening inspection of the orchids, etc., in the glass case +when a largish insect flew by my face, and when it settled +it looked like a handsome moth or butterfly. It was brilliant +orange on the lower wings, the upper being shaded orange +brown, very moth-like, but the antennæ were clubbed like +a butterfly's. At first I thought it was a butterfly that +mimicked a moth, but I had never seen anything like it +before.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Next morning I got a glass jar half filled with bruised +laurel leaves, and Ma got it in, and after a day or two +I set it, clumsily, and meant to take it to London, but +had no small box to put it in. I told Mr. Rothschild +about it, and he said it sounded like a Castnia—curious +South American moths very near to butterflies. So he got +out the drawer with them, but mine was not there; then +he got another drawer half-empty, and there it was—only a +coloured drawing, but exactly like. It had been described, +but neither the Museum nor Mr. Rothschild had got it! I +had had the orchids nearly a year and a half, so it must +have been, in the chrysalis all that time and longer, which +Mr. Rothschild said was the case with the Castnias. On +going home I searched, and found the brown chrysalis-case +it had come out of among the roots of the same orchid +the little Longicornes had dropped from. It is, I am pretty +sure, a Brazilian species, and I have written to ask Mr. +Hall if he knows where it came from. I have sent the moth +and chrysalis to Prof. Poulton (I had promised it to him at +the lecture) for the Oxford collection, and he is greatly +pleased with it; and especially with its history—one quite +small bit of an orchid, after more than a year in a greenhouse, +producing a rare or new beetle and an equally rare +moth!...</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am glad to say I feel really better than any time the +last ten years.—A.R.W. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span> +<a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">The Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge has kindly written his +reminiscence of another very curious coincidence connected +with a natural history object.</p> + +<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote"> +<p class="tei tei-p">"Some years ago, on looking over some insect drawers in +my collection, Mr. A.R. Wallace exclaimed, 'Why, there +is my old Sarawak spider!' 'Well! that is curious,' I +replied, 'because that spider has caused me much trouble +and thought as to who might have caught it, and where; I +had only lately decided to describe and figure it, even though +I could give the name of neither locality nor finder, being, as +it seemed to me, of a genus and species not as yet recorded; +also I had, as you see, provisionally conferred your name +upon it, although I had not the remotest idea that it had +anything else to do with you.' 'Well,' said Mr. Wallace, +'if it is my old spider it ought to have my own private ticket +on the pin underneath.' 'It has a ticket,' I replied, 'but +it is unintelligible to me; the spider came to me among some +other items by purchase at the sale of Mr. Wilson Saunders' +collections.' 'If it is mine,' said Wallace (examining it), +'the ticket should be so-and-so. And it is! I caught this +spider at Sarawak, and specially noted its remarkable form. +I remember it as if it were yesterday, and now I find it here, +and you about to publish it as a new genus and species to +which, in total ignorance of whence it came or who caught +it, you have given my name!' Thus it stands, and '<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Friula +Wallacii</span>, Camb. (family Gasteracanthidæ), taken by Alfred +Russel Wallace at Sarawak,' is the (unique as I believe) type +specimen, in my collection."—O.P.C.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Wallace was very fond of reading good novels, and +usually spent an hour or two, before retiring to bed, with +what he called a "good domestic story." One of his +favourite authors was Marion Crawford. Poetry appealed +to him very strongly, and he had a good memory for his +favourite verses, especially for those he had learned in +his youth. Amongst his books were over fifty volumes of +poetry.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He liked to see friends or interesting visitors, but he was +<span class="tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span> +<a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +rather nervous with strangers until he became interested in +what they had to say. He enjoyed witty conversation, and +especially a good story well told. No one laughed more +heartily than he when he was much amused, and he would +slap his hands upon his knees with delight.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He was very accessible to anyone who might have something +to say worth hearing, and he had a great many +visitors, especially during the last ten years of his life. +Many people distinguished in science, literature, or politics +called upon him, and he always enjoyed these visits, and the +excitement of them seemed to have no bad effect upon him, +even in the last year, when we sometimes feared he might be +fatigued by them. In consequence of his sympathy with +many heterodox ideas he frequently had visits from +"cranks" who wished to secure his support for some new +theory or "discovery." He would listen patiently, perhaps +ask a few questions, and then endeavour to point out their +fallacies. He would amuse us afterwards by describing their +"preposterous ideas," and if much bored, he would speak of +them as "muffs." He was loath to hurt their feelings, but +he generally ended by expressing his opinion quite clearly, +occasionally to their discomfiture.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Littledale has contributed some reminiscences which +may be introduced here.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">"When I first met Dr. Wallace the conversation turned +on the types of visitors that came to see him, and he gave us +an amusing account of two young women who called on him +to read through a most ponderous treatise relating to the +Universe (I think it was). At all events the treatise proved, +amongst other things, that Kepler's laws were all wrong. +Dr. Wallace was very busy at the time, and politely declined +to undertake the task. I remember him well describing with +his hands the size of this enormous manuscript and laughing +heartily as he detailed how the writer of the manuscript, the +elder of the two sisters, persistently tried to persuade him +that her theories were all absolutely proved in the work, +while the younger sister acted as a sort of echo to her sister. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span> +<a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The climax came in a fit of weeping, and, as Dr. Wallace +described it, the whole fabric of the universe was washed +away in a flood of tears.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"On one occasion, when I was asked by Mrs. Wallace to +see Dr. Wallace professionally, he was lying on the sofa in +his study by the fire wrapped up in rugs, having just got +over a bad shivering attack or rigor. His temperature was +104° Fahr., and all the other usual signs of acute fever were +present, but nothing to enable one to form a positive opinion +as to the cause. It must have been forty years since he had +been in the tropics, but I think he felt that it was an attack +of malarial fever. Knowing my patient, my treatment consisted +in asking what he was going to do for himself. +'Well,' he said, 'I am going to have a hot bath and then go +to bed, and to-morrow I shall get up and go into the garden +as usual.' And he was out in the garden next day when I +went to see him. This was an instance, doubtless one of +many, of the 'will to live,' which carried him through a +long life.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Once, when he was talking about the gaps in the evolution +of life, viz. between the inorganic and organic, between +vegetable and animal, and between animal and man, I asked, +'Why postulate a beginning at all? We are satisfied with +illimitability at one end, why not at the other?' 'For the +simple reason,' he said, 'that the mind cannot comprehend +anything that has never had a beginning.'</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"What attracted me to him most, I think, was his remarkable +simplicity of language, whatever the topic of conversation +might be, and this not the simplicity of the great mind +bringing itself down to the level of the ordinary individual, +but his customary mode of expression. I have heard him say +that he felt the need of the fluency of speech which Huxley +possessed, as he had to cast about for the expression that he +wanted. This may have been the case when he was lecturing, +but I certainly never noticed it in conversation."—H.E.L.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Wallace was always interested in young men and +others who were going abroad with the intention of studying +Natural History, and gave them what advice and help he +<span class="tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span> +<a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +could. He much enjoyed listening to the accounts given by +travellers of the scenes, animals and plants and native life +they had seen, and deplored the so-called civilising of the +natives, which, in his opinion, generally meant their exploitation +by Europeans, leading to their deterioration and +extermination.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His nervousness with strangers sometimes led them to +form quite erroneous impressions. It occasionally found +expression in a nervous laugh which had nothing to do with +amusement or humour, but was often heard when he was +most serious and felt most deeply. One or two interviewers +described it as a "chuckle," an expression which suggested +feelings most opposite to those which he really experienced.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Although he could draw and sketch well, he did not +take much pleasure in it, and only exercised his skill when +there was a definite object in view. His sketches show +a very delicate touch, and denote painstaking accuracy, +while some are quite artistic. He much preferred drawing +with compasses and squares, there being a practical object +in his mind for which the plans or drawings were only the +first steps. Even in his ninety-first year he found much +enjoyment in drawing plans, and spent many hours in designing +alterations to a small cottage which his daughter +had bought.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He was interested in literary puzzles and humorous +stories, and he preserved in an old scrap-book any that +appealed to him. He would sometimes read some of them on +festive occasions, or when we had children's parties, and +sometimes he laughed so heartily himself that he could not +go on reading.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In reviewing the years during which Dr. Wallace lived at +Broadstone, the last decade, when he was between eighty and +ninety years of age, this period seems to have been one of the +most eventful, and as full of work and mental activity as +any previous period. He never tired of his garden, in which +he succeeded in growing a number of rare and curious shrubs +and plants. Our mother shared his delight and interest in +the garden, and knew a great deal about flowers. She had +an excellent memory for their botanical names, and he often +<span class="tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span> +<a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +asked her the name of some plant which he was pointing out +to a friend and which for the moment he had forgotten. She +was very fond of roses and of primroses, and there was a +fine display of these flowers at "Old Orchard." She was +successful in "budding" and in hybridising roses, and produced +several beautiful varieties. She was proficient in +raising seeds, and he sometimes placed some which he +received from abroad in her charge.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">When he first came to live at Broadstone he frequently +took short walks to the post or to the bank, and sometimes +went by train to Poole on business, but he gradually went +out less and less, till in the last few years he seldom went +outside the garden, but strolled about looking at the flowers +or supervising the construction of a new bed or rockery. +During his last years his gardener wheeled him about the +garden in a bath-chair when he did not feel strong enough +to walk all the time.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1913, after his last two small books were written, +he did no more writing except correspondence. This he +attended to himself, except on one or two occasions when +he was not very well or felt tired, when he asked one of +us to answer a few letters for him. He took great interest +in a small cottage which had recently been acquired on the +Purbeck Hills near the sea, and in September, much against +our wishes, he went there for two nights, taking the gardener +to look after him. Luckily the weather was fine, and the +change and excitement seemed to do him good, and during +the next month he was very bright and cheerful, though, as +some of his letters to his old friend Dr. Richard Norris and +to Dr. Littledale show, he had been becoming increasingly +weak.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_119" id="toc_119"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS NORRIS</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 10, 1912.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Miss Norris,—I am very sorry to hear that your +father is so poorly. The weather is terribly gloomy, and I +have not been outside my rooms and greenhouse for more +than an hour a week perhaps, for the last two months, and +<span class="tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span> +<a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +feel the better for it. Just now I feel better than I have +done for a year past, having at last, I think, hit upon a +proper diet, though I find it very difficult to avoid eating +or drinking too much of what I like best.... It is one of +my fads that I hate to waste anything, and it is that partly +which makes it so difficult for me to avoid overeating. From +a boy I was taught to leave no scraps on my plate, and from +this excellent general rule of conduct I now suffer in my old +age!...—Yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_120" id="toc_120"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. LITTLEDALE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. January 11, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Dr. Littledale,—Many thanks for your kind congratulations +and good wishes.<a name="noteref_48" id="noteref_48"></a><a href="#note_48"><span class="footnoteref">48</span></a> I am glad to say I feel still +able to jog on a few years longer in this <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">very good</span> world—for +those who can make the best of it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am now suffering most from "eczema," which has +settled in my legs, so that I cannot stand or walk for any +length of time. Perhaps that is an outlet for something +worse, as I still enjoy my meals, and usually feel as well +as ever, though I have to be very careful as to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">what</span> I eat.—With +best wishes for your prosperity, yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_121" id="toc_121"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. NORRIS</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 4, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Dr. Norris,—Except for a continuous weakness +I seem improving a little in general health, and the chronic +rheumatic pain in my right shoulder has almost passed away +in the last month (after about three years), and I can impute +it to nothing but about a quarter of a pint a day of Bulmer's +Cider! A most agreeable medicine! +<span class="tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span> +<a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The irritability of the skin, however, continues, though +the inflammation of the legs has somewhat diminished....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My increasing weakness is now my most serious trouble, +as it prevents me really from doing any more work, and +causes a large want of balance, and liability to fall +down. Even moving about the room after books, etc., +dressing and undressing, make me want to lie down and +rest....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">With kind remembrances to your daughter, believe me +yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In disposition Dr. Wallace was cheerful, and very +optimistic, and remarkably even-tempered. If irritated he +quickly recovered, and soon forgot all about the annoyance, +but he was always strongly indignant at any injustice to the +weak or helpless. When worried by business difficulties or +losses he very soon recovered his optimism, and seemed quite +confident that all would come right (as indeed it generally +did), and latterly he became convinced that all his past +troubles were really blessings in disguise, without which as +a stimulant he would have done no useful work.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His life was a happy one, and even the discomforts caused +by his ailments, which were at times very acute for days +together, never prevented him from enjoying the contemplation +of his flowers, nor disturbed the serenity of his temper, +nor caused him to complain.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Although rather delicate all his life, he rarely stayed in +bed; in fact, only once in our memory, during an illness at +Parkstone, did he do so, and then only for one day.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">On Saturday, November 1st (1913), he walked round the +garden, and on the following day seemed very bright, and +enjoyed his dinner and supper, but about nine o'clock he felt +faint and shivered violently. We called in Dr. Norman, who +came in about an hour, and we heard them having a long +talk and even laughing, in the study. As the doctor left +he said, "Wonderful man! he knows so much. I can do +nothing for him." +<span class="tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span> +<a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The next day he did not get up at the usual time, but we +felt no anxiety until noon, when he still showed no inclination +to rise. He appeared to be dozing, and said he wanted +nothing. From that time he gradually sank into semi-consciousness, +and at half-past nine in the morning of +Friday, November 7th, quietly passed on to that other life +in which he was such a firm believer.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span> +<a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_122" id="toc_122"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head">PART V</h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_123" id="toc_123"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head">SOCIAL AND POLITICAL VIEWS</h2> + +<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote"> +<p class="tei tei-p">"When a country is well governed, poverty and a mean condition are +things to be ashamed of. When a country is ill governed, riches and +honour are things to be ashamed of."—CONFUCIUS.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">In the above sentences, written long before the dawn +of Christian civilisation, we have an apt summary of +the social and political views of Alfred Russel Wallace.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As we have stated in a previous chapter, it was during +his short stay in London as a boy, when he was led to study +the writings and methods of Robert Owen, of New Lanark, +that his mind first opened to the consideration of the inequalities +of our social life.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">During the six years which he spent in land-surveying +he obtained a more practical knowledge of the laws pertaining +to public and private property as they affected the +lives and habits of both squire and peasant.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The village inn, or public-house, was then the only place +where men could meet to discuss topics of mutual interest, +and it was there that young Wallace and his brother spent +some of their own leisure hours listening to and conversing +with the village rustics. The conversation was not ordinarily +of an educational character, but occasionally experienced +farmers would discuss agricultural and land problems which +were beginning to interest Wallace.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In reading his books and essays written more than seventy +years later, we are struck with the exceptional opportunities +which he had of comparing social conditions, and commercial +and individual prosperity during that long period, and of +<span class="tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span> +<a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +witnessing the introduction of many inventions. He used to +enjoy recalling many of the discussions between intelligent +mechanics which he heard of in his early days regarding the +introduction of the steam-engine. One and another declared +that the grip of the engine on the rails would not be sufficient +to draw heavy trucks or carriages; that the wheels, in fact, +would whiz round instead of going on, and that it would +be necessary to sprinkle sand in front of the wheels, or +make the tyres rough like files. About this time, too, there +arose a keen debate upon the relative merits of the new +railroads and the old canals. Many thought that the +former could never compete with the latter in carrying +heavy goods; but facts soon proved otherwise, for in one +district alone the traffic of the canal, within two years of +the coming of the railway, decreased by 1,000,000 tons.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It was during these years, and when he and his brother +were making a survey for the enclosure of some common +lands near Llandrindod Wells, that Wallace finally became +aware of the injustice towards the labouring classes of the +General Enclosure Act.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In this particular locality the land to be enclosed consisted +of a large extent of moor, and mountain which, with +other common rights, had for many years enabled the occupants +of the scattered cottages around to keep a horse, cow, +or a few sheep, and thus make a fairly comfortable living. +Under the Act, the whole of this open land was divided +among the adjacent landowners of the parish or manor, in +proportion to the size or value of their estates. Thus, to +those who actually possessed much, much was given; whilst +to those who only nominally owned a little land, even that +was taken away in return for a small compensation which +was by no means as valuable to them as the right to graze +their cattle. In spite of the statement set forth in the +General Enclosure Act—"Whereas it is expedient to facilitate +<span class="tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span> +<a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the enclosure and improvement of common and other +lands now subject to the rights of property which obstruct +cultivation and the productive employment of labour," +Wallace ascertained many years later that no single part +of the land so enclosed had been cultivated by those to +whom it was given, though certain portions had been let +or sold at fabulous prices for building purposes, to accommodate +summer visitors to the neighbourhood. Thus the +unfortunate people who had formerly enjoyed home, health, +and comparative prosperity in the cottages scattered over +this common land had been obliged to migrate to the large +towns, seeking for fresh employment and means of subsistence, +or had become "law-created paupers"; whilst to +crown all, the piece of common originally "reserved" for +the benefit of the inhabitants had been turned into golf-links!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Again and again Wallace drew attention to the fundamental +duties of landownership, maintaining that the public, +as a whole, had become so blinded by custom that no +effectual social reform would ever be established unless +some strenuous and unremitting effort was made to recover +the land by law from those who had made the land laws +and who had niched the common heritage of humanity for +their own private aggrandisement.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">With regard to the actual value of land, Wallace pointed +out that the last valuation was made in the year 1692, and +therefore, with the increase of value through minerals and +other products since then, the arrears of land tax due up +to 1905 would amount to more than the value of all the +agricultural land of our country at the present time; therefore +existing landlords, in clamouring for their alleged +rights of property, might find out that those "rights" no +longer exist.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Yet another point on which he insisted was the right of +<span class="tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span> +<a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +way through fields or woodlands, and especially beside the +sea. With the advent of the motor-car and other swift +means of locomotion, the public roads are no longer safe +and pleasurable for pedestrians; besides the iniquitous fact +that hundreds are kept from enjoying the beauties of nature +by the utterly selfish and useless reservations of such by-paths +by the landowner.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"This all-embracing system of land-robbery," again he +writes, "for which nothing is too great or too small; which +has absorbed meadow and forest, moor and mountain, which +has appropriated most of our rivers and lakes and the fish +that live in them; making the agriculturist pay for his seaweed +manure and the fisherman for his bait of shell-fish; +which has desolated whole counties to replace men by sheep +or cattle, and has destroyed fields and cottages to make a +wilderness for deer and grouse; which has stolen the commons +and filched the roadside wastes; which has driven the +labouring poor into the cities, and thus been the chief cause +of the misery, disease, and early death of thousands ... it +is the advocates of this inhuman system who, when a partial +restitution of their unholy gains is proposed, are the loudest +in their cries of 'robbery'!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"But all the robbery, all the spoliation, all the legal and +illegal filching, has been on <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">their</span> side.... They made the +laws to legalise their actions, and, some day, we, the people, +will make laws which will not only legalise but justify our +process of restitution. It will justify it, because, unlike their +laws, which always took from the poor to give to the rich—to +the very class which made the laws—ours will only take +from the superfluity of the rich, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">not</span> to give to the poor or +to any individuals, but to so administer as to enable every +man to live by honest work, to restore to the whole people +their birthright in their native soil, and to relieve all alike +from a heavy burden of unnecessary and unjust taxation. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span> +<a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">This</span> will be the true statesmanship of the future, and it will +be justified alike by equity, by ethics, and by religion."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">These, then, are the facts and reasons upon which Dr. +Wallace based his strenuous advocacy of Land Nationalisation.<a name="noteref_49" id="noteref_49"></a><a href="#note_49"><span class="footnoteref">49</span></a> +It was only by slow degrees that he arrived at some +of the conclusions propounded in his later years, but once +having grasped their full importance to the social and moral +well-being of the community, he held them to the last.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The first book which tended to fasten his attention upon +these matters was "Social Statics," by Herbert Spencer, but +in 1870 the publication of his "Malay Archipelago" brought +him into personal contact with John Stuart Mill, through +whose invitation he became a member of the General Committee +of the Land Tenure Reform Association. On the +formation of the Land Nationalisation Society in 1880 he +retired from the Association, and devoted himself to the +larger issues which the new Society embraced.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Soon after the latter Society was started, Henry George, +the American author of "Progress and Poverty," came to +England, and Wallace had many opportunities of hearing +him speak in public and of discussing matters of common +interest in private. In spite of the ridicule poured upon +Henry George's book by many eminent social reformers, +Wallace consistently upheld its general principles.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His second work on these various subjects was a small +book entitled "Bad Times," issued in 1885, in which +he went deeply into the root causes of the depression in +trade which had lasted since 1874. The facts there given +were enlarged upon and continually brought up to date in +his later writings. Articles which had appeared in various +magazines were gathered together and included, with those +on other subjects, in "Studies, Scientific and Social." His +last three books, which include his ideas on social diseases +<span class="tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span> +<a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and the best method of preventing them, were "The Wonderful +Century," "Social Environment and Moral Progress," +and "The Revolt of Democracy"; the two last +being issued, as we have seen, in 1913, the year of his +death.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In "Social Environment and Moral Progress" the conclusion +of his vehement survey of our moral and social +conditions was startling: "<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">It is not too much to say that +our whole system of Society is rotten from top to bottom, +and that the social environment as a whole in relation to +our possibilities and our claims is the worst that the world +has ever seen</span>."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">That terrible indictment was doubly underscored in +his MS.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">What, in his mature judgment, were the causes and +remedies? He set them out in this order:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">1. The evils are due, broadly and generally, to our living +under a system of universal competition for the means of +existence, the remedy for which is equally universal co-operation.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">2. It may also be defined as a system of economic +antagonism, as of enemies, the remedy being a system +of economic brotherhood, as of a great family, or of +friends.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">3. Our system is also one of monopoly by a few of all +the means of existence—the land, without access to which +no life is possible; and capital, or the results of stored-up +labour, which is now in the possession of a limited number +of capitalists, and therefore is also a monopoly. The remedy +is freedom of access to land and capital for all.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">4. Also, it may be defined as social injustice, inasmuch as +the few in each generation are allowed to inherit the stored-up +wealth of all preceding generations, while the many +inherit nothing. The remedy is to adopt the principle of +<span class="tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span> +<a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +equality of opportunity for all, or of universal <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">inheritance +by the State in trust for the whole community</span>.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"We have," he finally concluded, "ourselves created an +immoral or unmoral social environment. To undo its inevitable +results we must reverse our course. We must see +that <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> our economic legislation, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> our social reforms, are +in the very opposite direction to those hitherto adopted, and +that they tend in the direction of one or other of the four +fundamental remedies I have suggested. In this way only +can we hope to change our existing immoral environment +into a moral one, and <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">initiate a new era of Moral Progress.</span>" +The "Revolt of Democracy"<a name="noteref_50" id="noteref_50"></a><a href="#note_50"><span class="footnoteref">50</span></a> was addressed directly to +the Labour Party. And once again he drew a vivid picture +of how, during the whole of the nineteenth century, there +was a continuous advance in the application of scientific +discovery to the arts, especially to the invention and application +of labour-saving machinery; and how our wealth +had increased to an equally marvellous extent.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He pointed out that various estimates which had been +made of the increase in our wealth-producing capacity +showed that, roughly speaking, the use of mechanical +power had increased it more than a hundredfold during +the century; yet the result had been to create a limited +upper class, living in unexampled luxury, while about one-fourth +of the whole population existed in a state of fluctuating +penury, often sinking below the margin of poverty. Many +thousands were annually drawn into this gulf of destitution, +and died from direct starvation and premature exhaustion or +from diseases produced by unhealthy employment.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">During this long period, however, although wealth and +want had alike increased side by side, public opinion had +<span class="tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span> +<a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +not been sufficiently educated to permit of any effectual +remedy being applied. The workers themselves had failed +to visualise its fundamental causes, land monopoly and +the competitive system of industry giving rise to an ever-increasing +private capitalism which, to a very large extent, +had controlled the Legislature. All through the last century +this rapid accumulation of wealth due to extensive manufacturing +industries led to a still greater increase of middlemen +engaged in the distribution of the products, from the wealthy +merchant to the various grades of tradesmen and small shop-keepers +who supplied the daily wants of the community.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">To those who lived in the midst of this vast industrial +system, or were a part of it, it seemed natural and inevitable +that there should be rich and poor; and this belief was enforced +on the one hand by the clergy, and on the other by +political economists, so that religion and science agreed in +upholding the competitive and capitalistic system of society +as the only rational and possible one. Hence it came to be +believed that the true sphere of governmental action did not +include the abolition of poverty. It was even declared that +poverty was due to economic causes over which governments +had no power; that wages were kept down by the "iron +law" of supply and demand; and that any attempt to find +a remedy by Acts of Parliament only aggravated the disease. +During the Premiership of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman +this attitude was, for the first time, changed. On numerous +occasions Sir Henry declared that he held it to be the duty +of a government to deal with problems of unemployment and +poverty.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1908 three great strikes, coming in rapid succession—those +of the Railway and other Transport Unions, the +Miners, and the London Dock Labourers—brought home to +the middle and upper classes, and to the Government, how +completely all are dependent on the "working classes." This +<span class="tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span> +<a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and similar experiences showed us that when the organisation +of the trade unions was more complete, and the accumulated +funds of several years were devoted to this purpose, the bulk +of the inhabitants of London, and of other great cities, could +be made to suffer a degree of famine comparable with that +of Paris when besieged by the German army in 1870.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace's watchword throughout these social agitations +was "Equality of Opportunity for All," and the ideal +method by which he hoped to achieve this end was a system +of industrial colonisation in our own country whereby <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> +would have a fair, if not an absolutely equal, share in the +benefits arising from the production of their own labour, +whether physical or mental.<a name="noteref_51" id="noteref_51"></a><a href="#note_51"><span class="footnoteref">51</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">With regard to the education of the people, especially +as a stepping-stone to moral and intellectual reform, Wallace +believed in the training of individual natural talent, +rather than the present system of general education thrust +upon every boy or girl regardless of their varying mental +capacities. He also urged that the building-up of the mind +should be alternated with physical training in one or more +useful trades, so that there might be, not only at the outset, +but also in later life, a choice of occupation in order +to avoid the excess of unemployment in any one direction.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In his opinion, one of the injurious results of our competitive +system, having its roots, however, in the valuable +"guilds" of a past epoch, was the almost universal restriction +of our workers to only one kind of labour. The +result was a dreadful monotony in almost all spheres of +work, the extreme unhealthiness of many, and a much +larger amount of unemployment than if each man or +woman were regularly trained in two or more occupations. +In addition to two of what are commonly called trades, +<span class="tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span> +<a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +every youth should be trained for one day a week or one +week in a month, according to the demand for labour, in +some of the various operations of farming or gardening. +Not only would this improve the general health of the +workers, but it would also add much to the interest and +enjoyment of their lives.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"There is one point," he wrote, "in connection with +this problem which I do not think has ever been much considered +or discussed. It is the undoubted benefit to all the +members of a society of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">the greatest possible diversity of +character</span>, as a means both towards the greatest enjoyment +and interest of association, and to the highest ultimate development +of the race. If we are to suppose that man might +have been created or developed with none of those extremes +of character which now often result in what we call wickedness, +vice, or crime, there would certainly have been a greater +monotony in human nature, which would, perhaps, have led +to less beneficial results than the variety which actually +exists may lead to. We are more and more getting to see +that very much, perhaps all, the vice, crime, and misery +that exists in the world is the result, not of the wickedness +of individuals, but of the entire absence of sympathetic +training from infancy onwards. So far as I have heard, +the only example of the effects of such a training on a large +scale was that initiated by Robert Owen at New Lanark, +which, with most unpromising materials, produced such +marvellous results on the character and conduct of the +children as to seem almost incredible to the numerous +persons who came to see and often critically to examine +them. There must have been all kinds of characters in +his schools, yet <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">none</span> were found to be incorrigible, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">none</span> +beyond control, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">none</span> who did not respond to the love and +sympathetic instruction of their teachers. It is therefore +quite possible that <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> the evil in the world is directly due +<span class="tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span> +<a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to man, not to God, and that when we once realise this to +its full extent we shall be able, not only to eliminate almost +completely what we now term evil, but shall then clearly +perceive that all those propensities and passions that under +bad conditions of society inevitably led to it, will under good +conditions add to the variety and the capacities of human +nature, the enjoyment of life by all, and at the same time +greatly increase the possibilities of development of the whole +race. I myself feel confident that this is really the case, and +that such considerations, when followed out to their ultimate +issues, afford a complete solution of the great problem of the +ages—the origin of evil."<a name="noteref_52" id="noteref_52"></a><a href="#note_52"><span class="footnoteref">52</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Closely allied with the welfare of the child is another +"reform" with which Wallace's name will long be associated. +That is his strong denunciation of Vaccination. +For seven years he laboured to show medical and scientific +men that statistics proved beyond doubt the futility of this +measure to prevent disease. A few were converted, but +public opinion is hard to move.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In his ideal of the future, Dr. Wallace gave a large and +honoured sphere to women. He considered that it was in +the highest degree presumptuous and irrational to attempt +to deal by compulsory enactments with the most vital and +most sacred of all human relationships, regardless of the +fact that our present phase of social development is not +only extremely imperfect, but, as already shown, vicious +and rotten to the core. How could it be possible to determine +by legislation those relations of the sexes which shall +be best alike for individuals and for the race in a society in +which a large proportion of our women are forced to work +long hours daily for the barest subsistence, with an almost +total absence of the rational pleasures of life, for the want +of which thousands are driven into uncongenial marriages +<span class="tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span> +<a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in order to secure some amount of personal independence +or physical well-being. He believed that when men and +women are, for the first time in the course of civilisation, +equally free to follow their best impulses; when idleness +and vicious and hurtful luxury on the one hand, and +oppressive labour and the dread of starvation on the +other, are alike unknown; when <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">all</span> receive the best and +broadest education that the state of civilisation and knowledge +will admit; when the standard of public opinion +is set by the wisest and the best among us, and that +standard is systematically inculcated in the young—then +we shall find that a system of truly "Natural Selection" +(a term that Wallace preferred to "Eugenics," which he +utterly disliked) will come spontaneously into action which +will tend steadily to eliminate the lower, the less developed, +or in any way defective types of men, and will thus continuously +raise the physical, moral, and intellectual standard of +the race.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He further held that "although many women now remain +unmarried from necessity rather than from choice, there are +always considerable numbers who feel no strong impulse to +marriage, and accept husbands to secure subsistence and a +home of their own rather than from personal affection or +sexual emotion. In a state of society in which all women +were economically independent, where all were fully occupied +with public duties and social or intellectual pleasures, and +had nothing to gain by marriage as regards material well-being +or social position, it is highly probable that the numbers +of unmarried from choice would increase. It would +probably come to be considered a degradation for any +woman to marry a man whom she could not love and +esteem, and this reason would tend at least to delay +marriage till a worthy and sympathetic partner was encountered." +<span class="tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span> +<a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But this choice, he considered, would be further +strengthened by the fact that, with the ever-increasing +approach to equality of opportunity for every child born +in our country, that terrible excess of male deaths, in +boyhood and early manhood especially, due to various +preventable causes, would disappear, and change the +present majority of women to a majority of men. This +would lead to a greater rivalry for wives, and give to +women the power of rejecting all the lower types of +character among their suitors.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"It will be their special duty so to mould public +opinion, through home training and social influence, as to +render the women of the future the regenerators of the +entire human race." He fully hoped and believed that +they would prove equal to the high and responsible position +which, in accordance with natural laws, they will be +called upon to fulfil.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Mr. D.A. Wilson, who visited him in 1912, writes:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He surprised me by saying he was a Socialist—one +does not expect a man like him to label himself in any +way. It appeared to be unconscious modesty, like a school-boy's, +which made him willing to be labelled; but no label +could describe him, and his mental sweep was unlimited. +Although in his ninetieth year, he seemed to be in his prime. +There was no sign of age but physical weakness, and you +had to make an effort at times to remember even that. His +eye kindled as he spoke, and more than once he walked about +and chuckled, like a schoolboy pleased.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">An earnest expression like Carlyle's came over his countenance +as he reprobated the selfish, wild-cat competition which +made life harder and more horrible to-day for a well-doing +poor man in England than among the Malays or Burmese +before they had any modern inventions. Co-operation was +the upward road for humanity. Men grew out of beasthood +by it, and by it civilisation began. Forgetting it, men +<span class="tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span> +<a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +retrograded, subsiding swiftly, so that there were many +individuals among us to-day who were in body, mind, and +character below the level of our barbarian ancestors or +contemporary "savages," to say nothing of civilised Burmese +or Malays. What he meant by Socialism can be seen +from his books. Nothing in them surprised me after our +talk. His appreciation of Confucius, when I quoted some +things of the Chinese sage's which confirmed what he was +saying, was emphatic, and that and many other things +showed that Socialism to him implied the upward evolution +of humanity. It was because of the degradation of +men involved that he objected to letting individuals grab +the public property—earth, air and water. Monopolies, he +thought, should at once revert to the public, and we had an +argument which showed that he had no objection to even +artificial monopolies if they were public property. He defended +the old Dutch Government monopolies of spices, and +declared them better than to-day's free trade, when cultivation +is exploited by men who always tended to be mere +money-grabbers, selfish savages let loose. In answer I +mentioned the abuses of officialdom, as seen by me from +the inside in Burma, and he agreed that the mental and +moral superiority of many kinds of Asiatics to the Europeans +who want to boss them made detailed European +administration an absurdity. We should leave these peoples +to develop in their own way. Having conquered Burma +and India, he proceeded, the English should take warning +from history and restrict themselves to keeping the +peace, and protecting the countries they had taken. They +should give every province as much home rule as possible +and as soon as possible, and study to avoid becoming +parasites.—D.A.W.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">We may fittingly conclude this brief summary of +Wallace's social views and ideals by citing his own reply to +the question: "Why am I a Socialist?" "I am a Socialist +because I believe that the highest law for mankind is justice. +I therefore take for my motto, 'Fiat Justitia, Ruat +Coelum'; and my definition of Socialism is, 'The use, by +<span class="tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span> +<a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +everyone, of his faculties for the common good, and the +voluntary organisation of labour for the equal benefit of +all.' That is absolute social justice; that is ideal Socialism. +It is, therefore, the guiding star for all true social +reform."</p> + + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_124" id="toc_124"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He corresponded with Miss Buckley not only on scientific +but also on public questions and social problems:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_125" id="toc_125"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Rosehill, Dorking. Sunday, [? December, 1878].</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,— ... How wonderfully the Russians +have got on since you left! A very little more and +the Turkish Government might be turned out of Europe—even +now it might be with the greatest ease if our Government +would join in giving them the last kick. Whatever +power they retain in Europe will most certainly involve +another war before twenty years are over.—Yours very +faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_126" id="toc_126"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Waldron Edge, Croydon. May 2, 1879.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,— ... My "Reciprocity" article +seems to have produced a slight effect on the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Spectator</span>, +though it did snub me at first, but it is perfectly sickening +to read the stuff spoken and written, in Parliament +and in all the newspapers, about the subject, all treating +our present practice as something holy and immutable, +whatever bad effects it may produce, and though it is not +in any way "free trade" and would I believe have been +given up both by Adam Smith and Cobden.—Yours very +faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span> +<a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">He was always ready, even eager, to discuss his social and +land nationalisation principles with his scientific friends, +with members of his own family, and indeed with anyone +who would lend a willing ear.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_127" id="toc_127"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">38 Queen's Gardens, Bayswater, W. April 25, 1881.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—As you may suppose, I fully sympathise +with the general aims of your proposed Land +Nationalisation Society; but for sundry reasons I hesitate +to commit myself, at the present stage of the question, to +a programme so definite as that which you send me. It +seems to me that before formulating the idea in a specific +shape it is needful to generate a body of public opinion on +the general issue, and that it must be some time before +there can be produced such recognition of the general +principle involved as is needful before definite plans can +be set forth to any purpose....—Truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_128" id="toc_128"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">HERBERT SPENCER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">38 Queen's Gardens, Bayswater, W. July 6, 1881.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I have already seen the work you +name, "Progress and Poverty," having had a copy, or +rather two copies, sent me. I gathered from what little I +glanced at that I should fundamentally disagree with the +writer, and have not read more.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I demur entirely to the supposition, which is implied in +the book, that by any possible social arrangements whatever +the distress which humanity has to suffer in the course +of civilisation could have been prevented. The whole process, +with all its horrors and tyrannies, and slaveries, and +wars, and abominations of all kinds, has been an inevitable +one accompanying the survival and spread of the strongest, +<span class="tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span> +<a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and the consolidation of small tribes into large societies; and +among other things the lapse of land into private ownership +has been, like the lapse of individuals into slavery, at one +period of the process altogether indispensable. I do not in +the least believe that from the primitive system of communistic +ownership to a high and finished system of State +ownership, such as we may look for in the future, there +could be any transition without passing through such +stages as we have seen and which exist now. Argument +aside, however, I should be disinclined to commit myself +to any scheme of immediate action, which, as I have indicated +to you, I believe at present premature. For myself +I feel that I have to consider not only what I may do on +special questions, but also how the action I take on special +questions may affect my general influence; and I am disinclined +to give more handles against me than are needful. +Already, as you will see by the enclosed circular, I am doing +in the way of positive action more than may be altogether +prudent.—Sincerely yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">HERBERT SPENCER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_129" id="toc_129"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">A.R. WALLACE TO MR. A.C. SWINTON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Frith Hill, Godalming. December 23, 1885.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Swinton,— ... I have just received an invitation +to go to lecture in Sydney on Sundays for three months, +with an intimation that other lectures can be arranged for in +Melbourne and New Zealand. It is tempting!... If I had +the prospect of clearing £1,000 by a lecturing campaign I +would go, though it would require a great effort.... I did +not think it possible even to contemplate going so far again, +but the chance of earning a lot of money which would enable +me to clear off this house and leave something for my family +must be seriously considered.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span> +<a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_130" id="toc_130"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Miss VIOLET WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. May</span> 10, 1891.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Violet,— ... I am quite in favour of a legal +eight hours' day. Overtime need not be forbidden, but +every man who works overtime should have a legal claim +to double wages for the extra hours. That would make it +cheaper for the master to employ two sets of men working +each eight hours when they had long jobs requiring them, +while for the necessities of finishing contracts, etc., they +could well afford to pay double for the extra hours. "It +would make everything dearer!" Of course it would! +How else can you produce a more equal distribution of +wealth than by making the rich and idle pay more and +the workers receive more? "The workers would have to +pay more, too, for everything they bought!" True again, +but what they paid more would not equal their extra earnings, +because a large portion of the extra pay to the men +will be paid by the rich, and only the remainder paid by +the men themselves. The eight hours' day and double pay +for overtime would not only employ thousands now out of +work, but would actually raise wages per hour and per day. +This is clear, because wages are kept down wholly by the +surplus supply of labour in every trade. The moment the +surplus is used up, or nearly so, by more men being required +on account of shorter hours, competition among the men +becomes less; among the employers, for men, more: hence +necessarily higher wages all round. As to the bogey of +foreign competition, it is a bogey only. All the political +economists agree that if wages are raised in all trades, it +will not in the least affect our power to export goods as +profitably as now. Look and see! And, secondly, the eight +hours' movement is an international one, and will affect all +alike in the end. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span> +<a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">There are some arguments for you! Poor unreasoning +infant!!...</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_131" id="toc_131"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Scarning Rectory, East Dereham. August 25, 1893.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Wallace,—I have put off writing to thank +you for your kind letter, and the book and pamphlets you +were good enough to send me, because I hoped in acknowledgment +to say I had read your little volumes, as I intend +to. The fates have been against me, and I will delay no +longer thanking you for sending them to me.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I do not believe in your theory of land nationalisation +one bit! But I like to see all that such a man as you has to +say on his side.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In return I send you my view of the matter, which is +just as likely to convert you as your book is to convert me.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I love a man with a theory, for I learn most from such +a man, and when I have thought a thing out in my own +mind and forgotten the arguments while I have arrived at +a firm conviction as to the conclusion, it is refreshing to +be reminded of points and facts that have slipped away +from me!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It was a great pleasure and privilege to make your +acquaintance the other day, and I hope we may meet again +some day.—Very truly yours,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">AUGUSTUS JESSOPP.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_132" id="toc_132"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">REV. H. PRICE HUGHES TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">8 Taviton Street, Gordon Square, W.C. September 14, 1898.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Dr. Wallace,—I am always very glad when I hear +from you. So far as your intensely interesting volume has +compelled some very prejudiced people to read your attack +on modern delusions, it is a great gain, especially to themselves. +I have read your tract on "Justice, not Charity," +<span class="tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span> +<a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +with great pleasure and approval. The moment Mr. Benjamin +Kidd invented the striking term of "equality of +opportunity" I adopted it, and have often preached it in +the pulpit and on the platform, just as you preach it in the +tract before me. I fully agree that justice, not charity, is +the fundamental principle of social reform. There is something +very contemptible in the spiteful way in which many +newspapers and magistrates are trying to aggravate the difficulties +of conscientious men who avail themselves of the conscience +clause in the new Vaccination Act. There is very +much to be done yet before social justice is realised, but the +astonishing manifesto of the Czar of Russia, which I have no +doubt is a perfectly sincere one, is a revelation of the extent +to which social truth is leavening European society. Since +I last wrote to you I have been elected President of the +Wesleyan Methodist Conference, which will give me a great +deal of special work and special opportunities also, I am +thankful to say, of propagating Social Christianity, which +in fact, and to a great extent in form, is what you yourself +are doing.—Yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">H. PRICE HUGHES.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_133" id="toc_133"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO ALFRED RUSSELL</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. May 11, 1900.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I am not a vegetarian, but I believe in it +as certain to be adopted in the future, and as essential to +a higher social and moral state of society. My reasons are:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(1) That far less land is needed to supply vegetable than +to supply animal food.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(2) That the business of a butcher is, and would be, repulsive +to all refined natures.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(3) That with proper arrangements for variety and good +cookery, vegetable food is better for health of body and mind.—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span> +<a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_134" id="toc_134"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset, October 20, 1900.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I look upon you as the one politician left to +us, who, by his ability and integrity, his eloquence and love +of truth, his high standing as a thinker and writer, and his +openness of mind, is able to become the leader of the English +people in their struggle for freedom against the monopolists +of land, capital, and political power. I therefore take the +liberty of sending you herewith a book of mine containing a +number of miscellaneous essays, a few of which, I venture +to think, are worthy of your serious attention.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Some time since you intimated in one of your speeches +that, if the choice for this country were between Imperialism +and Socialism, you were inclined to consider the latter the +less evil of the two. You added, I think, your conviction +that the dangers of Socialism to human character were what +most influenced you against it. I trust that my impression +of what you said is substantially correct. Now I myself +believe, after a study of the subject extending over twenty +years, that this danger is non-existent, and certainly does +not in any way apply to the fundamental principles of +Socialism, which is, simply, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">the voluntary organisation of +labour for the good of all</span>....—With great esteem, I am +yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_135" id="toc_135"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">MR. JOHN (LORD) MORLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">57 Elm Park Gardens, S.W. October 31, 1900.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Sir,—For some reason, though your letter is +dated the 20th, it has only reached me, along with the two +volumes, to-day. I feel myself greatly indebted to you for +both. In older days I often mused upon a passage of yours +in the "Malay Archipelago" contrasting the condition of +certain types of savage life with that of life in a modern +<span class="tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span> +<a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +industrial city. And I shall gladly turn again to the subject +in these pages, new to me, where you come to close +quarters with the problem.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But my time and my mind are at present neither of +them free for the effective consideration of this mighty +case. Nor can I promise myself the requisite leisure for +at least several months to come. What I can do is to set +your arguments a-simmering in my brain, and perhaps +when the time of liberation arrives I may be in a state +to make something of it. I don't suppose that I shall be +a convert, but I always remember J.S. Mill's observation, +after recapitulating the evils to be apprehended +from Socialism, that he would face them in spite of all, if +the only alternative to Socialism were our present state.—With +sincere thanks and regard, believe me yours faithfully</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">JOHN MORLEY.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_136" id="toc_136"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. C.G. STUART-MENTEITH</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. June 6, 1901.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I have no time to discuss your letter<a name="noteref_53" id="noteref_53"></a><a href="#note_53"><span class="footnoteref">53</span></a> at any +length. You seem to assume that we can say definitely who +are the "fit" and who the "unfit."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I deny this, except in the most extreme cases.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I believe that, even now, the race is mostly recruited by +the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">more fit</span>—that is the upper working classes and the lower +middle classes.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Both the very rich and the very poor are probably—as +classes—below these. The former increase less rapidly +through immorality and late marriage; the latter through +excessive infant mortality. If that is the case, no legislative +interference is needed, and would probably do harm.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I see nothing in your letter which is really opposed to +my contention—that under rational social conditions the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span> +<a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +healthy instincts of men and women will solve the population +problem far better than any tinkering interference +either by law or by any other means.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">And in the meantime the condition of things is not so +bad as you suppose.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_137" id="toc_137"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. SYDNEY COCKERELL</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. January 15, 1906.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Cockerell,—I have now finished reading Kropotkin's +Life with very great interest, especially for the light +it throws on the present condition of Russia. It also brings +out clearly some very fine aspects of the Russian character, +and the horrible despotism to which they are still subject, +equivalent to that of the days of the Bastille and the system +of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Lettres de cachet</span> before the great Revolution in France. +It seems to me probable that under happier conditions—perhaps +in the not distant future—Russia may become the +most advanced instead of the most backward in civilisation—a +real leader among nations, not in war and conquest +but in social reform.—Yours faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_138" id="toc_138"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. J. HYDER (Of THE LAND NATIONALISATION SOCIETY)</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. May 13, 1907.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Hyder,—Although it is not safe to hallo before +one is out of the wood, I think I may congratulate the Society +upon the prospect it now has of obtaining the first-fruits of +its persistent efforts, for a quarter of a century, to form an +enlightened public opinion in favour of our views. If the +Government adequately fulfils its promises, we shall have, +in the Bill for a fair valuation of land apart from improvements, +as a basis of taxation and for purchase, and +that giving local authorities full powers to acquire land +<span class="tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span> +<a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +so valued, the first real and definite steps towards complete +nationalisation....</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_139" id="toc_139"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE<a name="noteref_54" id="noteref_54"></a><a href="#note_54"><span class="footnoteref">54</span></a></h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. October 10, 1907.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I told Mr. Button that I do not approve of +the resolution you are going to move.<a name="noteref_55" id="noteref_55"></a><a href="#note_55"><span class="footnoteref">55</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The workers of England have themselves returned a large +majority of ordinary Liberals, including hundreds of capitalists, +landowners, manufacturers, and lawyers, with only a +sprinkling of Radicals and Socialists. The Government—your +own elected Government—is doing more for the +workers than any Liberal Government ever did before, yet +you are going to pass what is practically a vote of censure +on it for not being a Radical, Labour, and Socialist +Government!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">If this Government attempted to do what you and I +think ought to be done, it would lose half its followers +and be turned out, ignominiously, giving the Tories another +chance. That is foolish as well as unfair.—Yours truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_140" id="toc_140"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO LORD AVEBURY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. June 23, 1908.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Lord Avebury,— ... Allow me to wish every +success to your Bill for preserving beautiful birds from +destruction. To stop the import is the only way—short +of the still more drastic method of heavily fining everyone +who wears feathers in public, with imprisonment for a +second offence. But we are not yet ripe for that.—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span> +<a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_141" id="toc_141"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. December 25, 1910.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Smedley,—Thanks for your long and interesting +letter.... Man is, and has been, horribly cruel, and it +is indeed difficult to explain why. Yet that there is an +explanation, and that it does lead to good in the end, I +believe. Praying is evidently useless, and should be, as it +is almost always selfish—for <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">our</span> benefit, or our <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">families</span>, or +our <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">nation</span>.—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_142" id="toc_142"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. W.G. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. August 20, 1911.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Will,— ... The railway strike surpasses the +Parliament Bill in excitement. On receipt of Friday's +paper, I sat down and composed and sent off to Lloyd +George a short but big letter, on large foolscap paper, +urging him and Asquith, as the two strong men of the +Government, to take over at once the management of the +railways of the entire country, by Royal Proclamation—on +the ground of mismanagement for seventy years, and +having brought the country to the verge of starvation and +civil war; to grant an amnesty to all strikers (except for +acts of violence), also grant all the men's demands for one +year, and devote that time to a deliberate and impartial +inquiry and a complete scheme of reorganisation of the +railways in the interest, first of the public, then of the +men of all grades, lastly of the share and bond owners, +who will become guaranteed public creditors.... It has +been admitted and proved again and again, that the men +are badly treated, that their grievances are real—their very +unanimity and standing by each other proves it. Their +demands are most moderate; and the cost in extra wages +<span class="tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span> +<a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +will be saved over and over in safety, regularity, economy +of working, and public convenience. I have not had even +an acknowledgment of receipt yet, but hope to in a day +or two....</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_143" id="toc_143"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">MR. H.M. HYNDMAN TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">9 Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster, S.W. March 14, 1912.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Everyone who knows anything of the record +of modern science in this country recognises how very much +we all owe to you. It was, therefore, specially gratifying +to me that you should be so kind as to write such a very +encouraging letter on the occasion of my seventieth birthday. +I owe you sincere thanks for what you said, though +I may honestly feel that you overpraised what I have done. +It has been an uphill fight, but I am lucky in being allowed +to see through the smoke and dust of battle a vision of +the promised land. The transformation from capitalism to +socialism is going on slowly under our eyes.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Again thanking you and wishing you every good wish, +believe me yours sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">H.M. HYNDMAN.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_144" id="toc_144"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. M.J. MURPHY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. August 19, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I not only think but firmly believe that Lloyd +George is working for the good of the people, in all ways open +to him. The wonder is that he can persuade Asquith and the +Cabinet to let him go as far as he does. No doubt he is +obliged to do things he does not think the best absolutely, +but the best that are practicable. He does not profess to +be a Socialist, and he is not infallible, but he does the +best he can, under the conditions in which he finds himself. +Socialists who condemn him for not doing more are most +<span class="tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span> +<a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +unfair. They must know, if they think, that if he tried to +do much more towards Socialism he would break up the +Government and let in the Tories.—Yours truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_145" id="toc_145"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. A. WILTSHIRE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. September 14, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I wish you every success in your work for +the amelioration of the condition of the workers, through +whose exertions it may be truly said we all live and move +and have our being.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Your motto is excellent. Above all things stick together.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Equally important is it to declare as a fixed principle +that wages are to be and must be continuously raised, +never lowered. You have too much arrears to make up—too +many forces against you, to admit of their being ever +lowered. Let future generations decide when that is necessary—if +ever.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This is a principle worth enforcing by a general strike. +Nothing less will be effective—nothing less should be +accepted; and you must let the Government know it, and +insist that they adopt it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The rise must always be towards uniformity of payment +for all useful and productive work.—Yours sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span> +<a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_146" id="toc_146"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head">PART VI</h1> +<p class="tei tei-p"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_147" id="toc_147"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head">Some Further Problems</h2> +<p class="tei tei-p"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_148" id="toc_148"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">I.—Astronomy</h3> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">Of the varied subjects upon which Wallace wrote, none, +perhaps, came with greater freshness to the general +reader than his books written when he was nearly +eighty upon the ancient science of astronomy.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Perhaps he would have said that the "directive Mind +and Purpose" kept these subjects back until the closing +years of his life in order that he might bring to bear +upon them his wider knowledge of nature, enlightened +by that spiritual perception which led him to link the +heavens and the earth in one common bond of evolution, +culminating in the development of moral and spiritual +intelligences.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Man's Place in the Universe" (1903) was in effect a +prelude to "The World of Life" (1910). Wallace saw +afterwards that one grew out of the other, as we find him +frequently saying with regard to his other books and +essays.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As with Spiritualism, so with Astronomy, the seed-interest +practically lay dormant in his mind for many +years; with this difference, however, that temperament +and training caused a speedy unfolding of his mind when +once a scientific subject gripped him, whereas with Spiritualism +he felt the need of moving slowly and cautiously +before fully accepting the phenomena as verifiable facts.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It was during the later period of his land-surveying, +when he was somewhere between the ages of 18 and 20, +that he became distinctly interested in the stars. Being +<span class="tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span> +<a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +left much alone at this period, he began to vary his pursuits +by studying a book on Nautical Astronomy, and +constructing a rude telescope.<a name="noteref_56" id="noteref_56"></a><a href="#note_56"><span class="footnoteref">56</span></a> This primitive appliance +increased his interest in other astronomical instruments, +and especially in the grand onward march of astronomical +discovery, which he looked upon as one of the wonders of +the nineteenth century.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It was the inclusion of astronomy in lectures he delivered +at Davos which led him to extend his original brief notes +into the four chapters which form an important part of his +"Wonderful Century." He freely confessed that in order +to write these chapters he was obliged to read widely, and +to make much use of friends to whom astronomy was a +more familiar study. And it was whilst he was engaged +upon these chapters that his attention became riveted upon +the unique position of our planet in relation to the solar +system.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He had noticed that certain definite conditions appeared to +be absolutely essential to the origin and development of the +higher types of terrestrial life, and that most of these must +have been certainly dependent on a very delicate balance of +the forces concerned in the evolution of our planet. Our +position in the solar system appeared to him to be peculiar +and unique because, he thought, we may be almost sure +that these conditions do not coexist on any other planet, +and that we have no good reason to believe that other +planets could have maintained over a period of millions of +years the complex and equable conditions absolutely necessary +to the existence of the higher forms of terrestrial life. +Therefore it appeared to him to be proved that our earth +does really stand alone in the solar system by reason of +its special adaptation for the development of human life.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Granting this, however, the question might still be asked, +<span class="tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span> +<a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Why should not any one of the suns in other parts of space +possess planets as well adapted as our own to develop the +higher forms of organic life? These questions cannot be +answered definitely; but there are reasons, he considered, +why the central position which we occupy may alone be +suitable. It is almost certain that electricity and other +mysterious radiant forces (of which we have so recently +discovered the existence) have played an important part +in the origin and development of organised life, and it +does not appear to be extravagant to assume that the +extraordinary way in which these cosmic forces have +remained hidden from us may be due to that central +position which we are found to occupy in the whole universe +of matter discoverable by us. Indeed, it may well +be that these wonderful forces of the ether are more +irregular—and perhaps more violent—in their effect upon +matter in what may be termed the outer chambers of that +universe, and that they are only so nicely balanced, so +uniform in their action, and so concealed from us, as to +be fit to aid in the development of organic life in that +central portion of the stellar system which our globe +occupies. Should these views as to the unique central +position of our earth be supported by the results of further +research, it will certainly rank as the most extraordinary +and perhaps the most important of the many discoveries +of the past century.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">While still working on this section of his "Wonderful +Century," he was asked to write a scientific article, upon +any subject of his own choice, for the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">New York Independent</span>. +And as the idea of the unique position of the +earth to be the abode of human life was fresh in his mind, +he thought it would prove interesting to the general public. +However, before his article appeared simultaneously in the +American papers and in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly Review</span>, a friend +<span class="tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span> +<a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +who read it was so impressed with its originality and treatment +that he persuaded Wallace to enlarge it into book +form; and it appeared in the autumn of 1903 as "Man's +Place in the Universe."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This fascinating treatise upon the position occupied +by the earth, and man, in the universe, had the same +effect as some of his former writings, of drawing forth unstinted +commendation from many religious and secular +papers; whilst the severely scientific and materialistic reviewers +doubted how far his imagination had superseded +unbiased reason.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">On one point, however, most outsiders were in agreement—that +he had invested an ancient subject with freshest interest +through approaching it by an entirely new way. The +plan followed was that of bringing together all the positive +conclusions of the astronomer, the geologist, the physicist, +and the biologist, and by weighing these carefully in the +balance he arrived at what appeared to him to be the only +reasonable conclusion. He therefore set out to solve the +problem whether or not the logical inferences to be drawn +from the various results of modern science lent support to +the view that our earth is the only inhabited planet, not +only in our own solar system, but in the whole stellar universe. +In the course of his close and careful exposition +he takes the reader through the whole trend of modern +scientific research, concluding with a summing-up of his +deductions in the following six propositions, in the first +three of which he sets out the conclusions reached by +modern astronomers:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(1) That the stellar universe forms one connected whole; +and, though of enormous extent, is yet finite, and its extent +determinable.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(2) That the solar system is situated in the plane of the +Milky Way, and not far removed from the centre of that +<span class="tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span> +<a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +plane. The earth is, therefore, nearly in the centre of the +stellar universe.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(3) That this universe consists throughout of the same +kinds of matter, and is subjected to the same physical and +chemical laws.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The conclusions which I claim to have shown to have +enormous probabilities in their favour are:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(4) That no other planet in the solar system than our +earth is inhabited or habitable.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(5) That the probabilities are almost as great against +any other sun possessing inhabited planets.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(6) That the nearly central position of our sun is probably +a permanent one, and has been specially favourable, +perhaps absolutely essential, to life-development on the +earth.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace never maintained that this earth alone in the +whole universe is the abode of life. What he maintained +was, first, that our solar system appears to be in or near +the centre of the visible universe, and, secondly, that all +the available evidence supports the idea of the extreme unlikelihood +of there being on any star or planet revealed by +the telescope any intelligent life either identical with or +analogous to man. To suppose that this one particular +type of universe extends over all space was, he considered, +to have a low idea of the Creator and His power. Such a +scheme would mean monotony instead of infinite variety, +the keynote of things as they are known to us. There +might be a million universes, but all different.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">To his mind there was no difficulty in believing in the +existence of consciousness apart from material organism; +though he could not readily conceive of pure mind, or +pure spirit, apart from some kind of substantial envelope +or substratum. Many of the views suggested in "Man's +Place in the Universe" as to man's spiritual progress +hereafter, the reason or ultimate purpose for which he +<span class="tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span> +<a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was brought into existence, were enlarged upon, later, in +"The World of Life." As early, however, as 1903, Wallace +did not hesitate to express his own firm conviction +that Science and Spiritualism were in many ways closely +akin.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He believed that the near future would show the strong +tendency of scientists to become more religious or spiritual. +The process, he thought, would be slow, as the general attitude +has never been more materialistic than now. A few +have been bold enough to assert their belief in some outside +power, but the leading scientific men are, as a rule, +dead against them. "They seem," he once remarked, "to +think, and to like to think, that the whole phenomena of +life will one day be reduced to terms of matter and motion, +and that every vegetable, animal, and human product will +be explained, and may some day be artificially produced, by +chemical action. But even if this were so, behind it all +there would still remain an unexplained mystery."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Closely associated with "Man's Place in the Universe" +is a small volume, "Is Mars Habitable?" This was first +commenced as a review of Professor Percival Lowell's book, +"Mars and its Canals," with the object of showing that the +large amount of new and interesting facts contained in this +work did not invalidate the conclusion that he (Wallace) had +reached in 1903—that Mars is not habitable. The conclusions +to which his argument led him were these:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(1) All physicists are agreed that ... Mars would have +a mean temperature of about 35° F. owing to its distance +from the sun.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(2) But the very low temperatures on the earth under +the equator at a height where the barometer stands at +about three times as high as on Mars, proves that from +scantiness of atmosphere alone Mars cannot possibly have +a temperature as high as the freezing-point of water. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span> +<a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The combination of these two results must bring down +the temperature of Mars to a degree wholly incompatible +with the existence of animal life.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(3) The quite independent proof that water-vapour cannot +exist on Mars, and that, therefore, the first essential +of organic life—water—is non-existent.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The conclusion from these three independent proofs ... is +therefore irresistible—that animal life, especially in its +highest forms, cannot exist. Mars, therefore, is not only +uninhabited by intelligent beings ... but is absolutely uninhabitable.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">In contrast to his purely scientific interest in astronomy, +Wallace was moved by the romance of the "stars," akin to +his enthusiastic love of beautiful butterflies. Had it not +been for this touch of romance and idealism in his writings +on astronomy, they would have lost much of their charm +for the general reader. His breadth of vision transforms +him from a mere student of astronomy into a seer who +became ever more deeply conscious of the mystery both +"before and behind."</p> + +<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg"> +<p class="tei tei-l">"Rain, sun, and rain! and the free blossom blows;</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">Sun, rain, and sun! and where is he who knows?</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">From the great deep to the great deep he goes."</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p">And whilst facing with brave and steady mind the great +mysteries of earth and sky, of life and what lies beyond it, +he himself loved to quote:</p> + +<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg"> +<p class="tei tei-l">"Fear not thou the hidden purpose</p> +<p style="margin-left: 6em" class="tei tei-l"> Of that Power which alone is great,</p> +<p class="tei tei-l"> Nor the myriad world His shadow,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 6em" class="tei tei-l"> Nor the silent Opener of the Gate."</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Among the scientific friends to whom he appealed for +help when writing his astronomical books was Prof. (now +Sir) W.F. Barrett.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span> +<a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_149" id="toc_149"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 12, 1901.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—I shall be much obliged if you will +give me your opinion on a problem in physics that I cannot +find answered in any book. It relates to the old Nebular +Hypothesis, and is this:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It is assumed that the matter of the solar system was +once wholly gaseous, and extended as a roughly globular +or lenticular mass beyond the orbit of Neptune. Sir +Robert Ball stated in a lecture here that even when the +solar nebula had shrunk to the size of the earth's orbit it +must have been (I think he said) hundreds of times rarer +than the residual gas in one of Crookes's high vacuum +tubes. Yet, by hypothesis, it was hot enough, even in its +outer portions, to retain all the solid elements in the +gaseous state.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Now, admitting this to be <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">possible</span> at any given epoch, +my difficulty is this: how long could the outer parts +of this nebula exist, exposed to the zero temperature of +surrounding space, without losing the gaseous state and +aggregating into minute solid particles—into meteoric +dust, in fact?</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Could it exist an hour? a day? a year? a century? Yet +the process of condensation from the Neptunian era to that +of Saturn or Jupiter must surely have occupied millions of +centuries. What kept the almost infinitely rare metallic +gases in the gaseous state all this time? Is such a condition +of things physically possible?</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I cannot myself imagine any such condition of things +as the supposed primitive solar nebula as possibly coming +into existence under any conceivably antecedent conditions, +but, granted that it did come into existence, it seems to me +that the gaseous state must almost instantly begin changing +<span class="tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span> +<a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +into the solid state. Hence I adopt the meteoric theory +instead of the nebular; since all the evidence is in favour +of solid matter being abundant all through known space, +while there is no evidence of metallic gases existing in +space, except as the result of collisions of huge masses of +matter. Is my difficulty a mare's nest?—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_150" id="toc_150"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO Mrs. Fisher</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. February 28, 1905.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mrs. Fisher,—Thanks for your letter. Am sorry +I have not converted you, but perhaps it will come yet! I +will only make one remark as to your conclusion.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I have not attempted to prove a negative! That is not +necessary. What I claim to have done is, to have shown +that all the evidence we have, be it much or little, is decidedly +against not only other solar planets having inhabitants, +but also, as far as probabilities are concerned, equally +against it in any supposed stellar planets—for not one has +been proved to exist. There is absolutely no evidence which +shows even a probability of there being other inhabited +worlds. It is all pure speculation, depending upon our +ideas as to what the universe is for, as to what <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">we</span> think +(some of us!) <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">ought</span> to be! That is not evidence, even of +the flimsiest. All I maintain is that mine <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">is</span> evidence, +founded on physical probabilities, and that, as against no +evidence at all—no proved physical probability—mine holds +the field!—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_151" id="toc_151"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Dorset. July 24, 1907.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Smedley,— ... I write chiefly to tell you +that I have read Mr. Lowell's last book, "Mars and its +<span class="tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span> +<a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Canals," and am now writing an article, or perhaps a +small book, about it. I am sure his theories are all wrong, +and I am showing why, so that anyone can see his fallacies. +His observations, drawings, photographs, etc., are all quite +right, and I believe true to nature, but his interpretation of +what he sees is wrong—often even to absurdity. He began +by thinking the straight lines are works of art, and as he +finds more and more of these straight lines, he thinks that +proves more completely that they are works of art, and then +he twists all other evidence to suit that. The book is not +very well written, but no doubt the newspaper men think +that as he is such a great astronomer he must know what +it all means!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am more than ever convinced that Mars is totally +uninhabitable....—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_152" id="toc_152"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. August 10, 1907.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—Thanks for your letter, and your friend +Prof. Stroud's. I have come to the sad conclusion that it is +hopeless to get any mathematician to trouble himself to track +out Lowell's obscurities and fallacies.... So, being driven +on to my own resources, I have worked out a mode of estimating +(within limits) the temperature of Mars, without any +mathematical formulæ—and only a little arithmetic. I want +to know if there is any fallacy in it, and therefore take the +liberty of sending it to you, as you are taking your holiday, +just to read it over and tell me if you see any flaw in it. I +also send my short summary of Lowell's <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Philosophical Magazine</span> +paper, so that you can see if my criticism at the end is +fair, and whether his words really mean what to me they +seem to....—Yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span> +<a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_153" id="toc_153"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. F. BIRCH</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Sept. 12, 1907.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Fred,— ... For the last two or three months I +have had a hard struggle with Mars—not the god of war, +but the planet—writing a small book, chiefly criticising +Lowell's last book, called "Mars and its Canals," published +less than a year back by Macmillan, who will also +publish my reply. <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">I</span> think it is crushing, but it has cost +me a deal of trouble, as Lowell has also printed a long +and complex mathematical article trying to prove that +though Mars receives less than half the sun-heat we do, +yet it is very nearly as warm and quite habitable! But +his figures and arguments are alike so shaky and involved +that I cannot get any of my mathematical friends to tackle +it or point out his errors. However, I think I have done +it myself by the rules of common sense....—Your sincere friend,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_154" id="toc_154"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. H. JAMYN BROOKE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. December 2, 1910.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Your "monistic" system is to me a system +of mere contradictory words. You begin with three things—then +you say they are correlated with one substance—coextensive +with the universe. This you cannot possibly know, +and it is about as intelligible and as likely to be true as the +Athanasian Creed!—Yours truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_155" id="toc_155"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. KNIGHT</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 1, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Knight,—I have written hardly anything on +the direct proofs of "immortality" except in my book on +"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism," and also in "My +Life," Vol. II. But my two works, "Man's Place in the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span> +<a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Universe" (now published at 1s.), and my later volume, +"The World of Life," form together a very elaborate, and +I think conclusive, scientific argument in favour of the +view that the whole material universe exists and is designed +for the production of immortal spirits, in the +greatest possible diversity of nature, and character, corresponding +with ... the almost infinite diversity of that +universe, in all its parts and in every detail....—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—I am fairly well, but almost past work.—A.R.W.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_156" id="toc_156"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR OLIVER LODGE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 9, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir Oliver Lodge,—Owing to ill-health and other +causes I have only now been able to finish the perusal +of your intensely interesting and instructive Address to +the British Association. I cannot, however, refrain from +writing to you to express my admiration of it, and +especially of the first half of it, in which you discuss the +almost infinite variety and complexity of the physical +problems involved in the great principle of "continuity" +in so clear a manner that outsiders like myself are +able to some extent to apprehend them. I am especially +pleased to find that you uphold the actual existence and +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">continuity</span> of the ether as scientifically established, +and reject the doubts of some mathematicians as to +the reality and perfect continuity of space and time as +unthinkable.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The latter part of the Address is even more important, +and is especially notable for your clear and positive statements +as to the evidence in all life-process of a "guiding" +Mind. I can hardly suppose that you can have found time +to read my rather discursive and laboured volume on "The +<span class="tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span> +<a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +World of Life," written mainly for the purpose of enforcing +not only the proofs of a "guiding" but also of a "foreseeing" +and "designing" Mind by evidence which will be +thought by most men of science to be unduly strained. It +is, therefore, the more interesting to me to find that you +have yourself (on pp. 33-34 of your Address) used the very +same form of analogical illustration as I have done (at +p. 296 of "The World of Life") under the heading of "A +Physiological Allegory," as being a very close representation +of what really occurs in nature.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">To conclude: your last paragraph rises to a height of +grandeur and eloquence to which I cannot attain, but +which excites my highest admiration.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Should you have a separate copy to spare of your Romanes +Lecture at Oxford, I should be glad to have it to refer to.—Believe +me yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The last of Wallace's letters on astronomical subjects +was written to Sir Oliver Lodge about a week before his +death:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_157" id="toc_157"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR OLIVER LODGES</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 27, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir Oliver Lodge,—Many thanks for your Romanes +Lecture, which, owing to my ignorance of modern electrical +theory and experiments, is more difficult for me than was +your British Association Address.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I have been very much interested the last month by +reading a book sent me from America by Mr. W.L. Webb, +being "An Account of the Unparalleled Discoveries of Mr. +T.J.J. See."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Several of Mr. See's own lectures are given, with references +to his "Researches on the Evolution of the Stellar +Systems," in two large volumes.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His theory of "capture" of suns, planets, and satellites +<span class="tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span> +<a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +seems to me very beautifully worked out under the influence +of gravitation and a resisting medium of cosmical dust—which +explains the origin and motions of the moon as well +as that of all the planets and satellites far better than Sir +G. Darwin's expulsion theory.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I note however that he is quite ignorant that Proctor, +forty years ago, gave full reasons for this "capture" +theory in his "Expanse of Heaven," and also that the +same writer showed that the Milky Way could not have +the enormous lateral extension he gives to it, but that it +cannot really be much flattened. He does not even mention +the proofs given of this both by Proctor and, I think, +by Herbert Spencer, while in Mr. Webb's volume (opposite +p. 212) is a diagram showing the "Coal Sack" as a +"vacant lane" running quite through and across the +successive spiral extensions laterally of the galaxy, without +any reference or a word of explanation that such +features, of which there are many, really demonstrate the +untenability of such extension.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">An even more original and extremely interesting part +of Mr. See's work is his very satisfactory solution of the +hitherto unsolved geological problem of the origin of all +the great mountain ranges of the world, in Chapters X., +XI., and XII. of Mr. Webb's volume. It seems quite +complete except for the beginnings, but I suppose it is a +result of the formation of the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">earth</span> by accretion and not +by expulsion, by heating and not by cooling....—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">D R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span> +<a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_158" id="toc_158"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">II.—SPIRITUALISM</h3> + +<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote"> +<p class="tei tei-p">"The completely materialistic mind of my youth and early manhood has +been slowly moulded into the socialistic, spiritualistic, and theistic +mind I now exhibit—a mind which is, as my scientific friends think, so +weak and credulous in its declining years, as to believe that fruit and +flowers, domestic animals, glorious birds and insects, wool, cotton, +sugar and rubber, metals and gems, were all foreseen and foreordained +for the education and enjoyment of man. The whole cumulative argument of +my 'World of Life' is that <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">in its every detail</span> it calls for the agency +of a mind ... enormously above and beyond any human mind ... Whether +this Unknown Reality is a single Being and acts everywhere in the +universe as direct creator, organiser, and director of every minutest +motion ... or through 'infinite grades of beings,' as I suggest, comes +to much the same thing. Mine seems a more clear and intelligible +supposition ... and it is the teaching of the Bible, of Swedenborg, and +of Milton."—Letter from A.R. Wallace to JAMES MARCHANT, written in +1913.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The letters on Spiritualism which Wallace wrote cast +further light on the personal attitude of mind which +he maintained towards that subject. He was an unbiased +scientific investigator, commencing on the "lower +level" of spirit phenomena, such as raps and similar +physical manifestations of "force by unseen intelligences," +and passing on to a clearer understanding of the phenomena +of mesmerism and telepathy; to the materialisation +of, and conversation with, the spirits of those who had +been known in the body, until the conviction of life after +death, as the inevitable crowning conclusion to the long +process of evolution, was reached in the remarkable chapter +with which he concludes "The World of Life"—an +impressive prose poem.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Like that of many other children, Wallace's early childhood +was spent in an orthodox religious atmosphere, which, +whilst awakening within him vague emotions of religious +<span class="tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span> +<a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +fervour, derived chiefly from the more picturesque and impassioned +of the hymns which he occasionally heard sung +at a Nonconformist chapel, left no enduring impression. +Moreover, at the age of 14 he was brought suddenly into +close contact with Socialism as expounded by Robert Owen, +which dispelled whatever glimmerings of the Christian faith +there may have been latent in his mind, leaving him for +many years a confirmed materialist.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This fact, together with his early-aroused sense of the +social injustice and privations imposed upon the poorer +classes both in town and country, which he carefully +observed during his experience as a land-surveyor, might +easily have had an undesirable effect upon his general +character had not his intense love and reverence for +nature provided a stimulus to his moral and spiritual development. +But the "directive Mind and Purpose" was +preparing him silently and unconsciously until his "fabric +of thought" was ready to receive spiritual impressions. +For, according to his own theory, as "the laws of nature +bring about continuous development, on the whole progressive, +one of the subsidiary results of this mode of development +is that no organ, no sensation, no faculty arises +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">before</span> it is needed, or in greater degree than it is needed."<a name="noteref_57" id="noteref_57"></a><a href="#note_57"><span class="footnoteref">57</span></a> +From this point of view we may make a brief outline of the +manner in which this particular "faculty" arose and was +developed in him.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">When at Leicester, in 1844, his curiosity was greatly excited +by some lectures on mesmerism given by Mr. Spencer +Hall, and he soon discovered that he himself had considerable +power in this direction, which he exercised on some of +his pupils.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Later, when his brother Herbert joined him in South +America, he found that he also possessed this gift, and on +<span class="tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span> +<a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +several occasions they mesmerised some of the natives for +mere amusement. But the subject was put aside, and +Wallace paid no further attention to such phenomena until +after his return to England in 1862.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It was not until the summer of 1865 that he witnessed +any phenomena of a spiritualistic nature; of these a full +account is given in "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism" +(p. 132). "I came," he says, "to the inquiry utterly unbiased +by hopes or fears, because I knew that my belief +could not affect the reality, and with an ingrained prejudice +even against such a word as 'spirit,' which I have +hardly yet overcome."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">From that time until 1895, when the second edition of +that book appeared, he did much, together with other +scientists, to establish these facts, as he believed them to +be, on a rational and scientific foundation. It will also +be noticed, both before and after this period, that in addition +to the notable book which he published dealing exclusively +with these matters, the gradual trend of his +convictions, advancing steadily towards the end which he +ultimately reached, had become so thoroughly woven into +his "fabric of thought" that it appears under many +phases in his writings, and occupies a considerable part +of his correspondence, of which we have only room for +some specimens.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The first definite statement of his belief in "this something" +other than material in the evolution of Man +appeared in his essay on "The Development of Human +Faces under the Law of Natural Selection" (1864). In +this he suggested that, Man having reached a state of +physical perfection through the progressive law of Natural +Selection, thenceforth Mind became the dominating factor, +endowing Man with an ever-increasing power of intelligence +which, whilst the physical had remained stationary, had +<span class="tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span> +<a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +continued to develop according to his needs. This "in-breathing" +of a divine Spirit, or the controlling force of +a supreme directive Mind and Purpose, which was one of +the points of divergence between his theory and that held +by Darwin, is too well known to need repetition.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This disagreement has a twofold interest from the fact +that Darwin, in his youth, studied theology with the full +intention of taking holy orders, and for some years retained +his faith in the more or less orthodox beliefs arising +out of the Bible. But as time went by, an ever-extending +knowledge of the mystery of the natural laws governing +the development of man and nature led him to make the +characteristically frank avowal that he "found it more +and more difficult ... to invent evidence which would +suffice to convince"; adding, "This disbelief crept over me +at a very slow rate, but was at last complete. The rate +was so slow that I felt no distress."<a name="noteref_58" id="noteref_58"></a><a href="#note_58"><span class="footnoteref">58</span></a> With Wallace, however, +his early disbelief ended in a deep conviction that +"as nothing in nature actually 'dies,' but renews its life +in another and higher form, so Man, the highest product +of natural laws here, must by the power of mind and +intellect continue to develop hereafter."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The varied reasons leading up to this final conviction, +as related by himself in "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism" +and "My Life," are, however, too numerous and +detailed to be retold in a brief summary in this place.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The correspondence that follows deals entirely with investigations +on this side of the Atlantic, but a good deal of +evidence which to him was conclusive was obtained during +his stay in America, where Spiritualism has been more +widely recognised, and for a much longer period than in +England.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Some of the letters addressed to Miss Buckley (afterwards +<span class="tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span> +<a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Mrs. Fisher) reveal the extreme caution which he +both practised himself and advocated in others when following +up any experimental phase of spiritual phenomena. +The same correspondence also gives a fairly clear outline +of his faith in the ascending scale from the physical +evidence of spirit-existence to the communication of some +actual knowledge of life as it exists beyond the veil.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In spiritual matters, as in natural science, though at +times his head may have appeared to be "in the clouds," +his feet were planted firmly on the earth. This is seen, +to note another curious instance, in his correspondence +with Sir Wm. Barrett, where he maintains a delicate +balance between natural science and "spirit impression" +when discussing the much controverted reality of +"dowsing" for water.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It was this breadth of vision, unhampered by mere intellectualism, +but always kept within reasonable bounds by +scientific deduction and analysis, which constituted Alfred +Russel Wallace a seer of the first rank.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace lived to see the theory of evolution applied to +the life-history of the earth and the starry firmament, to +the development of nations and races, to the progress of +mind, morals and religion, even to the origin of consciousness +and life—a conception which has completely revolutionised +man's attitude towards himself and the world +and God. Evolution became intelligible in the light of +that idea which came to him in his hut at Ternate and +changed the face of the universe. Surely it was enough +for any one man to be one of the two chief originators of +such a far-reaching thought and to witness its impact upon +the ancient story of special creations which it finally laid +in the dust. But Wallace was privileged beyond all the +men of his generation. He lived to see many of the results +of the theory of evolution tested by time and to foresee that +<span class="tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span> +<a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +there were definite limits to its range, that, indeed, there +were two lines of development—one affecting the visible +world of form and colour and the other the invisible world +of life and spirit—two worlds springing from two opposite +poles of being and developing <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">pari passu</span>, or, rather, the +spiritual dominating the material, life originating and controlling +organisation. It was, in short, his peculiar task +to reveal something of the Why as well as the How of the +evolutionary process, and in doing so verily to bring immortality +to light.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The immediate exciting cause of this discovery of the +inadequacy of evolution from the material side alone to +account for the world of life may seem to many to have +been trivial and unworthy of the serious attention of a +great scientist. How, it might be asked, could the crude +and doubtful phenomena of Spiritualism afford reasonably +adequate grounds for challenging its supremacy and for +setting a limit to its range? But spiritualistic phenomena +were only the accidental modes in which the other side of +evolution struck in upon his vision. They set him upon the +other track and opened up to him the vaster kingdom of life +which is without beginning, limit or end; in which perchance +the sequence of life from the simple to the complex, from +living germ to living God, may also be the law of growth. +It is in the light of this ultimate end that we must judge +the stumbling steps guided by raps and visions which led +him to the ladder set up to the stars by which connection +was established with the inner reality of being. That was +the distinctive contribution which he made to human beliefs +over and above his advocacy of pure Darwinism.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Reading almost everything he could obtain upon occult +phenomena, Wallace found that there was such a mass of +testimony by men of the highest character and ability in +<span class="tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span> +<a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +every department of human learning that he thought it +would be useful to bring this together in a connected +sketch of the whole subject. This he did, and sent it to +a secularist magazine, in which it appeared in 1866, under +the title of "The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural." +He sent a copy to Huxley.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_159" id="toc_159"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO T.H. HUXLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">9 St. Mark's Crescent, Regent's Park, N.W. November 22, 1866.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Huxley,—I have been writing a little on a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">new +branch</span> of Anthropology, and as I have taken your name +in vain on the title-page I send you a copy. I fear you +will be much shocked, but I can't help it; and before +finally deciding that we are all mad I hope you will come +and see some very curious phenomena which we can show +you, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">among friends only</span>. We meet every Friday evening, +and hope you will come sometimes, as we wish for the +fullest investigation, and shall be only too grateful to you +or anyone else who will show us how and where we are +deceived.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_160" id="toc_160"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">T.H. HUXLEY TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">[? <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">November, 1886.</span>]</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Wallace,—I am neither shocked nor disposed to +issue a Commission of Lunacy against you. It may be all +true, for anything I know to the contrary, but really I cannot +get up any interest in the subject. I never cared for +gossip in my life, and disembodied gossip, such as these +worthy ghosts supply their friends with, is not more interesting +to me than any other. As for investigating the +matter, I have half-a-dozen investigations of infinitely +greater interest to me to which any spare time I may have +will be devoted. I give it up for the same reason I abstain +<span class="tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span> +<a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +from chess—it's too amusing to be fair work, and too hard +work to be amusing.—Yours faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">T.H. HUXLEY.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_161" id="toc_161"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO T.H. HUXLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">9 St. Mark's Crescent, Regent's Park, N.W. December 1, 1866.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Huxley,—Thanks for your note. Of course, I +have no wish to press on you an inquiry for which you +have neither time nor inclination. As for the "gossip" +you speak of, I care for it as little as you can do, but what +I do feel an intense interest in is the exhibition of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">force</span> +where force has been declared <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">impossible</span>, and of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">intelligence</span> +from a source the very mention of which has been +deemed an <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">absurdity</span>.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Faraday has declared (apropos of this subject) that he +who can prove the existence or exertion of force, if but the +lifting of a single ounce, by a power not yet recognised by +science, will deserve and assuredly receive applause and +gratitude. (I quote from memory the sense of his expressions +in his Lecture on Education.)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I believe I can now show such a force, and I trust some +of the physicists may be found to admit its importance and +examine into it.—Believe me yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_162" id="toc_162"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Holly House, Barking, E. December 25, 1870.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,— ... You did not hear Mrs. +Hardinge<a name="noteref_59" id="noteref_59"></a><a href="#note_59"><span class="footnoteref">59</span></a> on very favourable topics, and I hope you will +hear her often again, and especially hear one of her +regular discourses. I think, however, from what you +heard, that, setting aside all idea of her being more than +a mere spiritualist lecturer setting forth the ideas and +<span class="tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span> +<a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +opinions of the sect, you will admit that spiritualists, +as represented by her, are neither prejudiced nor unreasonable, +and that they are truly imbued with the +scientific spirit of subordinating all theory to fact. You +will also admit, I think, that the moral teachings of Spiritualism, +as far as she touched upon them, are elevated and +beautiful and calculated to do good; and if so, that is the +use of Spiritualism—the getting such doctrines of future +progress founded on actual phenomena which we can +observe and examine now, not on phenomena which are +said to have occurred thousands of years ago and of which +we have confessedly but imperfect records.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I think, too, that the becoming acquainted with two such +phases of Spiritualism as are exhibited by Mrs. Hardinge +and Miss Houghton must show you that the whole thing is +not to be judged by the common phenomena of public stances +alone, and I can assure you that there are dozens of other +phases of the subject as remarkable as these two....—Yours +very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_163" id="toc_163"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Holly House. Barking, E. June 1, 1871.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,— ... I have lately had a stance +with the celebrated Mr. Home, and saw that most wonderful +phenomenon an accordion playing beautiful music by +itself, the bottom only being held in Mr. Home's hand. I +was invited to watch it as closely as I pleased under the +table in a well-lighted room. I am sure nothing touched +it but Mr. Home's one hand, yet at one time I saw a +shadowy yet defined hand on the keys. This is too vast a +phenomenon for any sceptic to assimilate, and I can well +understand the impossibility of their accepting the evidence +of their own senses. Mr. Crookes, F.R.S., the chemist, was +present and suspended the table with a spring balance, when +<span class="tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span> +<a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +it was at request made heavy or light, the indicator moving +accordingly, and to prevent any mistake it was made light +when the hands of all present were resting on the table and +heavy when our hands were all underneath it. The difference, +if I remember, was about 40 lb. I was also asked to +place a candle on the floor and look under the table while +it was lifted completely off the floor, Mr. Home's feet being +2 ft. distant from any part of it. This was in a lady's +house in the West End. Mr. Home courts examination if +people come to him in a fair and candid spirit of inquiry....—Yours +very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_164" id="toc_164"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Dell, Grays, Essex. January 11, 1874.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Miss Buckley,—I am delighted to hear of your +success so far, and hope you are progressing satisfactorily. +Pray keep accurate notes of all that takes place.... Allow +me ... to warn you not to take it for granted till you get +proof upon proof that it is really your sister that is communicating +with you. I hope and think it is, but still, the +conditions that render communication possible are so subtle +and complex that she may not be able; and some other being, +reading your mind, may be acting through you and making +you think it is your sister, to induce you to go on. Be therefore +on the look out for characteristic traits of your sister's +mind and manner which are different from your own. These +will be tests, especially if they come when and how you are +not expecting them. Even if it is your sister, she may be +obliged to use the intermediation of some other being, and +in that case her peculiar idiosyncrasy may be at first disguised, +but it will soon make itself distinctly visible. Of +course you will preserve every scrap you write, and date +them, and they will, I have no doubt, explain each other as +you go on. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span> +<a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">If you can get to see the last number of the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Quarterly +Journal of Science</span>, you will find a most important article +by Mr. Crookes, giving an outline of the results of his investigations, +which he is going to give in full in a volume. +His facts are most marvellous and convincing, and appear +to me to answer every one of the objections that have +usually been made to the evidence adduced....—Yours +very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_165" id="toc_165"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Dell, Grays, Essex. February 28, 1874.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,—I was much pleased with your long +and interesting letter of the 19th and am glad you are getting +on at last. It will be splendid if you really become a good +medium for some first-rate unmistakable manifestations +that even Huxley will acknowledge are worth seeing, and +Carpenter confess are not to be explained by unconscious +cerebration....—Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_166" id="toc_166"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Dell, Grays, Essex. March 9, 1874.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,—I compassionate your mediumistic +troubles, but I have no doubt it will all come right in the +end. The fact that your sister will not talk as you want +her to talk—will not say what you expect her to say, is +a grand proof that it is not your unconscious cerebration +that does her talking for her. Is not that clear? Whether +it is she herself or someone else who is talking to you, +is not so clear, but that it is not you, I think, is clear +enough.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I can quite understand, too, that your sister in her +new life may be, above all things, interested in getting the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span> +<a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +telegraph in good order, to communicate, and will not think +of much else till that is done. While the first Atlantic cable +was being laid the messages would be chiefly reports of +progress, directions and instructions, with now and then +trivialities about the weather, the time, or small items of +news. Only when it was in real working order was a +President's Message, a Queen's Speech, sent through it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Automatic writing and trance speaking never yet convinced +anybody. They are only useful for those who are +already convinced. But you <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">would</span> begin this way. You +would not go to mediums and séances and see what you +could get that way. So now you must persevere; but do +not give up your own judgment in anything. Insist upon +having things explained to you, or say you won't go on. +You will then find they will be explained, only it may take +a little more time.... —Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_167" id="toc_167"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Dell, Grays, Essex. April 24, 1874.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,— ... On coming home this evening +I received the news of poor little Bertie's death—this morning +at eight o'clock. I left him only yesterday forenoon, and +had then considerable hopes, for we had just commenced a +new treatment which a fortnight earlier I am pretty sure +might have saved him. The thought suddenly struck me to +go to Dr. Williams, of Hayward's Heath ... but it was too +late. As he had been in this same state of exhaustion for +nearly a month, it is evident that very slight influences +might have been injurious or beneficial. Our orthodox +medical men are profoundly ignorant of the subtle influences +of the human body in health and disease, and can +thus do nothing in many cases which Nature would cure if +assisted by proper conditions. We who know what strange +<span class="tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span> +<a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and subtle influences are around us can believe this....—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Mr. Wallace felt the death of this child so deeply that +during the remainder of his life he never mentioned him +except when obliged, and then with tears in his eyes.—A.B. +FISHER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_168" id="toc_168"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MISS BUCKLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Dell, Grays, Essex. Thursday evening, [? December, 1875].</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Miss Buckley,—Our stance came off last evening, +and was a tolerable success. The medium is a very pretty +little lively girl, the place where she sits a bare empty cupboard +formed by a frame and doors to close up a recess by +the side of a fireplace in a small basement breakfast-room. +We examined it, and it is absolutely impossible to conceal +a scrap of paper in it. Miss Cooke is locked in this cupboard, +above the door of which is a square opening about +15 inches each way, the only thing she takes with her being +a long piece of tape and a chair to sit on. After a few +minutes Katie's whispering voice was heard, and a little +while after we were asked to open the door and seal up +the medium. We found her hands tied together with the +tape passed three times round each wrist and tightly +knotted, the hands tied close together, the tape then passing +behind and well knotted to the chair-back. We sealed +all the knots with a private seal of my friend's, and again +locked the door. A portable gas lamp was on a table the +whole evening, shaded by a screen so as to cast a shadow +on the square opening above the door of the cupboard till +permission was given to illuminate it. Every object and +person in the room were always distinctly visible. A face<a name="noteref_60" id="noteref_60"></a><a href="#note_60"><span class="footnoteref">60</span></a> +then appeared at the opening, but dark and indistinct.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span> +<a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">After a time another face quite distinct with a white +turban-like headdress—this was a handsome face with a +considerable general likeness to that of the medium, but +paler, larger, fuller, and older—decidedly a different face, +although like. The light was thrown full on this face, +and on request it advanced so that the chin projected a +little beyond the aperture. We were then ordered to +release the medium. I opened the door, and found her +bent forward with her head in her lap, and apparently in +a deep sleep or trance—from which a touch and a few +words awoke her. We then examined the tape and knots—all +was as we left it and every seal perfect.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The same face appeared later in the evening, and also +one decidedly different with coarser features.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">After this, for the sake I believe of two sceptics present, +the medium was twice tied up in a way that no human +being could possibly tie herself. Her wrists were tied +together so tightly and painfully that it was impossible to +untie them in any moderate time, and she was also secured +to the chair; on the other occasion the two arms were tied +close above the elbows so tightly that the arms were swelling +considerably from impeded circulation, the elbows being +drawn together as close as possible behind the back, there +repeatedly knotted, and again tightly knotted to the back +of the chair. Miss C. was evidently in considerable pain, +and she had to be lifted out bodily in her chair before we +could safely cut her loose, so tightly was she bound. This +evidently had a great effect on the sceptics, as I have no +doubt it was intended to have, and it demonstrated pretty +clearly that some strange being was inside the cupboard +playing these tricks, although quite invisible and intangible +to us except when she made certain portions of herself +visible.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">When Miss C. was complaining of being hurt by the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span> +<a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +tying we could hear the whispering voice soothing her in +the kindest manner, and also heard kisses, and Miss C. +afterwards declared that she could feel hands and face +about her like those of a real person.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">During all the face exhibitions singing had to go on to +a rather painful extent.<a name="noteref_61" id="noteref_61"></a><a href="#note_61"><span class="footnoteref">61</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">A Dr. Purdon was present, an Army surgeon, who has +been much in India, and seems a very intelligent man. He +seemed very intimate with the family, and told us he had +studied them all, and had had Miss Cooke a month at a +time in his own house, studying these phenomena. He was +absolutely satisfied of their genuineness, and indeed no +opportunity for imposture seems to exist.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The children of the house tell wonderful tales of how +they are lifted up and carried about by the spirits. They +seem to enjoy it very much, and to look upon it all as +just as real and natural as any other matters of their +daily life.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Can such things be in this nineteenth century, and the +wise ones pass away in utter ignorance of their existence?—Yours +very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">At the Glasgow Meeting of the British Association in +1876, Prof. (now Sir) W.F. Barrett read a paper "On +some Phenomena associated with Abnormal Conditions of +Mind." Wallace was Chairman of the Section in which +the paper was read, and a vigorous controversy arose at +the close between Dr. Carpenter, who came in towards +the end of the paper, and the Chairman. The paper set +forth certain remarkable evidence which Prof. Barrett had +obtained from a subject in the mesmeric trance, giving +what appeared to be indubitable proof of some supernormal +mode of transmission of ideas from his mind to +that of the subject. The facts were so novel and startling +that Prof. Barrett asked for a committee of experts to +<span class="tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span> +<a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +examine the whole question and see whether such a thing +as "thought transference," independently of the recognised +channels of sense, did really exist. This was the first time +evidence of this kind had been brought before a scientific +society, and a protracted discussion followed. The paper +also dealt with certain so-called spiritualistic phenomena, +which at the time Prof. Barrett was disposed to attribute +to hallucination and "thought-transference." The +introduction of this topic led the discussion away from +the substance of the paper, and Prof. Barrett's plea +for a committee of investigation on thought-transference +fell through. So strong was the feeling against the +paper in official scientific circles at the time, that even +an abstract was refused publication in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Report</span> of +the British Association, and it was not until the Society +for Psychical Research was founded that the paper was +published, in the first volume of its <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span>. It was +the need of a scientific society to collect, sift and discuss +and publish the evidence on behalf of such supernormal +phenomena as Prof. Barrett described at the British Association +that induced him to call a conference in London at +the close of 1881, which led to the foundation of the Society +for Psychical Research early in 1882.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace, in his letter to Prof. Barrett which follows, +refers to Reichenbach's experiments with certain sensitives +who declared they saw luminosity from the poles of +a magnet after they had been for some time in a perfectly +darkened room. Acting on Wallace's suggestion, Prof. +Barrett constructed a perfectly darkened room and employed +a large electro-magnet, the current for which +could be made or broken by an assistant outside without +the knowledge of those present in the darkened room. +Under these circumstances, and taking every precaution to +prevent any knowledge of when the magnet was made +active by the current, Prof. Barrett found that two or +three persons, out of a large number with whom he experimented, +saw a luminosity streaming from the poles of +the magnet directly the current was put on. An article +of Prof. Barrett's on the subject, with the details of the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span> +<a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +experiment, was published in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Philosophical Magazine</span>, +and also in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span> of the Society for Psychical +Research (Vol. I.).</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_169" id="toc_169"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Rosehill, Dorking, December 18, 1876.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Prof. Barrett,— ... I see you are to lecture +at South Kensington the end of this month (I think), and +if you can spare time to run down here and stay a night +or two we shall be much pleased to see you, and I shall +be greatly interested to have a talk on the subject of your +paper, and hear what further evidence you have obtained. +I want particularly to ask you to take advantage of any +opportunity that you may have to test the power of sensitives +to see the "flames" from magnets and crystals, as +also to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">feel</span> the influence from them. This is surely a matter +easily tested and settled. I consider it has been tested and +settled by Reichenbach, but he is ignored, and a fresh proof +of this one fact, by indisputable tests, is much needed; and +a paper describing such tests and proofs would I imagine be +admitted into the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span> of any suitable society.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">You will have heard no doubt of the Treasury having +taken up the prosecution of Slade. Massey the barrister, +one of the most intelligent and able of the Spiritualists +(whose accession to the cause is due, I am glad to say, to +my article in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Fortnightly</span>), proposes a memorial and +deputation to the Government protesting against this prosecution +by the Treasury on the ground that it implies that +Slade is an habitual impostor and nothing else, and that +in face of the body of evidence to the contrary, it is an uncalled-for +interference with the private right of investigation +into these subjects. On such general grounds as these I +sincerely hope you will give your name to the memorial....—Yours +very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span> +<a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_170" id="toc_170"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Rosehill, Dorking. December 9, 1877.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—I am always glad when a man I like +and respect treats me as a friend. I am advised by other +friends also not to waste more time on Dr. C. [Carpenter], +and I do not think I shall answer him again, except perhaps +to keep him to certain points, as in my letter in the last +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>. In a proof of his new edition of "Lectures" I +see he challenges me to produce a person who can detect +by light or sensation when an electro-magnet is made and +unmade. The Association of Spiritualists are going to experiment, +as Dr. C. offers to pay £30 if it succeeds. Should +you have an opportunity of trying with any persons, and +can find one who sees or feels the influence strongly, it might +be worth while to send him to London, as nothing would tend +to lower Dr. C. in public estimation on this subject more than +his being forced to acknowledge that what he has for more +than thirty years declared to be purely subjective is after +all an objective phenomenon.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I never had anything to do with showing or sending a +medium to Huxley. He must refer to his séance a few +months ago with Mrs. Kane and Mrs. Jencken (along with +Carpenter and Tyndall), when ... nothing but raps occurred....—Yours +very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">The British Association met in Dublin in 1878, and Prof. +Barrett asked Wallace to stay with him at Kingstown, or, +if he preferred being nearer the meetings, with a friend in +Dublin. Earlier in the year Mr. Huggins, afterwards Sir +W. Huggins, O.M. and President of the Royal Society, had +sent Prof. Barrett a very beautifully executed drawing of +the knots tied in an endless cord during the remarkable +sittings Prof. Zöllner had with the medium Slade. Sir +W. Huggins invited Prof. Barrett to come and see him at +<span class="tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span> +<a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +his observatory at Tulse Hill, near London, and there he +met Wallace and discussed the whole matter. It may not +be generally known that so careful and accurate an +observer as Sir W. Huggins was convinced of the genuineness +of the phenomena he had witnessed with Lord Dunraven +and others through the medium D.D. Home. He +informed Prof. Barrett of this himself.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_171" id="toc_171"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Waldron Edge, Duppas Hill, Croydon. June 27, 1873.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—The receipt of a British Association +circular reminds me of your kind invitation to stay with +you or your friend at Dublin, and as you may be wishing +soon to make your arrangements I write at once to let you +know that, much to my regret, I shall not be able to come +to Dublin this year. Since I met you at Mr. Huggins's I +have done nothing myself in Spiritual investigations, +but have been exceedingly interested in the knot-tying +experiment of Prof. Zöllner and the weight-varying experiments +of the Spiritualists' Association. I do not see +what flaw can be found in either of them....—Yours +very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">In the discussion on Prof. Barrett's paper at the Glasgow +Meeting of the British Association, which took place +in the London <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span> and other newspapers, instances of +apparent thought-transference were given by many correspondents. +Each of these cases Prof. Barrett investigated +personally, and one of them led to a remarkable series of +experiments which he conducted at Buxton, with the result +that no doubt was left on his mind of the fact of the transference +of ideas from one mind to another independent +of the ordinary channels of sense. He asked Prof. and +Mrs. H. Sidgwick to come to Buxton and repeat his experiments +with the subjects there—daughters of a local +clergyman. They did so, and though they had less success +<span class="tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span> +<a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +at first than Prof. Barrett had had, they were ultimately +convinced of the genuineness of the phenomena. In addition, +Mr. Edmund Gurney, Mr. Frederic Myers, Prof. A. +Hopkinson and Prof. Balfour Stewart, all responded to +Prof. Barrett's invitation to visit Buxton and test the +matter for themselves, and all came to the same conclusion +as he had. Subsequently Gurney and Myers associated +their name with Barrett's in a paper on the subject, +published in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nineteenth Century</span>.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Prof. Barrett asked Wallace to read over the first +report made by Prof. and Mrs. Sidgwick, which at first +seemed somewhat disheartening, and the following is his +reply:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_172" id="toc_172"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">REMARKS ON EXPERIMENTS IN THOUGHT READING BY +MR. AND MRS. SIDGWICK AT BUXTON</h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The failure of so many of these experiments seems to +me to depend on their having been conducted without any +knowledge of the main peculiarity of thought reading or +clairvoyance—that it is a perception of the object thought +of or hidden, not by its name, or even by its sum total of +distinctive qualities, but by the simple qualities separately. +A clairvoyant will perceive a thing as round, then as yellow, +and finally as an orange. Now Mr. Galton's experiments +have shown how various are the powers of visualising objects +possessed by different persons, and how distinct their modes +of doing so; and if these distinct visualisations of the same +thing are in any way presented to a clairvoyant, there is +little wonder that some confusion should result. This would +suggest that one person who possesses the faculty of clearly +visualising objects would meet with more success than a +number of persons some of whom visualise one portion or +quality of the object, some another, while to others the name +alone is present to the mind. It follows from these considerations +that cards are bad for such experiments. The qualities +of number, colour, form and arrangement may be severally +<span class="tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span> +<a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +most prominent in one mind or other, and the result is confusion +to the thought reader. This is shown in the experiments +by the number of pips or the suit alone being often +right.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It must also be remembered that children have not the +same thorough knowledge of the names of the cards that +we have, nor can they so rapidly and certainly count their +numbers. This introduces another source of uncertainty +which should be avoided in such experiments as these.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The same thing is still more clearly shown by the way +in which objects are guessed by some prominent quality +or resemblance, not by any likeness of name—as poker +guessed for walking-stick, fork for pipe, something iron +for knife, etc. And the total failure in the case of names +of towns is clearly explained by the fact that these would +convey no distinct idea or concrete image that could be +easily described. These last failures really give an important +clue to the nature of the faculty that is being investigated, +since they show that it is not <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">words</span> or <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">names</span> that +are read but thoughts or images that are perceived, and +the certainty of the perception will depend upon the simple +character of these images and the clearness and identity of +the perception of them by the different persons present.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">If these considerations are always kept in view, I feel +sure that the experiments will be far more successful.</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sept. 6, 1881.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace's remarkable gifts as a lecturer are less widely +known than his lucid and admirable style as a writer. +Though Sir Wm. Barrett has heard a great number of eminent +scientific men lecture, he considers that few could approach +him for the simplicity, clearness and vigour of his exposition, +which commanded the unflagging attention of every +one of his hearers. Mr. Frederic Myers, no mean judge +<span class="tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span> +<a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of literary merit, once said he thought Wallace one of the +most lucid English writers and lecturers of his time. Prof. +Barrett was anxious to induce Wallace to lecture in Dublin, +and brought the matter before the Science Committee of the +Royal Dublin Society, which arranges a course of afternoon +lectures by distinguished men every spring. The Committee +cordially supported the suggestion that Wallace should be +invited to lecture, and the invitation was accepted. During +his visit to Dublin, Wallace stayed with Prof. Barrett at +Kingstown, and was busily engaged in revising the proof-sheets +of his book on "Land Nationalisation" (1882).</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In "My Life" (Vol. II., p. 334) Wallace says that +among the eminent men whose "first acquaintance and +valued friendship" he owed to a common interest in +Spiritualism was Frederic Myers, whom he met first at +some séances in London about the year 1878.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_173" id="toc_173"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">F.W.H. MYERS TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Leckhampton House, Cambridge. April 12, 1890.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,—I will read your pamphlet<a name="noteref_62" id="noteref_62"></a><a href="#note_62"><span class="footnoteref">62</span></a> most carefully; +will write and tell you how it affects me; and will +in any case send it on with your letter and a letter of my +own to Sir John Gorst, whom I know well, and whom I +agree with you in regarding as the most acceptable member +of the Government.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">If I am converted, it will be wholly <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">your</span> doing. I +have read much on the subject—Creighton, etc., and am at +present strongly pro-vaccination; at the same time, there +is no one by whom I would more willingly be converted +than yourself.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am glad to take this opportunity of telling you something +about my relation to one of your books. I write now +from bed, having had some influenzic pneumonia, now going +off. For some days my temperature was 105 and I was very +restless at night, anxious to read, but in too sensitive and +<span class="tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span> +<a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +fastidious a state to tolerate almost any book. I found that +almost the only book which I could read was your "Malay +Archipelago" (of course I had read it before). In spite +of my complete ignorance of natural history there was a +certain charm about the book, both moral and literary, +which made it deeply congenial in those trying hours. You +have had few less instructed readers, but very few can have +dwelt on that simple manly record with a more profound +sympathy.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I want to bespeak you as a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">friend at court</span>. When we +get into the next world, I beg you to remember me and +say a good word for me when you can, as you will have +much influence there.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">To me it seems that Hodgson's report<a name="noteref_63" id="noteref_63"></a><a href="#note_63"><span class="footnoteref">63</span></a> is the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">best</span> thing +which we have yet published. I trust that it impresses +you equally. It has converted <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Podmore</span> amongst other +people!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I will, then, write again soon, and I am yours most +truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">F.W.H. MYERS.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_174" id="toc_174"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">née</span> BUCKLEY)</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. January 4, 1896.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—I am glad to hear that you are +going on with your book. I am sure it will be a comfort +to you. I have read one book of Hudson's—"A Scientific +Demonstration of a Future Life," and that is so pretentious, +so unscientific, and so one-sided that I do not feel inclined +to read more of the same author's work. I do not think I +mentioned to you (as I thought you did not read much now) +a really fine and original work, called "Psychic Philosophy, +a Religion of Natural Law," by Desertis (Redway). I should +like to know if, after reading that, you still think Hudson's +books worth reading. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span> +<a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I have been much pleased and interested lately in reading +Mark Twain's, Mrs. Oliphant's and Andrew Lang's +books about Joan of Arc. The last two are far the best, +Mrs. Oliphant's as a genuine sympathetic <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">history</span>, Lang's +as a fine realistic story ("A Monk of Fife"). Jeanne was +really perhaps the most beautiful character in authentic +history, and the one that most conclusively demonstrates +spirit-guidance, and both Mrs. Oliphant and A. Lang bring +this out admirably.... —Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_175" id="toc_175"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. September 14, 1896.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—I have much pleasure in signing +your application for the Psychical Research Society, +though the majority of the active members are so absurdly +and illogically sceptical that you will not find much instruction +in their sayings. Mr. Podmore's report in the +last-issued <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span> is a good illustration....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">We have all been in Switzerland this year. Violet, her +mother, and five lady friends all went together to a rather +newly-discovered place, Adelboden, a branch valley from +that going up to the Gemmi Pass by Kandersteg. I went +first for a week to Davos, to give a lecture to Dr. Lunn's +party, and enjoyed myself much, chiefly owing to the company +of Rev. Hugh Price Hughes, one of the most witty, +earnest, advanced, and estimable men I have ever met. +Dr. Lunn himself is very jolly, and we had also Mr. Le +Gallienne, the poet and critic, and between them we had a +very brilliant table-talk. Mr. Haweis was also there, and +one afternoon he and I talked for two hours about Spiritualism. +He is a thorough spiritualist, and preaches it....—Yours +very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span> +<a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_176" id="toc_176"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. April 9, 1897.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—I have tried several Reincarnation +and Theosophical books, but <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">cannot</span> read them or take +any interest in them. They are so purely imaginative, and +do not seem to me rational. Many people are captivated +by it—I think most people who like a grand, strange, +complex theory of man and nature, given with authority—people +who if religious would be Roman Catholics. Crookes +gave a suggestive and interesting, but in some ways rather +misleading address as President of the Psychical Research +Society. I liked Oliver Lodge's address to the Spiritualists' +Association better....—Yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1891, at the urgent request of Prof. H. Sidgwick, +President of the Society for Psychical Research, Prof. +Barrett undertook, with considerable reluctance, to make +a thorough examination of the subject of "dowsing" for +water and minerals by means of the so-called "divining +rod." At the time he fully believed that a critical inquiry +of this kind would speedily show all the alleged successes +of the dowser to be due either to fraud or a sharp eye for +the ground. As the inquiry went on, to his surprise he +found that neither chicanery, nor clever guessing, nor local +knowledge, nor chance coincidence could explain away the +accumulated evidence, but that something new to science +was really at the root of the matter. This result was so +startling that Prof. Barrett had to pursue the investigation +for six years before venturing to publish his first +report, which appeared in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span> of the Society +for Psychical Research, Part xxxii., 1897. This was followed +by a second report published some years later, in +which he gave a fresh body of evidence on the criticisms +of some eminent geologists to whom he had submitted the +evidence. The reports were reviewed in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span> with +<span class="tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span> +<a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +considerable severity, and some erroneous statements were +made, to which Prof. Barrett replied. The editor, Sir +Norman Lockyer, at first declined to publish Prof. Barrett's +reply, and to this Wallace refers in the following letter.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_177" id="toc_177"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 30, 1899.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,— ... Apropos of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, they never +gave a word of notice to my book<a name="noteref_64" id="noteref_64"></a><a href="#note_64"><span class="footnoteref">64</span></a>—probably they would +say out of kindness to myself as one of their oldest contributors, +since they would have had to scarify me, especially +as regards the huge Vaccination chapter, which is nevertheless +about the most demonstrative bit of work I have done. +I begged Myers—as a personal favour—to read it. He told +me he firmly believed in vaccination, but would do so, and +afterwards wrote me that he could see no answer to it, and +if there was none he was converted. There certainly has +been not a tittle of answer except abuse.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am glad you brought Lockyer up sharp in his attempt +to refuse you the right to reply. I am glad you now have +some personal observations to adduce. I hope persons or +corporations who are going to employ a dowser will now +advise you so that you may be present....—Yours very +faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_178" id="toc_178"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. December 24, 1900.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,— ... I have read your very interesting +paper on the divining rod, and the additional evidence +you now send. Of course, I think it absolutely conclusive, +but there are many points on which I differ from your conclusions +and remarks, which I think are often unfair to the +dowsers. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span> +<a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I will just refer to one or two. At p. 176 (note) you call +the idea of there being a "spring-head" at a particular point +"absurd." But instead of being absurd it is a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">fact</span>, proved +not only by numerous cases you have given of strong springs +being found quite near to weak springs a few yards off, but +by all the phenomena of mineral and hot springs. Near +together, as at Bath, hot springs and cold springs rise to +the surface, and springs of different quality at Harrogate, +yet each keeps its distinct character, showing that each rises +from a great depth without any lateral diffusion or intermixture. +This is a common phenomenon all over the world, +the dowsers' facts support it, geologists know all about +it, yet I presume they have told you that when a dowser +states this fact it ceases to be a fact and becomes an +absurdity!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The only other point I have time to notice is your Sect. +II. (p. 285). You head this, "Evidence that the Motion +of the Rod is due to Unconscious Muscular Action." +Naturally I read this with the greatest interest, but found +to my astonishment that you adduce no evidence at all, but +only opinions of various people, and positive assertions that +such is the case! Now as I <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">know</span> that motions of various +objects occur without any muscular action, or even any contact +whatever, while Crookes has proved this by careful experiments +which have never been refuted, what <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">improbability</span> +is there that this should be such a case, and what is the value +of these positive assertions which you quote as "evidence"? +And at p. 286 you quote the person who says the more he +tried to prevent the stick's turning the more it turned, as +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">evidence</span> in favour of muscular action, without a word of +explanation. Another man (p. 287) says he "could not restrain +it." None of the "trained anatomists" you quote +give a particle of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">proof</span>, only positive opinion, that it must +be muscular action—simply because they do not believe any +<span class="tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span> +<a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +other action possible. Their evidence is just as valueless as +that of the people who say that all thought-transference is +collusion or imposture!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I do not say that it is not "muscular action," though +I believe it is not always so, but I do say that you have +as yet given not a particle of proof that it is so, while +scattered through your paper is plenty of evidence which +points to its being something quite different. Such are +the cases when people hold the rod for the first time and +have never seen a dowser work, yet the rod turns, over +water, to their great astonishment, etc. etc.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Your conclusion that it is "clairvoyance" is a good +provisional conclusion, but till we know what clairvoyance +really is it explains nothing, and is merely another +way of stating the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">fact</span>.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I believe all true clairvoyance to be spirit impression, +and that all true dowsing is the same—that is, +when in either case it cannot be thought-transference, +but even this I believe to be also, for the most part, if +not wholly, spirit impression.—Believe me yours very +truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_179" id="toc_179"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. February 17, 1901.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—I am rather sorry you wrote to any +one of the Society for Psychical Research people about my +being asked to be President, because I should certainly feel +compelled to decline it. I never go, willingly, to London +now, and should never attend meetings, so pray say no more +about it. Besides, I am so widely known as a "crank" and +a "faddist" that my being President would injure the +Society, as much as Lord Rayleigh would benefit it, so pray +do not put any obstacle in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">his</span> way, though of course there +<span class="tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span> +<a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is no necessity to beg him as a favour to be the successor +of Sidgwick, Crookes and Myers....</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_180" id="toc_180"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO REV. J.B. HENDERSON</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. August 10, 1893.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—Although I look upon Christianity as +originating in an unusual spiritual influx, I am not disposed +to consider [it] as <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">essentially</span> different from those +which originated other great religious and philanthropic +movements. It is probable that in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">your</span> sense of the word +I am not a Christian.—Believe me yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_181" id="toc_181"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. J.W. MARSHALL</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. March 6, 1894.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Marshall,—We were very much grieved to hear +of your sad loss in a letter from Violet. Pray accept our +sincere sympathy for Mrs. Marshall and yourself.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Death makes us feel, in a way nothing else can do, the +mystery of the universe. Last autumn I lost my sister, and +she was the only relative I have been with at the last. For +the moment it seems unnatural and incredible that the living +self with its special idiosyncrasies you have known so long +can have left the body, still more unnatural that it should +(as so many now believe) have utterly ceased to exist and +become nothingness!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">With all my belief in, and knowledge of, Spiritualism, +I have, however, occasional qualms of doubt, the remnants +of my original deeply ingrained scepticism; but my reason +goes to support the psychical and spiritualistic phenomena +in telling me that there <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">must</span> be a hereafter for us +all....—Believe me yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span> +<a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_182" id="toc_182"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO DR. EDWIN SMITH</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. October 19, 1899.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Sir,—I know nothing of London mediums now. +Nine-tenths of the alleged frauds in mediums arise from +the ignorance of the sitters. The only way to gain any real +knowledge of spiritualistic phenomena is to follow the course +pursued in all science—study the elements before going to +the higher branches. To expect proof of materialisation +before being satisfied of the reality of such simpler phenomena +as raps, movements of various objects, etc. etc., is +as if a person began chemistry by trying to analyse the +more complex vegetable products before he knew the composition +of water and the simplest salts.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">If you want to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">know</span> anything about Spiritualism you +should experiment yourself with a select party of earnest +inquirers—personal friends. When you have thus satisfied +yourself of the existence of a considerable range of the +physical phenomena and of many of the obscurities and +difficulties of the inquiry, you may use the services of +public mediums, without the certainty of imputing every +little apparent suspicious circumstance to trickery, since +you will have seen similar suspicious facts in your private +circle where you <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">knew</span> there was no trickery. You will +find rules for forming private circles in some issues of +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Light</span>. You can get them from the office of <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Light</span>.—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_183" id="toc_183"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">6 De Vesci Terrace, Kingstown, Co. Dublin. November 3, 1905.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,— ... Just now I am engaged in +a correspondence with the Secretaries of the Society for +Psychical Research on the question of the Presidency for +<span class="tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span> +<a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +next year. I maintain that as a matter of duty to the +Society you should be asked to accept the Presidency, though +of course it would be impossible for you to be much more +than an Honorary President, as we could not expect you +often to come to London. I am anxious that in our records +for future reference your Presidency should appear.... +Podmore, who is proposed as President, represents the +attitude of resolute incredulity, and I consider this line +of action has been to some extent injurious to the S.P.R. +Crookes supported my proposal, and so did Lodge, and so +would Myers if he had lived. All this is of course between +ourselves....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I have a vast amount of material unpublished on +"dowsing" and am convinced the explanation is subconscious +clairvoyance....—Yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.F. BARRETT.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_184" id="toc_184"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MRS. FISHER</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. April 20, 1906.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—If you mean "honest" by +"thoroughly reliable," there are plenty of such mediums, +but if you mean those who give equally good results always, +and to all persons, I should say there are none....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am reading Herbert Spencer's "Autobiography" (just +finished Vol. I.). I find it very interesting, though tedious +in parts. I am glad I did not read it before I wrote mine. +He certainly brings out his own character most strikingly, +and a wonderful character it was. How extraordinarily +little he owed either to teaching or to reading! I think +he is best described as a "reasoning genius."—Yours very +truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span> +<a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_185" id="toc_185"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">LORD AVEBURY TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">48 Grosvenor Street, W. May 1, 1910.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,—I have been reading your biography +with great interest. It must be a source of very pleasant +memories to you to look back and feel how much you have +accomplished.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It surprises me, however, how much we differ, and it is +another illustration of the problems [?] of our (or rather I +should say of my) intellect.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In some cases, indeed, the difference is as to facts.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">You would, I am sure, for instance, find that you have +been misinformed as to "thousands of dogs" being vivisected +annually (p. 392).... As to Spiritualism, my difficulty +is that nothing comes of it. What has been gained +by your séances, compared to your studies?</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I see you have a kindly reference to our parties at High +Elms in old days, on which I often look back with much +pleasure, but much regret also.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">If you would give us the pleasure of another visit, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">do</span> +propose yourself, and you will have a very hearty welcome +from yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">AVEBURY.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">A lecture delivered by Prof. Barrett before the Quest +Society in London, entitled "Creative Thought," was published +by request, and as it discussed the subject of evolution +and the impossibility of explaining the phenomena of +life without a supreme Directing and Formative Force +behind all the manifestations of life, he was anxious to +have Wallace's criticisms. At that time he had not read +Wallace's recently published work on a similar subject, and +he was greatly surprised to find how closely his views agreed +with those of the great naturalist. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span> +<a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_186" id="toc_186"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 15, 1911.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—Thanks for your proofs, which I +return. It is really curious how closely your views coincide +with mine, and how admirably and clearly you have +expressed them. If it were not for your adopting throughout, +as an actual fact, the (to me) erroneous theory of the +"subconscious self," I should agree with every word of it. +I have put "?" where this is prominently put forward, +merely to let you know how I totally dissent from it. To +me it is pure assumption, and, besides, proves nothing. +Thanks for the flattering "Postscript," which I return +with a slight suggested alteration.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Reviews have been generally very fair, complimentary +and flattering. But to me it is very curious that even the +religious reviewers seem horrified and pained at the idea +that the Infinite Being does not actually do every detail +himself, apparently leaving his angels, and archangels, his +seraphs and his messengers, which seem to exist in myriads +according to the Bible, to have no function whatever!—Yours +very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_187" id="toc_187"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">PROF. BARRETT TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">6 De Vesci Terrace, Kingstown, Co. Dublin. February 18, 1911.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Wallace,— ... Thank you very much for your +kind letter and comments. I have modified somewhat the +phraseology as regards the "subliminal self." I think we +really agree but use different terms. There <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">is</span> a hidden +directive power, which works in conjunction with, and is +temporarily part of, our own conscious self; but it is +<span class="tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span> +<a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +below the threshold of consciousness, or is a subliminal +part of our self.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I should like to have come over to Broadstone expressly +to ask your views on the parts you queried. For I have +an immense faith in the soundness of your judgment, and +in the accuracy of your views <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">in the long run</span>.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I should like also immensely to see you again and in +your lovely home....—Yours ever sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.F. BARRETT.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_188" id="toc_188"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO PROF. BARRETT</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Wimborne. February 20, 1911.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Barrett,—I wrote you yesterday on quite +another matter, but having yours this morning in reply to +my criticisms of your Address, I send a few lines of explanation. +Most of my queries to your statements apply +solely to your expressing them so positively, as if they were +absolute certainties which no psychical researcher doubted. +My main objection to the term "subliminal self" and its +various synonyms is, that it is so dreadfully vague, and is +an excuse for the assumption that a whole series of the +most mysterious of psychical phenomena are held to be +actually explained by it. Thus it is applied to explain +all cases of apparent "possession," when the alleged +"secondary self" has a totally different character, and +uses the dialect of another social grade, from the normal +self, sometimes even possesses knowledge that the real +self could not have acquired, speaks a language that the +normal self never learnt. All this is, to me, the most +gross travesty of science, and I therefore object totally +to the use of the term which is so vaguely and absurdly +used, and of which no clear and rational explanation has +ever been given.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">You are now one of my oldest friends, and one with whom +<span class="tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span> +<a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +I most sympathise; and I only regret that we have seen so +little of each other.—Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_189" id="toc_189"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO MR. E. SMEDLEY</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Old Orchard, Broadstone, Dorset. October 2, 1911.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Smedley,—I am quite astonished at your +wasting your money on an advertising astrologer. In the +horoscope sent you there is not a single definite fact that +would apply to you any more than to thousands of other +men. All is vague, what "might be," etc. etc. It is just +calculated to lead you on to send more money, and get in +reply more words and nothing else....—Yours very truly,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="image04" id="image04" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<img src="images/image04.png" alt="A.R. WALLACE ADMIRING EREMUS ROBUSTUS about 1905." class="tei tei-figure" /></p> +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE ADMIRING <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">EREMUS ROBUSTUS</span> about 1905.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span> +<a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_190" id="toc_190"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head">PART VII</h1> +<p class="tei tei-p"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_191" id="toc_191"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head">Characteristics</h2> + +<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote"> +<p class="tei tei-p">"There is a point of view so lofty or so peculiar that from it we are +able to discern in men and women something more than and apart from +creed and profession and formulated principle; which indeed directs and +colours this creed and principle as decisively as it is in its turn +acted on by them, and this is their character or humanity."—LORD +MORLEY.</p> + +<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg"> +<p class="tei tei-l">"As sets the sun in fine autumnal calm</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">So dost thou leave us. Thou not least but last</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">Link with that rare and gallant little band</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">Of seekers after truth, whose days, though past,</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">Shed lustre on the hist'ry of their land.</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">And thine, O Wallace, thine the added charm</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">Of modesty, thy mem'ry to embalm."—<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Anonymous.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p">(<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Received with a bunch of lilies-of-the-valley, a few +days after Dr. Wallace's death</span>.)</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Addison somewhere says that modesty sets off every +talent which a man can be possessed of. This was +manifestly true of Alfred Russel Wallace. When, +for instance, honours were bestowed upon him, he accepted +or rejected them with the same good-humour and unspoilable +modesty. To Prof. E.B. Poulton, whose invitation +for the forthcoming Encæmia had been conveyed in Prof. +Bartholomew Price's letter, he wrote:</p> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Godalming. May 28, 1889.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—I have just received from Prof. +B. Price the totally unexpected offer of the honorary +degree of D.C.L. at the coming Commemoration, and you +will probably be surprised and <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">disgusted</span> to hear that I +have declined it. I have to thank you for your kind offer +of hospitality during the ceremony, but the fact is, I have +at all times a profound distaste of all public ceremonials, +<span class="tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span> +<a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and at this particular time that distaste is stronger than +ever. I have never recovered from the severe illness I had +a year and a half ago, and it is in hopes of restoring my +health that I have let my cottage here and have taken +another at Parkstone, Dorset, into which I have arranged +to move on Midsummer Day. To add to my difficulties, I +have work at examination papers for the next two or three +weeks, and also a meeting (annual) of our Land Nationalisation +Society, so that the work of packing my books and +other things and looking after the plants which I have +to move from my garden will have to be done in a very +short time. Under these circumstances it would be almost +impossible for me to rush away to Oxford except under +absolute compulsion, and to do so would be to render a +ceremony which at any time would be a trial, a positive +punishment.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Really the greatest kindness my friends can do me is +to leave me in peaceful obscurity, for I have lived so +secluded a life that I am more and more disinclined to +crowds of any kind. I had to submit to it in America, +but then I felt exceptionally well, whereas now I am +altogether weak and seedy and not at all up to fatigue or +excitement.—Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Prof. Poulton pressed him to reconsider his decision, +and he reluctantly gave way.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Godalming. June 2, 1889.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mr. Poulton,—I am exceedingly obliged by your +kind letters, and I will say at once that if the Council of +the University should again ask me to accept the degree, +to be conferred in the autumn, as you propose, I could +not possibly refuse it. At the same time I hope you will +not in any way urge it upon them, as I really feel myself +too much of an amateur in Natural History and altogether +too ignorant (I left school—a bad one—finally, at fourteen) +to receive honours from a great University. But I will say +no more about that.—Yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">A.R. WALLACE.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span> +<a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In due course he received the degree. "On that occasion," +says Professor Poulton, "Wallace stayed with us, +and I was anxious to show him something of Oxford; but, +with all that there is to be seen, one subject alone absorbed +the whole of his interest—he was intensely anxious to find +the rooms where Grant Allen had lived. He had received +from Grant Allen's father a manuscript poem giving a +picture of the ancient city dimly seen by midnight from an +undergraduate's rooms. With the help of Grant Allen's +college friends we were able to visit every house in which +he had lived, but were forced to conclude that the poem +was written in the rooms of a friend or from an imaginary +point of view."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">His friend Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer, with others, was +promoting his election to the Royal Society, and wrote to +him:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_192" id="toc_192"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Kew. October 23, 1892.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,— ... When you were at Kew this +summer I took the liberty of saying that it would give +great pleasure to the Fellows of the Royal Society if you +would be willing to join their body. I understood you to +say that it would be agreeable to you. I now propose to +comply with the necessary formalities. But before doing +so it will be proper to ask for your formal consent. You +will then, as a matter of course, be included in the next +annual election.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Will you forgive me if I am committing any indiscretion +in saying that I have good authority for adding +(though I suppose it can hardly be stated officially at this +stage) that no demand will ever be made upon you for a +subscription?—Believe me yours sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span> +<a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_193" id="toc_193"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Kew. January 12, 1893.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,— ... I was very vexed to hear that +I had misunderstood your wishes about the Royal Society. +Of course, the matter must often have presented itself to +your mind, and I confess that it argued a little presumption +on the part of a person like myself, so far inferior to +you in age and standing, to think that you would yield to +my solicitation.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I was obliged for my health to go to Eastbourne, and +there I had the pleasure of seeing Mr. Huxley, who, you +will be glad to hear, is wonderfully well, and an ardent +gardener! His present ambition is to grow every possible +saxifrage.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I told him that I had had the audacity to approach you +on the subject of the Royal Society. He heartily approved, +and expressed the strongest opinion that unless you had +some insuperable objection you ought to yield. All of us +who belong to the R.S. have but one wish, which is that +it should stand before the public as containing all that is +best and worthiest in British Science. As long as men +like you stand aloof, that cannot be said. Lately we have +been exposed to some very ill-natured attacks: we have +been told that we are professional, and not discoverers. +Well, this is all the more reason for your not holding +aloof from us. I wish you would think it over +again. Huxley went the length of saying that to him it +seemed a plain duty. But this is language I do not like +to use.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As to attending the meetings or taking part in the work +of the Society, that is immaterial. Darwin never did either, +though he did once come to one of the evening receptions, +and enjoyed it immensely.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In writing as I do I am not merely expressing my own +opinions, but those of many others of my own standing +who are keenly interested in the matter.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It is not a great matter to ask. I have the certificate +ready. You have but to say the word. You will be put +<span class="tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span> +<a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to no trouble or pecuniary responsibility. That my father-in-law +arranged, long ago.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">To dissociate yourself from the R.S. really amounts nowadays +to doing it an injury. And I am sure you do not wish +that.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">With all good wishes, believe me yours sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_194" id="toc_194"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. January 17, 1893.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Thiselton-Dyer,—I have been rather unwell +myself the last few days or should have answered your +very kind letter sooner. I feel really overpowered. I cannot +understand why you or anyone should care about my +being an F.R.S., because I have really done so little of +what is usually considered scientific work to deserve it. I +have for many years felt almost ashamed of the amount of +reputation and honour that has been awarded me. I can +understand the general public thinking too highly of me, +because I know that I have the power of clear exposition, +and, I think, also, of logical reasoning. But all the +work I have done is more or less amateurish and founded +almost wholly on other men's observations; and I always +feel myself dreadfully inferior to men like Sir J. Hooker, +Huxley, Flower, and scores of younger men who have extensive +knowledge of whole departments of biology of +which I am totally ignorant. I do not wish, however, to +be thought ungrateful for the many honours that have been +given me by the Royal and other Societies, and will therefore +place myself entirely in your hands as regards my +election to the F.R.S.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am much pleased to hear that Huxley has taken to +gardening. I have no doubt he will do some good work +with his saxifrages. For myself the personal attention to +my plants occupies all my spare time, and I derive constant +enjoyment from the mere contemplation of the infinite +variety of forms of leaf and flower, and modes of +growth, and strange peculiarities of structure which are +the source of fresh puzzles and fresh delights year by year. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span> +<a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +With best wishes and many thanks for the trouble you +are taking on my behalf, believe me yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1902 the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Standard</span> announced that the degree of +D.C.L. was to be conferred upon him by the University of +Wales. He wrote to Miss Dora Best, who had sent him the +information:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">I have not seen the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Standard</span>. But I suppose it is about +the offer of a degree by the University of Wales. You will +not be surprised to hear that I have declined it "with +thanks." The bother, the ceremony, the having perhaps to +get a blue or yellow or scarlet gown! and at all events new +black clothes and a new topper! such as I have not worn +this twenty years. Luckily I had a good excuse in having +committed the same offence before. Some ten years back +I declined the offer of a degree from Cambridge, so that +settled it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">P.S.—Having already degrees two—LL.D. (Dublin) and +D.C.L. (Oxford)—I might have quoted Shakespeare: "To +gild refined gold, to paint the lily," etc. But I didn't!—A.R.W.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1908 he received the Order of Merit, the highest honour +conferred upon him. To his friend Mrs. Fisher he wrote:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mrs. Fisher,—Is it not awful—two more now! I +should think very few men have had three such honours +within six months! I have never felt myself worthy of +the Copley Medal—and as to the Order of Merit—to be +given to a red-hot Radical, Land Nationaliser, Socialist, +Anti-Militarist, etc. etc. etc., is quite astounding and +unintelligible!...</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">There is another thing you have not heard yet, but it +will be announced soon. Sir W. Crookes, as Secretary of +the Royal Institution, wrote to me two weeks back asking +me very strongly to give them a lecture at their opening +meeting (third week in January) appropriate to the Jubilee +of the "Origin of Species." I was very unwell at the time—could +<span class="tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span> +<a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +eat nothing, etc.—and was going to decline positively, +having nothing more to say! But while lying down, +vaguely thinking about it, an idea flashed upon me of a +new treatment of the whole subject of Darwinism, just +suitable for a lecture to a R.I. audience. I felt at once +there was something that ought to be said, and that I +should like to say—so I actually wrote and accepted, provisionally. +My voice has so broken that unless I can +improve it I fear not being heard, but Crookes promised +to read it either wholly, or leaving to me the opening +and concluding paragraphs. I was very weak—almost a +skeleton—but I am now getting much better. But finishing +up the "Spruce" book, and now all these honours and +congratulations and letters, etc., are giving me much work, +yet I am getting strong again, and really hope to do this +"lecture" as my last stroke for Darwinism against the +Mutationists and Mendelians, but much more effective, I +hope, than my article in the August <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Contemporary Review</span>, +though that was pretty strong.—Yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">How more than true "Sunlight's"<a name="noteref_65" id="noteref_65"></a><a href="#note_65"><span class="footnoteref">65</span></a> words have come, +"You will come out of the hole! You will be more in the +world. You will have satisfaction, retrospection, and +work"! Literally fulfilled!—A.R.W.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_195" id="toc_195"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">And to Mr. F. Birch:</h3> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">December 30, 1908.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Fred,— ... I received a letter from Lord +Knollys—the King's Private Secretary—informing me that +His Majesty proposed to offer me the Order of Merit, +among the Birthday honours! This is an "Order" established +by the present King about eight years ago, solely +for "merit"—whether civil or military—it is a pity it +was not civil only, as the military have so many distinctions +already. So I had to compose a very polite letter +of acceptance and thanks, and then later I had to beg to +be excused (on the ground of age and delicate health) +from attending the investiture at Buckingham Palace (on +<span class="tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span> +<a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +December 14th), when Court dress—a kind of very costly +livery—is obligatory! and I was kept for weeks waiting. +But at last one of the King's Equerries, Col. Legge (an +Earl's son), came down here about two weeks ago bringing +the Order, which is a very handsome cross in red and +blue enamel and gold—rich colours—with a crown above, +and a rich ribbed-silk blue and crimson riband to hang it +round the neck! Col. Legge was very pleasant, stayed +half an hour, had some tea, and showed us how to wear +it. So I shall be in duty bound to wear it on the only +public occasion I shall be seen again (in all probability), +when I give (or attempt to give) my lecture.<a name="noteref_66" id="noteref_66"></a><a href="#note_66"><span class="footnoteref">66</span></a> Then, I +had a letter from Windsor telling me that chalk portraits +of all the members of the Order were to be taken for the +collections in the Library, and a Mr. Strang came and +stayed the night, and in four hours completed a very +good life-size head, in coloured chalk, and so far, so good!—Yours +very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace regarded "Sunlight's" prophecy about "retrospection" +as being fulfilled in 1904, when he received the +invitation of Messrs. Chapman and Hall to begin collecting +material for his autobiography which was subsequently published +in two large volumes, under the title of "My Life."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Referring to this work he wrote to Mrs. Fisher:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Dorset. April</span> 17, 1904.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mrs. Fisher,—Thanks for your remarks on what +an autobiography ought to be. But I am afraid I shall +fall dreadfully short. I seem to remember nothing but +ordinary facts and incidents of no interest to anyone but +my own family. I do not feel myself that anything has +much influenced my character or abilities, such as they +are. Lots of things have given me opportunities, and +those I can state. Also other things have directed me +into certain lines, but I can't dilate on these; and really, +with the exception of Darwin and Sir Charles Lyell, I +<span class="tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span> +<a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +have come into close relations with hardly any eminent men. +All my doings and surroundings have been commonplace!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I am now just reading a charming and ideal bit of autobiography—Robert +Dale Owen's "Threading my Way." If +you have not read it, do get it (published by Trübner and +Co. in 1874). It is delightful. So simple and natural +throughout. But his father was one of the most wonderful +men of the nineteenth century—Robert Owen of New +Lanark—and this book gives the true history of his great +success. Then R.D. Owen met Clarkson and heard from +his own lips how he worked to abolish the slave trade.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Then he had part of his education at Hofwyl under +Fellenberg, an experiment in education and self-government +wonderfully original and successful. He afterwards +worked at "New Harmony" with his father, and met +during his life almost all the most remarkable people in +England and America.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This book only contains the first twenty-seven years of +his life and I am afraid he never completed it. Such a +book makes me despair!—Yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">When "My Life" was published, he wrote to the same +old and valued friend:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Broadstone, Wimborne. November 7, 1905.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Mrs. Fisher,—The reviewers are generally very +fair about the fads except a few. The <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Review</span> invents a +new word for me—I am an "anti-body"; but the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Outlook</span> +is the richest: I am the one man who believes in Spiritualism, +phrenology, anti-vaccination, and the centrality of the +earth in the universe, whose life is worth writing. Then it +points out a few things I am capable of believing, but which +everybody else knows to be fallacies, and compares me to +Sir I. Newton writing on the prophets! Yet of course he +praises my biology up to the skies—there I am wise—everywhere +else I am a kind of weak, babyish idiot! It is really +delightful!</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Only one is absolutely savage about it all—the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Liverpool</span> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span> +<a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Daily Post and Mercury</span>. The reviewer devotes over three +columns almost wholly to the fads—as to all of which he +evidently knows absolutely nothing, but he is cocksure that +I am always wrong!...—Yours very sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">He always thought that he was deficient in the gift of +humour: "I am," he wrote to Mr. J.W. Marshall (May +6, 1905), "still grinding away at my autobiography. Have +got to my American lecture tour, and hope to finish by +about Sept. but have such lots of interruptions. I am +just reading Huxley's Life. Some of his letters are inimitable, +but the whole is rather monotonous. I find there +is a good deal of variety in my life if I had but the gift of +humour! Alas! I could not make a joke to save my life. +But I find it very interesting." "Unless somebody," he +wrote to Miss Evans, "can make me laugh just before +the critical moment I always have a horrid expression in +photographs." Yet another observant friend remarked that +"he had a keen sense of humour. It was always his +boyish joyous exuberance which touched me. He never +grew old. When I had sat with him an hour he was a +young man, he became transfigured to me." ... "The last +time I saw Dr. Wallace," writes Prof. T.D.A. Cockerell +of Colorado, "was immediately after the Darwin Celebration +at Cambridge in 1909. I was the first to give him the +details concerning it, and vividly remember how interested +he was, and how heartily he laughed over some of the funny +incidents, which may not as yet be told in print. One of +his most prominent characteristics was his keen sense of +humour, and his enjoyment of a good story." In the summer +of 1885 he spent a holiday with Prof. Meldola at Lyme +Regis. "After our ramble," said the Professor, "we used +to spend the evenings indoors, I reading aloud the 'Ingoldsby +Legends,' which Wallace richly enjoyed. His humour was +<span class="tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span> +<a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a delightful characteristic. 'The inimitable puns of T. +Hood were,' he said, 'the delight of my youth, as is the +more recondite and fantastic humour of Mark Twain and +Lewis Carroll in my old age.'"</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace loved to give time and trouble in aiding young +men to start in life, especially if they were endeavouring +to become naturalists. He sent them letters of advice, +helped them in the choice of the right country to visit, +and gave them minute practical instructions how to live +healthily and to maintain themselves. He put their needs +before other and more fortunate scientific workers and +besought assistance for them.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"The central secret of his personal magnetism lay in +his wide and unselfish sympathy," writes Prof. Poulton.<a name="noteref_67" id="noteref_67"></a><a href="#note_67"><span class="footnoteref">67</span></a> +"It might be thought by those who did not know Wallace +that the noble generosity which will always stand as an +example before the world was something special—called forth +by the illustrious man with whom he was brought in contact. +This would be a great mistake. Wallace's attitude was +characteristic, and characteristic to the end of his life.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"A keen young naturalist in the North of England, taking +part in an excursion to the New Forest, called on Wallace +and confided to him the dream of his life—a first-hand knowledge +of tropical nature. When I visited 'Old Orchard' in +the summer of 1903, I found that Wallace was intently +interested in two things: his garden, and the means by +which his young friend's dream might best be realised. +The subject was referred to in seventeen letters to me; it +formed the sole topic of some of them. It was a grand +and inspiring thing to see this great man identifying himself +heart and soul with the interests of one—till then a +stranger—in whom he recognised the passionate longings +<span class="tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span> +<a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of his own youth. By the force of sympathy he re-lived +in the life of another the splendid years of early manhood."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">The late Prof. Knight recalled meeting him at the +British Association in Dundee, during the year 1867, when +Wallace was his guest for the usual time of the gathering. +He wrote:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">I, and everyone else who then met him at my house, +were struck, as no one could fail to be, by his rare +urbanity, his social charm, his modesty, his unobtrusive +strength, his courtesy in explaining matters with which +he was himself familiar but those he conversed with +were not; and his abounding interest, not only in almost +every branch of Science, but in human knowledge in all +its phases, especially new ones. He was a many-sided +scientific man, and had a vivid sense of humour. He +greatly enjoyed anecdote, as illustrative of character. +During those days he talked much on the fundamental +relations between Science and Philosophy, as well as on +the connection of Poetry with both of them. When he +left Dundee he went to Kenmore, that he might ascend +Ben Lawers in search of some rare ferns.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In 1872 I saw him, after meeting Thomas Carlyle and +Dean Stanley at Linlathen, when Darwin's theory was +much discussed, and when our genial host—Mr. Erskine—talked +so dispassionately but decidedly against evolution +as explanatory of the rise of what was new. A little +later in the same year Matthew Arnold discussed the same +subject with some friends at the Athenæum Club, defending +the chief aim of Darwin's theory, and enlarging from +a different point of view what Wallace had done in the +same direction. I remember well that he characterised +the two men as fellow-workers, not as followers, or in +any sense as copyists. Wallace's versatility not only continued, +but grew in many ways with the advance of years. +It was seen in his appreciation of the value of historical +study. Quite late in life he wrote: "The nineteenth century +is quite as wonderful in the domain of History as in +<span class="tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span> +<a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that of Science." Comparatively few know, or remember, +that he and his young brother Herbert—on whom he left +an interesting chapter <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">in memoriam</span>—both wrote verses, +some of which were of real value.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It may be safely said that few scientific men have +sympathetically entered into bordering territories and +therein excelled. The whole field of psychical research +was familiar to him, and he might have been a leader +in it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My last meeting with him was at his final home, the +"Old Orchard," Broadstone, in 1909. I was staying at +Boscombe in Hants, and he asked me to "come and see +his garden, while we talked of past days." He had then +the freshness of boyhood, blent with the mellow wisdom +of age.—W.A.K.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">The eminent naturalist and traveller, Dr. Henry O. +Forbes, who later explored the greater part of the lands +visited by Wallace, contributes the following appreciation +of the latter's scientific work:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">As a traveller, explorer and working naturalist, Wallace +will always stand in the first rank, compared even with the +most modern explorers. It ought not to be forgotten, however, +how great were the difficulties, the dangers and the +cost of travel fifty years ago, compared with the facilities +now enjoyed by his successors, who can command steam +and motor transport to wellnigh any spot on the coasts of +the globe, and who have to their hand concentrated and +preserved foods, a surer knowledge of the causes of tropical +diseases, and outfits of non-perishable medicines sufficient +for many years within the space of a few cubic inches. +Commissariat and health are the keys to all exploration in +uncivilised regions. Wallace accomplished his work on the +shortest of commons and lay weeks at a time sick through +inability to replenish his medical stores.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He was no mere "trudger" over new lands. Where +those before him, and even many after him, have been +able to see only sterile objects, his discerning eyes perceived +<span class="tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span> +<a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +everywhere a meaning in the varying modes of organic life, +and in response to his sympathetic mind Nature revealed to +him more of her multitudinous secrets than to most others. +Wallace's Amazonian travels were far from unfruitful, in +spite of the irreparable loss he sustained in the burning of +his notes and the bulk of his collections in the vessel by which +he was returning home; but it was in the Malay Archipelago +that his most celebrated years of investigation were passed, +which marked him as one of the greatest naturalists of our +time. As a methodical natural history collector—which is +"the best sport in the world" according to Darwin—he has +never been surpassed; and few naturalists, if any, have ever +brought together more enormous collections than he. The +mere statement, taken from his "Malay Archipelago," of +the number of his captures in the Archipelago in six years +of actual collecting, exceeding 125,000 specimens—a number +greater than the entire contents of many large museums—still +causes amazement. The value of a collection, however, +depends on the full and accurate information attached to +each specimen, and from this point of view only a few collections, +including Darwin's and Bates's, have possessed the +great scientific value of his.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace's Eastern explorations included nearly all the +large and the majority of the smaller islands of the Archipelago. +Many of them he was the first naturalist to visit, +or to reside on. Ceram, Batjian, Buru, Lombok, Timor, +Aru, Ke and New Guinea had never been previously +scientifically investigated. When in 1858 "the first and +greatest of the naturalists," as Dr. Wollaston styles Wallace, +visited New Guinea, it was "the first time that any +European had ventured to reside alone and practically unprotected +on the mainland of this country," which, dangerous +as it is now in the same regions, was infinitely more so +then. Of the journals of his voyagings, "The Malay Archipelago" +will always be ranked among the greatest narratives +of travel. The fact that this volume has gone through +a dozen editions is witness to its extraordinary popularity +among intelligent minds, and hardly supports the belief +that his scientific work has been forgotten. Nor can this +<span class="tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span> +<a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +popularity be a matter of much surprise, for few travellers +have possessed Wallace's powers of exposition, his lucidity +and charm of style. Professor Strasburger of Bonn has +declared that through "The Malay Archipelago" "a new +world of scientific knowledge" was unfolded before him. +"I feel it ... my duty," he adds, "to proclaim it with +gratitude." Wallace's narrative has attracted during the +past half-century numerous naturalists to follow in his +tracks, many of whom have reaped rich aftermaths of his +harvest; but certain it is that no explorer in the same, if +in any other, region has approached his eminence, or attained +the success he achieved.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">As a systematic zoologist, Wallace took no inconsiderable +place; his <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">métier</span>, however, was different. He described, +nevertheless, large sections of his Lepidoptera and of his +birds, on which many valuable papers are printed in the +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Transactions</span> of the learned societies and in various scientific +periodicals. Of the former, special mention may be made +of that on variation in the "Papilionidæ of the Malayan +Region," of which Darwin has recorded: "I have never +in my life been more struck by any paper." Of the latter, +reference may be drawn to his account of the "Pigeons of +the Malay Archipelago" and his paper on the "Passerine +Birds," in which he proposed an important new arrangement +of the families of that group (used later in his +"Geographical Distribution") based on the feathering of +their wings. Without a lengthy search through the zoological +records, it would be impossible to say how many +species Wallace added to science; but the constant recurrence +in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum of +"wallacei" as the name bestowed on various new species +by other systematists, and of "Wallace" succeeding those +scientifically named by himself, is an excellent gauge of +their very large number.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">In the field of anthropology Wallace could never be an +uninterested spectator. He took a deep interest, he tells +us, in the study of the various races of mankind. His +accounts of the Amazonian tribes suffered greatly by the +loss of his journals; but of the peoples of the Malay +<span class="tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span> +<a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Archipelago he has given us a most interesting narrative, +detailing their bodily and mental characteristics, and showing +how their distribution accorded with that of the fauna +on the opposite sides—Malays to the West, Papuans to the +East—of Wallace's Line. If fuller investigation of the +New Guinea tribes requires some modification in regard +to their origin, his observations, as broadly outlined then, +remain true still. His opinions on the origin of the Australian +aborigines—that they were a low and primitive type +of Caucasian race—which, when first promulgated, were +somewhat sceptically received, are now those accepted by +many very competent anthropologists.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace's contributions to Geographical Science were +only second in importance to those he so pre-eminently +made to biology. Though skilled in the use of surveying +instruments, he did little or no map-making—at all times +a laborious and lengthy task—for, with more important +purposes in his mind, he could not spare the time, nor did +the limitations to his movements permit any useful attempt. +Yet he did pure geographical work quite as important. The +value of the comparative study of the flora and fauna of +neighbouring regions, the great differences in the midst of +much likeness between the organic life of neighbouring land +masses, was a subject that was always in Wallace's mind +during his exploration of the Amazon Valley, for he perceived +that the physical geography and the distribution of +these animals and plants were of the greatest service in +elucidating their history where the geological record was +defective. As is well known, the visual inspection of the +geological structure of tropical countries is always difficult +and often impossible to make out because of the dense vegetation +upon the surface and even the faces of the river gorges. +But for the loss of his collections and notes we should have +had from Wallace's pen a Physical History of the Amazon. +This loss was, however, amply made up by his very original +contributions to the geography of the Malay Archipelago. +"The Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago" and +"The Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago" (written +on Eastern soil, with the texts of his discourses around +<span class="tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span> +<a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +him) were the forerunners of his monumental "Geographical +Distribution of Animals," elaborated in England after his +return. "To the publication of the 'Geographical Distribution +of Animals' we owe the first scientific study of the +distribution of organic life on the globe, which has broadened +ever since, and continues to interest students daily; his brilliant +work in Natural History and Geography ... is universally +honoured," are the opinions of Dr. Scott speaking +as President of the Linnean Society of London.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">One of Wallace's most important contributions to the +physical geography of the Malay region was his discovery +of the physical differences between the western and the +eastern portions of the Archipelago; i.e. that the islands +lying to the east of a line running north from the middle +of the Straits of Bali and outside Celebes were fragments +of an ancient and larger Australian continent, while those +to the western side were fragments of an Asiatic continent. +This he elucidated by recognising that the flora and fauna +on the two sides of the line, close though these islands +approached each other, were absolutely different and had +remained for ages uncommingled. This line was denominated +"Wallace's Line" by Huxley, and this discovery +alone would have been sufficient to associate his name inseparably +with this region of the globe.—H.O.F.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Like Darwin, Wallace gave excessive attention to the +suggestions and criticisms of people who were obviously +ignorant of the subjects about which they wrote. He was +never impatient with honest ignorance or considered the +lowly position of his correspondents. He replied to all +letters of inquiry (and he received many from working men), +and always gave his best knowledge and advice to anyone +who desired it. There was not the faintest suggestion of the +despicable sense of superiority about him.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"I had, of course, revelled in 'The Malay Archipelago' +when a boy," says Prof. Cockerell, "but my first personal +relations with Dr. Wallace arose from a letter I wrote him +<span class="tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span> +<a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +after reading his 'Darwinism,' then (early in 1890) recently +published. The book delighted me, but I found a number +of little matters to criticise and discuss, and with the impetuosity +of youth proceeded to write to the author, and +also to send a letter on some of the points to <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>. I +have possibly not yet reached years of discretion, but in +the perspective of time I can see with confusion that what +I regarded as worthy zeal might well have been characterised +by others as confounded impudence. In the face of +this, the tolerance and kindness of Dr. Wallace's reply is +wholly characteristic: 'I am very much obliged to you for +your letter containing so many valuable emendations and +suggestions on my "Darwinism." They will be very useful +to me in preparing another edition. Living in the country +with but few books, I have often been unable to obtain the +<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">latest</span> information, but for the purpose of the argument +the facts of a few years back are often as good as those of +to-day—which in their turn will be modified a few years +hence.... You appear to have so much knowledge of +details in so many branches of natural history, and also +to have thought so much on many of the more recondite +problems, that I shall be much pleased to receive any +further remarks or corrections on any other portions of +my book.' This letter, written to a very young and quite +unknown man in the wilds of Colorado, who had merely +communicated a list of more or less trifling criticisms, can +only be explained as an instance of Dr. Wallace's eagerness +to help and encourage beginners. It did not occur to +him to question the propriety of the criticisms, he did not +write as a superior to an inferior; he only saw what seemed +to him a spark of biological enthusiasm, which should by +all means be kindled into flame. Many years later, when +I was at his house, he produced with the greatest delight +some letters from a young man who had gone to South +<span class="tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span> +<a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +America and was getting his first glimpse of the tropical +forest. What discoveries he might make! What joy he +must have on seeing the things described in the letter, such +things as Dr. Wallace himself had seen in Brazil so long +ago!"</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace's critical faculty was always keen and vigilant. +Unlike some critics, however, he relished genuine and +well-informed criticism of his own writings. Flattery he +despised; whilst the charge of dishonesty aroused strongest +resentment. Deceived he might be, but he required clear +proof that his own eyes and ears had led him astray. +Romanes, who had propounded the forgotten theory of +physiological selection, charged Wallace with adopting it +as his own. This was not only untrue, it was ridiculous; +and Wallace, after telling him so and receiving no apology, +dropped him out of his recognition. During Romanes' illness +Mr. Thiselton-Dyer wrote to Wallace and sought to +bring about a reconciliation, and Wallace replied:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Parkstone, Dorset. September 26, 1893.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">My dear Thiselton-Dyer,—I am sorry to hear of Romanes' +illness, because I think he would have done much good work +in carrying out experiments which require the leisure, means +and knowledge which he possesses. I cannot, however, at +all understand his wishing to have any communication from +myself. I do not think I ever met Romanes in private more +than once, when he called on me more than twenty years +ago about some curious psychical phenomena occurring in +his own family; and perhaps half a dozen letters—if so +many—may have passed between us since. There is therefore +no question of personal friendship disturbed. I consider, +however, that he made a very gross misstatement and +personal attack on me when he stated, both in English and +American periodicals, that in my "Darwinism" I adopted +his theory of "physiological selection" and claimed it as my +<span class="tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span> +<a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +own, and that my adoption of it was "unequivocal and +complete." This accusation he supported by such a flood +of words and quotations and explanations as to obscure +all the chief issues and render it almost impossible for the +ordinary reader to disentangle the facts. I told him then +that unless he withdrew this accusation as publicly as he +had made it I should decline all future correspondence +with him, and should avoid referring to him in any of my +writings.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This is, of course, very different from any criticism of +my theories; that, or even ridicule, would never disturb +me; but when a man has made an accusation of literary +and scientific dishonesty, and has done all he can to +spread this accusation over the whole civilised world, my +only answer can be—after showing, as I have done (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see +Nature</span>, vol. xliii., pp. 79 and 150), that his accusations +are wholly untrue—to ignore his existence.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I cannot believe that he can want any sympathy from +a man he says has wilfully and grossly plagiarised him, +unless he feels that his accusations were unfounded. If +he does so, and will write to me to that effect (for publication, +if I wish, after his death), I will accept it as full +reparation and write him such a letter as you suggest.—Believe +me yours very faithfully,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED R. WALLACE.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_196" id="toc_196"></a> + +<h3 class="tei tei-head">SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE</h3> + + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Kew. September 27, 1897.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Wallace,—I am afraid I have been rather guilty +of an impertinence which I hope you will forgive.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Romanes is an old acquaintance of mine of many years' +standing. Personally, I like him very much; but for his +writings I confess I have no great admiration.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pray believe me I had no mission of any sort on his +part to write to you. But I feel so sorry for him that +when he told me how much he regretted that he did not +stand well with you, I could not resist writing to tell you +of the calamities that have befallen him.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I must confess I was in total ignorance of what you +<span class="tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span> +<a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +tell me. I don't see how, under the circumstances, you +can do anything. I was never more surprised in my life, +in fact, than when I read your letter. The whole thing is +too childishly preposterous.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Romanes laments over <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">me</span> because he says I wilfully misunderstand +his theory. The fact is, poor fellow, that I do +not think he understands it himself. If his life had been +destined to be prolonged I should have done all in my power +to have induced him to occupy himself more with observation +and less with mere logomachy.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I cannot get him to face the fact that natural hybrids +are being found to be more and more common amongst +plants. At the beginning of the century it was supposed +that there were some sixty recognisable species of willows +in the British Isles: now they are cut down to about +sixteen, and all the rest are resolved into hybrids.—Ever +sincerely,</p> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W.T. THISELTON-DYER.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace was a seeker after Truth who was never shy of his +august mistress, whatever robes she wore. "I feel within +me," wrote Darwin to Henslow, "an instinct for truth, or +knowledge, or discovery, of something of the same nature as +the instinct of virtue." This was equally true of Wallace. +He had a fine reverence for truth, beauty and love, and he +feared not to expose error. He paid no respect to time-honoured +practices and opinions if he believed them to be +false. Vaccination came under his searching criticism, and +in the face of nearly the whole medical faculty he denounced +it as quackery condemned by the very evidence used to defend +it. He very carefully examined the claims of phrenology, +which had been laughed out of court by scientific men, and +he came to the conclusion that "in the present (twentieth) +century phrenology will assuredly attain general acceptance. +It will prove itself to be the true science of the mind. Its +practical uses in education, in self-discipline, in the reformatory +treatment of criminals, and in the remedial +<span class="tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span> +<a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +treatment of the insane, will gain it one of the highest +places in the hierarchy of the sciences; and its persistent +neglect and obloquy during the last sixty years of the +nineteenth century will be referred to as an example of +the almost incredible narrowness and prejudice which prevailed +among men of science at the very time they were +making such splendid advances in other fields of thought +and discovery."<a name="noteref_68" id="noteref_68"></a><a href="#note_68"><span class="footnoteref">68</span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace was not even scared out of his wits by ghosts, +for, unlike Coleridge, he believed in them although he +thought he had seen many. Whether truth came from the +scaffold or the throne, the séance or the sky, it did not alter +the truth, and did not prejudice or overbear his judgment. +He shed his early materialism (which temporarily took +possession of him as it did of many others as a result of +the shock following the overwhelming discoveries of that +period) when he was brought face to face with the phenomena +of the spiritual kingdom which withstood the searching +test of his keen observation and reasoning powers. +Prejudices, preconceived notions, respect for his scientific +position or the opinions of his eminent friends or the +reputation of the learned societies to which he belonged—all +were quietly and firmly put aside when he saw what +he recognised to be the truth. If his fellow-workers did +not accept it, so much the worse for them. He stood four-square +against the onslaught of quasi-scientific rationalism, +which once threatened to obliterate all the ancient landmarks +of morality and religion alike. He made mistakes, +and he admitted and corrected them, because he verily loved +Truth for her own sake. And to the very end of his long life +he kept the windows of his soul wide open to what he believed +to be the light of this and other worlds.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He was, then, a man of lofty ideals, and his idealism +<span class="tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span> +<a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was at the base of his opposition to the materialism which +boasted that Natural Selection explained all adaptation, +and that Physics could give the solution of Huxley's poser +to Spencer: "Given the molecular forces in a mutton chop, +deduce Hamlet and Faust therefrom," and which regarded +mind as a quality of matter as brightness is a quality of +steel, and life as the result of the organisation of matter +and not its cause.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"We have ourselves," wrote Prof. H.F. Osborn in an +account of Wallace's scientific work which Wallace praised, +"experienced a loss of confidence with advancing years, an +increasing humility in the face of transformations which +become more and more mysterious the more we study them, +although we may not join with this master in his appeal to +an organising and directing principle." But profound contemplation +of nature and of the mind of man led Wallace +to belief in God, to accept the Divine origin of life and +consciousness, and to proclaim a hierarchy of spiritual +beings presiding over nature and the affairs of nations. +"Whatever," writes Dr. H.O. Forbes, "may be the last +words on the deep and mysterious problems to which Wallace +addressed himself in his later works, the unquestioned +consensus of the highest scientific opinion throughout the +world is that his work has been for more than half a century, +and will continue to be, a living stimulus to interpretation +and investigation, a fertilising and vivifying force in +every sphere of thought."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">It is perhaps unprofitable to go further than in +previous chapters into his so-called heresies—political, +scientific or religious. Yet we may imitate his boldness +and ask whether he was not, perhaps, in advance of his +age and whether his heresies were not shrewd anticipations +of some truth at present but partially revealed. +Take the example of Spiritualism, which, I suppose, +<span class="tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span> +<a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +has more opponents than anti-vaccination. No one can +overlook the fact that Spiritualism has many scientific +exponents—Myers, Crookes, Lodge, Barrett and others. +Prejudices against Spiritualism are as unscientific as the +credulity which swallows the mutterings of every medium. +Podmore's two ponderous volumes on the History of +Spritualism are marred by an obvious anxiety to make +the very least, if not the very worst, of every phenomenon +alleged to be spiritualistic. That kind of deliberate and +obstinate blindness which prided itself on being the clear +cold light of science Wallace scorned and denounced. He +did not insist upon spiritualistic manifestations shaping +themselves according to his own predesigned moulds in +order to be investigated. He watched for facts whatever +form they assumed. He fully recognised that the phenomena +he saw and heard could be easily ridiculed, but behind them +he as fully believed that he came into contact with spiritual +realities which remain, and which led him to other explanations +of the higher faculties of man and the origin of life +and consciousness than were acceptable to the materialistic +followers of Haeckel, Büchner and Huxley. And who dares +dogmatically to assert in the name of science and in the +second decade of the twentieth century, when the deeper +meanings of evolution are being revealed, and the philosophy +of Bergson is spoken about on the housetops, that he was +wrong? In these views may he not become the peer of +Darwin?</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">At first blush it may seem to be a bad example of special +pleading to attempt to discover the reason for his opposition +to vaccination in his idealism. But it is not far from the +truth. He believed in a Ministry of Public Health, that +doctors should be servants of the State, and that they +should be paid according as they kept people well and not +ill. Health is the natural condition of the human body +<span class="tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span> +<a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +when it is properly sustained and used. And chemicals, +even in sickness, are of less importance than fresh air, +light and proper food. He ridiculed, too, the notion of +unhealthy places. "It is like," he wrote to Mr. Birch, +"the old idea that every child must have measles, and +the sooner the better." To the same correspondent, who +was contemplating going into virgin forests and who expressed +his fear of malaria, he replied: "There is no +special danger of malaria or other diseases in a dense +forest region. I am sure this is a delusion, and the dense +virgin forests, even when swampy, are, in a state of nature, +perfectly healthy to live in. It is man's tampering with +them, and man's own bad habits of living, that render them +unhealthy. Having now gone over all Spruce's journals +and letters during his twelve years' life in and about the +Amazonian forests, I am sure this is so. And even where +a place is said to be notoriously 'malarious,' it is mostly +due not to infection only but to predisposition due to malnutrition +or some bad mode of living. A person living +healthily may, for the most part, laugh at such terrors. +Neither I nor Spruce ever got fevers when we lived in the +forests and were able to get wholesome food." "Health," +he said to the present writer, "is the best resistant to disease, +and not the artificial giving of a mild form of a disease in +order to render the body immune to it for a season. Vaccination +is not only condemned upon the statistics which are +used to uphold it, but it is a false principle—unscientific, +and therefore doomed to fail in the end." Besides which, +he believed in mental healing, and had recorded definite +and certain benefit from spiritual "healers." And he reminded +himself that amongst doctors (witness the blind +opposition encountered by Lister's discoveries) were found +from time to time not a few enemies of the true healing art, +and obstinate defenders of many forms of quackery. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span> +<a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace made no claim to be an original investigator. +He knew his limitations, and said again and again that +he could not have conducted the slow and minute researches +or have accumulated the vast amount of detailed +evidence to which Darwin, with infinite patience, devoted +his life. He was genuinely glad that it had not fallen to +his lot to write "The Origin of Species." He felt that his +chief faculty was to reason from facts which others discovered. +Yet he had that original insight and creative +faculty which enabled him to see, often as by flashlight, +the explanation which had remained hidden from the eyes +of the man who was most familiar with the particular +facts, and he elaborated it with quickening pulse, anxious +to put down the whole conception which filled his mind +lest some portion of it should escape him. Therein lay +one secret of his great genius. He often said that he was +an idler, but we know that he was a patient and industrious +worker. His idleness was his way of describing his long +musings, waiting the bidding of her whom God inspires—Truth, +who often hides her face from the clouded eyes of +man. For hours, days, weeks, he was disinclined to work. +He felt no constraining impulse, his attention was relaxed or +engaged upon a novel, or his seeds, or the plan of a new +house, which always excited his interest. Then, apparently +suddenly, whilst in one of his day-dreams, or in a +fever (as at Ternate, to recall the historical episode when +the theory of Natural Selection struck him), an explanation, +a theory, a discovery,<a name="noteref_69" id="noteref_69"></a><a href="#note_69"><span class="footnoteref">69</span></a> the plan of a new book, came to him +like a flash of light, and with the plan the material, the arguments, +<span class="tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span> +<a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the illustrations; the words came tumbling one over +the other in his brain, and as suddenly his idleness vanished, +and work, eager, prolonged, unwearying, filled his days and +months and years until the message was written down and +the task fully accomplished. Whilst writing he referred to +few books, but wrote straight on, adding paragraph to paragraph, +chapter to chapter, without recasting or revision.<a name="noteref_70" id="noteref_70"></a><a href="#note_70"><span class="footnoteref">70</span></a> +And the result was fresh, striking, original. It was a +creation. The work being done, he relapsed into his busy +idleness. The truth, as he saw it, seemed to come to him. +Some people called him a prophet, but he was not conscious +of that high calling. I do not remember him saying +that he was only a messenger. Perhaps later, when +he was reviewing his life, he connected his sudden inspirations +with a higher source, but for their realisation he +relied upon a foundation of veritable facts, facts patiently +accumulated, a foundation laid broad and deep. He had +the vision of the prophet allied with the wisdom of the +philosopher and the calm mental detachment of the man +of science. Perhaps another explanation of his genius +may be found in his open-mindedness. Truth found ready +access to his conscience, and always a warm welcome, and +he saw with open eyes where others were stone-blind.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He belonged to our common humanity. No caste or +acquired pride or unapproachable intellectualism cut him off +from the people. His simple humanness made him one with +us all. And his humanity was singularly comprehensive. +It led him, for instance, to investigate the subject of +<span class="tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span> +<a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +suffering in animals. He noticed that all good men and +women rightly shrank from giving pain to them, and he set +himself to prove that the capacity for pain decreased as we +descended the scale of life, and that poets and others were +mistaken when they imputed acute suffering to the lower +creation, because of the very restricted response of their +nervous system. Even in the case of the human infant, he +concluded that only very slight sensations are at first required, +and that such only are therefore developed. The +sensation of pain does not, probably, reach its maximum +till the whole organism is fully developed in the adult individual. +"This," he added, with that characteristic touch +which made him kin to all oppressed people, "is rather +comforting in view of the sufferings of so many infants +needlessly sacrificed through the terrible defects of our +vicious social system."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">To Wallace pain was the birth-cry of a soul's advance—the +stamp of rank in nature is capacity for pain. Pain, +he held, was always strictly subordinated to the law of +utility, and was never developed beyond what was actually +needed for the protection and advance of life. This brings +the sensitive soul immense relief. Our susceptibility to +the higher agonies is a condition of our advance in life's +pageant.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Take another instance. Amongst his numerous correspondents +there were not a few who decided not to take +life, for food, or science, or in war. One young man who +went out with the assistance of Wallace to Trinidad and +Brazil to become a naturalist, and to whom he wrote +many letters<a name="noteref_71" id="noteref_71"></a><a href="#note_71"><span class="footnoteref">71</span></a> of direction and encouragement, gave up +the work of collecting—to Wallace's sincere disappointment—and +came home because he felt that it was wrong +to take the lives of such wondrous and beautiful birds and +<span class="tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span> +<a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +insects. Another correspondent, who had joined the Navy, +wrote a number of long letters to Wallace setting forth his +conscientious objections to killing, arrived at after reading +Wallace's books; and although Wallace endeavoured from +prudential considerations to restrain him from giving up +his position, he nevertheless wholly sympathised with him +and in the end warmly defended him when it was necessary +to do so. The sacrifice, too, of human life in dangerous +employments for the purpose of financial gain, no less than +the frightful slaughter of the battlefield, was abhorrent to +Wallace and aroused his intensest indignation. Life to +him was sacred. It had its origin in the spiritual kingdom. +"We are lovers of nature, from 'bugs' up to +'humans,'" he wrote to Mr. Fred Birch.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">By every means he laboured earnestly to secure an equal +opportunity of leading a useful and happy life for all men +and women. He championed the cause of women—of their +freer life and their more active and public part in national +service. He found the selective agency, which was to work +for the amelioration he desired, in a higher form of sexual +selection, which will be the prerogative of women; and therefore +woman's position in the not distant future "will be +far higher and more important than any which has been +claimed for or by her in the past." When political and +social rights are conceded to her on equality with men, her +free choice in marriage, no longer influenced by economic +and social considerations, will guide the future moral progress +of the race, restore the lost equality of opportunity to +every child born in our country, and secure the balance +between the sexes. "It will be their (women's) special +duty so to mould public opinion, through home training +and social influence, as to render the women of the future +the regenerators of the entire human race."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">He was acutely anxious that his ideals should be realised +<span class="tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span> +<a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +on earth by the masses of the people. He had a large and +noble vision of their future. And he had his plan for their +immediate redemption—national ownership of the soil, better +housing, higher wages, certainty of employment, abolition of +preventable diseases, more leisure and wider education, not +merely for the practical work of obtaining a livelihood but to +enable them to enjoy art and literature and song. His opposition +to Eugenics (to adopt the word introduced by Galton, +which Wallace called jargon) sprang from his idealism and +his love of the people, as well as from his scientific knowledge. +On the social side he thought that Eugenics offered +less chance of a much-needed improvement of environment +than the social reforms which he advocated, whilst on the +scientific side he believed that the attempt, with our extremely +limited knowledge, to breed men and women by +artificial selection was worse than folly. He feared that, as +he understood it, Eugenics would perpetuate class distinctions, +and postpone social reform, and afford quasi-scientific +excuses for keeping people "in the positions Nature intended +them to occupy," a scientific reading of the more offensive +saying of those who, having plenty themselves, believe that +it is for the good of the lower classes to be dependent upon +others. "Clear up," he said to the present writer one day, +when we drifted into a warm discussion of the teachings of +Eugenists; "change the environment so that all may have +an adequate opportunity of living a useful and happy life, +and give woman a free choke in marriage; and when that +has been going on for some generations you may be in a +better position to apply whatever has been discovered about +heredity and human breeding, and you may then know which +are the better stocks."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Segregation of the unfit," he remarked to an interviewer +after the Eugenic Conference, at which much was +unhappily said that wholly justified his caustic denunciation, +<span class="tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span> +<a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +"is a mere excuse for establishing a medical tyranny. +And we have enough of this kind of tyranny already ... +the world does not want the eugenist to set it straight.... +Eugenics is simply the meddlesome interference of an arrogant +scientific priestcraft."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Thus his radicalism and his so-called fads were born of +his high aspirations. He was not the recluse calmly spinning +theories from a bewildering chaos of observations, and +building up isolated facts into the unity of a great and illuminating +conception in the silence and solitude of his library, +unmindful of the great world of sin and sorrow without. He +could say with Darwin, "I was born a naturalist"; but we +can add that his heart was on fire with love for the toiling +masses. He had felt the intense joy of discovering +a vast and splendid generalisation, which not only worked +a complete revolution in biological science, but has also +illuminated the whole field of human knowledge. Yet his +greatest ambition was to improve the cruel conditions under +which thousands of his fellow-creatures suffered and died, +and to make their lives sweeter and happier. His mind +was great enough and his heart large enough to encompass +all that lies between the visible horizons of human +thought and activity, and even in his old age he lived +upon the topmost peaks, eagerly looking for the horizon +beyond. In the words of the late Mr. Gladstone, he +"was inspired with the belief that life was a great and +noble calling; not a mean and grovelling thing that we +are to shuffle through as we can, but an elevated and lofty +destiny."</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> + +<p class="tei tei-p">But we must not be tempted into further disquisition. +As he grew older the public Press as well as his friends +celebrated his birthdays. Congratulations by telegram and +letter poured in upon him and gave him great pleasure. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span> +<a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Minor poets sang special solos, or joined in the chorus. +One example may be quoted:</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE</h3> +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">8TH JANUARY, 1911</p> + +<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg"> +<p class="tei tei-l">A little cot back'd by a wood-fring'd height,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Where sylvan Usk runs swiftly babbling by:</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Here thy young eyes first look'd on earth and sky,</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">And all the wonders of the day and night;</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">O born interpreter of Nature's might,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Lord of the quiet heart and seeing eye,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Vast is our debt to thee we'll ne'er deny,</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">Though some may own it in their own despite.</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">Now after fourscore teeming years and seven,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Our hearts are jocund that we have thee still</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">A refuge in this world of good and ill,</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">When evil triumphs and our souls are riv'n;</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">A friend to all the friendless under heav'n;</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">A foe to fraud and all the lusts that kill.</p> +</div> + +<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg"> +<p class="tei tei-l">O champion of the Truth, whate'er it be!</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">World-wand'rer over this terrestrial frame;</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Twin-named with Darwin on the roll of fame;</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">This day we render homage unto thee;</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">For in thy steps o'er alien land and sea,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Where life burns fast and tropic splendours flame.</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Oft have we follow'd with sincere acclaim</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">To mark thee unfold Nature's mystery.</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">For this we thank thee, yet one thing remains</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Shall shrine thee deeper in the heart of man,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">In ages yet to be when we are dust;</p> +<p class="tei tei-l">Thou hast put forth thy hand to rend our chains,</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">Our birthright to restore from feudal ban;</p> +<p style="margin-left: 8em" class="tei tei-l">O righteous soul, magnanimous and just!</p> +</div> + +<p style="text-align: right" class="tei tei-p">W. BRAUNSTON JONES.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sir William Barrett, one of Wallace's oldest friends, +visited him during the last year of his life, and thus +describes the visit:</p> + +<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote"> +<p class="tei tei-p">In the early summer of 1913, some six months before +his death, I had the pleasure of paying another visit and +spending a delightful afternoon with my old friend. His +<span class="tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span> +<a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +health was failing, and he sat wrapped up before a fire in +his study, though it was a warm day. He could not walk +round his garden with me as before, but pointed to the +little plot of ground in front of the French windows of his +study—where he had moved some of his rarer primulas and +other plants he was engaged in hybridising—and which he +could just manage to visit. His eyesight and hearing +seemed as good as ever, and his intellectual power was +undimmed....</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Wallace then, pointing to the beautiful expanse +of garden, woodland and sea which was visible from the +large study windows, burst forth with vigorous gesticulation +and flashing eyes: "Just think! All this wonderful +beauty and diversity of nature results from the operation +of a few simple laws. In my early unregenerate days I +used to think that only material forces and natural laws +were operative throughout the world. But these I now +see are hopelessly inadequate to explain this mystery and +wonder and variety of life. I am, as you know, absolutely +convinced that behind and beyond all elementary processes +there is a guiding and directive force; a Divine power or +hierarchy of powers, ever controlling these processes so +that they are tending to more abundant and to higher +types of life."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">This led Dr. Wallace to refer to my published lecture +on "Creative Thought" and express his hearty concurrence +with the line of argument therein; in fact he had +already sent me his views, which, with his consent, I published +as a postscript to that lecture.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Then our conversation turned upon recent political +events, and it was remarkable how closely he had followed, +and how heartily he approved, the legislation of +the Liberal Government of the day. His admiration for Mr. +Lloyd George was unfeigned. "To think that I should +have lived to see so earnest and democratic a Chancellor of +the Exchequer!" he exclaimed, and he confidently awaited +still larger measures which would raise the condition of the +workers to a higher level; and nothing was more striking +than his intense sympathy with every movement for the +<span class="tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span> +<a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +relief of poverty and the betterment of the wage-earning +classes. The land question, we agreed, lay at the root of +the matter, and land nationalisation the true solution. In +fact, ever since I read the proof-sheets of his book on this +subject, which he corrected when staying at my house in +Kingstown, I have been a member of the Land Nationalisation +Society, of which he was President.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Needless to say, Dr. Wallace was an ardent Home Ruler +and Free Trader,<a name="noteref_72" id="noteref_72"></a><a href="#note_72"><span class="footnoteref">72</span></a> but on the latter question he said there +should be an export duty on coal, especially the South +Wales steam coal, as our supply was limited and it +was essential for the prosperity of the country—and "the +purchaser pays the duty," he remarked. I heartily agreed +with him, and said that a small export duty <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">had</span> been +placed on coal by the Conservative Government, but subsequently +was removed. This he had forgotten, and when +later on I sent him particulars of the duty and its yield, +he replied saying that at that time he was so busy with +the preparation of a book that he had overlooked the +fact. He wrote most energetically on the importance of +the Government being wise in time, and urged at least a +2s. export duty on coal.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">We talked about the question of a portrait of Dr. Wallace +being painted and presented to the Royal Society, which +had been suggested by the Rev. James Marchant, to whom +Dr. Wallace referred, when talking to me, in grateful and +glowing terms.—W.F.B.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Perhaps it should be added to Sir William Barrett's reminiscences +that the movement which was set on foot to +carry out this project was stayed by Wallace's death.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">During the last years of his life his pen was seldom +dry. His interest in science and in politics was fresh and +keen to the closing week. He wrote "Social Environment +and Moral Progress" in 1912, at the age of 90. The book +had a remarkable reception. Leading articles and illustrated +reviews appeared in most of the daily newspapers. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span> +<a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The book, into which he had put his deepest thoughts and +feelings upon the condition of society, was hailed as a +virile and notable production from a truly great man. +After this was issued, he saw another, "The Revolt of +Democracy," through the press. But this did not exhaust +his activities. He entered almost immediately into a contract +to write a big volume upon the social order, and as +a side issue to help, as is mentioned in the Introduction, +in the production of an even larger book upon the writings +and position of Darwin and Wallace and the theory of +Natural Selection as an adequate explanation of organic +evolution. Age did not seem to weaken his amazing fertility +of creative thought, nor to render him less susceptible to +the claims of humanity, which he faced with a noble courage. +In nobility of character and in magnitude, variety and richness +of mind he was amongst the foremost scientific men of +the Victorian Age, and with his death that great period, +which was marked by wide and illuminating generalisations +and the grand style in science, came to an end.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Apart altogether, however, from his scientific position +and attainments, which set him on high, he was a noble +example of brave, resolute, and hopeful endeavour, maintained +without faltering to the end of a long life. And +this is not the least valuable part of his legacy to the race.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">When Henslow died, Huxley wrote to Hooker: "He had +intellect to comprehend his highest duty distinctly, and force +of character to do it; which of us dare ask for a higher summary +of his life than that? For such a man there can be +no fear in facing the great unknown; his life has been one +long experience of the substantial justice of the laws by +which this world is governed, and he will calmly trust to +them still as he lays his head down for his long sleep." Let +that also stand as the estimate of Wallace by his contemporaries, +an estimate which we believe posterity will confirm. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span> +<a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +And to it we may add that death, which came to him in his +sleep as a gentle deliverer, opened the door into the larger +and fuller life into which he tried to penetrate and in which +he firmly believed. If that faith be founded in truth, Darwin +and Wallace, yonder as here, are united evermore.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<p class="tei tei-p">I am writing these concluding words on the second +anniversary of his death. Before me there lies the telegram +which brought me the sad news that he had "passed +away very peacefully at 9.25 a.m., without regaining consciousness." +He was in his ninety-first year. It was +suggested that he should be buried in Westminster +Abbey, beside Charles Darwin, but Mrs. Wallace and the +family, expressing his own wishes as well as theirs, did +not desire it. On Monday, November 10th, he was laid +to rest with touching simplicity in the little cemetery of +Broadstone, on a pine-clad hill swept by ocean breezes. +He was followed on his last earthly journey by his son +and daughter, by Miss Mitten, his sister-in-law, and by +the present writer. Mrs. Wallace, being an invalid, was +unable to attend. The funeral service was conducted by +the Bishop of Salisbury (Dr. Ridgeway), and among the +official representatives were Prof. Raphael Meldola and +Prof. E.B. Poulton representing the Royal Society; the +latter and Dr. Scott representing the Linnean Society, and +Mr. Joseph Hyder the Land Nationalisation Society. A +singularly appropriate monument, consisting of a fossil +tree-trunk from the Portland beds, has been erected over +his grave upon a base of Purbeck stone, which bears the +following inscription:</p> + +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE, O.M.<br /> +Born Jan. 8th, 1823, Died Nov. 7th, 1913</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">A year later, on the 10th of December, 1914, his widow +died after a long illness, and was buried in the same grave. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span> +<a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +She was the eldest daughter of Mr. William Mitten, of Hurstpierpoint, +an enthusiastic botanist, and in no mean degree +she inherited her father's love of wild flowers and of the +beautiful in nature. It was this similarity of tastes which +led to her close intimacy and subsequent marriage, in 1866, +with Wallace. Their married life was an exceedingly happy +one. She was able to help him in his scientific labours, +and she provided that atmosphere in the home life which +enabled him to devote himself to his many-sided enterprises. +And nothing would give him more joy than to +know that this book is dedicated to her memory.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="image05" id="image05" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<img src="images/image05.png" alt="THE GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE" class="tei tei-figure" /></p> +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">THE GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Soon after Wallace's death a Committee was formed +(with Prof. Poulton as Chairman and Prof. Meldola as +Treasurer) to erect a memorial, and the following petition +was sent to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey:</p> + +<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote"> +<p class="tei tei-p">We, the undersigned, earnestly desiring a suitable +national memorial to the late Alfred Russel Wallace, and +believing that no position would be so appropriate as +Westminster Abbey, the burial-place of his illustrious +fellow-worker Charles Darwin, petition the Right Reverend +the Dean and Chapter for permission to place a medallion +in Westminster Abbey. We further guarantee, if the medallion +be accepted, to pay the Abbey fees of £200.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">ARCH. GEIKIE</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">WILLIAM CROOKES</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">A.B. KEMPE</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">E. RAY LANKESTER</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">D.H. SCOTT</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">D. PRAIN</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">A.E. SHIPLEY</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">RAPHAEL MELDOLA</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">P.A. MACMAHON</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">JOHN W. JUDD</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">OLIVER J. LODGE</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">E.B. POULTON</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">A. STRAHAN</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">H.H. TURNER</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">J. LARMOR</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">W. RAMSAY</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">SILVANUS P. THOMPSON</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">JOHN PERRY</p> +<p class="tei tei-p">JAMES MARCHANT (Hon. Sec.)</p> +</blockquote> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span> +<a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">To which the Dean replied:</p> + +<blockquote style="margin: 2em 4em" class="tei tei-quote"> +<p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The Deanery, Westminster, S.W. December 2, 1913.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dear Mr. Marchant,—I have pleasure in informing you +that I presented your petition at our Chapter meeting this +morning, and a glad and unanimous assent was accorded +to it.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">I should be glad later on to be informed as to the artist +you are employing; and probably it would be as well for +him and you and some members of the Royal Society to +meet me and the Chapter and confer together upon the +most suitable and artistic arrangement or rearrangement +of the medallions of the great men of science of the nineteenth +century.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Nothing could have been more satisfactory or impressive +than the document with which you furnished me this morning. +I hope to get it specially framed.—Yours sincerely,</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">HERBERT E. RYLE.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mr. Bruce-Joy, who had made an excellent medallion +of Dr. Wallace during his lifetime, accepted the commission +to fashion the medallion for Westminster Abbey, and +it was unveiled, by a happy but undesigned coincidence, +on All Souls' Day, November 1 1915, together with medallions +to the memory of Sir Joseph Hooker and Lord Lister. +In the course of his sermon, the Dean said—and with these +words we may well conclude this book:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"To-day there are uncovered to the public view, in the +North Aisle of the Choir, three memorials to men who, I +believe, will always be ranked among the most eminent +scientists of the last century. They passed away, one in +1911, one in 1912, and one in 1913. They were all men of +singularly modest character. As is so often observable +in true greatness, there was in them an entire absence of +that vanity and self-advertisement which are not infrequent +with smaller minds. It is the little men who push themselves +into prominence through dread of being overlooked. +<span class="tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span> +<a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +It is the great men who work for the work's sake without +regard to recognition, and who, as we might say, achieve +greatness in spite of themselves.</p> + +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><a name="image06" id="image06" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<img src="images/image06.png" alt="THE WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE OF THE CHOIR OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY" class="tei tei-figure" /></p> +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p">THE WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE +OF THE CHOIR OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Alfred Russel Wallace was a most famous naturalist +and zoologist. He arrived by a flash of genius at the same +conclusions which Darwin had reached after sixteen years +of most minute toil and careful observation.... It was a +unique example of the almost exact concurrence of two +great minds working upon the same subject, though in +different parts of the world, without collusion and without +rivalry.... Between Darwin and Wallace goodwill +and friendship were never interrupted. Wallace's life was +spent in the pursuit of various objects of intellectual and +philosophical interest, over which I need not here linger. +All will agree that it is fitting his medallion should be +placed next to that of Darwin, with whose great name his +own will ever be linked in the worlds of thought and +science.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"All will acknowledge the propriety of these three great +names being honoured in this Abbey Church, even though +it be, to use Wordsworth's phrase, already</p> + +<div style="text-align: left" class="tei tei-lg"> +<p class="tei tei-l">'Filled with mementoes, satiate with its part</p> +<p style="margin-left: 6em" class="tei tei-l"> Of grateful England's overflowing dead.'</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"These are three men whose lifework it was to utilise +and promote scientific discovery for the preservation and +betterment of the human race."</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span> +<a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_197" id="toc_197"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head">APPENDIX</h1> +<p class="tei tei-p"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_198" id="toc_198"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head">LISTS OF WALLACE'S WRITINGS</h2> +<p class="tei tei-p"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_199" id="toc_199"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">I.—BOOKS</h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p"> +</p><table cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table"><colgroup span="2"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Date</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Title</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Palm Trees on the Amazon"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro." New Edition in "The Minerva Library," 1889</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1866</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Malay Archipelago," 2 vols. Tenth Edition, 1 vol., 1890</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1870</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection." Republished, with "Tropical Nature," 1891</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism." Revised Edition, 1896</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1876</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Geographical Distribution of Animals," 2 vols.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1878</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Tropical Nature and other Essays." Printed in 1 vol. with "Natural Selection," 1891</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Australasia." "Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel." (New issue, 1893)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Island Life." Revised Edition, 1895</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1882</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Land Nationalisation"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1885</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Bad Times"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1889</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Darwinism." 3rd Edition, 1901</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Wonderful Century." New Edition, 1903</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1900</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Studies, Scientific and Social"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1901</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Wonderful Century Reader"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1901</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Vaccination a Delusion"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Man's Place in the Universe." New Edition, 1904. Cheap 1s. Edition, 1912</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1905</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"My Life," 2 vols. New Edition, 1 vol., 1908</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Is Mars Habitable?"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes," by Richard Spruce. Edited by A.R. Wallace</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1910</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The World of Life"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1913</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Social Environment and Moral Progress"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">1913</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"The Revolt of Democracy"</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="tei tei-p"> +</p> +</div> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span> +<a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_200" id="toc_200"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">II.—ARTICLES, PAPERS, REVIEWS, ETC.</h3> + +<p style="text-align: center" class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">The articles marked with an asterisk were republished in Wallace's "Studies, +Scientific and Social."</span></p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p"> +</p><table cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table"><colgroup span="4"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">DATE</td><td class="tei tei-cell">PERIODICAL OR SOCIETY</td><td class="tei tei-cell">SUBJECT</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1850</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Umbrella Bird</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1852</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Monkeys of the Amazon</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1852-3</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Habits of the Butterflies</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">of the Amazon Valley</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Habits of the Hesperidæ</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On some Fishes allied to Gymnotus</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June 6</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Entomolog. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Insects used for Food by</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Indians of the Amazon</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June 13</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1853</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Royal Geograph. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Rio Negro</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1854-5</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letters from Singapore and Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1854-6</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Description of a New Species of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ornithoptera</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1855</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Ornithology of Malacca</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1855</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Bot.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Botany of Malacca</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1855</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Entomology of Malacca</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1855</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Law which has regulated</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Introduction of New Species</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Some Account of an Infant</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Orang-Outang</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Orang-Outang or Mias of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Habits of the Orang-Outang</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Attempts at a Natural Arrangement</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov. 22</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Chambers's Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A New Kind of Baby</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Bot.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Observations on the Zoology of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856-8</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Habits, etc., of a Species</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Ornithoptera inhabiting the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Aru Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1856-9</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letters from Aru Islands and from</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Batchian</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1857</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural History of the Aru Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1857</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Great Bird of Paradise</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1857</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Geograph.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes of a Journey up the Sadong</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">River</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1858</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Aru Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1858</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on the Theory of Permanent</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">and Geographical Varieties</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1858</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" "</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Entomology of the Aru</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1858-61</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on the Sexual Differences in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Genus Lomaptera</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1859</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Correction of an Important Error</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">affecting the Classification of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">the _Psittacidæ_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1859</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc, Linn. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Tendency of Varieties to</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(iii. 45)</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Depart Indefinitely from the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Original Type<a name="noteref_73" id="noteref_73"></a><a href="#note_73"><span class="footnoteref">73</span></a></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1859</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Geographical Distribution of Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1859</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Entomolog. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on the Habits of Scolytidæ and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Bostrichidæ</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1860</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Geograph.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes of a Voyage to New Guinea</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1860</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Ornithology of North Celebes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1860</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool, Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes on Semioptera wallacii</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1860</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Linn. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoological Geography of Malay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(iv. 172)</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1861</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Ornithology of Ceram and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Waigiou</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1861</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes on the Ornithology of Timor</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. and Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Trade between the Eastern</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Geogr. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Archipelago and New Guinea</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">and its Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">List of Birds from the Sula Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On some New Birds from the Northern</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Moluccas</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Narrative of Search after Birds of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Paradise</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On some New and Rare Birds from New</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Guinea</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1862</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Description of Three New Species</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of _Pitta_ from the Moluccas</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Proposed Change in Name of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">_Gracula pectoralis_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Entomol. Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes on the Genus _Iphias_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on _Corvus senex _and _Corvus</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">fuscicapillus_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes on the Fruit-Pigeons of Genus</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">_Treron_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Intellectual</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Bucerotidæ, or Hornbills</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Observer</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool, Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">List of Birds collected on Island</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Bouru</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Who are the Humming-Bird's</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Relations?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Royal Geograph.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Physical Geography of the Malay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc, Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Identification of _Hirundo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">esculenta_, Linn.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">List of Birds inhabiting the Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Timor, Flores and Lombok</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1863</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Annals and Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Rev. S. Haughton's Paper on</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Bee's Cell and the Origin of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Species</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 1</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nat. Hist. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Some Anomalies in Zoological and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Botanical Geography</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 7</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Edinburgh New</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ditto</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. (Philos.)</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Parrots of the Malayan Region</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Anthropol. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Origin of Human Races and the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Antiquity of Man deduced from</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Entom. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Effect of Locality in producing</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">and Zoologist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Change of Form in Insects</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Entom. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Views on Polymorphism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Remarks on the Value of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Osteological Characters in the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Classification of Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Remarks on the Habits,</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Distribution, etc., of the Genus</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">_Pitta_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on _Astur griseiceps_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nat. Hist. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Bone Caves in Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">List of the Land Shells collected</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">by Mr. Wallace in the Malay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Ethnolog.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Progress of Civilisation in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">North Celebes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Varieties of Man in the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Malay Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zool. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Descriptions of New Birds from the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Malay Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June 17</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reader</td><td class="tei tei-cell">How to Civilise Savages*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1865</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Pigeons of the Malay Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1866</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Linn. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Phenomena of Variation and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(xxv.) (Abstract</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Geographical Distribution as</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">in Reader, April,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">illustrated by Papilionidæ of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1864)</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Malayan Region</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1866</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Zoo. Soc.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">List of Lepidoptera collected by</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lond.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Swinton at Takow, Formosa</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1866</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Entomol. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Exposition of the Theory of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mimicry as explaining Anomalies</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoologist }</td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Sexual Variation</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Intellectual</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Philosophy of Birds' Nests</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Observer</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Quarterly Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ice-Marks in North Wales</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Polynesians and their</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Migrations*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Westminster Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mimicry and other Protective</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Resemblances among Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Science Gossip</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Disguises of Insects</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Quarterly Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Creation by Law</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1867</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Entomol. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Catalogue of the Cetoniidæ of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1868</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Malayan Archipelago, etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc. }</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 7</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1868</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Raptorial Birds of the Malay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Archipelago</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1868</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Pieridæ of the Indian and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Australian Regions</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1868</td><td class="tei tei-cell">—-</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Limits of Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">applied to Man*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on the Localities given in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the "Longicornia Malayana"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. of Travel</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Theory of Birds' Nests</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">and Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Quarterly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reviews of Lyell's "Principles</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Geology" (entitled</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Geological Climates and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Origin of Species")</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Macmillan's Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Museums for the People*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trans. Entomol.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Notes on Eastern Butterflies (3</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Parts)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1870</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Brit. Association</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On a Diagram of the Earth's</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Report</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Eccentricity, etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1871</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of Darwin's "Descent of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Man"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May 23</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1871</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Entomolog. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Address on Insular Faunas, etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1871</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Beetles of Madeira and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">their Teachings*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1871</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Mr. Hampden's Charges</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Linnean Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Introduction to F. Smith's</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Catalogue of Aculeate</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Hymenoptera, etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 4</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Times</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Spiritualism and Science</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Macmillan's Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Disestablishment and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Disendowment, with a Proposal</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">for a really National Church</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of England*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept. 16</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily News</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Coal a National Trust*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Limitation of State Functions</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">in the Administration of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Justice*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 17</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reviews of Mivart's "Man and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Apes" and A.J. Mott's "Origin</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Savage Life"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of W. Marshall's</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Phrenologist amongst the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Todas"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of G. St. Clair's</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Darwinism and Design"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ibis</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Arrangement of the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Families constituting the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Order Passeres</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1876</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of Mivart's "Lessons</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">from Nature"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Proc. Geograph.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Comparative Antiquity of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Continents</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Quarterly Journ. of</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of Carpenter's</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Mesmerism and Spiritualism,"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Macmillan's Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Colours of Animals and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">and Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Plants</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fraser's Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Curiosities of Credulity</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Humming-Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877}</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Athenæum</td><td class="tei tei-cell">{Correspondence with W.B.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1878}</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">{ Carpenter on Spiritualism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1878</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Epping Forest, and How to Deal</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">with it</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">New Guinea and its Inhabitants</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of Haeckel's "Evolution</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Man"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nineteenth Cent.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reciprocity: A Few Words in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Mr. Lowe*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Quarterly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Glacial Epochs and Warm Polar</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Climates</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nineteenth Cent.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Origin of Species and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Genera*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of A.H. Swinton's</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Insect Variety"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">How to Nationalise the Land*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec. 4</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of Seebohm's "Siberia In</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Europe"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1881</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Rugby Nat. Hist.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Abstract of Four Lectures on</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc. Rept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Natural History of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1881</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Monkeys: Their Affinities and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Distribution*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug. and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1883</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Macmillan's Mag.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Why and How of Land</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nationalisation*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1884</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Christn. Socialist</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Morality of Interest—The</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Tyranny of Capital</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1886</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Claims of Labour</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Depression of Trade*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lectures</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Mar. 5</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1887</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Banner of Light</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter "_In re_ Mrs. Ross</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(Washington, D.C.)"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Mar. 17</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1887</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Independ. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of E.D. Cope's "Origin</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of the Fittest"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1887</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nation</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1887</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">American Museums*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1888</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Action of Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">in producing Old Age, Decay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">and Death</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1889</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Land Nationalisation</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Address</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1890</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Progress without Poverty (Human</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Selection)*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1891</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">English and American Flowers*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1891</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Flowers and Forests of the Far</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">West*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Arena</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Human Progress, Past and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Future*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Address to L.N.S.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Herbert Spencer on the Land</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Question*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nineteenth Cent.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Why I Voted for Mr. Gladstone</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug. and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Permanence of Great Ocean</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Basins*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Our Molten Globe*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Note on Sexual Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nineteenth Cent.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Inaccessible Valleys*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Mar. and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Arena</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Social Quagmire and the Way</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Apr.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Out of it*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Apr. and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Are Individually Acquired</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Characters Inherited?*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Ice Age and its Work*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Erratic Blocks, etc. Lake</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Basins*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Arena</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Bacon-Shakespeare Case</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April 9</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Land Nationalisation</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Address on Parish Councils</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Palearctic and Nearctic</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Regions compared as regards</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Families and Genera of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mammalia and Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">How to Preserve the House of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lords*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Land and Labour</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Review of F.W. Hayes' "Great</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Revolution of 1905"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Rev. G. Henslow on Natural</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Selection*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Smithsonian Rep.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Method of Organic Evolution</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nineteenth Cent.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Counsel of Perfection for</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sabbatarians*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Vox Clamantium</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Economic and Social Justice*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb. and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1895</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Method of Organic Evolution*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1895</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Expressiveness of Speech or</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mouth-Gesture as a Factor in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">the Origin of Language*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1895</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Agnostic Annual</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Why Live a Moral Life?*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1896</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">How Best to Model the Earth*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July 25</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1896</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Labour Leader</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on International Labour</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Congress</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1896</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Gorge of the Aar and its</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Teaching*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1896</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Linn. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Problem of Utility: Are</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(v. 25)</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Specific Characters always or</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">generally Useful?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1897</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Sci.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Problem of Instinct*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1897</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Forecasts of</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Re-occupation of Land, Solution</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Coming Century"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">of the Unemployed Problem*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March 20</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lancet</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Vaccination</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May 9</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Shrewsbury Chron.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter to Dr. Bond and A.K.W.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">on Vaccination</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June 16,</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">21, 25,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Echo</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug. 15</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept. 1</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Eagle and the</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Darwinism and Nietzscheism in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Serpent</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sociology</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Printed for private</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Justice not Charity (Address to</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">circulation</td><td class="tei tei-cell">International Congress of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Spiritualists, London, June,</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898)*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec. 31</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Paper Money as a Standard of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Value*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1899</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Journ. Soc.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letters on Mr. Podmore _re_</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March,</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Psychical Res.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clairvoyance, etc.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1899</td><td class="tei tei-cell">L' Humanité</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Causes of War and the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nouvelle</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Remedies*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov. 18</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1899</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clarion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on the Transvaal War</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1899</td><td class="tei tei-cell">N.Y. Independent</td><td class="tei tei-cell">White Men in the Tropics*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1900</td><td class="tei tei-cell">N.Y. Sun</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Evolution</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1900</td><td class="tei tei-cell">N.Y. Journ.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Social Evolution in the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Twentieth Century: An</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Anticipation</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1900</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ralahine and its Teachings*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">True Individualism the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Essential Preliminary of a</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Real Social Advance*</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1901</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Morning Leader</td><td class="tei tei-cell">An Appreciation of the Past</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Century</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 17</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Black and White</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Relations with Darwin</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Man's Place in the Universe</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Man's Place in the Universe.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Critics</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Academy</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Wonderful Century. Reply to</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Saleeby</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov. 12</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily Mail</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Does Man Exist in Other Worlds?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Critics</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 1</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clarion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Anticipations for the Immediate</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Future, Written for the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">_Berliner Lokalanzeiger_, and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">refused</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">An Unpublished Poem by E.A.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Poe, "Leonainie"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Apr.,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Independent Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Birds of Paradise in the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">May</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Arabian Nights</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Anti-Vaccination</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Summary of the Proofs that</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">League</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Vaccination does not Prevent</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Small-pox, but really</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Increases it</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Labour Annual</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Inefficiency of Strikes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1904</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clarion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Opposition to</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Military Expenditure</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Vaccination</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Inconsistency of the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Inquirer</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Government on Vaccination</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct. 27</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1906</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily News</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Why Not British Guiana? Five</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Acres for 2s. 6d.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Nov.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1906</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Independent Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Native Problem in South</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Africa and Elsewhere</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Personal Suffrage, a Rational</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">System of Representation and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Election</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A New House of Lords</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Harmsworth's "History</td><td class="tei tei-cell">How Life became Possible on the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of the World"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Earth</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept. 13</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Public Opinion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Sir W. Ramsay's</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Theory: Did Man reach his</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Highest Development in the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Past?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 1</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">N.Y. World</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Cable on Advance in Science in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 18</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Outlook</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Woman</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Evolution and Character</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">June and</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Socialist Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Remedy for Unemployment</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Times</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on the First Paper on</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">July</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Delineator</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Are the Dead Alive?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug. 14</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Public Opinion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Is it Peace or War? A Reply</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Present Position of Darwinism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">New Age</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Nationalisation, not</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Purchase, of Railways</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Dec.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Contemp. Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Darwinism _v._ Wallaceism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Christ</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1908</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Christian</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Abolition of Want</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">-mas</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Commonwealth</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 22</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Royal Institution</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The World of Life, as</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Visualised, etc., by</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Darwinism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clarion pamphlet</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Remedy for Unemployment</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">(? Socialist Rev.)</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb. 6</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily News</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Flying Machines in War</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb. 12</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily Mail</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Charles Darwin (Centenary)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Feb. 12</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Clarion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Centenary of Darwin</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">March</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fortnightly Rev.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The World of Life (revised</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lecture)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April 8</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1909</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily News</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on Aerial Fleets</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">April 8</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1910</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Man in the Universe</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oct. 14</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1910</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Public Opinion</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A New Era in Public Opinion</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 25</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1912</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily Chronicle</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Letter on the Insurance Act</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Aug. 9</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1912</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Daily News</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Policy of Defence</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1912</td><td class="tei tei-cell">——</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Nature and Origin of Life</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="tei tei-p"> +</p> +</div> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span> +<a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_201" id="toc_201"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head">III.—LETTERS, REVIEWS, ETC., IN "NATURE"</h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p"> +</p><table cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">VOL.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">PAGE</td><td class="tei tei-cell">DATE</td><td class="tei tei-cell">SUBJECT</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">I.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">105</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1869</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Origin of Species Controversy</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">132</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" " "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">288, 315</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1870</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Government Aid to Science</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">399, 452</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Measurement of Geological Time</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">501</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Hereditary Genius</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">II.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">82</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Pettigrew's "Handy Book of Bees"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">234</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">350</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Early History of Mankind</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">465</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Speech on the Arrangement of Specimens</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">in a Natural History Museum (British</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Association)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">510</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Glaciation of Brazil</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">III.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">8, 49</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Man and Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">85, 107</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" " "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">165</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mimicry versus Hybridity</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">182</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1871</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Leroy's "Intelligence and Perfectibility of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Animals"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">309</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Theory of Glacial Motion</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">329</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Duncan's "Metamorphoses of Insects"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">385</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Bevan's "Honey Bee"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">435</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Anniversary Address at the Entomological</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Society</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">466</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sharpe's Monograph of the Alcedinidæ</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">IV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">22</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Staveley's "British Insects"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">178</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Bastian's Work on the Origin of Life</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">181</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">H. Howorth's Views on Darwinism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">221</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" " "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">222</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Recent Neologisms</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">282</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Canon Kingsley's "At Last"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">V.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">350</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1872</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Origin of Insects</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">363</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ethnology and Spiritualism</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">VI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">237</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Last Attack on Darwinism (Reviews)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">284, 299</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Bastian's "Beginnings of Life"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">328</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Ocean Circulation</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">407</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Speech on Diversity of Evolution (British</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Association)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">469</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Houzeau's "Faculties of Man and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Animals"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">VII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">68</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Misleading Cyclopædias</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">277</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Modern Applications of the Doctrine of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Selection (Reviews)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">303</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Inherited Feeling</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">337</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">J.T. Moggridge's "Harvesting Ants and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Trapdoor Spiders"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">461</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Cave Deposits of Borneo</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">VIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">5</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1873</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural History Collections in the East</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">India Museum</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">65, 302</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Perception and Instinct In the Lower</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">358</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Page's Textbook on Physical Geography</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">429</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Works on African Travel (Reviews)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">462</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lyell's "Antiquity of Man"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">IX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">102</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Meyer's Exploration of New Guinea</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">218</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1874</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Belt's "Naturalist in Nicaragua "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">258</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">David Sharp's "Zoological Nomenclature"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">301, 403</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Animal Locomotion</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">X.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">459</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Migration of Birds</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">502</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Automatism of Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">83</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1875</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lawson's "New Guinea"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XIV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">403</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1876</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Opening Address in Biology Section, British</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Association</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">473</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Erratum in Address to Biology Section,</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">British Association</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">24</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Reviewers of "Geographical</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Distribution of Animals"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">174</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Races of Men"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">274</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1877</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Glacial Drift in California</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">431</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The "Hog-wallows" of California</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">548</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Zoological Relations of Madagascar and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Africa</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XVII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">8</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mr. Wallace and Reichenbach's Odyle</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">44</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Radiometer and its Lessons</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">45</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Bees Killed by Tritoma</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">100</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Comparative Richness of Faunas and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Floras tested Numerically</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">101</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mr. Crookes and Eva Fay</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">182</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1878</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Northern Affinities of Chilian Insects</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XVIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">193</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">A Twenty Years' Error in the Geography of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Australia</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XIX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Remarkable Local Colour-Variation in</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lizards</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">121, 244</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Formation of Mountains</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">289</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1879</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" " "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">477</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Organisation and Intelligence</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">501, 581</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Grant Allen's "Colour Sense"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">582</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Did Flowers Exist during the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Carboniferous Epoch</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">141</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Butler's "Evolution, Old and New"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">501</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">McCook's "Agricultural Ants of Texas"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">625</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Reviewers of Wallace's</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"Australasia "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">562</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1880</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Reply to Everett on Wallace's "Australasia"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">141</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Two Darwinian Essays</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">124, 217,</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Geological Climates</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">266</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">152, 175</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">New Guinea</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">169</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Climates of Vancouver Island and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Bournemouth</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">195</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Correction of an Error in "Island Life"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXIV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">242</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1881</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Tyler's "Anthropology"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXIV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">437</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1881</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Weismann's "Studies in the Theory of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Descent"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">3</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Carl Bock's "Head-Hunters of Borneo"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">381</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1882</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Grant Allen's "Vignettes from Nature"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">407</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Houseman's "Story of Our Museum "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">52</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Weismann's "Studies in the Theory of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Descent"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">86</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Müller's "Difficult Cases of Mimicry"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXVII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">481</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1883</td><td class="tei tei-cell">" " "</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">482</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">On the Value of the Neo-arctic as One of the</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Primary Zoological Regions</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXVIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">293</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">W.F. White's "Ants and their Ways"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">552</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1885</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Colours of Arctic Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">218</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">H.O. Forbes's "A Naturalist's Wanderings</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">in the Eastern Archipelago"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">170</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1886</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Victor Hehn's "Wanderings of Plants and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Animals"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXIV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">333</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">H.S. Gorham's "Central American Entomology"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">467</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Physiological Selection and the Origin of</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Species</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">366</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1887</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Mr. Romanes on Physiological Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">530</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The British Museum and the American</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Museums</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XXXIX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">611</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1889</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Which are the Highest Butterflies? (Quotations</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">from Letter of W.H. Edwards)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XL.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">619</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Lamarck _versus_ Weismann</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">53</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Protective Coloration of Eggs</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">289</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1890</td><td class="tei tei-cell">E.B. Poulton's "Colours of Animals"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">295</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Birds and Flowers</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">79, 150</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Romanes on Physiological Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">337</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1891</td><td class="tei tei-cell">C. Lloyd Morgan's "Animal Life and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Intelligence"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">396</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Remarkable Ancient Sculptures from North-West</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">America</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLIV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">529</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">David Syme's "Modification of Organisms"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">518</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Variation and Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">31</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Topical Selection and Mimicry</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">553</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1892</td><td class="tei tei-cell">W.H. Hudson's "The Naturalist in La</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Plata"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">56</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Correction in "Island Life"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLVII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">55</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">An Ancient Glacial Epoch in Australia</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">175, 227</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Earth's Age</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">437</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Glacial Theory of Alpine Lakes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">483</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">W.H. Hudson's "Idle Days in Patagonia</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLVIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">27</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">H.O. Forbes's Discoveries in the Chatham</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Islands</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">73</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Intelligence of Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">198</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Glacier Theory of Alpine Lakes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">267</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Non-inheritance of Acquired Characters</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">389</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Pre-natal Influences on Character</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">390</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Habits of South African Animals</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">589</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Supposed Glaciation of Brazil</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">XLIX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">3</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1893</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Recent Glaciation of Tasmania</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">52, 101</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sir W. Howorth on "Geology in Nubibus"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">53</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Recognition Marks</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">197, 220</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1894</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Origin of Lake Basins</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">333</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">J.H. Stirling's "Darwinianism, Workmen and</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Work"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">549</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">B. Kidd's "Social Evolution"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">610</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">What are Zoological Regions? (Read at Cambridge</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Natural Science Club)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">L.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">196</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Panmixia and Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">541</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Nature's Method in the Evolution of Life</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">533</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1895</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Tan Spots over Dogs' Eyes</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">607</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Age of the Earth</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Uniformitarianism in Geology</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">386</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">H. Dyer's "Evolution of Industry"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">415</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Discovery of Natural Selection</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LIII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">220</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1896</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Cause of an Ice Age</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">317</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Astronomical Theory of a Glacial Period</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">553</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">E.D. Cope's "Primary Factors of Organic</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Evolution"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">553</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">G. Archdall Reid's "Present Evolution of Man"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">289</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1897</td><td class="tei tei-cell">E.B. Poulton's "Charles Darwin and the Theory</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">of Natural Selection"</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LIX.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">246</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1899</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The Utility of Specific Characters</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LXI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">273</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1900</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Is New Zealand a Zoological Region?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LXVII.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">296</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1903</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Genius and the Struggle for Existence</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LXXV.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">320</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1907</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Fertilisation of Flowers by Insects</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">LXXVI.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">293</td><td class="tei tei-cell">"</td><td class="tei tei-cell">The "Double Drift" Theory of Star Motions</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="tei tei-p"> +</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span> +<a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /> + +<div class="tei tei-div"> +<a name="toc_202" id="toc_202"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head">INDEX</h1> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">A</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Acclimatisation," Wallace's article on, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Acquired characters, non-inheritance of (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Non-inheritance)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Africa, flora of, i. 309</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Agassiz, Louis, attacks Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142;<br /> + glacial theories of, 176;<br /> + on diversity of human races, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref">28</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Alexandria, Wallace at, i. 45-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Allbutt, Sir Clifford, theory of generation, i. 214</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Allen, Charles (Wallace's assistant), i. 39, 40, 46, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54, 60, 79</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Grant, on origin of wheat, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a>;<br /> + Wallace and, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref">219</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Alpine plants, i. 210, 311</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Amazon and Rio Negro, Wallace's exploration of, i. 26-30</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Amboyna, Wallace at, i. 106</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">America, Wallace's lecture tour in, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Anatomy of Expression," Bell's, i. 182</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Cæsar," Holmes's, ii. <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref">86</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Angræcum sesquipedale, i. 189 (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Animals and plants, distribution of, Darwin's views, i. 131</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— under Domestication," i. 112</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— geographical distribution of, i. 94, 136;<br /> + migration of, Lyell's theory, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Antarctic Voyage," Scott's, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Anthropology," Tyler's, Wallace's review of, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a>;<br /> + his interest in, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Antiseptic treatment, medical opposition to, ii. <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref">241</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ants, instincts of, i. 279</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Apis testacea, i. 146</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Archebiosis, i. 274-6</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Argus pheasant, i. 230, 289, 292</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Argyll, Duke of, i. 189, 313, 315, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>;<br /> + his theory of flight, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Arnold, Matthew, on Darwin's theory, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Aru Islands, distribution of animals in, i. 132;<br /> + productions of, 161</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— pig, i. 160, 161, 162</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Astronomy, Wallace's works on, ii. <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + lectures at Davos on, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Australasia," Wallace's, i. 42</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Australia, fauna and flora of, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref">10</a>,<a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref">20</a>, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>-3</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Wallace invited to lecture in, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Avebury, Lord, i. 122, 137, 164;<br /> + signs memorial to City Corporation in Wallace's favour, 303;<br /> + and the Civil List pension to Wallace, 305</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter from, on Wallace's biography, and Spiritualism, ii. <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref">212</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Azores, birds of, i. 138;<br /> + orchids of, 311</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">B</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Bad Times," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Baer, von, ii. <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref">96</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bahamas, flora of, ii. <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref">33</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Baker, J.G., on alpine plants of Madagascar, i. 311-12</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Balfour, Francis, i. 315</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bali, fauna of, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>-20</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ball, Sir Robert, on solar nebula, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref">174</a></p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span> +<a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Barnacles," Darwin's, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Barrett, Sir W.F., paper on "Phenomena associated with Abnormal Conditions<br /> + of the Mind," ii. <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref">195</a>;<br /> + on Wallace as lecturer, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref">201</a>;<br /> + inquiry into dowsing, etc., <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>;<br /> + invites Wallace's criticism of "Creative Thought," <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref">212</a>;<br /> + last visit to Wallace, <a href="#Pg248" class="tei tei-ref">248</a>-9</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letters from: on Presidency of Psychical Research Society,<br /> + ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref">210</a>-11;<br /> + on a Supreme Directive Power, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref">213</a>-14</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bartlett, on colouring of male birds, i. 302</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bates, F., i. 69</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— H.W., i. 24, 25;<br /> + explores the Amazon, 26-30</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— letter from, on "Law regulating Introduction of New<br /> + Species," i. 64</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bates's caterpillar, i. 178, 253</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bateson, Prof., Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyerson, ii. <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref">91</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— "Material for Study of Variation," ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>-1</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bats, fruit-eating, i. 57</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>, Darwin's voyage in the, i. 19, 31, 32, 33, 43</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"———, Voyage of the," i. 31, 32, 34, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bee's cell, Prof. Haughton's paper on the, i. 148</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bees' combs, i. 135;<br /> + a honeycomb from Timor, 143, 146</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Beetles, Darwin's zeal for collecting, i. 18;<br /> + Wallace's study of, 24;<br /> + South American, 30;<br /> + Wallace's collection of, 38, 114</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Beginnings of Life," Bastian's, i. 274</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bell, Sir C., i. 182</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Belt, Mr., glacial theory of, i. 298</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bendyshe, Mr., i. 165</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bennett, A.W., i. 253</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bentham, G., i. 219</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bergson, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bermuda, birds of, i. 138</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Best, Miss Dora, letter to, on Welsh offer of a degree to Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Biology and geographical distribution, Wallace's works on, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref">1</a>-17;<br /> + correspondence on, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a>-<a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— "Grand Old Men" of, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a> (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Birch, Mr. F., ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref">177</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref">223</a>-4</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bird of paradise, i. 41, 44, 238, 261</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Birds, flight of, i. 145-6, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + colour problem of, i. 184, 185, 212, 226-9, 230, 252, 289 (note), 302;<br /> + polygamous, 194, 199;<br /> + migration of, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref">20</a>;<br /> + instincts of, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Birds' nests, i. 134, 191, 212, 213, 252</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— and Plumage," Wallace's, i. 191</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— Philosophy of," Wallace's, i. 212, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Blackbird, crested, i. 163</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Blainville, D., i. 162</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Blandford, H.F., i. 290</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Blood relationship, Galton on, i. 277</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Blyth, E., i. 132</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Blytt, Axel, essay on plants of Scandinavia, i. 293</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Borneo, Wallace's collections from, i. 61;<br /> + cave exploration, 152</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Company, i. 38, 39, 40</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Boston (U.S.A.), Wallace's lectures at, ii. <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref">15</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Botany, Darwin's study of, at Cambridge, i. 17;<br /> + Wallace's study of, 20, 21, ii. <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref">106</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"——, Elements of," Lindley's, i. 21</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Brazil, Wallace's explorations in, i. 29</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bree, Dr., i. 271 (note), 272-3</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">British Museum, original of Wallace letter in, i. 73</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Broadstone, funeral of Wallace at, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bronn, H.G., translates "Origin of Species" into German, i. 141</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Brooke, Capt., i 52</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— H. Jamyn, ii. <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Sir James, i. 39, 52, 59-60, 152, 238</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bruce-Joy, Mr., portrait-medallion of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a></p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span> +<a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Buckle, Rev. G., article by, on Lyell's "Principles," i. 232</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Buckley, Miss (Mrs. Fisher), i. 260, 264, 313, 316, 319, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref">40</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a>;<br /> + reviews "Descent of Man," i. 264</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Budd, Dr. Richard, ii. <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref">58</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Buffon and Evolution, i. 1</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Buru, Wallace's collection of birds from, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref">3</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Bustards, i. 146</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Butler, Samuel, "Life and Habit," ii. <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Butterflies, Wallace's study of, i. 24;<br /> + of South America, 30;<br /> + of Malay Archipelago, 41-2;<br /> + protective adaptation of, 140;<br /> + variation and distribution of, 149;<br /> + mimetic, 167, 168, 176, 178, 189 (note), 200, 213, 217, 224, 254, 300;<br /> + sexual selection of, 179, 260 (note);<br /> + flight of, ii, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref">26</a></p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">C</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Cambridge, Darwin at, i. 16, 17</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Philosophical Society, attacks on "Origin of Species" at, i. 142</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, ii. <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref">146</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Carbon, deposits of, i. 298</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Carlyle, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Carpenter, Dr., his controversies with Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref">195</a>, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Carroll, Lewis, Wallace's quotations from, ii. <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref">105</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Casuarius, query from Darwin on, i. 239</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Caterpillars, colouring of, i. 178, 179, 183, 236, 260, 270, 299</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Celebes, i. 138, 237, 289;<br /> + geological distribution in, 168</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Cessation of selection," ii. <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref">52</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Chambers, Robert, i. 114, 116, 244</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Child's "Root Principles," ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Clairvoyance, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a>, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref">208</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a>. (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See also</span> Spiritualism)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Claparède, critique of, on Wallace's "Natural Selection," i. 253, 254</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Clarke, Prof., attacks Darwin at Cambridge Philosophical Society, i. 142</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Clarkson, Thomas, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Cleistogamic flowers, i. 298</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Climates, geological, Wallace's theory of, i. 306</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Climatic conditions, plants and, i. 130</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Climbing Plants, Movements and Habits of," Darwin's, i, 285, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Coal, export duties on, Wallace's view of, ii. <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref">250</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Cockerell, Sydney C., ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Theo. D.A., ii. <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a>;<br /> + and the Darwin Celebration at Cambridge, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a>;<br /> + first personal relations with Wallace, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref">233</a>-5</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Coleoptera Atlantidum," Wollaston's, ii. <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref">22</a>-3</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Colin Clout's Calendar," ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Coloration, protective, i. 156, 177, 178-9, 181, 183, 184, 185-6,<br /> + 201, 220, 221, 224 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 260, 270, 298, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a>,<br /> + <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref">85</a>. (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See also</span> Protection, Mimicry)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Colour-adaptability, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Confucius, Wallace's appreciation of, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Conscience, evolution of, i. 263</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection," Wallace's, i. 94, 250, 252, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a>, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Cooke, Kate, medium, ii. <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref">193</a>, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref">194</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref">195</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Co-operation, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref">151</a>-2</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Cope, E.D., ii. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Copley Medals awarded to Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref">128</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Coral islands, Lyell on, ii. <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref">22</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Reefs," Darwin's, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— snakes, i. 187</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Crawford, Marion, one of Wallace's favourite authors, ii. <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref">131</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Creation by Law," Wallace's article on, i. 188, 192, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Creative Thought," Sir Wm. Barrett's, ii. <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref">212</a>-13, <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref">249</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Creed of Science," Graham's, i. 318</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Croll, James, i. 242, 305, 313, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a>, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref">13</a></p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span> +<a name="Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Crookes, Sir W., and psychical research, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref">189</a>, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref">191</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>;<br /> + and Westminster Abbey memorial to Wallace, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Cross- and self-fertilisation, i. 169, 297, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Cross Unions of Dimorphic Plants," Darwin's, i. 218</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Crossing Plants," Darwin's, i. 296</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Crotch, G., i. 262</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">D</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Darwin and After Darwin," Romanes', ii. <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref">50</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and his Teachings," i. 170</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and 'The Origin,'" Poulton's, ii. <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref">88</a> (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">——, Charles, i. 1, 2;<br /> + birth of, 5;<br /> + autobiography, 5, 23 (note);<br /> + ancestors, 6;<br /> + at Shrewsbury Grammar School, 12;<br /> + natural history tastes, 12;<br /> + as angler, 12;<br /> + egg-collecting, 12;<br /> + humanity of, 13;<br /> + leaves Shrewsbury Grammar School, 15;<br /> + fondness for shooting, 16;<br /> + at Cambridge, 16;<br /> + medical studies, 16;<br /> + theological studies, 17, ii. <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref">184</a>;<br /> + tours in North Wales, i. 18;<br /> + beetle-hunting, 18, 114;<br /> + voyage in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>, 18;<br /> + theory of Natural Selection, 102, 107;<br /> + reading, 103;<br /> + visits Maer and Shrewsbury, 103;<br /> + experiments, 103;<br /> + Huxley and, 104;<br /> + at work on Species and Varieties, 107;<br /> + at Down, 109;<br /> + receives presentation copy of Spencer's Essays, 124;<br /> + appreciation of Wallace's magnanimity, 134, 137, 139, 141, 153, 164, 242, 252, 287, 304;<br /> + falls from his horse, 243;<br /> + on Wallace's review of "Descent of Man," 260-2;<br /> + criticism of Wallace's "Geographical Distribution," 286, 289;<br /> + at Dorking, 288;<br /> + promotes memorial to City Corporation in favour of Wallace, 303;<br /> + acknowledgment of "Island Life," 307-8;<br /> + on migration of plants, 307 (note), 312;<br /> + memorial to Gladstone on behalf of Wallace, 313;<br /> + death of, 318</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Darwin, Charles, letters to Wallace:<br /> + On "Law regulating Introduction of New Species," etc., i. 106, ii. <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref">129</a>;<br /> + on distribution of animals, i. 133;<br /> + on his "Origin of Species," etc., 134, 136;<br /> + on Wallace's "Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago," 137;<br /> + inviting Wallace's opinion of the "Origin," 139;<br /> + on protective adaptation of butterflies, 140;<br /> + on Press reviews of "Origin," 141, 144;<br /> + on theory of flight, 146;<br /> + on Wallace as reviewer, 148;<br /> + on Wallace's "Variation" and his paper on Man, 153;<br /> + on sexual selection, 159;<br /> + on Wallace's papers on pigeons and parrots, 160;<br /> + on the Aru pig, 162;<br /> + on the crested blackbird, etc., 163;<br /> + on Wallace's "Pigeons of Malay Archipelago" and dimorphism, 166;<br /> + on the non-blending of varieties, 169;<br /> + on the term "survival of the fittest," 174;<br /> + on sexual differences in fishes, 177;<br /> + on colour of caterpillars, 178;<br /> + on coloration and expression in man, 179;<br /> + on sexual selection and expression, 182;<br /> + on scheme for his work on Man, 183;<br /> + on laws of inheritance, etc., 185;<br /> + on Wallace's "Mimicry," 187;<br /> + on Wallace's reply to Duke of Argyll, 189;<br /> + on sexual selection and collateral points, 194;<br /> + on pangenesis and sterility of hybrids, 197;<br /> + on production of natural hybrids, etc., 201;<br /> + on sexual selection, 204, 206, 207;<br /> + on northern alpine flora, 211;<br /> + on Wallace's article on "Birds' Nests," and on mimetic butterflies, 212;<br /> + on Sir Clifford Allbutt's sperm-cell theory, and on female protected butterflies, 214;<br /> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span> +<a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + on Wallace's "Protective Resemblance," 216;<br /> + on dimorphic plants and colour protection, 220;<br /> + on the colour problem of birds, 225, 229, 231;<br /> + on fifth edition of "Origin of Species," 233;<br /> + on single variations, 234;<br /> + on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," 235, 237, 240;<br /> + on Wallace's review of Lyell's "Principles," 242;<br /> + on baffling sexual characters, 245;<br /> + on Wallace's paper, "Geological Time," 250;<br /> + on Wallace's views on Man, 250>, 251;<br /> + on Wallace's "Natural Selection," 252;<br /> + on Wallace's criticism of Bennett's paper, 253;<br /> + on his "Descent of Man" and St. G. Mivart, 257;<br /> + on Wallace's review of "Descent of Man," 260;<br /> + on Chauncey Wright's criticism of Mivart, 264;<br /> + on a <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Quarterly</span> review, 269, 291;<br /> + on Fritz Müller's letter on mimicry, 270;<br /> + on Dr. Bree, 271, 272;<br /> + on Bastian's "Beginnings of Life," 274, 278;<br /> + on ants, 279;<br /> + criticising Wallace's review of "Expression of the Emotions," 280;<br /> + on Spencer and politics, 283;<br /> + on Utricularia, 284;<br /> + on Wallace's "Geographical Distribution of Animals," 286, 289, 292;<br /> + on Wallace's article on Colours of Animals, etc., 299;<br /> + on Wallace's "Origin of Species and Genera," 304;<br /> + on Wallace's "Island Life," 307;<br /> + on land migration of plants, 312;<br /> + on memorial for Wallace pension, 314, 315;<br /> + on mimicry, 316;<br /> + on political economy and "Creed of Science," 318;<br /> + on land question, 319;<br /></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">——, Erasmus, i. 6;<br /> + on the Wallace-Darwin episode, 127</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Sir Francis, and "Life and Letters of Charles Darwin," i. 118, 119, 120, 122</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Sir G., Expulsion theory of, ii. <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref">180</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">——, Mr. Horace, letter from his father, on discoverers, ii. <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref">242</a> (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Major Leonard, i. 145, 146</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Dr. Robert Waring, i. 6, 18</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Darwinism," Wallace's, i, 212, 218, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a>, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a>, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref">15</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref">75</a>, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>;<br /> + plan of, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref">15</a>-17;<br /> + Spencer's objection to title, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Davos, Wallace's lecture at, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dawson, Sir J.W., attack on Natural Selection, i. 142</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">De Rougemont, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref">76</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">De Vries on mutation, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref">80</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref">96</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Decaisne's paper on flora of Timor, i. 236</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Deformities, article on, in Chambers's Encyclopedia, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref">57</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dendrobium devonianum, i. 23</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Denudation, theory of, i. 250, 309, ii. <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Deposition, theory of, i. 309, ii. <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Descent of Man," Darwin's, i. 152, 255, 259, 284, 289 (note), ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a>, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a>;<br /> + review in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Pall Mall Gazette</span>, i. 263;<br /> + in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Spectator</span>, 263</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Development of Human Races under Law of Natural Selection," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref">183</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Different Forms of Flowers and Plants of the Same Species," Darwin's, i. 298, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dimorphism, i. 167, 202, 220</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dipsomania, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref">68</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Discontinuous variation, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Disuse, physiological effects of, i. 69</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Divining rod, experiments with, ii. <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a>-8, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dixey, Dr., ii. <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Domestic selection (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Selection, domestic)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Domestication, variation under, i. 192</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dowsing for water, etc., ii. <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a>-8, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dunraven, Lord, and psychical research, ii. <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Duration of Life," Weismann's, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Dyaks, i. 55, 59</p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span> +<a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">E</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Earl, W., on distribution of animals in Malay Archipelago, i. 138</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Early History of Mankind," Tylor's, i. 164, 165</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Earth, formation of, ii. <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref">179</a>;<br /> + Wallace's views on, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Earthworms," Darwin's, i. 320, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Edinburgh, Darwin in, i. 16, 17</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Education, Wallace's views of, ii. <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref">147</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Edwards, W.H., "Voyage up the Amazon," i. 25</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Eight hours' day, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref">156</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Encyclopedia of Plants," London's, i. 21, 23, 92</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Entomological Society, i. 35;<br /> + discussion on mimicry at, 176;<br /> + Wallace's Presidential Address to, 126</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Eocene Period, i. 308, 312</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Epping Forest, superintendency of, Wallace and, i. 302-4, 306</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Erotylidæ, i. 65</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Erskine of Linlathen on evolution, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Essays on Evolution," Poulton's, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref">61</a> (note), <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a> (note), <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a>, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref">85</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— upon Heredity," Weismann's, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a>, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref">51</a>, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref">52</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Eugenics, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a>, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a>;<br /> + term disliked by Wallace, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref">150</a>, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a>;<br /> + and segregation of unfit, letter from Wallace on, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Evans, Miss, ii. <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Evil, origin of, ii. <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref">149</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Evolution, theory of, Lamarck and, i. 1, 109;<br /> + Lyell and, 76, 142, 239;<br /> + as conceived in "Vestiges of Creation," 91, 92 (note) <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + Darwin and, 103 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 122-4;<br /> + notable converts to, 137, 139, 141, 219, 221, 239;<br /> + Wallace's views on, 240, 256, 294, ii. <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref">78</a>, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref">94</a>, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref">95</a>;<br /> + Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer on, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref">97</a>, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref">185</a>.<br /> + (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See also</span> Selection)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and Adaptation," Morgan's, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— and Mendelism, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref">93</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Evolution of the Stellar System, Researches on," ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Theories of," Poulton's, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref">61</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Evolutionist at Large," ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Expanse of Heaven," Proctor's, ii. <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref">80</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Exposition of Fallacies in the Hypotheses of Darwin," Bree's, i. 271 (note), 272-3</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Expression, Anatomy of," Bell's, i. 182</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— in the Malays, i. 182, 191</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of the Emotions," Darwin's, i. 279, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a>;<br /> + review of, i. 280-1</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Expressiveness of Speech, etc., in the Origin of Language," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a></p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">F</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Facsimile of Wallace's inscription on envelope containing his first<br /> + eight letters from Darwin, i. 128</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Faraday on Spiritualism, ii. <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref">188</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Farmer, W.J., ii. <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref">101</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Farrer, Mr., i. 304</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Fauna, British, i. 307</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Felis of Timor, i. 138</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Fellenberg and R.D. Owen, ii, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ferns, Lawrence on, ii. <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref">40</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Fertilisation of Orchids," Darwin's, i. 189 (note), ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— self- and cross-, i. 169, 297, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Finger-prints, Gallon's papers on, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref">48</a>-9</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"First Principles," Spencer's, Wallace's admiration of, i. 125</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Fish, sexual differences in, i. 178</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Fisher, Mrs. (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Buckley, Miss)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— O., "Physics of the Earth's Crust," Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">FitzRoy, Capt., i. 33</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Flight, theory of, i. 145-6, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Flora, endemic, ii. <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref">43</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Floral Structures," Henslow's, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Flourens' criticism of Darwin's theory, i. 160</p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span> +<a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Flowers, tropical, i. 238;<br /> + cleistogamic, 298</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Flustra, Darwin's article on larvæ of, i. 16</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Forbes, Dr. Henry, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a> (note);<br /> + estimation of Wallace, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref">229</a>-33, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref">239</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Prof., i. 96, 99, 100, 132, 139, 189, 248</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Forel and Darwin, i, 294, 296</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Forms of Flowers," Darwin's, i. 298</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Fossils, i. 20</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Foundations," Sir F. Darwin's, ii. <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref">92</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Free trade and monopoly, Wallace's views on, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Freeland," Wallace's opinion of, ii. <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Fuel of the Sun," M. Williams's, i. 263-4</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">G</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Galapagos Islands, i. 97, 103;<br /> + fauna of, i. 295, ii. <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref">13</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Galaxias, i. 290</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Galton, Sir Francis, on heredity, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a>;<br /> + on organic stability, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>;<br /> + introduces term Eugenics, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter from, on finger-marks, ii. <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref">48</a>-9</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Gärtner, i. 195</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Geach, C., i. 79, 191, 245</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Geddes, Prof. Patrick, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a> (note), <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref">41</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref">43</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Geikie, Sir A., i. 122, ii. <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">General Enclosure Act, ii. <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref">140</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Genesis of Species," Mivart's, i. 257, 264, 265-7, 291, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Geodephaga, exotic, i. 69</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Geographical distribution and biology, Wallace's writings on, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref">1</a>-17;<br /> + correspondence on, <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a>-<a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— of Animals," Wallace's, i. 42, 286, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref">1</a>-2, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a>, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref">233</a>, +<a href="#Pg286" class="tei tei-ref">286</a>-7, <a href="#Pg289" class="tei tei-ref">289</a>-94</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— of Mammals," Murray's, i. 181</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— of Plants," Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer's, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Geographical distribution of plants and animals, i. 94, 95, ii. <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref">13</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Geography, old-time teaching of, i. 11;<br /> + organic, 95;<br /> + zoological, ii. <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref">9</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Geological Climates and the Origin of Species," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— distribution of plants and animals, i. 94, 95, 136</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— History of Man," Lyell's, i. 142</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Observations on South America," Darwin's, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— time, Wallace's paper on, i. 249</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Geology, Darwin's studies in, i. 16, 17</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">George, Rt. Hon. D. Lloyd, Wallace's letter to, on the railway strike, ii. <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref">163</a>;<br /> + Wallace's admiration of, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref">164</a>-5, <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref">249</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Henry, i. 17, 317;<br /> + meets Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Germ Plasm," Weismann's, ii. <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Germinal Selection," Weismann's, ii. <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref">68</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref">70</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Glacial period, theory of, i. 149, 176, 177, 248, 251, 287, 298, 307,<br /> + 308-10, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref">13</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Gladstone, W.E., recommends Wallace for a pension, i. 313</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter from, on onomatopoeia, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref">66</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Gould, Dr. Aug., on land shells, i. 133</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">——, John, list of humming-birds, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>;<br /> + Sclater's distrust of, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Graham's "Creed of Science," i. 318</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Grant, Dr., article on Flustra, i. 16;<br /> + advocacy of Evolution by, 122</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Granville, Lord, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Gray, Asa, i. 76, 139;<br /> + defends Darwin, 142</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Great Exhibition of 1862, i. 79</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Greenell, Mary Ann (Mrs. T.V. Wallace), i. 9</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Growth, economy of, ii. <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref">53</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Gurney, Edmund, and telepathy, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a></p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span> +<a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">H</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Habinaria, i. 311</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Habit and Intelligence," Murphy's, i. 246, 249</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Haeckel, Prof., and the Darwin-Wallace Jubilee, i. 120</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hall, John, sends Wallace orchids from Buenos Ayres, ii. <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref">129</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Spencer, lectures on mesmerism, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hardinge, Mrs., medium, ii. <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref">188</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref">189</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hare, Prof. A., ii. <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref">57</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hart, Capt., i. 79</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Haughton, Prof. S., criticises Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142;<br /> + on "The Bee's Cell and Origin of Species," 148</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Haweis, Rev. H.R., ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hayward, Mr., i. 21, 92</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Heliconiidæ, i. 65</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Helmes, L.V., reminiscences of Wallace's visit to Sarawak, i. 38-40</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hemsley, Dr. W.B., ii. <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref">43</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Henderson, Rev. J.B., ii. <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Henslow, Prof., Darwin's friendship with, i. 17;<br /> + defends Darwin, 142></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Herdman, Mr., inaugural address to Liverpool Biological Society, ii. <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Heredity, Weismann's essays on, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>-5, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref">51</a>;<br /> + Galton on, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Herschel, Sir J., i. 17</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hertford Grammar School, i. 11, 14</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Heterogenesis, i. 274 (note), 275, 278</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Heterostyled plants, illegitimate offspring of, i. 298</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hodgson's Psychical Research Report, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Holland, Sir H., on pangenesis, i. 197</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Holmes, T. Rice, ii. <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref">86</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Home, D.D., medium, ii. <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref">189</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Home Rule, Wallace's advocacy of, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Homer, onomatopoeic examples in, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref">66</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Honeycomb sent by Wallace to Darwin, i. 143</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hooker, Sir Joseph, birth of, i. 5, 76;<br /> + on oak trees, 56;<br /> + and the Darwin-Wallace joint paper, 71, 111, 113, 119, 134, 136, 137, 139;<br /> + receives the Darwin-Wallace Medal, 117;<br /> + speech at Darwin-Wallace jubilee, 117;<br /> + Darwin's appreciation of, 135, 137;<br /> + introduction to "Flora of Australia," 139;<br /> + on pangenesis, 197;<br /> + visits Darwin at Freshwater, 219;<br /> + signs memorial to City Corporation in Wallace's favour, 303;<br /> + opinion on Wallace's "Island Life," 307</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">——, Sir Joseph, letters from:<br /> + on "Island Life," ii. <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>-3;<br /> + acknowledging Wallace's "Life," etc., <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a>-3</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hopkins's review of the "Origin of Species," i. 144</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hopkinson, Prof. A., and Spiritualism, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Howorth, Sir H.H., on subsidence and elevation of land, i. 277</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hubrecht, Prof., ii. <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref">80</a>;<br /> + alleges differences between Darwin and Wallace, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hudson's "Scientific Demonstration of a Future Life," ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Huggins, Sir W., and psychical research, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hughes, Hugh Price, Wallace's opinion of, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter from, on Wallace's "Justice, not Charity," ii. <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref">157</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Humboldt's "Personal Narrative," i. 17, 164, 238</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Humming-birds, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Huxley, T.H., i. 1, 5, 76, 116, 137;<br /> + meets Wallace, 35;<br /> + appreciation of Wallace, 94;<br /> + first interview with Darwin, 104;<br /> + and Herbert Spencer, 123;<br /> + and the memorial to Gladstone as to a pension for Wallace, 313;<br /> + and psychical research, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>;<br /> + opinion as to Wallace joining Royal Society, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref">220</a>;<br /> + on Henslow, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref">251</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letters from, declining Wallace's invitation to investigate<br /> + "curious phenomena," ii. <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref">187</a>-8</p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span> +<a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hybrids, sterility of, i. 130, 195 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + and Natural Selection, 195 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + infertility of, 297</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hyder, Mr. J., ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a>, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Hyndman, Mr. H.M., letter from, acknowledging Wallace's birthday +congratulations, ii. <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref">164</a></p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">I</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Ice-Marks in North Wales," Wallace's, i. 177</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Illustrations of British Insects," i. 23 (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Immigration of Norwegian Flora," Blytt's, i. 293</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Immortality, Wallace's views on, ii. <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Indian Mutiny, i. 68</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Indians, American, Bates's opinion of, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref">29</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Individual adaptability and natural selection, ii. <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref">55</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Insectivorous Plants," Darwin's, i. 284, 285, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Insects, migration of, Lyell on, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>;<br /> + theory of flight, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref">26</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Instinct, Archdall Reid's views of, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— in Man and Animals," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Introduction to Study of Natural Philosophy," Herschel's, i. 17</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Is Mars Habitable?" Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Island Life," Wallace's, i. 42, 305, 306-7, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a>, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a>-14, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref">33</a>, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref">75</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Islands, continental, i. 305, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— oceanic, i. 138, 210-12, 305, ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a></p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">J</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Jameson's lectures on geology and zoology in Edinburgh, i. 16</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Janet's "Materialism of the Present Day," i. 170, 172, 173, 175</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Jardine, Sir W., criticism of "Origin of Species," i. 142</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Java, birds of, i. 87;<br /> + flora of, 86;<br /> + mountains of, 85-6;<br /> + volcanoes of, 85, 86</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Jencken, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Jenkin, Fleeming, on limitations to variation, i. 190;<br /> + Darwin on, 233, 234;<br /> + Wallace on, 234</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Jensen and De Rougemont, ii. <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref">76</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Jessopp, Rev. Augustus, letter on land nationalisation, ii. <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref">157</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Joan of Arc, works on, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Jones, Sir Rupert, on Miocene or Old Pliocene Man in India, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Mr. W. Braunston, birthday ode by, ii. <a href="#Pg248" class="tei tei-ref">248</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Jordan, Mr., ii. <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref">129</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Josiah Mason College, Birmingham, Wallace and, i. 306</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Journal of Researches," Darwin's, i. 18, 25, 37, 43</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Judd, John W., and Wallace medallion, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Jukes, J.B., a supporter of Darwin, i. 141</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">K</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Kane, Mrs., ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Keltie, Dr. J. Scott, on Wallace's exploration in Brazil, i. 29</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Kelvin, Lord (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Thomson, Sir W.)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Kempe, Sir A.B., signs petition for Wallace memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Keyerling and the Darwinian theory, i. 141</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Kidd, Mr. Benjamin, and "equality of opportunity," ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Kingsley, Canon, letter to Wallace on "Malay Archipelago," ii. <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a>-1</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Knight, Prof., ii. <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a>;<br /> + his reminiscences of Wallace, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Knollys, Lord, ii. <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref">223</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Kolreuter, i. 195</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Krefft, Dr. G., i. 316</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Kropotkin, Prince, "Memoirs of a Revolutionist," i. <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a></p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span> +<a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">L</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lamarck and Evolution, i. 1, 109, 242</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lambs, instincts of, ii. <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Land laws, Wallace and, ii. <a href="#Pg140" class="tei tei-ref">140</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— molluscs, Darwin on, i. 131, 132, 287, 292</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— nationalisation, Wallace and, ii. <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref">141</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— Society, foundation of, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— ——," Wallace's, i. 317, ii. <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— shells, i. 132, 133, 262</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Tenure Reform Association, Wallace and, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lankester, Sir E. Ray, receives Darwin-Wallace Medal and speaks at Jubilee celebration, i. 121;<br /> + replies to a Darwin Centenary article in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span>, ii. <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a>;<br /> + a signatory to Wallace memorial petition, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Larmor, Sir J., and Wallace national memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Law regulating Introduction of New Species," Wallace's, i. 93, 94, 105, 129, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref">21</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Le Gallienne, Mr., meets Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lecky's "Rationalism," Darwin on, i. 164;<br /> + Wallace on, 165-6</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Lectures on Man," Lawrence's, i. 91</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Legge, Col., conveys to Wallace the Order of Merit, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref">224</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lemuria, continent of, i. 289</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lepidoptera, colour-adaptability in, ii. <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lewes, G.H., and pangenesis, i. 220;<br /> + and origin of species, 221</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Leyden Museum, i. 87</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Lhasa," Waddell's, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Life after death, Wallace's belief in, ii. <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and Habit," Samuel Butler's, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and Letters of Charles Darwin," i. 118, 119, 120, 122-3, 127, 260 (note), 263 (note), 273 (note),<br /> + 274 (note), ii. <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref">184</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">——, origin of, Spencer on, i. 125-6</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— Wallace's views on, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lindley, Dr., "Elements of Botany," i. 21;<br /> + article on orchids by, 23</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Linnean Society, Darwin-Wallace communication to, i. 71, 89, 109, 118, 122;<br /> + Jubilee of event, 110 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, ii. <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref">127</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lip-expression, efficacy of, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Littledale, Dr., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref">132</a>-3, <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lock's "Variation, Heredity, and Evolution," ii. <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lodge, Sir Oliver, reply to Haeckel, ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a>;<br /> + Romanes lecture, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>-80;<br /> + address at Psychical Research Society, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>;<br /> + and the national memorial to Wallace, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lombok, fauna of, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref">20</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lönnberg, Prof., i. 122</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Looking Backward," ii. <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lophura viellottii, i. 230</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Loudon's "Encyclopedia of Plants," i. 21, 23, 92</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lowell, Prof. Percival, "Mars and its Canals," ii. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lubbock, Sir John (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Avebury, Lord)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lunn, Sir H., meets Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lyell, Sir C., birth of, i. 5;<br /> + and the Darwin-Wallace joint essay, 71, 109, 111, 113, 118, 119, 134, 136, 139, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>;<br /> + as Evolutionist, i. 76, 142, 239;<br /> + on extinction of species, 98;<br /> + and Wallace's "Law regulating Introduction of New Species," 132;<br /> + defends Darwin, 142;<br /> + on pangenesis, 200;<br /> + and the "Fuel of the Sun," 263</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letters from:<br /> + on "Origin of Races of Man," ii. <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a>;<br /> + on geographical distribution, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>;<br /> + on Wallace's "Law regulating Introduction of Species," etc., <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref">21</a>;<br /> + on humming-birds, shells, etc., <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>;<br /> + on Wallace's "Mimicry of Colours," <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a>;<br /> + on diversity of human races, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref">28</a>-9;<br /> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span> +<a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a>;<br /> + on Wallace's "Geographical Distribution," <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lyell, Sir Leonard, i. 120</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Lythrum, trimorphism of, i. 161, 169</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">M</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">McAndrew, Mr., on littoral shells of the Azores, ii. <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Macmahon, Dr. P.A., and the Wallace medallion, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Madagascar, i. 290 (note);<br /> + fauna of, 188, 189, 192, 293, 295;<br /> + flora of, 311-13</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Madeira, land shells in, i. 132;<br /> + birds in, 138</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Maha Bharata," Wallace's appreciation of, ii. <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref">116</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Malaria, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref">241</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Malay Archipelago, Wallace's explorations in, i. 35-42;<br /> + distribution of animals in, 138</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— ——," Wallace's, i. 42, 121, 133, 140, 235, 237; ii. <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a>, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref">159</a>, <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref">230</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a>;<br /> + translations of, i. 245</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Malayan Papilionidæ," Wallace's, i. 153, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Malthus on "Population," i. 103, 104, 111, 116, 136, 175, 317</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Man, influence of sexual selection on, i. 154, 155, 180, 181, 182, 183;<br /> + geographical distribution of, 156;<br /> + zoological classification of, 157;<br /> + original colour of, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref">29</a>.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">——, origin of, Darwin's views of, i. 154-5, 243<br /> + (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see also</span> "Descent of Man")</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— Wallace's views of, i. 91-2, 152-3, 155 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 221, 240, 243, 250, 256, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Man's Place in the Universe," ii. <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a>, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref">120</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a>, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref">170</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mantegazza, colour theory of, i. 299</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Marchant, James, ii. <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>;<br /> + and the Wallace memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a>;<br /> + letter from Bishop Ryle to, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Mars," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a>-3, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and its Canals," Lowell's, ii. <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Marshall, Mr. J.W., ii. <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref">53</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a>, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Dr. W., i. 279</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Martineau, James, Darwin on Spencer's reply to, i. 272</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Material for Study of Variation," Bateson's, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>-1</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Materialism of the Present Day," Janet's, i. 170, 172, 173, 175</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Maternal impressions, ii. <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref">57</a>-8</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Matthew, P., anticipates theory of Natural Selection, i. 116, 142</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Maw, Mr., reviews "Origin of Species," i. 144</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Melastoma, i. 150, 151</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Meldola, Prof. Raphael, lecture on Evolution by, i. 123;<br /> + death of, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref">35</a>;<br /> + criticism of Romanes' theory, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a>;<br /> + on importance of "divergence," <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref">41</a>-2;<br /> + President of Entomological Society, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a>;<br /> + reminiscences of Wallace, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a>;<br /> + at Wallace's funeral, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a>;<br /> + and the Abbey memorial, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mendelism, ii. <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a>;<br /> + Dr. Archdall Reid's view of, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref">85</a>;<br /> + and Evolution, Wallace on, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref">93</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Menura superba, i. 183 (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mesmerism, Wallace and, i. 24, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Meyer, Dr. Adolf Bernhard, i. 248, 249</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mias, i. 53, 56, 57, ii. <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mill, John Stuart, invites Wallace to join Land Tenure Reform Association, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mill's "Siege of the South Pole," ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Miller, Mr. Ben R., letter to, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mimetic butterflies, i. 167, 168, 176, 178, 179, 189 (note), 200, 213, 217, 224, 254, 300</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Mimicry, and Other Protective Resemblances," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— and Protective Colouring," Wallace's, i. 179, 187</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Bates's theory of, i. 225</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Darwin on, i. 316</p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span> +<a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">——, Wallace on, i. 167 (note), 168-9, 176</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Miocene Period, i. 294, 308, 309, 312</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref">183</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Missionaries, Wallace's and Darwin's impressions of, compared, i. 36-8;<br /> + Wallace on, 47, 50, 62-3</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mitten, Miss, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Mr. William, ii. <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref">35</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mivart, St. G., controversy with Mr. G. Darwin, i. 291;<br /> + his "Genesis of Species," 257-8, 264, 265-7, ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Moluccas, birds of, ii. <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref">3</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Monistic theory, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref">177</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Monkeys, influence of, on distribution of pigeons and parrots, i. 166 (note), 167</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Monopoly and free trade, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"More Letters," i. 127, 195, 288 (note), 312 (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Morgan, Prof. Lloyd, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a>, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref">68</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— T.H., "Evolution and Adaptation," ii. <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Morley, Mr. John (Lord), correspondence with, ii. <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref">159</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Morton, Dr., on American race problem, ii. <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref">28</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Moths, Jenner Weir's observations on, i. 179</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mott, Mr., on Haeckel, i. 298;<br /> + on progression of races, ii. <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref">86</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mould, formation of, by agency of earthworms, i. 319</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mount Ophir (Malay), i. 51</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mouth-gesture as factor in origin of language, ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants," Darwin's, i. 285, 311, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mailer, Fritz, "Für Darwin," i. 164;<br /> + on mimetic butterflies, 189 (note), 270, 300</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Hermann, i. 189 (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Murchison, Sir Roderick, and Wallace, i. 36;<br /> + on Africa, 159</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Murphy, Mr. M.J., ii. <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref">164</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Murphy's "Habit and Intelligence," Wallace's review of, i. 246, 249</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Murray, Andrew, attacks Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142;<br /> + opposes Trimen's views on mimetic butterflies, 201</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Murray's "Geographical Distribution of Mammals," i. 181</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Mutation theory, ii. <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," Wallace's, i. 6, 10 (note), 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29-30, 92 (note), 107, 125, 126, 127, 178, 253, 307 (note), 312 (note), ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a>, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a>, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a>, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a>, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref">81</a>, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a>, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref">149</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref">202</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Myers, F.W.H., and telepathy, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a>, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref">202</a>;<br /> + on Wallace as lecturer, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref">202</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter from, on Vaccination pamphlet, the "Malay Archipelago," etc.,<br /> + ii. <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref">202</a>-3</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">N</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Nägeli's essay on Natural Selection, i. 241</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Nathusius on the Aru pig, i. 162</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Natural Selection (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Selection, natural)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— Action of, in producing Old Age, Decay, and Death," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— Contributions to the Theory of," Wallace's, i. 94, 250, 252, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a>, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— from a Mathematical Point of View," Bennett's, i. 253</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Nebular hypothesis, Spencer's, i. 151;<br /> + Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref">174</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Neo-Lamarckians, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref">64</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">New Zealand, aborigines of, i. 239;<br /> + colonisation of, 290;<br /> + fauna and flora of, 291, 295, 305, 307, ii. <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref">20</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref">33</a>, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Newton of Natural History," the, i. 76</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Newton, Prof. A., i. 105, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a>, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Nicaragua," Belt's, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a></p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page281">[pg 281]</span> +<a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Non-inheritance of acquired characters, ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>-5, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref">70</a>, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a>;<br /> + Prof. Poulton's address on, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Norman, Dr., and Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref">137</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Norris, Dr. Richard, i. 244, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Miss, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Norwegian Flora, Immigration of," Blytt's, i. 293</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">O</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Oceanic islands, colonisation of, i. 132, 133, 138, 290;<br /> + flora of, 210-212, 305</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Onomatopoeia, ii. <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref">66</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Orang-utans, i. 53, 56, 57, ii. <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref">30</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Orchids," Darwin's, i. 143, 297</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Wallace's admiration of, i. 23, ii. <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a>;<br /> + epiphytal, i. 23;<br /> + of the Azores, 311</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Origin of Species," Darwin's, i. 67, 72, 76-8, 112, 121, 124, 125, 129, 134, 136, 139, 141, 146, 164, 174, 176, 224, 240, 241, 244, 246, 264-5, 271, ii. <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref">1</a>, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a>;<br /> + reviews of, i. 142, 144</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Selection)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— —— and Genera," Wallace's, i. 304</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of the Fittest," Cope's, ii. <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of the Races of Man," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ornithoptera croesus, i. 41</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— poseidon, i. 42</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Orr, Henry B., ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Osborn, Prof. H.F., on Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref">239</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ostriches, Wallace on, i. 145;<br /> + Darwin on, 146-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Owen, Sir R., Darwin's opinion of, i. 139;<br /> + attacks Darwin's theory, 142, 144, 157, 199</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Robert, and Wallace, i. 15, ii. <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref">139</a>, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref">148</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Robert Dale, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a></p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">P</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pacific Islands, land shells in, i. 133</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pain, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref">244</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pangenesis, i. 196 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 219, 220, 276, ii. <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Panmixia, ii. <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref">52</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref">53</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Papilio, polymorphic species of, i. 168</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— sarpedon choredon, i. 316</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Papilionidæ of the Malay Region," Wallace's, i. 153, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref">6</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Para, Wallace at, i. 26, 29;<br /> + products of, 27</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Parrots, Wallace's paper on, i. 160, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Passerine Birds," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pastrana, Julia, i. 181</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Patagonia, plains of, i. 32</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Permanence of Oceanic Basins," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Permian period, i. 290</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Perry, John, and Wallace national memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Personal Narrative," Humboldt's, i. 17, 164, 238</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pheasants, Argus, i. 230, 289, 292</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Phenomena of Variation and Geographical Distribution," Wallace's, i. 153</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Phillips' attack on Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Phrenology, Wallace's belief in, i. 24, ii. <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref">237</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref">232</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— History of Man," Prichard's, i. 91, 116, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Physics of the Earth's Crust," Fisher's, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Physiological selection (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Selection, physiological)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. O., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref">131</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pictet, Prof. F.J., reviews the "Origin of Species," i. 141, 144</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pigeons, domestic, i. 130</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace's, i. 166, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Plants, Crossing," Darwin's, Wallace on, i. 296-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— geographical distribution of, i. 94;<br /> + effect of climatic conditions on, 130;<br /> + heterostyled, 298;<br /> + migration of, 307 (note), 310, 311-12, 313-14, ii. <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref">32</a>, <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a>-5;<br /> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span> +<a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Lyell on migration of, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>-20;<br /> + variety of form and habit in, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Plants of India and Indo-Oceanic Continent," Blandford's, i. 290</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pleistocene Period, i. 308</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pliocene Period, i. 292, 294, ii. <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref">22</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Podmore, Frank, effect on, of Hodgson's Psychical Research report, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a>;<br /> + report by, in <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span> of Psychical Research Society, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a>;<br /> + proposed as President, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Polymorphism, Wallace on, i. 168</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Population, Essay on," Malthus's, i. 103, 104, 111, 116, 136, 175, 317</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Theory of," Spencer's, i. 124</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Poulton, Prof., and Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity," ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>-6;<br /> + paper on colours of larva, pupa, etc., <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a>;<br /> + appointed Hope Professor of Zoology in Oxford University, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref">57</a>;<br /> + exposure of an American Neo-Lamarckian by, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>;<br /> + Presidential Address to British Association, Wallace's criticism of, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>;<br /> + Presidential Address to Entomological Society, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a>;<br /> + on Wallace, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref">227</a>;<br /> + at funeral of Wallace, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a>;<br /> + and the Westminster Abbey memorial, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Poverty, Wallace's views on, ii. <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref">145</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Power of Movement in Plants," Darwin's, i. 311, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Prain, Sir D., and Wallace memorial in Westminster Abbey, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Prehistoric Times," Lubbock's, i. 164, 165-6</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Present Evolution of Man, The," Archdall Reid's, ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Price, Prof. B., formally offers D.C.L. degree to Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref">217</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Prichard's "Physical History of Man," i. 91, 116, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Primula, Darwin's paper on, i. 218</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Principles of Geology," Lyell's, i. 135, ii. <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref">5</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of Psychology," Spencer's, i. 123</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of Sociology," Spencer's, i. 126</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Proctor, R.A., i. 263; "Expanse of Heaven," ii. <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref">180</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Progress and Poverty," Henry George's, i. 317, 318, ii, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Protection, principle of, i. 140, 177, 184, 186, 189, 192, 199, 205, 212 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 214 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, + 226 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 235-6, 252, 256, 257-9, 270, 291, 299-300<br /> +(<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see also</span> Coloration, protective, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">and</span> Mimicry)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Protective Resemblance," Wallace's, i. 214</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Value of Colour and Markings in Insects," ii. <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref">38</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Protoplasm, origin of, Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer on, ii. <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref">96</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Psychic Philosophy," Desertis's, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Psychical research, Wallace and, ii. <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref">186</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— Society, foundation of, ii. <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Pteropus edulis, i. 54</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Purdon, Dr., ii. <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref">195</a></p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">R</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ramsay, Andrew, Darwin on, i. 141</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Sir Wm., and Wallace national memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Rathbone, Reginald B., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref">124</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Rationalism," Lecky's, i. 164-6</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Regression to the mean," ii. <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref">69</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Reichenbach, experiments of, with sensitives, ii. <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a>, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref">197</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Reign of Law," Duke of Argyll's, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Researches," Prichard's, i. 91, 116, ii. <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— on Evolution of Stellar Systems," ii. <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref">179</a>-80</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Revolt of Democracy," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref">104</a>, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref">144</a>, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref">145</a>, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref">251</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Rhynchæa, i. 183, 184</p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span> +<a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Rice, Dr. Hamilton, survey of Uaupés River, i. 29</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ridgeway, Dr., Bishop of Salisbury, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ridley, Mr. H.N., ii. <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref">76</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ripon, Lord, i. 277</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Rogers, H.D., Darwin on, i. 141</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Romanes, G.J.:<br /> + theory of physiological selection, i. 218, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a>;<br /> + Meldola's criticism of, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a>-50;<br /> + Wallace's criticism of, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + his accusation against Wallace, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref">235</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Root Principles," Child's, ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Rothschild, the Hon. Lionel (Lord), Wallace's admiration of his butterflies, ii. <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref">88</a>, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref">129</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Royal Geographical Society, and exploration of Uaupés River, i. 29</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Institute, the, Wallace's lecture at, ii. <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a>, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref">127</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Rudimentary organs, i. 100</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Russell, Mr. Alfred, letter to, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Russia, Czar of, manifesto of, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Rütimeyer, researches on mammals in Switzerland by, i. 251</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ryle, Bishop, and the medallion of Wallace, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a>;<br /> + sermon at its unveiling, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a>-5</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">S</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sadong River, Wallace's exploration of, i. 93</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Salisbury, Bishop of, at funeral of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Marquis of, view of Natural Selection, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>;<br /> + translation of his address, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Santiago, Darwin at, i. 34</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sarawak, Wallace in, i. 28, 38-40, 93, 106</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Scandinavia, distribution of plants in, i. 293</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Schaffhausen, Dr., almost anticipates Natural Selection, i. 142</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref">186</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Demonstration of a Future Life," Hudson's, ii. <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sclater, P.H., on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," i. 139-140;<br /> + and Lemuria, 290 (note);<br /> + division of earth into zoological regions, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a>;<br /> + distrust of Gould, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Scott, Dr. Dukinfield H., speech at presentation of Darwin-Wallace Medals, i. 110-112;<br /> + at Wallace's funeral, ii. <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a>;<br /> + and the Wallace memorial in Westminster Abbey, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Scott's "Antarctic Voyage," ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sedgwick, Prof., and Darwin, i. 17, 18;<br /> + attacks Darwin at Cambridge Philosophical Society, 142</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">See, T.J.J., ii. <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref">179</a>-80</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Seeman, Berthold, i. 199, 201, 210, 211</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Segregation of the unfit, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a>-1, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Selection, domestic, i. 130, 134, 136, 160, 161, 167, 181, 183, 186, 189 (note), 192, 208, 215, 226, 228, 231, 257, 299</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— natural, theory of, i. 155, 156, 170 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 195 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 218, 240, 267, 298, 301, ii. <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref">16</a>-17, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref">75</a>,<br /> + <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref">94</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref">96</a>, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref">101</a>, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref">150</a>;<br /> + discovery of, i. 2, 89-126;<br /> + anticipations of, 116, 142, 176;<br /> + Spencer's alternative term for, 125, 171;<br /> + Lord Salisbury's conception of, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a>;<br /> + Neo-Lamarckians and, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref">64</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— physiological, Romanes' theory of, i. 218, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a>-50, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref">235</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— sexual, i. 157, 159, 177, 179, 182, 185-6, 194, 199, 203, 204, 212 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 216-17, 220, 224-5, 227 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 256, 261, 298, 299</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Self-fertilisation, i. 169, 297, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Shall we have Common Sense?" Sleeper's, ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref">99</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sharpe, Mr. J.W., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref">107</a>-9</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Shells, Lyell on, ii. <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref">24</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Shipley, Dr. A.E., and Wallace medallion in Westminster Abbey, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span> +<a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Shrewsbury Grammar School, Darwin and, i. 12, 15</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sidgwick, Prof, and Mrs. H., telepathic experiments by, ii. <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a>, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a>;<br /> + Wallace's remarks on, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a>-1</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Siege of the South Pole," Mill's, ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Silk, George, i. 52, 87;<br /> + Wallace's friendship with, 10;<br /> + walking tour in Switzerland with Wallace, 35</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sims, Mrs. (sister of A.R. Wallace), i. 30, 44, 56, 60, 62, 64, 85</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Thomas, i. 63, 73</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Singapore, Wallace at, i. 36</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Slade, prosecution of, ii. <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref">197</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sleeper, George W., ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref">99</a>, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Smedley, Mr. E., ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a>, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref">163</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref">215</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Smith, Dr. Edwin, ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref">210</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Social Environment and Moral Progress," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref">104</a>, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref">144</a>-5, <a href="#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref">250</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Statics," Spencer's, i. 123, 150, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Socialism, Wallace's first lessons in, and later views of, i. 15, 16,<br /> + ii. <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref">139</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + "individualistic," <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a>;<br /> + Wallace's definition of, <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref">152</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Society for Psychical Research, foundation of, ii. <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Sociology, Principles of," i. 126</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Study of," Spencer's, i. 283</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Solar nebula, lecture by Sir R. Ball on, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref">174</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— system, central position of, ii. <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref">171</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">South America, fauna of, ii. <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref">10</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Special creation, i. 189 (note), 190, 192, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref">185</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Species, mutability of, i. 78, 137;<br /> + law of introduction of, 96, 101-2;<br /> + extinction of, 98.<br /> + (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See also</span> Selection, natural)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Spencer, Herbert, birth of, i. 5;<br /> + and Evolution, 122, 123;<br /> + arguments with Huxley on Evolution, 123;<br /> + sends Darwin a copy of his Essays, 124;<br /> + suggests "survival of the fittest" as alternative to "natural selection," 125, 171;<br /> + Wallace's relations with, 125;<br /> + Darwin's approval of "survival of the fittest," 174;<br /> + autobiography of, ii. <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letters from:<br /> + on "Origin of the Races of Man," ii. <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a>;<br /> + on theory of flight, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref">27</a>-8;<br /> + on "Darwinism,"<a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a>;<br /> + on Lord Salisbury's view of Natural Selection, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a>, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a>;<br /> + on Land Nationalisation Society, <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref">154</a>;<br /> + on "Progress and Poverty," etc., <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref">154</a>-5</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Spilosoma menthastri, i. 179</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Spiritualism, Wallace's belief in, ii. <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref">239</a>-40;<br /> + Huxley on, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref">187</a>;<br /> + Lord Avebury on, <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref">212</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Spiritualists, Association of, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Spontaneous generation, i. 274</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Spruce, Mr., i. 150, 161, 166, 232</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Stanley, Dean, at Linlathen, ii. <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Stephens' "Illustrations of British Insects," i. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a> (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sterility, Natural Selection and, Meldola on, ii. <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref">41</a>-2</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Stevens, Samuel, i. 26, 48, 49, 54, 71, 72, 102, 105, 143</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Stewart, Prof. Balfour, and telepathy, ii. <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref">200</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Strahan, Dr. A., and Wallace memorial, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Strang, Mr., chalk portrait of Wallace by, ii. <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref">224</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Strasburger, Prof. Eduard, receives Darwin-Wallace Medal, i. 120;<br /> + tribute to Wallace, 120;<br /> + on Wallace's "Malay Archipelago," ii. <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref">231</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Stuart-Menteith, C.G., ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Studies, Scientific and Social," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref">143</a>, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref">147</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Study of Variation, with regard to Discontinuity in Origin of Species,"<br /> + Bateson's, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>-1</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Subsidence and Elevation of Land," Sir H.H. Howorth's, i. 277</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— theory of, i. 132, 160, 212, 238, 286, 309</p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span> +<a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Survival of the fittest, i. 125, 171, 174-5, ii. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a><br /> + (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see also</span> Selection, natural)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Sus papuensis, i. 161, 162</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— scrofa, i. 162</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Swinton, Mr. A.C., ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Synthetic philosophy, Spencer's, i. 1, 123, 124</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Switzerland, Wallace's visits to, i. 35, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a></p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">T</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Telepathy, ii. <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref">186</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from Original Type,"<br /> + Wallace's, i. 109;<br /> + loss of MS., 127, ii. <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref">7</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ternate, Wallace at, i. 36, 68, 107, 108;<br /> + volcanic eruption of 1849 in, 68;<br /> + Wallace's paper on Natural Selection sent to Darwin from, i. 106, ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref">39</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Tertiary Period, i. 159, 292, 294, 295</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Thayer's theory of animal colouring, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Theories of Evolution," Poulton's, ii. <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref">61</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Theory of Development and Heredity," Orr's, ii. <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of Natural Selection from a Mathematical Point of View," Bennett's, i. 253</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— of Population," Spencer's, i. 124</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W.T.:<br /> + appreciation of Wallace by, i. 4;<br /> + at Darwin-Wallace Jubilee, 122;<br /> + paper on geographical distribution of plants by, ii. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letters from:<br /> + on Darwin Commemoration volume, ii. <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref">91</a>;<br /> + on Sir F. Darwin's "Foundations" and the Darwin celebration, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref">92</a>;<br /> + on Evolution and the fundamental powers and properties of life, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref">95</a>-8;<br /> + asking Wallace to join Royal Society, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref">219</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref">220</a>-1;<br /> + on Romanes' charge of plagiarism, <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref">236</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Thompson, Prof. Silvanus P., signs petition for national memorial to<br /> + Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Thomson, Prof. J.A., ii. <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref">12</a> (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Sir W. (Lord Kelvin), on age of world, i. 242, 250, 268, ii. <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref">75</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Thought transference (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> Telepathy)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Threading my Way," R.D. Owen's, ii. <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Timor, birds of, i. 80, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>;<br /> + mammalia of, i. 133, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>;<br /> + fossils of, i. 138, 148, 290;<br /> + Darwin receives honeycomb from, 143, 146;<br /> + flora of, 237</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Transmutation of species, i. 123, ii. <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro," Wallace's, i, 30, 35</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Trees, tropical, i. 86</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Trimen, Mr., paper on mimetic butterflies by, i. 200, 201</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Trimorphism in plants, i. 161, 202, 220</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Tropical forests, Darwin's description of, i. 31-2;<br /> + denizens of, 31</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— Nature," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Turner, Dr., orchids of, ii. <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Mr. H.H., signs petition for national memorial of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Tylor, E.B., "Early History of Mankind," i. 164;<br /> + Wallace on, 165;<br /> + "Anthropology," ii. <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Tyndall, John, birth of, i. 5;<br /> + and psychical research, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a></p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">U</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Uaupés, Indians of, i. 31;<br /> + exploration of, i. 29</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Unfit, segregation of, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a>-1, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref">246</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">United States, Wallace's lecturing tour in, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Unparalleled Discoveries of Mr. T.J.J. See, Account of," ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Utricularia, i. 284-5</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">V</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Vaccination, Wallace and, ii. <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref">149</a>, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref">202</a>, <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref">237</a>, <a href="#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref">240</a>-1;<br /> + Rev. H. Price Hughes on, <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a>;<br /> + Frederic Myers and, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a></p> + +<span class="tei-pb" id="page286">[pg 286]</span> +<a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Variation, Heredity, and Evolution," Lock's, ii. <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— of birds, i. 162-3</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication," Darwin's,<br /> + i. 112, 189, 195, 197, 199, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Variety, Wallace's differentiation of, from species, i. 91-2, 96, 97, 101, 115, 167 (note), 169, 173, 205, 210, 234, ii. <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref">21</a>, <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref">70</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Varley, C.F., i. 244</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Vegetarianism, Wallace on, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation," i. 91, 92 (note)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Victoria, Queen, approves of pension to Wallace, i. 315</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Vignettes from Nature," Grant Allen's, ii. <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Vogt, Prof., i. 221</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Volcanic eruptions and migration, Lyell's theory of, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Voyage of the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Beagle</span>," Darwin's, i. 31, 32, 34, ii. <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref">2</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"—— up the Amazon," Edwards's, i. 25</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">W</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Waddell's "Lhasa," ii. <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref">82</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Waddington, Mr. Samuel, ii. <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wages, question of, ii. <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref">156</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Waimate (N.Z.), missionary settlement at, i. 37</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wallace, Alfred Russel:<br /> + co-discoverer of Natural Selection, i. 1, 2, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 113, 136, 139, 153, 158, ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref">39</a>-40;<br /> + early years, i. 5-44;<br /> + nervousness, 7, 14, 35, ii. <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref">134</a>;<br /> + his father, i. 8;<br /> + his mother, 8, 9, 30;<br /> + first experiments, 9, 19-20;<br /> + schooldays, 11;<br /> + geographical studies, 11;<br /> + love of reading, 13;<br /> + pupil teacher at Hertford Grammar School, 14;<br /> + interest in Socialism, 15, 27, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref">151</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>;<br /> + land-surveying, i. 15, 17, 19, ii. <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref">139</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>;<br /> + astronomical studies and writings, i. 20, ii. <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + early interest in zoology and geology, i. 20;<br /> + first telescope, 20, ii. <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a>;<br /> + love of botany, i. 20, 21, ii. <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref">106</a>;<br /> + his herbarium, i. 22;<br /> + as watchmaker, 23;<br /> + interest in phrenology and mesmerism, 24, ii. <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>;<br /> + studies beetles and butterflies, i. 24, 114;<br /> + school teacher at Leicester, 24;<br /> + voyage to Amazon, 26 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + explores Uaupés River, 29;<br /> + fire at sea and loss of collections, 29, 30;<br /> + first meeting with Darwin, 35, 105, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>;<br /> + meets Huxley, i. 35;<br /> + visits Switzerland, 35, ii. <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a>;<br /> + visits Singapore, i. 36;<br /> + on missionaries, 37-8, 47, 48, 50, 62-3;<br /> + in Sarawak, 38-40;<br /> + beetle and butterfly collecting, i. 38, 41-2, 114, 237, ii. <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref">4</a>-5;<br /> + ill-health of, i. 40, 79;<br /> + enthusiasm as naturalist and collector, 40-2, 115;<br /> + journey in a "prau," 42;<br /> + early letters, etc., 45-88;<br /> + Darwin-Wallace joint paper read before Linnean Society, 71, 89, 109, 118, 122;<br /> + Darwin's appreciation of his magnanimity, 71, 106, 118, 134, 137, 139, 141, 153, 164, 242, 252, 287, 304;<br /> + attack of intermittent fever, 107, 108;<br /> + jubilee of Darwin-Wallace essay and his speech, 110 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq</span>;<br /> + relations with Spencer, 125;<br /> + Presidential Address to Entomological Society, 126;<br /> + reads proofs of Spencer's "principles of Sociology," 126;<br /> + correspondence with Darwin, 127-320;<br /> + inscription on envelope containing Darwin's first eight letters, 128;<br /> + sends Darwin a honeycomb, 143;<br /> + reads Spencer's works, 147, 150;<br /> + "exposé" of Rev. S. Haughton's "Bee's Cell," 148;<br /> + his opinion of Agassiz, 149;<br /> + and the origin of man, 152, 153, 154, 155 <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, 240;<br /> + and Darwin's paper on climbing plants, 162;<br /> + on a crested blackbird, 163;<br /> + on the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Reader</span>, 165;<br /> + on mimicry, 167 (note), 168, 176, 179;<br /> + approves of term "survival of the fittest," 171;<br /> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span> +<a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + birth of a son, 188;<br /> + later views on Natural Selection, 217, 218;<br /> + dedicates "Malayan Travels" to Darwin, 232;<br /> + birth of a daughter, 234;<br /> + visits Wales, 247;<br /> + reviews "Descent of Man," 260;<br /> + on Chauncey Wright and Mivart, 265-7;<br /> + Bethnal Green Museum directorship, 277;<br /> + and second edition of "Descent of Man," 281 (note), 282, 283;<br /> + social and political views, 283, 317, 319, ii. <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref">139</a>-65, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref">245</a>-7;<br /> + at Dorking, i. 294, 297, ii. <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref">106</a>;<br /> + and the superintendency of Epping Forest, i. 302, 303, 304, 306, ii. <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref">106</a>;<br /> + writes a work on Geography, i. 304, ii. <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref">14</a>;<br /> + recommended for a Civil List pension, i. 313-16;<br /> + works on Biology, etc., ii. <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref">3</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + articles for "Encyclopædia Britannica,"<a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref">11</a>;<br /> + lectures at Boston, U.S.A., <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref">15</a>;<br /> + correspondence on biology, geographical distribution, etc., <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref">18</a>-<a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref">102</a>;<br /> + on theory of flight, i. 145, ii. <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref">25</a>-8;<br /> + and Mivart's "Genesis of Species,"<a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a>;<br /> + friendship with Meldola, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref">35</a>;<br /> + theory of animal heat, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref">35</a>;<br /> + and Romanes, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + on ferns, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref">40</a>;<br /> + on sterility and Natural Selection, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref">41</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + admitted to Royal Society, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref">55</a>, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a>, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref">221</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a>;<br /> + on "discontinuous variation,"<a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>-3;<br /> + theory of mouth-gesture as a factor in origin of language, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref">65</a>;<br /> + on non-heredity of acquired characters, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref">70</a>;<br /> + his last public lecture, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a>-3;<br /> + two of his works translated into Japanese, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>;<br /> + home life, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref">103</a>-<a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref">138</a>;<br /> + domesticity of, <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref">104</a>;<br /> + skill at chess, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref">107</a>;<br /> + Examiner in Physiography at South Kensington, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref">109</a>;<br /> + as housebuilder, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref">110</a>, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref">111</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref">119</a>-<a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref">120</a>;<br /> + honours from scientific societies, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref">113</a>;<br /> + enthusiasm for orchids, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a>;<br /> + his method of writing, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref">120</a>-1, <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref">243</a>;<br /> + and psychical research, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref">181</a>-<a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref">215</a>, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref">239</a>-40;<br /> + daily routine, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref">123</a>-4;<br /> + sense of humour, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref">125</a>-6, <a href="#Pg132" class="tei tei-ref">132</a>, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref">133</a>, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref">134</a>, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a>, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref">227</a>, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref">228</a>;<br /> + receives the Order of Merit, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref">127</a>-9;<br /> + his Sarawak spider, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref">131</a>;<br /> + failing health, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref">135</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq.</span>;<br /> + death, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref">138</a>, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a>;<br /> + funeral, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a>;<br /> + memorial in Westminster Abbey, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a>-5;<br /> + lists of writings, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref">257</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to his mother: announcing arrival at Singapore, i. 47;<br /> + describing work at Singapore, 48;<br /> + on Malacca and missionaries, 49;<br /> + on his collections and visit to Rajah Brooke, 51;<br /> + on the Rajah, 59;<br /> + on correspondence from Darwin and Hooker, and his Aru collection, 71;<br /> + on plans for collecting at Java, and impending return to England, 83</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to his wife, sending plants from Furka Pass, ii. <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref">115</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to his son, Mr. W.G. Wallace: on building of house at Parkstone, ii. <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref">111</a>-13;<br /> + on purchase of land at Broadstone and garden plans, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref">117</a>-18;<br /> + enclosing ground plan of house and describing progress, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref">118</a>-20;<br /> + on "Man's Place in the Universe," and Spiritualism, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref">121</a>-2;<br /> + requesting revision of "Mars," <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref">122</a>;<br /> + on forthcoming lecture at the Royal Institution, and conferment of Order of Merit, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref">127</a>-9;<br /> + on discovery of a rare moth and beetles in root of an orchid, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref">129</a>-30;<br /> + on the railway strike, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref">163</a>-4</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to his daughter Violet: on "victims of Landlordism," ii. <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref">113</a>;<br /> + on "Freeland" and "Looking Backward," <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a>;<br /> + on orchid growing, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref">114</a>;<br /> + on use of a wagging tail, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref">115</a>-16;<br /> + on "Maha Bharata," <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref">116</a>;<br /> + on eight hours' movement, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref">156</a></p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span> +<a name="Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Lord Avebury, on Bill for bird preservation, i. 162</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Sir W.F. Barrett:<br /> + on the nebular hypothesis, ii. <a href="#Pg174" class="tei tei-ref">174</a>;<br /> + on Mars, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a>;<br /> + on experiments with sensitives and on prosecution of Slade, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref">197</a>;<br /> + on Dr. Carpenter, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>;<br /> + regretting inability to attend Dublin meeting of British Association, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a>;<br /> + on the advocacy of vaccination, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a>;<br /> + on dowsing, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref">206</a>-8;<br /> + on presidency of Psychical Research Society, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref">208</a>;<br /> + on "Creative Thought" and on ministry of angels, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref">213</a>;<br /> + explaining his criticisms of "Creative Thought," <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref">214</a>-15</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to F. Bates, on exotic insect-collecting, i. 69</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to H.W. Bates:<br /> + on Darwin's Journal, i. 25;<br /> + on "Law regulating Introduction of New Species" and Ternate, 65;<br /> + congratulating him on arriving home, 72;<br /> + on Darwin, 73</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mr. F. Birch:<br /> + on "Mars," ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref">177</a>;<br /> + announcing conferment of Order of Merit, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref">223</a>-4</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. H. Jamyn Brooke, on monism, ii. <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref">177</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Miss Buckley (Mrs. Fisher):<br /> + on "Descent of Man," ii. <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref">31</a>-2;<br /> + on physiology of ferns, etc., <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref">40</a>-1;<br /> + on infinity of life-forms, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a>-90;<br /> + on house-planning at Broadstone, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref">119</a>-20;<br /> + on Turks, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref">153</a>;<br /> + on his "Reciprocity" article, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref">153</a>;<br /> + on the earth as only habitable planet, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>;<br /> + on Spiritualism, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref">188</a>-95;<br /> + on psychical and other works, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref">203</a>-4;<br /> + on his visit to Switzerland, <a href="#Pg204" class="tei tei-ref">204</a>;<br /> + on re-incarnation and theosophical writings, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref">205</a>;<br /> + on psychical research and Spencer's "Autobiography," <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref">211</a>;<br /> + on conferment of Order of Merit, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref">222</a>;<br /> + on his autobiography, and Owen, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref">224</a>-5;<br /> + on reviews of "My Life," <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref">225</a>-6</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. Sydney C. Cockerell, on Kropotkin's Life, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. Theo. D.A. Cockerell, on fertilisation, ii. <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Charles Darwin:<br /> + on the Timor honeycomb, i. 143;<br /> + on Darwin's "Orchids," 143;<br /> + on theory of flight, 145;<br /> + on Spencer's "Social Statics," 150;<br /> + on Borneo exploration and his contribution to theory of man's origin, 152;<br /> + on his paper on Man and Natural Selection, 155;<br /> + on the Aru Islands, 161;<br /> + on a case of variation becoming hereditary, 162;<br /> + on the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Reader</span>, 165;<br /> + on dimorphism, 168;<br /> + suggesting "survival of the fittest" in preference to "natural selection," 170;<br /> + on mimicry and glacier action, 176;<br /> + on expression, 180;<br /> + on "Creation by Law," 188, 192;<br /> + on superintendency of a Museum, 193;<br /> + on sterility of hybrids, 196;<br /> + on natural selection as producing sterility of hybrids, and pangenesis, 199;<br /> + on Trimen's paper at the Linnean Society, 201;<br /> + on selective sterility, 203, 205, 210;<br /> + on Darwin's "Cross Unions of Dimorphic Plants," 218;<br /> + on protection and sexual selection, 221, 222, 227;<br /> + on the dedication of "Malayan Travels," etc., 232;<br /> + on single variations, 234;<br /> + on colouring of caterpillars, 235;<br /> + on his "unscientific" opinions on Man, 243, 250, 255;<br /> + on wing-scales of butterflies, 244;<br /> + on Dr. Meyer, 248;<br /> + on "Descent of Man," 255, 259, 284;<br /> + recommending two remarkable books, 263;<br /> + on Mivart and Chauncey Wright's critique, 265;<br /> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span> +<a name="Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + on Darwin's answer to Mivart, 271;<br /> + on Dr. Bree, and Bastian's "Beginnings of Life," 273;<br /> + on a Bethnal Green Museum appointment, 277;<br /> + on Darwin's "Expression of the Emotions," 279;<br /> + on invitation to undertake revision work for Darwin, 281, 282;<br /> + on "Climbing Plants," 285;<br /> + on Darwin's criticism of "Geographical Distribution," 288, 294;<br /> + on Darwin's "Crossing Plants," 296;<br /> + on Darwin's "Orchids," 297;<br /> + on Darwin's "Forms of Flowers," and glacial theory, 298;<br /> + on sufficiency of Natural Selection, 300;<br /> + on Epping Forest superintendency, 302, 303;<br /> + on "Island Life," 305, 306;<br /> + on Darwin's criticism of "Island Life," 308;<br /> + on Darwin's "Movements of Plants," 311;<br /> + on land migration of plants, 311;<br /> + on Civil List pension, 314, 315;<br /> + on "Progress and Poverty," 317;<br /> + on Darwin's "Earthworms," 320</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Sir Francis Darwin:<br /> + on Darwin's "Life and Letters," ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref">39</a>;<br /> + on descent with modification, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref">78</a>;<br /> + on mutation, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref">80</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. W.J. Farmer, on final cause of varying colour of hairs, etc., ii. <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref">101</a>-2</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Dr. W.B. Hemsley, on insular floras, ii. <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref">43</a>-4</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Rev. J.B. Henderson, on Christianity, ii. <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Sir J. Hooker, on Natural Selection, etc., ii. <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref">81</a>-2</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Huxley:<br /> + enclosing a copy of "The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural," ii. <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref">187</a>;<br /> + on psychical research, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref">188</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. J. Hyder, on land nationalisation, ii. <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref">161</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Prof. Knight, on immortality, ii. <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Dr. Littledale, acknowledging birthday +congratulations, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Sir Oliver Lodge:<br /> + on proof of constant variability, and Lord Kelvin's calculations, ii. <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a>-5;<br /> + on principle of continuity, etc., <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>-9;<br /> + acknowledging Romanes' lecture and criticising lectures by Mr. See, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref">179</a>-80</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Sir C. Lyell, on colour of man, ii. <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref">29</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mr. J.W. Marshall:<br /> + on Hudson's observations and theories, ii. <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref">53</a>-4;<br /> + conveying condolences, and views on a hereafter, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref">209</a>;<br /> + on his autobiography, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref">226</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Prof. Meldola:<br /> + on physiological selection, ii. <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref">36</a>-8;<br /> + on Natural Selection, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref">41</a>, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref">42</a>-3;<br /> + on Meldola's controversy with Romanes, <a href="#Pg050" class="tei tei-ref">50</a>-1;<br /> + on individual adaptability, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref">55</a>-6;<br /> + on "discontinuous variation,"<a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a>-3;<br /> + on Weismann's "Germinal Selection,"<a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref">68</a>-70;<br /> + on Weismann's doctrine of non-inheritance of acquired characters, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref">70</a>-1;<br /> + on Weismann's "Germ Plasm,"<a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref">72</a>;<br /> + on Fisher's "Physics of the Earth's Crust,"<a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref">74</a>;<br /> + on Meldola's offer to read Wallace's paper at Royal Institute, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a>-8</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. Ben. R. Miller, on Sleeper's "Shall we<br /> + have Common Sense?" ii. <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>-9</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. John (Lord) Morley, on Socialism, ii. <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref">159</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. M.J. Murphy, on Mr. Lloyd George, ii. <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref">164</a>-5</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Dr. Norris, on increasing weakness, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a>-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— letter to Miss Norris, on health and diet, ii. <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref">136</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Prof. E.B. Poulton:<br /> + on "Protective Value of Colour and Markings in Insects," ii. <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref">39</a>;<br /> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span> +<a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + on Weismann's "Essays upon Heredity," <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a>, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref">45</a>;<br /> + on Grant Allen's theory of origin of wheat, <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref">46</a>;<br /> + on Cope's "Origin of the Fittest," <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref">47</a>;<br /> + on Weismann's additional essays, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref">51</a>-3;<br /> + on non-heredity of acquired characters, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref">54</a>-5;<br /> + on maternal impression, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref">56</a>-8;<br /> + on Bateson's "Material for the Study of Variation," <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref">60</a>-1;<br /> + on Poulton's "Theories of Evolution," <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref">61</a>-2;<br /> + criticising Romanes, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref">63</a>-5;<br /> + on Poulton's Presidential Address to British Association, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref">71</a>-2;<br /> + on denudation and deposition, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref">73</a>;<br /> + on mutation, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a>;<br /> + on Poulton's Presidential Address to Entomological Society, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref">79</a>;<br /> + on Mendelism and mutation, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref">84</a>;<br /> + on Poulton's Introduction to "Essays on Evolution," <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref">85</a>-6;<br /> + on invitation to lecture at Royal Institution, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref">87</a>;<br /> + on Lord Rothschild's butterflies, and Royal Institution lecture, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref">88</a>-9;<br /> + on an article in the <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Times</span>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref">89</a>;<br /> + on Bergson, <a href="#Pg098" class="tei tei-ref">98</a>;<br /> + on Sleeper's alleged anticipation of Darwinism, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref">99</a>-<a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>;<br /> + on declining the Oxford D.C.L. degree, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref">217</a>-18;<br /> + agreeing to accept the degree, <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref">218</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Dr. Archdall Reid:<br /> + on "Present Evolution of Man," ii. <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref">67</a>-8;<br /> + on instinctive knowledge, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref">68</a>;<br /> + on "Ancient Britain and Invasions of Cæsar," <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref">86</a>;<br /> + on Mendelism and Evolution, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref">92</a>-3</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. Clement Reid, on discovery of Miocene or Pliocene Man in India, ii. <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref">62</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. H.N. Ridley, on De Rougemont, ii. <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref">76</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. Alfred Russell, on vegetarianism, ii. <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref">158</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mr. G. Silk:<br /> + on Alexandrian donkey-drivers, i. 45;<br /> + on forthcoming visit to Sarawak, 52;<br /> + on marriage, 87</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mrs. Sims (his sister):<br /> + on his assistant, i. 56, 60;<br /> + on missionaries, 62;<br /> + on life in Macassar, 64;<br /> + on Java and its flora, 85</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Thomas Sims:<br /> + on Singapore, i. 61;<br /> + on monocular and binocular vision, Darwin's "Descent of Species," and belief and disbelief, 73</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mr. E. Smedley:<br /> + on Child's "Root Principles," ii. <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref">83</a>-4, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref">100</a>-1;<br /> + on prayer, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref">163</a>;<br /> + on Mars, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref">175</a>;<br /> + on horoscope, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref">215</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Dr. Edwin Smith, on Spiritualism, ii. <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref">210</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. C.G. Stuart-Menteith, on segregation of the unfit, ii. <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a>-1</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Mr. A.C. Swinton, on suggested lecture tour in Australia, ii. <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref">155</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer:<br /> + on botanical distribution and migration, ii. <a href="#Pg034" class="tei tei-ref">34</a>-5;<br /> + on Darwin Commemoration volume, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a>-1;<br /> + on "World of Life,"<a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref">93</a>-5;<br /> + on election to Royal Society, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref">221</a>-2;<br /> + on Romanes' charge against Wallace of plagiarism, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref">235</a>-6</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to Samuel Waddington, on origin of all living things, ii. <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref">77</a>-8</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letters to Mr. A. Wiltshire:<br /> + on the Liberal Government, ii. <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref">162</a>;<br /> + on necessity for increased wages, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref">165</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— —— —— letter to an unknown correspondent, on fauna and flora of Borneo district, and Dyaks, i. 53</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Annie (A.R. Wallace's wife), ii. <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref">115</a>, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref">252</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Herbert (A.R. Wallace's brother), i. 28, ii. <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref">229</a></p> +<span class="tei-pb" id="page291">[pg 291]</span> +<a name="Pg291" id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— John (A.R. Wallace's brother), i. 11, 13, 15</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Mary Ann (A.R. Wallace's mother), i. 9</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Thomas Vere (A.R. Wallace's father), i. 8;<br /> + Librarian of Hertford, 13;<br /> + straitened circumstances of, 14, 15</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Violet (daughter of A.R. Wallace), reminiscences of her father, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref">103</a>-38</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— W.G. (son of A.R. Wallace), reminiscences of his father, ii. <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref">103</a>-38</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Wallace's line," i. 43, ii. <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref">19</a>, <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref">232</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref">233</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">War, Wallace's abhorrence of, ii. <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref">245</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Ward, Mr., on muscular fibres of whales, i. 145</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Warington, Mr., and "Origin of Species," i. 191</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Webb, Mr. W.L., ii. <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref">179</a>-80</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wedgwood, Josiah, and Darwin, i. 18</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Weir, Jenner, on moths, i. 179;<br /> + on plumage of birds, 205;<br /> + Darwin's appreciation of, 220;<br /> + paper at the Entomological Society, 235</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Weismann, Prof. A., receives Darwin-Wallace Medal, i. 120;<br /> + on colouring of caterpillars, 299;<br /> + "Essays upon Heredity," ii. <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref">44</a> <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">et seq</span>., <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref">51</a>-2<br /> + (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see also</span> Non-inheritance of acquired characters)</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wells, Dr., and Natural Selection, i. 116, 176</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Westminster Abbey, graves and memorials of men of science in, i. 1;<br /> + petition to Dean and Chapter as to medallion to Wallace in, ii. <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref">253</a>;<br /> + unveiling of the medallion, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref">254</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Westwood and theory of flight, i. 145;<br /> + Darwin on, 146-7</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Whale, muscular fibres of, i. 145</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wilberforce, Bishop, reviews Darwin's "Origin of Species," 144</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Williams, Dr., ii. <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref">192</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">—— Matthieu, i. 264</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wilson, Mr. D.A., reminiscences of Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref">151</a>-2</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wiltshire, Mr. A., letters to, ii. <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref">162</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref">165</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wimborne, Lord, sale of land to Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref">119</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wollaston, Dr., reviews "Origin of Species," i. 142;<br /> + tribute to Wallace, ii. <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref">230</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wollaston's "Coleoptera Atlantidum," ii. <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref">22</a>-3</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Woman, independence and future of, Wallace's views on, ii. <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref">149</a>-51, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref">245</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Wonderful Century," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref">144</a>, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref">168</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref">169</a>, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref">238</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Wonders of the World," i. 13</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wood, J.G., book on the horse, ii. <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref">113</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Woodbury, Mr., researches of, i. 146</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"World of Life," Wallace's, ii. <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref">8</a>, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref">94</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref">167</a>, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref">172</a>, <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref">176</a>, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref">178</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref">182</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Worms, Formation of Vegetable Mould by Action of," Darwin's, i. 320</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Wright, Chauncey, reviews Mivart's "Genesis of Species," i. 264, 265-7</p> + + +<p class="tei tei-p">Z</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Zöllner, Prof., and supernormal phenomena, ii. <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref">198</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref">199</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">"Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago," Wallace's, i, 137, ii. <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref">232</a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p">Zoology, lectures on, at Edinburgh, i, 16; Darwin's study of, at Cambridge, 17</p> +</div> + +</div> + <div class="tei tei-back"> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + +<div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div"><a name="toc_203" id="toc_203"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head">Notes</h1><dl class="footnote"> +<dt><a name="note_1" id="note_1"></a><a href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"It is no doubt the chief work of my life."—C. DARWIN.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_2" id="note_2"></a><a href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," i. 396-7.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_3" id="note_3"></a><a href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," ii. 94-5.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_4" id="note_4"></a><a href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," pp. 97-8.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_5" id="note_5"></a><a href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," pp. 98-9.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_6" id="note_6"></a><a href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Dr. Henry Forbes in a note to the Editor writes: "In his +'Island Life' Wallace extended his philosophical observations to a wider +field, and it is in philosophical biology that Wallace's name must stand +pre-eminent for all time." "In our own science of biology," say Profs. +Geddes and Thomson in a recent work, "we may recall the 'Grand Old Men,' +surely second to none in history—Darwin, Wallace, and Hooker."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_7" id="note_7"></a><a href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," ii. 99-101.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_8" id="note_8"></a><a href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," ii. 22.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_9" id="note_9"></a><a href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Origin of the Races of Man."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_10" id="note_10"></a><a href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Malay Archipelago."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_11" id="note_11"></a><a href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Malay Archipelago."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_12" id="note_12"></a><a href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Private Secretary to Sir Charles Lyell.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_13" id="note_13"></a><a href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Descent of Man."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_14" id="note_14"></a><a href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Probably refers to "The Geographical Distribution of +Animals."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_15" id="note_15"></a><a href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The book referred to is Wallace's "Island Life," published in +1880.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_16" id="note_16"></a><a href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">For the work on "Darwinism."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_17" id="note_17"></a><a href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Printed in full as a footnote to Weismann's "Essays upon +Heredity," etc.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_18" id="note_18"></a><a href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> footnote 3, pp. 172-3, of Weismann's "Essays upon +Heredity," etc.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_19" id="note_19"></a><a href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Origin of Floral Structures through Insect and Other +Agencies." +Internat. Sci. Series. 1888.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_20" id="note_20"></a><a href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Origin of the Fittest." London, 1887.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_21" id="note_21"></a><a href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems," +Vol. II. 1892.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_22" id="note_22"></a><a href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Trans. Ent. Soc., London</span>, 1892, p. 293.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_23" id="note_23"></a><a href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">As Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_24" id="note_24"></a><a href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">A member of a family which has produced several eminent +medical men.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_25" id="note_25"></a><a href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Vol. I., p. 445, a review of "A Theory of Development and +Heredity," by Henry B. Orr. 1893.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_26" id="note_26"></a><a href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"Material for the Study of Variation, treated with especial +regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species." 1894.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_27" id="note_27"></a><a href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Reprinted in "Essays on Evolution," p. 95. 1908.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_28" id="note_28"></a><a href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Present Evolution of Man." 1896.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_29" id="note_29"></a><a href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Presidential Address in Section D of British Association, +1896, reprinted in "Essays on Evolution," p. 1.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_30" id="note_30"></a><a href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">To the British Association at Edinburgh, 1892.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_31" id="note_31"></a><a href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Vol. ixx. (1904), p. 313, a review of T.H. Morgan's +"Evolution and Adaptation."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_32" id="note_32"></a><a href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Bearing of the Study of Insects upon the Question, Are +Acquired Characters Hereditary?" The Presidential Address to the +Entomological Society of London, 1905, reprinted in "Essays on +Evolution," p. 139.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_33" id="note_33"></a><a href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Probably "Root Principles," by Child.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_34" id="note_34"></a><a href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"Essays on Evolution." 1908.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_35" id="note_35"></a><a href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Of the Introduction to "Essays on Evolution."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_36" id="note_36"></a><a href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Vol. lxxvii., p. 54, a note "On the Interpretation of +Mendelian Phenomena."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_37" id="note_37"></a><a href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The Oxford Celebration of the Hundredth Anniversary of the +Birth of Charles Darwin, February 12, 1809. An account of the +celebration is given in "Darwin and 'The Origin,'" by E.B. Poulton, p. +78. 1909.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_38" id="note_38"></a><a href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The Darwin Celebration.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_39" id="note_39"></a><a href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The World of Life."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_40" id="note_40"></a><a href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Bedrock</span>, April, 1912, p. 48.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_41" id="note_41"></a><a href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"Shall we have Common Sense? Some Reeeat Lectures." By George +W. Sleeper. Boston, 1849.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_42" id="note_42"></a><a href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> footnote to preceding letter. The book formed the +subject of Prof. +Poulton's Presidential Addresses (May 24, 1913, and May 25, 1914) to the +Linnean Society (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proceedings</span>, 1912-13, p. 26, and 1913-14, p. 23). The +above +letter is in part quoted in the former address.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_43" id="note_43"></a><a href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">This letter relates to evidences, favourable to Sleeper, +which had not at the time been critically examined, but broke down when +carefully scrutinised. <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> Prof. Poulton's address to the Linnean +Society, May 25, 1914 (<span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Proc</span>., 1913-14, p. 23).</p></dd><dt><a name="note_44" id="note_44"></a><a href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">For many years he was Examiner in Physiography at South +Kensington.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_45" id="note_45"></a><a href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> footnote on p. 109.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_46" id="note_46"></a><a href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">For letters from Wallace describing Col. Legge's visit with +the Order, <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">see</span> pp. 128 and 224.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_47" id="note_47"></a><a href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The present Lord Rothschild.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_48" id="note_48"></a><a href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">On his ninetieth birthday.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_49" id="note_49"></a><a href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">See his book, "Land Nationalisation, its Necessity and its +Aims" (1882).</p></dd><dt><a name="note_50" id="note_50"></a><a href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Although this book was his last published work, it was written +before +"Social Environment and Moral Progress." He handed me the MS. a few months +before his death.—The Editor.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_51" id="note_51"></a><a href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">A full account of this scheme is given in his "Studies, +Scientific and Social," chap. xxvi.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_52" id="note_52"></a><a href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"My Life," ii. 237-8</p></dd><dt><a name="note_53" id="note_53"></a><a href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Advocating Eugenics and the segregation of the unfit.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_54" id="note_54"></a><a href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Hon. Sec. of the Federated Trades and Labour Council, +Bournemouth.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_55" id="note_55"></a><a href="#noteref_55">55.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">At an Old Age Pension meeting.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_56" id="note_56"></a><a href="#noteref_56">56.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p"><span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">See</span> Vol. I., p. 20.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_57" id="note_57"></a><a href="#noteref_57">57.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The World of Life," p. 374.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_58" id="note_58"></a><a href="#noteref_58">58.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"Life and Letters," i. 58.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_59" id="note_59"></a><a href="#noteref_59">59.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Considerable reference is made to Mrs. Hardinge in +"Miracles and Modern Spiritualism" pp. 117-21.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_60" id="note_60"></a><a href="#noteref_60">60.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The "spirits" are supposed to produce the faces.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_61" id="note_61"></a><a href="#noteref_61">61.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">This is a strange accompaniment of most advanced spiritual +phenomena.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_62" id="note_62"></a><a href="#noteref_62">62.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Against vaccination.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_63" id="note_63"></a><a href="#noteref_63">63.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Psychical Research Society Report.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_64" id="note_64"></a><a href="#noteref_64">64.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Wonderful Century."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_65" id="note_65"></a><a href="#noteref_65">65.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">A medium.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_66" id="note_66"></a><a href="#noteref_66">66.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">The lecture at the Royal Institution, when he wore the Order.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_67" id="note_67"></a><a href="#noteref_67">67.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">In <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">Nature</span>, Nov. 20, 1913, p. 348.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_68" id="note_68"></a><a href="#noteref_68">68.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"The Wonderful Century," p. 437.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_69" id="note_69"></a><a href="#noteref_69">69.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">"I have been speculating last night," wrote C. Darwin to +his son Horace, "what makes a man a discoverer of undiscovered things; +and a most perplexing problem it is. Many men who are very clever—much +cleverer than the discoverers—never originate anything. As far as I can +conjecture, the art consists in habitually searching for the causes and +meaning of everything which occurs."—"Emma Darwin," p. 207.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_70" id="note_70"></a><a href="#noteref_70">70.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">It is interesting to compare this with Darwin's manner of +writing. Darwin confessed: "There seems to be a sort of fatality in my +mind leading me to put at first my statement or proposition in a wrong +or awkward form. Formerly I used to think about my sentences before +writing them down; but for several years I have found that it saves time +to scribble in a vile hand whole pages as quickly as I possibly can, +contracting half the words; and then correct deliberately. Sentences +thus scribbled down are often better ones than I could have written +deliberately."</p></dd><dt><a name="note_71" id="note_71"></a><a href="#noteref_71">71.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">See pp. 227, 234.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_72" id="note_72"></a><a href="#noteref_72">72.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">But see <span style="font-style: italic" class="tei tei-hi">ante</span>, p. 153.</p></dd><dt><a name="note_73" id="note_73"></a><a href="#noteref_73">73.</a></dt><dd><p class="tei tei-p">Wallace's section of the Darwin-Wallace Essay entitled "On +the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of +Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection."</p></dd></dl></div> + </div> +</div> + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and +Reminiscences Vol 2 (of 2), by James Marchant + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE: *** + +***** This file should be named 15998-h.htm or 15998-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/9/9/15998/ + +Produced by Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State +University Libraries., Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Josephine +Paolucci, Joshua Hutchinson and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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